Social entrepreneurship drives social innovations and works toward goals which enhance the capabilities and capacities of the communities through building sustainable organizations. This paper explains, through the analysis of theories from the literature, the meaning of Social Entrepreneurship and then highlights its characteristics and success factors. The paper subsequently demonstrates these theoretical variables in a real world setting, specifically with the case study of the organization, "Can You", built by a physically challenged individual, Mr. Zheng Weining, for a small disabled community in Shen Zhen, People's Republic of China. It shows the reflection of the theory of Social Entrepreneurship, its characteristics and the success factors in a real situation. A critical analysis of the theories of Social Entrepreneurship was carried out and then the history, logic, success factors and characteristics of the organization, "Can You" in Shenzhen, China, were highlighted. The case study was developed by reading the reports and publications of "Can You" and a field visit to "Can You" and the case writers took in-depth interviews of the entrepreneurial founder and some of the staff members. The paper shows a positive connection between the theories and practices. "Can You" has proven how the entrepreneur-founder brought out the potential of people with disabilities by providing capabilities, motivation, technology, employment and a barrier-free environment. It is a unique example of how a social entrepreneur dreams, comes up with a vision and then translates that vision into action. Key words: Social Entrepreneurship, characteristics, success factors, Can You, Challenges


Map of Basutoland, showing Leribe, Berea, Thaba Bosigo, Cornet Spruit, and their boundaries, Sir George Grey's line of 1858, parts of Free State and Cape Colony, boundary of Free State according to Treaty of Thaba Bosigo, names of places, rivers, and mountations. Coloured. Scale 300 Cape Roods to 1 Inch.


The use of chlorpromazine [Thorazine, 10-(γ-dimethylaminopropyl)-2-chlorophenothiazine hydrochloride] is occasionally complicated by the development of jaundice. In our series of over 800 patients treated with this drug, 5 such cases have occurred. Results of laboratory studies in these instances have consistently indicated an obstructive process within the biliary system. The complication has proved to be benign, the ensuing clinical courses being characterized by rapid resolution of symptoms and uneventful recovery. Though this side-reaction occurred only rarely and was apparently confined to the bile passages, we believed that the possibility of damage to the liver cells demanded further investigation. Of particular concern to us was the question of whether patients receiving the drug over relatively long periods of time sustained subclinical liver damage. The presence of the phenothiazine nucleus in chlorpromazine further suggested the need for this determination, since phenothiazine itself, in sufficiently high dosage, has been reported to produce liver disease.


About ten years ago the use of standard functional manipulations was demonstrated to imply an unexpected property satisfied by the fermionic Green's functions of QCD and dubbed effective locality. This feature of QCD is non-perturbative as it results from a full gauge invariant summation of the gluonic degrees of freedom. This astounding result has lead to suspect that in a way or other, the famous Gribov copy problem had been somewhat overlooked. It is argued that it is not so.


The literature on carotid surgery for lesions appropriate to prior episodes of ischemia has been reviewed. Only one randomized study and six non-controlled reports give useful data (this despite more than thirty years of surgical activity in this field). When analyzed by the IMPS (intact months of patient survival) criterion, the randomized study failed to show benefit from surgery. This failure can be attributed to a high (35%) operative stroke and death rate. That sufficiently low operative stroke and death rates are readily achievable is not clear, however, only two of six relevant non-controlled series reported in the literature had operative stroke and death rates below the 10.4% level calculated as necessary for a "break-even" situation. Three of the six non-controlled series contain sufficient follow-up data to permit IMPS comparison against the "standard" of the control group of the randomized study. Against this "standard" only one of the three non-controlled studies would have "shown benefit" from surgery. Barnett, Plum, and Walton have called for audits of endarterectomy results in institutions in which such surgery is performed. It is suggested that such audits be done by the IMPS method, which gives appropriate weight to the effects of operative, as well as of long-term follow-up, strokes and deaths.


The absence of any observed lock-in transition in some incommensurate materials (ThBr4, biphenyl III) down to 4.2 K is at first surprising. An analytic proof is given that the Janssen-Tjon model system exhibiting incommensurate phases does not lock onto a simple commensurate (super)lattice in its ground state for some values of the parameters. The same is shown for the incommensurate model with two different interacting components. This behaviour contrasts with that of the ANNNI model which always has a lock-in transition, the modulated phases being entropy stabilized at higher temperatures. The mineral mullite appears to present a further mechanism different from the one considered here.


Glucose (Glc) metabolism protects cells against oxidant injury. By virtue of their central position in both Glc uptake and utilization, hexokinases (HKs) are ideally suited to contribute to these effects. Compatible with this hypothesis, endogenous HK activity correlates inversely with injury susceptibility in individual renal cell types. We recently reported that ectopic HK expression mimics the anti-apoptotic effects of growth factors in cultured fibroblasts, but anti-apoptotic roles for HKs have not been examined in other cell types or in a cellular injury model. We therefore evaluated HK overexpression for the ability to mitigate acute oxidant-induced cell death in an established epithelial cell culture injury model. In parallel, we examined salutary heparin-binding epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like growth factor (HB-EGF) treatment for the ability to 1) increase endogenous HK activity and 2) mimic the protective effects of ectopic HK expression. Both HK overexpression and HB-EGF increased Glc-phosphorylating capacity and metabolism, and these changes were associated with markedly reduced susceptibility to acute oxidant-induced apoptosis. The uniform Glc dependence of these effects suggests an important adaptive role for Glc metabolism, and for HK activity in particular, in the promotion of epithelial cell survival. These findings also support the contention that HKs contribute to the protective effects of growth factors.


Full-spectrum photocatalysis from ultraviolet to near infrared has generated immense scientific interest in environmental purification and energy conversion, which is still a huge challenge. Herein, we utilized a solution combustion method to prepare W18O49/N-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) hybrid nanomaterials for full-spectrum photocatalytic degradation, which degraded organic dye molecules within a short reaction time (45 min) and demonstrated a high degradation rate (more than 90%) and a low initial concentration of degradation (50 mg L−1). Moreover, the relationship between irradiation light source, temperature, time, photocatalytic properties and photocatalytic mechanism of the degraded organic dye molecules have been investigated. This research afforded a full-spectrum photocatalyst for effectively removing organic dyes under any wavelength range of sunlight, whether UV, Vis or NIR light.


A novel noise source mechanism whereby sound is produced
by time-dependent temperature nonuniformities in a flow with a mean
velocity gradient is investigated experimentally. The research is
part of a theoretical and experimental study of this noise source initiated by Professor F. E. Marble. A steady accelerating flow was produced in a rectangular supersonic
nozzle with an entrance Mach number of 0.2, an exit Mach
number of 1.38, and a throat area of 1 in.^2. A rotary valve bleed
flow system and an electrical wire resistance heater upstream of the
nozzle introduced mass flow and temperature fluctuations into the
nozzle flow at frequencies up to 500Hz. Sound measurements were
made at six positions along the nozzle and outside the nozzle assembly,
which was enclosed in an anechoic chamber 10 ft. on a side. All data acquisition and processing was done with a computer-controlled
data acquisition system, making the experiment essentially
"computerized." By interfacing the control circuitry of the bleed flow
and heater systems to the data acquisition system) a digital signal-averaging
technique was developed which enabled the sound produced
by the bleed flow and temperature fluctuations to be detected and accurately
measured in high-level backgrounds of turbulent flow noise. By synchronization of the bleed flow and heater, a pure temperature
disturbance without an associated pressure disturbance
caused by heating was produced. This pure temperature disturbance
was found to produce sound upon being convected through the nozzle.
The novel noise source mechanism was thus verified. Excellent agreement was found between the nozzle sound
measurements and one-dimensional small disturbance theory applied
to the flow occurring in the nozzle. External field measurements yielded jet noise levels and spectra
agreeing with other reported studies, spatial variation of the sound
field due to a pure pressure fluctuation at the nozzle exit, and cross
correlation data between the external sound field and the pressure
fluctuations at the nozzle exit.


International trade negotiations have recently tackled the issue of possible free trade restrictions, justified - among others - on the basis of environmental concerns. Also, some analyses of international environmental agreements (especially in the field of climate change) have highlighted the key role played by changes in the terms of trade in determining the cost of environmental policies. Yet, secondary effects of international trade remain disregarded in many environmental policies, whereas the introduction of environmental trade barriers has been resisted, arguing that this may hide a Trojan horse of a renewed protectionism. This paper reviews the debate on trade and the environment in the two fields of environmental and trade negotiations, highlighting the different and somewhat conflicting approach adopted in the two cases. A numerical general equilibrium model is used to illustrate how different "perceptions" (translated in terms of alternative model closures) affect the use of instruments, the distributional impact of the various policies, and the strategic interplay between negotiators in international agreements.


The term dietary fibre describes a wide range of highly divergent (mainly polysaccharide) compounds that escape digestion before the colon. Fibre is often regarded as a neutral dietary compound, not interacting with the gut and only offering dietary benefit by the consequent absence of calorific macronutrients, or by bulking out luminal content. Although the above benefits are apparent, a number of other physiological effects of dietary fibres in the colon have previously been described. This review outlines these previous observations in terms of the effect of various fibre types on (i) colonic luminal contents (including the resident microflora (ii) the first line of colonic protection, the mucus barrier (iii) the underlying colonic mucosa (iv) the colonic musculature and (v) colonic neurohumoural release, and the subsequent effect on control of gut motility and satiety. This review will further highlight the divergent physiological effects of various fibre types, and their potential health benefits.


Abstract In this article the case of young Somalis with a Dutch passport living in the UK is taken as an example to illustrate that new mobilities have resulted in complex transnational orientations on the part of migrants that may involve more than two different countries. In the early 1990s many Somalis arrived in the Netherlands as asylum seekers. Ten years later, however, a third of the Dutch Somali community had moved to the United Kingdom, many of them at a very young age. These Dutch citizens with a Somali background who now live in the UK are orientated towards the Netherlands (a country where most have resided for more than ten years and where some were even born), the UK (their new 'home country'), as well as Somalia where they themselves or their parents were raised. These complex affective links with various countries challenge us to reflect critically on the relationships between citizenship, identities and belonging and have an impact on Dutch Somalis' return mobilities.


This paper presents the design and measurements of a broadband GaN HEMT power amplifier intended for point-to-point radios, electronic warfare systems, and test and measurement applications. The proposed power amplifier is fabricated, and small/large-signal measurements are collected. Fabricated design is conducted for an input power of 26 dBm and obtained between 39.6 - 40.9 dBm output power. Power added efficiency (PAE) of 45.9 % to 61.4 % is reached over the band (0.5 - 2.5 GHz). In this study, Wolfspeed's CGH40010F transistor is used in CW mode. In order to decide optimum source and load impedances of the transistor, load- & source-pull simulations are conducted. After load- & source-pull simulations, proper source and load matching networks are established to obtain optimum output power and efficiency values over the band.


Knowledge of the solid state is of great importance in the development of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient, since the solid form often dictates the properties and performance of the drug. In the present study, solid state characteristics of the sodium salt of the candidate cholesterol reducing compound eritadenine, 2(R), 3(R))-dihydroxy-4-(9-adenyl)-butanoic acid, were investigated. The compound was crystallized by slow cooling from water and various aqueous ethanol solutions, at different temperatures. Further, the compound solution was subjected to lyophilization and to high vacuum drying. The resulting solids were screened for polymorphism by micro Raman spectroscopy (λex = 830 nm) and the crystallinity was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction. Further, thermal analysis was applied to study possible occurrence of solvates or hydrates. Solids obtained from slow cooling showed crystallinity, whereas rapid cooling gave rise to more amorphous solids. Analysis of difference spectra of the Raman data for solids obtained from slow cooling of solution revealed subtle differences in the structures between crystals derived from pure water and crystals derived from aqueous ethanol solutions. Finally, from the thermal analysis it was deduced that crystals obtained from pure water were stoichiometrically dihydrates whereas crystals obtained from aqueous ethanol solutions were 2.5 hydrates; this formation of different hydrates were supported by the Raman difference analysis.


In this letter, a novel single-layer microstrip reflectarray element composed of a rectangular patch and a rectangular ring is presented. Ansoft HFSS and CST Microwave Studio, two different kinds of electromagnetic simulation softwares, are used to analyze the reflect phase for the designed element. To validate the proposed design and evaluate its performances, a parametric study is carried out. For the optimal parametrics, the proposed structure offers a slope value of 40deg/mm, while the phase range is in excess of 450deg. Then, a prime-focus 45-element microstrip reflectarray with the proposed element is designed and measured. The highest measured gain is about 20 dBi with 1 dBi drop within 30% bandwidth at the center frequency of 10 GHz.


"In the burgeoning literature on technological hazards, this volume is one of the best," states Choice in a three-part approach, it addresses the moral, scientific, social, and commercial questions inherent in hazards management. Part I discusses how best to regulate hazards arising from chronic, low-level exposures and from low-probability events when science is unable to assign causes or estimate consequences of such hazards; Part II examines fairness in the distribution of risks and benefits of potentially hazardous technologies; and Part III presents practical lessons and cautions about managing hazardous technologies. Together, the three sections put hazard management into perspective, providing a broad spectrum of views and information.


Species-related hematological differences of experimental animals are important in the proper assessment of biomaterials intended for human use. This area, which has received less than adequate attention in the past, requires the development of new test methodologies with blood of primates and humans, under conditions that better simulate the physiological environment.


How do images, notions and ideas of historic events, contexts and structures influence the life of social groups and national communities? To what extent does history work as an argument in particular social or political contexts at different times? These key questions raised on the 41. German Historikertag in September 1996 provided a welcomed opportunity to reinforce the discussion about the aims, concepts and effects of the German Ostforschung that had been initiated a few years before. Scheduled in section 25 of the Historikertag on the initiative of the Herder-Institut at Marburg, the critical debate about this specific approach to Eastern Central European history was intended to illuminate the phenomenon of its self-instrumentalization and outside implementation on the basis of the "images and notions" of Polish history it had created and disseminated. Referring to the introduction to that section, the present study discusses the term Ostforschung, its genesis and transformation as an expression for a specific research paradigm whose main features are strong political implications, a limited point of view centred on the German factor as the only decisive force in Eastern Central European history, as well as a self-set demand for methodical innovation, which, however, was never fully realized. The study traces the institutional and programmatic development of this historical school of thought from the 1920s to the 1970s. Aspects of content, i. e. the historical Images and notions of the Ostforschung as such, and thus the question of its actual achievements in the Single fields of the subject, are not treated in detail. Being part of the other papers concerned with Polish history read in the section, these issues will be dealt with in the subsequent contributions.


Different high flux membranes have been recently developed. The present study is aimed at describing the technical features and the clinical performances of a new high flux polysulfone membrane (T-sulfone, Toray, Japan). The study has been carried out on two different dialyzers (surface area = 1.3 and 1.8 m2). The filters have been tested in vivo during hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration. The in vivo study was carried out on 12 ESRD patients on regular hemodialysis treatment. The protocol was reviewed and approved by the local ethical committee. The in vivo clearances (K) at 300 ml/min of blood flow are reported in the following Table: [Table in text]. Beta-2-m reduction ratio exceeded 50% in all sessions. Beta-2-m mass balance executed by collection of spent dialysate and elution from the used filters evidenced that removal is obtained mostly by filtration while absorption is negligible. Excellent tolerance and hemocompatibility was observed in all the studied sessions.


This Essay, a contribution to a symposium on "Law and Religion in an Increasingly Polarized America," considers and critiques the constitutional status of the new wave of state "conscience" laws. In the immediate wake of Obergefell, a number of states began to consider enacting new "religious conscience" laws that would legally excuse refusals of service to LGBT persons. The broadest of these proposed statutes, such as Mississippi's House Bill 1523, would create a near absolute right for businesses open to the general public to discriminate against sexual minorities and transgender persons. This Essay considers the constitutional status of such laws and posits that they stand on dubious constitutional ground. First, enactments of this sort violate the Equal Protection Clause by denying otherwise applicable legal protections to LGBT persons. Second, individuals and businesses that rely on these new enactments in order to discriminate against LGBT customers are arguably state actors when acting consistently with the state's encouragement under the "nexus" theory of state action and, accordingly, accountable under the Equal Protection Clause. Third, and finally, even if such enactments are constitutionally valid, government may not provide any targeted support to individuals or businesses that operate on a pervasively discriminatory basis against LGBT persons.
On the other hand, however, some states have moved in the opposite direction, enacting very broadly crafted anti-discrimination laws that require entities generally open to the public to refrain from discriminating against LGBT persons. Difficult questions exist regarding the permissible scope of such enactments. Just as government may not encourage private businesses to discriminate, it may not regulate religious entities in the same way it may regulate supermarkets and gas stations. A church, synagogue, or mosque stands outside the public marketplace, or agora, and has a right to maintain and enforce policies that reflect the tenets of the faith. Just as the government may not encourage businesses open to the public to discriminate in ways that would be unlawful if enacted as a direct social regulation, government may not require private religious communities to treat believers and non-believers on equal terms.
In order to determine when religious entities have a constitutional right to be self-governing, we must carefully disentangle the public sphere from the private sphere. The state creates and maintains the agora, or public marketplace, and has the power to regulate access to it in order to promote the health, safety, welfare, and morals of the community. Just as the state may legislate to prevent and deter health nuisances, such as fire hazards and unsanitary conditions, it may also legislate to eradicate moral nuisances, such as various forms of invidious discrimination. This power to eradicate moral nuisances, however, cannot sweep so broadly or deeply as to deny self-constituted communities of faith the ability to hold and practice the tenets of their faith outside the public marketplace. To be sure, drawing the line of demarcation between the truly public and the truly private will not be an easy undertaking. Even so, however, it is an essential undertaking if we are to secure both equality and religious liberty in the contemporary United States.


The metallurgical microstructure and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel barrel of a Japanese percussion lock gun fabricated in the late Edo period have been investigated. The purpose of this work is to obtain metallographic data of the Japanese percussion lock gun, and to clarify the manufacturing technique and raw material of the barrel. Test pieces are cut from the center and the muzzle of the barrel. The carbon concentration is determined by chemical analysis. The microstructure is observed using an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The concentration of nonmetallic inclusions is obtained by electron dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS). The carbon concentration is 0.003~0.2 mass% for the center of the barrel and 0.028~0.2 mass% for the muzzle of the barrel. The distribution of the nonmetallic inclusions in the steel shows that the barrel is fabricated from a single steel sheet. Nonmetallic inclusions in the center of the barrel are of a plural phase consisting of FeO, Fe2SiO4 and calcium-and phosphorus-rich matrix oxide. Nonmetallic inclusions in the muzzle of the barrel are classified into two types: a plural phase consisting of FeO and the matrix containing Fe-Si-O grains and glass, and a single phase of glass. The difference in the metallurgical microstructure and nonmetallic inclusions between the center steel and the muzzle steel shows that the barrel is made of different carbon-content steels. Since Ti is detected from the nonmetallic inclusions, it is thought that Japanese iron sand is used as the raw steel to fabricate the barrel.


This review is devoted to the participation of STATs in cell signalling. A great attention is paid to the mechanisms of STATs activation and cross-talking of STAT-pathway of signal transduction with others. The role of STATs in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and transformation is discussed.


Issues of religious tolerance and intolerance continue to be current and controversial in contemporary debates around the world.  This paper discusses the various approaches that may be adopted in counselling children towards religious tolerance, with particular attention on the inclusive and pluralist approaches.  To be able to do this, relevant literatures were reviewed. Three research questions were developed for the study.  A questionnaire titled Inclusive and Pluralist Approach to Religious Tolerance was used as an instrument to collect data for the study. The instrument had a reliability of 0.89.  The data collected were analysed with linear and multiple regression to indicate the level of significance of the variables of the study at 0.05. The results of the study indicated that there is a significant correlation between child based counselling intervention strategy and religious tolerance of children.  The conclusion therefore is that to foster and encourage religious tolerance, children should be prepared through counselling to deal with activities that may suggest or encourage religious intolerance. Keywords: Counselling, intervention, inclusive, pluralist, children, religion, tolerance


Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) represents a major global health concern, a body-mind malady of rising prevalence worldwide nowadays. The complex network of mechanisms involved in MDD pathophysiology is subjected to epigenetic changes modulated by microRNAs (miRNAs). Serum free or vesicles loaded miRNAs have starred numerous publications, denoting a key role in cell-cell communication, systematically and in brain structure and neuronal morphogenesis, activity and plasticity. Upregulated or downregulated expression of these signaling molecules may imply the impairment of genes implicated in pathways of MDD etiopathogenesis (neuroinflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotransmitters, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, oxidative stress, circadian rhythms...). In addition, these miRNAs could serve as potential biomarkers with diagnostic, prognostic and predictive value, allowing to classify severity of the disease or to make decisions in clinical management. They have been considered as promising therapy targets as well and may interfere with available antidepressant treatments. As epigenetic malleable regulators, we also conclude emphasizing lifestyle interventions with physical activity, mindfulness and diet, opening the door to new clinical management considerations.


Production data from several Shuaiba fields in the Sultanate of Oman demonstrate the oil recovery from capillary transition zones. This is underpinned by extensive detailed experimental and theoretical modeling studies describing favored oil mobility and residual oil saturation in transition zones in the Shuaiba formation reservoir. Nonetheless the economical development of capillary transition zone reservoirs, especially those with thin oil columns, remains an ongoing challenge and necessitates addressing uncertainties related to characterizing the lateral variations in initial oil saturation distribution, water flooding displacement, sweep efficiencies and accurate prediction of oil production. This paper discusses good practices for ongoing developments of transition zone fields and predicting their performance. The key enablers are: (1) properly characterized initial saturation height functions for long horizontal well planning, (2) implementation of consistent set of hysteresis saturation functions in the reservoir simulation models and (3) geosteering tools for accurate well placement and spacing. Examples of predicted well performances for a field compared to the actual production data will be shown. The results highlight the generic trends in transition zone oil production and the recommended procedures for static and dynamic modeling during field development planning.


Background: Vedolizumab trough serum levels have been associated with clinical and endoscopic response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A recent study demonstrated that higher trough levels before dose escalation are associated with favorable outcomes. Objectives: We aimed to identify whether vedolizumab trough levels predict outcome of subsequent therapy. Methods: This retrospective study included IBD patients consecutively receiving vedolizumab therapy between November 2014 and June 2021. Only patients with a loss of response (LOR) to vedolizumab and available trough drug levels prior to therapy cessation were included. Clinical and endoscopic scores were recorded at 6 and 12 months post switching therapy. Results: Overall, 86 IBD patients (51 Crohn's disease, 35 ulcerative colitis) who discontinued vedolizumab were included; of those, 72 (83.7%) were due to LOR. Upon vedolizumab discontinuation, 66.3% of patients were switched to another biologic therapy. Trough vedolizumab levels at discontinuation due to LOR did not differ between patients with clinical response and LOR regarding subsequent therapy at 6 months [median 33.8 μg/mL (IQR 13.2–51.6) versus 31.7 μg/mL (IQR 9.1–64.8), p = 0.9] and at 12 months [median 29.6 μg/mL (IQR 14.3–51.6) versus 34.1 μg/mL (IQR 12.2–64.7), p = 0.6]. Patients progressing to subsequent surgery had numerically lower vedolizumab trough levels at LOR compared with patients who were treated with an additional medical therapy (median 14.3, IQR 4–28.2 μg/mL versus 33.5, IQR 13–51.6 μg/mL, p = 0.08). Conclusions: Vedolizumab trough levels upon LOR do not predict response to subsequent medical therapy; however, lower drug levels may suggest a more aggressive disease pattern and future need for surgery.


CARCASS PERFORMANCE OF BROILER FED RATION CONTAINING COFFEE ( Coffea sp ) HUSK WASTE PRODUCT TREATED BY SIMPLE PROCESSING AND SUBSTITUTING PARTS OF CORN WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS . Broilers had rapid growth rate and need high nutrient protein and energy balance in the diet. This study was conducted to evaluate the use of coffee husk waste product treated by simple processing substituted with part of corn in ration on carcass percentage of broiler. Study was applied at Faculty of Animal Science, Sam Ratulangi University during 35 days. Total of 144 day old chick unsexed broilers, strain of CP 707, involving 36 experimental units of battery pens were used in this study. Each unit of pen was filled 4 birds under completely randomized design on factorial patter of 3x4. Factor A was focused on three processing treatments including coffee husk heated under sun light (A1), coffee husk immersed in the water (A2), and coffee husk boiled under water (A3). Factor B was focused on four treatments of substitution levels including ration containing corn without coffee husk substitution (B0), ration containing corn substituted with 25% coffee husk (B1), ration containing corn substituted with 50% coffee husk (B2), ration containing corn substituted with 75% coffee husk (B3). Variables observed were including percentages of thigh, wing, breast and back part. Analysis of variance showed that interaction of processing treatments did not affect significantly on the percentages of thigh, wing, breast and back part. This study indicated that simple processing of coffee husk were not affected the carcass percentages of broiler. The substitution levels significantly affected carcass percentage of broiler. Percentages of thigh, wing, breast and back part were 28.92%-30.98%, 10.38%-12.68%, 35.10%-38.55% and 19,68%-22,71%, respectively. This study showed that utilization of coffee husk waste product by above simple processing could substitute part of corn in ration of 25% producing high carcass percentage of broiler. Keywords: Coffee husk by product, broiler part of carcass percentage


Cytochrome P450 (CYP) heme monooxygenases require two electrons for their catalytic cycle. For mammalian microsomal CYPs, key enzymes for xenobiotic metabolism and steroidogenesis and important drug targets and biocatalysts, the electrons are transferred by NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR). No structure of a mammalian CYP–CPR complex has been solved experimentally, hindering understanding of the determinants of electron transfer (ET), which is often rate-limiting for CYP reactions. Here, we investigated the interactions between membrane-bound CYP 1A1, an antitumor drug target, and CPR by a multiresolution computational approach. We find that upon binding to CPR, the CYP 1A1 catalytic domain becomes less embedded in the membrane and reorients, indicating that CPR may affect ligand passage to the CYP active site. Despite the constraints imposed by membrane binding, we identify several arrangements of CPR around CYP 1A1 that are compatible with ET. In the complexes, the interactions of the CPR FMN domain with the proximal side of CYP 1A1 are supplemented by more transient interactions of the CPR NADP domain with the distal side of CYP 1A1. Computed ET rates and pathways agree well with available experimental data and suggest why the CYP–CPR ET rates are low compared to those of soluble bacterial CYPs. Mukherjee, Nandekar and Wade investigate the structural arrangement of the complex between membrane-bound cytochrome P450 1A1 and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. They find that upon binding to the reductase, the catalytic domain of cytochrome P450 1A1 reorients subject to the constraints of membrane binding, potentially explaining why the electron transfer rates between the proteins are low when compared to those of soluble bacterial cytochrome P450s.


Future WLAN devices will combine both IEEE 802.11ad and 802.11ac interfaces. The former provides multi-Gbps rates but is susceptible to blockage, whereas the latter is slower but offers reliable connectivity. A fundamental challenge is thus how to combine those complementary technologies, to make the most of the advantages they offer. In this work, we leverage Multipath TCP (MPTCP) to use both interfaces simultaneously in order to achieve a higher overall throughput as well as seamlessly switch to a single interface when the other one fails. We find that standard MPTCP often performs sub-optimally and can yield a throughput much lower than that of single path TCP over the faster of the two interfaces. We analyze the cause of these performance issues in detail and then design MuSher, an agile MPTCP scheduler that allows MPTCP to fully utilize the channel resources available to both interfaces. Our evaluation in realistic scenarios shows that MuSher can provide a throughput improvement of 50%/130% under WLAN/Internet settings respectively, compared to the default MPTCP scheduler. It further speeds up the recovery of a traffic stream after disruption by a factor of 8x/75x.


Abstract Objectives The primary objective was to evaluate the effects of fetal sex on fetal cortical development in low-risk pregnancies. Secondary objective was the evaluate the impact of gestational age. Methods This was a secondary analysis of a prospective cross-sectional study on low-risk fetuses undergoing fetal neurosonography between 19 and 34 weeks of gestation. The depth of Sylvian Fissure (SF), Parieto Occipital Fissure (POF) and Calcarine Fissure (CF) were evaluated and related to fetal sex. Neurosonographic variables were normalized for fetal head circumference and expressed as multiple of the median (MoM). Results A total of 344 fetuses were considered (173 male, 171 female). The baseline characteristic of the two groups were similar except a higher birthweight present in male fetuses (p=0.044). The depth SF (p=0.023) CF (p=0.014) and POF (p=0.046) showed significantly higher values in male fetuses when all the gestational age range was considered. However, when data were controlled for gestational age, these differences resulted significant only after 28 weeks. Conclusions Differences in cortical development related to gender occur after 28 weeks of gestation with an increase depth of SF, POF and CF in male fetuses.


A case study of farmers who attended cocoa integrated crop and pest management (ICPM) farmer field schools in Cameroon and non-participating farmers provides empirical results on areas where there are gaps and mixed results in the FFS literature. FFS provided farmers with new skills and knowledge on cocoa ICPM and FFS graduates demonstrated superior knowledge on cocoa ICPM generally compared to non-FFS farmers. However, the tendency of FFS participants to retain and diffuse new skills and practices more than concepts and principles suggests the need to review aspects of the training. Forty-nine FFS graduates spontaneously provided hands-on informal training to 193 other farmers on key ICPM practices, demonstrating the contribution of farmer-to-farmer diffusion to scaling up farmer training. The case study suggests that FFS can be a starting point for farmer empowerment, but points out that social and technical outcomes can only be sustained if the appropriate local and national level institutions, support systems and policies related to agricultural extension and research are developed. The paper also highlights methodological issues related to measuring the social impacts of FFS.


This study undertakes a comparative analysis of the numeral systems of Igala, Yoruba, English and German. An essential part of data collation for the study comprises compilation of comparative wordlists of Igala, Yoruba, German and English numeral systems in addition to the writer's personal observation and knowledge of the systems. The investigation reveals that the complexity of deriving especially non-basic numerals in the languages involves three predominant arithmetic processes of addition, subtraction (Yoruba in particular) and multiplication in addition to certain grammatical processes, especially vowel elision, clipping, compounding and so on. In addition, the summary of the quasi constraints or derivational patterns for the languages reveals that whereas German and English maintain very similar patterns because of their very close affinity as sisters from the same parent, it is not so with Igala and Yoruba even though both belong to the same language family. Incorporating insights from optimality theory, the paper argues that even though numeracy and the constraints that ensure well-formedness of numerals are somewhat universal, parametric variations abound. The actual patterning of the sequences of the derivational processes in individual languages may be very similar but definitely not the same, no matter how closely related the languages concerned may be. If not, they would cease to represent core grammars of different languages.


OBJECTIVE
To evaluate whether anthropometric and dietary intake indicators are predictors of pulmonary function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.

METHODS
This was a cross-sectional study involving 69 patients (age range, 5.4-16.5 years) diagnosed with CF under follow-up at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, located in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Anthropometric assessment was based on body mass index (BMI), mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC), and triceps skinfold thickness (TST). Dietary intake was assessed by using recall data, which were compared with the recommended dietary allowances. Pulmonary function was assessed by ventilatory capacity, expressed as FEV(1). Prevalence ratios for the outcome studied (FEV(1) < 80% of predicted) were calculated by indicator.

RESULTS
In patients with MAMC and TST below the 25th percentile, the prevalence of FEV(1) < 80% of predicted was significantly higher than in those with higher MAMC and TST (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). In comparison with other patients, those with a BMI below the 50th percentile showed a 4.43 times higher prevalence of FEV(1) < 80% of predicted (95% CI: 1.58-12.41), and that prevalence was 2.54 times higher in those colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) than in those not so colonized (95% CI: 1.43-4.53). The association between dietary intake and the prevalence of FEV1 < 80% of predicted was of only borderline significance (95% CI: 0.95-3.45).

CONCLUSIONS
Not being colonized with MRSA and having a BMI above the 50th percentile appear to preserve pulmonary function in CF patients.


Adequate Shelter is one of the basic needs of all humans. To provide this basic need, building industry throughout the world, specifically in the underdeveloped countries, are moving towards cost effective and energy efficient construction techniques. Rat-Trap Bond (RTB) is one such technique where bricks are laid on their edges vertically with three inches cavity between them. This arrangement has many advantages like cost reduction of up to 30 %, better thermal insulation, dead load reduction, and better aesthetic look. The bond is successfully adopted over the last three decades in Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Sri Lanka for the construction of one and two storey buildings. Several experimental and numerical studies have been conducted over the last two decades to study the cost effectiveness, energy efficiency, thermal insulation, compressive strength, and in-plane and out of plane behaviour, seismic behaviour, and failure modes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing research work carried out on rat-trap masonry.


I would suggest that such a concern is reasonable. Pregnancy often turns previously sylph-like damsels into irreversibly rotund matrons. Today, in countries with good obstetrical care, the body weight during pregnancy is monitored carefully but, in the past, very large weight gains during pregnancy were recorded. Mullins reported weight gains of 25 kg over one-or-more pregnancies. I Reports from less sophisticated communities that newly have been exposed to Western "junk" food also indicate that pregnancy can trigger significant weight gains; the average net weight gain per pregnancy was 7.9 kg in Navajo women! In my own patients, pregnancy weight gains accounted for over half the adult weight gains of overweight women who previouslywere of normal weight; the largest individual net weight gain that I can attribute to pregnancy is 67 kg! Such a phenomenon also occurs in other primates and partly must be metabolic, as even with a controlled energy intake (albeit a diet with a high sucrose content), Rhesus monkeys (Macata mulatta) experienced a net weight gain over one pregnancy that was equal to 10010 of their prepregnancy weight.' However, all is not lost. Pregnancy and the immediate postpregnancy period appear to be better-than-average times to achieve a successful weight loss. Usually, the excess weight gain of pregnancy is lost spontaneously during the postpregnancy stage, and both the weight gain of pregnancy and its subsequent loss have been attributed to physiological movements of a set point for body-fat content.' In my own patients, those who lost weightmost successfully were those who dieted immediately after pregnancy. They lost more weight and the weight loss was more likely to be "permanent"! Craddock also has reported that pregnancy is associated with above-average success at losing weight and at maintaining the weight loss that was achieved afterwards.v' I conclude that the monitoring of body weight during pregnancy, particularly in lesssophisticated women, and vigorous attention to excessive weight gains immediately after pregnancy could prevent many cases of obesity. PatrickJ. Bradley, MB CbB 2308/83-85 Spring Street Bondi Junction, NSW 2022 I. Mullins A. Overweight and pregnancy. Lancet 1960; 1: 146-147. 2. Butte NF, Calloway DH, van Dozen JL. NutritionalllSSC55ment of pregnant and lactating Navajo women. Am J Clin Nut' 1981; 36: 2216-2228. 3. Bradley PJ. Conditions recalled to have heen associated with weight gain in adulthood. Appetite 1985; 6: 235-241. 4. Riopelle AJ, Shell WF. Protein deprivation in primates. XI. Determinants of weight changes during and after pregnancy. Am J Clin Nut, 1978; 31: 394-400. 5. Mrosovsky N. Body fat during pregnancy and lactation. In: Cioffi LA, James WPT, van Hallie TB, eds, The body weight regulatory system: normal and disturbed mechanisms. New York: Raven Press, 1981: 253-257. 6. Craddock D. Obesity and its management. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1973: 160. 7. Craddock D. Association for the study of obesity. Int J Obesity 1980; 4: 186.


On the basis of existing and widely used in theatrical practice systems, a new direction in medical and rehabilitation psychiatry, namely transdramatherapy, was developed. The approach is illustrated by the original psychotherapeutic method of epos therapy directed to treatment of neurotic disorders, which has been already created and approbated.


Milk is a very important component of human diet. The presence of toxic element in milk may create significant health problems. In this study, metal levels of fresh cow milk were determined. Fresh milk samples were collected from 17 cows grazed around challawa industrial estate, Kano and 9 cows grazed on open fields in Zaria, Kaduna state. Metal levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer after wet digestion. The result shows the mean concentration of Al, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, Fe, and Zn in samples from Kano to be 10.1318, 1.78824, 30.1329, 2.52, 1.63176, 5.50176, 17.5669, 50.8735, and 32.3876 respectively. The mean concentrations of these metals in samples from Zaria were 6.246667, 2.19, 20.97111, 2.13667, 0.98667, 7.09778, 15.683, 32.37778, and 55.21333 respectively. The concentrations were very high as the metal levels of both Kano and Zaria samples exceeded the WHO permissible limits. Except for Pb, Zn and Mn, metal levels of cow milk from Kano were higher than those obtained from Zaria, though the result indicated no statistically significant difference between them. The implication of the results obtained to public health was discussed.


Protective immunity was elicited by immunization of mice with ribosomal preparations from yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum. Ribosomes from disrupted cells were isolated by differential centrifugation using sodium dodecyl sulfate. These preparations contained 55% protein and 45% ribonucleic acid and sedimented as a single peak with a sedimentation coefficient of 77S on sucrose density gradient analysis. Mice immunized subcutaneously with ribosomes, with or without adjuvant, were challenged intravenously with 8 × 106 yeast cells of H. capsulatum. Significant protection was induced by ribosomes and was greatly enhanced by adjuvants. Protection measured by 30-day survival compared favorably with the immunoprotection assessed by absence of lung lesions and negative spleen cultures. Treatment of ribosomes with ribonuclease before immunization reduced protection by 85%, whereas trypsin and Pronase reduced the protection by 50 to 55%. These findings indicate that both intact ribosomal ribonucleic acid and protein are necessary for maximal immunogenicity of Histoplasma ribosomes.


Canadian fisheries are in crisis. On both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts, stories abound of fisheries closures or failures and coastal communities in difficulty. A new approach to fisheries policy is required, one which recognises the intrinsic value of all participants in the fisheries ecosystem and is capable of providing guidance on how to make policy decisions. The principles of environmental ethics provide a framework for developing justice-based fisheries policies. The environmental ethics literature is first explored, with special attention to fisheries issues. From this review, a justice-based framework is identified, in which five types of justice are viewed as pertinent to fisheries concerns. This framework is then translated into an assessment tool, based upon the Rapfish method for rapid appraisal of fisheries and using a set of justice-based ethical criteria. These criteria are evaluated and, through a paired comparison survey, further explored. An assessment of a range of Canadian marine fisheries is conducted using these ethical criteria. Subsequently, a modified Rapfish assessment, using the original criteria supplemented with additional customised criteria, is conducted for Aboriginal fisheries for Pacific salmon in British Columbia. Additionally, a study is conducted which explores preferences regarding the abundance and diversity of fisheries ecosystems. Finally, the commercial fishery for Pacific salmon in British Columbia is presented as a case study. The Rapfish assessment results are presented, and considerations as to how to operationalise just policies for this fishery are suggested. Recommendations include: balancing the composition of the commercial fleet, based upon ecological impacts of the various gear types; encouragement of local stewardship and community involvement; and inclusion of various forms of knowledge in fisheries management and decision-making.


Background: Use of patients' medical data for secondary purposes such as health research, audit, and service planning is well established in the UK. However, the governance environment, as well as public understanding about this work, have lagged behind. We aimed to systematically review the literature on UK and Irish public views of patient data used in research, critically analysing such views though an established biomedical ethics framework, to draw out potential strategies for future good practice guidance and inform ethical and privacy debates. Methods: We searched three databases using terms such as patient, public, opinion, and electronic health records. Empirical studies were eligible for inclusion if they surveyed healthcare users, patients or the public in UK and Ireland and examined attitudes, opinions or beliefs about the use of patient data for medical research. Results were synthesised into broad themes using a framework analysis. Results: Out of 13,492 papers and reports screened, 20 papers or reports were eligible. While there was a widespread willingness to share patient data for research for the common good, this very rarely led to unqualified support. The public expressed two generalised concerns about the potential risks to their privacy. The first of these concerns related to a party's competence in keeping data secure, while the second was associated with the motivation a party might have to use the data. Conclusions: The public evaluates trustworthiness of research organisations by assessing their competence in data-handling and motivation for accessing the data. Public attitudes around data-sharing exemplified several principles which are also widely accepted in biomedical ethics. This provides a framework for understanding public attitudes, which should be considered in the development in any guidance for regulators and data custodians. We propose four salient questions which decision makers should address when evaluating proposals for the secondary use of data


AIMS
To study the population pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oral etoposide in patients with solid tumours.

METHODS
A prospective, open label, cross-over, bioavailability study was performed in 50 adult patients with miscellaneous, advanced stage solid tumours, who were receiving oral (100 mg capsules) etoposide for 14 days and i.v. (50 mg) etoposide on day 1 or day 7 in randomised order during the first cycle treatment. Total and unbound etoposide concentration were assayed by h.p.l.c. Population PK parameters estimation was done by using the P-Pharm software (Simed). Haematological toxicity and tumour response were the main pharmacodynamic endpoints.

RESULTS
Mean clearance was 1.14 l h(-1) (CV 25%). Creatinine clearance was the only covariable to significantly reduce clearance variability (residual CV 18%). (CL = 0.74 + 0.0057 CLCR; r(2) = 0.32). Mean bioavailability was 45% (CV 22%) and mean protein binding 91.5% (CV 5%). Exposure to free, pharmacologically active etoposide (free AUC p.o.) was highly variable (mean value 2.8 mg l(-1) h; CV 64%; range 0.4-9.5). It decreased with increased creatinine clearance and increased with age which accounted for 9% of the CV. Mean free AUC p.o. was the best predictor of neutropenia. Free AUC50 (exposure producing a 50% reduction in absolute neutrophil count) was 1.80 mg l(-1) h. In patients with lung cancer, the free AUC p.o. was higher in the two patients with responsive tumour (5.9 mg l(-1) h) than in patients with stable (2.1 mg l-1 h) or progressive disease (2.3 mg l-1 h) (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Exposure to free etoposide during prolonged oral treatment is highly variable and is the main determinant of pharmacodynamic effects. The population PK model based on creatinine clearance is poorly predictive of exposure. Therapeutic drug monitoring would be necessary for dose individualization or to study the relationship between exposure and antitumour effect.


My aim in this article is twofold. First, I hope to show that, despite its seeming rehabilitation, metaphysics as systematic, speculative philosophy is no less threatened. Second, I will argue that metaphysics as systematic, speculative philosophy is ultimately revisable. That is, metaphysics is not (or should not be) the aim at a closed system of apodictic truths but, rather, an open-ended, fallibilistic pursuit of ever-more-adequate accounts of reality. Specifically, building on the work of Charles Sanders Peirce and Alfred North Whitehead, I will argue that we should conceive of metaphysics not as the quest for absolute certainty but as "working hypothesis." Thus, the first part will be largely historical and critical, and the second part will be positive and exploratory.


Vessels within the lymphocytic infiltrate in 161 examples of 24 different diseases have been studied using light and electron microscopy and histochemistry. Hitherto undescribed venules have been identified within lymphocyte aggregates which exhibit a structure, ultrastructure and cytochemistry previously believed to be restricted to the high endothelial venules of lymphoid tissues. The significance of these findings is discussed within the context of lymphocyte migration into abnormal tissue.


Ceramic-metal functionally graded materials (FGMs) have been extensively used in aerospace engineering where high strength and excellent heat insulation materials are desired. However, their performance depends highly on the internal residual stress, which is generated inevitably due to the thermal mismatch of ceramic and metal. In this paper, based on the nanoindentation test, the field distribution of the residual stress of porous ZrO2/(ZrO2+Ni) ceramic-metal FGMs is measured. The residual stress field measured by nanoindentation agrees qualitatively with the finite element simulation results. Then a constitutive relation is established to investigate the effects of residual stress on the macroscopic deformation behavior of porous ZrO2/(ZrO2+Ni) FGMs, which agrees well with the bending and compression experiments. It is found that residual stress can improve both the flexural strength and stiffness of the porous ZrO2/(ZrO2+Ni) FGMs, by densifying and compensating the tensile stress of the porous middle layer (ZrO2) during the bending process, respectively. However, it has no obvious influence on the ultimate compressive strength of the porous ZrO2/(ZrO2+Ni) FGMs, but mainly influences its initial stage of elastic deformation in the compressive behavior.


Infinite-range quantum spin glass models with arbitrary spin are studied within the Matsubara time formalism. As an example the dynamic spin self-interaction R(t, t') and the resulting phase diagrams are presented for the quantum Ising model in a transverse field. Some results, such as the phase transition temperatures, are also reported for the XY and the Heisenberg models.


Test-retest data can reflect systematic changes over varying intervals of time in a "time-lag" design. This article shows how latent growth models with planned incomplete data can be used to separate psychometric components of developmental interest, including internal consistency reliability, test-practice effects, factor stability, factor growth, and state fluctuation. Practical analyses are proposed using a structural equation model for longitudinal data on multiple groups with different test-retest intervals. This approach is illustrated using 2 sets of data collected from students measured on the Woodcock-Johnson—Revised Memory and Reading scales. The results show how alternative time-lag models can be fitted and interpreted with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate data. Benefits, limitations, and extensions of this structural time-lag approach are discussed.


This paper shows that the continuous shearlet transform, a novel directional multiscale transform recently introduced by the authors and their collaborators, provides a precise geometrical characterization for the boundary curves of very general planar regions. This study is motivated by imaging applications, where such boundary curves represent edges of images. The shearlet approach is able to characterize both locations and orientations of the edge points, including corner points and junctions, where the edge curves exhibit abrupt changes in tangent or curvature. Our results encompass and greatly extend previous results based on the shearlet and curvelet transforms which were limited to very special cases such as polygons and smooth boundary curves with nonvanishing curvature.


Schellenberg (2004) investigated whether music lessons improved IQ scores in young children in a pretest-posttest design. Six-year-old children were assigned to one of four treatment groups: keyboard instruction, Kodaly vocal instruction, drama instruction, or no-lessons for 36 weeks during the school year. All groups showed a significant increase in IQ scores over the year. A small, significant difference in gain of 2.7 IQ points was reported when the results of the keyboard and Kodaly groups were combined and contrasted against the combined results for drama and no-lessons. The combination of groups was not justified theoretically because the Kodaly method was presented as being very different from standard musical instruction. Reanalyses of the original uncombined data produced results that were statistically insignificant and had small effect-size values. The hypothesized effect of music lessons is still in need of clarification.


Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess more effective exercise prescription for the people with chronic neck pain by comparing stretching exercise and isometric exercise about strength and pain. Method The research design of the study was that 20 young adults with mild neck disability (5-14 out of 50 in Neck Disability Index) were randomized into 2 groups and underwent stretching exercise(10 peoples) and isometric exercise(10 peoples) at 3 times a week for 5weeks. Measures of pain scale (Visual Analog Scale) and Muscle strength of deep neck flexor (Pressure Biofeedback) were assessed before and after intervention. The pre and post exercise results were compared using paired t-test and the effectiveness of intervention of two groups were compared using Independent t test. Results The results of this study were that pain reduction was seen after stretching and isometric exercise and significantly difference. There was significantly improvement of cervical flexor strength after stretching and isometric exercise. But, there was no significant difference between stretching and isometric exercise groups. Conclusion The stretching and isometric exercise for chronic neck pain patients may use according to preference of patient because the effects of treatment was same. Further studies are needed to analyzed psycho social factors, cost effects, group approach.


Apps' pervasive role in our society led to the definition of test automation approaches to ensure their dependability. However, state-of-the-art approaches tend to generate large numbers of test inputs and are unlikely to achieve more than 50% method coverage. In this article, we propose a strategy to achieve significantly higher coverage of the code affected by updates with a much smaller number of test inputs, thus alleviating the test oracle problem. More specifically, we present ATUA, a model-based approach that synthesizes App models with static analysis, integrates a dynamically refined state abstraction function and combines complementary testing strategies, including (1) coverage of the model structure, (2) coverage of the App code, (3) random exploration, and (4) coverage of dependencies identified through information retrieval. Its model-based strategy enables ATUA to generate a small set of inputs that exercise only the code affected by the updates. In turn, this makes common test oracle solutions more cost-effective, as they tend to involve human effort. A large empirical evaluation, conducted with 72 App versions belonging to nine popular Android Apps, has shown that ATUA is more effective and less effort-intensive than state-of-the-art approaches when testing App updates.


An area which has received little attention in the academic literature of foreign State immunity to date is that concerning immunity in employment matters.1 This omission can probably be explained by the scant case law which has hitherto existed on the subject. However, in recent years the number of decisions has increased due to the fact that employment by States of foreign nationals has become far more common. Developing countries in particular, as they seek to create new industries, have become increasingly reliant on advisers and technicians from the developed world.


People who text messages often shorten words by eliminating internal letters (e.g., "climate, clmte"). Although these novel representations (i.e., subset word forms) are not true words, sentence context may prime semantic activation. We hypothesized that if participants are presented with a context sentence prime containing a subset form target word, then participants' performance should improve when the stimulus is presented to the left visual field/right hemisphere (LVF/RH) because the RH is less reliant on correct orthography than the left hemisphere (LH). We also hypothesized that participants' bias of processing novel stimuli is a function of visual field and hemisphere presentation. The results supported the hypothesis. When participants were shown subset word forms in the LVF/RH, their accuracy was significantly greater than when they were shown in the RVF/LH. Additionally, signal detection theory was applied to the results and substantiated the findings that participants' bias toward processing subset and orthographically correct words is a function of visual field and hemisphere presentation.


The burden of encephalitis and its associated viral etiology is poorly described in Africa. Moreover, neurological manifestations of COVID-19 are increasingly reported in many countries, but less so in Africa. Our prospective study aimed to characterize the main viral etiologies of patients hospitalized for encephalitis in two hospitals in Dakar. From January to December 2021, all adult patients that met the inclusion criteria for clinical infectious encephalitis were enrolled. Cerebrospinal fluids, blood, and nasopharyngeal swabs were taken and tested for 27 viruses. During the study period, 122 patients were enrolled. Viral etiology was confirmed or probable in 27 patients (22.1%), with SARS-CoV-2 (n = 8), HSV-1 (n = 7), HHV-7 (n = 5), and EBV (n = 4) being the most detected viruses. Age groups 40–49 was more likely to be positive for at least one virus with an odds ratio of 7.7. The mortality was high among infected patients, with 11 (41%) deaths notified during hospitalization. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2 was the most prevalent virus in hospitalized patients presenting with encephalitis. Our results reveal the crucial need to establish a country-wide surveillance of encephalitis in Senegal to estimate the burden of this disease in our population and implement strategies to improve care and reduce mortality.


Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are administered (i) to restore hematopoiesis and immunity in the course of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT), (ii) as a replacement for inherited blood disorders and bone marrow failure, (iii) to regenerate cells of alternative lineages for restorative medicine, and (iv) as a source for generating specific hematopoietic cells ( e.g. , T cells, NK cells, and dendritic cells). However, the widespread application of allogeneic HSCs for humans is hampered by their immune-mediated destruction by host T cells recognizing mismatched HLA or by HLA-specific antibodies. Despite pre-banking umbilical cord blood (UCB) units and access to adult donors through the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP), finding a suitable HLA-matched product is challenging for many recipients, especially those from ethnic minorities who are under-represented in the donor pool. The available donor pool would be markedly increased if donor HSCs were edited to eliminate expression of the HLA-A locus. Indeed, modeling from NMDP shows that the chance of an African American recipient finding a HLA-matched donor increases from 18% to 73% when matched for HLA-B, C and DR, instead of HLA-A, B, C and DR. We have previously shown that engineered zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) can disrupt HLA-A expression in genetically edited T cells (Blood 2013). To extend this proof-of-concept to HSCs, we sought to disrupt HLA-A expression by introducing ZFNs targeting this locus. CD34 + lineage neg HSCs (99% purity) were isolated using paramagnetic beads from UCB. Electro-transfer of in vitro transcribed mRNA encoding the HLA-A-specific ZFN generated 30% HLA-A neg HSCs after one week ex vivo culture with defined cytokines (FLT3-L, SCF, TPO, and IL-6) and an aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist (stem reginin-1, SR-1). As expected, SR1 treatment maintained greater numbers of CD34 + cells (also CD34 pos CD38 neg ) in culture compared to controls. DNA sequence analysis revealed that HLA-A neg HSCs encode the expected nucleotide changes at the ZFN target site. An in vivo engraftment assay, using NOD.Cg- Prkdc scid Il2rg tm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) mice, demonstrated that HLA-A neg HSCs maintain the capability of engraftment and differentiation into HLA-A neg hematopoietic cells ( Figure ). Thus, disruption of HLA-A expression in HSCs provides an appealing approach to increasing the chances for of finding HLA-matched donors and may broaden the clinical application of allogeneic HSCT. Furthermore, the ability to genetically edit HSCs has implications for (i) preventing immune-mediated recognition of HLA-disparate HSC and (ii) preventing immune mediated recognition of self-antigens. Engraftment of HLA-A2 neg HSCs was evaluated in vivo . Data shown are flow-cytometry analysis of bone marrow obtained from NSG mice 16 weeks after HSC injection. HSC engraftment and HLA-A2 expression in NSG mice injected with un-modified HSCs (left panel) and HSCs treated with the HLA-A specific ZFNs (right panel) are shown. Data are gated on human CD45 positive cells. Disclosures: Reik: Sangamo BioSciences: Employment. Holmes: Sangamo BioSciences: Employment. Gregory: Sangamo BioSciences: Employment.


Plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis or organogenesis is a key for manipulation of somatic cells in vitro. Organogenesis from leaf inoculum, petiole and stem segments of in vitro black potato (Solenostemon rotundifolius (Poir) JK Morton) is infl uenced by the balance of the concentration of BA and NAA in the culture medium. However, organogenesis could also be affected by factors inherent to the inoculums. This paper reports the infl uence of leaf position on the in vitro shoots and culture age on the formation and production of shoot adventives from leaf inoculum. Leaves excised from shoots of 3–8 week-old culture and leaf position 1-5 from apical to basal was used as inocula. The highest percentage (83.3%) of adventitious bud develops at cultures age of 5 weeks with the average number of shoots 6.1. The highest percentage of bud development occurs at leaf position number 2-4, with the percentage of buds of 83.3, 76.2 and 76.2, respectively with the average number of shoots of 3.19, 2.10 dan 2.38 respectively. Organogenesis that produces the highest shoot production of 18.6 per Petri dish was obtained from leaves derived from the 2nd leaf from apical of 5 week-old culture inoculated on MS medium enriched with 5 mg/l BA and 0.1 mg/l NAA.


Objectives To examine the epidemiology, subtypes, trends over time, and predictive factors for recurrence and malignant transformation of sinonasal papillomas. Methods A retrospective chart review of 118 patients with sinonasal papillomas from 2009 to 2019 was conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles. This study is a follow-up to a previously published study from 2000 to 2009 at the same academic center. Results The mean age was at presentation was 58.5 years, with a 2:1 male to female ratio, and average follow-up of 30.1 months. The rate of recurrence after complete resection was 19% with an average of 32.6 months to recurrence. The time to recurrence followed a bimodal distribution with 57% of cases recurring within 24 months (mean = 10) and 43% from 40 to 103 months (mean = 61). The proportion of the inverted papillomas rose from 38% in 2000-2004 to 89.6% in 2015-2019. Patients presenting at a younger age had a higher chance of recurrence (mean age 52 with recurrence vs. 61 without recurrence). Age did not correlate with histopathologic transformation in surgical pathology. Furthermore, histopathological transformation did not raise the chance of recurrence. Smoking, alcohol use, chronic rhinosinusitis, and allergic rhinitis were not associated with any of the outcome measures in this study. The most significant factor predicting recurrence, beside age at presentation, was the history of two or more prior sinus surgeries for papillomas or other reasons (OR = 3.52 and 5.81). Conclusion This study explored the features of sinonasal papillomas as well as the risk factors for recurrence and transformation. Younger age at presentation and two or more prior surgeries for papillomas were associated with recurrence. Time to recurrence followed a bimodal distribution, with late recurrences happenning from 40 to 103 months after surgery, emphasizing the importance of long-term follow-up for timely resection of tumors and prevention of malignancy.


In the autumn of 1390, archiepiscopal inquisitors launched a sudden and unprecedented campaign against Waldensian heretics in the middle-Rhineland city of Mainz. By the end of 1393, at least thirty-nine men and women, both laity and clergy, had been burned at the stake in what would be one of the bloodiest and most complex inquisitions of late-medieval Germany. Based on analysis of hitherto overlooked or unknown source material, this article sets forth the context, course, and significance of the Mainz prosecutions, and challenges the standard interpretation that fourteenth-century Waldensianism was a rural phenomenon of little interest to German bishops.


Background: Blood glucose levels regulate the rate of insulin secretion, which is the body's mechanism for preventing excessive elevation in blood glucose. Impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance have been linked to excess body fat composition. Here, we quantify abdominal muscle and abdominal adipose tissue compartments in a large nonhuman primate, the baboon, and investigate their relationship with serum glucose response to a hyperglycemic challenge. Methods: Five female baboons were fasted for 16 hours prior to 90 minute body imaging experiment that consisted of a 20-min baseline, followed by a bolus infusion of glucose (500mg/kg). The blood glucose was sampled at regular intervals. The total volumes of the muscle, visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured. Results and discussion: We found that adipose tissue composition predicted fluctuations in glucose responses to a hyperglycemic chal- lenge of a non-human primate. Animals with higher visceral adiposity showed significantly reduced glucose elimination. The glucose re- sponses were positively correlated with body weight, visceral and muscle fat (p < 0.005). Polynomial regression analysis showed that body weight, visceral and muscle were significant predictors of serum glucose responses (p < 0.001). Conclusions:These results reveal the similarity between humans and baboons with respect to glucose metabolism and strengthen the utility of baboon for biomedical research.


Identifies Janie Moore as the sometimes goddess, sometimes human Δ or Despoina in Lewis's early poems, letters, and diaries. The changing nature of her depiction shows the young Lewis developing a surer handling of his chosen mythic references as he matures and reinforces the thesis that they were lovers. Additional


ABSTRACT A stepwise canonical procedure, including tvo selection indices for variable deletion and a rule for stopping the iterative procedure, was derived as a method of selecting core 'variables from predictors and criteria. The procedure was applied to simulated data varying in the degree of built in structures in population correlation matrices, number of variables, and number of cases. A double cross-validation method was used to test the stability of the canonical correlations. The magnitudes and shrinkage of the largest and the mean significant canonical correlations were compared by means of MANOVA across the different decision rules, built in correlation structures. number of starting variables, and number of cases. (Author)


Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) is an inducible transcription factor present in neurons and glia. Recent genetic models identified a role for NF-kappaB in neuroprotection against various neurotoxins. Furthermore, genetic evidence for a role in learning and memory is now emerging. This review highlights our current understanding of neuronal NF-kappaB in response to synaptic transmission and summarizes potential physiological functions of NF-kappaB in the nervous system. This article contains a listing of NF-kappaB activators and inhibitors in the nervous system, furthermore specific target genes are discussed. Synaptic NF-kappaB activated by glutamate and Ca2+ will be presented in the context of retrograde signaling. A controversial role of NF-kappaB in neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. A model is proposed explaining this paradox as deregulated physiological NF-kappaB activity, where novel results are integrated, showing that p65 could be turned from an activator to a repressor of anti-apoptotic genes.


Based on promising preliminary information obtained from uncontrolled pilot studies, several randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials have been launched to evaluate the effectiveness of megestrol acetate for the treatment of patients with anorexia and/or cachexia. The results of these studies have demonstrated that megestrol acetate can improve patients' appetites and promote nonfluid weight gain in some. They also suggest that megestrol acetate has antiemetic properties. Ongoing clinical trials are evaluating the dose-response relationship of megestrol acetate for these clinical problems and whether megestrol acetate will improve the survival of patients at risk for developing cancer anorexia/cachexia.


&NA; The predictive value of melanoma diagnosis made by visual examination during pigmented lesion screening is low. This creates the problem of false‐positive diagnoses, which lead to unnecessary treatment and scarring. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy, dermatoscopy) on the false‐positive rate in the routine melanoma screening activity of a pigmented lesion clinic (PLC). In a series of 133 subjects consecutively referred to the PLC, lesions defined as suspicious or equivocal on visual examination were examined by dermoscopy. Only lesions also defined as suspicious on dermoscopy were excised; other lesions were observed at follow‐up examinations. Among the 2542 pigmented lesions observed, clinical examination led to identification of 43 suspicious lesions, 13 of which were also suspicious on dermoscopy and were subsequently excised. Histopathological examination revealed three malignant melanomas. Compared with visual examination alone, the addition of dermoscopy to the subgroup of clinically equivocal lesions resulted in an increase in specificity from 98.4% to 99.6% and in positive predictive value from 6.9% to 23%. The specificity of the visit outcome 'subject to be referred for surgical excision' increased from 69.2% to 92.3%. No false‐negative melanoma diagnoses on dermoscopy were observed during a follow‐up period of 4 years. The addition of dermoscopy to routine PLC activity as a second‐level examination led to a reduction in the number of false‐positive diagnoses, thus producing an overall increase in the specificity and positive predictive value of melanoma diagnosis.


BACKGROUND
Synaptic abnormalities in synaptic proteins are the initial hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The higher level of palmitoylation of synaptic proteins was closely associated with amyloid-β (Aβ) in AD. Cattle encephalon glycoside and ignotin (CEGI) have been shown to act as multitarget neurotrophic agents in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) transgenic AD mice. However, it is not clear whether CEGI can influence Aβ deposition or whether it does so by the regulation of protein palmitoylation and expression of synaptic proteins in transgenic AD mice.

OBJECTIVE
In this study, we investigated the roles of CEGI in modulating postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) palmitoylation, Aβ pathologies, and expression of synaptic-associated proteins in APP/PS1 mice.

METHODS
Five-month-old APP/PS1 mice were treated intraperitoneally with 6.6 mL/kg of CEGI for 6 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, APP/PS1 mice were subjected to Morris water maze to test their cognitive functions. Acyl-biotinyl exchange (ABE) for PSD-95 palmitoylation, immunofluorescent staining for expression of PSD-95, N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit 2B (NR2B), and synaptotagmin 1 (SYT1) were assessed in mouse brain sections.

RESULTS
CEGI treatment in APP/PS1 mice significantly reduced Aβ deposition, relieved memory deficits, and decreased PSD-95 palmitoylation while markedly increasing the expression of PSD-95, NR2B, and SYT1 in the frontal cortex. There was a significant correlation between Aβ expression and PSD-95 palmitoylation in APP/PS1 mice.

CONCLUSION
Our findings demonstrate that CEGI improved AD-like neuropathology, possibly by inhibiting PSD-95 palmitoylation, improving learning memory, and enhancing expression of synaptic-associated proteins, representing a potential therapy for AD treatment.


Background: Globalization, strong development of information-communication technologies and the emergence of new burning challenges for the global communities enabled the concept of corporate social responsibility to be perceived as a business model that allows for successful differentiation of companies, as well creating sustainable competitive advantage. Objective: The goal of the paper is to offer a short overview of the role of internal and external stakeholders within the concept of corporate social responsibility and point out the importance of quality relationships between the company and its stakeholders with the aim of improving the standard of living of all community members. Methods/approach: The paper is based on a systematic analysis of previously published relevant international scientific papers in the field of corporate social responsibility, stakeholder theory and information-communication technologies. Results: This paper demonstrates that the concept of corporate social responsibility has gone, in its several decades of existence, from the "unnecessary dependency" phase to the critical business model phase. Conclusions: As there is a natural connection between the concept of corporate social responsibility and the stakeholders, it can be concluded that the quality of the relationship between the company and its stakeholders represents a key factor that affects the success of the company in its notion of differentiating itself from competitors and creating sustainable competitive advantage.


Structural adaptations that occur in the diaphragm muscle of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), namely an increase in type I fibers and a decrease in type II fibers, have been explored in terms of the active contractile properties of the diaphragm. The aim of this study was to test the passive properties of the diaphragm by measuring the force response of relaxed diaphragm muscle fibers to stretching to determine the effect of COPD on these properties. Costal diaphragm biopsies were taken from patients with COPD and from controls with normal pulmonary function. From these biopsies, titin expression was assessed in diaphragm homogenates by gel electrophoresis, and the restoring force was measured by incremental stretching of single fibers in the relaxed state and measuring the force response to stretching. A quadratic model was used to illustrate the relationship between restoring force and muscle fiber length, and it revealed that COPD fibers generate significantly lower restoring forces than control fibers as judged by the area under the force-length curve. Furthermore, this finding applies to both type I and type II fibers. Gel electrophoresis revealed different titin isoforms in COPD and controls, consistent with the conclusion that COPD results not only in a change in muscle fiber-type distribution but in a structural change in the titin molecule in all muscle fiber types within the diaphragm. This may assist the muscle with the energetic changes in the length of the diaphragm required during breathing in COPD.


Metal/organic-molecule/metal nanoscale junctions, which consist of poly(3-hexylthiophene):6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM) organic molecules sandwiched between two Ni thin films whose edges are crossed, which are called quantum cross (QC) devices, have been fabricated and their structural and electrical properties have been investigated. The area of the crossed section, which was obtained without using electron-beam or optical lithography, can be as small as 16×16 nm2. We have obtained ohmic current–voltage characteristics, which show quantitative agreement with the theoretical calculation results performed within the framework of the Anderson model under the strong coupling limit. Calculation results also predict that a high on–off ratio beyond 100000:1 can be obtained in Ni/P3HT:PCBM/Ni QC devices under the weak coupling condition. These results indicate that our method utilizing thin-film edges is useful for creating nanoscale junctions and Ni/P3HT:PCBM/Ni QC devices can be expected to have potential application in next-generation switching devices with high on–off ratios.


Changes in conformation are inherently critical to the behaviour of tunable clay–polymer nanocomposites (CPNs), including swelling potential and permeability. We investigated the conformational behaviour of a pH-responsive polymer and an expandable clay through dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) and pressurised permeability tests. Three different conditions were studied by DPD: (1) polymer in an aqueous solution, (2) polymer adsorbed on a clay surface and (3) polymer sandwiched between two clay surfaces. Pressurised permeability tests were conducted to investigate the pH-dependency of the CPN material. DPD simulations showed extended conformation of the polymer at high pH resulting in large interlayer spacing. Contracted coil conformation of the polymer led to small interlayer spacing at low pH. Intermediate conformation (expanded coil) and interlayer spacing were observed at pH near the pK a value of the polymer. Swelling of the CPN increased with increasing pH resulting in permeability reduction. The combined results of the experimental permeability tests and DPD simulations indicate that as the interlayer spacing increased with increasing pH, the permeability of CPN decreased. Thus, conformational changes of polymer molecules can be related to swelling potential of CPN and its tunability predicted as a function of pH for a desirable minimal permeability.


Objective: This study aims to identify clinical and therapeutic surgical particularities and postoperative complications encountered in children suffering from Down syndrome and congenital cataract, as well as the existence of a correlation with associated systemic anomalies. Methods: A retrospective interventional study that analyzes cases of congenital cataracts operated on a group of 14 children with Down syndrome, respectively on 26 eyes, was performed. The age of the children at the time of the surgery, the presence of associated ocular and systemic anomalies, the employed surgical technique, the frequency and the type of postoperative complications, were examined. Results: Cataracts present at birth, with recommendations for surgical treatment, were rare among children suffering from Down syndrome, but their frequency increased with age. Most children had systemic anomalies, but also other, usually multiple, ocular anomalies. The rate of postoperative complications was higher than among children with congenital cataracts, but without Down syndrome. In six cases, more than one complication/ case was identified. It was not possible to establish a clear correlation between the number and type of the postoperative complication and the systemic anomalies, nor was it possible to establish a correlation with the functional visual outcomes, because those children had other important ocular anomalies as well. Conclusions: Congenital cataracts with recommendations for surgical treatment in children suffering from Down syndrome have a low incidence, but an increase in frequency can be noticed with age. The recommended surgical technique is the one that involves maneuvers for the prevention of visual axis re-opacification. Per primam implantation is definitely indicated. The risk of postoperative complications is high, in terms of both frequency and number, with the possibility that more than one complication occurs, unrelated to a particular systemic anomaly, in one patient.


ABSTRACT Poulos, S.E.; Plomaritis, T.A.; Ghionis, G.; Collins, M.B., and Angelopoulos, C., 2013. The role of coastal morphology in influencing sea level variations induced by meteorological forcing in microtidal waters: examples from the Island of Crete (Aegean Sea, Greece). Sea surface variations due to strong (northerly) onshore winds are compared over three different geomorphological settings of the essentially tideless (tidal range < 10 cm) northern coast of Crete (southern Aegean Sea): (i) an open beach zone; (ii) a beach zone with the same offshore characteristics as the previous zone, but protected by a shore-parallel reef; and (iii) a pocket beach located in the cove of a semienclosed gulf. Even though the three beach zones are exposed to similar meteorological forcing (strong northerly winds with speeds > 10 m s−1), they developed different water level variations depending on the local morphological conditions. The beach zone situated in the semienclosed gulf experienced a 3.3 times larger offshore sea surface rise (10 cm) than the unprotected open beach. The presence of the reef, on the third beach, caused a 2.7 times higher increase of the nearshore sea surface elevation (i.e., up to 24.5 cm) than the nearshore sea surface rise (9 cm) measured at the nearby unprotected open coast that experiences similar offshore hydrodynamic conditions. The sea surface variations in the offshore zone are induced primarily by wind forcing and, secondarily, by barometric pressure fluctuations: their corresponding ratios vary from 3.2 ∶ 1 in the unprotected open beach, to 2.2 ∶ 1 in the pocket beach located in the semienclosed gulf. Sea surface rise within the nearshore zone is controlled mainly by the wave set-up, due to breaking waves; this, at the open coast, is about 1.3 times larger than the wind set-up. Finally, the presence of the reef amplifies sea surface rise along the shoreline, which can easily exceed 0.4 m (15 times the offshore sea surface rise).


Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been intensely studied as a possible solution in the fields of analytical chemistry and biosensorics for decades. Substantial research has been devoted to engineering signal enhanced SERS-active substrates based on semi-continuous nanostructured silver and gold films, or agglomerates of micro- and nanoparticles in solution. Herein, we demonstrate the high-amplitude spectra of myoglobin precipitated out of ultra-low concentration solutions (below 10 μg/mL) using e-beam evaporated continuous self-assembled silver films. We observe up to 105 times Raman signal amplification with purposefully designed SERS-active substrates in comparison with the control samples. SERS-active substrates are obtained by electron beam evaporation of silver thin films with well controlled nanostructured surface morphology. The characteristic dimensions of the morphology elements vary in the range from several to tens of nanometers. Using optical confocal microscopy we demonstrate that proteins form a conformation on the surface of the self-assembled silver film, which results in an effective enhancement of giant Raman scattering signal. We investigate the various SERS substrates surface morphologies by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) in combination with deep data analysis with Gwyddion software and a number of machine learning techniques. Based on these results, we identify the most significant film surface morphology patterns and evaporation recipe parameters to obtain the highest amplitude SERS spectra. Moreover, we demonstrate the possibility of automated selection of suitable morphological parameters to obtain the high-amplitude spectra. The developed AFM data auto-analysis procedures are used for smart optimization of SERS-active substrates nanoengineering processes.


As a representative proton pump inhibitor, Lansoprazole was poorly soluble in water which caused the low oral bioavailability. The present study was carried out to enhance the dissolution of lansoprazole by cogrinding with some commonly used hydrophilic polymers (β-CD, PVP, HPMC, L-HPC, CS, PEG and PVPP) in the weight ratio of 1:1 for 2 h in the jar mill. Samples of coground mixture, micronised drug, and physical mixture were characterized by XRPD, and DSC, the results showed that the drug crystallinity reduced in the coground process. The amount of drug released from the coground mixtures in PBS (pH 6.8, 37°C) in 30 min was 100% approximately (except the coground mixtures prepared with VPP or PEG) while released from the micronised drug was just about 20%. Increasing the hydrophilicity and diminishing the size of drug particles by cogrinding were the main causes for enhancing the dissolution of the drug. The results of the stability study of lansoprazole in coground mixture showed that there were no significant changes in the drug content and dissolution characteristics 6 months later. It is clear that the cogrinding method described in the article is very effective for enhancing the dissolution of the poorly soluble drugs, and it is easy for industrialization, showing a strong potential for future applications.


Endoscopy, aortography and laparotomy failed to demonstrate a high aorto-oesophageal fistula of obscure aetiology in a woman presenting with haematemesis. Recognition of Chiari's triad: mid-thoracic pain, sentinel arterial haemorrhage, and final exsanguination after a symptom-free interval, and therapeutic embolization as a mode of therapy, are discussed.


The Xyce Parallel Electronic Simulator has been written to support, in a rigorous manner, the simulation needs of the Sandia National Laboratories electrical designers. Specific requirements include, among others, the ability to solve extremely large circuit problems by supporting large-scale parallel computing platforms, improved numerical performance and object-oriented code design and implementation. The Xyce release notes describe: Hardware and software requirements New features and enhancements Any defects fixed since the last release Current known defects and defect workarounds For up-to-date information not available at the time these notes were produced, please visit the Xyce web page at http://www.cs.sandia.gov/xyce.


Productivity in service has long been claimed to be low. The traditional measurement of output divided by input has received critic when applied to service settings and has even been described as potentially harmful due to its potential to change the actual offer. This study focuses on how productivity is defined and measured in two call centers. The results show that productivity is not limited to the output divided by input definition. Both call centers use similar measurements, but value the measures differently


During the activities of hospitals, medical waste is generated as a natural result of the process. Although medical wastes are produced as a result of activities to improve health quality, they have a high risk of health problems if they are not managed appropriately. More and more importance are given to medical waste management in terms of health risks in the world and in our country and academic studies are carried out in terms of the most appropriate disposal methods. Disposal methods in addition to the superiority of appropriate methods in eliminating health risks, disposal costs also require multidisciplinary management in order to impose financial burden on health institutions. University hospitals need management because of the environmental impacts they generate due to high rates of waste generation. The most important environmental risks arising from health institutions are medical and hazardous waste management problems. Wastes from university hospitals are grouped in terms of their nature and capability. Domestic wastes, packaging wastes, medical wastes, hazardous wastes, radioactive wastes, wastewater containing high concentrations of tissue and body fluids are produced from health institutions. Wastes from university hospitals are subject to waste management applied in other health institutions in that they are the same in character as wastes from health institutions. It is better to supervise and implement the management of wastes from university hospitals. Because large amounts of waste are produced, the results are more traceable and more appropriate in terms of results. In this study, besides the reduction of hospital-generated wastes, the studies carried out for the evaluation and the studies that can be done were evaluated.


News media are believed to have a role in the strengthening and functioning of a democratic political system in any society or state. Hence, the political affiliations of news constructers (journalists) matter and deserve attention. This paper elicits and discusses the extent to which Sindh journalists relate themselves with political parties. For this empirical data was collected via a cross sectional survey of 576 journalists in Sindh province, Pakistan that presents key elements of their political affiliation, like being a member or supporter of any political party, and particularly what ideologies they follow. Moreover, the political affiliations of the journalists have been assessed in the context of their professional and demographic variables.


Plant peroxisomes are essential organelles that house diverse metabolic activities. To understand the full spectrum of peroxisomal functions, we recently performed a proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis leaf peroxisomes followed by in vivo subcellular targeting validation of some novel proteins. Here, we continue with the targeting analysis and demonstrate that the nonapeptide RVx5HF, which is present near the N terminus of the newly identified peroxisomal protein, HIT3 (histidine triad family protein 3), is a functional peroxisome targeting signal type 2 (PTS2). In addition, we have confirmed the peroxisomal localization of UP6 (unknown protein 6) and GLX1 (glyoxalase 1 homolog), two proteins with possible roles in stress responses and glutathione-dependent detoxification, respectively. These data, together with results from our previous analysis of the peroxisomal proteome, reinforce the notion that peroxisomes are involved in various stress responses and suggest glutathione as a major antioxidant in plant peroxisomes.


A genetic-based algorithm is proposed to solve the multiobjective global optimisation problem of a longitudinal interconnected power system, which incorporates various constraints during the optimisation of dispatch solution with two objectives in mind: economic and environmental requirements. Its effectiveness is verified through a three-area test system with multiple fuels and multiple pollutants. Consequently, the results of the sample system are analysed to demonstrate the internal relationships among various constraints and objectives.


Lead Titanate (PbTiO3) thin films derived from metal alkoxide precursor solution through sol-gel method were deposited onto silicon substrates by dip coating. These films were deposited at different immersing times. The withdrawal speed on the other hand was fixed at 7 mm/s. The dielectric properties of these thin films were investigated as a function of frequency. The IV characteristics and micro-structural property were also examined. The thin films deposited at lowest immersing time resulted in higher dielectric constant and lower dielectric losses. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss for lead titanate thin films immerse time at 25 s were measured to be around 14 and 0.0051 respectively at 100 Hz.