: One of the characteristics of human society in the 21 st century is that the individual is increasingly viewed predominantly as a consumer. The turbulent development of science and technology has also resulted in new, changed consumer behavior patterns, which are achieving a new role in the modern society. Research into consumer behavior imposes itself as an imperative of successful functioning of the economic and social system. Problem statement: Many companies are faced with serious problems of effectiveness and efficiency of their conducted marketing activities. The consumer is predominantly becoming the central factor determining a company's corporate performance, but the key problem lies in the fact that the prevalent philosophy of the marketing practices still regards the consumers as "passive end users" of the value created, neglecting their changed role, behavior, and impact on market processes. Approach: Presenting and analyzing the results of research from marketing literature dealing with the problem of changed market behavior, this article aims to point to the necessity to change the thinking patterns of marketing theory and practice on the significance and impact of the consumer on companies' corporate performance by accepting new roles that the consumers have in the contemporary society. Results: By changing the attitude toward consumers as key stakeholders on the market and accepting their new roles, companies get guidelines for shaping and amending their marketing strategies toward raising the quality of corporate performance, and the same stands for institutions responsible for the functioning of a society and the state as a whole. Conclusion: The current marketing reality inexorably promotes the notion that consumer behavior as a whole is an essential social process shaped by intensive word-of-mouth communication. As a science and practice, marketing must become a complex and fluid system of network relationships, constantly redefining itself toward integration with the changes of contemporary consumers and their modus vivendi .


A system deteriorates due to shocks received at random times, each shock causing a random amount of damage which accumulates over time and may result in a system failure. Replacement of a failed system is mandatory, while an operable one may also be replaced. In addition, the shock process causing system deterioration may be controlled by continuous preventive maintenance expenditures. The joint problem of optimal maintenance and replacement is analyzed and it is shown that, under reasonable conditions, optimal maintenance rate is decreasing in the cumulative damage level and that beyond a certain critical level the system should be replaced. Meaningful bounds are established on the optimal policies and an illustrative example is provided.


Critical race courses challenge today's college students to cognitively grapple with issues of justice and the good society. In some instances, these challenges lead to positive, relational growth-fostering attitudes and behaviors. Transformative learning educator Jack Mezirow's approach to facilitating cognitive shifts appears especially promising in its ability to promote such outcomes. In our own work, we apply this frame to guide our teaching, with an aim toward fostering and studying racially privileged (i.e., White) students' cognitive shifts around the meaning of whiteness. The present case study is an in-depth description of one student's whiteness frame of reference elaboration. Several tentative contributions to Mezirow's theory emerge as a result. Namely, whiteness frame of reference elaboration may include (1) periods of cognitive homeostasis in addition to disruption, (2) positive affective experiencing in addition to negative affect, and (3) shifts in cognition that are subjectively encoded within the context of affective experiencing.


Using different loss functions in estimation and forecast evaluation of econometric models can cause suboptimal parameter estimates and inaccurate assessment of predictive ability. Though there are not general guidelines on how to choose the loss function, the modeling of Value-at-Risk is a rare instance is which the loss function for forecasting evaluation is well defined. Within the context of the RiskMetrics methodology, which is the most popular to calculate Value-at-Risk, we investigate the implications of considering different loss functions in estimation and forecasting evaluation. Based on U.S. equity, exchange rates, and bond market data we find that there can be substantial differences on the estimates under alternative loss functions. On calculating the 99% VaR for a 10-day horizon, the RiskMetrics model for equity markets overestimates substantially the decay factor. However, the out-of-sample performance is not systematically superior by using the estimates under the correct loss function.


Though it is widely accepted that academic publishing has both communication and credentialing functions, there have been no systematic attempts to categorize journals according to their various socio-political aims since Toby Miller's intervention in the early 2000s. Yet one-third of all peer-reviewed academic journals currently in print did not even exist at the time of his writing. This article takes these new journals into account in order to develop a systematic typology of academic journals based on their intended social purpose, both within and beyond the academy. After an overview of similar typologies and their strengths and limitations, the author proposes a tripartite typology for academic journals: journals of (1) record, (2) transformational activism, and (3) professional legitimation. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for the symbiotic relationship between the academy and scholarly publishing and argues that, in the digital age, this relationship is as important as ever.


The cicada fauna of Western Australia is briefly reviewed. Six genera and 14 species are recorded from the State for the first time bringing the total of known species and subspecies to 105 and a list of all 105 is provided. Among the taxa here recorded are five new genera and 13 new species belonging to the tribes Macrotristriini (Illyria viridis sp. n.), Pictilini (Chrysocicada trophis sp. n.), and Cicadettini (Calipsalta gen. n., Calipsalta brunnea sp. n., C. fumosa sp. n., C. viridans sp. n., Kalarko gen. n., Kalarko ferruginosus sp. n., Ewartia adusta sp. n., Parvopsalta gen. n., Parvopsalta victoriae sp. n., Pedana gen. n., Pedana hesperia sp. n., Pegapsaltria gen. n., Pegapsaltria lutea sp. n., Pyropsalta amnica sp. n., Py. patula sp. n., and Py. rhythmica sp. n). In addition, Erempsalta hermannsburgensis (Distant, 1907) is redescribed and its presence in Western Australia (and four other States) documented for the first time. Songs are analysed for all species except two species of Pyropsalta where recordings were unavailable.


Environmental context Metal contamination of seawater can present severe environmental problems owing to the high toxicity of metals and their persistence in the environment. This study explores the possibility of analysing lead in seawater media using two recently developed electrochemical methods. The methods are shown to be very useful tools to monitor the behaviour and fate of lead and other metals in seawater. Abstract The speciation of PbII in synthetic and real seawater is studied by absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping (AGNES) and stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP). The usefulness of the combination of both techniques in the same electrochemical cell for trace metal speciation analysis is assessed at different pH values (2.7, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.6). The AGNES (free metal ion concentrations) and SSCP (stability constants) results for synthetic seawater agree reasonably with each other and with the theoretical predictions of the software Visual MINTEQ 3.0. This is also true for real seawater media below pH 7.0. Because of the influence of natural organic matter (2.01mgL–1 total organic carbon) in the real seawater at pH 7.0 and 8.6 the SSCP signal showed that the PbII complexes became less labile and were formed by chemically heterogeneous ligands. At these pH values, free metal concentrations determined by AGNES agreed with concentrations predicted by Visual MINTEQ using a generic fulvic acid concentration.


Clamor refers to 'outcry,' or 'shouting' in Roman language. It was used as a juridical term as well as a legal term. Romans used the word 'clamor' to make a plea and complain to the court. Clamor became more specified, implying legal significance in the Middle Ages. It can be confirmed through legal clamor rendered in the charters and capitulary which were issued by Carolingian kings and judges. 11th century charters written in west France showed the cases of clamor appealing to secular powers. These charters were related to the depredations of monastery properties. After hearing from both sides in the placitum local lords who accepted clamor made decisions similar to the sentence of court. Although clamor was not a public court of justice, the procedure of hearing and decision making conveyed a judicial character. In the later tenth century, monks realized that they could not protect their properties and community from the trespassing of laity and the domination of local bishops by relying on juridical clamor. So they showed an inclination to make clamor addressed to God and patron saints for help instead of depending on human institutions. Monastic clamor was settled as a type of liturgy in the late 11th century. Customs collection which was written by Bernard of Cluny in 1075 included a subject title "under the predicaments how clamor to be made before people and to God" in which introduced a procedure of liturgical clamor in detail. Clamor as a liturgy was performed in conjunction with 'humiliation of relics.' Ministers of the church cover the pavement before the altar with a coarse cloth, and on this they place the crucifix, the text of Gospels, and the relics of saints. Humiliation of relics and malediction were significant components of liturgy with clamor. It can be said that performance of the mixed procession clamor projected onto God was established as a definite type of liturgy in the late 11th century.


PURPOSE
The prediction of clinical outcomes for patients with cancer is central to precision medicine and the design of clinical trials. We developed and validated machine-learning models for three important clinical end points in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)-objective response (OR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS)-using routinely collected patient and disease variables.

METHODS
We aggregated patient-level data from 17 randomized clinical trials recently submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration evaluating molecularly targeted therapy and immunotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. To our knowledge, this is one of the largest studies of NSCLC to consider biomarker and inhibitor therapy as candidate predictive variables. We developed a stochastic tumor growth model to predict tumor response and explored the performance of a range of machine-learning algorithms and survival models. Models were evaluated on out-of-sample data using the standard area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and concordance index (C-index) performance metrics.

RESULTS
Our models achieved promising out-of-sample predictive performances of 0.79 area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (95% CI, 0.77 to 0.81), 0.67 C-index (95% CI, 0.66 to 0.69), and 0.73 C-index (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.74) for OR, PFS, and OS, respectively. The calibration plots for PFS and OS suggested good agreement between actual and predicted survival probabilities. In addition, the Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the difference in survival between the low- and high-risk groups was significant (log-rank test P < .001) for both PFS and OS.

CONCLUSION
Biomarker status was the strongest predictor of OR, PFS, and OS in patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapies. However, single biomarkers have limited predictive value, especially for programmed death-ligand 1 immunotherapy. To advance beyond the results achieved in this study, more comprehensive data on composite multiomic signatures is required.


Short-duration melting of high-Tc superconducting ceramics of CO2 laser radiation, in combination with a short heat treatment, produced a denser fine-grained structure (grain size 2–3 μm) both in the original Bi(2223) ceramic and in a doped material. The resultant structure contributed to a considerable increase in the critical current of the superconductors.


(Pro)renin receptor (PRR) is predominantly expressed in the distal nephron where it is activated by angiotensin II (ANG II), resulting in increased renin activity in the renal medulla thereby amplifying the de novo generation and action of local ANG II. The goal of the present study was to test the role of cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) in meditating ANG II-induced PRR expression in the renal medulla in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of primary rat inner medullary collecting duct cells to ANG II induced sequential increases in COX-2 and PRR protein expression. When the cells were pretreated with a COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, ANG II-induced upregulation of PRR protein expression was almost completely abolished, in parallel with the changes in medium active renin content. The inhibitory effect of NS-398 on the PRR expression was reversed by adding exogenous PGE2. A 14-day ANG II infusion elevated renal medullary PRR expression and active and total renin content in parallel with increased urinary renin, all of which were remarkably suppressed by the COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. In contrast, plasma and renal cortical active and total renin content were suppressed by ANG II treatment, an effect that was unaffected by COX-2 inhibition. Systolic blood pressure was elevated with ANG II infusion, which was attenuated by the COX-2 inhibition. Overall, the results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies established a crucial role of COX-2 in mediating upregulation of renal medullary PRR expression and renin content during ANG II hypertension.


This research project concerns the role that local Anglican Churches can play in alleviating poverty in rural Nigeria. After a brief overview of the political, economic and social background of Nigeria, the first chapter considers the causes and impact of rural poverty in Nigeria. The paper then defends a theological vision for rural development, identifying four key elements, namely stewardship, empowerment, self-reliance and the mobilization of local assets. In the final chapter, the paper argues that a combination of agriculture and micro-enterprise, in the form of small agricultural business, provides the most practical contribution the Church can make. A number of such business opportunities such as garri processing and livestock farming are considered.


The delivery of neurotransmitter receptors into the synaptic membrane is essential for synaptic function and plasticity. However, the molecular mechanisms of these specialized trafficking events and their integration with the intracellular membrane transport machinery are virtually unknown. Here, we have investigated the role of the Rab family of membrane sorting proteins in the late stages of receptor trafficking into the postsynaptic membrane. We have identified Rab8, a vesicular transport protein associated with trans-Golgi network membranes, as a critical component of the cellular machinery that delivers AMPA-type glutamatergic receptors (AMPARs) into synapses. Using electron microscopic techniques, we have found that Rab8 is localized in close proximity to the synaptic membrane, including the postsynaptic density. Electrophysiological studies indicated that Rab8 is necessary for the synaptic delivery of AMPARs during plasticity (long-term potentiation) and during constitutive receptor cycling. In addition, Rab8 is required for AMPAR delivery into the spine surface, but not for receptor transport from the dendritic shaft into the spine compartment or for delivery into the dendritic surface. Therefore, Rab8 specifically drives the local delivery of AMPARs into synapses. These results demonstrate a new role for the cellular secretory machinery in the control of synaptic function and plasticity directly at the postsynaptic membrane.


We determined plasma (serum alkaline phosphatase activity in 854 healthy students of the Rochester, Minnesota, public schools. Prepubertal girls had somewhat greater upper limits than did boys, and there was a low trend of increasing activity in both sexes. At the beginning of adolescence increasing activities were observed, which peaked at ages 11 to 12 years in girls and at ages 13 to 14 in boys. Adult values were not reached until six to eight years later. In 180 pairs of siblings, a significant intraclass correlation was noted. A possible role of alkaline phosphatase in the regulation of protein synthesis is suggested.


Vesicomyid clams, including the genus Phreagena, are dominant members of various deep-sea chemosynthesisbased animal communities. They harbor symbiotic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in the epithelial cells of their gill tissue, and the bacteria are transmitted to the next generations via eggs. We created a monoclonal antibody (mAb) library against the gill of P. okutanii and observed mAb CokG-D1D3 to react to the symbiotic bacteria and three mAbs (CokG-Y1F7, CokG-J10D2, and CokG-J3G4) to bind to hemocytes of P. okutanii. The signals of mAb CokG-D1D3 were localized in the epithelial gill cells called bacteriocytes. We also observed a small number of clear signals of the antibody in the epithelial follicular cells of the ovary. The signals of mAb CokG-D1D3 almost exactly overlapped those of the anti-E. coli GroEL polyclonal antibody, while, in the gill, the signal areas of the latter seemed to be slightly wider than those of the former. Among the three mAbs against the hemocytes, mAbs CokG-Y1F7 and CokG-J10D2 reacted to a large fraction of the hemocyte populations, but mAb CokG-J3G4 reacted to a smaller fraction. mAb CokG-Y1F7 was observed to bind to the hemocytes distributed widely in the interstitial spaces of various tissues. These monoclonal antibodies are expected to be useful for studying the interactions between symbiotic bacteria and host cells and the distribution and functions of hemocytes in deep-sea vesicomyid clams.


Aim. So far, not many clinical examples that follow the IDEAL (Idea, Development, Evaluation, Assessment, and Longterm study) recommendations for evaluating and reporting surgical innovation and adoption are available. Methods. In this article, all IDEAL stages will be described for a recent surgical innovation, the ileo neorectal anastomosis (INRA), a procedure restoring intestinal continuity after colectomy. Results. INRA showed that the technique of small-bowel transposition with a vascular pedicle is feasible, with good long-term results. From the patient's point of view, no distinct advantage for INRA was found, with morbidity and functional results being in range with the gold standard ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Conclusion. The adoption of the IDEAL recommendations—that is, by performing evidencebased surgical studies—will improve surgical science, with the consequence that progress in surgical care continues and interventions become safer and more efficient and allow a better quality of life in surgical patients.


Silos in the form of a cylindrical metal shell are commonly elevated to provide access to the space beneath. In general, a few discrete column supports at evenly spaced intervals are commonly utilized. The presence of discrete supports results in circumferential non-uniformity in the axial compressive stress above the support. Depending on the size of the structure, several different support arrangements may be chosen. A stiff ring beam is utilized in larger silos to transfer and evenly distribute the discrete forces from the supports into the cylindrical shell wall. A stiffness criterion was developed by Rotter to assess the degree of non-uniformity in axial compressive stresses around the circumference. The stiffness criterion is based on the relative stiffnesses of the ring beam and the cylindrical shell and was verified for loading conditions that produce circumferentially uniform axial stresses around the circumference. A study has been undertaken to investigate the applicability of the stiffness criterion to cylindrical shells under global shear and bending. Pursuant to this goal, extensive finite element analyses were conducted where different ring beam and cylindrical shell combinations are subjected to global shearing and bending actions. The results revealed that the stiffness criterion can be extended to shells under this loading condition. The degree of non-uniformity in axial stresses is quantified and presented as simple formulas that can be readily adopted by design standards.


The characterization of high temperature electronics is presented including high temperature effects, semiconductors and barrier metallizations. Design solutions and material selections for mitigation of high temperature effects are indicated. The following semiconductor materials are considered as future high temperature candidates: - Silicon (Si) - Gallium arsenide (GaAs) - Gallium phosphide (GaP) - Silicon carbide (SiC) - Diamond like carbon (C) This characterization was originally prepared in accordance with the USAF Future Advance Controls Technology Study (FACTS).


BACKGROUND
Body weight (BW) and age have been shown to affect the dose of levothyroxine (LT(4)) that results in normalization of serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in hypothyroid patients. Our objective was to determine whether gender, menstrual status, and ideal BW (IBW) also affect the LT(4) dose required to achieve a serum TSH within the normal range.

METHODS
We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients being treated for primary hypothyroidism who had TSH values within a normal range. We selected patients aged 18-85 years who were taking LT(4) without any confounding medications, and who had no serious chronic conditions. Their LT(4) doses, referred to here as LT(4) dose requirements, based on both BW and IBW were documented. The relationship between gender, menstrual status, age, serum TSH concentrations, and the degree of overweight on LT(4) dose requirements were determined using multivariate analyses.

RESULTS
Women were significantly more overweight than men (ratio of BW/IBW was 1.35 for women vs. 1.17 for men, p <0.0001). LT(4) requirements based on BW did not differ by gender when age was included in the model. However, when degree of overweight was also included, men required lower LT(4) doses than both premenopausal women (1.34 μg/kg vs. 1.51 μg/kg, p = 0.038) and menopausal women (1.34 μg/kg vs. 1.49 μg/kg, p = 0.023). When examining IBW using a model incorporating age, men also required lower LT(4) doses than both premenopausal women (1.64 μg/kg vs. 1.92 μg/kg, p = 0.0033) and menopausal women (1.64 μg/kg vs. 1.90 μg/kg, p = 0.0024). Serum TSH concentrations were not significantly different in any of the gender groups. There was no relationship between serum TSH and either age or BW. The initial serum TSH concentration was by design with the normal range, but the concentration within that range was not a significant predictor of the LT(4) replacement dose in any of the models.

CONCLUSION
In contrast to previous studies suggesting that age affects LT(4) replacement requirements, we found that age-based differences in doses are secondary to differences in BW and gender. In addition, in contrast to prior studies showing that lean body mass, but not gender, affected LT(4) dose, we instead found a significant impact of gender. Gender-based differences in dose requirement only became apparent either when IBW was used to correct for the dose or when degree of overweight was included in the model. Gender differences in LT(4) dose requirement exist, but are masked unless gender-based differences in degree of overweight are also considered.


Automatic meter infrastructure (AMI) systems using remote metering are being widely used to utilize water resources efficiently and minimize non-revenue water. We propose a convolutional neural network-long short-term memory network (CNN-LSTM)-based solution that can predict faulty remote water meter reading (RWMR) devices by analyzing approximately 2,850,000 AMI data collected from 2762 customers over 360 days in a small-sized city in South Korea. The AMI data used in this study is a challenging, highly unbalanced real-world dataset with limited features. First, we perform extensive preprocessing steps and extract meaningful features for handling this challenging dataset with limited features. Next, we select important features that have a higher influence on the classifier using a recursive feature elimination method. Finally, we apply the CNN-LSTM model for predicting faulty RWMR devices. We also propose an efficient training method for ML models to learn the unbalanced real-world AMI dataset. A cost-effective threshold for evaluating the performance of ML models is proposed by considering the mispredictions of ML models as well as the cost. Our experimental results show that an F-measure of 0.82 and MCC of 0.83 are obtained when the CNN-LSTM model is used for prediction.


Diabetes-related end-stage renal disease (ESRD-DM) is a major source of morbidity and medical costs. The authors studied patterns of ESRD-DM in Missouri during the period 1985-1992. The incidence of ESRD-DM increased during this period, with the largest increase in older age groups. ESRD-DM is substantially more common among blacks than among whites. Enhanced efforts are needed to improve detection and control of diabetes and its complications, especially in high-risk populations.


We report the successful formation of supported multicomponent lipid bilayer membranes (sLBMs) on polymer cushions consisting of a set of alternating maleic acid copolymers. The formation of sLBMs was triggered by a transient reduction of the electrostatic repulsion between the polymer cushions and the lipid vesicles by lowering the solution's pH to 4. Upon formation, the stability of the sLBMs was not affected by subsequent variations of the environmental pH. The degree of hydrophilicity and swelling of the anionic polymer cushions was found to determine both the kinetics of the membrane formation and the mobility of the lipid bilayer with lipid diffusion coefficients in the range from 0.26 to 2.6 microm2s(-1). The introduced polymer cushion system is concluded to provide a versatile base for the integration of active transmembrane proteins in sLBMs.


In Fedorenko and Kanwisher (F&K 2009), we argued that defining regions of interest functionally in individual subjects may lead to a clearer picture of the functional architecture of the language system because it affords higher sensitivity and selectivity. Grodzinsky (2010) takes issue with two aspects of the F&K paper. First, he argues that the picture of the neural basis of language that has emerged from previous work is not as murky as F&K argue, with the implication that perhaps a new method is not needed. And second, he raises some concerns with the individual-subjects functional localization approach and argues instead for the use of probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps (e.g., Amunts et al. 1999). In the current manuscript, we respond to both of Grodzinsky's points. Regarding the first point, we stand by our assessment of the brain basis of language literature, and argue that many core questions related to functional specialization remain unanswered. We explain why we remain unconvinced by Grodzinsky's example of Broca's area (or a portion of it) as a region with a well-understood functional profile. Regarding the concerns that Grodzinsky raises with respect to the use of functional localizers in investigating the language system, we respond to the main comments and refer the reader to Fedorenko et al. (2010) where the remaining concerns are addressed (with both data and argumentation). Finally, we point out that the probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps that Grodzinsky advocates have some of the same limitations as other group-based methods. We conclude that the individual-subjects functional localization approach, advocated in F&K, holds promise for better understanding the brain basis of language by enabling a detailed characterization of language-sensitive regions with respect to their role in both linguistic and non-linguistic processes.


ABSTRACT Previous research has shown that people who are in poverty live in deprived neighbourhoods. Ethnic minority groups are more likely than the White majority to be poor and live in such areas. The likelihood of being poor may be reduced by having access to mixed social networks. But, for those living in deprived neighbourhoods there may be neither opportunities nor resources to form and maintain social networks that are mixed in terms of their ethnic or geographic composition. This paper tests this contention, for ethnic groups in the UK. Specifically, we use the UK's largest household survey to examine the relationship between deprivation and mixing by investigating the following research questions: (1) Does neighbourhood deprivation alter the influence of mixed social network on poverty status? and (2) Is the influence of neighbourhood deprivation and social networks on poverty status equivalent for all ethnic minority groups? Our results suggest that high neighbourhood deprivation tends to over-ride the positive associations of geographically mixed social networks. Moreover, while this result is strong for the White British majority, there is only weak evidence that it holds for ethnic minority groups. This may imply that resource constraints restrict social network benefits, particularly for ethnic minorities.


We review recent progress in next-to-next-to-leading orde r (NNLO) perturbative QCD calculations with special emphasis on results ready for phe nomenological applications. Important examples are new results on structure functions and jet or Hi ggs boson production. In addition, we describe new calculational techniques based on twistors an d their potential for efficient calculations of multiparticle amplitudes.


Power analyses(samples size calculation)is critical in protocol design for clinical trials.Adequate power ensures the credibility and reliability of the clinical trial results.In this article,omega-3 fatty acid supplementation study is chosen as an example to explain the power analysis in practice during the study design.First,obtaine the parameter estimates from the high-quality literature review and relevant systematic review(meta analyses)results.Then,calculate the sample size under different parameter settings and select the final patient number according to the clinical practice.Based on the above information,statistical simulation is performed to assume diverse possible combination of the outcome in real clinical trial.Further,under the specific determined sample size,the simulation pointing out the different positive or negative results when the real clinical trial is conducted.The determination of sample size of a clinical trial should be based on both the clinical and statistical considerations.

Key words:
Omega-3 fatty acid intervention;  Power analyses;  Sample size calculation;  Clinical study design ;  Statistical simulation


Background Mortality and complications remain high after Acute Type A Aortic Dissection (ATAAD) open surgery, which is associated with coagulation dysfunction. Platelets play an important role in the process of coagulation. This study was to explore the relationship between postoperative platelet counts and postoperative mortality in patients with ATAAD after open aortic repair surgery.Methods Patients with ATAAD who underwent Total Arch Replacement and Frozen Elephant Trunk in Fuwai Hospital from 2011 to 2015 were selected in this study. The perioperative data were collected and sorted through the electronic clinical case system. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors for death within three years after surgery.Results A total of 495 patients were included in the analysis. After correction with the confounding factors, postoperative platelets count remained as an independent factor that was associated with lower mortality (OR = 0.918, 95%CI 0.853-0.988, P = 0.023).Conclusions The study indicated that decreased postoperative platelet count may lead to increased mortality, in patients with ATAAD underwent open aortic repair surgery.


This paper presents an efficient method for rerouting traffic in the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) network, when a fault occurs in the working link. The method has been designed to handle both single and multiple faults based on the protection switching and rerouting techniques. The proposed method leads to less packets loss, has better Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), good throughput and eliminates packet disorder. The proposed method has been simulated using the Network Simulator (NS2) version 2.34 and the simulation results have shown that the proposed method significantly improves the network performance in comparison to similar existing methods.
Keywords: MPLS network, Working link, Protection switching, Rerouting, Network simulator.


Background The development of paclitaxel (PTX) resistance seriously restricts its clinical efficacy. An attractive option for combating resistance is inhibiting the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) in tumor cells. We have reported that flavokawain A (FKA) inhibited P-gp protein expression in PTX-resistant A549 (A549/T) cells, indicating that FKA combined with PTX may reverse PTX resistance. However, due to the variable pharmacokinetics of FKA and PTX, the conventional cocktail combination in clinics may cause uncertainty of treatment efficacy in vivo. Materials and Methods To synergistically elevate the anti-cancer activity of PTX and FKA in vivo, the national medical products administration (NMPA) approved sodium aescinate (Aes) was utilized to stabilize hydrophobic PTX and FKA to form polymer-free twin like PTX-A nanoparticles (NPs) and FKA-A NPs. Results The resulting nanoparticles prepared simply by nanoprecipitation possessed similar particle size, good stability and ultrahigh drug loadings of up to 50%. With the aid of Aes, these two drugs accumulated in tumor tissue by passive targeting and were efficiently taken up by A549/T cells; this resulted in significant suppression of tumor growth in A549/T homograft mice at a low PTX dose (2.5 mg·kg−1). Synergistic effects and reversed PTX resistance were achieved by the combination of PTX-A NPs and FKA-A NPs by inhibiting P-gp expression in tumor cells. Conclusion Using NMPA-approved Aes to prepare twin-like nanoparticles without introducing any new materials provides an efficient platform for combination chemotherapy and clinical translation.


An investigation of the performance of printed dipole antenna with finite periodically corrugated-reflectors for low-profile ultrawideband (UWB) applications is presented. According to the relative orientations of the linear-polarized source antenna and the corrugated-reflectors, the problem could be divided into H and E cases. Their fundamental differences and design guidelines are discussed in detail. A novel composite corrugated-reflector based on the combinations of H-type and E-type ones is proposed for the first time, and fully characterized with a UWB source dipole which was optimized in the free space for better comparisons. An example antenna with only 21 mm core profile, composed of a printed UWB dipole, a microstrip balun and a composite corrugated-reflector, has an impedance bandwidth of 2.75 GHz to 8.35 GHz. Both numerical and experimental results show that the example antenna also has stable uni-directional radiation patterns and a realized gain of over 6 dB within the frequency band from 2.3 to 6.0 GHz, which could be a decent alternative to the EBG antennas due to significant improvements on pattern and gain bandwidth.


Satellite-ground integrated vehicular network can provision ubiquitous and unlimited network connectivity for massive vehicles, and is expected to play a vital role in 6G-supported intelligent transportation systems (ITS). However, due to its high-dynamic channel environments and limited satellite payload, the uplink synchronization has become a major bottleneck to restrict vehicular communication performance. Focusing on maintaining reliable uplink synchronization, we propose an efficient timing advance (TA) update approach in this paper. Specifically, an enhanced preamble format is first presented based on the periodical pairing sounding reference signals (SRSs), which enables the satellite to continuously track uplink timing variation with a low signaling overhead. By taking full advantage of all the fourth-order autocorrelation produces from the received preamble, we further design a novel timing metric consisted of the correlation and differential normalization functions, which is capable of having a considerably increased correlation length and shaper mainlobe, as compared to the existing ones. Through theoretical performance analysis, it is indicated that the proposed approach not only notably promotes class distance between the correct and wrong timing indexes, but also can achieve the immunity to multi-path effect and large carrier frequency offset (CFO), while having a reduced computational complexity. Simulation results in a typical low-earth-orbit (LEO) scenario reveal the superiority of our approach in terms of the false alarm probability, the missed detection probability, as well as the timing mean square error.


Marketplace technology is (inadvertently) chipping away at the effectiveness of consumption taxes – the Japanese Consumption Tax (CT), the European value added tax (VAT), and the American sales tax (ST) are all affected. Frequently a technology-patch or a law change can repair the tax-damage, but sometimes even though a patch or a change is known the design of the levy (or the politics behind the design) impedes application. This paper assesses these consumption taxes by considering the impact that virtual travel agents have had on revenue yields. The paper draws specific conclusions for the Japanese CT, because this consumption tax seems particularly vulnerable to these intermediaries. Based on the structure of the Japanese Consumption Tax and estimates drawn from the performance of virtual intermediaries in the other consumption taxes, this paper estimates that approximately ¥26,532 million in CT has not been collected in Japan each year for the past eight to ten years. This is the case even though guests may believe that they have paid a full measure of the CT to reservation agents when on-line reservations have been made through virtual travel agents.


The present study was undertaken to examine the influence of transmural pressure on vasomotion and to determine if any such influence was endothelium-dependent. Responses to changes in intravascular pressure of cannulated mesenteric small arteries were investigated under no-flow conditions. Both intact and endothelium-denuded arteries dilated passively when intravascular pressure was increased stepwise from 20 to 140 mmHg. When tone was induced by noradrenaline, pressure increase resulted only in dilatation, independent of endothelium. The sensitivity to noradrenaline was significantly increased in vessels without endothelium, indicating a relaxing influence of the endothelium. Rhythmic contractions in response to noradrenaline occurred in all intact arteries, but were absent when the endothelium was removed. The amplitude of the rhythmic contractions decreased significantly when transmural pressure was elevated. The frequency increased when pressure was elevated from 20 to 80 mmHg and then remained rather constant during further pressure increases. As shown previously in non-pressurized arteries, exogenous cyclic GMP induced oscillations in endothelium-denuded arteries. Pressure-related effects on vasomotion were not dependent on an intact endothelium. Ryanodine, ouabain or verapamil inhibited the rhythmic activity, confirming previous results in non-pressurized arteries. Thus, changes in transmural pressure can modulate vasomotion, but this effect does not appear to be mediated by the endothelium. Generation of vasomotion may depend on release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, the activity of the Na+, K(+)-pump and transmembrane Ca2+ inflow in a pressurized artery as shown previously in these arteries under isometric conditions.


We construct a complex network of the middle latitude circulation system of north hemisphere (NCNH). The decadal characteristic of leading teleconnection and its probable correlation with abrupt climate change are analyzed base on the circulation system network. Results show that (1) action centres of NAO, EUPA and WP have all moved during different periods in the recent 40 years and there has been a common abrupt change process as the end of the 1970s and beginning of the 1990s separately; (2) the new index which denotes the importance of teleconnection is defined using the node degree of NCNH. The temporal change of new index shows that the leading modes were PNA, EUPA and WP before the 1980s; index of NAO notably increased and all the five teleconnections were comparatively robust after 1980s; the index of AO notably increased and other modes comparatively decreased after 1987. So, center and index changes of decadal leading teleconnections may be another important phenomenon of abrupt climate change.


16 Insects display signs of aging, despite their short lifespan. We focus on the aging of adult locusts and 17 their subsequent hearing ability. Our results indicate that younger adults (two weeks after maturity) 18 have a greater neurophysiological response to sound, especially for low frequencies (<10kHz), as well as 19 shorter latency to this neural response. Interestingly, when measuring displacement of the locust 20 tympanal membrane, which the receptor neurons are directly attached to, we found the movement is 21 not directly correlated with the neural response. Therefore we suggest the enhanced response is due to 22 the condition of their tissues (e.g., elasticity). Secondly, we found that females and males do not have 23 the same responses, particularly at four weeks post adult moult. We propose that this is due to female 24 reproductive condition reducing the ability to receive sounds. Our results indicate older animals may 25 therefore be less sensitive to the sounds of approaching predators.


The analysis of the high-resolution spectra of 31 Magellanic Clouds Cepheid variables enabled the identification of thorium lines. The abundances of thorium were found with spectrum synthesis method. The calculated thorium abundances exhibit correlations with the abundances of other chemical elements and atmospheric parameters of the program stars. These correlations are similar for both Clouds. The correlations of iron abundances of thorium, europium, neodymium, and yttrium relative to the pulsational periods are different in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), namely the correlations are negative for LMC and positive or close to zero for SMC. One of the possible explanations can be the higher activity of nucleosynthesis in SMC with respect to LMC in the recent several hundred million years.


Each of the three primary axes of the primitive streak (6 3/4 days p.c.) to C-shaped (9 1/2 days) stage mouse embryo has a specific relationship to the uterine horn axes. By a retrograde analysis of younger sectioned embryos it has been possible to construct an axis fate map for the implanting 4 1/4-day blastocyst and to show how its implantation in one or the other of two specific orientations to the ends and walls of the horn leads to these embryo-horn relationships. The implanting blastocyst axis fate map can be related to an axis fate map of the attached blastocyst (Smith, 1980) since these too are in one or the other of two orientations to the ends and walls of the horn. It is suggested that the asymmetries of the attached and implanting blastocysts that allowed the distinctive attachment and implantation orientations to be recognized, are the initial expressions of a three-dimensional system of positional information that is present in the attached blastocyst.


The representation of orographic drag remains a major source of uncertainty for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Its accuracy depends on contributions from both the model grid‐scale orography (GSO) and the subgrid‐scale orography (SSO). Different models use different source orography datasets and different methodologies to derive these orography fields. This study presents the first comparison of orography fields across several operational global NWP models. It also investigates the sensitivity of an orographic drag parameterisation to the inter‐model spread in SSO fields and the resulting implications for representing the northern hemisphere winter circulation in a NWP model. The inter‐model spread in both the GSO and the SSO fields is found to be considerable. This is due to differences in the underlying source dataset employed and in the manner in which this dataset is processed (in particular how it is smoothed and interpolated) to generate the model fields. The sensitivity of parameterised orographic drag to the inter‐model variability in SSO fields is shown to be considerable and dominated by the influence of two SSO fields: the standard deviation and the mean gradient of the SSO. NWP model sensitivity experiments demonstrate that the inter‐model spread in these fields is of first‐order importance to the inter‐model spread in parameterised surface stress, and to current known systematic model biases. The revealed importance of the SSO fields supports careful reconsideration of how these fields are generated, guiding future development of orographic drag parameterisations and re‐evaluation of the resolved impacts of orography on the flow.


The purpose of this paper is to research the red culture propaganda platform and the methods and emphasis of ideological and political education in colleges and universities. Through literature analysis and induction, this paper summarizes the platform of red culture propaganda and the ideological and political education model in colleges and universities. The results show that we should optimize "multi dimensional interaction" of the red culture propaganda path by optimizing the red culture education system, innovating the classical reading activities of the red culture, participating in the red theme practice and building the virtual practice platform of the red culture. Red culture is the spiritual quality, firm belief, glorious tradition and fine style that the Party has honed in its long-term struggle. It is also the spiritual bond of the Chinese nation and the spiritual motivation that inspires the Chinese people to sharpen their way forward. Colleges and universities are the main positions for the spread of red culture. We should start from the concept, take the practice path as the starting point, take the mechanism of coordination as the guarantee, and build a "multi dimensional interaction" propaganda path covering all aspects, integrating multiple channels and linking senses, so as to promote the "four element integration" of theoretical classroom, campus culture, social practice and network positions, internalizing it in heart, externalizing it in practice and solidifying it in results, leading students to consciously become the practitioners of the red culture propaganda. In April 2016, when visiting Jinzhai County, the hinterland of the Dabie Mountains in the old revolutionary base areas, Xi Jinping pointed out: "To build a well-off society in an all-round way, we cannot lose sight of old revolutionary base areas which have red genes in their spirit."[1] "Letting the red gene pass on from generation to generation" is not only a new requirement of the Party Central Committee with Comrade Xi Jinping at its core, but also a mission assigned by history and times. The Education Conference of 2017 also required that "education should guide the majority of young people to inherit revolutionary traditions, inherit red genes and vigorously promote revolutionary traditional culture"[2]. Colleges and universities should make full use of red culture education resources to show the role of red culture in spreading the main position. According to the ideological characteristics of college students in the new era, we should explore the goal of spreading the red culture in colleges and universities, optimize the platform for spreading the red culture, so as to construct the mode of spreading the red culture. In order to build the mode of spreading red culture in colleges and universities, we should firmly grasp the basic characteristics and growth rules of the formation and development of college students' ideological and moral characters, proceed from the internal logic of theoretical classroom integration, infiltration of campus culture, integration of red resources and virtual platform follow up. Aiming at the current needs of individualized and differentiated growth of college students, base on various red educational resources and through vivid teaching forms and rich educational carriers, realize the three dimensional, normalization and effectiveness of red cultural education and educate and guide college students to firmly believe in patriotism and inherit red genes. 8th International Conference on Management, Education and Information (MEICI 2018) Copyright © 2018, the Authors. Published by Atlantis Press. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). Advances in Intelligent Systems Research, volume 163


Manipulation of nutritional factors, either by supplementation or by creation of a deficiency, has already been found to be effective in the therapy of a few specific neoplasms. Particular examples are the Walker 256 carcinoma, which is sensitive to folate deficiency but not to Methotrexate administration; certain lymphoblastic leukemias which are relatively sensitive to asparagine deficiency; and some lymphomas which are sensitive to riboflavin deficiency. However, the area is as yet relatively unexplored, due partly to the difficulties in obtaining nutritional depletion and due more to lack of knowledge of those specific nutritional requirements by which specific tumors might differ from the requirements of their host.


Scientists often find difficulty in engaging in formal public debate about transcientific social issues. Although science is a highly disputatious institution, public argumentation amongst scientists follows very different conventional practices from those that rule in political and legal arenas. Amongst other differentiating features, scientific disputes are typically conducted in writing rather than orally, they are not sharply polarised or formally adversarial, they are seldom addressed to a specific proposition, and they do not reach decisive closure. As a result, the rhetorical style that scientists learn from participation in such practises is not well adapted to the established format of socio-political 'debate'. For scientists to contribute effectively to such debates, they must learn new ways of making their particular type of knowledge convincing in unfamiliar intellectual and social contexts.


Microorganisms are commonly applied to remove toxic compounds from the contaminated environment. Decontamination processes result in the generation of large amounts of biomass waste, whose disposal still remains a problem. Biomass waste is a very good source of various organic and inorganic substances, and it can be further used in many processes. In this study, an innovative approach, synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from biomass waste obtained from the filamentous fungus Metarhizium robertsii after nonylphenol degradation, was applied using different biomass extract contents (25, 50, 75 and 100%). The highest reduction rates were noted for diluted samples (25 and 50%) and photoinduction allowed reduction of the time required for synthesis to 3 h. AgNP synthesis from waste biomass extracts was not only more efficient compared to the control biomass extract, but also the obtained nanoparticles were smaller, more homogenous in size and predominantly spherical, which makes them more applicable for medical or catalytic purposes. FT-IR and XPS analyses revealed the protein involvement in AgNP synthesis. The studies conducted with the application of enzyme inhibitors pointed to the enzyme being engaged in AgNP synthesis, while the amounts of capping agents present in nanoparticles were determined by thermogravimetric analysis. AgNPs formed from waste biomass extract express not only high biocatalytic activity in toxic compound degradation (e.g. nitrophenol and methylene blue), but also possess antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and can be applied as an effective biocatalyst or for medical purposes.


The magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) technique is a non-invasive geophysical method that can provide unique insights into the hydrological properties of groundwater. The Cu coil sensor is the preferred choice for detecting the weak MRS signal because of its high sensitivity, low fabrication complexity and low cost. The tuned configuration was traditionally used for the MRS coil sensor design because of its high sensitivity and narrowband filtering. However, its narrow bandwidth may distort the MRS signals. To address this issue, a non-tuned design exhibiting a broad bandwidth has emerged recently, however, the sensitivity decreases as the bandwidth increases. Moreover, the effect of the MRS applications is often seriously influenced by power harmonic noises in the developed areas, especially low-frequency harmonics, resulting in saturation of the coil sensor, regardless of the tuned or non-tuned configuration. To solve the two aforementioned problems, we propose a matching network consisting of an LC broadband filter in parallel with a matching capacitor and provide a design for a coil sensor with a matching network (CSMN). The theoretical parameter calculations and the equivalent schematic of the CSMN with noise sources are investigated, and the sensitivity of the CSMN is evaluated by the Allan variance and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Correspondingly, we constructed the CSMN with a 3 dB bandwidth, passband gain, normalized equivalent input noise and sensitivity (detection limit) of 1030 Hz, 4.6 dB, 1.78 nV/(Hz)1/2 @ 2 kHz and 3 nV, respectively. Experimental tests in the laboratory show that the CSMN can not only improve the sensitivity, but also inhibit the signal distortion by suppressing power harmonic noises in the strong electromagnetic interference environment. Finally, a field experiment is performed with the CSMN to show a valid measurement of the signals of an MRS instrument system.


RDEC-1 is a piliated strain of Escherichia coli that was isolated from and produces diarrhea in rabbits without invading the mucosa or synthesizing one of the classical enterotoxins. Previous histological and fluorescent-antibody studies of RDEC-1 diarrhea revealed an acute inflammatory response and large numbers of RDEC-1 associated with (adhering to) the mucosal surface of the ileum, cecum, and colon. The purpose of the present investigation was to further elucidate the histopathology by scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopy. SEM revealed aggregates of bacteria on the surface of the gut; their distribution was patchy in the ileum and diffuse in the cecum and colon. Bacteria were in contact with each other and appeared to be closely associated with the epithelial surface. TEM showed that the brush border region of the epithelial cells was found to be in varying stages of degeneration, and the bacteria could not be seen adhering to the mucosal cells unless the brush border was absent. Bacteria were in close contact only with epithelial cells that had lost their brush border. The space between the bacteria and the epithelial cells was 11 nm, and it appeared to be filled, in most cases, with densely stained material. This E. coli rarely penetrated epithelial cells, but when it did; it was found in the supranuclear region and never reached the lamina propria. From previous and present studies, it seems probable that RDEC-1 produces diarrhea in rabbits by a mechanism that may be cytotoxic and differs from the classic mechanisms by which E. coli produces diarrhea.


We discuss the performance of a feed-forward amplifier (FFA) at 10 GHz. The feed-forward method is primarily used to suppress intermodulation distortion in amplifiers to suppress up-converted near-DC noise. The main amplifier in this configuration is a low-noise array of eight amplifiers in parallel and having a phase noise of –165 dBc/Hz at f = 10 kHz. By implementing a feedforward scheme, we are able to suppress this noise, as well as close-to-carrier noise, by at least another 10 dB. This improved performance surpasses that of other present low-noise microwave amplifiers. We discuss this exceptional performance in the context of trade-offs with other amplifier properties and specifications. We also construct a 10 GHz oscillator using an air-dielectric resonator and the FFA as the loop amplifier. The phase modulated (PM) noise of this particular oscillator is either less than or comparable to the PM noise of several classes of commercial oscillators. Additionally, the AM noise performance is superior to existing oscillators.


The annual lead accumulation and the change of the isotope ratios of sediments in the Tokyo Bay are discussed in relation to the development of the Japanese industrial activities. Lead has been spread out from the north western part of the bay, showing a part of concentric circles. The total lead accumulation rate in the bay was calculated to be 17 t/y in 1880, which was regarded as the non-artificial lead input rate, and increased gradually with time reflecting increase in the consumption of lead in Japanese industries. In 1920, the isotope ratios changed extraordinarily, which was estimated to be caused by the introduction of the Broken Hill lead of Australia. The annual lead accumulation has been accelerated since 1950 and the isotope ratios have also been affected by the change in the varieties of the sources. It reached a maximum, 110t/y, in 1970 and was reduced to 71 t/y in 1980. Although the sources of anthropogenic lead are complicated, the gasoline additives would be one of the major sources for the lead pollution until 1970. Although the consumption of gasoline additives in 1980 was reduced to 1/20 of the 1970 value in Japan, the decrease of the gasoline lead seems not yet clearly observed isotopically in the sediments of the bay. The lead in the cored sediments was confirmed not to have moved vertically, but showed a systematic difference horizontally after anthropogenic lead was introduced in the bay. The systematic difference of the isotope ratios in the surface sediments indicates the difference of the pollution sources.


Most of the research on materials selection has been characterized by a basic approach to the problem, isolating material choice from the other design variables, and focusing on single components. Instead, a complete approach aimed at optimizing material selection cannot be set aside from component sizing, and the analysis of constraints between components, that characterize the sub-assemblies or the whole system, and can influence the material choice itself. In this paper, a structured method to approach the simultaneous materials selection and sizing optimization of multi-component assemblies is proposed. It is based on a modeling of the problem, fully generalized in its formalization, so as to be applicable to the various cases, and formulated in order to take into account the systemic vision that must have the optimal choice in a multi-component perspective, and its close connection with the sizing of geometric variables, to effectively meet the required performances. In this regard, an efficiency criterion, which provides for the choice of material and variables sizing gauged on real needs, is also introduced. After presenting the framework and formalization of the method, the problem of searching for the best solution has been discussed. With regard to this, a genetic algorithm has been specifically developed according to the peculiarities of the generalized formulation, with the aim of enhancing the heuristic potential of the concurrent material choice and sizing approach in multi-component environment, in the search for the optimal solution. The application to a sub-system of a widely used plant device is reported in detail, so that use and capacity of the structured method are detailed and discussed.


Using information from our database, a review of mortality for the Newborn Intensive Care Unit at Providence Alaska Medical Center was conducted for 1987-1996. There has been a significant decline in mortality over the last decade (p = 0.003). An analysis of mortality by birthweight and gestational age groups demonstrated a decline in mortality (p = 0.005) for infants with birthweight < 2 kg and infants < or = 34 weeks gestation, but no change for infants > or = 2 kg and > or = 35 weeks gestation. As a result, larger and more mature babies now account for an increasing proportion of NICU deaths. For 1995 and 1996 the major contributors to mortality for the smaller neonates were respiratory distress syndrome and congenital and nosocomial sepsis/pneumonia. The major contributors to mortality for larger neonates were persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn, congenital heart disease, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and primary birth asphyxia. A majority of deaths in the larger neonates were due to non-lethal causes. We contend that improved survival in the larger neonate is an important and achievable goal. The introduction of ECMO (Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation) for the NICU and a focused review of the neonatal cardiac program offers the best possible potential for achieving this goal.


Magnetic nanoparticles of nickel ferrite and cobalt ferrite were synthesized and their catalytic activity in the C–O bond formation reaction was compared. Both these spinel systems can catalyze the reaction between various types of aryl halides and phenol derivatives efficiently. The catalysts are easily removed from the reaction medium and can be reused further in several runs. All the reactions resulted in very good to excellent yields under optimized reaction conditions; however, reactions using nickel ferrite as catalyst were completed in relatively shorter reaction times. Also, analyses showed that the reusability of the two catalytic systems is approximately comparable.


Aim Percutaneous transluminal septal myocardial ablation (PTSMA), a non-surgical intervention to treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), has been a standard treatment in developed countries. However, this procedure not yet systematically performed in Indonesia. This case series aim to study feasibility, safety and efficacy of PTSMA in National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta. Methods Three HCM patients (2 male) with dynamic left ventricle outflow tract (LVOT) pressure gradient of higher than 30 mmHg underwent PTSMA. Left ventricle apex pressure was measured using multipurpose catheter and aortic pressure was measured by means of left coronary guiding catheter simultaneously. Target vessel is confirmed by myocardial echocardiography contrast. Two ml absolute alcohol delivered to the target vessel by means over the wire balloon. Immediate pressure gradient changed 10 minute after alcohol administration was recorded. Continuous ECG monitoring is attemted along the procedure. Results All subject demonstrated more than 50% LVOT pressure gradient reduction. One subject experienced transient total AV block and right bundle branch block which completely recovered 6 hours after procedure. In one patient, target vessel must be changed as it gives perfusion to extensive area of right ventricle. Conclusion PTSMA guided with myocardial echocardiography contrast is feasible, safe and effective to reduce LVOT pressure gradient in HCM patient. (Med J Indones 2009;19:164-71) Key words: percutaneous transluminal septal ablation, Indonesia


From the gravitational structure equations of an anisotropic and spherically symmetric star in the presence of a cosmological constant, we derive the inequality which limits the mass-radius ratio, imposing energy conditions on the matter. From this inequality, we display how the cosmological constant modifies the Buchdahl limit, and express the bounds on both the mass-radius ratio and surface redshift in terms of the ratio between the cosmological constant and mean energy density of the star.


This note look at the peristaltic flow of a Power Law fluid through a non-uniform inclined cylindrical tube. In the cylindrical coordinates, a two dimensional mathematical model is formulated.Under the long wavelength and small Reynolds number approximations, the governing equations have been linearized. Exact solutions for the stream function, the axial pressure gradient, and the axial velocity have been obtained. Effects of various interesting parameters on the flow characteristics have been graphically interpreted. A comparative study for the viscous, shear thinning and shear thickening fluids has been presented. Comparisons with published results for limiting case are found in good agreement.


OBJECTIVES
Dental fear and anxiety are known determinants of delaying or avoiding dental care and vary considerably based on factors such as age and gender. However, little is known about dental fear and anxiety in racial/ethnic minority populations, which bear a disproportionate burden of poor oral health outcomes. Structural and social pathways responsible for producing these disparities are also understudied. Experiences of racism over the lifecourse may contribute to poor oral health outcomes through a pathway of dental fear and anxiety. This paper aimed to evaluate perceived experiences with racism, dental fear and anxiety, and the utilization of dental services, in the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS), a United States-based prospective cohort.

METHODS
Analysis of prospective data obtained from a geographic subset of participants in the BWHS was conducted. In 2014, BWHS participants residing in Massachusetts responded to a mailed oral health questionnaire that included the Index of Dental Anxiety and Fear (IDAF-4C+) instrument (N = 484; 69% response rate). Previously collected demographic and health information, along with reported experiences of everyday and lifetime racism, obtained from national BWHS questionnaires between 1995 and 2009, were merged with the Massachusetts-based sub-sample. Associations between high dental anxiety (HDA) (mean IDAF-4C+ score ≥2.5 on the dental fear and anxiety module) and oral health outcomes and perceived racism and HDA were explored via prevalence ratios (PR) calculated using log-binomial regression models, including adjustment for potential confounders.

RESULTS
Reported exposures to everyday racism occurred weekly on average for the top 25% of the sample, while 13% of participants reported exposure to multiple (n = 3) experiences of unfair treatment due to their race over their lifetime. HDA was prevalent among 17.8% of the sample and was significantly associated with indicators of poor oral health status. High exposures to everyday and lifetime experiences of racism were positively associated with HDA (PR = 1.08; 95% CI: 0.90, 1.58 and PR = 1.72; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.88, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
Significant associations between racism and HDA, and between HDA and poor oral health and reduced utilization of dental care were observed. Dental anxiety may be a pathway through which perceived experiences with racism may impact oral health outcomes.


The most common and significant neonatal complication clearly associated with gestational diabetes is macrosomia: an oversized baby with a birth weight greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age and sex, or a birth weight >2 SD above the normal mean birth weight. If fetal macrosomia associated with maternal diabetes is directly related to maternal glucose levels (1,2,3), then strategies to prevent hyperglycemia must be devised to treat the diabetic pregnant woman (4). However, not only is the concept that macrosomia is directly related to maternal hyperglycemia is considered controversial, but also the notion that normalizing the maternal glucose could prevent macrosomia is hotly debated. In addition, the definition of normoglycemia during pregnancy has not been adequately reported because of difficulty with measuring glucose excursions in the home setting.

The initial attempts to normalize the 24-h glucose profile were all made with hospitalized patients (5). When self-monitoring of blood glucose became available for outpatient surveillance of glucose control (6), normalization programs could be continued at home. However, the number and timing of the blood glucose determinations have not been adequately studied. In addition, reports that macrosomia occurred despite normoglycemia (7) perpetuated the philosophy that it is urgent to deliver the infant early to avoid fetal overgrowth, which was perceived to be unaffected by glycemic control. Perhaps the debate continues because many of the reports claiming that neonatal complications occur despite …


Abstract A green synthesis method of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Centaurea virgata Lam. extract and the isolated compound eupatorin was investigated in this study. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis and zeta potential were used for characterization of AgNPs. The UV-Vis spectrum exhibited a characteristic absorption band at 420 nm for monodisperse nanoparticles. FTIR measurements also proved the formation. X-ray diffraction patterns showed peaks at (110) and (112), which are characteristic for hexagonal crystals and also showed peaks at (111), (200) and (240), which are characteristic for orthorhombic crystals. The TEM images of AgNPs show that the morphology of AgNPs was predominantly spherical. Obtained AgNPs were highly stable according to the zeta potential values. The nitric oxide scavenging activity, which is also related to anticancer activity, of AgNPs was evaluated. It can be concluded that C. virgata Lam. extract and eupatorin can be used as a reducing agent for potential antioxidant AgNP formation.


There is a need for urgent adaptive action to protect human health against climate change. Overall assessments based on a selection of indicators suggest that we are unable to cope with current climate impacts on health and unprepared to respond to increased pressures on climate-sensitive exposures and outcomes.
 The health sector has been addressing climate adaptation to health, through siloed approaches limited to the health system, which reduces their capacity and effectiveness. Successful strategies for addressing climate and environmental degradation challenges to health, and related issues such as environmental health, nutrition or equity, require integrated adaptation approaches among the health systems, social protection systems, water and sanitation systems, urban planning, environmental health and climate services among others. For example, integrated monitoring and surveillance (human-animal-environmental-ecosystems health) is critical for the early identification of emerging risks, diseases or trends, and for resource planning and evaluation of the adaptation and control strategies. In addition, when climate and health indicators are put to use for prevention, and eventually adaptation, they are also frequently used in isolation, disregarding interactions. For example, early warning systems for the prevention of climate-influenced impacts on health, such as Heat Health Action Plans, air pollution warnings or allergenic pollen information systems are usually activated individually commonly fail to address the synergies across various climate-related or climate-aggravated exposures. Since various of those exposures tend to occur concurrently (e.g. heat, anthropogenic air pollution from thermal inversions, and Saharan dust intrusions), failure to integrate them in prevention efforts could affect their effectiveness and reach. Thus, there is a need to carry out an integrative approach for the multiple effects that climate change has on population health.


In this study, to examine the friction coefficient and wear amount of dental prosthesis, pin-on-disk type wear test were at room temperature. Vickers hardness and fracture toughness measurement of dental materials were preformed. Microscopic observations on worn surfaces of specimens were conducted by SEM. The friction coefficient of dental material was investigated according to weight and slinging velocity. dental material have investigated composed to nature teeth.


Modern technology use has been linked to stress, with detrimental effects for users' health. Evidence indicates that stress is caused by the design of interaction between users and systems. Since the introduction of graphical user interfaces, designing the interaction between computing systems and the user has been largely incremental. Moving from the PC to mobile devices has added new interaction modalities and interaction metaphors, but the overall way we interact is still very similar. However, desktop computers were used in specific office situations, whereas mobile devices are in ubiquitous use. A lot of the experienced stress of users is linked to the interaction design that priorities computer initiated interactions over the real world and focuses on providing as much information as possible. Moving into the future and transferring the current interaction design to augmented reality systems is likely to worsen the problem by increasing causes of stress. In our research, we identified the problems for future interactions with augmented reality systems and propose principles that re-think interaction concepts to tackle the causes of stress. We propose a longer-term vision about how daily interactions might be designed to reduce the demand on the user. Based on this we suggest a research agenda to create the framework for stress-free interactions.


BMT both in the form of KJKS and KSPS in providing loans and financing can be in the form of Mudhorobah, Murobahah or Musyarokah, usually KJKS and KSPS parties make the conditions in the form of collateral. Goods that are used as collateral can be in the form of movable or immovable objects. When collateral is in the form of a moving object (usually in the form of a motorcycle or car), the KJKS and KSPS will make a fiduciary guarantee and when the collateral is in the form of immovable property (usually in the form of land or house), the KSPS and KJKS will dependents. When a member who carries out a broken promise, the KSPS Logam Mulia party can execute directly the Underwriting Right object. However, the KSPS Logam Mulia sub-district of Klambu, Grobogan, did not directly execute the object of collateral rights. The mortgages in the KSPS Logam Mulia sub-district in Klambu, Grobogan Regency were carried out to bind the collateralized object to guarantee the immovable property such as land or land along with the building on it. KSPS Logam Mulia does not execute directly on objects that are pledged as collateral rights, but through sales voluntarily or ask for help to sell.


A show challenging conventional understandings of public art, Culture in Action in Chicago had a new social agenda, and rethought what an exhibition of contemporary art might be. Through eight projects by artists initiated in the early 1990s and developed in collaboration with local people, the intention was to engage diverse groups over time, in addition to the visiting public in 1993. In the fifth book in Afterall's Exhibition Histories series, the course of these projects is documented, with critical reappraisal of this important exhibition in newly commissioned essays and interviews, together with reviews from the time.


A fast method is presented for calculating the net emitted spectrum of a spherical sulphur plasma, from which the bulk of the radiation originates in the S2 B3 Σ u− → X3 Σ g− molecular transition. The radiative transfer calculation needs as input the local spectral emission and absorption coefficients of the transitions. Calculations are presented using both a quantum-mechanical (QM) and a semiclassical (SC) method for generating these coefficients. It is found that the fine structure of QM coefficients, which is absent in the smooth SC data, may have a profound influence on the transport calculation. The circumstances where this occurs are identified and discussed. Measured spectra of the sulphur lamp are presented and compared with calculations, and a number of differences are found which may be due to an incorrectly modelled temperature profile or non-local thermal equilibrium (LTE) effects.


Hydrochemical analysis has emerged as a powerful methodology in geothermal system profiling. Indonesia is the capital of geothermal energy with its more than 100 active volcanoes. Therefore we need to have an analytical, data-driven, and user-focused online application of geothermal water quality. Proudly we introduce Thermostats (https://aswansyahputra.shinyapps.io/thermostats/). We collected water quality from 416 geothermal sites across Indonesia. Three main objectives are to provide an online open-free to use data repository, to visualize the dataset to suit user's needs, and to help users understand the geothermal system of each particular site. At the end, we hope they like this system and donate their own dataset to make it better for future users. We designed this online app using Shiny, because it's open source, lightweight and portable. It's very intuitive to load our descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics. We selected Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis as two strong statistics for water sample classification. Users could add their own dataset by making a pull request on Github (https://github.com/dasaptaerwin/thermostats) or sending it to us by email to make it visible in the application and included in the visualization. We make this application portable, so it can be installed on a local computer or a server, to enable an easy and fluid way of data sharing between collaborators.


In this paper, an approach is proposed to broaden the low-frequency bandwidth of sound insulation by regulating dynamic effective parameters of acoustic metamaterials (MAMs). First, a flexible membrane-type acoustic MAM sample consisting of a homogenous polyimide membrane and a perforated ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) plate is designed, in which the membrane within each hole is represented as a local resonator without any additional mass. Next, the formation mechanisms of the trough, peak and bandwidth of sound transmission loss (STL) are profoundly expounded through the analyses of average normal displacement (d_z), coupling vibration characteristics and zero-boundary effective parameters. All of this has shown that the lower limit, peak frequency and upper limit of the STL bandwidth can be regulated by the vibration modes of the lumped coupling resonance, anti-resonance and local resonance, respectively. In addition, the structural and material parameters of the MAM unit are quantitatively analyzed, simultaneously, the regulation approaches of the zero-boundary effective parameters and the transfer characteristics of the STL bandwidth are also demonstrated. Finally, we have proposed two improved lightweight proposals based on the broadening mechanisms of the STL bandwidth. The results show that the STL bandwidth can be greatly broadened between 80 Hz and 800 Hz, and the STL on average is 12.2 dB higher than that of a homogenous EVA plate. The MAM samples not only provide a sufficient strength and a long lifecycle, but also help to eliminate the dependence of the membrane tension.


Instead of relying on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to identify patients for prostate biopsy, new laboratory tests are needed that have improved specificity for prostate carcinoma (CaP), allow accurate classification of clinically insignificant CaPs, allow for detection of clinically significant CaP in patients without elevated serum PSA, and allow for identification of aggressive forms of CaP, which may warrant adjunctive or even molecularly targeted therapy in the future. Over the last several years, high-throughput gene expression profiling and proteinomics have led to the identification of genes and proteins that are specifically overexpressed in CaP. Molecular diagnostic techniques readily translated to the clinical laboratory have been incorporated into the development of new tests based on these novel molecular alterations in CaP. Some of these tests already have well-documented clinical utility, such as in facilitating prostate biopsy decisions, and are routinely available. The current review focuses on the biological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of the most promising of these current and near-future molecular CaP tests.


We consider non-dissipative drag between Bose-condensed exciton polaritons in optical microcavity and embedded superconductors. This effect consists in induction of a non-dissipative electric current in the superconductor by motion of polariton Bose condensate due to electron-polariton interaction, or vice versa. Using many-body theory, we calculate the drag density, characterizing magnitude of this effect, with taking into account dynamical screening of the interaction. Hoping to diminish the interaction screening and microcavity photon absorption, we consider atomically-thin superconductors (both conventional s-wave and copper-oxide d-wave) of planar and nanoribbon shapes. Our estimates show that in realistic conditions the drag effect could be rather weak but observable in accurate experiments in the case of dipolar interlayer excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers. Use of spatially direct excitons, semiconductor quantum wells as the host for excitons, or thin films of bulk metallic superconductors considerably lowers the drag density.


The whole world witnessed the COVID-19 outbreak in the initial months of the year 2020,including India that announced a nationwide lockdown to break the virus transmission chain.Total lockdown imposed in India laid restrictions not only on how people commute but alsofunctioning of all government, private and commercial establishments, except emergency andessential services. Travel and tourism, aviation, hospitality sectors and other industrialestablishments incurred a heavy loss throughout this lockdown period while only a fewIndustries were able to continue their functioning without violating the laws of the land.However, Information Technology and Business Process Management (IT-BPM) is one suchIndustry, which could exhibit operational resiliency in the wake of COVID-19 by providingwork from home option, which was indeed not a new concept for this technology industry. Itplayed a major role in creating a virtual workplace that could continue its operations byenabling one to be at a safe and comfort zone of their homes. Work from home would not havebeen successful without employee co-operation, relaxation in government regulations,technology advancement, etc. Over 32,000 registered information technology (IT) firmsoperate in the country. 7.9% of India's Gross domestic product (GDP) is contributed by the ITand BPM industries and about 41 lakh professionals are employed. Transitioning from aconventional work model to work from home model was not a simple task as it involved a lotof challenges like Information security threat, work life imbalance, psychological disorder, etcassociated with it. This paper examines the way how IT-BPM industry enabled the work fromhome model during initial days of pandemic. Further operational resilience, influencingaspects, financial status and latest industrial developments related to IT-BPM Industry havealso been studied. A systematic SWOC analysis has been conducted to understand thestrengths, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges to the IT-BPM industry during work fromhome model. Some recommendations are also made based on the SWOC analysis.


In the treatment of this deformity in a newborn infant, the priority is given to physical therapy with additional orthopaedic treatment, such as adduction splints. In our opinion the treatment of such a defect should start as soon as possible, i.e., immediately after birth. This kind of treatment is usually long and persistent. By this treatment muscular atrophy, muscular corrective contractures wich cause serious invalidism in these young patients, should be prevented. In fact, inadequately treated children remain invalids for their whole life because a deformed arm will never be in complete function. Furthermore, from the aesthetic point of view, such an arm provokes a negative feeling in other persons. Therefore, we insist on the early appropriate treatment which is the only guarantee for good results.


Innovations and technological advancement are key factors for strong and productive economic growth. However, persisting barriers to spread and use of these technologies within and across countries exacerbate risks of disruption and inequality. The G20 has gradually brought innovation to the center of its growth agenda. It has also come a long way in placing inclusive development at the heart of G20 cooperation. However, the policy implications of the innovation-inclusiveness nexus have not been given adequate consideration in the G20's decision-making. Building on the G20 Digital Economy Development and Cooperation Initiative adopted at Hangzhou, Germany has put forward the goal of removing obstacles and creating conditions for the diffusion of technology by expanding infrastructure, improving skills and education, developing and applying norms and standards, creating consumer confidence and discussing an internationally agreed regulatory framework which would uphold the fundamental principles of free information flow, privacy and data protection and IT security. Will decisions by the G20 in Hamburg guide a G20 digital transformation that is both inclusive and resilient? They should. The G20 is well placed to ensure that digital transformation boosts inclusive development.


The Automated Neuropsychological Assessment Metrics (ANAM) is a computerized library of tests designed to assess neurocognitive functioning across administrations (Kane & Reeves, 1997). This study was designed to examine neuropsychological constructs measured by selected ANAM measures and to compare them with traditional measures putatively assessing similar domains. The sample consisted of 191 outpatients with suspected neurocognitive dysfunction. Correlations and regressions indicated significant relationships between traditional and computerized tests measuring similar constructs. PCA results yielded a three-factor solution: Factor I (Processing Speed/Efficiency), Factor II (Retention/Memory), and Factor III (Working Memory).


The paper proposes a new sensing system for depth estimation based on depth-from-focus (DFF). The DFF technique uses a search for the most in-focus position over a sequence of images taken by varying a camera parameter, "focus", little by little; therefore, high spatial and temporal resolution cannot be achieved because of the output bottleneck of the image sensor. In the proposed system, the limitation is improved by using a smart CMOS image sensor integrated with an in-focus detection function. We have designed and fabricated the smart sensor that operates at 1500 fps and the depth estimation can be done at 30 Hz and 50 depth steps. Moreover, an interpolation processing for correcting estimation errors is performed on an FPGA outside the sensor. We show some simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed system.


As members of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor families, phytochrome-interacting factors regulate an array of developmental responses ranging from seed germination to plant growth. However, little is known about their roles in modulating grain development. Here, we firstly analyzed the expression pattern of rice OsPIL genes in grains and found that OsPIL15 may play an important role in grain development. We then generated knockout (KO) OsPIL15 lines in rice using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, the silencing expression of OsPIL15 led to increased numbers of cells, which thus enhanced grain size and weight. Moreover, overexpression and suppression of OsPIL15 in the rice endosperm resulted in brown rice showing grain sizes and weights that were decreased and increased respectively. Further studies indicated that OsPIL15 binds to N1-box (CACGCG) motifs of the purine permease gene OsPUP7 promoter. Measurement of isopentenyl adenosine, a bioactive form of cytokinin (CTK), revealed increased contents in the OsPIL15-KO spikelets compared with the wild-type. Overall, our results demonstrate a possible pathway whereby OsPIL15 directly targets OsPUP7, affecting CTK transport and thereby influencing cell division and subsequent grain size. These findings provide a valuable insight into the molecular functions of OsPIL15 in rice grains, highlighting a useful genetic improvement leading to increased rice yield.


Many information needs revolve around entities, which would be better answered by summarizing results in a tabular format, rather than presenting them as a ranked list. Unlike previous work, which is limited to retrieving existing tables, we aim to answer queries by automatically compiling a table in response to a query. We introduce and address the task of on-the-fly table generation: given a query, generate a relational table that contains relevant entities (as rows) along with their key properties (as columns). This problem is decomposed into three specific subtasks: (i) core column entity ranking, (ii) schema determination, and (iii) value lookup. We employ a feature-based approach for entity ranking and schema determination, combining deep semantic features with task-specific signals. We further show that these two subtasks are not independent of each other and can assist each other in an iterative manner. For value lookup, we combine information from existing tables and a knowledge base. Using two sets of entity-oriented queries, we evaluate our approach both on the component level and on the end-to-end table generation task.


Acknowledgements The Meaning of "Rule of Thumb" How to Use Rules of Thumb PART 1: THE BASICS: SPELLING, PUNCTUATION, AND GRAMMAR A Word about Correctness Commonly Confused Words One Word or Two? Spelling Capitalization Abbreviations and Numbers Apostrophes Consistent Pronouns I vs. Me, She vs. Her, He vs. Him, Who vs. Whom Vague Pronouns Recognizing Complete Sentences Period or Comma? Run-on Sentences and Sentence Fragments Feature: Using but, however, although Commas Semicolons Colons Dashes and Parentheses Quotation Marks Titles: Underlines, Italics, or Quotation Marks Shifting Verb Tenses Verb Agreement Word Endings: -s and -ed Parallel Structure Dangling COnstructions Mixed Sentence Patterns PART 2: PUTTING A PAPER TOGETHER What to Do When You're Stuck Addressing Your Audience Writing with a Thesis Finding an Organization for Your Essay Introductions Paragraphs--Long and Short Transitions Incorporating Quotations Conclusions How to Make a Paper Longer (and When to Make It Shorter) How to Work on a Second Draft Shortcuts for "Word" Proofreading Tips Format of College Papers Special Case: Writing an Essay in Class Special Case: Writing about Literature PART 3: THE RESEARCH PAPER Seven Steps to a Research Paper How to Conduct Research Feature: Sizing Up a Website Getting Information Online and at the Library Feature: When You Find Too Few or Too Many Sources Writing the Research Paper Feature: PowerPoint Presentations Plagiarism (Cheating) What Is Documentation? Feature: Where to Find Specific Entries for Works Cited, References, and Bibliography Documentation: The MLA Style Documentation: The APA Style Documentation: Endnotes and Bibliography PART 4: STYLE Finding Your Voice Adding Details Repetition: Bad, Not-So-Bad, and Good Recognizing Cliches Eliminating Offensive Language Trimming Wordiness Using Strong Verbs Varying Your Sentences Keeping a Journal Postscript A List of Valuable Sources About the Authors Index Troubleshooting Guide, inside back cover


A six-year-old, 4.14-kg, female spayed domestic shorthair cat was referred for vomiting, obstipation, tenesmus and stranguria for five days. On abdominal radiographs, a soft tissue mass effect was visible at the pelvic inlet. During abdominal ultrasound, a tube-like structure filled with hyperechogenic fluid was identified dorsal to the urinary bladder displacing the colon. A presumptive diagnosis of pyometra was made. Exploratory laparotomy revealed the presence of a tubular antimesenteric colonic and rectal mass causing almost complete compression of the urethra, descending colon and rectum. The mass was surgically resected. Histology confirmed a colonic duplication. There was no recurrence of clinical signs for six months. This report emphasises that colonic duplication is a possible differential diagnosis for prepelvic and intrapelvic masses in feline patients. Surgical excision of the duplication is a viable treatment option, alleviating clinical signs and offering good long-term outcome.


Summary points 1. Education is a core activity for most healthcare professionals working in pain management and an effective evaluation strategy should assess its impact. 2. Evaluation may have one or more purposes: accountability, development or knowledge generation. Other key principles include making evaluation integral to the education process, reflecting with learners on progress, self-evaluation by the pain educator and involving all the key stakeholders. 3. A wide variety of methods are available, but the choice will be influenced by the nature and amount of the pain education, number of learners, purpose of the evaluation and time and resources available. 4. Patient education can be evaluated through knowledge and attitude questionnaires, concordance with the treatment plan, satisfaction and pain- and disability-related measures. 5. Further research is needed to explore the specific strategies or combination of techniques that are effective for different groups, and build on the theoretical base underpinning effective pain education and evaluation for patients and professionals. 6. The importance of education for the public has also been recently recognised, but this wider educational initiative should also be fully evaluated to assess whether this initiative is making a difference.


This paper is focused on the analysis of unfairness of random media access in Local Operating Networks (LON), which is one of the commercial platforms of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). The unfairness in accessing the LON channel is introduced by a collision avoidance mechanism in the predictive p-persistent CSMA protocol adopted at the media access control layer. The study on the bandwidth share in predictive p-persistent CSMA calls for the analysis of multiple memoryless backoff. In this paper, it is shown that the channel access in LON systems is unfair in the short term for medium traffic load conditions, and in the long term for heavy loaded networks. Furthermore, it is explained that the average bandwidth allocated to a particular node is determined implicitly by the load scenario, while an actual node bandwidth fluctuates in time according to stochastic dynamics of the predictive p-persistent CSMA. Next, it is formally proven that the average bandwidth available to a node is a linear function of its backoff state and does not depend on backoff states of the other stations. Finally, it is demonstrated that possibly unfair bandwidth share in LON networks determined implicitly by load scenario is stable because, with lowering a fraction of actual network bandwidth accessible by a given station, the probability to decrease it in the future also drops.


Introduction Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a common autosomal dominant or recessive genetic disease, often accompanied by polycystic liver disease (PLD). Many cases of PKD in animals have been reported. However, little is known about the genes that cause PKD in animals. Methods In this study, we evaluated the clinical phenotypes of PKD in two spontaneously aged cynomolgus monkeys and explored the genetic etiology using whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Ultrasonic and histological consequences were further investigated in PKD- and PLD-affected monkeys. Results The results indicated that the kidneys of the two monkeys had varying degrees of cystic changes, and the renal cortex was thinned and accompanied by fluid accumulation. As for hepatopathy, inflammatory cell infiltration, cystic effusion, steatosis of hepatocytes, and pseudo-lobular were found. Based on WGS results, the variants of PKD1:(XM_015442355: c.1144G>C p. E382Q) and GANAB: (NM_001285075.1: c.2708T>C/p. V903A) are predicted to be likely pathogenic heterozygous mutations in PKD- and PLD-affected monkeys. Discussion Our study suggests that the cynomolgus monkey PKD and PLD phenotypes are very similar to those in humans, and are probably caused by pathogenic genes homologous to humans. The results indicate that cynomolgus monkeys can be used as the most appropriate animal model for human PKD pathogenesis research and therapeutic drug screening.