BACKGROUND/AIMS
Published data on prevalence and severity of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in Norway are limited. The aims of this study were to assess prevalence, distribution and severity of TDI in the permanent dentition of 16-year-old pupils in western Norway.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A retrospective longitudinal study, including historical clinical data, was conducted among 16-year-old high school pupils in the County of Hordaland, western Norway. First-grade pupils attending high school, born in 1997, were invited to participate (n = 5184). Consent was given to access their dental records in the Public Dental Health Service in Hordaland, where information regarding TDI (diagnosis and treatment) and radiographs was interpreted. Only TDIs to anterior teeth were recorded (canine to canine in the maxilla and mandible) and classified using a modified version of the WHO's classification.

RESULTS
A total of 2055 participants were included (response rate 40%). TDI prevalence was 16.4% (338 pupils), with the maxillary central incisors most affected (64.7%). A total of 637 teeth were involved. Boys were more prone to injury than girls (P < 0.05). Severity of TDI was divided into 3 groups (mild, moderate and severe), with the following distribution: 563 mild (88.4%), 39 moderate (6.1%) and 35 severe (5.5%). Peak age for TDI was 8-10 years (50.9%).

CONCLUSIONS
Prevalence of TDI among Norwegian adolescents was moderate. Milder injuries were more frequent than moderate and severe injuries. Age and gender were risk factors with regard to TDI. Seasonal influence on the occurrence of TDI was not statistically significant.


Venous catheter (VC) insertion may be necessary for the patients with renal failure facing vascular access problem. Femoral VCs are commonly used for their lower complication rates especially in emergency clinics. The incidence of bleeding associated with VC is reported 0.5-1.6%, however, life threatening hemorrhage and complications requiring surgical intervention are very rare. In this manuscript, we aimed to present a case with hemolytic uremic syndrome complicated with retroperitoneal hematoma after femoral VC insertion. J Clin Exp Invest 2014; 5 (3): 472-474


A major earthquake struck Peru in May 1970. This post-quake study compares the impact of this natural catastrophe on the residents of two different cities; one was 90 percent levelled by the quake and one was untouched. A relatively homogeneous population of Peruvians obtained from the two cities completed two paper-and-pencil tests, the Social Readjustment Rating Questionnaire (SRRQ) and the Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE). Both questionnaires were adapted from the SRRQ which had been translated for studies in Spain and EL Salvador. The data from the SRRQ generated two Peruvian Social Readjustment Rating Scales (SRRS), one for each of the cities studied. The differences in the two scales were striking. The lowest intra-cultural correlation yet observed on four studies was obtained. Comparison with a United States population yielded no significant relationships (rs = 0.15), the first time this has occurred in nine intercultural studies. A comparison of the profile of items generated by their subjective magnitude estimations indicated striking qualitative and quantitative differences between the two populations. The SRE generated frequency of occurrence of items and life change magnitudes in five proscribed time intervals. Significant differences in these two quantitative indices (including the health change items) were observed in the two populations in some of the time intervals and not in others. The data formulated suggest that the occurrence of a natural catastrophe--an earthquake which devastated one city--accounted for much of the difference observed between the populations of the two cities.


Malware evolves over time and antivirus must adapt to such evolution. Hence, it is critical to detect those points in time where malware has evolved so that appropriate countermeasures can be undertaken. In this research, we perform a variety of experiments on a significant number of malware families to determine when malware evolution is likely to have occurred. All of the evolution detection techniques that we consider are based on machine learning and can be fully automated -- in particular, no reverse engineering or other labor-intensive manual analysis is required. Specifically, we consider analysis based on hidden Markov models (HMM) and the word embedding techniques HMM2Vec and Word2Vec.


ASHP believes that complex hospitals and health systems benefit from having a pharmacy executive who is responsible for the strategic planning, design, operation, and improvement of their organization's medication management system. This individual (sometimes referred to as the "chief pharmacy officer" but hereafter "the pharmacy executive") must be properly positioned within the organization to ensure the best utilization of his or her expertise in all decisions regarding medication management. To promote effective communication, collaboration, and teamwork with peers, the pharmacy executive should


ABSTRACT The paper explores movements for social transformation in precarious times of austerity, dispossessed commons and narrow nationalism; movements counterpoised to an exhausted neoliberalism on the one hand, and a neoconservative xenophobic populism on the other. Applying 'rainbow coalition' as generic concept it points at contours of a globally extended countermovement for social transformation, traversing 'race', class and gender, driven by reimaginings of the commons and indicating how they could be repossessed and democratically ruled; that is 'reimagineered'). A multisited enquiry explores how actors express their claims as activist citizens under varying conditions and constellations, and if/how discourses and practices from different locations and at different scales inform each other. It interrogates whether there may be an actual equivalence of outlook, objective and strategy of ostensibly homologous contending movements which develop under varying local, national and regional circumstances in contemporary communities riveted by schisms of class, 'race'/ethnicity and gender, occupied by the 'migration' issue and challenged by popular demands for social sustainability. The paper contributes to social theory by linking questions posed by critics of 'post-politics' concerning contingences of pluralist democracy and revitalised politics of civil society, to precarity studies focused on globalisation and the changing conditions of citizenship, labour and livelihoods.


The aim of the present investigation was to compare: (i) de novo plaque formation, and (ii) fluoride and triclosan concentration in approximal plaque, when a NaF/triclosan/Gantrez-containing dentifrice slurry or a mouthrinse were administrated during a 2-week period of no mechanical plaque control. 10 subjects rinsed for 60 s, 2x daily, for a 14-day period with one of the following 3 test products: (A) a dentifrice slurry including 1 ml of a NaF/triclosan/Gantrez dentifrice mixed with 10 ml of tap water, (B) 10 ml of a NaF/triclosan/ Gantrez mouthrinse, or (C) 10 ml of a NaF mouthrinse. De novo plaque formation was assessed on days 4, 7 and 14 using the Turesky's modification of the Quigley and Hein index system. Samples of approximal plaque were obtained immediately after clinical examination on day 14. The samples were analyzed with respect to concentration of fluoride and triclosan using an ion-specific electrode and a HPLC system, respectively. The 14-day period was repeated using another test product until all 10 subjects had used all 3 test products in a randomized order. The results showed that: (i) significantly more fluoride was retained in the approximal plaque following periods A and B than period C, and (ii) less plaque was formed during period B than periods A and C.


The first arriving signal (FAS) in a layered waveguide is investigated. It is well known that the velocity of such a signal is close to the velocity of the fastest medium in the waveguide, and it may be bigger than the fastest group velocity given by the dispersion diagram of the waveguide. Usually the FAS pulse decays with the propagation distance. A model layered waveguide is studied in the paper. It is shown that the FAS is associated with the pseudo-branch structure of the dispersion diagram. The velocity of FAS is determined by the slope of the pseudo-branch. The decay is exponential and it depends on the structure of the pseudo-branch.


Enlarged hilar lymph nodes are usually reported as the most frequent US finding in acute viral hepatitis. The authors compared this finding with other pathologic conditions--i.e., asymptomatic cholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis--and with gallbladder wall thickening, which is also observed in acute hepatitis. From their results, they drew the following conclusions: a) lymph node enlargement at the hepatic hilum was a very frequent finding (11/15) at US in the patients with acute viral hepatitis; b) its occurrence was statistically more frequent than in both cholelithiasis and cholecystitis; c) gallbladder wall thickening was found in 53.3% of the patients with acute hepatitis; d) lymph node enlargement and gallbladder wall thickening were not related. The authors suppose enlarged lymph nodes to be suggestive of hepatic damage in a pattern of immunological hyperactivity rather than the result of inflammatory gallbladder conditions during acute hepatitis. Since only 2 cases could be followed, the authors cannot discuss the prognostic significance of enlarged lymph nodes after cytolytic enzymatic signs of viral hepatitis have disappeared.


The hypothesis was tested that increased oxygen tensions during the plateau stage of oxygen consumption (25 and 26 d of incubation) would cause different metabolic responses from embryos selected for increased egg production or growth. Embryos were exposed to 171 or 152 mm Hg partial pressure of oxygen from 25 to 28 d of incubation, a time when the oxygen conductance properties of the eggshell are exceeded by the embryonic tissue demands for oxygen. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism were observed by measuring plasma organic acids in embryos from selected lines and randombred controls. (E was selected for increased egg production; RBC1 is the randombred line from which it was selected. F was selected for increased BW; RBC2 is the randombred line from which it was selected.) During the plateau stage in oxygen consumption, RBC2 embryos responded to added oxygen by utilizing fat rather than carbohydrate, whereas F embryos responded by using less fat as well as less carbohydrate from the liver and kidney. The response of F embryos to added oxygen is the opposite that might be expected for aerobic metabolism. The reason that selection for growth has resulted in such a metabolism is unknown. The E embryos displayed depressed lactate and beta-hydroxybutyrate levels, but plasma urates were elevated compared with RBC1, suggesting that the selection for egg production has also resulted in a unique metabolism. The embryonic processes described in the current study suggest that selected embryos are unable to respond to elevated partial pressure of oxygen by adjusting energy metabolism, which may result in increased embryonic mortality during this stage.


BACKGROUND: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is autosomal recessive disease that affects people from Mediterranean region, Europe and Japan. Its gene (Mediterranean fever [MEFV]) has more than 100 mostly non-sense mutations. OBJECTIVES: The objective of the following study is to provide some phenotype-genotype correlates in FMF by categorizing the Egyptian FMF cases from Delta governorates after analysis of the four most common mutations of MEFV gene (M680I, M694I, M694V, V726A). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Clinically, suspected FMF cases using Tel-Hashomer criteria were enrolled in the study. Cases were referred to Mansoura University Children's Hospital that serves most of the most middle Delta governorates, in the period from 2006 to 2011. Subjects included 282 males and 144 females, mean age of onset 9.3 ± 2.2 years. All cases were analyzed for these mutations using amplification refractory mutation system based on the polymerase chain reaction technique. Five FMF patients agreed to undergo renal biopsy to check for development of amyloidosis. Analysis of data was carried out using SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: Mutation was found in 521 out of 852 studies alleles, the most frequent is M694V (35.4%) followed by M694I, V726A and M680I. 11 cases were homozygous; 7 M694V, 3 M680I and only one M694I case. Severe abdominal pain occurred in 31 (7.28%) but severe arthritis in 103 cases (24.2%). Strong association was found between arthritis and homozygous mutant compared with single and double heterozygous (72.7% vs. 33.3% and 20.24%, P < 0.001). Four amyloid cases were M694V positive. CONCLUSION: M694V allele is the most common among Egyptian FMF especially those with amyloidosis. We recommend routine check for amyloidosis in FMF cases to statistically validate this link.


The static production efficiency model and the dynamic duality model of intertemporal decision making using a parametric approach have been continuously developed but in separate direction. In this study the static shadow cost approach and the dynamic duality model of intertemporal decision making are integrated to formulate theoretical and econometric models of dynamic efficiency with intertemporal cost minimizing firm behavior. The dynamic efficiency model is empirically implemented using a panel data set of 72 U.S. major investor-owned electric utilities using fossil-fuel fired steam electric power generation during the time period of 1986 to 1999. The major results of this study are that most electric utilities in this study underutilized fuel relative to the aggregated labor and maintenance input and they overutilized capital in production. Electric utilities with relatively high technical inefficiency of variable inputs demand in production in states adopting a deregulation plan improve the performance of the utilities. The estimates of the input price elasticities present the substitution possibilities among the inputs. Finally, the results suggest evidence of increasing returns to scale in the production of the electricity industry.


The short‐term (<24 h) consequences of oxidative stress induced by ischaemia–reperfusion (IR) have been studied extensively in the mouse heart. However, much less is known about the long‐term effects inflicted by a brief ischaemic period on the murine heart. We therefore examined the structural and functional consequences of a 30 min ischaemic period after 2 and 8 weeks of reperfusion and compared these to the effects induced by permanent occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). The latter procedure resulted in transmural myocardial infarcts of about 52% of the left ventricle. In contrast, the single 30 min ischaemic period led to infarct sizes of about 13% of the left ventricle (range, 4–23%) at 2 and 8 weeks after reperfusion. Maximal cardiac contractility responses (+dP/dt) to dobutamine infusion and volume loading were depressed at 2, but not at 8 weeks after IR. The restoration of cardiac contractility at 8 weeks after IR was associated with a significant 20% enlargement of the end‐diastolic volume and 16% increase of the left ventricular wall thickness. These changes in cardiac geometry were less pronounced at 2 weeks after IR. Histological examination revealed that the IR injury was associated with prominent calcification. At 2 and at 8 weeks after IR, 25 ± 5 and 38 ± 5% of the injured area was calcified as observed in 69 and 73% of the animals, respectively. After permanent occlusion of the LAD, calcification was not observed and healing of the affected area was characterized by thinning and dilatation of the infarcted myocardium. These data indicate that, in mice, a single 30 min period of ischaemia reduced ventricular contractility up to at least 2 weeks after reperfusion. However, 8 weeks after IR, cardiac function was restored by eccentric hypertrophy associated with calcification of the injured ventricular wall.


This study is an interpretive attempt to propose new arguments regarding the emergence and evolution of early modern Hungarian patriotism. I claim that first the Protestant, and later on the Calvinist martyrologies also undertook the function of advancing various behavior patterns or discourses promoting loyalty towards the "true" church, and this tendency eventually evolved into a notion of patriotism, which was equally connected to the church and the nation. Furthermore, I also argue that the reinterpreted and re-evaluated Protestant culture of martyrology delineated a certain type of narrative, the so called récit martyrologique, which became the new prototype of early modern memoires. These narratives conveyed the written testimonies of their authors' deeds, and in fact imitated the confessions of saints and martyrs. For a Calvinist, the martyr fulfilled the functions and expectations related to one particular ideal, namely, an elected individual ready to undertake the greatest sacrifice for religion, church and fatherland.
Having surveyed the early modern European culture of martyrology and its major texts, my second objective is to reflect on their contemporary Hungarian reception. Relying on three relevant authors like István Nagy Szőnyi, János Komáromi and Miklós Bethlen, I identify the specific Hungarian uses and applications of Calvinist martyrology. In the light of these results I propose the thesis that despite their small number, Hungarian martyrologies had a significant effect on contemporary Calvinist intelligentsia, contributing to the emergence and emulation of loyalty, first towards the Church, then towards the nation and/or the Fatherland. Thus, the cultural origins of nineteenth-century Hungarian national heroes seem to reach back to the early modern martyrs of the seventeenth century.


The structural and functional disorder of a detrusor induces a bladder hypertrophy and degenerates a bladder muscle gradually by preventing normal urination. Thus, the thickness of the bladder wall has been increased in proportion to the degree of bladder outlet obstruction. In this study, the mechanical characteristics of the detrusor is analyzed for the physical properties and the thickness changes of the bladder muscle using a mathematically analytic method. In order to obtain the mechanical property of the bladder muscle, the tensile test of porcine bladder tissue is performed because its property is similar to that of human. The result of tensile test is applied to the mathematically model as Mooney Rivlin coefficients which represent the hyperelastic material. The model of the bladder is defined as the spherical shape with the initial volume of 50ml. The principal stress and strain according to the thickness are analyzed. Also, computer simulations for three types of the material property for the model of the bladder are performed based on the fact that the stiffness of the bladder is weakened as the progress of the benign prostatic hyperplasia. As a result, the principal stress is 341kPa at the initial thickness of 2.2mm, and is 249kPa at 6.5mm. As the bladder wall thickness increases, the principal stress decreases. The principal stress and strain decrease as the stiffness of the bladder decreases under the same thinkness.


In the South East Anatolia region of Turkey as well as in many parts of world, soil planker is used to level and firm the soil prior to planting of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) at least four times. However, excessive soil compaction due to using of planker can increase soil strength and hamper root growth. This study aimed to investigate the effects of soil planking on soil physical properties, the root growth of cotton and the density of weed species. In this purpose, a field experiment was carried out at different pass numbers of a planker by using a randomized block design with three replications in 2018. The results showed that penetration resistance was increased by the pass number of the planker at 015 cm soil depths. While soil planking increased the soil moisture content at 15 cm soil depth, it reduced the soil temperature. Multiple passes of planker decreased the root length and dry root weight of cotton. Soil planking levels differently influenced the density of weed species. Consequently, it can be said that the planking of soil before cotton seeding may influence the root growth and the density of weed species due to changing the physical properties of soil.


Stretchable sound-in-displays, which can generate synchronous sound and light directly from the display without a separate speaker, allow immersive audio and visual perception even on curved surfaces. In stretchable sound-in-displays, alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) devices have been used as light-emitting sources owing to their high brightness and stability. However, stretchable ACEL devices that use low dielectric constant (κ) materials require a high operating voltage for generating light and sound. Herein, we demonstrate a stretchable ACEL loudspeaker with a low operating voltage using stretchable high-κ dielectrics and strain-insensitive electrodes. Our device exhibits 87.7 cd/m2 of luminance and 79.70 dB of sound pressure level at an operating voltage of 120 V and 10 kHz. As the next platform of wearable devices, the suggested ACEL loudspeaker exhibits high-quality synchronous light and sound generation performance even under various types of mechanical deformation, such as finger flexion and wrist bending.


Interventional Pain Management using Fluoroscopy and Ultrasound Imaging Techniques Interventional injection therapies play a major role in the management of various pain conditions and are becoming an integral part of the multidisciplinary therapies required to improve and rehabilitate pain patients. Many of these procedures have historically been performed without imaging guidance. Imaging-guided techniques with fluoroscopy or ultrasound increase the precision of these procedures and help confirm needle placement. Imaging-guided techniques should lead to better results and reduced complication rates and they are now becoming more popular. These improvements are probably due in part also to better patient selection by experienced pain physicians.


Invasive and non-invasive electrophysiological measurements during "cocktail-party"-like listening indicate that neural activity in human auditory cortex (AC) "tracks" the envelope of relevant speech. Due to the measurements' limited coverage and/or spatial resolution, however, the distinct contribution of primary and non-primary auditory areas remains unclear. Using 7-Tesla fMRI, here we measured brain responses of participants attending to one speaker, without and with another concurrent speaker. Using voxel-wise modeling, we observed significant speech envelope tracking in bilateral Heschl's gyrus (HG) and middle superior temporal sulcus (mSTS), despite the sluggish fMRI responses and slow temporal sampling. Neural activity was either positively (HG) or negatively (mSTS) correlated to the speech envelope. Spatial pattern analyses indicated that whereas tracking in HG reflected both relevant and (to a lesser extent) non-relevant speech, right mSTS selectively represented the relevant speech signal. These results indicate that primary and non-primary AC antithetically process ongoing speech suggesting a push-pull of acoustic and linguistic information.


Abstract Emerging evidence suggests that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recently, pharmacological modulation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2 (eIF2α) pathway was achieved using an integrated stress response inhibitor (ISRIB). While members of this signaling cascade have been suggested as potential therapeutic targets for neurodegeneration, the biological significance of this pathway has not been comprehensively assessed in animal models of AD. The present study investigated the ER stress pathway and its long-term modulation utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental models of tauopathy (MAPT P301S)PS19 and amyloidosis (APPSwe). We report that thapsigargin induces activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) in primary cortical neurons (PCNs) derived from rat and APPSwe nontransgenic (nTg) and transgenic (Tg) mice. ISRIB mitigated the induction of ATF4 in PCNs generated from wild-type (WT) but not APPSwe mice despite partially restoring thapsigargin-induced translational repression in nTg PCNs. In vivo, C57BL/6J and PS19 mice received prolonged, once-daily administration of ISRIB. While the compound was well tolerated by PS19 and C57BL/6J mice, APPSwe mice treated per this schedule displayed significant mortality. Thus, the dose was reduced and administered only on behavioral test days. ISRIB did not improve learning and memory function in APPSwe Tg mice. While ISRIB did not reduce tau-related neuropathology in PS19 Tg mice, no evidence of ER stress-related dysfunction was observed in either of these Tg models. Taken together, the significance of ER stress and the relevance of these models to the etiology of AD require further investigation.


The Laser Doppler Velocimetry technique has been used to measure the radial flow velocity in the Taylor vortex flow at several Taylor numbers close to and above the critical value. The first four harmonics of the flow field have been analyzed using a model described by Davey. Our analysis demonstrates in a unique way that the amplitude of the first harmonic of the super-critical flow field can be regarded as the "order parameter" of the transition from the laminar Couette flow to the Taylor vortex flow. This transition is described by a generalized Landau theory for classical second order mean-field phase transitions. The analysis of the results of carefully performed experiments not only confirms the findings of earlier experimental work, but in addition we determine all the significant parameters of the full Davey model for this hydrodynamic instability.


It is generally believed that the main part of the physiologic absorption of iron is the upper part of the duodenum. But iron can actually be absorbed from the stomach. Isolating the rabbit stomach from the oesophagus and duodenum by ligating cardia and pyrolus, the author observed the process of iron absorption from the mucosa of the stomach. After the ligation of pyrolus and cardia the contents of stomach were removed giving a small cut at the great curvature and then suturing the cut after inserting a drain-syphon with a stopper at the exterior end. Next, 50-60 cc. of FeC1(3) solution, 20 to 100 mg iron per dl. was introduced from the drain-syphon, and the iron level of the contents of the stomach and blood serum were estimated colorimetrically at fixed intervals. After the introduction of iron the elevated iron level in stomach fell quickly and after 2 to 3 hours it reached the minimum, about 60 per cent of the initial level, at which the absorption stopped. In contrast to this, the serum iron level increased gradually reaching the maximum, 230-300 γ, at about 3 hours after the introduction of iron, keeping this level thereafter. No marked difference in absorption was found between ferric and ferrous iron. From these observations the author concluded that the stomach has an active ability to absorb iron, which is sufficient enough to elevate the serum iron level without the aid of the duodenum.


While the literature on indigenous political mobilization in Latin America is now quite extensive, relatively little has been published on why ethnic mobilization has not occurred in some indigenous regions. In this article, I examine a case where there is very little mobilization and organization around ethnic identity: Yucatán, Mexico. I begin with a political history of Yucatán, comparing it with and contrasting it to Chiapas. I then argue that ethnic mobilization in Yucatán is significantly limited for two main reasons: first, Maya peasants had so little relative autonomy under the corporatist regime (1940s–1980s) and official peasant leagues that they were constrained in using the experience garnered in these leagues for subsequent ethnic-based organization; and second, the social organizations and networks that provide activists and potential activists with the capacity to mobilize – namely, peasant leagues and the progressive Catholic Church – have not served as vehicles for leadership training and organization in Yucatán.


The static modeling of a bi-axial torsional micro-mirror with sidewall electrodes is investigated. The mirror and sidewall electrodes experience different voltages. As a result of the potential difference, the mirror rotates about x and y axes with the torques generated from electrostatic forces by the sidewall and bottom electrodes. The rotations about two axes are made possible using a gimbal frame and serpentine springs. An analytical model is presented that is a simplified model of a previous study based on independent excitation of the two rotation angles. The simplified model enables prediction of the rotation angles with good accuracy and faster computation time.


Investigations were conducted in two series of tests on 40 rabbits. In the first series a selection of the optimal dose of the vitamins was made and in the II series the action of the optimal dose of the biotin-pyridoxine complex was studied. Each test series included 2 control groups of the animals. The biotin-pyridoxine complex (in doses of 80 gamma and 3.2 mg per 1 kg of the body mass) was shown to exert an inhibitory action on the development of experimental atherosclerosis.


There are frequent floods in Lebak Regency, especially in the central city, i.e., Rangkasbitung and its surroundings, which is detrimental to local society. In the last five years, there has been 43 times the flood disaster. The problem of this flooding has not been entirely resolved, although there are indications of an increase in frequency, duration, and distribution in the study area. This study discusses the vulnerability of the area to flooding based on social, economic, and physical characteristics. K-Means Clustering is used to analyze the level of vulnerability for each village from 39 villages in Rangkasbitung, Cibadak, and Kalanganyar Districts. The results showed that the vulnerability level to flooding is dominated by a moderate level spread in the center of the study area. In contrast, the high level of vulnerability spread in the eastern and western parts of the study area. These results can be used as a basis for determining the flood risk areas in future studies.


The definition and extents of architectural works vary from country to country. For instance, Korea, Japan and the US regard architectural works as an independent category of copyright while the UK, Australia, Canada and most European countries do as a sub-category of artistic works. Besides, architectural works include a building and its plans in the US; a building and a building model in the UK; a building only in Japan; and a building, plans and a model in Korea. Moreover, not a single country clearly codifies the definition and extents of architectural works in its copyright legislation. Therefore legal disputes concerning architectural copyright are proceeded without norms and their results are volatile depending upon judges to a great extent. This specific problem is more severe in Korea, where the definition of architectural works is overly brief and vague as it is stated as "a building, models, plans and similar architectural works." In this study, the definition and extents of architectural plans in terms of copyright are analyzed to set their copyrightable norms. In doing so, a prevailing design process was examined and worldwide legal cases concerning architectural copyright were scrutinized. Finally, it is proposed to limit architectural works only to architectural plans (including design sketches) which show the overall form and internal layout. By contrast, construction documents including technical drawings, plans and specifications, with their functional and illustrative nature, should be treated as graphic or literary works rather than architectural works.


The framework of this paper is focused on semiautomatic fast recognition of areas of interest for fast and user-interactive synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image interpretation for which only a unique intensity SAR image is available. The goal is to label regions into classes significant to a given application in an image, as rapidly as possible. A semiautomated ldquoroughrdquo classification is proposed. It defines the information extraction as a two-level procedure. The technique is based on a first partition image into homogeneous regions using the approach proposed by Galland Then, discrimination characteristics are determined in each homogeneous region. This allows one to automatically obtain a first segmentation of the image into semantic regions of interest. Finally, this segmentation can be easily modified by a user in a limited computational time. At this level, they are considered as ldquoobjects,rdquo to identify which typical class of ground it can be attached to. Among a large set of tested measures, we have selected the most pertinent ones for the considered SAR images. In fact, we will see that to obtain an accurate measures estimation, measures need to be estimated inside a neighborhood as homogeneously as possible. This can be achieved with a reasonable confidence in the proposed approach due to the homogeneity properties of the segmentation technique applied. In this paper, we focus on linear structures, urban structures, agricultural parcels, and forest areas extraction in SAR images.


Adsorption is an effective method for the treatment of phenol. In this work, phenol was removed from the wastewater by adsorption process using activated carbon generated from the dates' stone. Effects of operating parameters like initial pH(3 and 9), temperature (20C and 50C), adsorbent dosage (0.1g and 0.2g) and agitation time (1h and 2h) were investigated. The initial phenol concentration of 30 mg/L was reduced to the 0.3 mg/L corresponding to the removal efficiency of 99% at pH 3, 50C with 0.2g activated carbon. Considering the results, it can be said that adsorption of phenol from wastewater using activated carbon generated from dates' stone can be used as an effective treatment method.


Rainbow is an effective multivariate digital signature scheme proposed by Ding and Schmidt. However, a lot of attacks against it have been proposed. To resist all these attacks, designer should be very careful with its choice of parameters. In this study, the authors will propose a new approach to build a secure variant of Rainbow. According to our security analysis, it could resist all the existing attacks against Rainbow and save some memory in the meantime.


The paper addresses the transport activities and associated energy consumption involved in the production and supply of two products: jeans and yoghurt. In the case of jeans, the analysis is from the locations in which cotton is grown, to retail outlets in the UK; in the case of yoghurt, the analysis is from the supply of milk on farms, to retail outlets in France. The results show that the transport stages from the point of jeans manufacture to UK port are responsible for the greatest proportion of transport energy use per kilogram of jeans in the UK supply chain. In the case of the French yoghurt supply chains, the results indicate that each of the three transport stages from farm to third-party distribution centre consume approximately the same proportion of total freight transport energy. The energy used on the transport stage for yoghurt from third-party distribution centre to retail outlet varies depending on the type of retail outlet served. Far greater quantities of energy are used in transporting jeans than yoghurts from farm/field to retail outlet. This is explained by the distances involved in the respective supply chains. Both case studies demonstrate that the energy used by consumers transporting goods to their homes by car can be as great as total freight transport energy used in the supply chain from farm/field to retail outlet (per kilogram of product transported).


A study was carried out to evaluate the bio-efficacy of some botanicals against Callosobruchus chinensis L. in stored chickpea (Variety: Anuradha) in the year 2018–20. Different botanicals like Neem (Azadirachta indica), Melia (Melia azedarach), Datura (Datura stramonium) and Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) were used. Among all the botanicals Neem leaf powder @ 6% performed better with minimum egg laying (64 eggs 5 females-1) compared to the other botanicals except the standard check with Deltamethrin @ 0.04%. Thereafter, 6% Melia leaf powder and 8% Datura leaf powder recorded 87.50 eggs 5 females-1 and 91.25 eggs 5 females-1, respectively. With regard to adult mortality, the best result was also obtained from the treatment Neem leaf powder @6% with 96.67% mortality in 5th day. Following the same trend, 6% Melia leaf powder and 8% Datura leaf powder exhibited 90% and 83.33% adult mortality, respectively, in 5th day. The estimation of total phenols and total antioxidants (IC-50) contents in Neem leaf powder (345.69 mg g-1 and 207.77 μg ml-1), Melia leaf powder (273.40 mg g-1 and 383.68 μg ml-1) and Datura Leaf Powder (213.62 mg g-1 and 405.77 μg ml-1) also confirms the findings of the bio-efficacy trial of the botanicals. Tulsi leaf powder @5% was least efficacious both in terms of egg laying by the females as well as adult mortality. These botanicals are locally available, economic, bio-degradable and safe to the environment. Therefore, they may be fitted in the Integrated Pest Management strategies against stored grain pests as seed protectants.


Indonesia's social space in the past year has been filled with the phenomenon of hoax. The phenomenon of hoax develops alongwith the strengthening and thickening of the national political axis. Society is not treated by true news but it is filled withvarious emotional outbursts. The implication is that the community is divided into small groups based on interests. This causesthe social and cultural space to be rigid and inflexible. By Ulrich Beck, such phenomena are called risk society. Risks arise notonly because of technological developments in physical reason but also because of erroneous social and political practices. In itsdevelopment, Indonesian politics follows the trend of thickening into groups. A society divided into groups has the potential tostrengthen internal integration. As a result, the level of external adaptation is low. Politics is called the most vulnerable regionand is therefore responsible for social divisions. Because of politics, elements of society make social media not only a tool butalso their ultimate goal. There, the people practice various news provocation movements the truth of which cannot be verified.Such reality demands state responsibility in managing the media. Media management is not the same as controlling media.Managing the media is providing literacy education not only to the media and the political elite but also to the general public.Consequently, the logical reasoning for the existence of a civilized Indonesian society should be honed contiously.


Multidrug resistance in cancer chemotherapy frequently correlates with overexpression of the P-glycoprotein drug transporter. Attempts to reverse P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance with racemic verapamil or its less toxic (R)-enantiomer have been complicated by cardiotoxicity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the major verapamil metabolite, norverapamil, as well as the PR-22 and D-620 metabolites, on P-glycoprotein-mediated drug transport. We measured the basolateral-to-apical fluxes of the P-glycoprotein substrates digoxin and vinblastine in the presence and absence of verapamil, (R)-norverapamil, (S)-norverapamil, racemic norverapamil, PR-22, or D-620 across confluent monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells that express P-glycoprotein on their apical membranes. Verapamil and norverapamil nonstereospecifically inhibited the renal tubular secretion of digoxin and vinblastine similarly in a dose-dependent manner. However, there was no decrease in the cellular accumulation of digoxin and vinblastine, suggesting that neither verapamil nor norverapamil prevent the substrates from entering the MDCK cells. Furthermore, the norverapamil metabolite P-22 also inhibited the secretion of these P-glycoprotein substrates. Our results suggest that the verapamil metabolites norverapamil and PR-22, which are less cardiotoxic than the parent compound, have comparable inhibitory abilities to verapamil (norverapamil greater than PR-22) and may be useful in reversing resistance to P-glycoprotein substrates.


Background: The importance of environmental innovation concepts is growing in the private sector, in academia and at the level of government policies. The concept of environmental innovation is closely related to two other notions: eco-innovation and green innovation. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a clarification of the concept of environmental innovation and to provide an overview of the existing scientific literature in this field, identifying the most active authors, countries, publishers and relevant publications.Results: We created a matrix with a proposed eco-innovation model that is focused on the correlation between the measures related to the model application in the process of eco-innovation and the main areas of application.Conclusion: This review draws from the resource-based theory and investigates the interrelationships between three types of innovation (environmental innovation, eco-innovation, green innovation) and their impact on firm's business performance using the proposed eco-innovation model. We found that the most active scholars are situated in US and Europe (i.e. USA, UK. Swiss, Germany, Singapore, Netherlands, Canada and France) and identified OECD as author of seven publications and Jens Horbach as author of six publications in the field of environmental innovations journals, leading the field.


The study of ritual is an important and indeed essential part of prehistoric archaeology, and is reported at several early Neolithic sites in the Levant and Anatolia. In this study, the evidence for ritual at five Pre-Pottery Neolithic B sites ('Ain Ghazal, Kfar HaHoresh, Nevali Çori, Çayönü and Göbekli Tepe) is compared. This comparison serves as the basis for an interpretation which focuses on the ideology of PPNB ritual rather than on its social function. It is argued that there are four basic structuring principles in PPNB ritual and ideology: communality, dominant symbolism, vitality (including the notions of domestication, fecundity and life-force), and human–animal linkage. These concepts are related in an attempt to delineate the PPNB ritual system and the place of these specific sites therein.


Multicast can be done on link layer, IP layer, and application layer respectively. The application level overlay multicast is easier to deploy as compared to non overlay multicast but at the cost of efficiency. However, the utilization of these approaches is limited by current Internet architecture. Overlay and non overlay integrated solution have not yet been proposed for hybrid networks. In this paper, we propose a novel protocol named Efficient Overlay Multicast Routing (EOMR), in which multilayer multicast methods are integrated and the conversion among these methods is performed dynamically. Moreover, a Multicast Address and Port Translation (MAPT) protocol is used to achieve low-level overlay forwarding in intermediate systems, while the application-level multicast can only be implemented in end systems. The EOMR described here is mainly oriented to the hybrid network, a superset of pure MANET. The performance of EOMR with MAPT is evaluated by comparing it with other multicast protocols proposed for mobile ad hoc networks.


A novel technique called disrelation spectroscopic imaging describes the process of identifying an area where a coordinated or out-of-phase change in pattern of spectral absorbance occurs. Disrelation mapping can be viewed as a spatial filter based on the well-established two-dimensional (2D) correlation function to highlight specific areas where disrelated variation occurs between ν1 and ν2. Disrelation intensity develops only if the spectral absorbance measured at ν1 and ν2 vary out of phase with each other within a specific spatial area. The disrelation mapping locates regions where absorbance varies in a dissimilar manner because of the contribution from species of different physical or chemical origins. Consequently, it becomes possible to probe onset of molecular interactions or presence of intermediate forms between components, which is not fully detected by the conventional visualizations based on a single wavenumber. Data analysis using disrelation mapping applied to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic images is presented in this study. Data sets of FT-IR spectroscopic images of blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were subjected to the disrelation mapping. It was found that the disrelation intensity between 1730 and 1714 cm–1 becomes especially acute around the spatial boundary between PMMA and PEG domains within the studied blend sample. Thus the band at 1730 cm–1 most likely represents the C=O stretching mode of the C=O···H–O species due to the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between PMMA and PEG. The appearance of such disrelation is more noticeable in the PEG-rich region, for the PEG with low molecular weight. Consequently, it suggests that the blends of PMMA and PEG are partially miscible at the molecular level and these intermolecular interactions are affected by the quantity of the terminal –OH groups of the PEG.


A clinico-pathological survey of different types of cerebral hypoxic/ischemic injuries in foetuses and infants is presented. The lesions may occur before, during and after the birth. Some of them occur only in foetuses and infants less than two months old. The topic has been simplified in order to be useful as a basis for evaluating these lesions in daily diagnostic work. Cerebral hypoxic/ischemic injuries are frequently seen in preterm infants and term infants with severe cardiac anomalies. Extensive damage may be fatal or may involve severe permanent psychomotoric deficits in the survivors. The severity of the deficiencies depends on the type, location, and extent of damage. A severe lesion is a common cause of cerebral palsy, and a mild lesion is probably one cause of minimal brain dysfunction. Recent studies indicate that the lesions seen in preterm infants frequently occurred in utero. Thus, autopsies of perinatal deaths should include neuropathological examination of the brain to disclose possible cerebral/hypoxic damage, and its distribution, severity and age.


ABSTRACT Spiritual care remains a neglected dimension in the context of living in residential aged care facilities. Using a grounded theory methodology, in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 Nepalese aged care residents, 3 nurses, and 4 caregivers to explore the residents' spiritual needs and how nurses/caregivers perceive and respond to these. The analysis revealed that the process of providing spiritual care and meeting spiritual care needs are complex, which includes preparing internally, interacting with residents, integrating care, and involving in residents' spiritual practices. To facilitate appropriate and the required spiritual care, effort to increase nurses and caregivers' readiness and ensure managerial support are crucial.


In the present investigation, the Carvedilol tablet s were formulated by employing Hydrophilic polymers such as HPMC K15, Xanthan gum and Guar gum, Sodium bicarbonate is used as a gas generating agent through wet granulation technique. Among the formul ations F1 to F9 the F6 formulation (HPMC K15 and Gaur gum 1:1 ratio) was optimized to get 93% drug r elease and prolonged the drug release for more than 12hrs. The resulting formulations produced consiste nt hardness, uniformity in weight and low friabilit y. The formulation with HPMC and Guar gum in the drug and polymer ratio has optimum floating lag time. The optimized formula F6 was fitted to various kinetic models and the result showed that F6 batch followed Zero order kinetics. The mechanism of drug release from F6 batch was Higuchi's with non fickian diffus ion pattern. These results indicate that the selected f ormulation was stable during the period of accelera ted stability studies.


This paper establishes a transdisciplinary exploration of care robots and their tracking capacity as an ethical performance. It does this to highlight the concerns around the ubiquity and availability of data in care contexts. In my attempt to scrutinise care robots beyond being humanoid and sociable actors, but instead as data tracking technologies, I link robot ethics, media and surveillance studies with posthuman and performative ethics to redefine tracking as an ethical microcosm within care robots. I do this, first, by challenging how to look at care robots and robot interactivity, particularly in reference to tracking as an ethical, not necessarily moral, question of interactivity and relationality. This angle will challenge the ethical timing and evaluation around tracking as an inherently ethical relation. Second, by arguing that the common ethical views on tracking are about concerns of privacy intrusion and data infringement while overlooking that a main ethical issue might not be a robotic intention to spy but the availability of data because of robots. Consequently, what deserves more attention in the ethics of robots is the growing ubiquity of care robots, the sensitivity of care contexts, and the acknowledgement of data appropriation; the latter being especially important considering the vulnerability of health care environments, and the growing commercial value of health data.


Background: Trauma is study of medical problems associated with physical injury. There are different causes of trauma including road traffic accidents, burns, fight and violence, animal bites, machine injuries, fall from heights and other objects etc. Trauma is on rise day by day due to increase in population, vehicles, intolerance and industrialization. Trauma contributes more than 50 % workload of surgical emergency and most of trauma is due to preventable causes. Objective: The objective of this study is to highlight the burden of trauma in surgical emergency and to discuss main causes of trauma. Study Design: Prospective descriptive study. Settings: Surgical Emergency Allied Hospital, Faisalabad Pakistan. Duration: 01-08-2017 to 31-10- 2017. Methodology: A pre-organized data sheet was prepared for each patient admitted in surgical emergency Allied Hospital Faisalabad with history of trauma. The record of patient, date of admission and mechanism of trauma were noted. This data was segregated into different groups according to cause of trauma. Results: Total number of patients admitted in surgical emergency Allied Hospital Faisalabad from 01-08-2017 to 31-10-2017 was 22320. Out of these 13860 patients were admitted due to trauma which accounts 62% of total admission. The mean age of patients admitted with trauma was 27.2 years with minimum age 9 months, and maximum age 61 years. Most of patients were young between ages of 15 years to 46 years. Male were affected more than female with ratio of 8:1. Commonest type of trauma was RTA 59.6 % followed by trauma due to fall 18%. Conclusion: Major work load in surgical emergency is due to trauma accounting for 62% of total admissions. Road traffic accidents are commonest form of trauma which is avoidable and preventable most of times. Motorcycle accidents are most common cause of road traffic accident.


Seismologists have long sought to discern the cause(s) of earthquakes in the greater New York City (NYC) area. After decades of research on this topic, however, there are still many unanswered questions. Seismicity in the NYC area seems to be related in some way to the locations of Mesozoic rift basins (MRBs). This pattern might be a localized expression of the more global tendency of large earthquakes in stable continental interiors to occur in crust that has been stretched or extended at some time in the geologic past. This paper has three objectives: (1) It is a review of some of the well-known hypotheses that have been proposed to explain why earthquakes occur in the northeastern United States in general, and in the NYC area in particular. This review provides a background, and places this study of earthquakes in the NYC area in a more general context. (2) It is also a summary of the network seismicity in the NYC area. The network data are compared with the historical record of seismicity, and we demonstrate that there is a correlation between the network and historical seismicity. The earthquake process in the study area, therefore, appears to be stationary on the time scale of a couple of centuries. (3) Given this result, we use the network data as a "snapshot" of this earthquake process to test the hypothesis that there is a correlation between earthquake locations and the two MRBs in the study area, the Newark and Hartford basins.


Advances in recent treatments for HIV/AIDS patients have shown dramatic outcomes in extending the incubation period and AIDS survival time, whilst also providing significant improvements in the quality of patients' lives. This thesis establishes a model of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that incorporates the effects of treatments, in particular, the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), which became widely available during 1996. The technique of compartmental modelling is employed in an attempt to reproduce observed AIDS incidence/prevalence, HIV incidence/prevalence, and deaths from AIDS data. There are movements between compartments (sub-populations affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic) each with an associated parameter. Each sub-population has a differential-difference equation associated with it. Once these equations have been solved numerically they give a set of steady-state solutions, from which it is possible to estimate HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence. Some parameter values within the model are obtained from surveys, census results, etc., but others are derived using a maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) procedure. The use of realistic values gives impressive results, creating a remarkable fit with routinely collected data relating to levels of HIV/AIDS incidence and prevalence in the UK homosexual population. Finally, the model is used to project levels of incidence and prevalence over the next few years, and to investigate several possible 'what-if' scenarios, with a brief investigation into the consequent cost implications.


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The purpose of this article is to relate Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler to Woody Allen's Interiors with respect to their inquiry into women's relation to power and art. Both artists are close watchers and profound analysts of women's positions in times of transition, and both relate their themes to class and gender. The subordination of women is apparent in the use of cinematic and theatrical space. In order to compare the screenplay and the drama text I have studied how the artists allow women to use space, building on C. Hermann's theory (1976) about spatial systematization and hierarchization.


Traditional medium access control (MAC) protocols utilize temporal mechanisms such as access probability or backoff interval adaptation for contention resolution. They typically take the set of competing nodes as a given, and address the problem of adapting each node's channel access behavior to the given channel contention level. This is a temporal approach for contention resolution, which aims to separate transmissions from different nodes in time to achieve successful transmissions. We explore an alternative approach for wireless networks— named "spatial backoff"—that adapts the "space" occupied by the transmissions. Each transmission in a wireless network competes for a certain space. By adapting the space occupied by transmissions, the set of "locally" competing nodes, and thus, the channel contention level, can be adjusted to reach a suitable level. There are different ways to realize spatial backoff. In this paper, we propose a dynamic spatial backoff algorithm using the joint control of carrier sense threshold and transmission rate. Our results suggest that spatial backoff can lead to a substantial gain in channel utilization.


Carbon nanodots (CNDs) outshined other traditional carbonaceous nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, etc., due to their unique properties, such as low toxicity, high biocompatibility, excellent photoluminescence, and ease of functionalization. Past few years, the research has been focused extensively on synthesis, and application of the CNDs in various bio-medical fields, yet the full potential in understanding the properties and mechanisms needs to be explored. The current research dissertation focusses on fundamentals and the applications of selected carbon nanodots in three different aspects: biosensing, drug delivery and free radical regulation. The first part of the research concentrates on the synthesis of high quantum yield CNDs and their use as fluorescence turn off sensor in the detection of iron ions with improved selectivity and sensitivity. Upon addition of iron ions, the fluorescence intensity of the CNDs decreases in concentration dependent manner, attributing to the charge transfer between CNDs and iron ions, which is further verified using electrochemical analysis. The second part of the research is focused on the loading of curcumin onto CNDs to enhance the bioavailability of the hydrophobic drug. Curcumin release studies show better release in an acidic environment (pH-5.0), conferring the chance of more drug release in tumor microenvironment compared to normal tissues. Curcumin loaded CNDs present increased cellular cytotoxicity in cancer cells even at low concentrations, proving the efficacy of the CNDs as drug delivery vehicles. The third part of the research investigates the concentration dependent pro-oxidant and antioxidant properties of photoluminescent curcumin-derived nanoparticles (Curc-dots) synthesized from native curcumin. The synthesized Curc-dots retained some of the characteristic functional groups of the native curcumin with size less than 10 nm. The cell viability studies showed the antioxidant and prooxidant effects of the Curc-dots at low and high concentrations, respectively. The Curc-dots are taken up by cells with a bright blue fluorescence in cells and demonstrated chemo-protective nature when treated with H2O2, a free radical inducer. Overall, the findings from this dissertation research opens a wide platform in understanding the underlying mechanisms and unique properties of CNDs in various fields of medicine such as drug delivery, and bioimaging.


The main contribution of this paper is to report on the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on financial performance of Islamic banks operating in the UK. Two distinct measures, return on average assets (ROAA) and return on average equity (ROAE) are used to measure the financial performance. The paper also controls for number of employees and bank size. Results based on the regression analysis suggest that IC efficiency proxied by the value added intellectual coefficient (VAIC) relates positively with financial performance of Islamic banks in the UK. The analysis further suggests that bank size and number of employees equally contribute in banks' achieving higher financial performance. Additionally, the paper further ghettoises sub-components of IC namely; capital employed, human capital and structural capital to analyse the discrete impact of these IC constituents on financial performance. The analysis of the sub components suggests a positive relationship between physical and financial capital employed efficiency, human capital efficiency and performance.


The writing committee for Antithrombotic Therapy for Venous Thromboembolic Disease of the 2008 ACCP guidelines made the following recommendations for thrombus removal strategies in patients with deep vein thrombosis (DVT): open surgical thrombectomy is recommended in patients with acute iliofemoral DVT to reduce symptoms and post-thrombotic morbidity; whenever available, catheter-directed thrombolysis is preferred to surgical venous thrombectomy, the risk of hemorrhage being diminished; surgical venous thrombectomy is recognized to be efficient in cases where catheter-directed thrombolysis is unavailable or the patients are not suitable candidates for such a procedure. Randomized studies comparing surgical thrombectomy and anticoagulant therapy in patients with iliofemoral DVT (IFDVT) showed that at 6 months, 5 years, and 10 years the patients in the thrombectomy group presented increased permeability, lower venous pressure, less edema, and fewer postthrombotic symptoms compared to the patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. In this article we present 3 cases of IFDVT in postpartum patients diagnosed by Doppler ultrasound of the deep venous system. The 3 patients received anticoagulant therapy prior to surgery. Surgery consisted in thrombectomy of the common, superficial and deep femoral veins, external and internal iliac veins, and femoral-saphenous arteriovenous fistula. The patients received postoperative antithrombotic therapy and were followed-up at 3, 6 and 9 months by Doppler ultrasound of the deep venous system.


Rationale: The role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and its receptors in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has not been investigated. Objective: We hypothesized that the S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) plays a causal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Methods and Results: We examined atherosclerotic lesion development in mice deficient for S1P3 and apolipoprotein (Apo)E. Although S1P3 deficiency did not affect lesion size after 25 or 45 weeks of normal chow diet, it resulted in a dramatic reduction of the monocyte/macrophage content in lesions of S1P3−/−/ApoE−/− double knockout mice. To search for putative defects in monocyte/macrophage recruitment, we examined macrophage-driven inflammation during thioglycollate-induced peritonitis. Elicited peritoneal macrophages were reduced in S1P3-deficient mice and expressed lower levels of tumor necrosis factor-&agr; and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Bone marrow–derived S1P3-deficient macrophages produced less MCP-1 in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. In vitro, S1P was chemotactic for wild-type but not S1P3-deficient peritoneal macrophages. In vivo, S1P concentration increased rapidly in the peritoneal cavity after initiation of peritonitis. Treatment with the S1P analog FTY720 attenuated macrophage recruitment to the peritoneum. Studies in bone marrow chimeras showed that S1P3 in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells contributed to monocyte/macrophage accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. Finally, S1P3 deficiency increased the smooth muscle cell content of atherosclerotic lesions and enhanced neointima formation after carotid ligation arguing for an antiproliferative/antimigratory role of S1P3 in the arterial injury response. Conclusions: Our data suggest that S1P3 mediates the chemotactic effect of S1P in macrophages in vitro and in vivo and plays a causal role in atherosclerosis by promoting inflammatory monocyte/macrophage recruitment and altering smooth muscle cell behavior.


Most of the porphyry copper deposits are characterized by a similar pattern of lateral zoning involving sulfides and silicate alteration assemblages. A central zone of biotite-orthoclase alteration is surrounded by a partial to complete halo of quartz-sericite alteration. Propylitic alteration commonly forms a further halo if rocks of appropriate composition are present. The hypogene sulfides also are zoned, from a central zone with a low pyrite/chalcopyrite ratio and generally low total sulfides, through a zone of moderate sulfides with dominant chalcopyrite, then to a halo of high pyrite/chalcopyrite and high total sulfides which grades outward to lower total sulfides. The highest copper content normally occurs within the biotite-orthoclase zone or at its outer borders with quartz-sericite alteration. The silicate and sulfide zoning is generally centered on a granitic porphyry stock.Lead and sulfur isotope data, as well as the zoning, suggest that the ore fluid traveled outward from the porphyry, starting at high temperatures and relatively high K/H ratios in the orthoclase field, thereby forming the biotite-orthoclase alteration. In order to form the strong sericite alteration, cooling of the fluid is concluded to be the most probable means of changing mineral equilibria. A model calculation, for a large porphyry copper ore body, of heat losses to wall rock during outward flow of the solution shows that this mechanism cannot be the major means of cooling. The calculation also demonstrates that mineral deposition from solutions as dilute as 1-100 ppm base metals encounters grave difficulties in cooling from temperatures of 500 degrees C or above, because of the huge volumes of solution involved to form a porphyry copper orebody, and the resulting huge amount of heat that must be dissipated. Copper concentrations in the ore fluid on the order of 1,000 ppm or higher are therefore suggested. Cooling by expansion or by mixing with cool ground water seems an attractive means of bringing the high temperature ore fluid into the muscovite stability field. These processes are probably also instrumental in causing metal sulfide precipitation.


Objective Sexual activity (SA) and sexual function (SF) after completion of treatment are central for quality of life (QoL) in women affected by gynecological cancer (GC). The aim of this study was to analyze the sexual outcome and overall QoL of women after treatment for primary GC compared with a healthy control group (CG). Methods In a multicenter cross-sectional study, 77 women aged 28 to 67 years were surveyed at least 12 months after completion of primary therapy for cervical, endometrial, or vulvar cancer [gynecological cancer group (GCG)]. Data were collected through validated questionnaires (Female Sexual Function Index-d, EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30, and Sexual Activity Questionnaire) and compared to a control of 60 healthy women (CG). Results In the GCG, 41.3% were sexually active compared to 78.0% in the CG. Twelve women of the CG and 42 women of the GCG indicated the reasons for their sexual inactivity. The most common reason for sexual inactivity in the GCG was "the-presence-of-a-physical-problem" [18/42 (42.9%) vs 2/12 (16.7%) in the CG], whereas in the CG, "because-I-do-not-have-a-partner" was most common [6/12 (50.0%) vs 11/42 (26.2%) in the GCG]. Sexually active patients in the GCG had an SF comparable to the CG. In multivariate analysis of the total cohort (n = 137), relationship status [solid partnership vs living alone; odds ratio (OR), 33.82; 95% confidence interval (CI), 4.83–236.70], smoking (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.06–1.03), and age (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.79–0.94) influenced SA significantly. The probability of SA thereby decreased with increasing age. Quality of life and subjective general health status were not significantly different between the GCG and the CG (EORTC Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30 score 68.25 vs 69.67). Conclusions A high number of patients with GC remain sexually inactive after treatment, indicating that women experience persistent functional problems. However, women who regain SA after completed treatment have a good overall SF and vice versa.


We present our compiler intermediate representation FIRM. Programs are always in SSA-form enabling a concise graph-based representation. We argue that this naturally encodes context information simplifying many analyses and optimizations. Instructions are connected by dependency edges relaxing the total to a partial order inside a basic block. For example alias analysis results can be directly encoded in the graph structure. The paper gives an overview of the representation and focuses on its construction. We present a simple construction algorithm which does not depend on dominance frontiers or a dominance tree. We prove that for reducible programs it produces a program in pruned and minimal SSA-form. The algorithm works incrementally so optimizations like copy propagation and constant folding can be performed on-the-fly during the construction.


Background:Reproductive tract infections and sexually transmitted diseases represent a major public health problem in developing countries. As reported from different community based studies conducted in India, the range of self reported morbidity vary from 39- 84%. Majority of the women bear the problems silently without seeking advice and treatment. Objectives: to estimate the prevalence of RTIs morbidity among married women and identify different socio-environmental factors associated with it. Materials & Methods: A Community Based Cross – Sectional study was carried out in Howrah district of West Bengal during May 2009 to August 2009 to reveal the prevalence of Reproductive Tract Infection and its Social correlates. The respondents were 2000 currently married women (15-49yrs) selected by stratified multistage random sampling. House to house visit and data collection was done by faculty members of Community Medicine of different Medical colleges of W.B. using predesigned & pretested schedule. Result: The prevalence of RTI was 9.9% and was higher in 24-29 yrs age group. RTI was indirectly proportional to literacy status. Prevalence of RTI was significantly higher among those who did not use sanitary napkin or clean sundried domestic cloths. The occurrence of RTI was lower among those who used to practice barrier method of Contraception whereas it was higher among Cu-T users. Majority of symptomatic complained about vaginal discharge (44.7%). Conclusion: To prevent RTI morbidities, use of clean sundried domestic cloths, barrier method of contraception and awareness about small family norm are to be recommended through intervention in future.


The biggest problem facing Buffalo's public schools is the fact that many students live in poverty, while at the same time being segregated from students from wealthier communities who tend to enjoy better educational opportunities and rates of academic success. Buffalo shares many of the problems of large cities in the United States, largely caused by high concentrations of poverty in urban areas. In 2009, about 59% of students served by urban school districts located in the metropolitan areas of the 50 largest U.S. cities graduated, compared with 77% in nearby suburban communities. In Western New York, all of Buffalo Business First's highest ranked public high schools except City Honors are located in affluent suburbs: Williamsville, East Aurora, Clarence, Lewiston-Porter, etc. The thirteen lowest ranked high schools are in the City of Buffalo.


Dependence of damage estimates upon assumptions of economic growth and technological development Greater economic growth could, by increasing emissions, lead to greater damages from climate change. On the other hand, by increasing wealth and advancing technological development and human capital, economic growth would also increase a society's adaptive capacity and reduce those damages. Although analyses of the impacts (or damages) of climate change generally incorporate economic growth into the emissions and climate change scenarios that they use as inputs, these analyses do not adequately account for the increase in adaptive capacity resulting from that very growth. Because of this inconsistency, these analyses generally tend to overstate impacts. For instance, the average GDP per capita for developing countries in 2100 is projected to be $11,000 (in 1990 US$, at market exchange rates) under A2, the slowest economic growth scenario, and $66,500 under A1, the scenario with both the greatest economic growth and largest climate change. By comparison, in 1990 the GDP per capita for Greece, for example, was $8,300 while Switzerland, the country with the highest income level at that time, had a GDP per capita of $34,000. Based on historical experience, one should expect that at the high levels of GDP per capita projected by the IPCC scenarios in 2100, wealth-driven increases in adaptive capacity alone should virtually eliminate damages from many climate-sensitive hazards, e.g., malaria and hunger, whether or not these damages are caused by climate change. Current damage estimates are inflated further because they usually do not adequately account for secular (time-dependent) improvements in technology that, if history is any guide, ought to occur in the future unrelated to economic development. A compelling argument for reducing greenhouse gases is that it would help developing countries cope with climate change. It is asserted that they need this help because their adaptive capacity is weak. Although often true today, this assertion becomes increasingly invalid in the future if developing countries become wealthier and more technologically advanced, per the IPCC's scenarios. Damage assessments frequently overlook this. Are scenario storylines internally consistent in light of historical experience? Regardless of whether the economic growth assumptions used in the IPCC scenarios are justified, their specifications regarding the relationship between wealth and technological ability are, in general, inconsistent with the lessons of economic history. They assume that the less wealthy societies depicted by the B1 and B2 scenarios would have greater environmental protection and employ cleaner and more efficient technologies than the wealthier society characterized by the A1F1 scenario. This contradicts general experience in the real world, where richer countries usually have cleaner technologies. Under the IPCC scenarios, the richer A1 world has the same population as the poorer B1 world, but in fact total fertility rates — a key determinant of population growth rates — are, by and large, lower for richer nations and, over time, have dropped for any given level of GDP per capita (Goklany 2001a). Merits of reallocating expenditures from mitigation to international development Halting climate change at its 1990 level would annually cost substantially more than the $165 billion estimated for the minimally-effective Kyoto Protocol. According to DEFRA-sponsored studies, in 2085, which is at the limit of the foreseeable future, such a halt would reduce the total global population at risk (PAR) due to both climate change and non-climate-change-related causes by 3 percent for malaria, 21 percent for hunger, and 86 percent for coastal flooding, although the total PAR for water shortage might well increase. The benefits associated with halting climate change — and more — can be obtained more economically through "focused adaptation", i.e., activities focused on reducing vulnerabilities to the above noted climate-sensitive hazards, or through broadly advancing sustainable development in developing countries by meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. In fact, such efforts, which together could annually cost donor countries $150 billion according to UN Millennium Project and World Health Organization studies, should reduce global malaria, hunger, poverty, and lack of access to safe water and sanitation by 50 percent (each); reduce child and maternal mortality by at least 66 percent; provide universal primary education; and reverse growth in AIDS/HIV, and other major diseases. These numbers also indicate that no matter how important climate change might be in this century, for the next several decades it would be far more beneficial for human well-being, especially in developing countries, to deal with non-climate change related factors. Not only would either focused adaptation or adherence to the MDGs provide greater benefits at lesser costs through the foreseeable future than would any emission reduction scheme, they would help solve today's urgent problems sooner and more certainly. Equally important, they would also increase the ability to deal with tomorrow's problems, whether they are caused by climate change or other factors. None of these claims can be reasonably made on behalf of any mitigation scheme today. Accordingly, over the next few decades the focus of climate policy should be to: (a) broadly advance sustainable development, particularly in developing countries since that would generally enhance their adaptive capacity to cope with the many urgent problems they currently face, including many that are climate-sensitive, (b) specifically reduce vulnerabilities to climate-sensitive problems that are urgent today and might be exacerbated by future climate change, and (c) implement "no-regret" emission reduction measures, while (d) concurrently striving to expand the universe of no-regret options through research and development to increase the variety and cost-effectiveness of available mitigation options. Ancillary benefits associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions Some GHG emission control options might provide substantial co-benefits by concurrently reducing problems not directly caused by climate change (e.g., air pollution or lack of sustained economic growth, especially in developing countries). However, in both these instances, the same, or greater, level of co-benefits can be obtained more economically by directly attacking the specific (non-climate change related) problems rather than indirectly through greenhouse gas control. On the other hand, a direct assault on the numerous climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria, and many natural disasters) would, as indicated, provide greater benefits more cost-effectively than would efforts to mitigate climate change.


Process mining started to be a very useful tool how to check processes in companies. The only thing that has to be done is to have at least some log about the activities performed by the software system. There are many methods that can be used then to analyze this data obtained from the log. Every usage of yet not used or rarely used method opens up new perspectives in process mining and reveals the unknown potential of its application to the practice. In this paper we have applied sequence alignment methods to the real process example and examined what results and benets could be obtained from such usage. The main purpose of this paper is to adjust methods for sequence alignment to be able to determine similarity between the business processes.


The coronavirus pandemic has catalyzed remote-access patient visits. Even for clinicians with telemedicine experience, the current environment presents numerous challenges. Clinicians at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center are developing tools to facilitate prework for telemedicine visits in order to enhance patient engagement and improve clinician workflow.


This work demonstrates that deltamethrin in low doses produces an excito-repellency effect on triatomines, as already observed for mosquitoes. A wooden box covered with a cloth impregnated with deltamethrin at doses of 2.5 and 5mg ai/m2 was utilized for the experiment. The triatomine species studied were Triatoma infestans, Panstrongylus megistus, Rhodnius neglectus and Triatoma sordida. Adults were released in one of the sides of the box and their position was noted in subsequent periods. The observations were realized on the day the cloth was impregnated and subsequently repeated at 30 and 60 days for T. sordida; on day 120, the remaining species were included. Insect mortality and attempts at flight from the box were also observed. Excito-repellency was evident for all species and doses up to day 120. The only species that attempted to fly was P. megistus. The excito-repellency effect may be considered as an additional advantage to the insecticide power, as it should be able to prevent the installation of new colonies by females that fly into the homes, and at the moment of the spraying, it should promote the flushing out of triatomines from the wall crevices and from other shelters.


This paper presents a new equivalent transmission line model for high speed MIS interconnects on lossy substrate in skin effect mode. Although earlier proposed models available in literature correctly predict the propagation behavior of line such as slowing factor and attenuation factor in all region of operation including skin effect mode but they are failed to justify the variation of R and L parameter with the conductivity and frequency in skin effect mode of operation. The proposed model clearly justifies the variation of R and L parameters with frequency of operation and conductivity of substrate in skin effect mode where other models failed to explain.


In this paper a novel feature enhancing method for channel robustness with short utterances is employed. The transform reduces the time-varying component of the channel distortion by applying a band-pass filter along the filter-bank domain on a frame-by-frame basis. This procedure enhances the channel cancelling effect given by techniques based on feature trajectory filtering. The transformation parameters are defined employing relative importance analysis based on a discriminant function. In text-dependent speaker verification with telephone speech the transform leads to a reduction in the EER of 10.8%, and further improvements of 23.5% and 40% when combined with RASTA or CMN, respectively.


Background Endovascular management of idiopathic intracranial hypertension is an increasingly employed treatment option. The venous pathology that results in venous hypertension is heterogenous, and may arise from extrinsic compression, arachnoid granulations, masses or endovenous thrombi, partial or complete. The precise mechanism through which venous hypertension leads to cerebral spinal fluid hypertension remains unclear, but may result from the so-called glymphatic system. This system, which is aquaporin 4 mediated, is thought to allow interchange of cerebral spinal fluid with intracellular material, and back to the vascular space. Treatment of venous stenoses with endovenous stents has been performed to diminish intracranial hypertension, without explicit regard for etiology. The role and management of hypercoagulable states with respect to endovascular treatment of idiopathic intracranial hypertension has yet to be fully explored, but is certainly a theoretical concern due to the potential for thrombotic events to be both a cause for hypertension, and a complication post therapy given the presence of a stent. Methods The CSF Disorder database was retrospectively queried to identify patients with clinically identified idiopathic intracranial hypertension and concomitant hypercoagulability. Clinical data was reviewed, with accompanying demographic information, clinical and interventional management as well as outcomes and complications. Results Five patients were identified: Three were male, one of which had developed a dural fistula in addition to bilateral venous sinus occlusion. Another patient had unilateral venous sinus occlusion. The third had presented with pulmonary embolism with no other venous thrombi except for the right venous sinus occlusion which had improved since anticoagulation. These three patients all had known hypercoagulability prior to venous pressure monitoring. Of the two female patients, both presented with venous sinus stenosis with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. One of the patients had a relatively rigid venous sinus narrowing which required both stent and balloon angioplasty which prompted testing for hypercoagulability. The other had stent placement and angioplasty complicated several weeks later with stent thrombosis which prompted testing for hypercoagulability. Conclusions The database queried had a total of 46 patients, of which 5 had hypercoagulability. The overall incidence of hypercoagulability in idiopathic intracranial hypertension is not well defined, but in this series is as low as 10.8%, but may underestimate the incidence as this is not routinely tested. Given the occurrence of stent thrombosis in one such patient, the potential risks in patients undergoing stenting for intracranial hypertension should be considered carefully. Whether dual antiplatelet therapy or anticoagulation should be employed in venous sinus stenting remains unstudied, especially in patients with hypercoagulability. Disclosures S. Cho: None. C. Chung: None. M. Luciano: None. A. Moghekar: None. R. Xu: None. A. Rao: None. M. Martinez: None. R. Geocadin: None. F. Hui: None.


Focusing on the working experiences of the French highly skilled in London's financial and business sectors, this paper examines the impact of ongoing pan-European variegation on intra-EU highly skilled migration in two key respects: firstly, in its role as a driver for mobility, through its association with divergent opportunity structures across different nations and regions; and secondly, as a potential obstacle to the successful realization of such opportunities, post migration, where mobility exposes the highly skilled migrant to new and embedded forms of difference. Such differences necessitate adaptations, and the acquisition of new inter-cultural competencies, that go on to mediate the experience, evaluations and outcomes of such opportunity-driven mobilities. In unpacking the particularities associated with the mobilities of specific populations (the French), to specific places (London) we seek to contribute to a people and place-sensitive understanding of the relationship between spatial mobility and social mobility.

Policy Implications

EU policymakers need to consider the nature and impact of ongoing variegation on highly skilled mobility within Europe and the problems of non-transferability of human capital that this may produce.
Highly skilled migration is crucial to sustaining the global talent pool that defines the London economy. Regional interests need to work with businesses and national policymakers to support and develop the opportunities, currently associated with London, for talented migrants to enhance their human capital.
Businesses need to enhance the inter-cultural competencies of all staff to facilitate working practices for effectiveness, productivity and fairness.


Morphological traits including leaf, nut and burr dimensions were measured in chestnut stands in Fonsagrada (Galicia, north-west Spain). A total of 5760 data (720 measurements of eight variables) from 72 chestnuts belonging to the three main cultivars growing in the area (Lemos, Parede and Portuguesa) were available for analysis. Two discriminant linear rules/models for classifying chestnut specimens as one of the three cultivars were developed. The models differed in terms of the sampling effort involved - the 'full' model included all the analysed variables (leaf-, nut- and burr-related variables) and the 'leaf and nut' model included only variables related to leaves and nuts. The full model performed best and correctly classified 79 per cent of the Lemos, 96 per cent of the Parede and 100 per cent of the Portuguesa cultivars, according to the results of the cross-validation method used to assess the misclassified cultivars. High accuracy was also achieved with the leaf and nut model, with only a slight increase in misclassification compared with the full model. Therefore, when time consumption is an important concern for users, the leaf and nut model is recommended as a good compromise between accuracy and sampling effort.


This book is about a region on the fringes of empire, which neither tsarist Russia, nor the Soviet Union, nor in fact the Russian Federation, ever really managed to control. Starting with the nineteenth century, it analyzes the state's various strategies to establish its rule over populations highly resilient to change imposed from outside, who frequently resorted to arms to resist interference in their religious practices and beliefs, traditional customs, and ways of life. Jeronim Perović offers a major contribution to our knowledge of the early Soviet era, a crucial yet overlooked period in this region's troubled history. During the 1920s and 1930s, the various peoples of this predominantly Muslim region came into contact for the first time with a modernizing state, demanding not only unconditional loyalty but active participation in the project of "socialist transformation." Drawing on unpublished documents from Russian archives, Perović investigates the changes wrought by Russian policy and explains why, from Moscow's perspective, these modernization attempts failed, ultimately prompting the Stalinist leadership to forcefully exile the Chechens and other North Caucasians to Central Asia in 1943-4.


This paper is a comparative typographic and pictographic analysis to identify the underlying layout and design structures of culinary signage at hawker centres in Singapore. A hawker center is a collection of stalls selling different types of affordable foods, housed in a covered but open complex, with a common seating area. Five hawker centres managed by the National Environment Agency of Singapore, particularly those that offer popular traditional dishes are identified. Compositional elements and principles of organisations which are used as a supportive/graphical form with the purpose to inform and persuade are also discussed to understanding how hawker centre signage is designed for a multilingual environment. There are cases of typographical errors, mismatched fonts, unexpected approaches as opposed to rarely radical, but safe, tidy, and usually bland designs, which seems to be the norm.


In current computational building design theory and practice, representation schemes depend upon a set of formal operations for creating, changing and querying a representation. With a few notable exceptions, these operations do not provide ways of comparing representations to determine how representations are alike and how they are different. We have developed a theory for and a formal representation scheme that supports representation comparison. This theory opens new approaches to unsolved problems in computational building design, notably the long-standing issue of automated building code checking.


The thermal behavior of metal powder beds plays a crucial role in controlling the quality of the final product in 3D printing. The discrete and particulate nature of the powders makes it computationally very challenging to model heat transfer and phase changes of metal powders during laser sintering processes in 3D printing. In the current work, a novel multiscale discrete element based modelling strategy is developed to simulate the thermal behaviour of particle beds. The main computational steps involved include: Heat transfer from the laser beam to the top layer of particles is modelled by the Ray-tracing technique. As the laser beam is small and the laser rays are parallel, a small number of rays can be chosen and traced from the head of laser Galvanometer to the top layer of powder bed. Heat conduction between particles in the bed is modelled by the discrete thermal element [1] and the modified pipe network approach [2]. A 3D discrete thermal element is also developed. Thermal radiation between particles is modelled using the view factor based radiation thermal equation (Stefan Boltzmann's law). The view factors between particles in the powder bed will be calculated based on a highly effective numerical approach [3,4] with further modifications for un-equally sized spheres. A multiscale method is applied to derive the equivalent thermal conductivity of the particle bed, which will take into considerations of both heat conduction and radiation, and thus the conductivity will be a nonlinear function of temperature. The numerically derived equivalent thermal conductivity can thus be employed in a continuum based modelling method, such as FEM, for effectively modelling thermal heat transfer and possible phase changes of metal powders in laser sintering in 3D printing.


To make India one of the leaders in solar energy generation and to promote ecologically sustainable growth that addresses the nation's energy security challenge is one of the promising goals of the Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) or National Solar Mission. This paper presents the country's current solar energy scenario and explores ways in which various actors, agencies and policies shape the mission from the different perspectives on innovation literature. Innovation ecosystem is one of the perspectives where the sense of environment or ecology of various institutions, actors and other factors surrounds the activity of research and innovation. In this ecosystem, there is no single actor that can perform independently. The research outcomes, especially the patents, research publications and R&D investment, have become an increasingly essential area after the announcement of the JNNSM. The study also highlights that the number of research papers published in relation to solar energy has increased and there is a significant presence of productive R&D institutions, universities and supportive policy initiatives in the country.


Radon gas, which is produced by the radioactive decay of uranium, can accumulate in homes to levels that are considered hazardous by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Hazardous indoor-radon levels are most common in areas where underlying rock and soil contain unusually high levels of uranium. Anomalous uranium levels are present at scattered locations in Arizona. Many of these localities are associated with uranium mines but others are not and may be inconspicuous. Homes or buildings that are built on such areas are at risk for having hazardous levels of indoor radon gas. This bibliography is intended to help the user in locating studies of uranium and radon in Arizona that could be useful in estimating the probability of high uranium levels in geologic materials. This knowledge may help home builders and others in avoiding radon gas and may assist scientists and those engaged in uranium exploration. ( 50 pages)


We report on a case of postoperative lobar torsion in a 51-year-old woman following right upper lobectomy. A right middle lobar torsion was diagnosed by postoperative observation with chest X-ray and bronchofiberscopy. An emergency rethoracotomy was performed and a middle lobectomy was carried out. The postoperative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged on the 17th day after rethoracotomy. Careful postoperative observation with chest radiography and bronchofiberscopy is important for the precise diagnosis of a lobar torsion. In a case of lobar torsion following lobectomy, rethoracotomy should be immediately carried out.


1 School of Engineering Technology, Auchi Polytechnic, Auchi 2,3 Faculty of Engineering and Engineering Technology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi Abstract Crude oil emulsion stability causes high viscosity of crude oil which leads to problems in pipeline transportation and processing. In this research, four samples of crude oil emulsions were collected from Ughelli East Wellhead and labeled A, B, C and D. These samples were characterized to determine their specific gravity, 0 API gravity, structural composition, density, temperature, amount of water, amount of gas and the gross crude oil production. The 0 API at 60 0 F showed that all the samples had values below 30 0 API which was an indication that the crude oil produced from these wells were heavy crude oil. The FTIR spectra showed bands at 3444.55 cm -1 for Sample A, 3418.23 cm -1 and 3175.94 cm -1 for Sample B, 3444.61 cm -1 for Sample C and 3444.49 cm -1 for Sample D attributing to strong and broad O-H stretch, H-bonded and an indication of Asphaltenes presence; the alkanes signal, C-H stretch at 2961.14 cm -1 for Sample A, 2926.00 cm -1 for Sample B, 2924.15 cm -1 for Sample C and 2922.88 cm -1 for Sample D are indications of the presence of wax; C=O stretch at 1737.74 cm -1 only present in sample C is an indication of the presence of resins. The well test details showed that sample A and B had smaller water percentage in the gross crude oil production than Sample C and D with high water percentage. Therefore crude oil produced from these four wells represented by samples A, B, C and D contains natural emulsion stabilizers and stable. However, the stability of Samples A and B are more than that of Samples C and D. The performance of locally produced demulsifier increased with increase in residence time of contacting it with the emulsion samples at their operating temperatures, while equal dosage of patent Separol N46 demulsifier showed no performance within thesame residence time. However, treatments AWHT, BRT, CWHT and DWHT all at well head temperatures of 35.6 0 C, 27 0 C, 48.2 0 C and 48.8 0 C respectively showed that most water was expelled in 480 minutes.


The efficient syntheses of calix[6]azacryptands decorated with anion-binding groups on the narrow rim have been achieved from an 1,3,5-tris-protected calix[6]hexa-amine. These heteroditopic receptors can bind ammonium ions or organic ion pair salts with a positive cooperativity. In regard to their functionalization at the 1,3,5-phenolic positions, these compounds constitute the first examples of a second generation of C3 v symmetrical calix[6]azacryptands.