Background: Data breaches happen when an unauthorized party gains access to personally identifiable information. They are becoming more common and impactful, raising serious concerns for individuals as well as companies. Literature review: Although there is considerable literature on users' mental models in security and privacy, there has been limited study of mental models related to data breaches. Research questions: 1. How do users understand data breaches? 2. What are their perceptions of the causes, responsibilities, and consequences, as well as possible prevention and appropriate follow up? Methodology: We explored end-user understanding of internet data breaches by conducting a study with 35 participants. They were asked to draw their understanding of data breaches and answer some open-ended and closed-ended questions afterwards. Results/discussion: Although their drawings varied in detail and complexity, we identified four patterns in the participants' drawings: they illustrated abstractions of attacks to gain administrator access, end-user access, backdoor access, or access using database server vulnerabilities. We found that participants had a basic model of how an internet data breach happens, but with significant uncertainties regarding system vulnerabilities, causes, consequences, prevention methods, and follow-up steps after a breach. Conclusions: In all, end-user mental models of internet data breaches are basic and show gaps that emphasize the need for improved communication to increase users' awareness and help them hold companies accountable.


Expression of the human blood-clotting factor VIII (FVIII) cDNA is hampered by the presence of sequences located in the coding region that repress transcription. We have previously identified a 305-bp fragment within the FVIII cDNA that is involved in the repression (R.C. Hoeben, F.J. Fallaux, S.J. Cramer, D.J.M. van den Wollenberg, H. van Ormondt, E. Briet, and A.J. van der Eb, Blood 85:2447-2454, 1995). Here, we show that this 305-bp region of FVIII cDNA contains sequences that resemble the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) autonomously replicating sequence consensus. Two of these DNA elements coincide with AT-rich sequences that are often found in matrix attachment regions or scaffold-attached regions. One of these elements, consisting of nucleotides 1569 to 1600 of the FVIII cDNA (nucleotide numbering is according to the system of Wood et al. (W.I. Wood, D.J. Capon, C.C. Simonsen, D.L. Eaton, J. Gitschier, D. Keyt, P.H. Seeburg, D.H. Smith, P. Hollingshead, K.L. Wion, et al., Nature [London] 312:330-337,1984), binds a nuclear factor in vitro but loses this capacity after four of its base pairs have been changed. A synthetic heptamer of this segment can repress the expression of a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene and also loses this capacity upon mutation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that repression by FVIII sequences can be relieved by sodium butyrate. We demonstrate that the synthetic heptamer (FVIII nucleotides 1569 to 1600), when placed upstream of the Moloney murine leukemia virus long terminal repeat promoter that drives the CAT reporter, can render the CAT reporter inducible by butyrate. This effect was absent when the same element was mutated. The stimulatory effect of butyrate could not be attributed to butyrate-responsive elements in the studied long terminal repeat promoters. Our data provide a functional characterization of the sequences that repress expression of the FVIII cDNA. These data also suggest a link between transcriptional repression by FVIII cDNA elements and the stimulatory effect of butyrate on FVIII cDNA expression.


Services are more and more shared among public agencies to gain efficiency benefits. The governance of shared services is a complicated endeavor as it often involves multiple agencies having different objectives and resources, the number of shared services used varies among agencies, technology sophistication differs and non-shared resources of public agencies are interwoven with shared services. The research presented in this paper is aimed at developing a better understanding of the IT governance necessary to share services in public administration. Two case studies are presented and analyzed from a resource-based and dynamic capability view. We found that the ability to share services and the accomplishment of agencies objectives is largely determined by the governance mechanisms. Governance mechanisms need to deal with the different characteristics of agencies and balance customization and commoditization of services to ensure citizenand businessorientation and at the same time accomplish efficiency.


Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are highly malignant primary brain tumors, and the Mesenchymal GBM subtype in particular, frequently exhibit regions of severe hypoxia and necrosis. As these features correlate with poor prognosis, we investigated miRNAs whose expression might regulate ischemic cell survival and growth. We found that miR-218 expression is significantly repressed in highly necrotic and chemoresistant Mesenchymal GBMs, compared to the Proneural subtype. Furthermore, restoring miR-218 expression in glioblastoma stem like cells (GSCs) significantly sensitizes orthotopic xenograft tumors to chemotherapeutic treatment, suggesting that low miR-218 confers GBM chemoresistance. Moreover, reduced miR-218 levels correlate with poor survival and rapid recurrence in human Mesenchymal GBM patients treated with radio- and chemotherapy (in contrast, no survival differences were observed in other GBM subtypes). Importantly, miR-218 targets multiple components of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling pathways, and reduced miR-218 expression increases their abundance and activity, thereby overcoming RTK inhibitory homeostatic mechanisms that normally modulate active signaling. We further demonstrate that HIFs, specifically HIF2α, function as downstream effectors of the low miR-218-RTK activation cascade in GSC cells. In strong support of our experimental findings, we observed a significant correlation between elevated HIF activity and low miR-218 expression in Mesenchymal GBM patient samples; in contrast, no correlation was observed in Proneural tumors. Altogether, our data reveal a novel functional association between miR-218 expression and HIF2α activity, and delineate RTK activation as the mechanistic link between the two in highly necrotic GBMs. Moreover, as tumor hypoxia is associated with chemoresistance and poor prognosis, our results uncover a new mechanism whereby miR-218 repression enhances HIF activity, and contributes to the chemoresistant phenotype predominantly seen in Mesenchymal GBM. Citation Format: Lijoy K. Mathew, Nicolas Skuli, Vera Mucaj, Samuel S. Lee, Sriram Venneti, Priti Lal, Justin D. Lathia, Jeremy N. Rich, Brian Keith, Andy J. Minn, M Celeste Simon. miR-218 opposes an important RTK–HIF signaling pathway in Glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr B68. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-B68


Aims: The rapid economic transition in the Gulf Arab countries has resulted in marked changes in fertility and marriage patterns and a decrease in the number of children per family. Yet little is known about the determinants of family size in urban and less urban areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 450 Kuwaiti women aged 20—60 years who attended health care centres in Al Asima and Al Jahra governorates. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interview which included variables on socio-demographic characteristics, family size, actual and ideal spacing, marriage related variables, health conditions and utilization of health services. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors that affect family size. Results: The socio-economic indicators were significantly better in Al Asima, the capital, than in Al Jahra, a less urbanized area. On average, family size for the total sample was 5.97 + 0.114 with a larger size (6.27 + 0.242) in Al Jahra than in Al Asima (5.80 + 0.118) but without a significant difference. Al Jahra women reported a larger number of deliveries and past pregnancies but a lower usage of contraceptive measures. The total fertility rate was 3.65 in Al Asima, 3.84 in Al Jahra and 3.71 births per woman in the total population. Family size was inversely related to the educational level of women and their husbands. Currently employed women had a smaller family size (5.22 + 0.119) than the unemployed (6.81 + 0.187); p < 0.0005. Health problems in the interviewee or her husband played a minor role in the decision to have more children. Families where the husband was the decision-maker on the number of children had a significantly larger family size (6.91 + 0.451) than families where the couple both participated in the decision (5.83 + 0.129; p = 0.032). The duration of marriage, ideal number of children, age of women at last delivery, number of rooms and the crowding index had significant positive effects on family size, whereas age at first delivery, duration between two consecutive pregnancies and history of past abortions were inversely related to family size in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: Although women in the less urbanized areas in the Gulf Arab populations are more disadvantaged with respect to socio-economic characteristics than women in the more urbanized areas, there were no significant differences in family size in these contrasting communities. The impact of socio-demographic characteristics on family size was minor compared to factors related to fertility and the husband's desire to have more children. Fertility and family planning policies should consider these issues in order to promote more effective programmes.


Driving while distracted or losing alertness significantly increases the risk of traffic accident. The emerging Internet of Things (IoT) systems for smart driving hold the promise of significantly reducing road accidents. In particular, detecting unsafe hand motions and warning the driver using smart sensors can improve the driver's alertness and skill. However, due to the impact of the vehicle's movement and the significant variation across different driving environments, detecting the position of the driver's hand is challenging. This article presents SafeWatch—a system based on smartwatches and smartphones that detects the driver's unsafe behaviors in a real-time manner. SafeWatch infers driver's hand position based on several important features, such as the posture of the driver's forearm and the vibration on the smartwatch. SafeWatch employs a novel adaptive training algorithm that keeps updating the training data set at run-time based on inferred hand positions in certain driving conditions. The evaluation with 75 real driving trips from six subjects shows that SafeWatch has a high accuracy over 97.0% for both recall and precision in detection of the unsafe hand positions when the condition lasts for more than 6.0s, as well as over 97.1% recall and over 91.0% precision in detection of the unsafe hand movements when it lasts for more than 2.5s. The relative position of the hand to the steering wheel also reveals some detailed driving habits, like the type of steering method.


Gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection has been used to establish the normal urinary excretion values of homovanillic acid and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic acid in 808 infants aged 6 months. This study, the essential pre-requisite for population screening for neuroblastoma in babies, reveals a mean homovanillic acid of 10·9 μmol/mmol creatinine and mean 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic of 6·8 μmol/mmol creatinine. The upper 95% confidence interval were 25·5 μmol/mmol creatinine for homovanillic acid and 15·0 μmol/mmol creatinine for 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymandelic. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of the 39 samples, (4·8%) with apparent increased excretion of one or both metabolites, revealed that this was, in each case, due to interfering peaks on chromatography.


Nineteen diverse lentil genotypes, 8 originating from South Asia, 6 from West Asia, and 5 crossbreds using parents from South Asia and West Asia (or other Mediterranean environments), were evaluated for growth, phenology, yield, and yield components at Khumaltar in the mid-hill region of Nepal. Additionally, dry matter production, partitioning, root growth and water use of 8 selected genotypes from the 3 groups were measured at key phenological stages. The seed yield of the West Asian genotypes was only 330 kg/ha, whereas the South Asian genotypes produced a mean seed yield of 1270 kg/ha. The crossbreds had a significantly (P = 0.05) greater seed yield (1550 kg/ha) than the South Asian genotypes. The high seed yield of both the South Asian and crossbred genotypes was associated with rapid ground cover, early flowering and maturity, a long reproductive period, a greater number of seeds and pods, high total dry matter, greater harvest index, and high water use efficiency. West Asian genotypes, on the other hand, flowered 43 days later, matured 15 days later, and had a shorter reproductive period (by 22 days) than the crossbred and South Asian genotypes. The 23% greater seed yield in the crossbreds compared with the South Asian genotypes was the result of a similar increase in seed size (weight per seed). There were no significant differences in total root length (mean 4.7 km/m2), root dry matter (mean 95.5 g/m2), or water use among the 3 groups during the major part of the growing period. There was a significant difference in total water use due to the longer growing season of the West Asian genotype ILL 7983 and its ability to use late-season rainfall. Maximum water use efficiencies for seed yield of 7.0 kg/ha.mm and for above-ground dry matter of 18.9 kg/ha.mm were comparable with those reported in India and the Mediterranean environments of south-western Australia and Syria.


Altitudinal patterns of distribution, diversity, and species turnover in the avifauna of the Sierra de Atoyac, Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico, were studied along a transect from the tropical coastal plain to high-altitude coniferous forests. Species richness is highest at low elevations and declines with increasing altitude. Richness is relatively uniform within habitat types, but high levels of species turnover are found at habitat ecotones. Altitudinal ranges of congener species pairs overlap more frequently than predicted by null models, suggesting that competition may not have played a dominant role in structuring the community. Patterns of diversity, endemism, and habitat destruction are discussed in terms of conservation priorities.


Background: GX sPLA2 is expressed as an inactive pro-enzyme; the protease(s) responsible for pro-GX sPLA2 processing are unknown. Results: Epitope-tagged pro-GX sPLA2 is proteolytically activated by furin and PCSK6 in adrenal cells. Conclusion: Furin-like proprotein convertases regulate GX sPLA2 activity. Significance: Identifying the factors involved in activating GX sPLA2 provides novel insight into the mechanisms surrounding its regulation. Group X secretory phospholipase A2 (GX sPLA2) hydrolyzes mammalian cell membranes, liberating free fatty acids and lysophospholipids. GX sPLA2 is produced as a pro-enzyme (pro-GX sPLA2) that contains an N-terminal 11-amino acid propeptide ending in a dibasic motif, suggesting cleavage by a furin-like proprotein convertase (PC). Although propeptide cleavage is clearly required for enzymatic activity, the protease(s) responsible for pro-GX sPLA2 activation have not been identified. We previously reported that GX sPLA2 negatively regulates adrenal glucocorticoid production, likely by suppressing liver X receptor-mediated activation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression. In this study, using a FLAG epitope-tagged pro-GX sPLA2 expression construct (FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2), we determined that adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) enhanced FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing and phospholipase activity secreted by Y1 adrenal cells. ACTH increased the expression of furin and PCSK6, but not other members of the PC family, in Y1 cells. Overexpression of furin and PCSK6 in HEK 293 cells significantly enhanced FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown of both PCs almost completely abolished FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing in Y1 cells. Expression of either furin or PCSK6 enhanced the ability of GX sPLA2 to suppress liver X receptor reporter activity. The PC inhibitor decanoyl-Arg-Val-Lys-Arg-chloromethyl ketone significantly suppressed FLAG-pro-GX sPLA2 processing and sPLA2 activity in Y1 cells, and it significantly attenuated GX sPLA2-dependent inhibition of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression and progesterone production. These findings provide strong evidence that pro-GX sPLA2 is a substrate for furin and PCSK6 proteolytic processing and define a novel mechanism for regulating corticosteroid production in adrenal cells.


Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating clinical event caused by rupture of blood vessels and accumulation of blood in the brain. Many disorders, including hypertensive arteriosclerosis, amyloid angiopathy, neoplasia, coagulation disorders and cerebrovascular malformations, directly or indirectly damage blood vessels in the brain and thus lead to ICH. The annual occurrence of ICH is estimated to be approximately 0.12 million in the USA and 2 million in the world. These numbers are expected to increase due to the aging of populations. Although accounting for only 15-20% of all strokes, ICH has severe clinical symptoms and poor prognosis. The 1-year survival rate of ICH is estimated to be 38% and long-term physical and mental disability is found in more than 90% of the survivors. Sadly, there is no effective treatment for ICH. Currently, primary supportive care and risk factor control are the main therapy for ICH in clinics. Thus, research and development of effective reagents to treat ICH is extremely urgent. In this chapter, we first introduce the anatomy and biology of the blood brain barrier. Then the pathophysiology and animal models of ICH are reviewed. Furthermore, we summarize the potential therapeutic targets for ICH.


The notion that cognition comprises more than computations of a central nervous system operating on representations has gained a foothold in human cognitive science for a few decades now. Various brands of embodied, extended, enacted, and distributed cognition, some more conservative and some more liberal, have paraded in philosophy and cognitive science. I call the genus including all such species situated cognition and go on to depict selected cases in nonhuman comparative cognition. Distributed cognition is often used as another term for situated cognition. But behavioral biologists have used the term in another sense, to mean the reduction of cognitive capacities arising from team work in cooperative societies. Hymenopteran insects have been studied as cases. The octopus displays embodied cognition, with some of the computational work offloaded to the periphery. Web-building spiders showcase extended cognition, in which objects external to the animal—the web, in the case of spiders—play a crucial causal role in cognition. A criterion of mutual manipulability, in which causal influence flows both ways between organism and extended object, serves to delimit the scope of extended cognition. Play in dogs features intelligence on-the-run, arising out of action, a key characteristic of enactive cognition. I discuss other cases in which action entwines with central representational cognition to achieve goal-directed behavior. Considering situated cognition in diverse animals leads to myriad research questions that can enrich the field.


Sociologist Erving Goffman's presence in Las Vegas never yielded a definitive publication. Though it informed his work about action and interaction, his time in Las Vegas-both as a blackjack dealer and a player-remains one of the great what-ifs of gambling academia. This is regrettable, not only because the field would have benefited immeasurably from the analysis of a figure of Goffman's talent and repute, but because Goffman was in Las Vegas exactly as the city's casino business was undergoing its most significant shift, from small-scale, syndicate-owned ventures with links to former and current illegal enterprises elsewhere to massive, publicly-traded, mainstream-financed concerns.Goffman began regular trips to Las Vegas in the late 1950s. By this time the coterie of former illegal gambling operators who did much to build the Las Vegas Strip had become established and relatively secure. Ed Reid and Ovid Demaris's muck-raking The Green Felt Jungle (1963), which ticked off the most salacious facts, rumors, and misrepresentations to be found, chronicled the peak of this cohort's power. Goffman had an intimate view of Las Vegas at the exact moment when the generation that built the Strip was at its mightiest.Yet that command was short-lived. When Goffman contemplated an abortive continuation of his casino study in the mid-1970s, most of the names that had built the Las Vegas he first entered were gone or diminished. Moe Dalitz, with whom Goffman has been linked, sold his interests in the flagship Desert Inn to Howard Hughes in 1967; he would have licensing difficulties with his last project, the Sundance, in 1980. So Goffman, had he completed and published his work on Las Vegas, would have been able to provide a detailed, insider portrait of a business in the throes of its most historic shift.Experiencing Las Vegas, Reno, and Lake Tahoe casinos first as a dealer and then as a card-counting blackjack player, Goffman would have seen not just how these gambling houses presented themselves in everyday life, but what went on behind the scenes-a look at not just the onstage drama but the equally-compelling backstage action.Goffman did not complete his study of casinos because of a "crisis" that involved "evil."1 Travis Hirschi, who attended the seminar where Goffman spoke-somewhat elliptically, it seems-about his confrontation with evil in Las Vegas-was unable to say exactly what had turned Goffman against pursuing further research and publication. Subsequent researchers have been unable to shed any light on the about-face.2 So Goffman's forays into Nevada casinos ended, with no direct material published on the experience, although, as Dmitri Shalin points out, his time in Las Vegas directly informed much of his later work on deviance, action, and interaction.3Paradise DiminishedWhen Goffman began visiting Las Vegas regularly, the city was in its own state of crisis. Before exploring that crisis, the underlying structure of the Las Vegas casino business, as it existed circa 1958, must be explored.Nevada initially legalized "wide-open" gambling in 1869, with few oversights at the state level-licensing and fee collection was at the county level.4 This system was tolerable for the small-scale gambling operations of the time, and for the next forty years the legislature continually adjusted the parameters of regulation, raising the minimum age, adjusting license fees, changing permissible operating hours, and broadening the scope of games allowed. In 1909, however, the legislature put an end to this system, passing a law that made dealing or playing games punishable by as much as five years in prison.5After a progressive loosening of the state's gambling prohibitions (social card games quickly returned) the Nevada legislature in February 1931 re-legalized "wide-open gambling" in what historian Eric Moody has termed "purely a business proposition."6 This begins the modern era of Nevada gaming, and the state's casinos and regulatory apparatus date from this year. …


THE HISTORY of streptomycin is a story of a planned search for an antibiotic agent capable of bactericidal and bacteriostatic action on gram-negative bacteria, a substance capable of action in the animal body as well as the test tube, with low toxicity and high resistance to inactivation by circulating body fluids and exudates from wounds. In view of the remarkable success obtained, it is natural that streptomycin be given exhaustive and repeated laboratory and clinical trial against the mixed infections seen so frequently in the surgical field. This study was designed to coordinate the bacteriologic findings in the laboratory with clinical evaluation and tests on a group of burns, ulcers and infected wounds caused by a mixture of bacteria, predominantly gram-negative. Of great importance is the fact that almost all the cultures of material from wounds were made on material from infections clinically resistant to penicillin and sulfonamide drug therapy.


The organic photovoltaics field is maturing and reaching a technology readiness level where the focus is on developing large scale fabrication methods. In this light, fully inkjet printed organic solar cells were demonstrated. Inkjet printing allows direct patterning of all the layers, including the electrodes, offering full freedom of design without the use of masks or structuring by hardware. The semitransparent front and back electrodes consist of PEDOT:PSS and conductive Ag fingers, avoiding the use of ITO. The inkjet printing of six functional layer demonstrated minimal losses in performance as compared to the lab-scale standard, spin coated devices. All-inkjet printed large area (>1 cm2) organic solar cells with power conversion efficiency of 4.1% deposited from environmentally friendly solvents in an air atmosphere are demonstrated for the first time. Organic solar cells were fabricated using industrial scale (512 nozzles) printheads, compatible with R2R technology. To prove the great advantage of inkjet printing as a digital technology allowing freedom of forms and designs, large area organic solar cells with different artistic shapes were demonstrated. Reported results confirm that inkjet printing has high potential for the processing of OPV, allowing quick changes in design as well as the materials.


In data-rich domains such as vision, language, and speech, deep learning prevails to deliver high-performance task-specific models and can even learn general task-agnostic representations for efficient finetuning to downstream tasks. However, deep learning in resource-limited domains still faces multiple challenges including (i) limited data, (ii) constrained model development cost, and (iii) lack of adequate pre-trained models for effective finetuning. This paper provides an overview of model reprogramming to bridge this gap. Model reprogramming enables resource-efficient cross-domain machine learning by repurposing and reusing a well-developed pre-trained model from a source domain to solve tasks in a target domain without model finetuning, where the source and target domains can be vastly different. In many applications, model reprogramming outperforms transfer learning and training from scratch. This paper elucidates the methodology of model reprogramming, summarizes existing use cases, provides a theoretical explanation of the success of model reprogramming, and concludes with a discussion on open-ended research questions and opportunities. A list of model reprogramming studies is actively maintained and updated at https://github.com/IBM/model-reprogramming.


The interrelationships among health-related stress, positive and negative affect, and depressive symptoms patterned in the dynamic model of affect (J. Reich, A. Zautra, & M. Davis, 2003) were examined using data from 932 women having an adult child with a developmental disability. Results indicate that women experience a moderate inverse correlation between positive and negative affect under conditions of low levels of health-related stress, whereas at high levels of stress, positive and negative affect become more strongly inversely correlated. Under high-stress conditions, both negative affect and positive affect have a stronger relationship to depressive symptoms than they do under low-stress conditions.


In light of the contemporary shift away from the universalizing of the Eurocentric perspective, brought into focus with the advent of globalization, it may be useful to consider reorienting traditional psychoanalytic assumptions about human nature to those that are more appropriate to the recognition of a culturally pluralistic world. The author argues that ego psychology originated in the Western Enlightenment's emphasis on liberal individualism, which has limited its applicability across races, classes, and cultures. Relational theories, in their capacity to include the examination of the socially constructed dimensions of the analytic dyad (including race, class, gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation), offer crucial theoretical and clinical possibilities, lacking in traditional psychoanalysis, that may help analysts to address some of the important cultural sources of psychological suffering. In the relational view expressed here, the unconscious – as made manifest in everyday life and in the transference and countertransference of the analytic situation – is reformulated to include social and cultural influences.


Retailers routinely present a posted or sale price together with a higher advertised reference price, in an effort to evoke a perception of the discount the consumer is receiving. However, if prices can be negotiated, what impact does this initial perceived discount (IPD) have on the ultimate discount, demand, and revenue? With data from consumers of a large durable goods retailer, in a natural decision-making environment, this study provides evidence that a greater IPD is associated with smaller negotiated discounts. Then, a lab experiment involving negotiation and purchase decisions for multiple products, with randomly assigned values of the IPD, establishes that a $1 increase in IPD lowers the negotiated discount by 5.7 cents. Furthermore, 55% of this decrease can be attributed to reduction in the participants' likelihood to initiate a negotiation. Under bargaining, almost one-third of the increase in revenue from a higher IPD stems from an increase in the negotiated price, which is unlike fixed pricing, in which setting an increase in IPD affects revenue only through changes in demand. Finally, the optimal advertised reference prices a seller would post under bargaining and fixed pricing are similar, but the benefit from posting this price is significantly higher under bargaining. These findings in turn have implications for researchers, retailers, consumers and policy makers.


One hundred and ninety four elderly subjects were studied, 133 of whom were living away from their families, in the only old people's home and in the only psychiatric hospital in Kuwait. They were compared to 61 consecutive elderly subjects atten ding a psychiatric out-patient clinic. Psychiatric, social and clinical characteristics of subjects admitted and those living with their families were analysed and related to recent socioeconomic changes and conditions prevailing in Kuwait. Higher admission rates were significantly related to female sex, the widowed and single status and Kuwaiti and Bedouin nationalities. Low income or housing problems, poor relationships to their families and/or relatives, absence of an interested family member, a small number of own children, referral by family members on account of disabilities, organic brain syndromes or chronic psychiatric disorder was also associated with higher admission rates. Sixty four percent of the residents of the old people's home had psychiatric illnesses in spite of the official policy of excluding the mentally ill from admission. Some of the above mentioned characteristics were similar to findings in other coun tries, but others e.g. the role of nationality and location of residence in admission to institutions were different. Planning social and medical services in Kuwait should take these findings into account.


Background. The MTT assay is widely recommended for examining the cytotoxic effect of xenobiotics, assessing proliferation rates, and analyzing cell activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the MTT assay in examining human lymphocyte viability in own cell culture systems which contained fluphenazine (FPh), a suspected cancer chemopreventive agent, and doxorubicin (DOX), an anticancer drug, in cell culture medium. Material and Methods. Cell culture viability was estimated with two tests: the MTT assay and the propidium iodide (PI) exclusion assay. These results were compared using the standard ANOVA procedure. Results. The propidium iodide exclusion−test, a microscopic assay of cell culture viability, revealed an increase in dead cell number in cultures treated with DOX and an absence of viable cell changes in cultures treated with FPh in the range of the tested concentrations. The results obtained with the MTT reduction assay in the cultures gave the opposite results; the assay did not mirror the real viable cell number in these cultures. Statistical analysis demonstrated that the results obtained with the two assays differed significantly. Conclusions. This study shows that the MTT assay is not a feasible tool for determining cell viability in cultures in which DOX and FPh are used and possible sources of the limitations of the MTT assay are discussed (Adv Clin Exp Med 2008, 17, 5, 525–529).


OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between nursing time use and perceptions of missed care. BACKGROUND: Recent literature has highlighted the problem of missed nursing care, but little is known about how nurses' time use patterns are associated with reports of missed care. METHODS: In 15 nursing units at 2 hospitals, we assessed registered nurse (RN) perceptions of missed care, observed time use by RNs, and examined the relationship between time spent and degree of missed care at the nursing unit level. RESULTS: Patterns of time use were similar across hospitals, with 25% of time spent on documentation. For 6 different categories of nursing tasks, no association was detected between time use, including time spent on documentation, and the degree of missed care at the nursing unit level. CONCLUSIONS: Nursing time use cannot fully explain variation in missed care across nursing units. Further work is needed to account for patterns of missed care.


Ocean resources are a priceless repository of unique species and bioactive compounds with denouement properties that can be used in the fabrication of advanced biomaterials as new templates for supporting the cell culture envisaging tissue engineering approaches. The collagen of marine origin can be sustainably isolated from the underrated fish processing industry by-products, while silica and related materials can be found in the spicules of marine sponges and diatoms frustules. Aiming to address the potential of biomaterials composed from marine collagen and silica-based materials in the context of bone regeneration, four different 3D porous structure formulations (COL, COL:BG, COL:D.E, and COL:BS) were fabricated by freeze-drying. The skins of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used as raw materials for the collagen (COL) isolation, which was successfully characterized by SDS-PAGE, FTIR, CD, and amino acid analyses, and identified as a type I collagen, produced with a 1.5% yield and a preserved characteristic triple helix conformation. Bioactive glass 45S5 bioglass® (BG), diatomaceous earth (D.E.) powder, and biosilica (BS) isolated from the Axinella infundibuliformis sponge were chosen as silica-based materials, which were obtained as microparticles and characterized by distinct morphological features. The biomaterials revealed microporous structures, showing a porosity higher than 85%, a mean pore size range of 138–315 μm depending on their composition, with 70% interconnectivity which can be favorable for cell migration and ensure the needed nutrient supply. In vitro, biological assays were conducted by culturing L929 fibroblast-like cells, which confirmed not only the non-toxic nature of the developed biomaterials but also their capability to support cell adhesion and proliferation, particularly the COL:BS biomaterials, as observed by calcein-AM staining upon seven days of culture. Moreover, phalloidin and DAPI staining revealed well-spread cells, populating the entire construct. This study established marine collagen/silica biocomposites as potential scaffolds for tissue engineering, setting the basis for future studies, particularly envisaging the regeneration of non-load-bearing bone tissues.


In this study we presented 4 rare postoperative complications at children after 202 cases of thoracoplasty concerning pectus excavatum deformity of the thorax in the period between 2002 and 2014. The operations were performed by the method proposed by D. Nuss. We revealed following complications: fracture of a body of sternum in the field of its joint with the handle in 1,5 months after operation; massive hemorrhage in a cavity of the fibrous capsule created around a metalwork in 2 years after performance of the thoracoplasty; incarceration of a portion of the latissimus dorsi muscle under "shoulder" of metal construction in 1,5 years after operation; violation of venous outflow at the level of a subclavian vein and a partial compression of a subclavial vein in the early postoperative period. We analyzed possible reasons, clinical symptoms, diagnostics, methods of treatment and offered methods of prevention of these complications.


Abstract 1949 Introduction: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is the most common long-term complication of allogeneic stem cell transplant (allo-SCT), affecting 30–70% of patients who survive beyond the first 100 days. While there is evidence to support a role for activated B cells, the exact cause of cGVHD remains unknown. Thus, we evaluated the influence of lymphocyte reconstitution at days 30 and 100 following allo-SCT on subsequent development of cGVHD. Methods: An extensive immune reconstitution flow cytometric "immunome" assay was developed at The Ohio State University, allowing for monitoring of changes in cell activation markers, memory T cell status, Treg subsets, NK cell subsets and Th1 vs Th2 cell subsets. To evaluate the effect of immune reconstitution on development of cGVHD, we have correlated samples collected at days 30 and 100 following allo-SCT with an IRB-approved, clinical database of patients who have received an SCT. Day 30 samples were collected on 70 patients, 66 patients had day 100 samples, and 40 patients had both. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the influence of both absolute numbers and percentage of lymphocyte subsets on the subsequent development of cGVHD. Because so few subsets were associated at both d30 and d100, we evaluated the influence of change over time using a Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: All patients received either a peripheral blood or bone marrow graft, and 62% had unrelated donors. The median age was 55, and the median time to development of cGVHD was 155 days (range 110–389). On univariate analysis for the d30 samples, increased odds of developing cGVHD were associated with increased absolute numbers of naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (p=0.05 and 0.02, respectively), as well as CD3-/CD56+16+/CD117- NK cells (p=0.05). These were not associated with cGVHD on univariate analysis for the d100 samples, but CD4+/CD193+ (p=0.018) and CD4+/CD183+ (p=0.015) were significantly associated at that time point. A higher percentage of activated NK cells (p=0.002) at d30, as well as a higher percentage of CD3+/CD69+cells (p=0.04), appears negatively associated with subsequent development of cGVHD. Higher percentages of both activated and naive CD4+ cells at d100 were associated with cGVHD (p=0.03–0.04). Additionally, higher percentages of CD4+/CD29+ (p=0.03), CD4+/CD193+ (p=0.016), and CD4+/CD183+ cells (p=0.04) were positively associated. A higher percentage of CD8+/CD27- (p=0.02), CD8+/CD29- (p=0.03), andCD27-/CDRO+ (p=0.045) cells appeared to have a negative association with cGVHD. Percent of CD4+/CD27+ cells was the only marker to have an association at both d30 and d100 (p=0.045 and 0.01 respectively). From d30 to d100, there were statistically significant larger decreases in the absolute number of CD8+/CD45RO- T cells (p Conclusion: Patients who developed cGVHD had a larger increase in CD4+ T cells and a smaller increase in CD8+ T cells compared with patients who did not develop cGVHD over time, suggesting a selective expansion of CD4+ T cells. Further, a significant decrease in NK cells and concomitant increase in percentages of activated B cells was noted. An increase in CD4+ cells is associated with an inflammatory phenotype, and a Th2-skewed proinflammatory response may contribute to B cell activation, which has previously been associated with cGVHD. The presence of a Th2-skewed phenotype is supported by the presence of increased CD4+/CD193+ cells among patients with cGVHD, as CCR3 is preferentially expressed on Th2 cells. While a Th2-skewed phenotype has been demonstrated in several mouse models of cGVHD, this has not been established in humans. Further analysis will be needed before conclusions can be reached, but routine use of the "immunome" and clinical correlation may allow for more insight into the pathogenesis of cGVHD in humans and contribute to identification of targets for therapeutic intervention. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


We define the "entropy of ignorance" which quantifies the entropy associated with ability to perform only a partial set of measurement on a quantum system. For a parton model the entropy of ignorance is equal to a Boltzmann entropy of a classical system of partons. We analyze a calculable model used for describing low x gluons in Color Glass Condensate approach, which has similarities with the parton model of QCD. In this model we calculate the entropy of ignorance in the particle number basis as well as the entanglement entropy of the observable degrees of freedom. We find that the two are similar at high momenta, but differ by a factor of order unity at low momenta. This holds for the Renyi as well as von Neumann entropies. We conclude that the entanglement does not seem to play an important role in the context of the parton model.


The important challenge of evaluating XPath queries over XML streams has sparked much interest in the past two years, A number of algorithms have been proposed, supporting wider fragments of the query language, and exhibiting better performance and memory utilization. Nevertheless, all the algorithms known to date use a prohibitively large amount of memory for certain types of queries. A natural question then is whether this memory bottleneck is inherent or just an artifact of the proposed algorithms.In this paper we initiate the first systematic and theoretical study of lower bounds on the amount of memory required to evaluate XPath queries over XML streams. We present a general lower bound technique, which given a query, specifies the minimum amount of memory that any algorithm evaluating the query on a stream would need to incur. The lower bounds are stated in terms of new graph-theoretic properties of queries. The proof is based on tools from communication complexity.We then exploit insights learned from the lower bounds to obtain a new algorithm for XPath evaluation on streams. The algorithm uses space close to the optimum. Our algorithm deviates from the standard paradigm of using automata or transducers, thereby avoiding the need to store large transition tables.


Abstract PURPOSE: to analyze the macroscopic and histological changes that occur with the use of sinvastatin in experimental endometriosis in female rats. METHODS: forty Wistar female rats were submitted to the technique of uterine self-transplant in mesenterium. After three weeks, 24 of them developed experimental endometriosis grade III, and were divided in two groups: one group received sinvastatin orally (20 mg/kg/day) and the other (control group) received 0.9% of sodium chloride orally (1 mL/100 g of body weight/day). Both groups received gavage for 14 days, followed by death. The implant volume was calculated [4π (lenght/2) x (width/2) x (height/2)/3] at the surgical intervention and after the animal's death. The self-transplants were removed, dyed with hematoxylin-eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. The Mann-Whitney's test was used in the independent samples and the Wilcoxon's test for the related samples. The Fisher's exact test was used for the histological evaluation, with a signifi cance level of 5%. RESULTS: the difference between groups of the initial average volumes of the self-transplants was not signifi cant (p=1.00), but became signifi cant for the fi nal average volumes (p=0.04). There was a signifi cant increase (p=0.01) between the initial and fi nal average volumes in the control group, and a no signifi cant decrease in the sinvastatin group (p=0.95). Histologically, the sinvastatin group (n=9) presented seven cases (77.8%) of moderately preserved and two cases (22.2%) of well preserved epithelial wall, while the control group (n=12) presented seven cases (58.3%) of moderately preserved and fi ve cases (41.7%) of well preserved epithelial wall. CONCLUSIONS: sinvastatin prevented the growth of experimental endometriosis. Studies with sinvastatin for longer periods are promising.


We report on the observation of superlinear electroluminescence (EL) in nanoheterostructures based on GaSb with a deep narrow Al(As)Sb/InAsSb/Al(As)Sb quantum well (QW) in the active region, grown by metal organic vapor phase epitaxy. Electroluminescence spectra for different driving currents were measured at temperatures of 77 and 300 K. It is shown that such structure exhibits superlinear dependence of optical power on the drive current and its increase of 2–3 times in the current range 50–200 mA. This occurs due to impact ionization in the Al(As)Sb/InAsSb quantum well in which a large band offset at the interface ΔEC = 1.27 eV exceeds ionization threshold energy for electrons in the narrow-gap well. Calculation of the size quantization energy levels is presented, and possible cases of impact ionization, depending on the band offset ΔEC at the interface and on the quantum well width, are considered. This effect can be used to increase quantum efficiency and optical power of light emitting devices (laser...


This article examines the portrayal of Chinese characters in Get Smart (1965–70). Get Smart was a 1960s American spy comedy based on the premise of good (Control) against evil (KAOS) set against the back drop of the Cold War. Many of the episodes in this comedy featured a Chinese character as the enemy. This article will examine the way the characterization and performance of the Chinese roles play out in Get Smart. It locates them within the long-standing but now highly dubious tradition of 'yellowface' casting in American vaudeville, theatre and cinema, as Caucasian actors almost always played the Chinese roles in Get Smart. More particularly it examines Get Smart and especially the episodes with Chinese characters as examples of adaptation. Doing so suggests that different and at times competing conceptions of Chinese archetypes have been brought onto the screen, from the oriental villainy of Sax Rohmer and Ian Fleming to the criminal detective genius of Earl Derr Biggers' Chan stories. These archetypes (and indeed stereotypes would be a better word in some instances), nonetheless permit the argument that Get Smart brings onto the screen a reasonably complex understanding of its Chinese characters and a critical view of the American characters.


ABSTRACT Lactococcus lactis is a lactic acid bacterium used in the production of many fermented foods, such as dairy products. Here, we report the genome sequence of L. lactis subsp. lactis TOMSC161, isolated from nonscalded curd pressed cheese. This genome sequence provides information in relation to dairy environment adaptation.


Using a modification of the Kharasch-Sosnovsky reaction, the oxidation of oxazolines and thiazolines bearing a variety of 2-alkyl substituents (chiral and achiral) were smoothly oxidized to their corresponding oxazoles and thiazoles, respectively. The key feature involved in the successful implementation of this important oxidation was the use of a mixture of Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts to enhance the oxidation of the intermediate captodative radical, 24. The main limitation of this method was shown when the oxidation failed with oxazolines/thiazolines lacking the carboalkoxy group at C-4.


In this Progress Report, we update covalent chemical strategies commonly used for the focused functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) surfaces. In recent years, SWNTs have been treated as legitimate nanoscale chemical reagents. Hence, herein we seek to understand, from a structural and mechanistic perspective, the breadth and types of controlled covalent reactions SWNTs can undergo in solution phase, not only at ends and defect sites but also along sidewalls. We explore advances in the formation of nanotube derivatives that essentially maintain and even enhance their performance metrics after precise chemical modification. We especially highlight molecular insights (and corresponding correlation with properties) into the binding of functional moieties onto carbon nanotube surfaces. Controllable chemical functionalization suggests that the unique optical, electronic, and mechanical properties of SWNTs can be much more readily tuned than ever before, with key implications for the generation of truly functional nanoscale working devices.


The Maastrichtian through Miocene series in the midplate San Jorge Basin contains rich and comprehensively studied vertebrate and invertebrate fossil assemblages. These strata reflect a depositional seuing featuring a shallow to deeper epicontinental shelf, framed by a paralic tract with shallow neritic to estuarine-lagoonal belts and a variably wide coastal plain dominated by low energy alluviation and aeolian processes. Gradual facies changes and evidences of stratigraphic condensation, both at the proximal subaerial and distal marine domains where paleosoil stacks and glauconitic concentrations have been found, reveal an accumulation regime controlled by mild depositional gradient and meager sediment supply. Observations near the Atlantic coast at Comodoro Rivadavia (46° S) and data from outcrops, oil wells, and seismic sections scattered across the patagonian hinterland, demonstrate massive late Cretaceous epicontinental flooding and episodic Danian through Eocene marine retreat, leading to the development of an aelian-fed (Loessic) coastal plain superimposed on Mesozoic basins and arches that separate them. Deposition resumed after a widespread late Eocene-early Oligocene gap, following a pattern that altemated phases of shelfal flooding and coastal aggradation, with periods of shelfal emersion and degradational incision of the coastal plain. By middle and late Miocene the region was finally dominated by easterly directed progradation, possibly after roughly linear coastal accretion of the chenier-plain type. Sequence analysis ofthe 850-450 m thick Maastrichtian-Miocene coastal wedge dernonstrates the presence of, at least, thirteen unconfonnity bound stratal packages with basin-wide persistence. Sequence boundaries occur as complex surfaces irregularly shaped after subaerial incision, coastal abrasion, and marine scouring. The coastal plain members of most of the sequences contain characteristic fossil mammal assemblages (distinct Land Mammal Ages). The present sequence stratigraphic examination supports previous work pointing out that faunal changes take place mostly at stratigraphic breaks, that we now attribute to base level fluctuations. Considering the chronology of these stratal discontinuities and region allocation at the back of a mature passive margin dominated by mild and steady subsidence, we suggest that the discontinuities in the Central Patagonian mammal succesion developed in phase with accomodation changes linked to global eustatism.


This study examines how anticipated triggers for moving and individual, household and regional characteristics hamper or stimulate actual moving behaviour of people who intend to move. It uses a longitudinal dataset from the Netherlands, in which survey data from the Housing Demand Survey 2002 are combined with register data from the Social Statistical Database. The study finds that people with a strong intention to move are almost four times as likely to move as people with a less strong intention to move. Homeowners are more likely to realise a strong intention to move than renters who want to move within the rental sector of the housing market. The probability of actually moving is particularly great for those wishing to move from owner-occupied to rented housing and those with more resources, whereas it is small for people whose search location is in the Randstad.


Progesterone receptor (PgR) is known to be a significant indicator of hormone dependency of a breast tumor and also an important prognostic factor for recurrence and survival. Relatively low specific activity of tritium-labeled ligands makes it difficult to detect the presence of PgR in very small specimens and in specimens with low PgR content. We therefore undertook the synthesis of a radioiodinated progestin. We have synthesized unlabeled 17 alpha-(omega-haloalk-1'-ynyl)-19-nortestosterones with 4, 6, and 8 carbon side chains; these have high affinity for PgR and clear potential for conversion to a 125I form. Since the six-carbon side chain analogue had the highest relative PgR affinity (38% of the affinity of R5020, using PgR from T47D human breast cancer cells), it was selected for preparation of the 125I form by radiohalogen exchange of a omega-bromoalkynyl precursor with carrier-free Na125I. This new ligand was found by Scatchard analysis to have a Kd of 0.47 nM, as compared with [3H]R5020 at 0.22 nM and [3H]progesterone at 2.0 nM. (For affinity studies, all ligands were diluted in dimethylformamide and added to PgR-containing T47D cytosol to give a final DMF concentration of 4%, in order to prevent R5020 and the test compounds from binding nonspecifically to proteins and glass/plasticware.) The new 125I-ligand showed very little instability when stored in ethanol at approximately 10 degrees C even for several months. Thus, 17 alpha-(6'-[125I]iodohex-1'-ynyl)-19-nortestosterone should prove to be a useful ligand for high sensitivity PgR assays.


Background of the study: Health care professionals are professionals who can be at the forefront of being able to promote physical activity so that immunity is maintained. Purpose: For this reason, it is necessary to know how the perceptions and attitudes of health care professionals towards the behavior of promoting physical activity. Methods: This study used a quantitative approach with cross sectional analytic design. The study population was doctors, nurses, and physiotherapists in seven developing provinces in Indonesia, with a sample size of 400. Data collection used primary data with an online questionnaire containing statements with Likert scale answers that had been tested for feasibility. Chi square test will be used in testing the hypothesis of the study. Results: There is a relationship between perceptions of the promoting behavior of physical activity of Health care professionals in Indonesia (p value= 0.01) and good perceptions will support promoting behavior 2.4 times better than those with less perceptions (OR = 2.397). There was no significant relationship between attitudes and physical activity promoting behavior among Health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: Good perceptions will support 2.4 times the occurrence of physical activity promoting behavior among Health care professionals.


This issue of the University of Birmingham Historical Journal contains the text of seven public lectures which were delivered in Birmingham in the autumn of 1966 during the celebrations to mark the bicentenary of the founding of the Lunar Society. Since the lectures were given at intervals over a period of six weeks and not at a specialist conference, they were heard by comparatively few historians of science, so that their publication in this handsome form, together with some excellent plates, is all the more to be welcomed. It is no criticism of the lectures or of the distinguished scholars who gave them to state that this volume throws little new light on the Society which it honours. This is manifestly not its purpose. Although certain contributions, notably that of Eric Robinson on the origins and life span of the Society, do contain new and valuable material, most of the lectures are based, quite properly, on sources which are already familiar and they convey a view of the Lunar Society which raises few, if any, really novel issues for the historian. Yet the lectures are lively, informative and, for the most part, well documented. Indeed, their only major defect is a certain unevenness in their coverage of both individuals and themes. Some unevenness, of course, is almost inevitable when the subjects discussed range so widely as to include the Society's contributions to education, its place in the development of Birmingham and William Withering's use of digitalis for medicinal purposes, as well as the more obvious Lunar chemistry (admirably treated by W. A. Smeaton), but it seems strange, nevertheless, that a "Lunatic" of the stature and significance of Matthew Boulton, for example, should be dealt with only by way of passing references. In conclusion, it must be regretted that this important bicentenary has been allowed to pass without some more thorough re-examination of the Lunar Society than was possible in these lectures. Historians of science and social and economic historians alike would have benefited greatly from such an exercise, for, despite the excellent work of Professor Schofield (whose lecture on "The Lunar Society and the Industrial Revolution" concludes this volume), the last word on the Society has most certainly not been said. This comment, however, in no way detracts from the merits of the work under review, the modest objectives of which are admirably fulfilled.


OBJECTIVE
The evaluation of mammographies carried out by conventional technique (standard imaging and focal imaging with 1.9x magnification) should be compared with a direct magnification image (standard imaging with 1.7x magnification, focal imaging with 4x magnification and preparation imaging with 7x magnification) provided by the mammographic device DIMA Plus M11 of the company feinfocus Medizintechnik.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Out of over 1,000 mammographies (DIMA technique) 50 histologically proved cases were selected for evaluation. Within a three months period these cases underwent conventional standard mammography as well as 1.9x magnification and DIMA-mammographies. The second X-ray was carried out when it was necessary for a pre-operative marking.

RESULTS
When mammographies of mammaries, which were radiologically transparent and easily compressible, where taken by DIMA-technique, they showed a distinct advantage, especially in unclear micro-calcification cases, in comparison to the mammographies carried out by the conventional standard imaging.

CONCLUSIONS
Direct magnification images carried out by DIMA Plus M11 provide a better breast cancer diagnostic. This refers in particular to focal images with 4x magnification and to digital mammography, which is yet being developed.


Coronavirus disease is a global pandemic which has emerged from china. It usually presents with respiratory symptoms, like flu and fever but it can also have many atypical presentations. Here we present a case of 27-years old girl who was diagnosed as having COVID-19 disease and was having mild disease which was advised a treatment. She again reported back to hospital after two weeks of diagnosis with severe shortness of breath and was diagnosed as having pulmonary embolism.


This study examines three distance education organisations in Jamaica in order to understand their role as contributors to Jamaica's development.

The three distance education organisations are:

1. The Ministry of Education Teacher Education Programme.
2. The University of the West Indies Distance Teaching Experiment. (UWIDITE)
3. The Jamaican Movement for the Advancement of Literacy. (JAMAL)

Jamaica's most recent Development Plan is also examined for an understanding of how distance education is linked into that plan. The study is concerned with the contribution that distance education can make towards Jamaica's development, the problems that inhibit development and the conditions that assist development. It is therefore concerned with the political and economic structures in Jamaica and how these affect the function of distance education in development strategies.

A qualitative approach, using the case study method is adopted, for this study, which enables the work of the institutions to be analysed in conjunction with attitudes of individuals who are involved in distance education in various capacities, for example as teachers, administrators, politicians, aid negotiators, volunteers and close observers. A qualitative analysis also helped in the understanding of the structure and functions of the organisations studied.

Because benefits can accrue to a society in terms of growth in its Gross National Product, without such benefits reaching the whole population, the political nature of Jamaica was examined particularly in terms of the ideology of the main political parties in order to determine the difference, if any, between them. How the ideology was acquired or developed is also important.

The study also examined the cultural and economic context in which attempts are being made to develop the society. This includes the internal relationships within the country and its external relationships with countries that give bilateral aid and organisations that 'assist' with multilateral aid.

The study concludes that Jamaica is at a serious disadvantage in its attempt to implement 'development' policies because it is not properly in charge of its own destiny. The countrys currency is subject to sudden devaluations which can increase the cost of development without the possibility of being able to plan for the increases in costs. Ways of overcoming these difficulties may be found in less political opportunism, improved inter-departmental co-operation in determining development priorities and a unified political approach to multi-lateral and bi-lateral aid agencies by the main political parties. There may be implications for other developing countries whose currencies continue to decline in relation to Western currencies.


New directives and increasing competition push automakers to get better performances (engine power increase), along with mass and size reduction (consumption). These evolutions lead to an increase of the thermal solicitations undergone by the automotive clutches whereas their weight must be decreased, as it is one of the main influent factors on CO2 emissions. Previous studies only focused on the air flow created by the clutches, but none of them have shown the impact of the clutch housing on the cooling of the clutch parts. In order to determine the influence of the clutch housing on the thermal behavior of automotive clutch systems, a numerical study has been performed on a simplified model of a clutch system. A parametric variation has been performed on the clutch housing size in order to evaluate its impact on the flow and the thermal behavior of clutches. The results show that clutch housing has a significant impact on the air flow and the thermal behavior of clutches. Thermal tests on real clutches with and without clutch housing have confirmed these results.


Self-powered and flexible ultrabroadband photodetectors (PDs) are desirable in a wide range of applications. The current PDs based on the photothermoelectric (PTE) effect have realized broadband photodetection. However, most of them express low photoresponse and lack of flexibility. In this work, high-performance, self-powered, and flexible PTE PDs based on laser-scribed reduced graphene oxide (LSG)/CsPbBr3 are developed. The comparison experiment with LSG PD and fundamental electric properties show that the LSG/CsPbBr3 device exhibits enhanced ultrabroadband photodetection performance covering ultraviolet to terahertz range with high photoresponsivity of 100 mA/W for 405 nm and 10 mA/W for 118 μm at zero bias voltage, respectively. A response time of 18 ms and flexible experiment are also acquired at room temperature. Moreover, the PTE effect is fully discussed in the LSG/CsPbBr3 device. This work demonstrates that LSG/CsPbBr3 is a promising candidate for the construction of high-performance, flexible, and self-powered ultrabroadband PDs at room temperature.


Learning technologies employed both inside and outside the classroom are increasingly influencing the nature of teaching and learning. Web-based learning technologies are enabling powerful possibilities for learning activities outside the classroom, both in preparation for in-class activities and in following them up. Of particular importance among these possibilities is the opportunity to address learners as individuals, assessing their strengths and weaknesses and adapting learning activities in response. Over the past few years we have been developing and maturing learning technologies that target these aims in the context of the National Science Foundation's VaNTH (Vanderbilt University; Northwestern University; University of Texas at Austin; and Health, Science and Technology at Harvard/MIT) Engineering Research Center (ERC). In this article we describe these technologies and discuss their roles in bioengineering education. In pursuing adaptive learning technologies for VaNTH, our primary motivation has been to make the means for authoring such activities accessible to bioengineering educators while providing enough expressive power to enable ambitious applications and the ability to incrementally acquire the needed skills. To address this aim we have created an authoring technology called the courseware authoring and packaging environment (CAPE).


This essay reviews and challenges Susan Sontag's use and abuse of Georges Bataille in her last book, Regarding the Pain of Others. Sontag takes up Bataille's understanding of and fascination with a group of Chinese torture (or lingchi) photographs from the beginning of the twentieth century. Her somber reading glosses over Bataille's "anguished gaiety" in the face of these images and his post-Nietzschean tendency to laugh in the face of the impossible. Sontag overlooks Bataille's atheological and iconoclastic approach to these images steeped in transgression and non-knowledge in an attempt to frame his thinking as somehow full of religious meaning and allied to the Christian transmutation of suffering into sacrifice. Bound to a restricted (or Hegeilian) economy that remains servile to knowledge, Sontag's encounter with these images misses the opportunity to acknowledge the sovereign (and comic) operation as "absolute rending" inscribed in an excessive economy without reserve. Unlike Sontag in Regarding, Bataille looks to these deathly images in terms of an ethics of the impossible and risks bringing together non-knowledge, laughter, and tears. The essay concludes with a look at the limits of Sontag's analysis of Jeff Wall's Dead Troops Talk to underscore the profound practical joke that non-knowledge plays on those who would seek to turn death into a pedagogical exercise. The essay also suggests the relevance of Jean-Luc Nancy's thinking about such images (and photography in general) beyond the logic of representation and in terms of exposure (or of being posed in exteriority).


We report a possible two dimensional spin switch based on an even-chain zigzag silicene nanoribbon (ZSR) ferromagnetic junction with two perpendicular staggered electric fields. By calculating the transverse conductance of the device, we find that the metal-insulator phase transition could always occur in the system regardless of two staggered electric fields are symmetric or antisymmetric along the y -axis of the ribbon, which can act as an electrical tunable spin valve to filter and detect one species of spin state. When two symmetric staggered electric fields are applied, both spin up and spin down electrons are prohibited to transport in the same energy region due to the energy gap opened by the homogeneous staggered potentials, which is independent of whether two electric fields are fully or partially distributed. When two staggered electric fields are anti-symmetrically put on the ZSR junction, it has the same energy band symmetry(pseudo-parity) as the pristine ZSR without applying the electric field, the energy band selection rule appears and can be used to generate, separate and detect 100% polarized spin currents combined with the staggered potential. Our findings may provide a possible way to design an electrical controllable spin switch in two dimensional graphene-like materials.


Color filters in different surroundings inherently suffer from angular sensitiveness, which hinder their practical applications. Here, we present an angle-insensitive plasmonic filter that can produce different color responses to different surrounding environments. The color filters are based on two-dimensional periodically and randomly distributed silver nanodisk array on a silica substrate. The proposed plasmonic color filters not only produce bright colors by altering the diameter of the Ag nanodisk, but also achieve the continuous color palettes by changing the surrounding environment. Due to the weak coupling between the metallic nanodisks, the plasmonic color filters can enables good incident angle-insensitive properties (up to 30°). The strategy presented here could exhibit robust and promising applicability in anti-counterfeiting and imaging technologies.


Electronic devices are widely used in the content delivery and one of the most common practice is showing the slide using computer projection. However, it may not be the most effective way of course content delivery, in comparison to writing on board in real time. An action research is carried out to investigate the preference of showing slide versus writing on board. The survey results show that most student prefer writing on board teaching style as it is as easier to follow, less revision time is required after the lesson and etc. The implementation of writing on board in online learning is also presented. The online learning in this work does not require dedicated setup and the cost is kept to a minimum.


This paper reports an extensive assessment of widely used evaluated atomic data libraries released in ENDF/B-VIII.0 and in EPICS2017 in early 2018. The new versions are intended to replace the data libraries currently used by major Monte Carlo particle transport codes to model electron and photon interactions with matter, which date back to the 1990s. The evaluation is performed from a user perspective and concerns various characteristics of the data, including their intrinsic consistency, the differences across their various formats and distribution sources, and the effects on computational performance associated with their use. The results of the tests demonstrate the impact of using the new data libraries in a Monte Carlo simulation environment and highlight some opportunities for improvement in future versions.


Molecular dynamics simulations using the Brenner potential have been performed to investigate reaction mechanisms of various hydrocarbon radicals with low kinetic energies on amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C:H) surfaces and to simulate thin a-C:H film growth. Experimental data from an expanding thermal plasma setup were used as input for the simulations. The hydrocarbon reaction mechanisms were studied both during growth of the films and on a set of surface sites specific for a-C:H surfaces. Thin film growth was studied using experimentally detected growth species. It is found that the reaction mechanisms and sticking coefficients are dependent on the specific surface sites, and the structural properties of the growth radicals. Furthermore, it is found that thin a-C:H films can be densified using an additional H-flux towards the substrate.


Students attending college undergo a significant transition in their lifetime. This is due to the fact that most of them are away from home for the first time in their life without parental guidance. Further, there are a lot of demands in terms of academics, adaptation to the college environment, school fees as well as relationship demands. In college, opportunities to experiment in drugs and alcohol as well as irresponsible sexual behaviors present themselves. This compounds problems with students' moods thus increasing the risk of suicide. In Kenya suicide or attempted hitherto is a criminal offence. Despite such measures by the government, the rise in suicide cases especially among the youth is a cause for concern. The knowledge concerning suicide is thus very limited and there is need look into the causes and possible solutions. This paper reviews the causes of suicide in Kenyan universities. Specifically, the paper discusses suicide and how it has increased among students in Kenyan Universities. Further, the main body discusses the causes of suicide before a detailed look into the possible preventive strategies. Secondary sources of information done by scholars and researchers were utilized in the review on the topic of suicide and preventive measures in Kenyan universities. Conclusively, the paper highlights the factors leading to suicide which were identified as depression, academic pressure, trauma, alcohol and substance abuse, financial hardships, loneliness conflict and illness. Further, these factors have been noted to contribute to the psychological wellbeing of youth and eventually lead to suicidal tendencies. The paper therefore recommends that universities should develop suicide based suicide prevention programmes, student counseling and student health care services as preventive measures. Additionally, the incorporation of guidance and counselling into the chaplaincy of the university is critical in addressing how suicide rates can be reduced among the youth in these institutions.


This paper presents results on machine and process development for laser welding of surface mounted devices (SMD) on thermal resistant polymer based molded interconnect devices (MID) with copper layers of 35 μm and 70 μm thickness. Characteristics, advantages and problems of this technology are shown and possibilities to achieve reproducible results are discussed. The investigations are carried out with pulsed Nd:YAG-lasers with a maximum average power of 300 W. Additionally, a process control concept evaluating the reflected process radiation is discussed.


ABSTRACT Focusing on the transnational circulation of ideas about suffrage and education, this article explores the work of suffragist Muriel Matters (1877–1969), and teacher educator Lillian de Lissa (1885–1967). It begins with Matters' and de Lissa's childhoods and education in post-suffrage Australia, and their initial work as an actress and kindergarten teacher respectively. The second section focuses on the development of their politics when Matters migrated to England in 1905 and joined the Women's Freedom League, and de Lissa became the foundation principal of the Adelaide Kindergarten Training College in 1907. The third section discusses their engagement with Maria Montessori's educational approach, which Matters incorporated into her socialist feminist activism during the First World War, and which led to de Lissa's recruitment to England as a liberal feminist teacher educator in 1917. The final section highlights their advocacy for Montessori education in the United Kingdom during the interwar years.


The present invention relates to Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) based optical communications, and more particularly to an Fabry-Perot (FP) laser apparatus mode-locked to a multi-frequency lasing light source and an optical transmission apparatus using the same. An FP laser apparatus mode-locked to a multi-frequency lasing light source, comprises an optical amplifier that amplifies inputted optical signals, a laser light source that wavelength division demultiplexes part of the inputted optical signals, multiplexes the demultiplexed optical signals, re-transmits the multiplexed optical signals, wavelength division demultiplexes the remaining part of the amplified optical signals, and outputs signals mode-locked to the demultiplexed signals, and a first circulator that inputs the remaining part of the amplified optical signals into the laser light source, and outputs, to an optical transmission link, optical signals mode-locked to the multi-frequency lasing light source outputted from the laser light source.


UNLABELLED
A stochastic model describing the probability of cell survival as a function of thermal exposure was developed and fit to data arising from studies of CHO cell survival under hyperthermic conditions. This model characterizes the separate risks of temperature-induced cell death and induction of thermotolerance during heating. Tumour cells are assumed to be affected independently of each other by hyperthermia. Tumour geometry, perfusion and power deposition affect hyperthermia-induced temperature distributions in tumours, producing nonuniform temperatures. Two tumours may respond to hyperthermia slightly differently because of differences in tumour geometry, perfusion, power deposition, or by chance alone and the approach presented here incorporates chance and these other factors explicitly.

THE RESULTS
(1) the time-temperature history is important for estimating tumour cell survival; (2) tumour temperature heterogeneity leaves more surviving cells at a given T90 temperature than would be expected if the entire tumour were uniformly heated to that same temperature; and (3) changes in the shape of the temperature distribution because of tumour geometry and perfusion distribution greatly influence cell survival between tumours, even when the standard temperature descriptors, such as T90, are fixed. The simulations also showed a modest effect on cell kill attributable to varying the lengths of the warm-up and the cool-down periods. These simulations indicate that these types of sensitivity studies can be used to investigate relationships between various modifiers of temperature distributions achieved when treating tumours with hyperthermia and to assess their potential therapeutic impact in clinical trials.


Synchronous cancers are defined as two or more primary cancers diagnosed in the same patient at the same time or within 6 months of diagnosis of each other. The diagnosis of multiple primary malignancies is not uncommon. A 70-year-old male reported to our hospital with chief complaints of change in voice and difficulty in swallowing solid food for 2 months accompanied anorexia since 20 days. The patient revealed occasional consumption of alcohol for 3 years and bidi smoking for 50 years (10 bidis per day). The patient was conscious, cooperative, and well oriented to time, place and person with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group of 0. On physical examination, the oral cavity and oropharynx were unremarkable. Direct laryngoscopy revealed ulceroproliferative growth in right-sided vallecula, right-sided aryepiglottic fold, right side arytenoid and pyriform sinus, and right vocal cord. Biopsy from this growth turned out to be poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Computed tomography (CT) scan of the neck and thorax revealed 1.5 cm × 2.6 cm heterogeneously contrast enhancing lesion involving right aryepiglottic fold, pyriform fossa, posterior hypopharyngeal wall, and posterior aspect of both false vocal cords. Few subcentimeter lymph nodes were noted in right side Level II. The CT scan also showed some mass lesion abnormality in the upper section of liver images which could not be properly made out. Hence, triple-phase CT scan of the liver was done which to a great surprise showed 7.7 cm × 6.5 cm × 5.5 cm lesion in segment V and VIII, it showed enhancement on arterial phase, became prominent on portovenous phase and a delayed phase washout. Similar lesion measuring 4.4 cm × 4.1 cm was seen in segment VIII of liver; which was diagnosed radiologically as a multicentric hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum alpha fetoprotein was markedly elevated to a value of 28,600 ng/mL. A multidisciplinary tumor board discussion was done, and an intense literature review was done, and a decision was taken keeping in mind the overall performance score of the patient to commence with a high palliative radiotherapy for laryngeal cancer to a dose of 45 Gray in 15 fractions at a dose of 3 Gray per fraction and tablet tamoxifen at a dose of 60 mg/day till the end of radiation followed by switching over to tablet sorafenib. The patient ultimately developed uremia due to liver failure and died. The patient survived for a period of 3 months from the time of diagnosis of malignancy. Such cases need a meticulous approach for the diagnosis as well as treatment approaches. Keeping in mind the general condition of the patient and available therapeutic options, a patient-based specific approach could be developed.


The coastal seawater of Mediterranean of Alexandria receives large amount of discharged waters containing industrial wastes, sewage, and agricultural and domestic drainage. Fluoride and some parameters were (chemical and physical) determined. The data gave indication that the content and the amount of the discharged water largely affect the chemical composition of the coastal water. Stepwise regression analysis was highly significant and the model was very fruitful, where the observed and calculated values were mostly concordant. This may indicated that there was a relation between fluoride content in coastal seawater and its content in the discharged water.


Abstract. Farms are not homogeneous. Smaller farms generally have different planted
crops, yields, agricultural inputs, and irrigation applications compared to
larger farms. However, gridded farm-size-specific data that are moreover
crop specific, are currently lacking. This obscures our understanding of
differences between small-scale and large-scale farms, e.g., with respect to
climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies, contribution to (local)
food security, and water consumption patterns. This study fills a
significant part of the current data gap, by developing high-resolution
gridded, simultaneously farm-size-specific and crop-specific datasets of harvested
areas for 56 countries (i.e., covering about half the global cropland).
Hereto, we downscaled the most complete global direct measurements of farm
size and crop type by compiling state of the art datasets, including crop
maps, cropland extent maps, and dominant field size distribution,
representative for the year 2010. Using two different crop map sources, we
were able to produce two new 5 arcmin gridded datasets on simultaneously
derived farm-size-specific and crop-specific harvested areas: one for 11 farm sizes,
27 crops, and 2 farming systems, and one for 11 farm sizes, 42 crops, and 4
farming systems. In line with previous findings, our resulting datasets show
major differences in planted crops and irrigated area (%) between farm
sizes. Consistency between our resulting datasets and (i) observations from
satellite images on farm-size-specific oil palm, (ii) household surveys on
the farm-size-specific irrigated area (%), and (iii) previous studies that
mapped noncrop-specific farm sizes and support the validity of our datasets.
Although at grid level some uncertainties remain to be overcome,
particularly those stemming from uncertainties in crop maps, results at
country level seem robust. Source data, code, and resulting datasets are
open access and freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6976249
(Su et al., 2022).


Error in Figure Label and Caption: In the article titled "Treatment of Scarring Alopecia in Discoid Variant of Chronic Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus With Tacrolimus Lotion, 0.3%," published online June 3, 2015, in JAMA Dermatology,1 errors occurred in the Figure. The label for part B, which read "After 2 mo of treatment with topical tacrolimus lotion, 0.3%" should be replaced with the following: "After 6 mo of treatment with topical tacrolimus lotion, 0.3%," and a portion of the figure caption, which read "B, After 2 months of tacrolimus therapy as an adjunct to chloroquine phosphate, the scalp shows a reduction in erythema and scale and increased hair regrowth." should be replaced with the following: "B, After 6 months of tacrolimus therapy as an adjunct to chloroquine phosphate, the scalp shows a reduction in erythema and scale and increased hair regrowth." This article was corrected online.


Non-technical summary The 'last mile' is a transportation planning term that describes the movement of people and goods from a transportation hub to a final destination; a local place such as a home or a shop. This is the final step of the logistics process that unites the product with its new owner. We present and explain challenges of science-guided adaptation at the local level, and how this is an equivalent 'last mile' challenge for climate adaptation. Technical summary The 'last mile' issue, a term used in transportation planning, describes the movement of people and goods from a transportation hub to a final destination, a local place such as a home or a shop. This is the critical final step of the logistics process that unites the product with its new owner, and the point of the value chain. This analogy aptly describes the last steps between presenting scientific evidence of climate change to decision-makers for use in local adaptation and planning. Climate change data (observational and model simulation data e.g. climate change projections and predictions) remain under-utilised, especially by local institutions and actors for which adaptation is a priority. The assumptions and assertions of the classical data–information–knowledge–wisdom are challenged, and a derivative form of the information hierarchy is proposed. Elements of the classical information hierarchy are offset by four balancing elements of access (to data); usability (of information); governance (of knowledge) and politics (of wisdom). These balancing elements and their relatedness coincide with newer models of innovation relating to the interaction between different stakeholders across the different levels of governance, the inclusion of stakeholder expectations, transparency and accountability. Social media summary Climate data to wise decision-making in the 'last mile': a novel perspective on science-guided local adaptation.


We developed a rapid and efficient method for generating laser outputs with arbitrary shaped distributions and properties that are needed for a variety of applications. It is based on simultaneously controlling the intensity, phase, and coherence distributions of the laser. The method involves a digital degenerate cavity laser in which a phase-only spatial light modulator and spatial filters are incorporated. As a result, a variety of unique and high-resolution arbitrary shaped laser beams were generated with either a low or a high spatial coherence and with a minimal change in the laser output power. By controlling the phase, intensity, and coherence distributions, a shaped laser beam was efficiently reshaped into a completely different shape after free space propagation. The generation of such laser beams could lead to new and interesting applications.


To mitigate the spread of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a plethora of technology-based contact tracing (CT) applications have been proposed, designed, and deployed by private and government entities in various countries globally in order to return society to some semblance of normalcy. Although most of the modifications done on the underlining protocols mostly focus on the privacy and ethical concerns of these solutions, pragmatic applications within developing countries are not considered, as applications in most cases are considered to be ubiquitous. This disparity leads to a design-reality gap as the involved entities fail to pay attention to the local conditions in which these systems could be deployed. In this work, an in-depth analysis of state-of-the-art technology-based CT protocols is discussed while considering the compatibility of these designs with the reality of lopsided levels of digital divides and other structural inequalities in developing countries. In addition, a number of existing solutions implemented in developing countries are delineated. Furthermore, pragmatic applications that consider social and technological infrastructures to bridge the gaps in these infrastructures are discussed as well as possible recommendations that could be implemented to effectively mitigate the spread of pandemic outbreaks in developing countries.


Background : Indonesia Healthy Family Approach (PIS PK) is done by visiting the family, with the target
and the target is a PK PIS family. Indonesia has a health problem that is in the public spotlight in 2018,
namely the high number of cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Based on 2016 WHO Global Tuberculosis
Report, Indonesia ranks second with the highest TB burden in the world. This includes many cases that
have not been detected and have not been treated and have not been reported. In the family structure and
cultural dimensions based on decision making known as Patriakal and Matriakal. By knowing the pattern of
household decision making, it can also be seen whether there is dominance in a household.
The Research Objective : Knowing overview and analyze the application of PIS PK (Healthy Indonesia
Program) model of decision making patriarchal and matriarchal families on treatment compliance in family
members who suffer from pulmonary tuberculosis in Puskesmas Remu Sorong.
Research design : Quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research method is case control design
The qualitative research method is phenemoenology . The population in this study is the manager of the PK
PIS program and all family members who suffer from TB in the work area of the Remu Puskesmas in Sorong
City. The sample in this study amounted to 32 respondents.
Results : They have been done and they have the document but not maximum home visits, and patients
taking the medicine lazy. Test using the Old Ratio (OR) with an estimate of 8.333 means that the application
of PIS PK in accordance with the guidelines on matriarchal decision making is 8 times the risk of being
folded from patriarchal decision making. The implementation of PIS PK in accordance with the guidelines
for medication compliance 10 times the risk of compliance with treatment compliance .
Conclusion : Application of PIS PK has documents, but not optimal, PIS Application of PK with decision
model testing friendly old ratio of 8 times the risk in decision-making, and PK of the compliance application
PIS treatment 10-fold risk of adherent treatment. Suggestions for community health centers as a result of
data collection to the community to discuss further interventions and empower the community.


When the bulking promoter is added to pulp slurries at the wet end, the additive behaves like surface-active agent and partially prevents the formation of interfiber bonds in the handsheet. Therefore, an increase in paper thickness at the same basis weight could be performed. The tensile strength of the handsheets varied in proportion to the reduction of sheet density. Furthermore, considerable decreases in sheet density were observed for the acidic handsheets, compared with neutralized handsheets. The Page equation (1/T=1/F+1/B) was used to evaluate the strength contributions of single fiber and interfiber bond to tensile strength of handsheet. As a result, decreases in interfiber strength and only slight changes in zero-span tensile strength were obtained for both acidic and neutralized handsheets with addition of the bulking promoter. It was confirmed that the decrease in tensile strength of handsheet was dependent on the decrease in interfiber bond strength. Pore structures of the handsheets were characterized by mercury porosimetry. Addition of the bulking promoters caused increases in total pore volumes. Furthermore the major peak of control handsheet in the pore diameter 4 to 6μm region was broadened by addition of the bulking promoters. The light scattering coefficient of the handsheet reasonably increased because of its high porosity. Improvement of sheet thickness was confirmed by the SEM observation. The addition of the bulking promoters is capable of affecting not only in the interfibers but also in the pore structure of fiber wall.


Freshly harvested mushrooms were found to induce a near-anaerobic environment (<2% O2) in unventilated, PVC-overwrapped packages within 2 to 6 h when incubated at 20 to 30°C. Mushrooms were inoculated with an enterotoxigenic strain of Staphylococcus aureus and incubated in overwrapped trays at different temperatures. S. aureus grew and produced staphylococcal enterotoxin (SE) in unventilated PVC-overwrapped mushroom packages when inoculated at levels of 103, 104, and 105 CFU/g of mushroom after 4 days of incubation at 30°C. Growth of S. aureus was observed at all levels of inoculation at 25°C, but no SE was detected after 7 days of incubation. When mushroom packages were ventilated, S. aureus growth was suppressed and no SE was detected after 7 days at 25°C and 4 days at 30°C. However, S. aureus growth in ventilated packs exceeded growth in unventilated packages when the incubation temperature was increased to 35°C; SE was detected within 18 h of incubation at this temperature, even in mushrooms inoculated at a low level (102 CFU/g). These results show the extreme importance of proper sanitation and worker hygiene during mushroom harvesting and packaging, ventilation of fresh mushroom packages, and proper storage temperatures for fresh mushrooms at all points of the food chain.


To assess the future requirements for long-stay psychiatric beds, every consultant psychiatrist in Glasgow was asked to consider whether long-stay patients in his or her wards would be fit for rehabilitation and return to the community. For the purposes of the survey, long stay was defined as a single admission of at least six months, but patients with an organic diagnosis who were aged over 65 were excluded. It was estimated that, with rehabilitation, almost a third of the patients surveyed could return to the community, and that, with more participation in self-care, over 15% might be able to manage in a ward or hostel within the hospital. Patients judged fit to return to the community were preponderantly younger patients with a shorter period of inpatient care, and those suffering from a functional psychotic illness.


Establishing a reliable communication infrastructure at an emergency site is a crucial task for mission-critical and real-time public safety communications (PSC). To this end, use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has recently received extensive interest for PSC to establish reliable connectivity in a heterogeneous network (HetNet) environment. These UAVs can be deployed as unmanned aerial base stations (UABSs) as part of the HetNet infrastructure. In this article, we explore the role of agile UABSs in LTE-Advanced HetNets by applying 3GPP Release-11 further-enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (Fe-ICIC) and cell range expansion (CRE) techniques. Through simulations, we compare the system-wide 5th percentile spectral efficiency (SE) when UABSs are deployed in a hexagonal grid and when their locations are optimized using a genetic algorithm, while also jointly optimizing the CRE and the FeICIC parameters. Our simulation results show that at optimized UABS locations, the 3GPP Release-11 FeICIC with reduced power subframes can provide considerably better 5th percentile SE than the 3GPP Release-10 with almost blank subframes.