ABSTRACT Understanding the nexus between soundscape and urban form is challenging. This research explores soundscapes in new urbanist (NU) developments to contribute to the urban form studies of sound environment. NU developments promote the quality of life (QoL) in dense, walkable settings with mixed-use buildings. An under-examined, yet critical aspect of New Urbanism approach is the soundscape. To study the relationship between soundscape and NU, this research investigates soundscapes from NU developments by assessing preference of 95 residents and visitors as well as on-site sound pressure level (SPL) measurements within five NU developments in the Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area. Findings suggest that soundscapes of NU developments are overall at the high SPLs and differ at various development typologies with significant implications for urban form. The research proposes recognizing the sound-related attributes of urban form so that sound-related resolutions can be applied to other geographical and planning practices.


As a wide class of resource management problems in wireless communications are nonconvex and even NP-hard in many cases, finding globally optimal solutions to these problems is of little practical interest. Towards more pragmatic approaches, there is a rich literature on iterative methods aiming at finding a solution satisfying necessary optimality conditions to these problems. These approaches have been derived under several similar mathematical frameworks such as inner approximation algorithm, concave-convex procedure, majorization-minimization algorithm, and successive convex approximation (SCA). However, a large portion of existing algorithms arrive at a relatively generic program at each iteration, which is less computationally efficient compared to a more standard convex formulation. This paper proposes \emph{numerically efficient} transformations and approximations for SCA-based methods to deal with nonconvexity in wireless communications design. More specifically, the central goal is to show that various nonconvex problems in wireless communications can be iteratively solved by conic quadratic optimization. We revisit various examples to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approximations. Theoretical complexity analysis and numerical results show the superior efficiency in terms of computational cost of our proposed solutions compared to the existing ones.


Increase of the price of world oil pushs liner to conduct action is economic from every operational unit in it'sship armada. One other most dominant in usage of fuel is Main engine is working to turn around propeller asship actuator. On that account ship owner wants design propeller which is economic for it's ship to canreduce usage of fuel of 20% when sailing.


In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke,' the Justices discussed much and ultimately decided little, thus mirroring the popular tensions on the problem of race preferences and scarce resources. Yet the case does have significant doctrinal importance at this stage of our constitutional evolution on race matters. Justice Powell's opinion seems to suggest a new institutional-focused theory for justifying some consideration of race, beyond the familiar remedial context, when relevant to the enterprise. Underlying all of the opinions on the merits is the obvious need to clarify our thinking on the concept of "discrimination" itself, and the emerging question of individual rights versus group rights in our constitutional order. The actual "ruling" in Bakke, stemming only from Justice Powell's tiebreaking opinion, that race may be a factor but not the factor in the admissions criteria of state universities, has acquired wide pragmatic appeal. It was perhaps the grandest finesse of a searing legal issue in Supreme Court history, but it rests neither on a Supreme Court consensus nor on a clear doctrinal foundation. And yet, despite the dangers of "all deliberate speed" that we supposedly learned from Brown v. Board of Education,2 the Bakke-type problem may be one where a bit of temporizing is not inappropriate, if we can keep it from getting out of hand. At our symposium at Washington University last November on "Race Preferences and Scarce Resources,"3 Erwin Griswold observed that the full dimension of the Bakke problem, given the race history


Fuel reduction treatments are increasingly used to mitigate future wildfire severity in dry forests, but few opportunities exist to assess their effectiveness. We evaluated the influence of fuel treatment, tree size and species on tree mortality following a large wildfire event in recent thin-only, thin and prescribed burn (thin-Rx) units. Of the trees that died within the first 3 years, most died in the first year regardless of treatment. First-year mortality was much higher in control and thin-only units (65 and 52%) than in thin-Rx units (37%). Cumulative third-year mortality followed a similar trend (78 and 64% in control and thin-only units) v. 43% in thin-Rx units. Percentage crown scorch is a strong predictor of mortality and is highly dependent on fuel treatment. Across all treatments, Pinus ponderosa had a lower probability of post-fire mortality than did Pseudotsuga menziesii. Finally, the probability of beetle attack on surviving trees was highest in large-diameter trees within thin-only treatments and lowest within thin-Rx treatments. This study contributes further evidence supporting the effectiveness of thinning and prescribed burning on mitigating post-fire tree mortality. We also present evidence that a combination of thinning and prescribed burning is associated with lower incidence of post-fire bark beetle attack.


An approach for the design and generation of low-noise helical gears with localized bearing contact is proposed. The approach is applied to double circular arc helical gears and modified involute helical gears. The reduction of noise and vibration is achieved by application of a predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors that is able to absorb a discontinuous linear function of transmission errors caused by misalignment. The localization of the bearing contact is achieved by the mismatch of pinion-gear tooth surfaces. Computerized simulation of meshing and contact of the designed gears demonstrated that the proposed approach will produce a pair of gears that has a parabolic transmission error function even when misalignment is present. Numerical examples for illustration of the developed approach are given.


In his 1952 essay "On Three Ways of Writing for Children", C. S. Lewis discusses three approaches to writing children's literature and defends "that particular type of children's story which is dearest to my own taste, the fantasy or fairy tale" from the charge that it is "childish". In this paper, I define Christian apologetics as "the art and science of persuasively communicating and advocating Christian spirituality across spiritualties, through the responsible use of rhetoric, as being objectively beautiful, good and true/reasonable" and see how Lewis' advice about the rhetoric of children's stories can be generalized and applied to the discipline of Christian apologetics. In particular, many atheists charge Christian Spirituality with being childish. For example, British atheist Richard Dawkins says that religious people "have their Bronze Age myths, medieval superstitions and childish wishful thinking" (Dawkins, Scientific American). Describing his own childhood, Dawkins says: "I think I did believe it up to the age of eight or nine, when preachers said if you really, really pray for something it can happen. Even moving mountains, I believed it could really happen... I grew up. I put away childish things." (Dawkins, "Claims Fairy Tales Are Harmful To Children") In this paper I explore how the dialectical moves made by Lewis in "On Three Ways of Writing for Children" can shape a rational response to such rhetoric.


Cellular responses to low oxygen tension are mediated, at least in part, by the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In the presence of oxygen, specific HIF residues become hydroxylated by the action of a recently described group of dioxygenases. These post-translational modifications target HIF for proteosomal degradation and prevent its transcriptional activity. Despite these detailed studies, little is known about the regulation of HIF by stimuli other than hypoxia. Here we report that, in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells, nerve growth factor (NGF) stimulation results in a decrease of both basal and hypoxia-induced levels of HIF-2α protein. NGF treatment did not increase HIF-hydroxylase gene expression or activity, and the reduction of the HIF-2α protein level upon stimulation was observed even in the presence of HIF-hydroxylase inhibitors such as deferoxamine or dimethyloxoglutarate. Thus, in contrast to the response to hypoxia, the effect of NGF on HIF-2α protein levels is not mediated by the HIF hydroxilases. Quantitative real time (RT)-PCR showed that NGF stimulation results in a decrease of the HIF-2α mRNA level similar to that found at the protein level. Interestingly, NGF effect was specific for HIF-2α mRNA because it did not affect HIF-1α mRNA levels. NGF treatment reduced HIF-2α mRNA levels even in the presence of actinomycin D, suggesting an effect on mRNA stability. Finally, the effect of NGF on HIF2α correlates with reduction of both basal and hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA levels. Reporter assays suggest that the reduced expression of hypoxia-inducible genes upon NGF treatment is related, at least in part, to the reduction of HIF-2α protein. Hence, in PC12 cells the level of HIF-2α protein and its effect on gene expression can be down-regulated by stimuli other than oxygen.


CART is an unstable classifier resulting in significant changes in tree structure for small changes in the learning set (Breiman, Friedman et al. 1984; Breiman 1994). To address this problem, research into combining classifiers has increased significantly in the last few years (Breiman 1992; Wolpert 1992; Breiman 1994). These methods are of two basic types: concatenation uses the output from one classifier as input to the next classifier; parallel classifiers work on the same input data with the output from each classifier combined using regression or vote-counting techniques (Schurman 1996). These strategies greatly improve the predictive power of unstable classifiers. However, when the goal of the statistical analysis is to learn about the relationship between outcome and predictors, these strategies for combining classifiers are unacceptable since they produce a large number of trees, making interpretation difficult. We present a new method for combining classification trees which results in a single, interpretable tree. We begin by defining a distance metric between two trees based on the amount of rearrangement needed so that the structure of the two trees is identical. Using this distance metric, we develop the concept of the central, or median, tree structure and estimate it using a consensus rule. This tree is seen to be more centrally located than the tree fit to all the data. We finish by discussing future work including alternative methods for estimating the median tree, probability models, uses in data mining and meta-analysis, and performance measurements of the median tree.


Significant research has been made on traditional pre-mixed charge Spark-Ignition Natural-Gas engines which have seen widespread usage across the automotive sector. Many researchers including those in industry are now exploring the Direct-Injection concept for Natural-Gas Spark-Ignition engines. Direct-Injection has significant performance benefits over port-fuel injection, primarily due to increased volumetric efficiency as a result of injecting the fuel after intake valve closure. This could lead to enhanced driving performance over port-fuel injection comparable to gasoline engines. Furthermore, Direct-Injection with increased compression ratio in conjunction with downsizing concepts has the potential to increase thermal efficiency while exhibiting significantly lower CO2 emissions. Advanced combustion strategies like stratified mixture combustion has been widely studied for gasoline and proven to increase the low load thermal efficiency over homogeneous stoichiometric combustion. If successfully implemented, similar benefits can be expected with Natural-Gas as well. However, currently there is no Direct-Injection Natural-Gas vehicle in production and there are gaps in the literature as research in this area is relatively new. Mixture formation, ignition and combustion processes are not fully understood. Nevertheless, attempts have been made to explore the potential of stratified combustion. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review on such studies and highlights the challenges involved in developing such combustion systems.


The technique of normalizing airborne lidar measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence by the water Raman scattering signal is investigated for laser-excitation wavelengths of 480 and 532 nm using a semianalytic Monte Carlo methodology (SALMON). The signal-integration depth for chlorophyll fluorescence, Z(90,F), is found to be insensitive to excitation wavelength and ranges from a maximum of 4.5 m in clearest waters to <1 m at a chlorophyll concentration of 20 microg/liter. For excitation at 532 nm, the signal-integration depth for Raman scattering, Z(90,R), is comparable to Z(90,F). For excitation at 480 nm, Z(90,R) is four times as large as Z(90,F) in clearest waters but nearly equivalent at chlorophyll concentrations >2-3 microg/liter. Absolute signal levels are stronger with excitation at 480 nm than with excitation at 532 nm, but this advantage must be weighed against potential ambiguities resulting from different integration depths for the fluorescence and Raman scattering signals in clearer waters. To the precision of the simulations, Raman normalization produces effectively linear response to chlorophyll concentration for both excitation wavelengths.


The ocean load in glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) modelling is represented by the so-called sea level equation (SLE). The SLE describes the mass redistribution of water between ice sheets and oceans on a deforming Earth. Despite various teams independently investigating GIA, there has been no systematic intercomparison among the numerical solvers of the SLE through which the methods may be validated. The goal of this paper is to present a series of synthetic examples designed for testing and comparing the numerical implementations of the SLE in GIA modelling. The 10 numerical codes tested combine various temporal and spatial parametrizations. The time-domain or Laplace-domain discretizations are used to solve the SLE through time, while spherical harmonics, finite differences or finite elements parametrize the GIA-related field variables spatially. The surface ice-water load and solid Earth's topography are represented spatially either on an equiangular grid, a Gauss-Legendre or an equiarea grid with icosahedron-shaped spherical pixels. Comparisons aremade in a series of five benchmark examples with an increasing degree of complexity. Due to the complexity of the SLE, there is no analytical solution to it. The accuracy of the numerical implementations is therefore assessed by the differences of the individual solutions with respect to a reference solution. While the benchmark study does not result in GIA predictions for a realistic loading scenario, we establish a set of agreed-upon results that can be extended in the future by including more complex case studies, such as solutions with realistic loading scenarios, the rotational feedback in the linear-momentum equation, and by considering a 3-D viscosity structure of the Earth's mantle. The test computations performed so far show very good agreement between the individual results and their ability to capture the main features of sea-surface variation and the surface vertical displacement. The differences found can often be attributed to the different approximations inherent in the various algorithms. This shows the accuracy that can be expected from different implementations of the SLE, which helps to assess differences noted in the literature between predictions for realistic loading cases.


In this present work, we discuss the Bayesian inference for the bivariate pseudo-exponential distribution. Initially, we assume independent gamma priors and then pseudo-gamma priors for the pseudo-exponential parameters. We are primarily interested in deriving the posterior means for each of the priors assumed and also comparing each of the posterior means with the maximum likelihood estimators. Finally, all the Bayesian analyses are illustrated with a simulation study and also illustrated with real-life applications.


The first requirement in any epidemiological study of a disease is to measure the proportion of the population affected. This is usually expressed in terms of "prevalence" or "incidence", but these two words are often used indiscriminately or in different senses by different authors. In a report published in 1959,(1) a WHO Expert Committee on Health Statistics adopted definitions for the two terms. These are reproduced in abridged form below, together with explanatory notes. It is hoped that their further publication will encourage their general adoption, thus ensuring the comparability of data reported by different authors.


Although there is a vast body of academic and practitioner literature championing the importance of trust in long-term business relationships, relatively little has been written discussing the development and maintenance of trust in networks that are formed at short notice and that often operate for a limited period of time. However, some models of trust and trusting behavior in such "hastily formed relief networks" (HFRN) do exist, and the aim of this chapter is to consider the theoretical application of one of the most prominent examples - that known as "swift trust" - to a post-disaster humanitarian logistics scenario. Presented from the perspective of a HFRN, this chapter presents a discussion of the practical application of the swift trust model.


In the last 30 years, remarkable progress has been made in our understanding of the biological role of endothelins in the regulation of reproductive function and fertility. A peptide hormone identified for its ability to regulate blood pressure has now been shown as a potent mediator of several reproductive pathways. Ligand- and receptor-specific roles have been identified and/or postulated during follicular development and ovulation as well as in the function and regression of the corpus luteum. In this review we have attempted to organize endothelin-mediated ovarian processes in a process-specific manner, rather than compile a review of ligand- or isoform-specific actions. Further, we have included a discussion on "post-ovarian" or oviductal function, as well as the future directions that we believe will increase our understanding of endothelin biology as a whole.


OBJECTIVES
To determine the rate of autopsy certification of maternal deaths; evaluate concordance and/discordance rates between autopsy and clinical diagnoses of maternal deaths, and to compare these with findings from other parts of the world.

DESIGN
Retrospective study.

SETTING
The Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria between January 1989 and December 1998.

SUBJECTS
Women who died from pregnancy-related complications having been on admission in or having presented as emergencies to LUTH.

RESULTS
In the study period, 445 maternal deaths were registered in the LUTH mortuary. Autopsies were performed on 371 of these, giving an autopsy rate of 83.37%. Only 230 cases were found suitable for evaluation of concordance and discordance. Two hundred and six of these (89.57%) had related clinical and autopsy diagnoses (concordance) while 24 (10.43%) had completely unrelated diagnoses (discordance).

CONCLUSION
Adequate investigation of cause of death using the autopsy will assist in accurately determining the sequence of events that result in death and hence provide required statistics for the planning of appropriate interventions.


A new criterion to detect the stator single-phase-to-ground fault for Powerformer is proposed in this paper, which is based on the direction of leakage currents, magnitude of leakage currents, and fault point energy dissipation. New fault characteristics of Powerformer are analyzed and a novel criterion is put forward. The proposed approach detects the ground fault by analyzing the direction, magnitude, and energy of leakage current, which is the difference of zero-sequence current fault component between the neutral and the terminal of Powerformer. The fundamental component and the third-harmonic component of leakage current are combined to realize 100% coverage of fault detection for the stator windings of Powerformer. Simulation results have shown that, under different fault conditions, the new scheme can distinguish internal faults from external faults reliably, and can detect in which machine a stator single-phase-to-ground fault is occurring even if the fault resistance is at 5 kΩ.


In the fiber-reinforced composites industry together with the promotion of environmental friendly production, synthetic materials are attempted to be replaced by renewable, biodegradable and recyclable materials. The most important challenge is to improve strength and durability of these materials. Matrix that supports the fiber-reinforcement in composite generally is brittle and deformation causes fragmentation of the matrix. Pre-tension of reinforcement is a well-known method to increase tensile strength of woven material. The current study develops the idea to use pre-tension of woven fabric in order to improve quality and strength properties of the obtained composite. Natural (cotton fiber) and synthetic (glass fiber) woven fabrics were investigated. The pressure forming operation was carried out in order to study clamping imposed strain variation across the surface of woven fabric. The uniaxial tension test of single-layer composite specimens with and without pre-tension was performed to study the effect of pre-tension on strength properties of composite. The results have shown that pre-tension imposed by clamping is an effective method to improve the quality of shaped composite parts (more smoothed contour is obtained) and to increase the strength properties of composite reinforced by woven natural fabric. After pre-tension the tensile strength at break increased in 12 % in warp direction, in 58 % in weft direction and in 39 % in bias direction. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.17.1.250


American objectives in Vietnam have long been a source of considerable confusion to most Americans. Even the publication of the Pentagon Papers did little to clarify American goals in Vietnam. While it was clear that the intent of American involvement was some combination of containment of Communism, defense of an ally, and protection of trading lanes or resource areas,1 many unknowns still existed. What "brand" of Communism was being contained? How reliable was the ally the United States was defending? How important were the trading lanes or resource areas being protected, and were they even being threatened ? These and similar other uncertainties lay at the heart of the answer to the question "What were American goals in Vietnam?" Today, more than two years after the Republic of Vietnam succumbed to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, these uncertainties still exist. However, as is so often the case, a nation's objectives appear much more complicated to intimate observers than to distant observers.2 While Americans debated the objectives of U.S. intervention, American allies and enemies had in many instances already arrived at conclusions about U.S. objectives. This was particularly true of the Soviet Union. To the Soviet leadership, U.S. policy toward Vietnam emanated from the alleged imperialist nature of American society itself. The Soviet perception of American goals in Vietnam was thus relatively stable throughout the height of the American involvement, and American policies toward the Southeast Asian area were continually interpreted in light of a relatively unchanging objective. The "Johnson Doctrine," "Asian Doctrine," and "Nixon Doctrine" were all viewed as different manifestations of American "neo-colonialism." This essay will examine the Soviet perception of American objectives in Vietnam during and immediately after the height of U.S. involvement in Vietnam (1966-70), explore the reasons the Soviet Union adopted the perceptions it did, and examine the effects of those perceptions on Soviet policy.


The following preparation of mold pericle was found to be fatal to the test animal rats.: Surface culture of Penicillium rugulosum and Penicillium tardum on czapek's medium, 50 and 25 gram of obtained pericle dried at 55 to 60°C being mixed per 1 kirogram of basal diet. Both the strength of toxicity resulted the decease of test animal within 10 to 52 days.The main cause of death is found to be kidney disease.


Insulin resistance is a key factor in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Adipocytokines, including tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin 6, leptin and adiponectin,1,2 are increasingly recognised as important regulators of both insulin sensitivity, as well as inflammation, and a dysregulation of their levels and/or functions has been shown in both obesity and rheumatoid arthritis.3 Further investigations have substantiated the important negative effects of TNFα on insulin-mediated glucose uptake and the development of insulin resistance.4 In this study, the influence of therapeutic TNFα blockade on insulin sensitivity was investigated in regularly treated patients with rheumatic diseases.

A group of eight patients who were non-diabetic and having various chronic inflammatory disorders (table 1) were investigated in an open prospective …


Total cross sections for the quasifree pn -> pn eta reaction in the range from the kinematical threshold up to 20 MeV excess energy have been determined. At threshold they exceed corresponding cross sections for the pn -> pn eta reaction by a factor of about 3 in contrast to the factor of 6 established for higher excess energies. To large extent, the observed decrease of the ratio s(pn -> pn eta)/s=sigma(pn -> pn eta) toward threshold may be assigned to the different energy dependence of the proton-proton and proton-neutron final-state interactions. The experiment was conducted using a proton beam of the cooler synchrotron COSY and a cluster jet deuteron target. The proton- neutron reactions were tagged by the spectator proton whose momentum was measured for each event. Protons and neutron outgoing from the pn -> pn eta reaction have been registered by means of the COSY-11 facility, an apparatus dedicated for threshold meson production.


Lipoma, a benign tumour of adipose tissue, is one of the most common benign neoplasms of the body. However, its occurrence in oral cavity is relatively rare. It accounts for 1 to 4% of benign neoplasms of the oral cavity, affecting predominantly buccal mucosa, floor of mouth and tongue. They have been known to grow to sufficiently large sizes causing problems in mastication and speech. The usual lesion consists of a well-circumscribed, lobulated mass of mature fat cells wherein sometimes, the covering mucosa may become ulcerated presenting difficulty in its diagnosis. Herein, we are presenting a case of intra-oral lipoma affecting right anterior buccal mucosa in a 31 year old female patient. Excisional biopsy was performed and histopathological examination revealed proliferation of mature adipocytes arranged in lobules and separated by numerous fibrous septa. After a 3 month follow-up, the patient did not reveal any signs of recurrence. The clinical and histopathological findings are discussed in detail and literature is


Author Institution: Department of Physical Sciences, University of New Brunswick; Optical Technology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology; Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick


Planning and scheduling applications and operations simulation models jointly represent the manufacturing activities of an enterprise. This paper relates to a framework that enables integration of both into a unified model and allows improvement of their performance with discrete event simulation (DES) technology. The high level architecture, which is the IEEE standard for interoperability of simulations, forms the backbone of this framework in which business applications can be reused with operations simulation models to generate an integrated simulation model. This enables a company to optimise not only operational processes such as shop floor or warehouse operations but also business processes such as planning, order management and scheduling through simulation using the same software infrastructure. A case study to demonstrate the feasibility of this framework is included and ongoing work on implementation of this framework in an industrial environment is presented.


ABSTRACT Box C/D snoRNPs, factors essential for ribosome biogenesis, are proposed to be assembled in the nucleoplasm before localizing to the nucleolus. However, recent work demonstrated the involvement of nuclear export factors in this process, suggesting that export may take place. Here we show that there are distinct distributions of U8 pre-snoRNAs and pre-snoRNP complexes in HeLa cell nuclear and cytoplasmic extracts. We observed differential association of nuclear export (PHAX, CRM1, and Ran) factors with complexes in the two extracts, consistent with nucleocytoplasmic transport. Furthermore, we show that the U8 pre-snoRNA in one of the cytoplasmic complexes contains an m3G cap and is associated with the nuclear import factor Snurportin1. Using RNA interference, we show that loss of either PHAX or Snurportin1 results in the incorrect localization of the U8 snoRNA. Our data therefore show that nuclear export and import factors are directly involved in U8 box C/D snoRNP biogenesis. The distinct distribution of U8 pre-snoRNP complexes between the two cellular compartments together with the association of both nuclear import and export factors with the precursor complex suggests that the mammalian U8 snoRNP is exported during biogenesis.


The SPEC system for capturing and managing semiconductor fabrication process information is discussed. The SPEC data model decomposes process specifications into equipment, step, process, and flow hierarchies. Mechanisms within an interactive graphical user interface provide a high degree of user control over the expression and organization of objects within each layered hierarchy and control the information in terms of collection, propagation to other layers, and the appearance of the data within specification folders using a what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG) folder builder. Implementation on a concurrent object-oriented database permits simultaneous use of the SPEC system by many users. >


Research policy is a complex matter. Copying best practices in research policy, as identified by benchmarking studies, is popular amongst policy makers but fails because of 'knowledge asymmetries'. Research fields exhibit distinct knowledge dynamics that respond differently to governance interventions. Extending the idea of search regimes, this paper aims at providing a policy model for different knowledge dynamics by elaborating the notion of knowledge production as a complex adaptive system. Complex regimes emerge from three interacting sources of variance. In our conceptualisation, researchers are the nodes that carry the science system. Research can be considered as geographically situated practices with site specific skills, equipments and tools. The emergent science level refers to the formal communication activities of the knowledge published in journals and books, and announced in conferences. The contextual dynamics refer to the ways in which knowledge production provides resources for social and economic development. This conceptualization allows us to disaggregate knowledge dynamics both in horizontal (field related) and vertical (level related) dimensions by articulating the three different dynamics and their path dependencies (in research, science and society) in co-evolution with each other to produce distinct search regimes in each field. The implication for research governance is that generic measures can sometimes be helpful but there is clear need for disaggregated measures targeting field specific search regimes. Governing knowledge production through disaggregated measures means targeting in a distinct way not only different fields, but also, and more importantly, the interactions between local research practices, emergent scientific landscapes, and the field's relationship to its societal context. If all three "levels" are aligned, there is a stable regime.


In this study, the compound probiotics including Pseudoalteromonas. Sp D11, Bacillus subtilis A142, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y23 and Lactobacillus plantarum L54 were applied for solid-state fermenting the artificial diet of juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. The quality of solid-state fermented (SSF) feed and its potential effects on growth performance and digestive enzyme activities were investigated. The results showed that, compared to unfermented diet, SSF feed had a better palatability quality; meanwhile, a higher ratio of crude protein, free amino acids and reducing sugars and a lower ratio of crude fibre, crude ash and alginic acid were found in SSF feed. The results of the feeding trial showed that feeding SSF feed could improve growth performance of sea cucumbers more than those fed with the unfermented diet. The results of digestive enzyme assays showed that feeding SSF feed to animals could significantly improve activities of amylase, cellulase, alginic acid enzyme and protease, which implied that fermented feed could improve digestibility of A. japonicus. In summary, the SSF feed fermented by compound probiotics had better palatability and nutrition value than unfermented feed. And feeding SSF feed could significantly improve the growth performance and digestion ability for sea cucumbers in the phases of nursery and grow-out.


Objective: To determine the frequency of feeding problems in children with cerebral palsy. Patients and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at developmental department of Children Hospital Lahore. Total 30 children with cerebral palsy were evaluated. The objective was to see the frequency of feeding problems in children suffering from cerebral palsy with age ranges between 1-9 years. A Performa was used for each patient, which was filled on the basis of history and clinical observation. Feeding skill assessment was based on Gisel and Patrick's feeding behavior skill score. Score of 4 or less was regarded as normal, score of 5 -8 was defined as marginal problem & score of 9 or more was regarded as inadequate feeding skills. All the collected data was entered in SPSS (statistical package for social sciences) for analysis. Results: Out of total 30 patients, maximum (60%) were between 1-3 years of age. Feeding skill score was normal in 50% children. About 20% had marginal feeding skills and 30% inadequate feeding skills. Regarding frequency distribution of feeding problems due to oral motor dysfunction, drooling of saliva was most common complaint (66.7%) followed by absent tongue lateralization (63.3%) an hypertonic tongue (60%). The most common complication that was found due to feeding problems was recurrent chest infection (53.3%). Conclusion: The present study concludes that in children with Cerebral Palsy, feeding problems due to oral motor dysfunctions are common and feeding problems produce different complications in these children.


Abstract This article focuses on the approaches of international criminal judges to using external precedent, distinguishing between the appraisal-based and flexible approaches. On the one hand, the appraisal-based approach refers to uses of external judicial decisions which are preceded by an express legal appraisal. On the other hand, the flexible approach denotes a less stringent use of such decisions. It finds that, in a number of cases, international criminal judges have adopted a flexible approach to decisions and have assimilated them within the legal framework of the referring court or tribunal without the necessary adjustment. This may have important implications for the principle of legality and the fairness of the proceedings. The paper indicates that the adoption of either the appraisal-based or flexible approaches to external judicial decisions is not necessarily linked to the specific legal backgrounds of the judges involved, and different judges hailing from varying legal backgrounds have shifted between these approaches in different cases. This suggests that there is need for greater rigour in the judicial methodology for using external judicial decisions and, in particular, the importance of the appraisal-based approach to using such decisions, to ensure their the congruence with the legal framework of the referring court or tribunal.


In today's machine learning (ML) models, any part of the training data can affect its output. This lack of control for information flow from training data to model output is a major obstacle in training models on sensitive data when access control only allows individual users to access a subset of data. To enable secure machine learning for access controlled data, we propose the notion of information flow control for machine learning, and develop a secure Transformer-based language model based on the Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture. The secure MoE architecture controls information flow by limiting the influence of training data from each security domain to a single expert module, and only enabling a subset of experts at inference time based on an access control policy. The evaluation using a large corpus of text data shows that the proposed MoE architecture has minimal (1.9%) performance overhead and can significantly improve model accuracy (up to 37%) by enabling training on access-controlled data.


In this study, we investigate the significance of parenting styles in the educational development of junior high school students, recognizing the vital role of family education during this formative period. As the primary educators of their children, parents wield considerable influence on their offspring's lives, with family education offering distinct advantages over other forms of education. The status and role of family education remain undisputed. Parenting styles encompass a combination of upbringing concepts, behaviors, and emotional expressions toward children. We examine the characteristics and determining factors of different parenting styles, focusing on three typical family upbringing patterns: authoritative, Authoritarian, and democratic. Additionally, we explore the significant impact of these diverse parenting styles on students' stress levels related to learning Chinese. The paper delves into the essential role of effective and suitable parenting styles in fostering comprehensive and healthy development in students. Furthermore, we elucidate the strategies and methods for establishing positive parenting styles. This quantitative correlational research involved a random sample of 330 participants, collected from three junior middle schools in Zibo City. Utilizing SPSS, we analyzed the relationship between parenting styles and Chinese learning stress among junior high school students


In the last few decades, dynamic job scheduling problems (DJSPs) has received more attention from researchers and practitioners. However, the potential of reinforcement learning (RL) methods has not been exploited adequately for solving DJSPs. In this work deep Q-network (DQN) model is applied to train an agent to learn how to schedule the jobs dynamically by minimizing the delay time of jobs. The DQN model is trained based on a discrete event simulation experiment. The model is tested by comparing the trained DQN model against two popular dispatching rules, shortest processing time and earliest due date. The obtained results indicate that the DQN model has a better performance than these dispatching rules.


The physical processes in a magnetized plasma waveguide, in which a high-current relativistic electron beam (Sudan parameter S>1) is injected, are investigated by the developed 2.5-D relativistic electromagnetic code. The computer study has shown that the charge and current compensations of the high-current beam are considerably different from those of the low-current beam. In addition the self-consistent electromagnetic fields generated by a beam at the initial state radically alter both the linear and the nonlinear instability stages.<<ETX>>


INTRODUCTION
In order to assess the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis infection in pregnancy in São Paulo (Brazil), a group of 122 successive pregnant women (80 adults and 42 adolescents) attending the pre-natal care clinic of the Department of Obstetrics were studied.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The exam consisted of an epidemiological survey, a complete obstetrical clinical examination and the assessment of the presence of C. trachomatis in the vagina by ELISA (Chlamydiazyme).

RESULTS
A total of 11 women (9%) were positive, being 8 (10%) of them adults and 3 (7%) adolescents.

CONCLUSION
In São Paulo the age of the patient as well as the marital status, the number of sexual partners, the existence of other sexually transmitted diseases, the presence of cervicitis or the occurrence of abortions could not be considered as risk factors for the presence of the Chlamydia trachomatis.


NASA's Advanced Mirror Technology Development (AMTD) program has been developing the means to design and build the future generations of space based telescopes. With the nearing completion of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the astrophysics community is already starting to define the requirements for follow on observatories. The restrictions of available launch vehicles and the possibilities of planned future vehicles have fueled the competition between monolithic primaries (with better optical quality) and segmented primaries (with larger apertures, but with diffraction, costs and figure control issues). Regardless of the current shroud sizes and lift capacities, these competing architectures share the need for rapid design tools. As part of the AMTD program a number of tools have been developed and tested to speed up the design process. Starting with the Arnold Mirror Modeler (which creates Finite Element Models (FEM) for structural analysis) and now also feeds these models into thermal stability analyses. They share common file formats and interchangeable results. During the development of the program, numerous trade studies were created for 4 meter and 8 meter monolithic primaries, complete with support systems. Evaluation of these results has led to a better understanding of how the specification drives the results. This paper will show some of the early trade studies for typical specification requirements such as lowest mirror bending frequency and suspension system lowest frequency. The results use representative allowable stress values for each mirror substrate material and construction method and generic material properties. These studies lead to some interesting relationships between feasible designs and the realities of actually trying to build these mirrors. Much of the traditional specifications were developed for much smaller systems, where the mass and volume of the primary where a small portion of the overall satellite. JWST shows us that as the aperture grows, the primary takes up the majority of the mass and volume and the established rules need to be adjusted. For example, a small change in lowest frequency requirement can change the cost by millions of dollars.


Carbohydrate-restricted diets have been promoted for the management of central obesity, a feature of metabolic syndrome. This study evaluated the impact of a reduced-carbohydrate diet provided in a typical outpatient setting on outcomes associated with metabolic syndrome. Adults older than 21 years who met the criteria for metabolic syndrome were recruited (n = 21) and received 2 nutritional counseling sessions. Changes in body weight, blood pressure, and anthropometric, glucose, and lipid outcomes were assessed. Participants lost a mean (±SD) of 5.0 (±3.4) kg (P < .05). There was a significant reduction in waist circumference, body mass index, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (all P < .01). No significant improvement in glucose or lipoprotein level was observed. Only 50% of participants met the criteria for metabolic syndrome at the end of the study. A reduced-carbohydrate diet can be effective in promoting weight loss and is accompanied by improvements in body composition and blood pressure over 3 months.


In this paper, a fault tolerant control (FTC) strategy is investigated for Near Space Hypersonic Vehicle (NSHV) based on neural network and adaptive backstepping design. Firstly, a radial basis function (RBF) neural network (NN) is used to approximate the nonlinear dynamics, a neural network observer is constructed to estimate the unknown system fault, the adaptive on-line parameter-updating laws are derived, and the stability of the state error dynamic is guaranteed. Then an adaptive backstepping based fault tolerant controller is designed for the faulty system. The asymptotical stability of the closed-loop system and uniform boundedness of the state tracking error are proved according to Lyapunov theorem. Finally, simulation results on the NSHV attitude dynamics demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.


This study investigates how anticipated value(attainment value, intrinsic value, utility value, and reward value) and self-efficacy in providing information have an influence on continuance intention to provide information in the context of online community or social media. We propose a conceptual model for examining the framework for the effect of anticipated value on attitude toward providing information, and the effect of attitude toward providing information and self-efficacy in providing information on continuance intention to provide information. Proposed research model is empirically assessed using the survey data obtained from 221 respondents in Korea. Results show that attainment value and intrinsic value have a significant impact on attitude toward providing information, whereas utility value and reward value are found to be insignificant. In addition, attitude toward providing information and self-efficacy in providing information are positively and significantly related to continuance intention to provide information.


Postoperative pulmonary complications are often fatal in patients with oesophageal cancer. The influence of various preoperative and perioperative risk factors in the prediction of such complications was analysed. Some 170 oesophageal resections performed through a thoracotomy between January 1977 and December 1991 were reviewed. Twenty‐two parameters generated from various medical risk categories were studied. Six variables were significant (P < 0·05) on univariate analysis: vital capacity, serum albumin level, partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood, presence of liver cirrhosis, presence of chronic obstructive airway disease and clinical stage of the tumour. Multivariate discriminant analysis of these six factors identified three as significant, namely vital capacity (P < 0·0001), liver cirrhosis (P = 0·01) and tumour stage (P = 0·01), yielding an equation for assessment of the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications. Calculation of the risk score showed that 42 of 53 patients with pulmonary complications had scores of 0 or more and that 74 of 102 without had scores below 0. The mean risk score was 0·34 for patients with complications and −0·26 for those without. The equation predicted pulmonary complications after transthoracic oesophagectomy with 74·8 per cent accuracy, 79·2 per cent sensitivity and 72·5 per cent specificity. It is concluded that the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications can be accurately assessed in individual patients by calculation of a risk score based on vital capacity, liver cirrhosis and tumour stage.


There is little information on the cultivation of species with ornamental potential in Mato Grosso. The aim of this work was to evaluate, in Varzea Grande (MT), the favorable environment for the production of Dahlia pinnata Cav. and the quality of the seeds sold for this purpose. The experiment took place at the Seed Laboratory and at the experimental field of Varzea Grande University Center (Univag), Mato Grosso. Seeds of this species were purchased in commercial packaging. The seeded materials were arranged in the greenhouse with 50% shading (Sombrite®) and in full sun, both with daily irrigation. Growth assessment was performed from the seventh day after emergence. The number of emerged plants was evaluated from the first week after sowing until the establishment of seedlings.Analysis of variance was performed by Tukey test at 5% and regression analysis. The germination test showed 71% of normal seedlings, a lower value than the minimum germination described in the package, and emergence and establishment of 32% of the seedlings. The evaluated conditions, in greenhouse under 50% shading, were favorable to the production of Dahlia pinnata, even when commercial seeds presented low germination potential.


The resurgence of malaria in form of resistance against chloroquine (CQ) has decreased the importance of the drug as a chemotherapeutic agent. If an agent in combination with CQ can make CQ resistant plasmodia susceptible to CQ, the problem of drug resistance may then be solved. Use of conventional drugs like verapamil, desipramine along with CQ suggested the feasibility of this approach. This report is concerned with a new class of compound, CDRI compound 87/209 (15 mg/kg b. wt.) which is given in combination with chloroquine (10 mg/kg b. wt.) for 10 consecutive days to chloroquine resistant P. berghei/P. yoelii nigeriensis (multidrug resistant) infected Mastomys coucha/Swiss albino mice respectively, displayed a potential in curing the animals. A tentative mode of action of the CDRI compound 87/209 based upon its unique property of inhibiting heme-oxygenase (a heme degrading enzyme) has been presented. It is likely that CDRI compound 87/209 in combination with chloroquine may reverse the resistance acquired by the malarial parasites and in combination with CQ is capable of clearing the parasite from the animals.


This investigation was undertaken to compare occlusal disharmonies in the primary dentition of 332 pre-school children in a high fluoride area with those of 332 children in a low fluoride area of Turkey. The study populations consisted of 159 girls and 173 boys, ages 3–6, living in high-fluoride Isparta (mean 2.16 ppm F in the drinking water) along with 161 girls and 171 boys of the same ages living in lowfluoride Erzurum (0.04 ppm F). The percentages (in parentheses) of the various occlusal disharmonies for the high versus the low fluoride areas were: deep overbite (10.5 vs 9.1), excessive overjet (9.04 vs 9.6), anterior crossbite (7.5 vs 1.5), anterior openbite (3.9 vs 7.8), posterior crossbite (2.1 vs 1.5), and anterior crowding (0.6 vs 3.3). Three of these six differences are statistically significant. In the high fluoride area, anterior crossbite was significantly higher (p<0.001), whereas anterior openbite and anterior crowding were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the high fluoride area compared to the low fluoride area. No significant gender differences were found.


Abstract An important adaptation to land habitats in terrestrial isopod crustaceans is development of embryos in a fluid-filled female brood pouch, marsupium. The study brings insight into the structure and protective role of egg envelopes and cuticle renewal during ontogenetic development of Porcellio embryos and marsupial mancas. Egg envelopes cover embryos, the outer chorion until late-stage embryo and the inner vitelline membrane throughout the whole embryonic development. Egg envelopes of Porcellio have relatively simple ultrastuctural architecture compared to Drosophila egg envelopes. Exoskeletal cuticle is produced in late embryonic development by hypodermal cells of the embryo and is renewed in further development in relation to growth of developing embryos and mancas. Cuticle structure and renewal in prehatching late-stage embryos and marsupial mancas exhibit main features of cuticle in adults. Epicuticle is thin and homogenous. The characteristic arrangement of chitin-protein fibers and the dense distal layer in exocuticle are hardly discernible in prehatching embryo and distinct in marsupial mancas. Endocuticle consists of alternating electron dense and electron lucent sublayers and is perforated by pore canals in both stages. Differences from adult cuticle are evident in cuticle thickness, ultrastructure and mineralization. Signs of cuticle renewal in prehatching embryo and marsupial mancas such as detachment of cuticle from hypodermis, partial disintegration of endocuticle and assembly of new cuticle are described.


We present the experimental and theoretical study of an ultrafast graphene based thin film absorption modulator for operation in the THz regime. The flat modulator is composed of a graphene sheet placed on a dielectric layer backed by a metallic back reflector. A near IR pulse induces the generation of hot carriers in the graphene sheet reducing effectively its conductivity. The system provides a platform with ultrafast modulation capability for flat optics and graphene based metasurfaces applications.


Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes are known to be valuable markers for the barcoding of eukaryotic life and its phylogenetic classification at various taxonomic levels. The large scale exploration of environmental microbial diversity through metabarcoding approaches have been focused mainly on the V4 and V9 regions of the 18S rDNA gene. The accurate interpretation of such environmental surveys is hampered by technical (e.g., PCR and sequencing errors) and biological biases (e.g., intra-genomic variability). Here we explored the intra-genomic diversity of Nassellaria and Spumellaria specimens (Radiolaria) by comparing Sanger sequencing with Illumina and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (MinION). Our analysis determined that intra-genomic variability of Nassellaria and Spumellaria is generally low, yet some Spumellaria specimens showed two different copies of the V4 with <97% similarity. From the different sequencing methods, Illumina showed the highest number of contaminations (i.e., environmental DNA, cross-contamination, tag-jumping), revealed by its high sequencing depth; and Minion showed the highest sequencing rate error (∼14%). Yet the long reads produced by MinION (∼2900 bp) allowed accurate phylogenetic reconstruction studies. These results highlight the requirement for a careful interpretation of Illumina based metabarcoding studies, in particular regarding low abundant amplicons, and open future perspectives towards full environmental rDNA metabarcoding surveys.


The widespread adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) and the growing wealth of digitized information sources about patients is ushering in an era of 'Big Data' that may revolutionize clinical research in oncology. Research will likely be more efficient and potentially more accurate than the current gold standard of manual chart review studies. However, EHRs as they exist today have significant limitations: important data elements are missing or are only captured in free text or PDF documents. Using two case studies, we illustrate the challenges of leveraging the data that are routinely collected by the healthcare system in EHRs (e.g., real-world data), specific challenges encountered in the cancer domain and opportunities that can be achieved when these are overcome.


The Phenomenon of Bia Music in Batu village community needs to be closely examined considering that the Bia Music in the past to the present time is shifting and changing, due to lack of awareness, people's behavior towards Mia Music. The music of this tradition is very apprehensive to see the reality of the players from year to year diminishing in quantity and quality. The purpose of this research is to analyze: (1) Function of Bia Music, (2) Social reality that happened in society. This research uses qualitative method with data collection technique of interview, observation and document study. The technique of data validity is based on the credibility criteria, using triangulation of data. Data analysis techniques used are data collection, data presentation, data reduction, and data verification. The results of this study indicate that the Functions of Bia Music, among others, as a medium of ritual, communication media, into evangelism media, events of cultural festivals, education, association, entertainment and publicity. There are three moments of dialectics in the social realities of externalization, objectivity, and internalization.


Page 815: Thomas H. Brown, Russell A. Fricke, and Donald H. Perkel, "Passive electrical constants in three classes of hippocampal neurons." The sentence beginning six lines below equation 8, right-hand column, should read: Although equation 8 was originally derived assuming an infinite electrotonic length, the resultant biases are small when rho is small (11, 32), as described below.


Acute inferior myocardial infarction (MI) frequently involves the right ventricle (RV).1-3 We assessed the prognostic impact of RV myocardial involvement in patients with inferior MI. One hundred seventy patients were admitted to the cardiac care unit of Madani Heart Hospital (Tabriz-Iran) with the diagnosis of inferior MI with (group1) or without (group2) the simultaneous involvement of RV during the study period (from 2005 to 2006). Patients presenting within 12h of symptom onset were eligible for inclusion. Patients with simultaneous anterior wall MI or renal impairment (creatinine > 2 mg/dl), as well as those undergoing primary percutaneous translational coronary angioplasty, were excluded. Eighty eight percent of the patients with RVMI and 75% of those with isolated inferior MI had some type of arrhythmia. Atrioventricular (AV) block occurred in 42% of the infarctions with RV involvement and only in 29% of the control group. Intra-ventricular conduction disturbance (IVCD) was also more frequent in RVMI (29.4% vs. 13.1%, p=0.021), especially right bundle branch block (RBBB) (20% vs. 7.4%, P=0.003). There was, however, no meaningful difference in the incidence of left bundle branch block (LBBB) between the two groups (3.5% vs. 2.35%, P=0.95). Ventricular fibrillation (VF) was observed in 5.2% and 1.2% and ventricular tachycardia in 26% and 12.2% of the patients in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In 27% of patients with RVMI, it was necessary to implant a pacemaker as compared to 10% of those in the control group. Mortality was higher in the patients with inferior infarction extended to the RV (15.3% vs. 3.5%, P= 0.0001). Thus, the differences between the findings in the two groups in terms of the occurrence of post-MI arrhythmias and conduction disorders were quite significant, but there was no meaningful difference with respect to the incidence of LBBB between the two groups. Additionally, patients with inferior MI who also had RV myocardial involvement were at increased risk of death and arrhythmias. This suggests that the RV may be more arrhythmogenic than the LV; a hypothesis that warrants further investigation.


Can properties of emotions other than valence influence consumers' responses to emotional ads? We show that consumers' processing motivation moderates whether their attitudes are based on the valence of or the resource demands imposed by the emotion featured in an ad. When motivation is low, consumers respond more favorably to positively versus negatively valenced emotional ads. However, when motivation is high, attitudes are more favorable when the magnitude of allocated resources matches that required to process the ad. Three studies identify three distinct properties of emotions (univalence, purity, and self-consciousness) that can influence the resource demands of an ad. (c) 2009 by JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH, Inc..


This report presents the results of a three part study involving (1) the enhancement of EPA's VEHSIM vehicle simulation computer program for studying vehicle emission effects, (2) the application of this program to the determination of vehicle fuel economy and emission responses to variation in driving cycles, vehicle weight, acceleration rates, and emission control constraints, and (3) the reduction of EPA-furnished raw data on transient and temperature effects on emissions. The VEHSIM vehicle simulation computer program was modified to perform simultaneous computations of fuel economy and emission factors for HC, CO, and NOx. The weight sensitivity analysis showed that the effect of increasing weight in three different vehicles decreased fuel economy, produced mixed results for HC emissions, and generally increased CO and NOx emissions. Increasing driving cycle acceleration/deceleration rates was found generally to decrease fuel economy and to increase emission rates. Driving cycle simulation using two sets of emission control logic developed by DOT to optimize EPA 55/45 fuel economy were found to improve fuel economy, but to increase HC and NOx under higher speed driving conditions compared to the LA-4 which was the emissions basis for the control logic development.


Nanoarchitectonics of two-dimensional materials from zero-dimensional fullerenes is mainly introduced in this short review. Fullerenes are simple objects with mono-elemental (carbon) composition and zero-dimensional structure. However, fullerenes and their derivatives can create various types of two-dimensional materials. The exemplified approaches demonstrated fabrications of various two-dimensional materials including size-tunable hexagonal fullerene nanosheet, two-dimensional fullerene nano-mesh, van der Waals two-dimensional fullerene solid, fullerene/ferrocene hybrid hexagonal nanosheet, fullerene/cobalt porphyrin hybrid nanosheet, two-dimensional fullerene array in the supramolecular template, two-dimensional van der Waals supramolecular framework, supramolecular fullerene liquid crystal, frustrated layered self-assembly from two-dimensional nanosheet, and hierarchical zero-to-one-to-two dimensional fullerene assembly for cell culture.


When publishing data, data licences are used to specify the actions that are permitted or prohibited, and the duties that target data consumers must comply with. However, in complex environments such as a smart city data portal, multiple data sources are constantly being combined, processed and redistributed. In such a scenario, deciding which policies apply to the output of a process based on the licences attached to its input data is a difficult, knowledgeintensive task. In this paper, we evaluate how automatic reasoning upon semantic representations of policies and of data flows could support decision making on policy propagation. We report on the results of a user study designed to assess both the accuracy and the utility of such a policy-propagation tool, in comparison to a manual approach.


Abstract Lee, H.J. and Yoo, J., 2012. Macrotidal beach processes dominated by winter monsoon: Byunsan, west coast of Korea. Macrotidal beaches are scattered in the west coast of Korea mostly in small embayments of the ria-type coastline and islands. In contrast to well-known tidal flats, these beaches have been little studied from the hydromorphologic viewpoint. Byunsan Beach was chosen to investigate beach processes affected by winter monsoon, which creates strong waves and wind-generated currents. The multiyear (2005–2008) profiling of the beach, together with the intensive sampling of surface sediments, provided the details of morphologic characteristics of the beach. Deep water winter wave characteristics were based on the measurements of an offshore buoy. A benthic tripod was deployed on the beach to observe waves, currents, and suspended sediments during a winter storm. The estimated morphodynamic parameters suggest that Byunsan Beach be classified as an ultradissipative state during winter. The tendency of grain size toward systematically fining seaward could be explained by the lateral displacements across the beach of swash and surf zones owing to a high tidal range. In addition, the tripod observations show that a storm readily generated offshore return flows capable of considerable beach erosion. The storm waves also significantly contributed to the erosion. This may reflect that the macrotidal, open beaches in the west coast of Korea are seasonally susceptible to pronounced erosion by winter monsoon. The results of this study may be useful for evaluating man-made environmental impacts caused largely by seawalls and dykes on the natural beach state intrinsic to the west coast of Korea.


ABSTRACT A simple model of an uncharged antimicrobial peptide, carrying four crown ether side chains, is modified further by the selective incorporation of arginine side chains to control its secondary structure and its interaction with model membranes and living cells. Conformational studies show that shifting the position of a cationic residue in the peptide sequence allows to control its secondary structure and supramolecular self-assembly in solution. Results also demonstrate that the secondary structure influences the interaction with model membranes and cells. An α-helical peptide with greater amphiphilicity forms assemblies that interact with both prokaryotic and eukaryotic model membranes and cells. However, a β-stranded peptide with evenly distributed charges generates assemblies that interact more selectively with prokaryotic model membranes and cells. In addition, we observed differences in peptide orientation between uncharged and cationic α-helical peptides with different phospholipid bilayers. In general, the studied peptides have a higher affinity for thinner membranes, and cationic peptides interacted better with anionic membranes. Graphical Abstract


Remedies available within a particular system are closely connected with the types and diversity of disputes brought to, and with the purpose and the structure of, the special dispute settlement mechanism. Investment arbitration is a mechanism for settlement of disputes between States and foreign investors who have made by definition mid- to long-term projects in the State concerned. Such claims are brought for the protection of private interests of investors, but they are mostly based on public international law obligations and subject to State responsibility principles. Institutional and procedural rules, as well as systemic features of investment arbitration play an important role in the determination of which remedies are available and provide suitable relief within this dispute settlement mechanism. The main argument of this article is that substantive characteristics of primary obligations should be taken into account, along with procedural considerations, in the determination of which remedies are available in investment treaty arbitration.


This paper presents the optimization of a continuous foam extrusion process to manufacture high impact polystyrene (HIPS) foams through a twin-screw extruder. The effects of chemical blowing agent type and content as well as; process parameters: e.g., die temperature profile and screw speed (RPM) were investigated. After determination of the optimum die temperature profile, effect of chemical blowing agent type and content (i.e., 1, 3, 5 wt. %) and screw RPM (i.e., 100, 150, 200, and 250) were investigated. Results show that; the best void fraction (around 22%), with the highest cell density (around 6 x 105 cells/cm3) obtained at die temperature profile of 150-145 °C. It was also observed that 100 RPM, revealed the highest void fraction (around 32%) with cell density of around 3 x 105 cells/cm3. The increase of chemical blowing agent, increased the void fraction from around 10% to 31% where the cell densities were also increased, respectively, from around 8 x 104 cells/cm3 to 2 x 107 cells/cm3.This paper presents the optimization of a continuous foam extrusion process to manufacture high impact polystyrene (HIPS) foams through a twin-screw extruder. The effects of chemical blowing agent type and content as well as; process parameters: e.g., die temperature profile and screw speed (RPM) were investigated. After determination of the optimum die temperature profile, effect of chemical blowing agent type and content (i.e., 1, 3, 5 wt. %) and screw RPM (i.e., 100, 150, 200, and 250) were investigated. Results show that; the best void fraction (around 22%), with the highest cell density (around 6 x 105 cells/cm3) obtained at die temperature profile of 150-145 °C. It was also observed that 100 RPM, revealed the highest void fraction (around 32%) with cell density of around 3 x 105 cells/cm3. The increase of chemical blowing agent, increased the void fraction from around 10% to 31% where the cell densities were also increased, respectively, from around 8 x 104 cells/cm3 to 2 x 107 cells/cm3.


The information available in electronic form continues to grow at an exponential rate and this trend is expected to continue. Although traditional search engines like AltaVista can address common information needs, they ignore the often valuable information that is "hidden" behind search interfaces, the so-called "hidden web." Automating the classification of "hidden web" resources is challenging, since the contents of these collections are available only by querying, not by traditional crawling. For example, consider the PubMed medical database from the National Library of Medicine, which stores medical bibliographic information and links to full-text journals accessible through the web. This database is accessible through a query interface. A query to PubMed with keyword "cancer" returns 1,313,266 matches, which are high-quality citations to medical articles, stored locally at the PubMed site. The contents of PubMed are not "crawlable" by traditional search engines. Thus, a query on AltaVista for all the pages in the PubMed site with keyword "cancer" returns only 16,380 matches. Hence, techniques that need to have the documents available for inspection are not applicable to analyze and classify the "hidden web" resources. The ability to access these resources and organize them for subsequent use is a central component of the Digital Libraries Initiative – Phase 2 (DLI2) project at Columbia University. The project is named PERSIVAL and its main goal is to provide personalized access to a distributed patient care digital library with all kinds of collections. The manual inspection and classification of these resources is a non-scalable solution, so we developed a novel technique to automate this task.


A distributed feedback fiber laser employing an equivalent phase shift (EPS) of /spl pi/ is studied theoretically and experimentally for the first time. The EPS is formed through extending one sampling period by 50% in the center of a sampled Bragg grating. An output power of 0.20 mW with sidemode suppression of 67 dB is experimentally observed.


Graphite material having a variety of sizes, the ratio, determined in the direction of the optical anisotropy and the optical isotropic soft tissue and graphitizing provides a carbon material including a chemical conversion graphitized carbon material phases. Use of this material in the secondary battery electrode can be made excellent in charge-discharge cycle characteristics, high-current load characteristic secondary battery.


Gobibaatar parvus Kielan-Jaworowska 1970, formerly the only representative of the Ptilodontoidea in Asia, is recognized to be a junior synonym of Kryptobaatar dashzevegi Kielan-Jaworowska 1970 and allocated to the Taeniolabidoidea. Members of the Ptilodontoidea are thus currently unknown in Asian faunas. Chulsanbaataridae Kielan-Jaworowska 1974 is a junior synonym of the Eucosmodontidae Jepsen 1940. The absence of Ptilodontoidea in Asia gives further support to the theory of one-way Late Cretaceous dispersal of mammals from Asia to North America. The Marsupialia and Ptilodontoidea originated in the New World and never reached Asia, whereas the Taeniolabidoidea and Eutheria originated in Asia and dispersed to North America during the Late Cretaceous.


On October 30, 1972, Congress passed legislation authorizing end-stage renal disease (ESRD) treatment under Medicare. The number of patients who will consider or need renal replacement therapy continues to increase dramatically as diabetes and obesity reach epidemic proportions. Cardiovascular disease and infectious diseases are the 2 leading causes of death in the United States. Currently, the third leading cause of death is withdrawal of maintenance dialysis, accounting for up to 25% of all yearly deaths.

Apart from situations in which patients make their own decisions under the principle of autonomy and the right of self-determination, physicians are frequently placed in the position of making the decision to stop renal replacement therapy. Physicians often address this challenge by incorporating their personal beliefs and faith systems. Because the decision to discontinue renal replacement therapy can be disconcerting, it is usually best to assemble a multidisciplinary decision team that includes the social worker, dialysis nurse, and primary care/attending physician, as well as assistance from clergy.

In general, after a shared decision-making environment is created and the patient and family are fully informed, end-of-life care discussions can begin and decisions can be made. According to the few studies that have evaluated it, the time until death in a patient with minimal renal function is usually not more than a week after cessation of renal replacement therapy, and an exceedingly low percentage is alive by 30 days. If a patient has residual renal function, other variables come into play and the time until death will have a greater range.

Several steps must be taken to ensure that all concerned parties have a complete understanding of the decision to withdraw or withhold dialysis in adults. After the physician-patient relationship is established, the patient and family must be fully informed of the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options. Then advance care planning is discussed, and any active advance directives are reviewed.

If consensus is not reached after these steps have been taken, a time-limited trial of dialysis can be offered to patients who have an uncertain diagnosis with unclear direction. Finally, palliative care options should be explored. Dialysis can be offered to someone in hospice as long as ESRD is not the diagnosis used to justify the hospice care.

In the 1960s, before it became more widespread and available in practice, hemodialysis was routinely withheld. At that time, an anonymous lay committee decided who received chronic hemodialysis and who did not. These committees were known as "God committees" as chronicled in Life magazine in November 1962.

Recently, the Independent Payment Advisory Board created by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act has been accused of being a reincarnation of these committees. In England, the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence limits technology and medication usage based on cost to the system. As the percentage of Medicare expenditures related to ESRD services increases, this issue will be a developing topic of discussion as government payors attempt to control costs. Because of this reality, providers will need to become more aware of these issues.


Nowadays, with the increasing energy consumption of buildings and the continuous improvement of human living standards, use of architectural glass with multi-functional features of large-scale manufacturing, safety and energy saving has become the mainstream trend. In this paper, a series of cholesteric side-chain liquid crystal polymers (ChSCLCPs) are designed and synthesized to composite with a widely used laminating material for safety glasses, ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), to endow the windows with IR light shielding property. The synthesized ChSCLCPs have the desired reflection wavelengths and thermal stability. Preparation methods of EVA/ChSCLCP composite materials are investigated and different ratios of the contents and various film treatment conditions are attempted. Interestingly, when the contents of EVA and ChSCLCP are equal, "sky-blue" areas are found under polarized optical microscopy (POM) and the film exhibits stronger light scattering and selective reflection properties. Taking advantages of this phenomenon, a new type of IR shielding film is manufactured by the powder blending method and it not only performs broadband reflection, but also exhibits a strong light scattering. Then, model buildings equipped with and without the film are set up and an energy conservation efficiency of up to 40.4% is obtained, which proves the film's practical applications in energy-saving smart windows.


Recently, a series of pioneer studies have shown the potency of pre-trained models in sequential recommendation, illuminating the path of building an omniscient unified pre-trained recommendation model for different downstream recommendation tasks. Despite these advancements, the vulnerabilities of classical recommender systems also exist in pre-trained recommendation in a new form, while the security of pre-trained recommendation model is still unexplored, which may threaten its widely practical applications. In this study, we propose a novel framework for backdoor attacking in pre-trained recommendation. We demonstrate the provider of the pre-trained model can easily insert a backdoor in pre-training, thereby increasing the exposure rates of target items to target user groups. Specifically, we design two novel and effective backdoor attacks: basic replacement and prompt-enhanced, under various recommendation pre-training usage scenarios. Experimental results on real-world datasets show that our proposed attack strategies significantly improve the exposure rates of target items to target users by hundreds of times in comparison to the clean model. The source codes are released in https://github.com/wyqing20/APRec.


A new technology is a bold new combination of production factors that potentially yields a higher level of total factor productivity. The optimal combination of input factors is unknown when an innovation is pursued. A larger targeted innovation may require a greater change in the optimal combination of production factors employed and increases volatility alongside with economic growth. We show that economic policy can interfere in this relationship with by adjusting source based capital income taxes.


Food fraud in several value chains including meat, fish, and vegetables has gained global interest in recent years. In the meat value chain, substitution of high commercial-value meats with similar cheaper or undesirable species is a common form of food fraud that raises ethical, religious, and dietary concerns. The presence of undeclared species could also pose public health risks caused by allergic reactions and the transmission of food-borne or zoonotic pathogens. Measures to monitor meat substitution are being put in place in many developed countries. However, information about similar efforts in sub-Saharan Africa is sparse. In this study, we used PCR coupled with high-resolution melting (PCR-HRM) analysis targeting the three mitochondrial genes, cytochrome oxidase 1 (CO1), cytochrome b (cyt b), and 16S rRNA, to detect species substitution in meat sold to consumers in Nairobi, Kenya's capital city. Out of 107 meat samples from seven common livestock animals (cattle, goat, sheep, pig, chicken, rabbit, and camel), 11 (10.3%) had been substituted. Of 61 samples sold as beef, two were goat and one was camel. Of 30 samples sold as goat meat, four were mutton (sheep) and three were beef. One of nine samples purchased as pork was beef. Our results indicate that PCR-HRM analysis is a cost and time effective technique that can be employed to detect species substitution. The combined use of the three markers produced PCR-HRM profiles that successfully allowed the distinction of species. We demonstrate its utility not only in analysis of raw meat samples, but also of cooked, dried, and rotten samples, meat mixtures, and with the use of different DNA extraction protocols. We propose that this approach has broad applications in authentication of meat products and protection of consumers from food fraud in the meat industry in low- and middle-income countries such as Kenya, as well as in the developed world.


Fecaloma is characterized by a hardened large mass of feces frequently localized in sigmoid colon and rectum and is difficult to discharge. Fecaliths, stagnating and hardening by time, may cause intestinal obstruction, ulcer development and colonic wall perforation. Fecalith induced intestinal obstructions are commonly observed in elder aged patients disabled, bedridden with chronic disorders. We present the case of a 16-year-old boy who admitted to emergency service with complaints of inability to defecate. This is a rare case on late adolescence who was managed succesfully by conservative measures of evacuation for a localized giant fecaloma in rectum.


This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting depth and breaking apical dominance on cutting of red pitaya Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replications in a 2x3 factorial, with two kinds of cuttings (with or without apical dominance), cutting not sectioned and sectioned at 5 cm from the upper portion, and three planting depths (1.0, 5.0, and 10.0 cm) and each plot consisted of ten 20 cm long cuttings. After 60 days of planting, counts of the number of shoots were began weekly and 90 days after planting survival rooting, number and length of shoots, dry weight of shoots and root dry mass were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and polynomial regression at 5% significance level. The percentage of rooting and the survival were 100% in all treatments. With increasing depth of planting it was observed linear reduction in numbers of shoots, dry weight of shoot and root dry mass. The cladodes with apical dominance had longer shoots. The planting of red pitaya cuttings at 1 cm of planting depth with apical dominance is more suited to the production of nursery plants.


This study was done to determine the effect of initial node strength on dry matter yield of cassava. Studies were conducted at the Waterloo Research Campus, University of Trinidad and Tobago using the sets of Mexican variety (Mx) at 6 months with 1 to 3 nodes, 4 to 9 cm, and dry matter of 6 to 15 g/set. The crop was established at 60 × 80 cm and treated with a compound NPK fertilizer. Growth analysis (functional approach) was carried from 20 to 340 Days after emergence (DAE), and the best fit polynomial regression applied. The results indicated that tuberization started after 120 DAE and tuber dry weight increased with increasing set size (YTDW = -1177 + 9.90D 1.26 -2 D 2 + 37.7N 2 ). The 3 node sets produced (P > 0.05) the highest tuber yield. The leaf area ratio (LAR) showed (P > 0.001) a quadratic response (Ylar = 12.8 1.94 H 2.39 N + 0.08 H 2 + 0.18 N*H), peaked at 2 g/cm 2 /day 1 , and declined at harvest. Both the net assimilation rate (NAR) and the relative growth rate (RGR) were not affected by the number of nodes, however, the NAR peaked 0.046 g/m 2 /day at 60 DAE. The initial strength of 3 nodes sets proved to be superior to the single node sets.


In the course of chronic kidney disease, alterations in vitamin D metabolism contribute to increases in the levels of parathyroid hormone and the development of skeletal disorders, and in addition, may contribute to hypertension, systemic inflammation and cardiovascular risk. In the course of chronic kidney disease, the production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D from the kidney shows a progressive decline due to several factors, which include a reduction in the ability to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin-D to the active hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. The resulting 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, as well as 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency, correlates strongly with accelerated disease progression and mortality. An understanding of the pathophysiology involved leads to therapeutic strategies to correct these abnormalities, with the ultimate view to improve outcomes for patients with CKD.


OBJECTIVE
This study was aimed at evaluating the effect of administration time of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the level of pain related to G-CSF.

METHODS
This study was carried out with 48 cancer patients divided into A and B groups. In the first stage of the study, the groups A and B were planned to be administered with G-CSF at 10: 00 and 14: 00, respectively. In the second stage, patients in groups A and B were asked to self-administer filgrastim at 14: 00 and 10: 00, respectively. Patients were also asked to assess their pain level after G-CSF administration for a total of 4 times.

RESULTS
According to the findings, the incidence of pain related to G-CSF was 91.7 %. The pain score after G-CSF being administered at 10: 00 was significantly higher compared to administration at 14: 00 in both groups (group A after 4, 8, and 12 hours: p < 0.05; group B after 4 and 8 hours: p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study have demonstrated that the pain score related to G-CSF administration at 14:00 p.m. was significantly reduced. Thus, in order to minimize the pain, it will be more beneficial to administer G-CSF at 14: 00 (Tab. 4, Ref. 31). Text in PDF www.elis.sk.


While 5G mobile communication systems are currently in deployment, researchers around the world have already started to discuss 6G technology and funding agencies started their first programs with a 6G label. Although it may seem like a good idea from a historical point of view with returning generations every decade, this contribution will show that there is a great risk of introducing 6G labels at this time. While the reasons to not talk about 6G yet are manifold, some of the more dominant ones are i.) there exists a lack of real technology advancements introduced by a potential 6G system; ii.) the flexibility of the 5G communication system introduced by softwarization concepts, such as in the Internet community, allows for daily updates; and iii.) introducing widespread 6G discussions can have a negative impact on the deployment and evolution of 5G with completely new business cases and customer ecosystems compared to its predecessors. Finally, as we do not believe that 5G is the end of our journey, we will provide an outlook on the future of mobile communication systems, independent of the current mainstream discussion.


We present a comparison of parallaxes and radii from asteroseismology and Gaia DR1 (TGAS) for 2200 Kepler stars spanning from the main sequence to the red-giant branch. We show that previously identified offsets between TGAS parallaxes and distances derived from asteroseismology and eclipsing binaries have likely been overestimated for parallaxes mas (≈90%–98% of the TGAS sample). The observed differences in our sample can furthermore be partially compensated by adopting a hotter scale (such as the infrared flux method) instead of spectroscopic temperatures for dwarfs and subgiants. Residual systematic differences are at the ≈2% level in parallax across three orders of magnitude. We use TGAS parallaxes to empirically demonstrate that asteroseismic radii are accurate to ≈5% or better for stars between . We find no significant offset for main-sequence ( ) and low-luminosity RGB stars (≈3–8 ), but seismic radii appear to be systematically underestimated by ≈5% for subgiants (≈1.5–3 ). We find no systematic errors as a function of metallicity between to dex, and show tentative evidence that corrections to the scaling relation for the large frequency separation ( ) improve the agreement with TGAS for RGB stars. Finally, we demonstrate that beyond asteroseismology will provide more precise distances than end-of-mission Gaia data, highlighting the synergy and complementary nature of Gaia and asteroseismology for studying galactic stellar populations.


Magnesium alloys offer advantages of low density, high specific strength, machinability and availability. So it has been used more and more in many fields, such as automobile, communication etc. In this paper, grain refinement process and SiC nanoparticles reinforcement process are investigated for the purposes of increasing ultimate tensile strengthen and ductility of AM60B magnesium alloys. We find that after grain refinement process the ultimate tensile strength of AM60B alloys with permanent casting increase to 241MPa, which is about 27MPa higher than that of original alloys, and the elongation of it increases up to 20.1%, which is about 8.7% higher than that of original alloys. We added SiC nanoparticle into AM60B alloys in liquid state and found it could increase strength and ductility of alloys. By SiC nanoparticle reinforced process the ultimate tensile strength of magnesium alloys can increase up to 255MPa with the elongation of 19%.


The purpose of this case-control study was to evaluate potential risk factors for prostatic hypertrophy. The cases were 910 residents of Rhode Island who had a partial or total prostatectomy that was not related to cancer in the years 1985-1987. The controls were 2,003 members of the source population who were selected from a list of holders of Rhode Island driver's licenses or a roster of older Americans compiled by the Health Care Financing Administration. Cases and controls were interviewed by telephone. The risk of prostatic hypertrophy was elevated in Jewish men compared with Protestants and Catholics and in blacks compared with whites. Risk was reduced in ever-married compared with never-married men, in men who had left school at age 16 years or more compared with those who had left earlier, and in relatively tall or relatively heavy men. Coffee drinking and cigarette smoking were inversely but only weakly related to prostatic hypertrophy. There was a relatively strong, although irregular, inverse relation of beer drinking to prostatic hypertrophy. The associations of spirits and wine consumption with prostatic hypertrophy were weak.


By using critical discourse analysis this study aims to understand the asylum process in Sweden through the experiences of the denied asylum seekers as they are expressed in their narratives published online. The study also aims to explore how the applicants influence the asylum process and if the applicants perform any resistance. By adopting the power perspective and presenting the denied applicants" experiences of the asylum process through the perspective of discipline power, sovereign power and biopower, the study shows that applicants experience positioning which is imposed on them by Swedish Migration Agency. This research supports findings of the previous studies yet it presents the asylum seekers in a contrasting way, namely as acting subjects who resist and negotiate their position during the asylum process. The denied applicants do not just accept the assigned positions, namely the subject who can be denied, be deported and the unwanted subject, rather negotiate them in various ways including attempt to mobilization through the social medias and digital technologies. The study also shows how the family unit is used as a resource in this negotiation both by the applicants and the Migration Agency.


On November 30, 1998, the Kansas oil industry and geological profession lost one of those rare individuals who was admired and liked by all and acknowledged to be one of the "true gentlemen" of the industry. As Gus Messinger stated, "Don was a man in the oil industry of whom I have never heard any disparaging remarks." Perhaps some of the thoughts of those who knew Don well can be summed up by the phrase, "He was a class act." Don was not only a native Kansan, but after arriving in Wichita in April 1920, he spent his childhood in Wichita as well as receiving his advanced education there. He was very proud that although his mother was an immigrant whose parents were from Germany and his father was an immigrant from Austria, their intent from the beginning was to be Americans, and they never spoke German in their home. Don Smith refers to his friend as being "generous but frugal." Perhaps this was derived from his family background or from the route of working his way through college that was a necessity for Don. He worked at a service station and at Cessna Aircraft during his periods of enrollment at Wichita University, 1938-1942 and 1948-1949. During the interim several companies employed him, but most particularly Schlumberger, in several localities including Oklahoma City, Shawnee, and Wichita. He returned to Wichita and found employment with Sohio, where came under the supervision and influence of K. T. Woodman who Don thought taught him a lot about "how to find oil." In 1942, Don married Gwen Dodson and they had two daughters, Karen Wright and Kathy Probst, both of whom reside in Wichita. Don was a family man, and as Gus Messinger writes, "He always thought about his family. When you visited him at his office, he would proudly show you some little gift or candy that someone in his family had given him." After graduation in 1949, Don continued with Sohio, but later joined Bay Petroleum. When Bay Petroleum merged with Tenneco he remained with the new company and for a period was stationed in North Texas. The year 1958 saw the formation of Hellar Drilling in conjunction with Pierce Musgrove. The company operated two drilling rigs until they were sold in 1973. As Don Smith comments, "These were highly competitive times in the drilling business and oil prices were low, but Don made a go of it." Gus indicates that this competitiveness carried over into card games and bowling where "Don hated to lose." Don was an oil finder who might discuss some of the low times, but as Gus puts it "never boasted about his success as a petroleum geologist. Although his oil discoveries were many, he was very humble about his abilities." He was also a professional, serving on several committees of the Kansas Geological Society, joining AAPG in 1951, thus reaching the status of emeritus member. He has also been an active member of the Society of Independent Professional Earth Scientists. Perhaps a real commentary on Don comes from Don Smith; "Although Don undoubtedly could have afforded to eat each day at the Petroleum Club, he seemed to prefer to eat with a small group of older geologists usually at the "Linoleum Club," as we called the cafeteria on the mezzanine of the Nations Bank Building." Don will be greatly missed by his colleagues and host of friends in the oil industry.


Integrating GIS and field geological studies has provided the basis for a re-examination of the structural geology of the area, and has enhanced a new interpretation of the structural orientation of Miango and environs to be made. In addition to detecting structures(faults, fracture system), a number of important structures were mapped and analysed using the imagery, and the resulting map represents a modification from the existing publications. The analysed structures were interpreted in form of lineaments which show dominant trends of NE-SW, NW-SE, and N-S.Direction statistics and rose diagrams for all the interpreted linear features acquired in the study area by field geological observation were also prepared. The dominant trends of N-S, NW-SE and NE-SW respectively correspond to the general trend of Precambrian to Cambrian rocks in Nigeria, including rocks of the Basement Complex, as a result all the rock types are said to be Pan-African in age. These coincidence of structural orientation of landsat lineaments and field structures clearly brings to bear that their integration is highly significant in tracking geological structures relevant to mineralization and groundwater occurrence (fracture in the form of faults, shear zones, etc) within Miango area. They are complementary.


Transfection of a human estrogen receptor cDNA expression vector (HEO) into cultured Xenopus kidney cells confers estrogen responsiveness to the recipient cells as demonstrated by the hormone dependent expression of co-transfected Xenopus vitellogenin-CAT chimeric genes. The estrogen stimulation of these vit-CAT genes is dependent upon the presence of the vitellogenin estrogen responsive element (ERE) in their 5' flanking region. Thus, functional human estrogen receptor (hER) can be synthesized in heterologous lower vertebrate cells and can act as a trans-acting regulatory factor that is necessary, together with estradiol, for the induction of the vit-CAT constructs in these cells. In addition, vitellogenin minigenes co-transfected with the HEO expression vector also respond to hormonal stimulation. Their induction is not higher than that of the vit-CAT chimeric genes. It suggests that in the Xenopus kidney cell line B 3.2, the structural parts of the vitellogenin minigenes do not play a role in the induction process. Furthermore, no stabilizing effect of estrogen on vitellogenin mRNA is observed in these cells. In contrast to the transfected genes, the endogenous chromosomal vitellogenin genes remain silent, demonstrating that in spite of the presence of the hER and the hormone, the conditions necessary for their activation are not fulfilled.


It has often been argued that Zerubbabel, the Jewish governor of Yehud at the time of the rebuilding of the temple (late 6th century BCE), was viewed by the prophets Haggai and Zechariah as the new king in the line of David. In this new study, Rose offers a contrary proposal for the interpretation of the oracles in Haggai 2 and Zechariah 3 and 6. He traces their background in the pre-exilic prophets, pays special attention to often neglected details of semantics and metaphor, and concludes that neither Haggai nor Zechariah designated Zerubbabel as the new king in Jerusalem. Instead, the oracles in Zechariah 3 and 6 should be seen as fully messianic.