Abstract. Water vapour is the most abundant natural greenhouse gas in the Earth's atmosphere and global data sets are required for meteorological applications and climate research. The Tropospheric Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard Sentinel 5 Precursor (S5P) launched on 13 October 2017 has a very high spatial resolution of around 5 km and a daily global coverage. Currently, there is no operational total water vapour product for S5P measurements. Here, we present first results of a new scientific total column water vapour (TCWV) product for S5P using the so-called Air Mass Corrected Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (AMC-DOAS) scheme. This method analyses spectral data between 688 and 700 nm and has already been successfully applied to measurements from the Global Monitoring Experiment (GOME) on ERS-2, the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY) on Envisat and GOME-2 on MetOp. The adaptation of the AMC-DOAS method to S5P data especially includes an additional post-processing procedure to correct the influences of surface albedo, cloud height and cloud fraction. The quality of the new S5P AMC-DOAS water vapour product is assessed by comparisons with data from GOME-2 on MetOp-B retrieved also with the AMC-DOAS algorithm and with four completely independent data sets, namely re-analysis data from the European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecast (ECMWF ERA5), data obtained by the Special Sensor Microwave Imager and Sounder (SSMIS) flown on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) platform 16 and two scientific S5P TCWV products derived from TROPOMI measurements. Both are recently published TCWV products for S5P provided by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (MPIC) in Mainz and the Netherlands Institute for Space Research (SRON), Utrecht. The SRON TCWV is limited to clear sky scenes over land. These comparisons reveal a good agreement between the various data sets but also some systematic deviations between all of them. On average, the derived offset between AMC-DOAS S5P TCWV and AMC-DOAS GOME-2B TCWV is negative (around −1.5 kg m−2) over land and positive over ocean surfaces (more than 1.5 kg m−2). In contrast, SSMIS TCWV is on average lower than AMC-DOAS S5P TCWV by about 3 kg m−2. TCWV from ERA5 and S5P AMC-DOAS TCWV comparison shows spatial differences over both land and water surface. Over land there are systematical spatial structures with enhanced discrepancies between S5P AMC-DOAS TCWV and ERA5 TCWV in tropical regions. Over sea, S5P AMC-DOAS TCWV is slightly lower than ERA5 TCWV by around 2 kg m−2. The S5P AMC-DOAS TCWV and S5P TCWV from MPIC agree on average within 1 kg m−2 over both land and ocean. TCWV from SRON shows differences to AMC-DOAS S5P TCWV of around 1.2 kg m−2. All of these deviations are in line with the accuracy of these products and with the typical range of deviations of 5 kg m−2 obtained when comparing different TCWV data sets. The AMC-DOAS TCWV product for S5P provides therefore a valuable new and independent data set for atmospheric applications which also shows a better spatial coverage than the other S5P TCWV products.


Aims. Our goal is to characterize the intermediate age, detached shell carbon star U Antliae morphologically and physically in order to study the mass-loss evolution after a possible thermal pulse. Methods. High spatial resolution ALMA observations of unprecedented quality in thermal CO lines allow us to derive first critical spatial and temporal scales and constrain modeling efforts to estimate mass-loss rates for both the present day as well as the ejection period of the detached shell. Results. The detached shell is remarkably thin, overall spherically symmetric, and shows a barely resolved filamentary substructure possibly caused by instabilities in the interaction zone of winds with different outflow velocities. The expansion age of the detached shell is of the order of 2700 yr and its overall width indicates a high expansion-velocity and high mass-loss period of only a few hundred years at an average mass-loss rate of approximate to 10(-5) M-circle dot yr(-1). The post-high-mass-loss-rate-epoch evolution of U Ant shows a significant decline to a substantially lower gas expansion velocity and a mass-loss rate amounting to 4 x 10(-8) M-circle dot yr(-1), at present being consistent with evolutionary changes as predicted for the period between thermal pulses.


We present a new approach for deep learned joint PET-MR image reconstruction inspired by conventional synergistic methods using a joint regularizer. The maximum a posteriori expectation–maximization algorithm for PET and the Landweber algorithm for MR are unrolled and interconnected through a deep learned joint regularization step. The parameters of the joint U-Net regularizer and the respective regularization strengths are learned and shared across all the iterations. Along with introducing this framework, we propose an investigation of the impact of the loss function selection on network performance. We explored how the network performs when trained with a single or a joint-modality loss. Finally, we explored under which settings a joint reconstruction was beneficial for MR reconstruction by using various undersampling factors. The results obtained on 2-D simulated data show that the joint networks outperform conventional synergistic methods and independent deep learned reconstruction methods. For PET, the network trained with only a PET loss achieves a better global reconstruction accuracy than the version trained with a weighted sum of PET and MR loss terms. More importantly, the former further improves the reconstruction of PET-specific features where MR-guided methods show their limit. Therefore, using a single-modality loss to supervise the training while still reconstructing the two modalities in parallel leads to better reconstructions and improved modality-unique lesion recovery in our proposed framework. For MR, while the same effect is observed, joint reconstruction gains only occur in the presence of highly undersampled data. Single-modality loss joint reconstruction results are also demonstrated on 3-D clinical PET-MR datasets.


Because of the intelligent computing specialty of the World Wide Web, extensive customized marketing can be executed at much lower cost and has become an emerging research issue. Therefore, the first purpose of this paper is to propose a system framework to serve as a foundation for developing a customized marketing system on the Web according to the discussions on data sources, data categories, and inference foundations. Most previous studies used induction-learning techniques to perform individual-based inference for customized marketing. However, it not only costs more to learn the personal preferences, but also some difficulties occur from using induction-learning techniques. The second purpose of this paper is to solve these problems. A group-based approach that integrates clustering and association rules is proposed. We conducted a field study to collect data to demonstrate the proposed group-based inference approach and evaluate its performance. The results reveal that this integrated approach can learn both more detailed and precise rules.


Quantitative datasets of international conflict skew temporally to modern times and geographically and culturally to the West. Yet post–1815 conflicts featuring Western actors are only a small part of the history of warfare. Many scholars have bemoaned the potential selection bias which this introduces to studies of the causes and effects of military conflict, but as yet quantitative datasets which remedy both these temporal and geographic shortcomings have been lacking. Some datasets have expanded the scope of existing offerings temporally and others spatially, while others have attempted to expand both but with an important lack of detail in terms of location, participants, timing and outcomes. This dataset sets out to remedy the deficit. Using military history's most extensive encyclopedia of conflict events, we have created a dataset of conflict events spanning the globe and a timescale from 1468BC to the invasion of Iraq in 2003, complete with precise geographic coordinates, year, participants and outcome. We demonstrate the promise of this data-set by using it to assess the frequently asserted relationship between conflict history and economic development, combined with Nordhaus' GECON sub–national wealth data and historical data on population density from the Netherlands Environmental Agency.


Caffeine (Caf) ingestion increases plasma epinephrine (Epi) and exercise endurance; these results are frequently transferred to coffee (Cof) consumption. We examined the impact of ingestion of the same dose of Caf in Cof or in water. Nine healthy, fit, young adults performed five trials after ingesting (double blind) either a capsule (Caf or placebo) with water or Cof (decaffeinated Cof, decaffeinated with Caf added, or regular Cof). In all three Caf trials, the Caf dose was 4.45 mg/kg body wt and the volume of liquid was 7.15 ml/kg. After 1 h of rest, the subject ran at 85% of maximal O2 consumption until voluntary exhaustion (approximately 32 min in the placebo and decaffeinated Cof tests). In the three Caf trials, the plasma Caf and paraxanthine concentrations were very similar. After 1 h of rest, the plasma Epi was increased (P < 0.05) by Caf ingestion, but the increase was greater (P < 0.05) with Caf capsules than with Cof. During the exercise there were no differences in Epi among the three Caf trials, and the Epi values were all greater (P < 0.05) than in the other tests. Endurance was only increased (P < 0. 05) in the Caf capsule trial; there were no differences among the other four tests. One cannot extrapolate the effects of Caf to Cof; there must be a component(s) of Cof that moderates the actions of Caf.


An analysis of the time-dependent resistive voltage and power deposition during the breakdown phase of pseudo-spark is presented. The voltage and current were measured by specially designed low-inductance capacitive voltage divider and current measuring resistor. The measured waveforms of voltage and current are digitized and processed by a computer program to remove the inductive component, so as to obtain resistive voltage and power deposition. The influence of pressure, cathode geometry and charging voltage of storage capacitors on the electrical properties in the breakdown phase are investigated. The results suggest that the breakdown phase of pseudo-spark consists of three stages. The first stage is mainly hollow cathode discharge. In the second stage, field-enhanced thermionic emission takes place, resulting in a fast voltage drop and sharp rise of discharge current. The third stage of discharge depends simply on the parameters of the discharge circuit.


This paper introduces, as an optimistic concurrency control method, a new certification method by means of intervals of timestamps, usable in a distributed database system. The main advantage of this method is that it allows a chronological commit order which differs from the serialization one (thus avoiding rejections or delays of transactions which occur in usual certification methods or in classical locking or timestamping ones). The use of the dependency graph permits both classifying this method among existing ones and proving it. The certification protocol is first presented under the hypothesis that transactions' certifications are processed in the same order on all the concerned sites; it is then extended to allow concurrent certifications of transactions.


In this work novel Pd supported on cerium oxide nanocomposites in the liquid phase glycerol oxidation with molecular oxygen was studied. Pd/CeO2 and Pd-NiO/CeO2 composites with different Pd loading were prepared using the extractivepyrolytic method. In the glycerol oxidation processes it was found that Pd/CeO2 and Pd-NiO/CeO2 composites are catalytically active. Besides, NiO additives can significantly increase Pd/CeO2 catalysts' activity and selectivity to the main product – glyceric acid. Several glycerol oxidation parameters like NaOH initial concentration, glycerol/Pd molar ratio, oxygen pressure and temperature were varied. The best yield of glyceric acid reached 71–75 mol% with full glycerol conversion.


Tachyplesin-I (TP-I) is a 17-residue beta-hairpin antimicrobial peptide containing two disulfide bonds. Linear analogs of TP-I where the four Cys residues were replaced by aromatic and aliphatic residues, TPX4, were found to have varying degrees of activities, with the aromatic analogs similarly potent as TP-I. Understanding the different activities of the linear analogs should give insight into the mechanism of action of TP-I. To this end, we have investigated the dynamic structures of the active TPF4 and the inactive TPA4 in bacteria-mimetic anionic POPE/POPG bilayers and compared them with the wild-type TP-I using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. 13C isotropic chemical shifts and backbone (phi, psi) torsion angles indicate that both TPF4 and TPA4 adopt beta-strand conformations without a beta-turn at key residues. 1H spin diffusion from lipid chains to the peptide indicates that the inactive TPA4 binds to the membrane-water interface, similar to the active TP-I. Thus, neither the conformation nor the depth of insertion of the three peptides correlates with their antimicrobial activities. In contrast, the mobility of the three peptides correlates well with their activities: the active TP-I and TPF4 are both highly mobile in the liquid-crystalline phase of the membrane while the inactive TPA4 is completely immobilized. The different mobilities are manifested in the temperature-dependent 13C and 15N spectra, 13C-1H and 15N-1H dipolar couplings and 1H rotating-frame spin-lattice relaxation times. The dynamics of TP-I and TPF4 are both segmental and global. Combined, these data suggest that TP-I and TPF4 disrupt the membrane by large-amplitude motion in the plane of the membrane. The loss of this motion in TPA4 due to aggregation significantly weakens its activity because a higher peptide concentration is required to disturb lipid packing. Thus molecular motion, rather than structure, appears to be the key determinant for the membrane-disruptive activities of tachyplesins.


The brain has effectively proven a powerful inspiration for the development of computing architectures in which processing is tightly integrated with memory, communication is event‐driven, and analog computation can be performed at scale. These neuromorphic systems increasingly show an ability to improve the efficiency and speed of scientific computing and artificial intelligence applications. Herein, it is proposed that the brain's ubiquitous stochasticity represents an additional source of inspiration for expanding the reach of neuromorphic computing to probabilistic applications. To date, many efforts exploring probabilistic computing have focused primarily on one scale of the microelectronics stack, such as implementing probabilistic algorithms on deterministic hardware or developing probabilistic devices and circuits with the expectation that they will be leveraged by eventual probabilistic architectures. A co‐design vision is described by which large numbers of devices, such as magnetic tunnel junctions and tunnel diodes, can be operated in a stochastic regime and incorporated into a scalable neuromorphic architecture that can impact a number of probabilistic computing applications, such as Monte Carlo simulations and Bayesian neural networks. Finally, a framework is presented to categorize increasingly advanced hardware‐based probabilistic computing technologies.


Major-, trace-, and rare-earth element analyses are presented from a suite of basaltic rocks from the basement of the Celebes Sea. The major elements and trace-elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence techniques, and the rare-earth elements were analyzed by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Compositionally the Celebes Sea basalts are very similar to typical normal mid-ocean ridge basalts, such as those described from the Indian Ocean triple junction. Petrogenetic modeling shows that all of the basalts analyzed can be formed by 10% to 20% partial melting of a light rare-earth element-depleted spinel lherzolite followed by fractional crystallization of mixtures of olivine, Plagioclase, and iron oxide. The Celebes Sea is interpreted as a fragment of the basement of the Jurassic Argo abyssal plain trapped during the Eocene to the north of Australia.


ABSTRACT To investigate the potential transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), laying hens were fed for 14 days with diets containing 0.5% of dried common ragwort, common groundsel, narrow-leaved ragwort or viper's bugloss, or 0.1% of common heliotrope. This resulted in total PA levels in feed of respectively 5.5, 11.1, 53.1, 5.9 and 21.7 mg kg–1, with varying composition. PAs were transferred to eggs, in particular yolk, with steady-state levels of respectively 12, 21, 216, 2 and 36 µg kg–1. Overall transfer rates for the sum of PAs were estimated between 0.02% and 0.23%, depending on the type of PAs in the feed. In animals slaughtered shortly after the last exposure, levels in meat were slightly lower than those in eggs, levels in livers somewhat higher. When switched to clean feed, levels in eggs gradually decreased, but after 14 days were still above detection limits in the hens exposed to higher PA levels. Similar was the case for meat and especially kidneys and livers. It is concluded that the intake of PA containing herbs by laying hens may result in levels in eggs and meat that could be of concern for consumers, and as such should be avoided.


The Geostationary Tropospheric Pollution satellite (GEO TROPSAT) mission is a new approach to measuring the critical constituents of tropospheric ozone chemistry: ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and aerosols. The GEO TROPSAT mission comprises a constellation of three instruments flying as secondary payloads on geostationary communications satellites around the world. This proposed approach can significantly reduce the cost of getting a science payload to geostationary orbit and also generates revenue for the satellite owners. The geostationary vantage point enables simultaneous high temporal and spatial resolution measurement of tropospheric trace gases, leading to greatly improved atmospheric ozone chemistry knowledge. The science data processing, conducted as a research (not operational) activity, will provide atmospheric trace gas data many times per day over the same region at better than 25 km ground footprint. The high temporal resolution identifies short time scale processes, diurnal variations, seasonal trends, and interannual variation.


Violent offenders with personality disorders are too often considered 'untreatable' and indeed seldom offered clinical services. This cohort, most frequently men, is an interesting addition and counterpoint to the complex arguments about institutional misogynistic medicalisation of trauma in, most frequently, women with personality disorders. It's a group associated with serious and often repeated criminal behaviour, high rates of recidivism and an estimated annual incarceration cost of $80 billion in the USA alone. More standardised cognitive–behavioural approaches to minimising aggressive behaviour have shown only modest gains, and concerns have been raised about the utility of interventions where they are mandated. Schema therapy has been shown to have some effectiveness in helping those with so-called 'cluster C' personality disorders through changing engrained cognitive and emotional states, particularly in motivating and engaging individuals, lowering risks and building protective factors. Berstein et al report on a randomised controlled trial of 3 years of schema psychotherapy for rehabilitating 133 violent offenders with personality disorders in eight high-security forensic hospitals in The Netherlands. The sample included antisocial, narcissistic, paranoid and borderline personality disorders. Schema therapy was superior to treatment as usual in terms of rehabilitation (namely attaining supervised and then unsupervised leave) and in both reducing and having faster improvement of personality disorder symptoms. Three years of therapy is a considerable therapeutic input, but these data show that it is effective in helping those too often considered 'unhelpable' and also potentially reduces various vicarious and surrounding harms to victims and society that can be otherwise inflicted.


In this paper, we present two new methods to reduce the effects of camera calibration errors and partial emptiness of surface voxels on voxel-coloring. Both of these sources of error introduce outlier pixels in voxel projections in the input images and thus result in over-carving of the reconstructed 3D scene. The existing methods to handle these errors are either insufficient or too complex. Our proposed methods are simple and can be incorporated into existing voxel-coloring algorithms easily. Our experimental results show that the methods proposed in this paper have the ability to improve the results of existing algorithms


Nowadays, security solutions are focused mainly on providing security defences; instead of solving one of the main reasons for security problems that refers to appropriate information systems (IS) design. Fortunately there are several standards, like the Common Criteria, which help to deal with the security requirements along all the IS development cycle. In this paper a comparative analysis of eight different relevant technical proposals, which place great importance on the establishing of security requirements in the development of IS, is carried out. And they provide some significant contributions in aspects related to security. Nevertheless, they only satisfy partly the necessary criteria for the establishment of security requirements, with guarantees and integration in the development of IS. Thus we conclude that they are not specific enough for dealing with security requirements in the first stages of IS development in a systematic and intuitive way.


Asymmetric hydrogenation is a powerful tool for stereoselective synthesis. Despite the wide use of rhodium and ruthenium catalysts, the substrates are still limited. Recently, iridium catalysts have emerged as a new entry to the field, giving high reactivity to give high yield and high stereoselectivity for low reactive substrates.


In 133 patients suspected of hypersensitivity to drugs and 102 control patients without hypersensitivity to drugs, the identification of allergenic drugs was performed by the drug-induced lymphocyte stimulation test (DLST) and the leukocyte migration test (LMT) to compare their usefulness in identifying drug allergies. In the 133 subject patients, the positive rate was 24.8% on the DLST and 60.9% on the LMT (agreement rate; 77.4%); thus, the LMT showed a significantly higher positive rate than the DLST (p<0.000001, chi(2)-test). In the 102 control patients, the positive rates on the DLST and LMT were 6.9%. In addition, the LMT showed a higher positive rate than the DLST for many hypersensitivity symptoms such as skin eruptions and hepatic injury, and for many drug efficacy categories of the suspected drugs such as antibacterial drugs, etc. Furthermore, the positive rate of the DLST did not change when adjusted for the patients' serum and sex, while that of the LMT increased when adjusted for the patients' serum and was found to be higher in females than in males. Our findings indicate that the LMT may be more useful than the DLST in identifying the causative drug in drug allergies and that its interpretation is influenced by the patient's serum and sex.


Band-pass filters with transmission zeros at finite frequencies are implemented using Al4-resonator in microstrip technology. The finite transmission zeros are brought about by open-ended stubs which also provide the correct values of the impedance inverters to achieve the desired in-band return loss. The admittance inverters are implemented through distributed coupling in parallel coupled Al4 mictrost rip lines. A second-order filter with two finite transmission zeros is designed to demonstrate the validity of the approach ..


Abstract A Cantor minimal system is of finite topological rank if it has a Bratteli–Vershik representation whose number of vertices per level is uniformly bounded. We prove that if the topological rank of a minimal dynamical system on a Cantor set is finite, then all its minimal Cantor factors have finite topological rank as well. This gives an affirmative answer to a question posed by Donoso, Durand, Maass, and Petite in full generality. As a consequence, we obtain the dichotomy of Downarowicz and Maass for Cantor factors of finite-rank Cantor minimal systems: they are either odometers or subshifts.


Eumolpus, the aging poet who attaches himself to Encolpius and Giton in the  Satyrica as leader and chief entertainer, suggests the bards Phemius and Demodocus in the  Odyssey , who attach themselves to the households of Odysseus in Ithaka and Alcinoos in Phaeacia. His poetic obsession recalls Horace's portrait in the  Ars Poetica of the mad poet. Finally, his portrait may be influenced by the talkative old man in the contemporary  Tabula of pseudo-Cebes, who uses a painting to try to persuade his listeners to work toward moral improvement. Warren S. Smith is Professor of Classical Languages at the University of New Mexico. His most recent book is  Satiric Advice on Women and Marriage from Plautus to Chaucer (Michigan 2005), and now in press is  Spanish Humanism on the Verge of the Picaresque: The Ludus Chartarum, Pastor Bonus, and Bacchanalia of Juan Maldonado (with Clark Colahan; University of Leuven Press).


An equilibrated model glass-forming liquid is studied by mapping successive configurations produced by molecular dynamics simulation onto a time series of inherent structures (local minima in the potential energy). Using this "inherent dynamics" approach we find direct numerical evidence for the long held view that below a crossover temperature, Tx, the liquid's dynamics can be separated into (i) vibrations around inherent structures and (ii) transitions between inherent structures [M. Goldstein, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 3728 (1969)], i.e., the dynamics become "dominated" by the potential energy landscape. In agreement with previous proposals, we find that Tx is within the vicinity of the mode-coupling critical temperature Tc. We further find that near Tx, transitions between inherent structures occur via cooperative, stringlike rearrangements of groups of particles moving distances substantially smaller than the average interparticle distance.


Rathke cleft cysts are commonly found on autopsy but are seldom symptomatic. Conventional treatment of these lesions consists of transsphenoidal drainage with partial excision of the cyst, and recurrence is rare. Alternatively, the instillation of absolute alcohol into the cyst has been described in several reports, with no complications. The authors report on a woman with Rathke cleft cyst that recurred three times after the initial treatment; the lesion was treated with alcohol cauterization on the final recurrence with devastating complications. This 51-year-old woman presented in 1992 with headaches and visual disturbances. Admission magnetic resonance imaging revealed a sellar/suprasellar lesion that was treated with conventional surgery and was subsequently confirmed to be a Rathke cleft cyst. The patient again presented with recurrence of the cyst at 22, 26, and 31 months after the initial presentation. On the final recurrence the cyst was treated with alcohol cauterization. Postoperatively, the patient awoke blind and suffered a seizure from leakage of the alcohol. The patient remains completely blind in both eyes and is also anosmic and has left lid ptosis and exotropia, which signify damage to the first through third cranial nerves. Rathke cleft cysts have been known to recur after primary surgery; however, this is the first report of a single cyst recurring three times despite conventional surgical treatment. Additionally, this is the first report in which devastating complications from alcohol cauterization of the cyst have been described. The authors therefore advocate caution when attempting alcohol cauterization and advise that meticulous care be taken to ensure the patency of the cyst.


Absolute radiation dosimetry may be obtained from natural materials using the principles and techniques developed and utilized in medicai and radiation physics. The problems peculiar to natural thermoluminescence dosimetry are (1) post-irradiation calibration techniques, (2) dose equivalency factors, and (3) secular equilibrium effects. These probIems are illustrated and solutions are suggested by a study of naturally thermoluminescent mollusc shells. The dose equivalence and dose rates measured in these shells agree well with the known radioactivities of these materials and environments It is suggested, therefore, that the natural radiation dosimetry of post-Pliocene calcites may be used as a basis for relative age and time correlations


This study examines relations between early adolescent girls' well-being, achievement, and emerging identities. Variable-centered results showed that girls' moral and student identities were the strongest predictors of their achievement, whereas their moral, student, physical, and peer identities predicted their well-being. Person-centered results delineated four subgroups of girls based on their profiles of well being and achievement. The largest group of girls (46%) was characterized by well being and positive school achievement and had balanced adult- and peer-oriented identities. The second largest group (35%), characterized by emotional distress and average school achievement, had positive student and negative physical and peer identity representations. The third group (12%), characterized by emotional distress and poor school achievement, reported pervasive negative representations. The final group (7%), characterized by well being and poor achievement, did not consider themselves good students but did see themselves as physically attractive. Interviews revealed identity challenges characteristic of girls in each subgroup.


Many trustees today believe that they are in the best position to cement the relationship between their hospital and its service population.


Forty seven patients of various types of leprosy were skin tested with PPD, Dharmendra lepromin, DNCB, Coccidiodin, histamine and croton oil. Twenty five age matched normal controls were also included in the study. All types of leprosy patients reacted in smaller numbers and with decreased response to all antigens and irritants as compared to normal controls. Depression of response being minimum in tuberculoid and maximum in lepromatous group. None of the patients or controls reacted to coccidiodin. Details are given.


Abstract Background: Rounded intraplacental hematomas (RIH) have a distinct rounded hemorrhagic appearance located within the placental parenchyma. Hemorrhagic villous infarctions (infarcts that when sectioned have hemorrhagic centers) are probably older RIH. RIH have been associated with acute abruptions. Case report: We describe multiple RIHs and hemorrhagic villous infarctions in various stages of development that arose between 20 and 27 weeks gestation, demonstrated by ultrasound, that developed an acute abruption and fetal death. Conclusions: The findings of RIHs, hemorrhagic infarcts, and lesions in between support the evolution of hemorrhagic villous infarctions from RIHs. These lesions can arise in the second trimester, and can be detected by ultrasound. These multiple lesions in various stages of evolution suggest an ongoing rather than a discrete insult.


This study is devoted to the qualitative analysis of dialogues conducted between students using a modern multiple platform of transmedia storytelling. The challenge-based scenario used in this research is related to global energy politics. Collapsus combines interactivity, animation, fiction and documentary. We are interested in the way students face to face interact when using this platform in order to resolve various challenges in the interactive game that influence the world's energy production as well as in the creation of authentic learning conditions similar to the target country's that offer access to speaking, listening and writing skills in the English language. Results of analysis demonstrate that verbal communication has a coherent structure, when groups try to resolve the common challenges through the interactive game. The only difficulties students encountered are identified in the initial stage and are associated with the operational features of the platform. Afterwards, though, students fully understand and cooperate successfully.


The blood–brain barrier (BBB), an interface between the systemic circulation and the nervous system, can be a target of cytokines in inflammatory conditions. Pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induce damage in brain endothelial cells and BBB dysfunction which contribute to neuronal injury. The neuroprotective effects of α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH) were investigated in experimental models, but there are no data related to the BBB. Based on our recent study, in which α-MSH reduced barrier dysfunction in human intestinal epithelial cells induced by TNF-α and IL-1β, we hypothesized a protective effect of α-MSH on brain endothelial cells. We examined the effect of these two pro-inflammatory cytokines, and the neuropeptide α-MSH on a culture model of the BBB, primary rat brain endothelial cells co-cultured with rat brain pericytes and glial cells. We demonstrated the expression of melanocortin-1 receptor in isolated rat brain microvessels and cultured brain endothelial cells by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. TNF-α and IL-1β induced cell damage, measured by impedance and MTT assay, which was attenuated by α-MSH (1 and 10 pM). The peptide inhibited the cytokine-induced increase in brain endothelial permeability, and restored the morphological changes in cellular junctions visualized by immunostaining for claudin-5 and β-catenin. Elevated production of reactive oxygen species and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB were also reduced by α-MSH in brain endothelial cells stimulated by cytokines. We demonstrated for the first time the direct beneficial effect of α-MSH on cultured brain endothelial cells, indicating that this neurohormone may be protective at the BBB.


The use of information technology becomes a necessary existence in enhancing the business model of the organization. The present research seeks the improvement of incubation business pace through the development of the e-incubator system. The system is driven from the triple helix concept, where the government, big industries, and academic institutions cooperate in helping the sustainability of the small, and medium enterprises (SMEs) through the online incubation. Ensuring the continuity of SMEs will surely help the stability of the national economy, especially in developing countries. Thus, any improvement in the incubation process becomes essential, and the e-incubator system is proposed. The system is developed through focus group discussion as the user needs in the initial stage. Business model canvas (BMC), unified modeling language (UML), and business process model and notation (BPMN) are being used as the conceptual tools to depict the triple helix incubation system. This prototype system is adapted to a specific case study in Indonesia as a developing country, while the concept can be applied to any situation in other countries. Several triple helix implications are discussed, and the contribution can be used for helping the incubator business in providing the platform for SMEs.


"Technologies are neither the naive product of disinterested science nor the deterministic bearers of social processes. They are shaped by existing social relations ...relations of exploitation and oppression, but also of resistance and solidarity. Much sweeping away of fantasies, mystification and scarecrows is needed if we are to uncover the foudations, trends, stakes, battles and consequences of the so-called electronic frontier and its new economy." - from the introduction Information and communications technologies (ICTs) and the new economy they herald are generally either glorified as unprecedented opportunities for post-industrial enfranchisement, or vilified as a mirage conjured up for their own ends by those who run the world. This book sets out to review the relationship between information technologies and society. It examines the development of ICTs, and explores the ways in which they are used to subjugate workers, manipulate consumers, and extend media monopolies and commercial control. Fortier argues that, in their predominant forms, ICTs do little more than polarise economic and political power in an anti-democratic fashion. Yet alternative uses of ICTs already exist and have been promoted by progressive social sectors for nearly two decades. Concluding with a study of these initiatives, Fortier shows how they are aimed at facilitating rather than obstructing democracy.


Background This cross-sectional study sought to identify factors associated with antenatal depression in pregnant Korean females, including sociodemographic parameters, social support, social conflict, and bipolarity. Methods Eighty-four pregnant women were recruited to complete questionnaires on sociodemographic factors, obstetric history, depressive symptoms, and bipolarity. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Korean version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Bipolarity was assessed using the Korean version of the Mood Disorder Questionnaire. Results Nineteen participants (22.6%) had positive Mood Disorder Questionnaire scores, suggesting the presence of bipolarity, and were significantly more likely to score high on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Antenatal depression was associated with bad marital communication and marital dissatisfaction. Conclusion These results suggest that spousal interactions play a significant role in antenatal depression, and pregnant women with bipolarity may be more depressed than those without bipolarity.


Young rats 6 to 22 days of age are extremely susceptible to the neurotoxic effects of hexachlorophene given as a daily bath of undiluted antiseptic detergent containing 3% hexachlorophene (pHiso-Hex). At this age, most rats are clinically and histologically damaged by as few as two daily baths. Younger rats are relatively resistant, probably because they have less myelin to be affected; older rats cannot be poisoned by this route, probably because the more mature liver excretes the drug more effectively. Age-dose-response curves in rats are similar to those in humans. This experimental model is potentially useful in defining other characteristics of this drug.


Domain-specific modeling languages (DSML) proved to be an important asset in creating powerful design tools for domain experts. Although these tools are capable of preserving the syntax-correctness of models even during free-hand editing, they often lack the ability of maintaining model consistency for complex language-specific constraints. Hence, there is a need for a tool-level automatism to assist DSML users in resolving consistency violation problems. In this paper, we describe an approach for the automatic generation of quick fixes for DSMLs, taking a set of domain-specific constraints and model manipulation policies as input. The computation relies on statespace exploration techniques to find sequences of operations that decrease the number of inconsistencies. Our approach is illustrated using a BPMN case study, and it is evaluated by several experiments to show its feasibility and performance.


We propose an extension to list comprehensions that makes it easy to express the kind of queries one would write in SQL using ORDER BY , GROUP BY , and LIMIT . Our extension adds expressive power to comprehensions, and generalises the SQL constructs that inspired it. It is easy to implement, using simple desugaring rules. Categories and Subject Descriptors D.3.3 [ Language Constructs and Features ]: Data types and structures; H.2.3 [ Languages ]: Query languages


Abstract Purpose The aim of this study was to investigate dosimetric effects of scattering filter on the stand‐up technique for total skin irradiation (TSI) with a single electron field by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Methods MC simulations were performed with BEAMnrc and DOSXYZnrc packages under EGSnrc environment. Scattering filter of a metal disc was mounted in the accessory slot. The filter materials (Cu, Fe, Au, Zn, Ag) were investigated, with thickness ranging from 0.05 to 0.55 mm, depending on material. The extended source to skin distance (SSD) ranging from 250 to 350 cm was studied. The following dosimetric quantities were evaluated: percent depth dose (PDD), profiles and output factor at depth of maximum, and composite dose distribution on a 30‐cm diameter cylindrical phantom. They were compared with the standard dual beam technique used at our clinic. The effects on different patient sizes were also studied. Results No filter produced acceptable profile flatness (±10% within the central 160 cm) at 250 cm SSD. At 300 cm SSD, Au (0.1 mm), Ag (0.25 mm), Cu (0.5 mm) produced acceptable flatness while Zn (0.45 mm) required 325 cm SSD. For these four configurations, the dmax was 0.90–0.99 cm, similar to dual beam (0.97 cm); R50 was 1.85–1.91 cm, compared with dual beam of 2.06 cm; the output factor ranged from 0.025 to 0.029, lower than the dual beam (0.080). With the composite fields for four configurations, the dmax was 0.10 cm, compared with dual beam (0.16 cm). The surface dose was 97%, similar to dual beam (96%). B‐factor was 3.3–3.4, compared with dual beam of 3.1. The maximum X‐ray contamination was 3%, higher than dual beam (1%). Conclusions The investigation suggests the TSI stand‐up technique can be implemented using a single electron beam if a customized filter is used. More dosimetric measurements are needed to validate the MC results and clinical implementation.


Statement of Retraction We, the Editors and Publisher of the journal Cell Cycle, have retracted the following article: Qiaosu Wang, Wenjing Zhang and Shaojuan Hao. LncRNA CCAT1 modulates the sensitivity of paclitaxel in nasopharynx cancers cells via miR-181a/CPEB2 axis. Cell Cycle. 2017;16(8):795-801. doi: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1301334 Since publication, the authors have raised concerns about the reliability of the data presented in the article. As the Editor and Publisher also have significant concerns about the integrity of the reported results, all parties have agreed to retract the article to ensure correction of the scholarly record. We have been informed in our decision-making by our policy on publishing ethics and integrity and the COPE guidelines on retractions. The retracted article will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but it will be digitally watermarked on each page as 'Retracted'.


The rapid growth of internet and communication technology has made human beings to quickly connect and interact with group of people from any part of the world, through their PC or mobile phone. Adolescent age people are more attracted by Social Networking Site (SNS), a platform for people to share their ideas, express their feelings and to reconnect with old friends. The student's community spends their daily life's considerable time in different activities by a set of names as Wall Posts, Status Updates, Activity Updates, Activity feeds, Profile Building, Thumbs Ups and chatting. This study will focus on the effect of SNS on student academic performance, using SIMS (Srinivas Institute of Management Studies), Mangalore city in Karnataka State of India as a case study. A review of literature is done on negative correlates and relationship between academic performance and usage of SNS. A 23 personally administrated questionnaire was designed and sent to 136 students of UG and PG courses in SIMS and population are from different states of India. This study helps to find and evaluate one of the reasons for fall in students' academic performance and hours spent for studying per week. Students' community can use SNS effectively for their constructive development activities such as discussing class assignment, communicate and share with friends new information, submit of a project and assignment, to make positive comments on classes and in appreciating the success of their friends.


In this paper we highlight the accurate spectral detection of bovine serum albumin and ribonuclease-A using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate based on gold nanocylinders obtained by electron-beam lithography (EBL). The nanocylinders have diameters from 100 to 180 nm with a gap of 200 nm. We demonstrate that optimizing the size and the shape of the lithographed gold nanocylinders, we can obtain SERS spectra of proteins at low concentration. This SERS study enabled us to estimate high enhancement factors (105 for BSA and 107 for RNase-A) of important bands in the protein Raman spectrum measured for 1 mM concentration. We demonstrate that, to reach the highest enhancement, it is necessary to optimize the SERS signal and that the main parameter of optimization is the LSPR position. The LSPR have to be suitably located between the laser excitation wavelength, which is 632.8 nm, and the position of the considered Raman band. Our study underlines the efficiency of gold nanocylinder arrays in the spectral detection of proteins.


Social networks have become crucial communication channels for brands through awareness, engagement, and word of mouth. Instagram is firmly positioned as a direct gateway between brands and consumers, as it became the fifth most-used social network globally in 2021. As such, branded content is expected to increase the brand's likability, by capturing the interest and attention of the consumer, which could differ depending on what social media platform is used. This study aims to analyze whether there is a relationship between the branded content published on the Instagram profile of luxury brands (Manolo Blahnik and Loewe) and the interactions of and with its followers, focusing on branded content communication associated to industrial, social responsibility, and commercial issues. A correlational study is presented using a quantitative methodology to test the hypotheses through an ANOVA analysis. The results show which type of content is more productive on Instagram's social network profile, helping diffusion of the firm, as it provokes more reactions from followers when using branded content related to social responsibility. It is also worth noting the extent of the interactions that branded content shows within the brand, whose influence is detected not in averages but in reach. The study's conclusions allow us to affirm that branded content directly impacts brand reputation, generating positive engagement in all the cases analyzed. The study contributes to a better understanding of the branded content effect on consumers.


The Solow model concludes that long-run growth depends on technological progress, which is taken by neoclassical economists as suggesting there are no limits to growth because humanity's capacity to think and expand knowledge is unlimited. This paper develops a two-sector Solow model consisting of natural and economic sectors, and it demonstrates that continued rapid growth is not inevitable and an economic collapse is possible. The logical application of the Solow model thus does not provide a justification for continuing the energy-based technological change and economic growth we have experienced over the past two centuries.


Abstract African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) a parasitic disease of livestock in sub-Saharan Africa causing tremendous loses. Sub-Saharan continental estimation of mean prevalence in both large and small domestic animals, risk factors, tsetse and non-tsetse prevalence and drug resistance is lacking. A review and meta-analysis was done to better comprehend changes in AAT prevalence and drug resistance. Publish/Perish software was used to search and extract peer-reviewed articles in Google scholar, PubMed and CrossRef. In addition, ResearchGate and African Journals Online (AJOL) were used. Screening and selection of articles from 2000–2021 was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Articles 304 were retrieved; on domestic animals 192, tsetse and non-tsetse vectors 44, risk factors 49 and trypanocidal drug resistance 30. Prevalence varied by, host animals in different countries, diagnostic methods and species of Trypanosoma. Cattle had the highest prevalence with Ethiopia and Nigeria leading, T. congolense (11.80–13.40%) and T. vivax (10.50–18.80%) being detected most. This was followed by camels and pigs. Common diagnostic method used was buffy coat microscopy. However; polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CATT and ELISA had higher detection rates. G. pallidipes caused most infections in Eastern regions while G. palpalis followed by G. mortisans in Western Africa. Eastern Africa reported more non-tsetse biting flies with Stomoxys leading. Common risk factors were, body conditions, breed type, age, sex and seasons. Ethiopia and Nigeria had the highest trypanocidal resistance 30.00–35.00% and highest AAT prevalence. Isometamidium and diminazene showed more resistance with T. congolense being most resistant species 11.00–83.00%.


The purpose of the current study was to identify Turkish women's social capital formation. This study consisted of 170 women with low SES residing closer to shantytowns. The authors performed the Logistic regression analysis to examine the social capital formation (civic engagement, trust, social participation, and social networks) of women in terms of six variables (age, educational level, employment and marital status, homeownership, community centers, and the length of stay in the same neighborhood) in four different community centers in Ankara, Turkey. Logistic regression results suggest that the length of stay in the same neighborhood was associated both with staying in touch with neighbors (social networks) and trust in municipal service provision (trust), and women's educational level was associated with voting (civic engagement) and the utilization of municipal services (social participation). Further research should be conducted by comparing men's and women's social capital creation by adding other variables.


The present study was conducted with the following objectives: (a) assessing the mental health and psychological understanding among the primary school going students through the respective stakeholder's views, (b) investigating the psychological needs of primary school going students, (c) identifying the gaps between provided psychological services and required demands among students and (d) collecting relevant and consistent data and information to plan future interventions and produce hypothesis for further study. Since it was a qualitative study, 16 focus group discussions (FGDs), 39 interviews, and several observations in four schools were made with 123 purposive samples (73 primary school going students, 21 parents, and 29 mental health workers and other staff). For the assessment, two self-made guidelines for different stakeholders and thematic analysis for data analysis were used in this present study. The results showed that most of the primary school going especially the govt. and madrasah going students are not aware of their mental health while bearing a lot of symptoms of behavioral, emotional, and psychological issues, but students from private English medium schools possess sound knowledge about it. The results also indicated that there is a huge gap between psychological burdens and provided services. The absence of culturally validated assessment tools and intervention techniques, collaboration among different professionals, and lack of subject experts and funds were also evident. Thus, to have healthy and welladjusted future generations, measures should be taken immediately.
Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 30(2): 243-259, 2021 (July)


Distributed hash table (DHT) based algorithms have been proposed to solve the routing issues in large-scale peer-to-peer (P2P) applications. DHT systems create an elegant peer-to-peer service model and work perfect in a homogeneous environment. Workload are evenly distributed on every participating peer and system is supposed to achieve the optimal performance. However, in the real world, the complicated scenarios such as peerspsila capability heterogeneity, diverse file popularities, and mismatching problem between physical network structure and logical routing data structure, jeopardize the efficiency of DHT infrastructure and may result in serious load imbalance problem. In this paper, we propose -- POND, a novel and efficient DHT algorithm to relieve the above problem. In POND, peers are divided into two types: main peers (MP) and shadow peers(SP). As other DHT systems, POND splits the name space into several disjointed zones. However, unlike other systems which only have one peer in charge of each zone, in POND, we use zone overlapping technique. In each zone, a MP and several SPs are used for services. Any of them is capable to handle service requests fallen into this zone. When a new request is coming,the peer with the minimal load has the high possibility to be chosen to provide the service. Thus, the risk of overload problem is reduced. With the introduction of shadow peers, POND also provides better failure tolerance and relieves the hot spot problem. Moreover, POND can improve the routing performance by reducing the average number of routing hops per request. We conduct extensive simulation experiments and the results show POND is superior to other DHT algorithms.


A synthesis method is presented that uses currentcontrolled current sources and capacitors to form integrators. These integrators are used in conjunction with voltage-controlled voltage sources and resistors to form current transfer networks closely resembling standard analog computer circuits. One feature of this approach is that the amplifier gain can have any finite nonzero value. The effects of nonideal amplifiers are considered and it is shown that input and output capacitances present no problem, first-order phase shift can be cancelled, and the sensitivity to output resistance can be minimized. The synthesis method realizes current transfer functions directly but voltage transfer networks and driving-point admittance networks can also be obtained. This method is extended to (N + 1) - terminal common-ground networks.


The invention provides a method and system for performing XOR operations without consuming substantial computing resources. A specialised processor is coupled to the same bus as a set of disk drives; the specialized processor reviews data transfers to and from the disk drives and performs XOR operations on data transferred to and from the disk drives without requiring separate transfers. The specialised processor maintains an XOR accumulator which is used for XOR operations, which records the result of XOR operations, and which is read out upon command of the processor. The XOR accumulator includes one set of accumulator registers for each RAID stripe, for a selected set of RAID stripes. A memory (such as a contents-addressable memory) associates one set of accumulator registers with each selected RAID stripe.


Techniques of customizing and extending operating systems (OSs) have a growing impact on system architectures in the field of distributed computing and parallel programming. Even if traditional methods of adaption have been limited to the user-level, modern OSs cannot do without kernel support. Hence concepts and structures of microkernel architectures must be redefined to meet the requirements of today's and future applications. We propose a new customizable low-level OS architecture-the Dycos kernel. We discuss customization demands on microkernels and describe the basic kernel concept. Dycos is an object-based approach providing a toolbox of operations to build user-definable compositions of kernel structures. The Dycos approach has been evaluated on a Solaris 2.5.1 platform.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of combined acupuncture and Western Medicine in the treatment of post-stroke depression using a meta-analysis.

METHODS
The China National Knowledge Infrastructure Database, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched from their establishment to August 2018 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of combined acupuncture and Western Medicine to treat post-stroke depression. Two researchers independently extracted and cross-checked data, and then applied the modified Jadad scale and the Cochrane-recommended assessment method to evaluate the risk of bias. Review Manager 5.3 was used to conduct the meta-analysis.

RESULTS
A total of 1860 patients in 24 RCTs were analyzed. The results of the Meta-analysis showed that: (a) The effective rate of acupuncture + fluoxetine hydrochloride vs fluoxetine hydrochloride was significant [relative risk (RR) = 1.16, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.08, 1.26)], as was that of acupuncture + flupentixol/melitracen vs flupentixol/melitracen [RR = 1.23, 95% CI (1.10, 1.37)]. (b) When analyzing Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD)-17 scores, six trials showed that acupuncture combined with Western Medicine was superior to Western Medicine alone, and could relieve the depressive symptoms of patients. For HAMD-24 scores, five trials were included for acupuncture + fluoxetine hydrochloride vs fluoxetine hydrochloride, with significance at 2 weeks [WMD = -6.51, 95% CI(- 8.62, - 4.40)], as well as at 4 weeks [WMD = -8.40, 95% CI (-11.86, -4.94)] and 8 weeks. (c)For the activities of daily living scale, acupuncture + fluoxetine hydrochloride vs fluoxetine hydrochloride [WMD = 22.65, 95% CI (18.34, 26.95)], acupuncture + flupentixol/melitracen vs flupentixol/melitracen [WMD = 8.08, 95% CI (2.57, 13.59)], acupuncture + sertraline hydrochloride vs sertraline hydrochloride [WMD = 6.94, 95% CI (3.59, 10.29)], and acupuncture + doxepin hydrochloride vs doxepin hydrochloride [WMD = 18.80, 95% CI (15.84, 21.76)] had significance. (d) For Treatment Emergent Symptom Scale scores, there was significance in all four included studies.

CONCLUSION
The therapeutic effects of acupuncture combined with Western Medicine on post-stroke depression are often better than those of Western Medicine alone, and fewer adverse reactions occur. However, more high-quality RCTs are needed to further confirm these findings.


Abstract Purpose To compare the effects of postural corrective and Schroth-based three-dimensional exercises on thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA), lumbar lordosis angle (LLA), balance and quality of life (QoL) in individuals with postural kyphosis. Methods This was a single-blind randomized controlled clinical trial with a total of 63 subjects (57 women, 6 men) with TKA of 40°. Subjects were separated into three groups: postural corrective exercise group (PCEG), Schroth-based three-dimensional exercise group (SBEG) and control group (CG). Participants in the exercise groups participated in the exercise program twice a week for eight weeks under the supervision of a physiotherapist: CG performed no exercise but was generally informed. The primary outcome variable was TKA. Secondary outcome variables were LLA, balance and QoL. Results After the functional exercise programs, TKA (mean change for PCEG, SBEG: −9.71, −14.76, p < 0.001), static postural stability index overall (−0.22, −0.40, p < 0.05), and QoL (−0.41, −0.37, p < 0.001) significantly improved in both training groups compared with CG. The LLA (−3.95, p = 0.003) was significantly lower in the SBEG group than in CG. Conclusion This study demonstrated that Schroth-based three-dimensional exercises are an effective treatment for individuals with postural kyphosis and have a large effect size that improves TKA, LLA, balance and QoL. Clinical trial registration number: NCT03706495 Implications for rehabilitation Eight weeks of postural corrective or Schroth-based three-dimensional functional exercise programs are effective in addressing thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA), balance, and quality of life in individuals with postural kyphosis. An eight-week Schroth-based three-dimensional exercise program was more effective than postural corrective exercises in improving TKA, lumbar lordosis angle, and balance for patients with postural kyphosis. Schroth-based three-dimensional exercise programs could promote balance and spinal health in young adults with thoracic kyphosis.


Interstitial pneumonitis is a rare complication of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the immunocompetent. There is a paucity of literature regarding treatment in these patients. A previously healthy, immunocompetent female patient presented with fever, shortness of breath, a dry non-productive cough and myalgia and was subsequently diagnosed with CMV interstitial pneumonitis. She was treated with valganciclovir and swiftly improved but experienced neutropenia, which resolved on treatment cessation.


Density functional theory (DFT) calculations for deriving enthalpies of formation H for ferromagnetic MnX (X P, As, Sb, Bi) compounds were made for the two competing structures, hexagonal and orthorhombic . Standard calculations were performed by using pseudopotentials with the generalized-gradient-approximation (PBE) as exchange-correlation functional. Enhanced exchange-correlation interactions were included by making use of a so-called DFTU approach which requires as a parameter. Application of PBE potentials for all compounds and elementary phases (all-PBE) resulted in negative values of H for MnP and MnAs in both structures whereby the result for MnP agrees very well with experiment. For MnSb and MnBi the all-PBE calculation gives a positive nonbonding H disagreeing with experiment. To overcome this discrepancy for MnSb and MnBi a DFTU ansatz was employed for all compounds and elemental Mn. The values for ranging between 0.7 for MnBi and 1.4 eV for MnAs were determined by fitting the DFT results to measured data of H. As a reference for pure Mn the -Mn phase was taken with eV by which choice the experimental volume is fitted. Atomic volumes and ionicities were derived applying Bader's concept resulting in ionicities of Mn less than .


The prevalence of antibody to parvovirus B19 was assessed in two populations. In a group of 494 residents from Ontario and the Maritimes, virus-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) M antibody, a marker of acute infection, was found throughout the year but was most prevalent during the late winter and early spring months. The overall prevalence of IgG antibody in this group was 30.3%. In an effort to examine age-specific prevalence in this population, a second group of sera from 210 pediatric patients at The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario and from Red Cross blood donors was tested for the presence of B19-specific IgG, and of these, 31.4% of the samples were positive. This prevalence varied from 3.3% in the under five-year-old age group to 66.7% in the 35- to 45-year-old age group. Eighty per cent of sera from females of this group were seropositive. This study provides insight into the prevalence of parvovirus B19 IgG antibody in the population.


We present a new unsupervised algorithm for training structured predictors that is discriminative, convex, and avoids the use of EM. The idea is to formulate an unsupervised version of structured learning methods, such as maximum margin Markov networks, that can be trained via semidefinite programming. The result is a discriminative training criterion for structured predictors (like hidden Markov models) that remains unsupervised and does not create local minima. To reduce training cost, we reformulate the training procedure to mitigate the dependence on semidefinite programming, and finally propose a heuristic procedure that avoids semidefinite programming entirely. Experimental results show that the convex discriminative procedure can produce better conditional models than conventional Baum-Welch (EM) training.


Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) can have long-lasting physical, emotional, and cognitive consequences due to the neurodegeneration caused by its robust inflammatory response. Despite advances in rehabilitation care, effective neuroprotective treatments for TBI patients are lacking. Furthermore, current drug delivery methods for TBI treatment are inefficient in targeting inflamed brain areas. To address this issue, we have developed a liposomal nanocarrier (Lipo) encapsulating dexamethasone (Dex), an agonist for the glucocorticoid receptor utilized to alleviate inflammation and swelling in various conditions. In vitro studies show that Lipo-Dex were well tolerated in human and murine neural cells. Lipo-Dex showed significant suppression of inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, release after induction of neural inflammation with lipopolysaccharide. Further, the Lipo-Dex were administered to young adult male and female C57BL/6 mice immediately after a controlled cortical impact injury. Our findings demonstrate that Lipo-Dex can selectively target the injured brain, thereby reducing lesion volume, cell death, astrogliosis, the release of proinflammatory cytokines, and microglial activation compared to Lipo-treated mice in a sex-dependent manner, showing a major impact only in male mice. This highlights the importance of considering sex as a crucial variable in developing and evaluating new nano-therapies for brain injury. These results suggest that Lipo-Dex administration may effectively treat acute TBI.


In this paper, fuzzy theory is used to quantify some subjective criteria to consider uncertain factors for transmission line reinforcement planning. As it can be easily applied to multi attribute decision making problems such as power system planning, Sugeno's fuzzy integral is also used in the proposed method to verify the proposed algorithm, some bottle-neck lines are searched for the case that the amount of maximal load supplying capability (MLSC) is small using the results of contingency analysis for Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO)'s 345 kV transmission line in 1998. Several feasible alternatives are composed for line reinforcement which can solve the bottle-neck problem in the KEPCO system.


&NA; Cognitive dysfunction, a symptom of schizophrenia, has been recently identified as an important measure of outcome in the treatment of this disorder. Drug‐mediated symptom improvement, the traditional measure of treatment success for schizophrenia, typically fails to associate with modifications of cognitive dysfunction, resulting in a failure of the patient to reintegrate into society. A paradigm shift is now required in the conceptualization of treatment success away from symptom decrement and towards treatments that improve cognitive function. Clozapine treatment has been shown to provide a significantly greater improvement in several domains of cognitive function, especially attention and verbal fluency, compared with conventional neuroleptics, whereas risperidone appears to have a beneficial effect on working memory. These results may be because of the normalization of dopamine function by clozapine and antagonism of 5HT2 receptors.


Introduction
Given that primary care has been found to be the most likely point of entry into the health care system for concussion patients, diagnosis and management of concussions are vital to the education of family medicine physicians. Studies of primary care residencies reveal a self-perceived deficiency in sports medicine education. This project was designed to determine the effect of a concussion management clinic on family medicine residents' confidence in and personal value placed on diagnosing and managing concussions.

Methods
This project was completed in a family medicine residency as a retrospective evaluation of an educational improvement project during the 2016-2017 academic year. The intervention involved implementation of a structured clinical experience focused on management of concussions. Residents were surveyed preintervention, as well as 5 and 11 months postintervention, measuring resident exposure to and confidence in diagnosing and managing concussions.

Results
Residents demonstrated significantly increased confidence in diagnosing concussions and managing complicated concussions following the intervention (both F [2, 84]=3.56, P=0.03). Post hoc analysis indicated the statistical difference was found between preintervention measures and 1 academic year later. The number of concussions seen positively correlated with resident confidence in both diagnosing and managing concussions while personal value remained high.

Conclusions
This project is the first to evaluate the impact of a concussion clinic on resident education, demonstrating significant improvement in multiple areas of concussion education. Replicating the project in other family medicine residencies could be beneficial in determining if this clinic education model improves resident outcomes in other residencies.


In clinical chemistry quality control refers to monitoring of precision and accuracy of the performance of analytical methods. Calibration solutions and (matrixed) control solutions are used in transferring accuracy between definitive method, reference method and field methods. For this purpose aqueous (protein-free), protein-containing and serum-based types of quality control materials having different matrices are available. Here are presented differences in behaviour between aqueous (protein-free) and protein-containing materials. Potentiometry with an electrochemical cell is an often used field method to determine pH and activity of electrolytes with an Ion-Selective Electrode (ISE). Basically, measured e.m.f.'s of calibrators and sample are translated into the activity of the ionic species of the sample by means of the Nernst equation. Besides the standard e.m.f. (E(zero)) of the electrochemical system, the measured e.m.f. includes the ISE-membrane e.m.f. (EISE) and depends on electrolyte type and its concentration and Eij depends on the composition and geometry of the salt bridge. Both EISE and Eij depend on the sample matrix. Protein-containing samples cause a negative bias on the e.m.f. at the liquid junction and a positive bias at the ISE. When EISE and Eij are compared to the mV span of the reference interval, the effects are large for Ca2+, Na+ and Cl-. Exactly the same effects exist for H+, K+, Li+ and Mg2+ but the inaccuracy is less critical for these ions. It may be concluded that only protein containing controls can detect an error that occurs only with measurements on plasma specimens. In practice this means that calibration is checked with protein-free solutions, but that measurements in plasma are best checked with protein-containing solutions.


We report the results of studies of clinical manifestations, chemical and toxico-logical tests, efficacy of complex treatment, which included antidote therapy, intestinal lavage and symptomatic treatment in patients with acute thallium poisoning, who were admitted to the Department of Acute Poisonings Treatment of the N.V. Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine or underwent outpatient treatment.


Military drones have recently been hailed as a revolutionary new technology that will forever change the conduct of war. And yet the United States and other countries have been deploying such unmanned military systems for more than a century. Written by a renowned authority in the field, this book documents the forgotten legacy of these pioneering efforts, offering the first comprehensive historical and technical accounting of unmanned air, land, sea, and underwater systems. Focusing on examples introduced during the two world wars, H. R. Everett meticulously traces their development from the mid-nineteenth century to the early Cold War. A pioneering Navy roboticist, Everett not only describes these systems in detail but also reverse-engineers the designs in order to explain how they operated in real-world conditions of the time. More than 500 illustrations -- photographs, drawings, and plans, many of them never before published -- accompany the text. Everett covers the evolution of early wire-guided submersibles, tracing the development of power, propulsion, communication, and control; radio-controlled surface craft, deployed by both Germany and Great Britain in World War I; radio-controlled submersibles; radio-controlled aircraft, including the TDR-1 assault drone project in World War II -- which laid the groundwork for subsequent highly classified drone programs; and radio-controlled ground vehicles, including the Wehrmacht's Goliath and Borgwald demolition carriers.


An on-demand routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks is one that searches for and attempts to discover a route to some destination nodes only when a sending node originates a data packet addressed to those nodes. In order to avoid the need for such a route discovery to be performed before each data packet is sent, such a routing protocol must cache routes previously discovered. Using simulations, we found that the performance of the networks which utilized DSR protocol became to be worse with the reduction of the packet sending rate. This paper aims at that phenomenon, indicates it is because that DSR routing algorithm can not check and purge the invalid routes in time, and puts forward improved strategies of caching, searching and discarding routes in the route cache by using signal strength and time stamp thresholds. By using ns2 simulator, we studied network performance using improved routing algorithm and DSR, validated that the improved algorithm performed better than DSR obviously.


The theory of light modulation using the linear electro-optic effect in class 4bar above 2m crystals is briefly reviewed. Errors resulting from deviations in the direction of crystal cut and from the finite beam angular aperture are calculated.


The 40–42 residue amyloid -protein (A ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Of the two main alloforms, A 40 and A 42, the longer A 42 is linked particularly strongly to AD. Despite the relatively small two amino acid length difference in primary structure, in vitro studies demonstrate that A 40 and A 42 oligomerize through distinct pathways. Recently, a discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) approach combined with a four-bead protein model recapitulated the differences in A 40 and A 42 oligomerization and led to structural predictions amenable to in vitro testing. Here, the same DMD approach is applied to elucidate folding of A 40, A 42, and two mutants, [G22]A 40 and [G22]A 42, which cause a familial ("Arctic") form of AD. The implicit solvent in the DMD approach is modeled by amino acid-specific hydropathic and electrostatic interactions. The strengths of these effective interactions are chosen to best fit the temperature dependence of the average -strand content in A 42 monomer, as determined using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. In agreement with these CD data, we show that at physiological temperatures, the average -strand content in both alloforms increases with temperature. Our results predict that the average -strand propensity should decrease in both alloforms at temperatures higher than ∼370 K. At physiological temperatures, both A 40 and A 42 adopt a collapsed-coil conformation with several short -strands and a small (<1%) amount of R-helical structure. At slightly above physiological temperature, folded A 42 monomers display larger amounts of -strand than do A 40 monomers. At increased temperatures, more extended conformations with a higher amount of -strand (j30%) structure are observed. In both alloforms, a -hairpin at A21-A30 is a central folding region. We observe three additional folded regions: structure 1, a -hairpin at V36-A42 that exists in A 42 but not in A 40; structure 2, a -hairpin at R5-H13 in A 42 but not in A 40; and structure 3, a -strand A2-F4 in A 40 but not A 42. At physiological temperatures, the Arctic mutation, E22G, disrupts contacts in the A21-A30 region of both [G22]A peptides, resulting in a less stable main folding region relative to the wild type peptides. The Arctic mutation induces a significant structural change at the N-terminus of [G22]A 40 by preventing the formation of structure 3 observed in A 40 but not A 42, thereby reducing the structural differences between [G22]A 40 and [G22]A 42 at the N-terminus. [G22]A 40 is characterized by a significantly increased amount of average -strand relative to the other three peptides due to an induced -hairpin structure at R5-H13, similar to structure 2. Consequently, the N-terminal folded structure of the Arctic mutants closely resembles the N-terminal structure of A 42, suggesting that both Arctic A peptides might assemble into structures similar to toxic A 42 oligomers.


Introduction: Formed knapsack problem in terms of set functions and is a heuristic algorithm. The goal: to prove that the heuristic algorithm is essential. Some facts from [2]. The equivalence of the limit order to E.Borelyu and convergence in measure. The theorem about the need to set a maximum of function. The situation is quite the algorithm: We present three cases where a heuristic algorithm is sufficient. Counterexample: An Rear take from [1], and given the addition heuristic algorithm, which allows to obtain the solution of the knapsack problem. Vector optimization: With the knapsack problem is tied vector optimization of investment activities. Conclusions: The proposed algorithm for solving the knapsack problem and for additive functions algorithm for Pareto solutions of vector optimization for the two indicators. Appendix: an agenda for the Maple solutions knapsack problem.


This article aims to uncover the problem of integrated service ownership over the legal status of the Gorontalo marriage community. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with a juridical sociological approach.
The results showed that there were managerial problems in the management of integrated marriage services programs ranging from invalid data collection, lack of socialization, lack of community response, there were still institutions that had not implemented bureaucratic pruning, to aspects of collective evaluation. The results of the study also recommend several things that need to be improved and become a solution, namely: cross-sectoral coordination that is strengthened by the formation of a joint committee, budgeting must be given since data collection, joint strengthening Standard Operating Procedures, relevant agencies must be given a legal umbrella to be able to cut the bureaucracy in the field, this program must be accompanied by other incentive programs aimed at minimizing the occurrence of unregistered marriages.


This work proposes a Secure and authenticated discrete reversible data hiding in cipher images deals with security and authentication. In the first phase, a content owner encrypts the original uncompressed image using an encryption key. Then, a data hider may compress the least significant bits of the encrypted image using a data hiding key to create a sparse space to accommodate some additional data. With an encrypted image containing additional data, if a receiver has the data hiding key, receiver can extract the additional data though receiver does not know the image content. If the receiver has the encryption key, can decrypt the received data to obtain an image similar to the original one. If the receiver has both the data hiding key and the encryption key, can extract the additional data and recover the original content.


CREWS-SAVRE is a prototype software tool for systematic scenario generation and use. This paper reports on two interleaved strands of research and development of CREWS-SAVRE. The first is theoretical research into classes of exceptions in software-intensive systems. The second is the development of a software prototype which has been used to acquire requirements from current scenario users. This paper reports these user requirements and design implications for the current version of the prototype. The paper ends with a discussion of the advantages of integrating basic software engineering research with user-centred system design.


The clinical use of bromocriptine was investigated in 50 hyper- and 30 normoprolactinaemic women attending an infertility clinic and presenting with anovulatory cycles, oligomenorrhoea or amenorrhoea and the complaint that they had failed to become pregnant. The results confirmed that bromocriptine is effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemic states. Bromocriptine supresses prolactin secretion irrespective of the underlying pathologic process. Hyperprolactinaemia in humans is frequently associated with anovulation. Serum prolactin values showed no close correlation with the degree of menstrual abnormalities or galactorrhoea. Basal FSH and LH levels and the gonadotropin response to LH-RH were essentially normal in hyperprolactinaemia. Circulating E2 levels were largely subnormal suggesting an inhibitory effect of prolactin on ovarian E2 production. Prolactin levels over 100 ng/ml are suggestive of pituitary adenoma.


Distributed acoustic sensors (DAS) utilize optical fibers to monitor vibrations across thousands of independent locations. However, the measured acoustic waveforms experience significant variations along the sensing fiber. These differences primarily arise from changes in coupling between the fiber and its surrounding medium as well as acoustic interferences. Here, a correlation-based method is proposed to automatically find the spatial locations of DAS where temporal waveforms are repeatable. Signal repeatability is directly associated with spatial monitoring locations with both good coupling and low acoustic interference. The DAS interrogator employed is connected to an over 30-year-old optical fiber installed alongside a railway track. Thus, the optical fiber exhibits large coupling changes and different installation types along its path. The results indicate that spatial monitoring locations with good temporal waveform repeatability can be automatically discriminated using the proposed method. The correlation between the temporal waveforms acquired at locations selected by the algorithm proved to be very high considering measurements taken for three days, the first two on consecutive days and the third one a month after the first measurement.


After Gomchui tea was prepared from leaves of Ligularia fischeri (Ledeb.) Turcz by blanching method, the antioxidant activity of major compounds in Gomchui tea was assessed. On-line HPLC-ABTS analysis revealed that caffeoylquinic acids (chlorogenic acids), such as 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA), 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,4-DCQA), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3,5-DCQA) and 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA), were the major antioxidant compounds in Gomchui tea. The extraction efficiency of these compounds were examined in the various conditions such as extraction temperature, time and solvent. The results demonstrated that the extraction amount with water increased in proportion to extraction time (1~10 min) and temperature (8~80oC). These active compounds were also extracted with water even at 8oC (60% of 80oC), indicating that water is very good extraction solvent for extraction of these antioxidant constituents. However, the extraction efficiency of these compounds decreased when ethanol percentage in water increased. The extraction efficiency between Gomchui powder (no blanching) and tea was significantly different, and 60% of total antioxidant compounds in tea was removed from fresh leaves into water in blanching process, especially 3,5-DCQA (over 90%). Meanwhile, the sonication method didn't affect the extraction of these compounds in all solvents. These results suggest that Gomchui tea can be a good candidate for the tea beneficial to human health.


This paper proposes a new method to chaotify the discrete-time fuzzy hyperbolic model (DFHM) with uncertain parameters. A simple nonlinear state feedback controller is designed for this purpose. By revised Marotto theorem, it is proven that the chaos generated by this controller satisfies the Li-Yorke definition. An example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.


Background

Anaemia in pregnancy is an issue of concern in the reduction of reproductive health morbidity in Côte d'Ivoire. This research aimed to describe the meaning of anaemia and analyze its explanatory factors from the perspective of pregnant women in a hospital setting in Ahougnansou in the city of Bouaké in the Centre-North of Côte d'Ivoire.
Methods

This qualitative research was descriptive-interpretive. Using this approach, individual interviews were conducted with twenty (20) participating pregnant women. The research took place in the hospital environment of Ahougnansou in the city of Bouaké in Côte d'Ivoire. The data were analyzed using a conventional inductive content analysis supported by a thematic grid.
Results

Perceptions have identified anaemia in pregnancy as a life-threatening reproductive morbidity for both mother and child. Its specific image has been associated with a lack of blood in the body. Symptoms have included fever, dizziness, fatigue, lack of appetite, pallor and thinness. Its aetiology has been attributed to food bans. In addition, the explanatory logics noted its link with irrational health behaviours such as irregular consultations, inaccessibility to edifying advice, lack of early detection, lack of use of daily oral iron and folic acid supplementation, lack of mobilization of financial resources and non-observance of a balanced diet.
Conclusion

Examination of the social representation of anaemia in pregnancy leads to relevant insights into the irrational health behaviours of pregnant women. On the other hand, the search for appropriate and effective long-term solutions to this reproductive health morbidity requires the immersion of midwives in the living environment of pregnant women and specific community health actions in populations that can be located in space and time in order to circumscribe the reproductive practices involved in resistance to nutritional recommendations in the prenatal period.


Powellomycetaceae (Spizellomycetales) contain a diverse group of exogenously developing chytrids found by baiting water preparations of soils and manure with pollen. A previous molecular phylogenetic study indicated that some lineages within this family represent undescribed genera and species. Description of genera within the Spizellomycetales traditionally has relied on ultrastructural characters of zoospores, whereas species have been based on thallus development and morphology. We analyzed Powellomycetaceae chytrids that had not yet had ultrastructural and thallus morphologies determined. Because these chytrids vary little morphologically, we used a linear discriminant function analysis of thallus characters to determine features most useful for separating species when grown in pure culture on identical media. Zoosporic ultrastructures of two groups of isolates differed from those of the two described genera in the family, and we describe the new genera Thoreauomyces with one new species and Fimicolochytrium with two new species. Also, we describe three new species within Geranomyces. Linear discriminant function analysis, although helpful for determining more stable morphological characters, was not completely accurate in assigning chytrids to the correct genus or species, thus emphasizing the importance of molecular characters for identifying these taxa.


A simulation model of the slim-tube test has been developed to validate the laboratory experiment and used EOS as well as to investigate the possibility of serving as a fast and reliable tool for MMP determination. Sensitivity analyses were performed by testing diff erent grid block sizes (a diff erent number of cells), changing Corey's coeffi cients for relative permeability curves, varying fl ow rates and PVT models. Minimum miscibility pressure from the simulation model is estimated as the intersection of the two diff erent trend line curves of oil recoveries versus the injected volume of CO2. The oil recoveries were underestimated by numerical simulation on a basic case model. This is related to the usage of single "X shaped" relative permeability curves in all simulation cases, i.e. for immiscible, near miscible and miscible conditions. In addition, by fi ne tuning binary interaction parameters in the equation of the state model and introducing diff erent relative permeability curves for immiscible and near miscible cases, better matching of slim-tube simulation can be achieved.


Graph Laplacians as well as related spectral inequalities and (co-)homology provide a foray into discrete analogues of Riemannian manifolds, providing a rich interplay between combinatorics, geometry and theoretical physics. We apply some of the latest techniques in data science such as supervised and unsupervised machine-learning and topological data analysis to the Wolfram database of some 8000 finite graphs in light of studying these correspondences. Encouragingly, we find that neural classifiers, regressors and networks can perform, with high efficiently and accuracy, a multitude of tasks ranging from recognizing graph Ricci-flatness, to predicting the spectral gap, to detecting the presence of Hamiltonian cycles, etc.


If democratisation in the tertiary sector is to be taken seriously, then we must carefully survey how previously disadvantaged groups are incorporated into higher education. In response to the words of my ex-postgraduate, I sent emailed questions to my six female doctoral students. Their testimony was then labelled 'A' through to 'F' to connote the seniority of their candidature. I then pleated their answers against DEST surveys of the Australian academy and theoretical/historical approaches to the university's purpose. Via this approach, the attitudes of my students wedge the page, providing an intervention in the calm facade of DEST documents stressing science, training and vocationalism. We do not hear—let alone read—the experi- ences of postgraduates in sufficient depth. When presented in this way, different approaches to the postgraduate journey are revealed that are distinct from the imperatives of completion rates, supervisory training and professional competencies.


Ireland is distinguished by the high degree of openness of its labour market and the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the economy. We develop a neo-classical growth model to explore the consequence of these characteristics for the response of an economy to the kinds of shocks that are widely recognised to have been of importance in driving the Irish boom.


This study provides the age specific prevalence rates of diseases using data from 1152 infants by reviewing clinic records, which have been maintained from 1963 till 1984 (grouped according to households) at Kasangati Health Centre near Kampala, Uganda. On the average, each child reported 3 disease episodes per year. The conditions that brought a child to clinic for the first time were: respiratory infection 46.2%; clinical malaria 14.4%; skin infections 9.8%; diarrhoeal diseases 8.5% and, others 21.1%. The prevalence of diseases in infants at the age of less than one month old were, respiratory tract infection 78/1000, skin conditions 29/1000, clinical malaria/fever 18/1000, eye infection 15/1000, diarrhoea 5/1000 and others 67/1000. At the age of one month till the age of 18 months, four conditions consistently topped the disease prevalence list: respiratory tract infection with a range of 175/1000 to 29/1000, being higher in early childhood; clinical malaria/fever with a range of 79/1000 to 23/1000; diarrhoeal diseases with a range of 55/1000 to 10/1000 and skin conditions with a range of 42/1000 to 10/1000. Other disease conditions including urinary tract infection, burns/accidents, eye infections, ear infections, measles and tetanus had age specific prevalence of less than 10/1000 at each age. Most of the diseases showed decreasing level of prevalence as the age increased. Relatively more people used the clinic and at a higher rate in the 1970s compared to the 1960s, mirroring the general economic and political situation of the two periods. There were no sex specific differences in either the frequency of utilization of the clinic or in the prevalence of disease over time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


A phase II trial of PALA in malignant lymphoma was carried out by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. The occurrence of hematologic toxicity in 17 of 35 patients in the study was noteworthy and was possibly related to prior therapy and/or marrow involvement. The finding of thromboembolic phenomena in four of five autopsied patients was also noteworthy. No antitumor activity was recorded. This experience discourages further trials of PALA in patients with malignant lymphoma.


The emergence, at the end of the XVIIIth century, of a tendency towards the prevention of accidents and disease at work is confirmed by the archive documents of this royal dockyard. Vauban had formulated the essential principles at the end of the previous century, but the chaos caused by Revolution stopped them being brought into effect. It was necessary to wait for the 'social' politics of Napoleon III before these principles were rediscovered.


In this paper, we proposed new reliability characteristic curve, which-can clearly show reliability property of transmission and substation system considering uncertainty such as frequency and duration of device fault. It express the relationship of duration of load curtailments, demand not supplied, and energy not served as " y = " curve. and we proposed the method, which can objectively assess reliability of transmission and substation system using proposed characteristic curve as new reliability index. In this method, we used energy index of reliability(EIR) as a criterion of assessment. Finally, we performed a variety of case study for KEPCO system in order to verify usefulness of proposed method.


Urged on by increasingly agitated calls from across the legal community for more "practice-ready" graduates, law schools are now more than ever engaged in a good-faith struggle with questions of how to most effectively develop and implement coursework designed to achieve that aim. Over a relatively short period of time, most schools have responded by introducing an expanding array of clinics, externships, and skills-focused simulation courses. Historically treated by many within the teaching academy as an approach to be avoided, experiential education is now being touted as the remedy curative of the legal education's problems. This essay proposes that effective implementation of experiential education must begin with training law students how to learn from experience during the first year of law school. After Part I briefly reviews of the seismic shift that has taken lawyer training from doctrine-exclusive to skills-heavy in focus, Part II overviews the reflective pedagogies and practices from which so many of the benefits of experiential education emanate. Part II also considers the ways in which two Australian law schools and one American law school have added reflection to the first-year curriculum. Thereafter, Part III offers a prescription for incorporating reflective learning into the first year as a means of readying students for the extensive legal training — including clinics, externships, and simulation coursework — that lies ahead. By adopting a comprehensive experiential curriculum commencing at day one, it is argued that students will be permitted a deeper form of learning from the outset and be that much more practice-ready upon graduation.


OBJECTIVE
To generate and measure the reliability for a reference standard set with representative cases from seven broad syndromic case definitions and several narrower syndromic definitions used for biosurveillance.

DESIGN
From 527,228 eligible patients between 1990 and 2003, we generated a set of patients potentially positive for seven syndromes by classifying all eligible patients according to their ICD-9 primary discharge diagnoses. We selected a representative subset of the cases for chart review by physicians, who read emergency department reports and assigned values to 14 variables related to the seven syndromes.

MEASUREMENTS
(1) Positive predictive value of the ICD-9 diagnoses; (2) prevalence of the syndromic definitions and related variables; (3) agreement between physician raters demonstrated by kappa, kappa corrected for bias and prevalence, and Finn's r; and (4) reliability of the reference standard classifications demonstrated by generalizability coefficients.

RESULTS
Positive predictive value for ICD-9 classification ranged from 0.33 for botulinic to 0.86 for gastrointestinal. We generated between 80 and 566 positive cases for six of the seven syndromic definitions. Rash syndrome exhibited low prevalence (34 cases). Agreement between physician raters was high, with kappa > 0.70 for most variables. Ratings showed no bias. Finn's r was >0.70 for all variables. Generalizability coefficients were >0.70 for all variables but three.

CONCLUSION
Of the 27 syndromes generated by the 14 variables, 21 showed high enough prevalence, agreement, and reliability to be used as reference standard definitions against which an automated syndromic classifier could be compared. Syndromic definitions that showed poor agreement or low prevalence include febrile botulinic syndrome, febrile and nonfebrile rash syndrome, respiratory syndrome explained by a nonrespiratory or noninfectious diagnosis, and febrile and nonfebrile gastrointestinal syndrome explained by a nongastrointestinal or noninfectious diagnosis.