The calcium channel ionophore A23187 has been shown to cause a striking reduction in both the rate of neurite outgrowth and in growth cone motility; it has also been shown that these changes may be reversed when the ionophore is removed from the culture medium. The evidence supports the view that a specific concentration range of calcium is essential for outgrowth and motility and that calcium influences neuronal growth by an effect on actin structures within the growth cone. Using time-lapse video microscopy techniques, the effects of calcium ionophore A23187 on the rate of neurite outgrowth and growth cone motility in cultured embryonic mouse spinal cord neurons were examined. Concentrations in the range of 1-100 microM resulted in an inhibition of neuronal outgrowth, a loss of filopodia and a significant reduction in survival after seven hours. The results show that although the treatment with A23187 inhibited growth at all concentrations used, motility was inhibited only at the highest concentration indicating that the optimum calcium concentration for motility is higher than that for growth and that calcium mediates its effects on growth and motility at a very local level.


Given two stable planes of dimension 2l containing compact topological 2l-disks whose boundaries are isomorphic unitals, we show that it is possible to substitute one of these disks with the other, thus changing the line system in one of the planes, and that this produces another stable plane. The proof uses intersection theory in singular homology in order to show that existence of interior intersection points of two secants can be detected by looking at their traces in the unital. We conclude with a class of concrete examples based on P. Sperner's 4-dimensional affine planes with group C∗ · SU2C. MSC 2010: Primary: 51H10; Secondary: 55N45, 51A35.


This tutorial review discusses the contradictory material properties of electrical conductivity and optical transparency for the examples of graphene films and carbon nanotube networks. It is argued that for homogeneous films both properties are linked by basic laws of physics and that for perfect monoatomic layers conductivity and transparency can be calculated from the fine structure constant. To beat these limitations, inhomogeneous films are required, such as graphene with an array of holes or nanotube networks. An overview is given on literature values of transparency and conductivity, both for graphene films and for nanotube networks.


Indecisiveness and negative thinking regarding career pathways can hinder university students' career planning, motivation, and mental health. Students intending to enter the workforce after graduation therefore need to develop skills related to career adaptability (i.e. career planning, decision-making, problem solving/confidence and exploration), particularly since career planning and construction is linked to gaining employment. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of an online career planning module on students' career adaptability.  The career-focussed online module, based on the constructs of Savickas' (2005) theory of career construction, and tailored to students' skills and interests, was developed and embedded into the University curriculum of a second-year exercise and public health-related unit. In 2018, 80 students completed the online module, along with pre- and post-intervention questionnaires assessing career adaptability elements including career planning, decision making, problem solving/confidence, and exploration. Dependent t-tests were conducted to assess differences in these measures pre- and post-intervention. Post-intervention, significant increases in career-planning strategies used (t(69)=5.45, p<0.001), career planning concern (t(69)=3.73, p<0.001), decision making (i.e. career path identification) (t(70)=3.86, p<0.001), decision making confidence (t(65)=2.69, p<0.01), and problem solving/confidence (t(65) = 2.16, p=0.03) were observed. Further, 80% of participants identified jobs at post-intervention not previously identified pre-intervention (exploration) and 71% of participants perceived improvements in confidence regarding job ideas/making career choices.  Findings from this research indicated that completing a brief online career education module, tailored to an individual's skills and interests, improved all dimensions of the participating students' career adaptability. Further research utilising longer-term follow-up and randomised controlled trial designs are required to confirm the reliability and transferability of the findings.


The benefits of modernisation cannot be ignored any more than its failings. Nothing should be accepted or rejected merely because it is modern. Likewise, nothing should be accepted or rejected merely because it is traditional. There is much that is good in modernity, and much that is good in traditional societies. There is much that is bad in modernity, and much that is bad in traditional societies.
In practice, any politically active movement that opposes Westernisation and calls for the enforcement of Islamic law is termed "Islamic fundamentalism." One must be careful to distinguish so-called fundamentalists from traditional Muslim groups, for there are Muslim groups that have been anti-intellectualist, anti-philosophical and rather outwardly oriented throughout the history of Islamic civilisation. On the other hand, there are some revolutionary Muslims who have been philosophers and mystics.


In Air Traffic Control (ATC), communication is one of the human factors that helps integrate the components of
air transportation system. Safe and fast air traffic depends on correct and efficient communication between
controllers and pilots.Effective communication can be defined as the correct receipt of a sent message. In the air
traffic control environment this communication between controllers and pilots is essential. Otherwise
communication problems occur when the messages are not received accurately by controllers and pilots.
Communication problems that contributes to accidents are defined as actions or behaviors that indicate a
breakdown in communication process in air traffic control. In this study, communication problems that occur in
air traffic control and its reasons are examined, the necessity and the importance of the studies intended for the
improvement of communication is emphasized. Applying the different techniques of communication to air traffic
controller training, developing specific communication strategies for the training of controller teams and doing
research about air traffic control communication, will facilitate the diminution of communication problems.


Previous studies on the seven past Buddhas (SPB) deal mainly with Dighanikaya. 14, Samyuttanikaya. 12.65, Dhammapada. 183 etc. In this article an effort has been made to assume the process of establishment of the concept of SPB, solely based on the verse texts of the Pali Nikaya and their corresponding canonical texts.The 'concept of the SPB' has been divided here into two phases: one concerns the Buddhas before Sakyamuni, and another concerns the concept of seven Buddhas with Sakyamuni as the seventh one.In the Sagathavagga of the Samyuttanikaya, terms like 'atita sambuddha' can be found expressing a plural form. This plural form was used for buddha as a common noun. Later, because of the problem of meter, few terms remained in plural form even after the singular form was used for the Buddha as a proper noun.The example of addressing Sakyamuni as 'isisattama' can be found only in the Varngisasutta. In the beginning, most probably it was understood as 'the best ‹-tama› '. But, influenced by the verses describing the past Buddhas, it came to be interpreted as 'seventh ‹sattama›'.It can be assumed that except Kassapa Buddha and Sikhin Buddha of the Sagathavagga, the other Buddhas were first put into a group of past Buddhas and then a story was related to each.


Background Nevirapine is associated with idiosyncratic reactions such as skin rash, hepatitis and hypersensitivity syndrome, which have the hallmarks of being immune mediated. However, there is little laboratory evidence to support an immune pathogenesis. Methods A HIV-positive individual who developed hepatitis within 6 weeks of starting nevirapine, in the absence of any cutaneous manifestations, is described. Other causes of hepatitis were excluded, and the patients liver function normalized on withdrawal of nevirapine. Lymphocytes from the patient, and six individuals with HIV who were on nevirapine without adverse effects, were exposed to nevirapine and its metabolites, and lymphocyte proliferation assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation on day 5. Results The T cells taken from the nevirapine-hypersensitive patient proliferated in the presence of nevirapine with a stimulation index of greater than 2. There was no proliferation with nevirapine metabolites. T cells taken from HIV-positive control individuals showed no proliferation with either nevirapine or its metabolites. Conclusion The results from our patient suggest that T cells may be involved in the pathogenesis of nevirapine-induced hepatitis. Larger numbers of patients need to be studied to fully evaluate the role of T cells in nevirapine-induced hepatitis and nevirapine hypersensitivity syndrome.


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 Background: The wealth of data from clinical trials has done as much to diversify standard therapy for acute myocardial infarction (MI) as it has to define it. To better characterize the use of treatments during hospitalization for MI in clinical practice, we analyzed one-year post MI survival in relation to common treatments in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Methods: Between 1987 and 1996 potential cases of MI among men and women, ages 35-74 were identified through hospital surveillance in Forsyth Co. NC, Jackson, MS, Minneapolis, MN, and Washington Co. MD. Diagnosis was validated using a standardized algorithm. Information on treatments was obtained from the medical record. Medication use included those given or continued during the hospitalization or prescribed at discharge. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate survival associated with treatments. Results: Of the 15,032 MI events, 34% were female and 18% black. One-year case-fatality of hospitalized MI events ranged from a high of 12% in 1987 to a low of 6.5% in 1994. Between 1987 and 1996, use of thrombolytic therapy (TT) increased from 11% to 16% of patients, beta-blockers (BB) 45% to 66%, and aspirin (AS) 49% to 87%. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery increased from 13% to 19% and coronary angioplasty (PTCA) from 11% to 26%. After adjusting for age, race, sex, center, history of MI, severity indicators, complications, and the other therapies, AS (hazard ratio (HR) =0.47, 0.40-0.54) and PTCA (HR=0.47, 0.39-0.57) held the strongest association with survival, followed by CABG (HR=0.61, 0.50-0.75), BB (HR=0.62, 0.53-0.72), and TT (HR=0.71, 0.59-0.87). In 1996, the use of PTCA varied by center from 12% to 36% and AS use varied from 79% to 92%. Conclusions: Although not a randomized trial and therefore subject to selection bias, the ARIC data suggest that established treatments may be associated with better MI survival in community practice. Although no other therapy studied was more strongly associated with survival or has fewer contraindications than aspirin, it is underused in some communities.


The drift of fluid particles induced by a bubble oscillating with motions typical of a single sonoluminescent bubble is considered. In the first calculation the bubble is assumed to remain spherical and to oscillate both radially, with large amplitude motion, and laterally, with a smaller amplitude. The paths of marked particles are traced by numerical integration of the velocity field. It is found that the resulting drift motion at large distances from the oscillating sphere is similar to a steady dipole flow. The strength of the dipole, however, is typically seven orders of magnitude less than the streaming motion observed in the laboratory by Lepoint–Mullie et al. A second calculation supposes that the bubble does not remain spherical but collapses asymmetrically, with one side falling inwards towards the other at a greater speed. The resulting impulse again induces a dipole motion in the far field, whose strength may be estimated on certain assumptions. It is found to be quite comparable to that observed.


Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) arises from different genetic defects associated with lymphocyte development and function and presents with severe infections. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is an extremely effective way of restoring immunity in these individuals. Numerous multicenter studies have identified the factors determining successful outcome, and survival for SCID has shown great improvement. Advances in understanding the genetic basis of disease also mean that we increasingly tailor transplant protocols to the specific SCID form. Wherever possible, we attempt to transplant SCID patients without the use of cytoreductive conditioning, but it is clear that this is only successful for specific SCID forms and, although survival is good, in specific patients there are ongoing humoral defects. We aim to use matched related and unrelated donors (including cord blood) whenever possible and have limited the use of mismatched haploidentical donors. The development of autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy provides another treatment of the X-linked and adenosine deaminase-deficient forms of SCID, and we discuss how we have integrated gene therapy into our treatment strategy. These developments together with the advent of universal newborn screening for SCID should allow for a highly favorable outcome for this otherwise lethal condition.


A linear response function is derived for a system of photons interacting with two-phonon states. This function determines the electric field spectral density of the corresponding mixed states: two-phonon polaritons. Computations of the spectral density for different values of the anharmonicity and the photon-two-phonon coupling constant are carried out.


The present work was aimed to isolate efficient hydrocarbon degrading and biosurfactant producing bacteria strain from oil contaminated site. Biosurfactant are low molecular surface active compounds involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons. Biosurfactant activity of isolated strain were detected by using different screening method. The study showed that efficient biosurfactant producing bacteria were identified as Arthrobacter globiformis. More over, crude oil degradation as consortium degraded more effectively than individual strain.


The COVID-19 pandemic has created significant impacts for nearly all industrial and societal sectors in the world. As closures and social distancing mandates were implemented to help control the spread of the novel coronavirus designated as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the food industry was immensely affected. This review explores the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the food supply chain from a multi-disciplinary viewpoint and provides perspectives on the consequences on food safety and food security, a risk assessment on human–animal interactions, and considers logistical/protocol adjustments required for the food industry. While foodborne transmission of the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is not a significant factor for food safety as direct transmission of the virus through food products is not evident, food security has been significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic threatens food accessibility, especially for vulnerable populations of people, through its effects on food cost and infrastructure, food distribution and public transit access, and social inequities. Currently, global interest for COVID-19 is focused on human health and rightfully so, but adverse effects on the food supply chain are already evident and will likely continue to occur for several years after the pandemic is over, let alone if other global health pandemics of this magnitude surface in upcoming years. Uncertainties over the novel coronavirus have interrupted global trade and supply chains. The pandemic has underlined the importance of a robust and resilient food system, which presents an unprecedented challenge for competent authorities in upcoming years.


Penicillin-binding protein 1b (PBP 1b) of the gram-positive bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae catalyzes the cross-linking of adjacent peptidoglycan strands, as a critical event in the biosynthesis of its cell wall. This enzyme is representative of the biosynthetic PBP structures of the β-lactam-recognizing enzyme superfamily and is the target of the β-lactam antibiotics. In the cross-linking reaction, the amide between the -D-Ala-D-Ala dipeptide at the terminus of a peptide stem acts as an acyl donor toward the ε-amino group of a lysine found on an adjacent stem. The mechanism of this transpeptidation was evaluated using explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations and ONIOM quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics calculations. Sequential acyl transfer occurs to, and then from, the active site serine. The resulting cross-link is predicted to have a cis-amide configuration. The ensuing and energetically favorable cis- to trans-amide isomerization, within the active site, may represent the key event driving product release to complete enzymatic turnover.


: The past decades have witnessed an increasing interest in molecular electronics aiming to assemble functional circuits using single molecules. Researchers from various disciplines have devoted considerable attention in the design and construction of single-molecule junctions and sophisticated functional devices, accompanied by the discovery and utilization of numerous novel quantum phenomena. Many new breakthroughs benefit from the utilization of various stimulus response methods to tune the charge transport in molecular devices, such as light, temperature, magnetic field, pH, and mechanical force. Electrostatic field has superb but distinct abilities to modulate the charge transport in molecular devices. First, like in other electronic devices, electrostatic fields act on single-molecule devices as a noninvasive means. However, unlike in these traditional electronic devices, the voltage applied in the extremely tiny single-molecule devices would generate a large electrostatic field, which could provide the necessary conditions for regulating charge transport and catalyzing single-molecule-scale chemical reactions. This review focuses on the recent advances made in tuning charge transport by electrostatic field in the single-molecule devices. In the second section, we introduce and compare two break junction techniques commonly used to construct molecular junctions: the scanning tunneling microscopy break junction (STMBJ) technique and the mechanically controllable break junction (MCBJ) technique; furthermore, the three-electrode systems based on these two break junction techniques are also introduced. These techniques laid the foundation for various new techniques in tuning charge transport in molecular junctions based on electrostatic field. In the third section, the applications of electrostatic field are introduced, including controlling the molecular-electrode interfaces, varying molecule configurations and conformations, catalyzing single-molecule-scale chemical reactions, switching molecule spin states, changing molecule redox states and shifting the energy levels of the electrodes and molecules. Finally, we discussed the shortcomings of the applications electrostatic field in single-molecule devices. Including the low stability of single-molecule devices under strong electrostatic field, and the introduction of electrostatic field will increase the difficulty of understanding the charge transport mechanism in single-molecule devices. In addition, we point out that electrostatic field modulation of single-molecule charge transport is expected to be further developed in the following aspects: Firstly, multi-stimulus response molecule devices could be built by combining electrostatic field with other stimulus. Secondly, electrostatic field could be used to catalyze more types of chemical reactions, even control the configurations and conformations of products. Thirdly, electrostatic field can be used to design fullerene-based switching molecular diodes that proper for application in random-access memories and memristors.


An imaging and a strain mapping in the vicinity of a crack tip in material were investigated using a high energy white X-ray obtained from BL28B2 beam line at SPring-8 in Japan. Low-alloy and high-tensile steel (JIS G3128 SHY685) was used as a specimen prepared in the G-type geometry. A fatigue crack was introduced into the specimen by a cyclic loading. The imaging of the crack in the specimen was carried out by using the X-ray CCD camera that can detect the X-ray transmitted through the specimen. To measure the strain, the synchrotron white X-ray beam, which had a height of 80μm and a width of 300μm, was incident on the specimen with the Bragg angle θ of 5 degrees using the energy dispersive X-ray diffraction technique. The internal strain in the vicinity of the crack tip was mapped out by scanning the irradiated X-ray position around it. As the results, the imaging of the crack, with about 1mm length, in the specimen under the loading of crack opening was practicable by using the synchrotron white X-ray. The map of the internal strain near the crack tip of the steel of 5mm thickness could be obtained using the white X-ray with energy ranging from 50keV to 150keV. The plastic region estimated from the distribution of the FWHM of diffracted X-ray profile almost agreed with the theoretical value calculated by fracture mechanics. It was confirmed that the synchrotron white X-ray is useful for the imaging of the internal crack and the strain mapping near it.


Purpose. When eyewitnesses to crime receive feedback about their choice of a suspect from a line-up (or post-identification feedback), such information can substantially alter their recollections of the witnessing experience. This study examined whether feedback exerts similar effects on investigators' recollections of a suspect's behaviours.

Methods. Participant-investigators received training on speech cues that they were told, when present in a speaker's account, signal either honesty or deception. After hearing a suspect's account of a theft, participants decided whether the suspect was lying or telling the truth. One-third of participants subsequently received immediate confirming feedback about their performance, while another third received disconfirming feedback. The remaining one-third of participants did not receive feedback about their decision. Finally, participants rated the frequencies of speech cues that they had been instructed to detect in the suspect's account.

Results. Disconfirming feedback significantly altered retrospective judgments about the characteristics of the suspect's account. Specifically, when told that the decision they made about the speaker's credibility was incorrect, participants judged the speaker as having exhibited fewer behaviours consistent with the credibility decision they had made, relative to those who either received no feedback or confirming feedback.

Conclusions. Biases in recollections of a suspect may have consequences in real-world interrogations wherein investigators assess credibility on the basis of numerous behavioural cues. Results are discussed in light of findings of post-identification feedback studies on eyewitnesses.


For embedded systems in harsh environments, a radiation robust circuit design is still an open challenge. As complementary–metal–oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes get denser and smaller, their immunity toward particle strikes decreases drastically. Due to its good radiation effects tolerance and its inherent nonvolatility, spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction (STT-MTJ) is considered a promising candidate for high-reliability electronics. Nevertheless, when integrated in a CMOS circuit, these magnetic devices could still be affected by upsets. To decrease the probability of this occurrence, a radiation robust setup is used to calibrate a physics-based 20-nm MTJ compact model, integrated in a 28-nm Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (FD-SOI) technology. Thus, a radiation hardening by design (RHBD) solution is presented, where a nonvolatile sequential block enables one to mitigate the single-event effects (SEEs).


Carbon nanotubes have generated much research interest and potential applications due to their unique properties such as their high tensile strength, high thermal conductivity, and unique semiconductor properties. Vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes (VA-CNTs) have been used in applications for electrochemical systems in energy storage systems and desalination systems. Typical methods of characterizing the morphology and composition of CNTs are limited in providing information on the packing density of CNTs, and therefore, an effective method for in situ characterization of VA-CNT electrodes is needed. This method explores the use of impedance spectroscopy and other electrochemical methods to characterize VA-CNTs in situ. VA-CNTs forests were grown via chemical vapor densification on pre-oxidized silicon wafers, mechanically densified to achieve varying volume fractions (1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%), and tested in a three-electrode electrochemical cell. Electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, and potentiostatic techniques) were used to measure the performance of the VA-CNTs in 1 M and 500 mM electrolyte solutions. Optimization of the experimental setup design and data collection methods yielded data that resulted in the expected cyclic voltammetry response and impedance behavior of porous electrodes. A transmission line model-pore size distribution (TLM-PSD) model was applied to the data collected in order to predict and model porosimetry characteristics. Porous behavior was observed in the VA-CNT electrodes of all volume fractions tested, and the impedance spectra showed that the volume fraction affected the overall impedance but not the characteristic shape of the spectra. Comparison between the impedance data collected in 1 M NaCl and 500 mM NaCl showed the expected corresponding inverse correlation with solution conductivity. Parameters that describe the VA-CNT electrode porosity were calculated and predicted using electrochemical data and the TLM-PSD model. The porous volume Vtot and total ionic conductance Yp values calculated using the model applied to the impedance spectroscopy data showed trends as expected for the different volume fractions of VA-CNT. The results show that electrochemical impedance spectroscopy can be used to characterize certain physical characteristics of the VA-CNT electrodes and further development of the model can yield insights into the porous geometry of VA-CNT forests.


As the confirmed cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continue to grow with over 1 million documented infections in the United States alone, researchers and health care workers race to find effective treatment options for this potentially fatal disease. Mortality remains high in patients whose disease course requires mechanical ventilation and admission to intensive care units. While focusing on therapies to decrease mortality is essential, we must also consider the logistical hurdles faced with regard to safely and effectively delivering treatment while limiting the risk of harm to hospital staff and other noninfected patients. In this article, we discuss aspects of surge planning, considerations in limiting health care worker exposure, the logistics of medication delivery in a uniform and consolidated manner, protocols for delivering emergent care in a rapidly deteriorating coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patient, and safe practices for transporting infected patients.


Children or young people with Social, Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties (SEBD) are at an increased risk of school exclusion (Hayden, 1997). The support provided through educational psychologists? engagement in preventative and reactive approaches at the individual, group and systems level for children or young people with SEBDs at risk of school exclusion, is presented in existing research (Clarke & Jenner, 2006; Hardman, 2001; O?Brien & Miller, 2005; Thorne & Ivens, 1999). The studies are, however, limited in providing transferable knowledge into educational psychologists? practice and accounting for individual level support for crisis management situations for children or young people, at immediate risk of school exclusion. The studies are limited in exploring effective strategies and methods employed by a Specialist Educational Psychologist (SEBD) and the distinctive contribution of Specialist Educational Psychologists? (SEBD) support. In the present study, a Specialist Educational Psychologist (SEBD) from an Independent Educational Psychology Service was identified to take part in the study. The Participant Specialist Educational Psychologist1 identified two casework examples of positive practice, whereby her input led to positive outcomes for the children with SEBD, at risk of permanent school exclusion. An in-depth single case study design was utilised to explore the strategies and methods employed by the Participant Specialist Educational Psychologist and her unique contribution from the Participant Specialist Educational Psychologist?s perspective and from the perspectives of the school professionals and parents involved in the two caseworks. Semi-structured interviews were used as a data gathering method and were analysed using Braun and Clarke?s (2006) six phased model of thematic analysis. An Integrated Thematic Map was produced made up of Seven Organising Themes. A content analysis was completed on documentary evidence of the Participant Specialist Educational Psychologist?s action plans and was triangulated with aspects of the findings from the thematic analysis. The effective strategies and methods applied by the Participant Specialist Educational Psychologist and the distinctive contribution of her support are described. The study provides ?new? and ?confirmed? insights into effective practice that aims to contribute to the skill set and knowledge of practitioner educational psychologists and through which, strengthen the support provided to schools for children or young people with SEBD, at risk of permanent school exclusion. The findings also provide insight to the distinctive role of the educational psychologist in effective specialist support and the specialist role within the profession. The insight is considered important in light of the current changes occurring within the profession and the Special Educational Needs (SEN) Review (DfE, 2011a; DfE, 2012a).


Freedom of the parties in this context has great scope, to the extent that their choices do not include the restrictions of autonomy principle, and their autonomy should be respected. On the other hand, in case of parties' silence, the arbitrator decides according to appropriate rules of conflict resolution. Appropriate rules of conflict resolution do not mean that the arbitrator, necessarily, should refer to Iran conflict rules for determining the law governing the nature of the claim, but the intention is that the arbitrator has a choice in selecting appropriate rules of conflict resolution, and this is a prevailing trend in international commercial arbitration. In International Commercial Arbitration, in addition to determining law governing the nature of the claim, the law governing the arbitration agreement, and the law governing the procedure of the arbitration, also rises and in this thesis, questions have been raised that are answered as follows: Methods of determining law governing the nature of the claim are different and varied. Iranian legislator ratified the international commercial arbitration law, according to the methods of determining law governing the nature of the claim, and in order to the commercial and economic development. The method of choice of law by the parties is in fact recognizing the principle of party autonomy and accepting the choice of law by both parties, engaging them in resolving their differences, and by implication, (not necessarily) making fair decisions. The research method in this study is theoretical (descriptive - analysis), which the result of this study is that, Iranian legislator ratified the international commercial arbitration law, with considering the above levels and in order to develop Iranian trade and economic and, in fact, it has the same pace and direction with the development of international trade and economic. In such a situation, it seems that the existence of two heterogeneous and conflicting rules, in Article 968 of the Civil Code and Article 27 of the international commercial arbitration law, the situation is not suitable, and therefore, regardless of the Imperatives theory and practice of selection, which was raised on Article 968 of the Civil Code, reviewing the rule of conflict resolution in Article 968 of the Civil Code and amending it in line with the international commercial arbitration law is an interest, based on modern materials and it seems inevitable.


Clutch desertion and re-nesting are important components of fitness when predation is frequent. In nestbox populations however, nest predation and desertion are rare but can be studied by experimental manipulations. We experimentally reduced clutches of pied flycatcher, Ficedula hypoleucaby removing one egg per day until desertion occurred. The size of the clutch at desertion and whether females re-nested or not were used as measures of the female response. Of the deserting females, 74% re-nested in our study area. Re-nesting frequency was correlated with date but not with the size of the clutch laid. The majority of the non-re-nesting females deserted empty nests, while the majority of re-nesting females deserted one egg. Clutch size at desertion was not correlated with the size of the clutch laid nor with laying date; it was smaller than the size predicted by an optimality analysis of the value of both the current (deserted) and the replacement clutch. For the re-nesting females, there was a negative correlation between fledging rate of the replacement clutch and the size of the clutch at desertion. Our predictions, made under the hypothesis that desertion and re-nesting are adaptive behaviours, were partly supported by the data; we explain the discrepancy by the constraint of searching for a new nest site or mate for re-nesting.


Improvements to equipment lifetime and measurement reproducibility have been made by modifying the actuating mechanism of a diaphragmless shock tube that is used for high temperature gas kinetic studies. The modifications have two major benefits while retaining the simplicity of the original apparatus. First, the reproducibility of shock wave generation has been greatly improved and is demonstrated with 50 nearly identical experiments on the dissociation of cyclohexene at T2 = 1765 ± 13 K and P2 = 120 ± 1 Torr, demonstrating the capability for signal averaging over many experiments. Second, the lifetime of the bellows which forms the heart of the actuator is considerably improved, significantly increasing the time between replacements.


The cross-rod system under consideration is widely used in various fields: industrial and civil construction, aircraft and shipbuilding. There are a large number of methods for calculating these structures' types, based on differential dependencies system of the 4th order, describing the bending of a flat covering. However, the main reason in solving problems for calculating cross-rod systems is the complexity of mathematical calculations and a large amount of labor, since the system is statically indeterminate. It leads to a large number of linear equations' systems solution with boundary conditions. The use of computers in the calculation of cross-rod systems allows you to make both dynamic and static calculations of building structures with high accuracy. At the same time, simplified ideal schemes are used in the calculation of structures, where the elements are connected to each other either rigidly or pivotally. In real designs, the connections are elastic and cannot always be replaced with ideal analogues, used in the design schemes. The use of ready-made laminated structures allows reducing not only the cost of production, labor intensity and construction in general, but also the totality of all factors, such as the timing of construction and installation work on the reconstruction and overhaul of buildings and structures.


Explosive spread F was first described by Woodman and LaHoz [1976]. In such events the 50 MHz radar signal rises at Jicamarca to 10-20 db above the noise level within a few milliseconds but then disappears within 100 ms or less. Woodman has suggested that electric fields from thunderstorms might drive a plasma instability which could cause these echoes, and recent observations [Woodman and Kudeki, 1984] provide convincing evidence for this triggering. Here we discuss the instability mechanism and show that transient thunderstorm electric fields comparable to those recently observed by rockets in the midlatitude ionosphere could excite a rapidly growing two-stream plasma instability that is driven by the E×B drift of the F region electrons in the short period (less than the ion gyroperiod) before the ions reach the same velocity.


The adoption of mobile technologies into companies frequently follows a technology-driven approach without precise knowledge about the potential benefits that may be realised. Especially in larger organisations with complex business processes, a systematic procedure is required if a verifiable economic benefit is to be created by the use of mobile technologies. Therefore, the term "mobile business process" is defined in this paper. Subsequently, we introduce a procedure for the systematical analysis of the distributed structure of a business process model in order to identify requirements for software engineering in mobile sub-processes. For that purpose, the method Mobile Process Landscaping is used to decompose a process model into different levels of detail. The method aims to manage the complexity and limit the process analysis to the potentially mobile sub-processes from the beginning. The result of the analysis can be used on the one hand as a foundation for the redesign of the business processes and on the other hand for the requirements engineering of mobile information systems.


Studying complex problem solving by means of computer-simulated scenarios has become one of the favorite themes of modern theorists in German-speaking countries who are concerned with the psychology of thinking. Following the pioneering work of Dietrich Doerner (University of Bamberg, FRG) in the mid-70s, many new scenarios have been developed and applied in correlational as well as in experimental studies (for a review see Funke, 1988). Instead of studying problem-solving behavior in restricted situations (like the "Tower of Hanoi" or "Cannibals and Missionaries"; cf. Greeno, 1974; Jeffries, Polson, & Razran, 1977), the new approach focuses on semantically rich domains that provide a touch of reality that has not inherent in the older research (see also Bhaskar & Simon, 1977). In the computer-administered scenario "LOHHAUSEN", for instance, subjects have to take over the regentship of a little town (Doerner, Kreuzig, Reither, & Staeudel, 1983). In other work, subjects take over the roles of a manager of a little shop (Putz-Osterloh, 1981), of an engineer in a developmental country (Reither, 1981), or of a pilot flying to the moon (Thalmaier, 1979). In general, the new approach deals with the exploration and control of complex and dynamic systems by human individuals.
This chapter is divided into four main parts. First, I give a working definition of what I mean by "complex problem solving" and suggest how complex tasks can be profitably analyzed and compared to each other across domains. Second, I summarize recent research on complex problem solving, analyze the main streams of current research, and discuss the underlying principles and mechanisms uncovered so far. Also, I consider how people learn to solve complex problems and discuss expert-novice differences in complex problem solving. Third, I describe my own approach to studying complex problem solving in which it is conceptualized as a dynamic process of knowledge acquisition and of knowledge application. I briefly describe the so-called DYNAMIS project and the DYNAMIS shell for scenario, and report the results of some studies within this framework. Finally, I give perspectives for future research.


The purpose of this study is to identify effectiveness of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems and to validate computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation results with actual experimental results. Three case studies had been conducted at Ventilation Laboratory in National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Bangi, Welding Laboratory and Thermal Environmental Laboratory in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). LEV is a ventilation system that captures contaminants, for example dusts, mists, gases, vapours or fumes out from workstations, so that they can"t be breathed by occupants. Employers allocate and install LEV in order to protect occupants" exposure to contaminants, but it doesn"t work properly. To overcome this issue, Guidelines on Occupational Safety and Health for Design, Inspection, Testing and Examination of LEV system and CFD can be implemented. The guideline stated that the recommended minimum hood velocity is 100 ft/min; while the recommended velocity along ducts for vapours, gases, smoke is 1000 ft/min and 2000 ft/min is required for welding. It was found that Ventilation Laboratory in NIOSH Bangi using Control Speed of 80%, Welding Laboratory and Thermal Environmental Laboratory in UTHM met all the minimum requirements set by the guideline, where LEV systems are effective to be used. In terms of CFD modeling, upon validation, average absolute error obtained from three case studies ranges from 2.804% and 4.862%. Validity of CFD modeling is acceptable, which is less than 5% and good agreement is achieved between actual experimental results and CFD simulation results. Therefore, it can be concluded that simple CFD modeling can be performed as a tool to simulate air velocity in LEV system, which saves labour costs and time consumption when it is used during earliest stage of LEV design development prior to actual construction. The outcome of this study can be used as a benchmark or guideline for training facilities building equipped with LEV system to protect occupants" health.


When the OECD Development Centre launched research in 2005 to document the economic, political and social impacts of China's and India's economic growth on sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, the arrival (or resurgence) of new important players had triggered concerns among traditional donors. Accusations ran from free riding on Western debt relief over violation of governance standards and unfair company competition to fragmentation of aid delivery. At the same time, there was a tendency to neglect the diversity of SSA in terms of resource endowments, trade links and industrial development. It was time then to promote African voices from various backgrounds to reflect Africa's heterogeneity. The introductory section presents a summary of findings about the economic impact of the two Asian giants in SSA countries by Africa-based economists, with three practical conclusions. First, African countries should favour strategies that minimise areas of direct competition with the Asian giants. Second, industrialisation strategies are required to exploit opportunities complementary to the Asian development path. Third, sectors of mutual interest should be identified in order to develop long-term views on how to cooperate with China and India and these views should be mainstreamed into national development plans.


Five different fungal isolates, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus oligosporus, Mucor racemosus, Mucor
rouxii and Aspergillus niger were selected for growth observation on substrates formulated from
brewer' spent grains, while commercial yeast extract agar served as the control. Dry biomasses were
determined by diameter measurement. The fungi generally showed best growth in substrate
combinations of spent grains and yeast extract. Aspergillus niger showed the highest extension growth
of 380 mm at 144 hrs in 0.9 % w/v of spent grains and yeast extract (SG.YE) in the ratio 1:1. The biomass
production by each organism peaked at the 96th hour.


Electromagnetic (EM) scattering from subsurface unexploded ordnance (UXO) is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. Three EM models are considered: the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA), the method of moments (MoM), and physical optics (PO). The relative accuracy of these models is compared for several scattering scenarios. Moreover, the model results are compared to data measured by an experimental synthetic aperture radar (SAR) system, SAR images have been generated for subsurface UXO targets, in particular 155-mm shells. We compare SAR images from the measured data with theoretical images produced by the MoM and PO simulations, using a standard back-projection imaging technique. In addition to such comparisons with measurement, we consider additional buried-UXO scattering scenarios to better understand the underlying wave phenomenology.


This article argues that Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter can provide insight into the persistent appeal of the moral and political certitudes that theocracy offers and that can serve as a corrective to liberal secularism's often myopic tendency to downplay the continuing moral and political appeal of religious belief and authority. Focusing on three puzzles raised in the structure and narrative of The Scarlet Letter, the article explores Hawthorne's consideration of theocracy as a foundation in the past, as an antidote to the modern tendency toward materialism, and as a persistent alternative that deserves continued reflection.


In recent years, the synthesis of ammonia (NH3) has been developed by electrocatalytic technology that is a potential way to effectively replace the Haber–Bosch process, which is an industrial synthesis of NH3. Industrial ammonia has caused a series of problems for the population and environment. In the face of sustainable green synthesis methods, the advantages of electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction for synthesis of NH3 in aqueous media have attracted a great amount of attention from researchers. This review summarizes the recent progress on the highly efficient electrocatalysts based on 2D non-metallic nanomaterial and provides a brief overview of the synthesis principle of electrocatalysis and the performance measurement indicators of electrocatalysts. Moreover, the current development of N2 reduction reaction (NRR) electrocatalyst is discussed and prospected.


A deep equilibrium model (DEQ) is implicitly defined through an equilibrium point of an infinite-depth weight-tied model with an input-injection. Instead of infinite computations, it solves an equilibrium point directly with root-finding and computes gradients with implicit differentiation. The training dynamics of over-parameterized DEQs are investigated in this study. By supposing a condition on the initial equilibrium point, we show that the unique equilibrium point always exists during the training process, and the gradient descent is proved to converge to a globally optimal solution at a linear convergence rate for the quadratic loss function. In order to show that the required initial condition is satisfied via mild over-parameterization, we perform a fine-grained analysis on random DEQs. We propose a novel probabilistic framework to overcome the technical difficulty in the non-asymptotic analysis of infinite-depth weight-tied models.


Safety-critical applications are now common where both digital and mechanical components are deployed, as in the automotive fields. The analysis of the dependability of such systems is a particularly complex task that mandates modeling capabilities in both the discrete and in the continuous domains. To tackle this problem a multi-level approach is presented here, which is based on abstract functional models to capture the behavior of the whole system, and on detailed structural models to cope with the details of system components. In this paper, we describe how the interaction between the two levels of abstraction is managed to provide accurate analysis of the dependability of the whole system. In particular, the proposed technique is shown to be able to identify faults affecting the CAN network whose effects are most likely to be critical for vehicle's dynamic. Exploiting the information about the effects of these faults, they can then be further analyzed at the higher level of details.


The question as to the origin and relationship between the three domains of life is lodged in a phylogenetic impasse. The dominant paradigm is to see the three domains as separated. However, the recently characterized bacterial species have suggested continuity between the three domains. Here, we review the evidence in support of this hypothesis and evaluate the implications for and against the models of the origin of the three domains of life. The existence of intermediate steps between the three domains discards the need for fusion to explain eukaryogenesis and suggests that the last universal common ancestor was complex. We propose a scenario in which the ancestor of the current bacterial Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobiae and Chlamydiae superphylum was related to the last archaeal and eukaryotic common ancestor, thus providing a way out of the phylogenetic impasse.


Complex networked systems in fields such as physics, biology, and social sciences often involve interactions that extend beyond simple pairwise ones. Hypergraphs serve as powerful modeling tools for describing and analyzing the intricate behaviors of systems with multi-body interactions. Herein, we investigate a discrete-time nonlinear averaging dynamics with three-body interactions: an underlying hypergraph, comprising triples as hyperedges, delineates the structure of these interactions, while the vertices update their states through a weighted, state-dependent average of neighboring pairs' states. This dynamics captures reinforcing group effects, such as peer pressure, and exhibits higher-order dynamical effects resulting from a complex interplay between initial states, hypergraph topology, and nonlinearity of the update. Differently from linear averaging dynamics on graphs with two-body interactions, this model does not converge to the average of the initial states but rather induces a shift. By assuming random initial states and by making some regularity and density assumptions on the hypergraph, we prove that the dynamics converges to a multiplicatively-shifted average of the initial states, with high probability. We further characterize the shift as a function of two parameters describing the initial state and interaction strength, as well as the convergence time as a function of the hypergraph structure.


We present a physical scheme for realizing probabilistic teleportation of bipartite atomic states via cavity QED. This scheme requires only a nonmaximally entangled pair used as quantum channel, so we reduce the requirement of entanglement.


Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States. Humans are unable to regenerate their heart tissue following an injury. However, neonatal mice are able to regenerate their heart tissue when cardiomyocytes (CMs) proliferate. This regenerative ability is lost approximately one week after birth when proliferating mononucleated CMs become binucleated and can no longer complete the cell-cycle. Recent studies have shown the combined inhibition of thyroid hormone (T3) and norepinephrine (NE) increases CM proliferation, promotes heart regeneration, and reduces cell size in vivo . Using digital holographic microscopy, the aim of this study was to (1) validate the novel Halomonitor approach and (2) visualize and quantify the effects of T3 and NE on cardiomyocyte size. CMs were isolated from neonatal rats 1 to 2 days after birth which were then treated with NE and/or T3 in serum-free culture. Live cell imaging was visualized utilizing digital holographic microscopy and changes in CM dynamics and morphology were quantitatively tracked and analyzed using HoloMonitor software. The results from this study validate the HoloMonitor technology by demonstrating that NE induced hypertrophy in CMs after 12 hours. Our results also demonstrate the ability of HaloMonitor technology to differentiate between CMs and non-CMs in living, serum-free culture, while also studying and quantifying their dynamics in vitro . Lastly, our data shows that T3 has little effect on CM growth and that NE decreased CM motility.


Allocating software components and messages to computing devices and their interconnecting networks is a great challenge in vehicle control system development. The allocation decisions are usually made at an early development stage without the implementation details of the computing platform. To produce low-cost products with correct vehicle control, the software allocation must facilitate the final system scheduling with better resource utilization and the presence of platform implementation uncertainties. In this paper, we present an allocation method to improve the resource utilization and scheduling while keeping the decisions independent of delayed platform implementation. Our method determines the allocation using a genetic algorithm with an optimization function combining the peak usage request and the usage request density to minimize the potential contentions on shared resources. The preliminary evaluation using the representative synthetic systems has shown the effectiveness and applicability of the method.


ABSTRACT How were relationships negotiated across ethnic, racial, and gendered boundaries in the American West in the 1920s and 1930s? Were friendships possible? What limits shaped them? In 1927, four Kiowa students enrolled at Oklahoma University as students of Swedish-born Professor of Fine Arts Oscar B. Jacobson. This article investigates the relationship between Jeanette Berry, wife of one of the Kiowa artists, and Sophie Brousse, Jacobson's French wife. It focuses on an incident when Berry presented Brousse with a gift of earrings. Placing this gift within a discussion of friendships between strangers illuminates the lines of culture, meaning, and power that separated these women. This relationship had individual ramifications but also formed part of their respective attempts to establish positions and maintain culture within Oklahoma where both American Indians and immigrants faced changing and volatile conditions. Their encounter highlights issues of class as well as ethnicity and culture.


Following a basic background and introduction to social media, this article focuses on the application of copyright law to social media, including direct and intermediary copyright liability of a variety of User-generated content heavy services. Particular attention is paid to the DMCA Section 512 Safe Harbor defense for intermediary websites. In addition, the article discusses liability of social media websites for the actions of their users under other areas of the law like defamation and invasions of privacy, with particular attention paid to the broad immunity provided under Communications Decency Act Section 230. From the introduction: The "free encyclopedia that anyone can edit," Wikipedia, defines social media as "media designed to be disseminated through social interaction,...[using] Internet and web-based technologies to transform broadcast media monologues (one to many) into social media dialogues (many to many). It supports the democratization of knowledge and information, transforming people from content consumers into content producers." Social media is defined in large part by the presence of user-generated content (sometimes referred to as "UGC"), which refers to different types of media content that is produced by end-users and is available to the public on the Internet. Wikis, blogs, podcasts, social networks, image-, video-, music-, and news-sharing websites, and countless other types of websites (including Wikipedia) are based on user-generated content. A few of the well-known UGC-based social media websites include: Facebook, Flickr, YouTube, Twitter, MySpace, Blip.tv, Viddler, Jamendo, Veoh, and IndabaMusic. In this new arena, the Internet is used as a publishing tool that allows for widespread and inexpensive dissemination of information. Social media is the next step in the Internet's evolution, providing for further democratization and decentralization of the means to share information and ideas with the world. The Internet has provided a more efficient alternative to the printing press and traditional content distribution methods. Social media empowers even more people to access the means to publish. The rate of technological and social change that our world is now experiencing is astonishing. Social media has become part of our daily lives in just a few years. The term "blog" was not widely used until the 2004 election, and YouTube did not exist until February 2005. Today, Facebook — a social networking site that embodies the definition of social media services as platforms for user-generated content rather than producers of original content — boasts more users than there are citizens of the United States. Once passive consumers, conditioned to receive news and culture created and distributed by centralized media, we now have the power to insert ourselves into the flow of information and the process of creativity, fostering a more participatory culture.


The authors report a prospective study of the thyroid function of 18 consecutive patients with systemic scleroderma and 7 patients with morphea. A history was taken and patients were examined for thyroid disease. The patients were tested for free thyroxin, TSH, cholesterolemia, circulating TeBG, anti-microsomial and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and had a TRH test. The incidence of thyroid diseases was correlated with an age and sex-matched control population consisting of 2,534 subjects of the Loire department. None of the patients with morphea had a history of thyroid pathology and the thyroid screenings were within normal limits. A familial history of thyroid disease was found in 7 out of 18 patients with systemic scleroderma, and 8 out of 18 patients had a thyreopathy (one Hashimoto's disease, one Graves' disease, one toxic adenoma, one hypothyroidism, two euthyroid goiters, two nodular thyroids). The TRH test only revealed a toxic adenoma. A thyroid disease preceded systemic scleroderma in 5 out of 18 cases with delays ranging from 1 to 38 years. In 3 cases, the thyroid disease occurred within two years after the onset of systemic scleroderma. The prevalence of thyroid disease was significantly higher than in a comparable population sample of subjects from the same geographic region (p less than 0.01). The authors review the literature and discuss the physiopathologic relationships between the two clinical entities. The authors suggest to perform a thyroid screening (ultrasensitive TSH assay) on all patients with systemic sclerosis and especially on those whose clinical follow-up is atypical and on those with a familial and/or personal history of thyroid disease.


OBJECTIVE
Left atrial thrombi are an important cause for embolism-related morbidity and mortality. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), the clinical reference, is semiinvasive; thus, we aimed to assess the value of contrast-enhanced cardiovascular MRI for the detection of thrombus in the left atrial appendage.

CONCLUSION
The image quality was good for both 2D perfusion (grade 4 +/- 1) and 3D turbo fast low-angle shot (FLASH) (grade 4 +/- 1, n.s.). Compared with TEE, 2D perfusion, 3D turboFLASH, and the combination of both techniques yielded sensitivities of 47/35/44%, specificities of 50/67/67%, positive predictive values of 73/75/80%, and negative predictive values of 25/27/29%, respectively. The size of the thrombus was overestimated by 2D perfusion (66%) and by 3D turboFLASH (25%) and agreement for location and shape of thrombus was 50% and 75% for 2D perfusion and 75% and 50% for 3D turboFLASH, respectively. The TEE thrombus size was significantly larger in patients with true-positive diagnoses by 2D perfusion (148%) and by 3D turboFLASH (151%) when compared with patients with false-negative diagnoses (p < 0.05 for both). No such difference was found for image quality, time delay between TEE and MRI examination, and location and shape of thrombi. Contrast-enhanced MRI lacks diagnostic accuracy for the detection of thrombi in the left atrial appendage. Future technical improvements are essential to establish this technique as a noninvasive alternative to TEE.


BACKGROUND Plasma volume is reduced amongst women with pre-eclampsia. This association has led to the suggestion that expanding the plasma volume might improve maternal and uteroplacental circulation, and so potentially improve outcome for both the woman and her baby. OBJECTIVES The aim of this review was to assess the effects of plasma volume expansion for the treatment of women with pre-eclampsia. SEARCH STRATEGY The register of trials maintained by the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group, and the Cochrane Controlled Trials Register Issue 1 1999 were searched for trials meeting the selection criteria. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised trials were included. Quasi-random designs were excluded. Participants were women with hypertension during pregnancy, with or without proteinuria. Women who were postpartum at trial entry were excluded. Interventions were any comparison of plasma volume expansion with no expansion, or of one plasma volume expander with another. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by two reviewers. Discrepancies were resolved by discussion. There was no blinding of authorship or results. MAIN RESULTS Three trials involving 61 women were included in this review. All compared a colloid solution with no plasma volume expansion. For every outcome reported, the confidence intervals are very wide and cross the no effect line. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient evidence for any reliable estimates of the effects of plasma volume expansion for women with pre-eclampsia.


While current scholarship suggests that immigrant religion reproduces ethnic traditions, this article suggests that religion can also challenge and transform ethnic traditions. Like other immigrants from Confucian cultures, Taiwanese immigrants find that their Confucian family traditions are difficult to maintain in the United States. The immigrant church is an important community institution that offers new models of parenting and family life. This article discusses how through the influence of evangelical Christianity, the immigrant church reconstructs Taiwanese immigrant families by (i) shifting the moral vocabulary of the family from one of filial duty to religious discipleship; (ii) democratizing relationships between parents and children; and (iii) consecrating the individuality and autonomy of children. These new models of family life both reproduce and alter Taiwanese traditions in the United States. Religion mediates and shapes immigrant cultural assimilation to the United States.


The theme of this book was to discuss the theory of 3D scanning, focus on the flowchart of using 3D NextEngine Desktop Scanner hardware and software as well as the 3D game character exporting and importing in both 3dsMax and CryENGINE2 Sandbox2. The purpose was to scan models made of modeling paste using the 3D Scanner. The models were developed and imported into 3dsMax. At the same step, the skeletons were adjusted and the ranges of the envelopes were also defined. Finally, the models were connected to the skeletons to be used in the 3D game engine. There were several exporting and importing processes are introduced in this book, including the fixing and saving of the texture and mapping of the 3D scanned models. These processes were concerned with finding the best way to design the 3D characters by using a 3D scanner. In fact, the final result showed that it is possible to use a scanned model for animation and acting as a character in a game. It also showed that a 3D scanned model is one of the fastest ways to do the character modeling for 3D character action or shooting games. It is also easy to use by people who are not really professional users of 3ds Max and game design.


Histone modifying enzymes play critical roles in cell differentiation and development. In this study, we report that SMYD2 (SET and MYND domain containing protein 2), a histone lysine methyltransferase, is induced during human embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation and it is preferentially expressed in somatic cells versus pluripotent cells. Knockdown of SMYD2 in human ES cells promotes the induction of endodermal markers during differentiation, while overexpression has opposite effects. In vivo experiments in zebrafish revealed that knockdown of smyd2a (a homologue gene of human SMYD2) causes developmental delay and aberrant tail formation, which is coincident with low expression of ntl and over induction Nodal-related genes during gastrulation. Taken together, these findings suggest that SMYD2 plays a critical role at early stages of development and in human ES cell differentiation.


Objectives. To identify the correlates of headaches in middle-aged women and investigate the effects of Tokishakuyakusan (TJ-23), a formula of traditional Japanese herbal therapy Kampo, on headache and concomitant depression. Methods. We examined cross-sectionally the baseline records of 345 women aged 40–59 years who visited our menopause clinic. Among them, 37 women with headaches were treated with either hormone therapy (HT) or TJ-23; the data of these women were retrospectively analyzed to compare the effects of the treatment. Results. The women were classified into 4 groups on the basis of their headache frequency, and no significant intergroup differences were noted in the physical or lifestyle factors, except age. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the significant contributors to the women's headaches were their age (adjusted OR 0.92 (95% CI 0.88–0.97)) and their depressive symptoms (adjusted OR 1.73 (95% CI 1.39–2.16)). Compared to women treated with HT, women treated with TJ-23 reported relief from headaches (65% versus 29%) and concomitant depression (60% versus 24%) more frequently. Improvement in the scores of headaches and depression correlated significantly with TJ-23 treatment. Conclusions. Headache in middle-aged women is significantly associated with depression; TJ-23 could be effective for treating both of these symptoms.


Nettle Caterpillar Setora nitens is a major pest on oil palm. Chemical control to nettle caterpillar Setora nitens has some negative impacts, such as pest resistance, pest resurgence, and environmental pollution. The use of botanical insecticides, such as Piper aduncum L . is one of solutions to decrease the use of synthetic chemical insecticides. The purpose of this research is to obtain the concentration of Piper aduncum L . fruit flour extract which is able and exact to control nettle caterpillar Setora nitens pest at the oil palm plant. This research was conducted in field using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 4 repetitions. The treatment concentrations of Piper aduncum L . fruit flour extract are 0 g/l of water, 25 g/l of water, 50 g/l of water, 75 g/l of water, and 100 g/l of water. The Piper aduncum L . fruit flour extract concentration 100 g/l of water is able to control nettle caterpillar Setora nitens pest with total mortality of 85%. The exact concentration needed to kill 95% nettle caterpillar Setora nitens pest is 32,1% or equivalent to 321 g/l of water. However, it is not yet effective because the effective and exact concentration to kill 95% of insect test more than 10% or equivalent to 100 g/l of water. Keyword: Oil Palm ( Elaeis guineensis Jacq), Nettle Caterpillar Setora nitens Walker, Piper aduncum L.


The vast majority of neurodegenerative pathologies stem from the formation of toxic oligomers and aggregates composed of wrongly folded proteins. These protein complexes can be released from pathogenic cells and enthralled by other cells, causing the formation of new aggregates in a prion-like manner. By this mechanism, migrating complexes can transmit a disorder to distant regions of the brain and promote gradually transmitting degenerative processes. Molecular chaperones can counteract the toxicity of misfolded proteins. In this review, we discuss recent data on the possible cytoprotective functions of chaperones in horizontally transmitting neurological disorders.


This paper provides fast algorithms to perform independent component analysis based on the mutual information criterion. The main ingredient is the binning technique and the use of cardinal splines, which allows the fast computation of the density estimator over a regular grid. Using a discretized form of the entropy, the criterion can be evaluated quickly together with its gradient, which can be expressed in terms of the score functions. Both offline and online separation algorithms have been developed. Our density, entropy, and score estimators also have their own interest.


This research aims to know how to use the Arabic medium film, the effect of its use, and the problems that students face in upgrading their ability to listen in the Islamic State Secondary School 2 in Western Aceh. Films are one of the important means for students to upgrade their Arabic skills. Because it has a close and strong relationship in order to train their understanding of the Arabic language. This research is a field research which conducted by experimental research. The data are issued from the field research, which is the Islamic State Secondary School 2 in Western Aceh. The data was analyzed by a quantitative method. The use of the Arabic film medium began with learning planning and learning tools. Then he presented the Arab film medium and ends with giving a pre-test. The results showed that students' listening activity and their results appear to be high in the process of learning the skill of listening. As well as the easiest way in the process of teaching and learning the skill of listening. Finally, the problems that students face in applying the film medium are students being more active and independent in learning.


An improved Razumikhin-type theorem is established, and the advantage of the established theorem for reducing conservatism is discussed. For a class of time-delay systems, a simple asymptotic stability condition is deduced as an application of the established theorem. Two illustrative examples are given to show the superiority of the results to those in the literature. >


Abstract Introduction Weight gain is a common antipsychotic (AP)-related adverse drug reaction (ADR) that can increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. This meta-analysis examined the efficacy and tolerability of combining metformin and lifestyle intervention for AP-related weight gain in schizophrenia. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with meta-analyzable data were searched and retrieved by 2 independent investigators. RevMan software (version 5.3) was used to synthesize data, and to calculate the standardized or weighted mean differences and risk ratio with their 95% confidence intervals. Results Six RCTs (n=732) were included and meta-analyzed. The metformin and lifestyle combination (MLC) group had significant reduction in weight and body mass index compared with the metformin group, lifestyle group, and placebo group. There was less frequent weight gain of≥7% in the MLC group over placebo. No other group differences in ADRs, total psychopathology, and all-cause discontinuation were found. In terms of study quality, 5 RCTs were open-labelled, 1 RCT had low risk allocation concealment, and 3 RCTs specifically described randomization methods. Conclusion Combining metformin and lifestyle intervention shows significant effect in reducing AP-related weight gain. Higher quality and larger RCTs are needed to confirm these findings. Review registration: CRD42017059198


Connectivity provided by technology and liberation of trade have led to a globalization of organizations, affecting supply chains to expand in complexity. As a result, many organizations today have challenges of managing information in a consistent manner throughout a complex system environment. This study aims to identify the most valuable attributes of a solution for managing master data, in an efficient and consistent manner, across an extended and complex supply chain. Master data, such as products, customers and suppliers, can be defined as valuable core business information, since it is vital for supporting business operations. A requirements elicitation was performed, including interviews conducted internally with employees at IFS and externally with customers. Furthermore, a requirements analysis resulted in a specification of requirements including the most desirable attributes of a future Master Data Management (MDM) solution. Five main themes of the attributes were identified; architecture, availability and integration, governance, user interface and lifecycle management. The study contributes to the area of research, by identifying challenges and valuable attributes to consider when developing or investing in a solution for MDM.


Pentavalent 99Tcm-dimercaptosuccinic acid (99Tcm-(V)DMSA) has established uses in the detection and diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, osteosarcoma, amyloidosis and many soft tissue tumours, but is not readily available as a commercial kit. We have evaluated published methods for preparation of 99Tcm-(V)DMSA that are based on the modification of 99Tcm-(III)DMSA commercial kits. The criteria for assessment were achievement of satisfactory radiochemical purity and practical considerations regarding the ease of synthesis. Quantification of the desired product's activity was achieved via thin-layer chromatography (silica gel) with an n-butanol:acetic acid:water solvent system. The developed plates were imaged on a gamma camera and analysed using standard software. The methods investigated were designated as Birmingham, Cambridge and Canterbury: the latter two were very similar. With experience, the methods eventually produced similar radiochemical purities of > 90%. However, the Birmingham method was found to be more satisfactory in terms of its reliability and simplicity of synthesis.


For more than twenty years, IFP Energies Nouvelles has been developing the thermodynamic library Carnot. While devoted to the origin of the oil and gas industry, Carnot is now focused on applications related to the new technologies of energy for an industry emphasizing decarbonization and sustainability, such as CCUS, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen, or plastic and metal recycling. Carnot contains several dozens of predictive and correlative thermodynamic models, including well-established and more recent equations of state and activity coefficient models, as well as many specific models to calculate phase properties. Carnot also contains a dozen flash algorithms making possible the computation of various types of phase equilibrium, including not only two-phase and three-phase fluid equilibria but also configurations with reactive systems and with solid phases such as hydrates, wax, asphaltene, or salts. The library Carnot has a double role: first, it is a standalone toolbox for thermodynamic research and development studies. Coupled with an optimization tool, it allows to develop new thermodynamic models and to propose specific parameterizations adapted to any context. Secondly, Carnot is used as the thermodynamic engine of commercial software, such as Carbone™, Converge™, TemisFlow™, CooresFlow™ or Moldi™. Through this software, several hundreds of end-users are nowadays performing their thermodynamic calculations with Carnot. It has also been directly applied to design industrial processes such as the DMX™ process for CO2 capture, the ATOL® and BioButterFly™ solutions for bio-olefins production, and Futurol™ and BioTFuel™ for biofuels production. In this context, this article presents some significant realizations made with Carnot for both R&D and industrial applications, more specifically in the fields of CO2 capture and storage, flow assurance, chemistry, and geoscience.


The thrombotic occlusion of one renal artery may become completely asymptomatic, due to the functionality of the contralateral kidney. However, in rare circumstances, such is the case of individuals with a solitary kidney, a situation of anuria and acute renal failure may constitute the main presentation of the condition. The authors report the clinical case of a 43 year old male patient, with the previous diagnosis of an infrarenal aortic occlusion and a single left kidney, who developed a thrombotic occlusion of the renal artery, with anuria and acute renal failure. The patient underwent an emergency revascularization procedure, consisting in the implantation of a prosthetic bypass graft from the superceliac aorta to the renal artery, with immediate recovery of the diuresis and renal function. Seventeen months later as a consequence of an anastomotic hyperplasia, an occlusion of the bypass graft occurred, again with anuria and acute renal failure. The patient was reoperated on and due to the inadequacy of both saphenous veins to be used as the material of choice for the revascularization procedure, a redundant segment of the left colic artery (Riolan's arcade) was removed and used as an interposition graft, from the middle colic artery to the renal artery, followed by an immediate restoration of diuresis and renal function. The singular and recurrent character of this clinical condition and the utilization of an original, eventually unique and well succeeded revascularization procedure, prompted its presentation and divulgation.


Accurate statistical inference in logistic regression models remains a critical challenge when the ratio between the number of parameters and sample size is not negligible. This is because approximations based on either classical asymptotic theory or bootstrap calculations are grossly off the mark. This paper introduces a resized bootstrap method to infer model parameters in arbitrary dimensions. As in the parametric bootstrap, we resample observations from a distribution, which depends on an estimated regression coefficient sequence. The novelty is that this estimate is actually far from the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE). This estimate is informed by recent theory studying properties of the MLE in high dimensions, and is obtained by appropriately shrinking the MLE towards the origin. We demonstrate that the resized bootstrap method yields valid confidence intervals in both simulated and real data examples. Our methods extend to other high-dimensional generalized linear models.


The syconium of F. dammaropsis (New Guinea) is presented as the the primitive state of this structure in the advanced sect. Sycocarpus. The rare F. griffithii (Burma, Thailand) may be related to F. dammaropsis or to F. auriculata (sect. Neomorphe ). Subser. Praestantes , Fulvidulae , Geocarpicae , and Axillares are considered in their alliance with F. dammaropsis. Entomological evidence largely supports the botanical. Geocarpy is shown to be a consequence of leptocaul cauliflory. Subsect. Macrostyla provides a theory of the protoblastophagous syconium with emergent female styles.


X-ray pulsars (XRPs) are accreting strongly magnetised neutron stars (NSs) in binary systems with, as a rule, massive optical companions. Very reach phenomenology and high observed flux put them into the focus of observational and theoretical studies since the first X-ray instruments were launched into space. The main attracting characteristic of NSs in this kind of system is the magnetic field strength at their surface, about or even higher than $10^{12}\,{\rm G}$, that is about six orders of magnitude stronger than what is attainable in terrestrial laboratories. Although accreting XRPs were discovered about 50 years ago, the details of the physical mechanisms responsible for their properties are still under debate. Here we review recent progress in observational and theoretical investigations of XRPs as a unique laboratory for studies of fundamental physics (plasma physics, QED and radiative processes) under extreme conditions of ultra-strong magnetic field, high temperature, and enormous mass density.


Concerning the selective recovery of minor trivalent actinides (MA(III) = Am(III) and Cm(III)) from high level liquid waste (HLLW) by extraction chromatography, adsorption and elution behaviours of MA(III) and fission products (FP) in a nitric acid media were studied using iHex-BTP/SiO2-P adsorbents, which is expected to show high adsorption affinity for MA(III) even in concentrated HNO3 solution, such as HLLW. In the batch experiments, Pd showed strong adsorption on iHex-BTP/SiO2-P adsorbents under any concentration of HNO3. The MA(III) and heavy Ln(III) (Sm(III), Eu(III) and Gd(III)) were also adsorbed at the condition of high HNO3 concentration, but they showed no adsorption under low HNO3concentration. The separation factor for MA(III)/heavy Ln(III) took the maximum value (over 100) at around 1mol/dm3 HNO3. It was difficult to elute MA(III) or heavy Ln(III) selectively by HNO3 from the iHex-BTP/SiO2-P adsorbents degradated by γ-ray irradiation. The chromatographic separation of real HLLW by an iHex-BTP/SiO2-P column showed that MA(III) could be recovered selectively by adjusting the acidity of the feed solution, i.e. HLLW, to 1mol/dm3 and using H2O as eluant. The adsorption of Pd(II) can be decreased by the addition of appropriate complexing reagents, e.g. DTPA, into HLLW without any effects on the MA(III) adsorption.


Seismology is a powerful tool for probing planetary interiors, and provides us with information on planetary evolution and material properties under high pressure and high temperature. However, seismology has been considered inapplicable to tectonically inactive planets. We, however, show that the atmospheres of solid planets are capable of exerting dynamic pressure on their surfaces, thereby exciting free oscillations with amplitudes that are large enough to be detected by broad-band seismographs. An order-of-magnitude estimate gives amplitudes of a few nanogals for the Earth, Venus and Mars despite the widely varying ambient conditions. The amplitudes are predicted to have weak frequency dependence. Continuous excitations of the Earth's free oscillations having the features predicted by our above theory have recently been confirmed by observations. Seismology promises to provide us with the internal structure of Venus and Mars.


We study how to evaluate MSO queries with free variables on trees, within the framework of enumeration algorithms. Previous work has shown how to enumerate answers with linear-time preprocessing and delay linear in the size of each output, i.e., constant-delay for free first-order variables. We extend this result to support relabelings, a restricted kind of update operations on trees which allows us to change the node labels. Our main result shows that we can enumerate the answers of MSO queries on trees with linear-time preprocessing and delay linear in each answer, while supporting node relabelings in logarithmic time. To prove this, we reuse the circuit-based enumeration structure from our earlier work, and develop techniques to maintain its index under node relabelings. We also show how enumeration under relabelings can be applied to evaluate practical query languages, such as aggregate, group-by, and parameterized queries. 1998 ACM Subject Classification H.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT


An autoantibody against carbonic anhydrase II was identified in a case of acute tubulointerstitial nephritis induced by famotidine, which inhibits carbonic anhydrase II in addition to the gastric proton pump. The patient's serum reacted with distal nephron homogenates at the same molecular weight as purified carbonic anhydrase II, and immunohistochemistry using the patient's serum showed staining at the distal nephron. Carbonic anhydrase II may be a causative antigen in the famotidine-induced acute tubulointerstitial nephritis.


Antimicrobial resistance poses great threats to global health and economics. Current gold-standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) requires extensive culture time (36-72 h) to determine susceptibility. There is an urgent need for rapid AST methods to slow down antimicrobial resistance. Here, we present a rapid AST method based on wide-field mid-infrared photothermal imaging of protein synthesis from 13C-glucose in Escherichia coli. Our wide-field approach achieved metabolic imaging for hundreds of bacteria at the single-cell resolution within seconds. The perturbed microbial protein synthesis can be probed within 1 h after antibiotic treatment in E. coli cells. The susceptibility of antibiotics with various mechanisms of action has been probed through monitoring protein synthesis, which promises great potential of the proposed platform toward clinical translation.


In the face of the challenge of the so-called knowledge society, civic literacy and the development of dialogue and learning communities are a priority. In this regard, modern scientists need to pay greater attention to the duties of disclosure and dissemination of the sciences, which are generally neglected due to the fact that many consider them non-core activities. If we neglect these duties, we ignore that the ability to disclose information reflects our degree of scientific culture, while the ability to disseminate shows to what extent we have a good command of our field of expertise. A scientist who would be able to both disclose and disseminate information about their findings would be a truly literate and competent scientist. This is why it is important to review the approach we have about these duties, so that scientists could meet their social commitment.


Background Chronic, intractable pain is a problem of pandemic proportions. Pain caused by nerve injuries (neuropathic pain) is extremely difficult to treat. For centuries, opiates such as morphine have been the first-line treatment for severe chronic pain. However, opiates are often ineffective against neuropathic pain, leaving few options for suffering patients. We previously demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor- β (PDGFR-β) inhibition completely eliminated morphine tolerance. In these studies, we determined whether PDGFR-β inhibition could improve the effectiveness of morphine for neuropathic pain treatment. Results and Findings Spinal nerve ligation was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The clinically used PDGFR antagonist imatinib did not relieve mechanical pain in a nerve injury model as determined by Von Frey assay. Surprisingly, combining imatinib with a previously ineffective dose of morphine led to complete pain relief. Scavenging released PDGF-B also markedly augmented the analgesic effect of morphine. Conclusions These findings suggest the novel hypothesis that PDGF-B released by injured nerves renders animals resistant to morphine, implying that PDGFR-β inhibition could potentially eliminate the tremendous suffering caused by neuropathic pain.


Indirect evidence suggests that dopamine within the brain may participate in the regulation of immune responses both in humans and in rodents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible modulatory role played by specific dopamine D1 receptor subtypes within discrete sites of the brain dopaminergic pathways. Mitogen responsiveness of splenocytes and natural killer (NK) cell activity were measured in rats following microinfusion of SKF 38393, a specific dopamine D1 receptor agonist, into the ventral tegmental area, the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens and the CA1 area of the hippocampus. We report here that microinfusion of SKF 38393 (100 nmol) within the central amygdala increased the proliferative response of splenocytes to concanavalin A (ConA) while it did not modify the proliferative response of splenocytes to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or NK cell activity. On the contrary, microinfusion of SKF 38393 into the nucleus accumbens decreased the proliferative response of splenocytes to ConA and LPS, while NK cell activity remained unchanged. Similarly, microinfusion of SKF 38393 into the CA1 area of the hippocampus decreased the proliferative response of splenocytes to LPS, but not to ConA and did not affect NK cell activity. Finally, microinfusion of SKF 38393 into the ventral tegmental area did not significantly modify the proliferative response of splenocytes to either ConA or LPS and did not affect NK cell activity. All immunological changes evoked through the different areas of the brain following microinfusion of SKF 38393 were prevented by systemic administration of SCH 23390, a specific D1 receptor antagonist.


Numerical and experimental investigations of turbulent air flows inside a sharp 90° elbow bend were conducted in an open-circuit horizontal-to-vertical suction wind tunnel system. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using Fluent software with 3D, steady, turbulent and incompressible flow conditions assumed. Three different turbulence models were used namely the k-ε realizable, the k-ε RNG and the Reynolds Stress models in conjunction with non-equilibrium wall functions. The predictions of mean velocity profiles of the air flow inside the sharp 90° elbow duct were compared against the experimental results obtained using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA). Reasonable agreement was obtained. Reynolds Stress Model was expected to perform the best; however this was not confirmed from the results.


Abstract: The skin replacement marketplace is becoming an increasingly complex environment as both the number of problems and number of solutions are growing. The future needs for skin replacement, specifically, and wound care, generally, are likely to be significantly greater than they are today owing to demographic and epidemiological trends. The development of technologically advanced skin substitutes and wound management systems has been driven, in large part, by industry. The commercial success of various products has been modest compared to the market size. Future research and development may be impeded by the length of the FDA-approval process which increases the cost of the various products and limits investor enthusiasm.


Abstract Nanocluster based drug delivery systems are very useful in modern medical treatment and interaction mechanism of desflurane (DES), isoflurane ISO), sevoflurane (SEV) over carboxyl substituted graphene-doped with O and S atoms were investigated in the present study. Different electronic and chemical properties of adsorbed desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane with nanoclusters are analyzed. To track the drugs, SERS is used as an efficient method and drug's detection was analyzed using SERS. DES's energy over GQD-S is greater than that over GQD-O nanocluster and for ISO and SEV, adsorption energies over the O/S nanoclusters are same. The title drugs work on the reactives sites and got adsorbed. For ISO, there is an increase in fluorine atom charges and for DES and SEV, the fluorine atom charge decreases due to adsorption in both O/S nanoclusters. Changes in chemical descriptors are identified for the sensing property of drug-nanoclusters. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the genetic differences and their relativity with multi-drug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated.

METHODS
Forty-nine Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility and four-enzyme (I-CeuI, SpeI, SwaI, PacI) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

RESULTS
85.7% of the P.aeruginosa isolates were MDR strains. Strains with PFGE pattern A were all susceptible to amikacin and cefepime, but were resistant to levofloxacin and meropenem. Strains with PFGE Patterns H and P had resistance to 6 - 8 different kinds of antibiotics. Strains with PFGE Patterns I and J were susceptible to all antibiotics tested in this study. Strains with other PFGE Patterns had intermediate resistance. PFGE pattern A was the dominant pattern, which accounted for 61.2% of all P.aeruginosa strains, 100% (2/2) in 2001, 65% (13/20) in 2002, 44.4% (8/18) in 2003 and 77.8% (7/9) in 2004.

CONCLUSION
Four-enzyme combined PFGE analysis is highly discriminatory for the subtyping of MDR P.aeruginosa isolates.


Motivated by the persistent anomalies in the semileptonic $B$-meson decays, we investigate the competency of LHC data to constrain the $R_{D^{(*)}}$-favoured parameter space in a charge $-1/3$ scalar leptoquark ($\mathcal S_1$) model. We consider some scenarios with one large free coupling to accommodate the $R_{D^{(*)}}$ anomalies. As a result, some of them dominantly yield nonresonant $\tau\tau$ and $\tau\nu$ events at the LHC through the $t$-channel $\mathcal S_1$ exchange. So far, no experiment has searched for leptoquarks using these signatures and the relevant resonant leptoquark searches are yet to put any strong exclusion limit on the parameter space. We recast the latest $\tau\tau$ and $\tau\nu$ resonance search data to obtain new exclusion limits. The nonresonant processes strongly interfere (destructively in our case) with the Standard Model background and play the determining role in setting the exclusion limits. To obtain precise limits, we include non-negligible effects coming from the subdominant (resonant) pair and inclusive single leptoquark productions systematically in our analysis. To deal with large destructive interference, we make use of the transverse mass distributions from the experiments in our statistical analysis. In addition, we also recast the relevant direct search results to obtain the most stringent collider bounds on these scenarios to date. These are independent bounds and are competitive to other known bounds. Finally, we indicate how one can adopt these bounds to a wide class of models with $\mathcal S_1$ that are proposed to accommodate the $R_{D^{(*)}}$ anomalies.


Objective: To investigate the role of N-cadherin and fibronectin during chondrogenesis.Methods: Immunohistochemical method and antibody induced changes of aggregation of cells were used to assay the expressions of N-cadherin and fibronectin during cell differentiation.Results: The N-cadherin was present in the area of the cell nodular area in the 24 hours group after adding chondrogenic revulsant, then there was a down-regulating trend. Fibronectin was expressed in 48 and 72 hours groups after adding chondrogenic revulsant, and showed to be negative afterward. The antibody against fibronectin or Ncadherin could inhibit the formation of cellular nodule markedly.Conclusions: Cell adhesion factors play an important role during cell differentiation. TGF-β1 stimulates chondrogenesis via transition from an initial N-cadherincontributing stage to a succedent fibronectin-contributing stage during the process of chondrogenesis in MSCs.Further study is needed to evaluate whether or not it can promote chondrogenesis by transfecting cDNA of CAMs to MSCs.


Yogyakarta is known as the City of Students and the City of Tourism. This is due to the fact that there are many universities and also the best schools in Indonesia. Musuem is an institution or institution which is a place for storing, caring for, researching and utilizing material objects which are evidence of the results of human, natural and environmental culture with the aim of preserving culture and also for a form of protection. One of the museums which is a tourist destination that is very often visited by tourists who come to Yogyakarta is the Sonobudoyo Museum. This study aims to find out what efforts the manager made in developing the Sonobudoyo unit I museum as an educational tour in the new normal era, to know the efforts made by the government to increase visits to the Sonobudoyo museum in the new normal era, and to know the assessments and expectations of visitors regarding Sonobudoyo Museum Unit I as an object of educational tourism attraction in Yogyakarta in the new normal era. The research method used is qualitative. With 2 (two) types of data, namely primary data and secondary data which the authors get from the results of observations, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The data analysis used is a SWOT analysis. The results of this study indicate that the Sonobudoyo Museum can positively be used as an educational tour in the new normal era with regulatory changes and technological additions that make the Sonobudoyo Museum ready and alert in accepting tourist visits in the new normal era. Museums can be used as educational tours that can increase visitor interest in learning activities. Moreover, if the majority of visitors are students from elementary, middle school, college students can get useful knowledge when they come to the museum.
Keyword: museum, tourism attraction, edutourism, new normal