Pedagogy is not the same. The main reason for the contradictory, different contents of the science of pedagogy in the methodology, presentation of the material. The methodology of scientific and didactic thought depends in most cases on the worldview of the author. In spiritual pedagogy, the canonical-legal worldview dominates. This worldview forms pedagogy on an ontological and spiritual basis. The concept of worldview (worldview, worldview) is of German origin. In the Greek language you can find - cosmotheory. All attributions of authorship are caused by different interpretations - from an intuitive vision of the world to its interpretation [1, p. 347]. a worldview is not only an "overview" of the world, but something much bigger and more essential than that. A worldview is a certain image of the world, but also a certain projection of human experiences, aspirations, and expectations onto the world. At the same time, it is a certain effort, a certain mobilization of a person's internal resources, prompting and directing him to be involved in the world. According to the level of its organization, worldview can be divided into worldview, worldview, and worldview. World perception is a person's attitude to the world, world perception is an image of the world. And world understanding is a close combination of world explanation and world interpretation. Relates world perception, world perception and world understanding, world transformation [2, p. 76, 82-84]. In addition, the outlook should be organic. This means that everyone should consider and without any pressure to accept certain views on the world. No one has the right to impose his worldview by force [3, p. 22]. Organicity emphasizes the natural properties of views on the world and its assessment. Thoughts about nature and society in it are a regularity of a person. Man feels the need to feel the integrity of the universe and his place in it. Taking into account the above features of worldview, the following definitions exist in philosophy: worldview is a person's self-determination regarding his place in the world and his relationship with it [4, p. 569]; it is a set of developed generalized ideas, views, beliefs of a person about the world, himself, his place in the world and his purpose [4, p. 184-186] and others. Possessing such concepts about the worldview, we can start thinking about the canonical-legal worldview. Of course, it should be taken into account that there are different types of worldviews, among them apophatic, kataphatic, narrative, mythological, religious, philosophical, etc. We will pay special attention to the canonical legal worldview. The starting point will be that man is the image of God, which corresponds to the cataphatic (affirmative) worldview. You need to look at the world from the point of view of the preservation and development of nature, from the point of view of good (good), canonical law. It should be taken into account that man is the last in the creation of the world, therefore all the laws of the universe determine human meta-anthropology. Man, as the image of God, perceives the world by faith, feelings and reason without a special driving force, since this is his ontological status. Therefore, the following definition can be formulated: The canonical-legal worldview is the endowment by the Higher Powers of man of the natural and supernatural gift of intelligibly and sensibly realizing oneself in the image of God, who is subject to all the laws of creation of the world and life in it and responsibility for its harmony. That is, the empowerment to know and the responsibility for the illegality of this knowledge is the main requirement of the canonical-legal worldview. It goes without saying that human knowledge of the world has ontological limits. Let's consider the components of the canonical-legal worldview: the metaphysical gift of human perception of reality; man in the world as a projection of higher forces, the unity of the laws of the universe and human development, ontological laws of human life on earth, man's responsibility for the integrity of the universe. The metaphysical gift of human perception of reality is real. The special gift of knowing the world stems from the fact that a person is defined by ordological, existential and transcendental dimensions. The ordological dimension requires a natural mind from a person, i.e. intelligible principles that give him the opportunity to understand and organize his practical life, the gift of self-control, intelligent realization of the surrounding natural goods, a metaphysical understanding of nature gives grounds for asserting that a person ontologically perceives reality in the ordological dimension. The gift of reason, wisdom and especially intellectual sensitivity is needed here. These gifts of God are placed in every person, but not every person correctly develops his canonical-legal worldview on the basis of this.


We study the distance measures between two probability distributions via two different distance metrics, a new metric induced from Jensen-Shannon divergence, and the well known L/sub 1/ metric. We show that several important results and constructions in computational complexity under the L/sub 1/ metric carry over to the new metric, such as Yao's next-bit predictor, the existence of extractors, the leftover hash lemma, and the construction of expander graph based extractor. Finally, we show that the useful parity lemma in studying pseudorandomness does not hold in the new metric.


All radar frequencies (from P- up to X-band) can image horizontal and/or vertical forest structure, although with different structure information content and sensitivity. The assessment of both is crucial for instance in understanding synergies and complementarities of multiple SAR bands towards enhanced forest structure products.
In this work, the information content of tomographic vertical reflectivity profiles at multiple frequencies is investigated. These experiments have been carried out by processing purposely acquired airborne data at P-, L-, S-, and X-band over the temperate forest of Traunstein (South of Germany). As shorter wavelengths are more sensitive to temporal decorrelation, suitable Pol-InSAR single-pass acquisition schemes and the related tomographic processing algorithms are discussed as well.


—Driving in dense traffic with human and autonomous drivers is a challenging task that requires high level planning and reasoning along with the ability to react quickly to changes in a dynamic environment. In this study, we propose a hierarchical learning approach that uses learned motion primitives as actions. Motion primitives are obtained using unsupervised skill discovery without a predetermined reward function, allowing them to be reused in different scenarios. This can reduce the total training time for applications that need to obtain multiple models with varying behavior. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach yields driver models that achieve higher performance with less training compared to baseline reinforcement learning methods.


The composition of the vaginal microbiome may lead to adverse pregnancy outcomes. Normal pregnancy is associated with changes in the vaginal bacterial community composition, which tend to be more enriched with one or two Lactobacillus species promoting a healthy vagina and favorable birth outcomes. The aim of the current study was to determine compositional changes in the healthy vaginal microbiome composition during the three trimesters of pregnancy in Ismailia, Egypt using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA. The phylum Firmicutes and the genus Lactobacillus dominated across the three trimesters of pregnancy. L. iners was the most abundant species. However, L. coleohominis and L. reuteri represented the least dominant vaginal lactobacilli. Core microbiome analyses showed the Lactobacillus genus and L. iners species to have the highest prevalence in all the samples of our study groups. The phylum Firmicutes was found to be negatively correlated with almost all other vaginal phyla during pregnancy. Likewise, a negative correlation between Lactobacillus and almost all other genera was detected, including significant negative correlations with Dialister and Prevotella. Furthermore, negative correlations of L. iners were detected with almost all other species, including a significant negative correlation with L. helveticus, G. vaginalis, S. anginosus, and S. agalactiae.


The ability to simulate graphs with given properties is important for the analysis of social networks. Sequential importance sampling has been shown to be particularly effective in estimating the number of graphs adhering to fixed marginals and in estimating the null distribution of test statistics. This paper builds on the work of Chen et al. (2005), providing an intuitive explanation of the sequential importance sampling algorithm as well as several examples to illustrate how the algorithm can be implemented for bipartite graphs. We examine the performance of sequential importance sampling for likelihood-based inference in comparison with Markov chain Monte Carlo, and find little empirical evidence to suggest that sequential importance sampling outperforms Markov chain Monte Carlo, even for sparse graphs or graphs with skewed marginals.


During the COVID-19 pandemic, it is essential to maintain a healthy condition to reduce the risk of exposure to COVID-19. One way is to take vitamins or herbal-based supplements. Samilakor, the abbreviation of 'Sari Minuman Rempah asli Lawan Korona,' can modulate and increase immunity. The training target for making Samilakor is the SA3 Bidakara Forum, South Jakarta, an online community initially formed as an Islamic forum at the Al Hidayah Mosque, South Jakarta. This training includes knowledge about COVID-19, immunomodulators, how to process spices, and making Samilakor herbal drink. The training on making herbal drinks is conducted through an online seminar (webinar) via the Zoom platform. Participants' knowledge was assessed by pre-test and post-test, conducted online via Google Form. The success indicator of the training can be seen from the increased knowledge of participants in knowledge about COVID-19 and the process of making herbal drinks. The statistical analysis used is paired t-test. The analysis of pre-test and post-test scores showed that the participants experienced an increase in scores from an average score of 60.5 (SD = 12.1) to 80.5 (SD = 15.7). The paired t-test analysis yielded a p-value of <0.001, which indicates a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores. The training on making Samilakor herbal drink increased people's knowledge and understanding of COVID-19 and the immunomodulatory capabilities of herbal drinks. In addition, this training can be carried out online to cover a broader scope.


This study was undertaken to evaluate the mutagenicity of the flame retardant, Tetrakis (Hydroxymethyl) Phosphonium Sulfate -75% or its possible metabolic products using a battery of in vitro and in vivo assays. The starting material in the fabric treatment process, THPS was tested with five strains of Salmonella typhimurium with and without the addition of a rat liver activating system. In addition, the THPS and the treated fabric were assayed in a combined testing protocol. The mutagenicity tests which were employed in this protocol included (a) the analysis of the urine of treated mice, (b) the micronucleus test, and (c) metaphase analysis. The animals were administered the THPS both orally and dermally and the treated fabric was incorporated into the animals' feed. The THPS produced no mutagenic response in any of the strains of S. typhimurium either when tested directly or with the addition of Acroclor--or phenobarbital-- induced rat liver. The results of the combined testing protocol, with the three routes of administration, were also negative for the urine analysis, micronucleus test and metaphase analysis.


This presentation proposes a research approach for developing and validating a critical success factor model for physical asset management (AM) services. Management literature is unanimous in advocating the integration of services into core product offerings.  With the current industrial, technological and economic pressures, AM practitioners (service providers) are using services to assist clients (asset owners) with the management of their assets and compliance to the AM standard, PAS 55.  The lack of publications in this field shows that little is known about the underlying factors influencing the success of an AM service partnership between the service provider and asset owner. The purpose of the research is to produce a decision support model for AM service providers and to provide the asset owner with prioritised AM focus areas. For the AM service partnership, the model serves as support framework for successful collaboration and effective communication. The first part of the presentation covers industrial services, physical asset management and critical success factor literature. The problem statement is formulated followed by an overview of the research design (in the form of qualitative case study research).  The latter part focuses on data collection, analysis and the expected research contributions.


An adaptive partition based Random Forests classifier for outdoor terrain classification is presented in this paper. The classifier is a combination of two underlying classifiers. One of which is a random forest learnt over bootstrapped or offline dataset, the second is another random forest that adapts to changes on the fly. Posterior probabilities of both the static and changing/online classifiers are fused to assign the eventual label for the online image data. The online classifier learns at frequent intervals of time through a sparse and stable set of tracked patches, which makes it lightweight and real-time friendly. The learning which is actuated at frequent intervals during the sojourn significantly improves the performance of the classifier vis-a-vis a scheme that only uses the classifier learnt offline or at bootstrap. The method is well suited and finds immediate applications for outdoor autonomous driving where the classifier needs to be updated frequently based on what shows up recently on the terrain and without largely deviating from those learnt at bootstrapping. The role of the partition based classifier to enhance the performance of a regular multi class classifier such as random forests and multi class SVMs is also summarized in this paper.


From clinico-genealogic-biochemical examination of 10 families of probands suffering from idiopathic parkinsonism (clinical, electromyographic and tremographic studies, determination of the content of adrenaline and norepinephrine in blood and of the excretion with urine of DOPA, dophamine, norepinephrine and adrenaline) it is concluded that the hereditary factors play an important role in the genesis of idiopathic parkinsonism. A number of medico-genetical recommendations are proposed.


Temperature rise of a specimen is a significant issue in drawing industries for wire, rod, and bar products, because an excessive increase in temperature during the drawing process can deteriorate the product quality and die life. The influence of the strain hardening exponent (n) of a wire on the temperature and strain distributions during wire drawing is investigated to understand its effect and to improve the quality of drawn wire. Finite element analysis and experiments are conducted to analyze the temperature and strain distributions of wires with n values of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0. The temperature increase of the wire augments as the n of the wire increases, despite the same amount of ideal plastic deformation, which is associated closely with the redundant work. The shear strain increases with the n of the specimen, which generates redundant work, leading to a high temperature rise. Similarly, drawing force increases with the n of the specimen, owing to the increase in redundant work with the n of the wire. In addition, the drawing force presents a linear relationship with the temperature rise of the wire. The drawing speed should be reduced and/or the cooling of wire and die should be strengthened during wire drawing, with increasing n value of the wire, because product quality and die wear are highly associated with the temperature rise of the wire in the deformation zone.


The popularity of Downton Abbey (2010-
2015), especially its international success,
has fascinated and divided commentators
and journalists. Subsequently a growing
American audience, which culminated in
record viewing figures for the fourth
season, encouraged discussion of what the
appeal of the show might be (PBS Press
Release 2014). Importantly, the increased
trans-Atlantic demand impacted upon the
programme's content and can be charted
most obviously via the 'Christmas
specials'. These feature length episodes
were first screened on Christmas Day in
the UK and acted as a season finale for
American viewers in February. The first
was a hyperbole of Christmas past which
was enthusiastically received by the
British press. Romance in the snow, a
ghost, and bustling festivities suited the 25
December screening, but was out-ofseason
across the Atlantic and, as Derek
Johnston has noted, the inclusion of a
supernatural element struck some US
reviewers as odd (Johnston 2015: 86). The
subsequent specials have been less
seasonally related, with the 2014 and
2015 episodes only returning to a
Christmas setting at the end and, although
strongly reliant on traditions and nostalgia,
seem far more mindful of US scheduling.
Interestingly, they have also gained less
praise from the British press. This article
will consider the shifting themes and tone
of the Downton Abbey Christmas special
and the British and American critical
reception in order to explore the
challenges of negotiating domestic and international appeal.


Post-translational modifications (PTMs) have emerged as key modulators of protein phase separation and have been linked to protein aggregation in neurodegenerative disorders. The major aggregating protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), the RNA-binding protein TDP-43, is hyperphosphorylated in disease on several C-terminal serine residues, which is generally believed to promote TDP-43 aggregation. Here, we show that hyperphosphorylation by Casein kinase 1δ or C-terminal phosphomimetic mutations surprisingly reduce TDP-43 phase separation and aggregation and render TDP-43 condensates more liquid-like and dynamic. Multi-scale simulations reveal reduced homotypic interactions of TDP-43 low complexity domains through enhanced solvation of phosphomimetic residues. Cellular experiments show that phosphomimetic substitutions do not affect nuclear import or RNA regulatory functions of TDP-43, but suppress accumulation of TDP-43 in membrane-less organelles and promote its solubility in neurons. We propose that TDP-43 hyperphosphorylation may be a protective cellular response to counteract TDP-43 aggregation.


The dependency at discharge instrument, developed to evaluate the needs for care of hospitalized patients on the day of discharge, was tested for its usefulness in measuring resource consumption in home health care. The instrument evaluates dependency in relation to bathing/hygiene, activity, technical procedures, and monitoring signs and symptoms. The sample used in this study consisted of 150 subjects admitted to one of three types of home health care agencies. Interrater reliability and internal consistency of the instrument were high. Factor analysis produced results similar to those of the developers for three of the four scale items. The item concerning need for assistance with procedures had a much lower loading, indicating that it had little in common with the other items. Criterion-based validity was measured by testing the instrument's ability to predict the number of registered nurse and home health aide visits, and length of enrollment. Findings indicated that the instrument had a modest level of criterion-based validity in predicting the use of registered nurse and home health aide services for the hospital-affiliated agency, but was relatively ineffective for public health and for-profit agencies.


An immune response needs to be tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation, which may result in the destruction of healthy tissues. At the molecular level, the strength of an immune response is determined by the integration of a multitude of positive and negative signals. This review will focus on IgG-dependent immune responses and discuss how the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB may be involved in regulating both the afferent and efferent phases of such a response. Furthermore, we will discuss recent evidence suggesting that FcγRIIB may have important functions beyond the negative regulation of signals transduced by the B-cell receptor or activating FcγRs and could be responsible for the activity of agonistic antibodies in vivo.


The aim of this thesis is to describe and develop an application for the Android mobile platform that will be able to store and display location data. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the presentation of tools and technologies that are used in the development of mobile applications. In presenting tools, we focused on those used in our application. Other tools are described in less detail. In the second part, we presented an idea for the application, the process of its development, some interesting pieces of code in the Java programming language, implementation problems and possible improvements. We also presented similar applications available for the Android platform. The result of the thesis is an application that is written in the Java programming language. The application utilizes special libraries to connect with Google Maps, allowing us, among other things, to mark points on a map presented as coordinates of longitude and latitude. The developed application allows us to mark points on the map, for which we can then enter descriptions, for example the address or description of the location. The application also allows us to view our current position on the map and select the nearest and all points that have been previously entered or imported. The application supports the importing of KML files (Keyhole Markup Language). It can be used on all mobile devices that are running the Android operating system. During writing this thesis, we have gained considerable expertise in the field of application development for the Android platform. Our main goal to develop a solution for storing and displaying location data has been achieved.


In the UK, the use of similar vehicle types by a range of privatised operators gives the opportunity to assess the influence of different route conditions and maintenance practices on wheel tread damage, wheelset life and costs. This paper investigates these influences, using data obtained directly from the train operators and maintainers. By disseminating best practice it is expected that wheelset life can be improved on many fleets, with resultant cost savings. 1. Background: Through the life of a rail vehicle, the wheelsets are one of the most expensive components. Wheelset manufacturing costs are high (especially when both financial and environmental costs are considered). They require regular maintenance activities [1] including:  Inspection for safety-critical damage to wheel and axle  Profile measurement to ensure that flange dimensions remain within standards  Reprofiling on the wheel lathe (typically about once a year)  Renewal of wheelset (typically every 4 to 5 years) These activities have significant labour and material costs, but also require the train to be taken out of service which impacts fleet availability and service provision [2] . Consequently there is a strong demand to reduce the rate of wheel damage, and thereby to extend wheel profiling intervals and wheelset life. Privatisation of railways in the UK has led to a situation where similar train fleets are operated and maintained by many different organisations around the country. Each operator"s fleet is dedicated to operation on a particular route, and maintained locally. Limited communication between the competing companies means that maintenance practices often differ between fleets. Performance targets and financial pressures often mean that fleets are intensively used; resulting in limited opportunities for reprofiling wheels or undertaking detailed fault-finding and investigation. These constraints can limit the optimisation of wheelset maintenance practices. 2. Methodology: A wide-ranging survey of wheel tread damage types and maintenance practices has been funded by the Rail Safety and Standards Board (RSSB) and carried out by the Institute of Railway Research at the University of Huddersfield. The work has been supported by other industry organisations, and aimed to investigate the influences of train design, route conditions and maintenance practices on wheel tread damage. The first stage of this process was a questionnaire review of wheel tread damage and wheelset maintenance on the passenger rolling stock fleets. The questionnaire was designed to be on a single page so that it would appear straightforward to fill in and is reproduced in the Appendix of this paper. Communications through industry colleagues and organisations also encouraged fleet engineers to complete the questionnaire. An excellent response was achieved, covering more than 90% of all the passenger vehicles in the UK. Some useful data was also obtained for freight vehicles and locomotives, although this paper focuses on the passenger diesel multiple-unit (DMU) and electric multiple-unit (EMU) fleets, which total about 10,000 vehicles. The questionnaire was followed up with visits to many maintenance depots and wheel lathes, enabling detailed discussions and observations of damaged wheels. Telephone conversations were also held where visits were impractical. Once the responses had been collated and analysed, the results were fed back to all the responders, who were able to check their data and identify any inconsistencies. Because the questionnaire had been completed by different engineers around the country, there may have been different interpretations or variations in sample size or confidence in the data. This stage helped to check that the data was consistent, and led to revisions of some entries and increased confidence in the dataset. On completion of the analysis, workshops were held at maintenance depots around the country, presenting the results of the work. This provided an opportunity for further discussion and feedback. The authors therefore have good confidence in the data presented and the conclusions drawn; it is possible that some individual figures remain inaccurate but these will not influence the over-all picture presented here. 3. Overview of Results 3.1 Reprofiling Intervals The typical life of a wheelset on a UK multiple-unit train involves reprofiling 3 or 4 times at approximately annual intervals, followed by renewal of the wheelset when it reaches the minimum permitted diameter. On a few fleets it is necessary to renew axle bearings during this period but the wheel pans and the axle may be re-used. On some fleets, most reprofiling is carried out as a planned maintenance activity at a given distance interval. Other fleets use automated or manual condition monitoring to determine when the condition of the wheel tread requires reprofiling. The average reprofiling interval can be a useful indicator of the wheel life. This is shown in Figure 1 with the vehicle types grouped by their dominant duty. Figure 1: Average Reprofiling Intervals for Various UK Train Types A number of conclusions can be drawn from this graph. Firstly, there is an order of magnitude difference between best and worst performance. Several intercity (long distance) vehicle types achieve a reprofiling interval over 400,000km, with the best being close to 1,000,000km. However, some intercity DMU vehicles do not perform so well. Most UK passenger vehicles are now fitted with disc brakes, many also having some form of dynamic brakes. However, some older DMU vehicles remain tread-braked. These generally have shorter reprofiling intervals, driven by the rate of tread wear and limits on flange height and hollow wear on the profile. Intercity trains typically run on higher-speed routes with straighter alignment, so are potentially less prone to wheel damage related to curving (such as flange wear and rolling contact fatigue). They are also less prone to wheel damage related to braking (such as flats and thermal damage), because they tend to have fewer stops, and often more vehicles in the train so traction and braking is distributed over more axles. Some intercity fleets also use premium wheel steels [3], [4] , which offer greater resistance to rolling contact fatigue (RCF) damage, to extend wheelset life. In contrast, regional and commuter trains have many stop/start cycles and may run on more sharply curved routes. The regional and commuter fleets show a wide range of reprofiling intervals. There are a wide variety of train designs, duties and maintenance practices in this group, which will be discussed in more detail in the next section. 3.2 Reasons for Reprofiling It is interesting to compare the significant reasons for reprofiling, for each group of train types, and this is shown in Figure 2. Other damage types are relatively rare and tend to occur on individual defective wheels, rather than as a fleet-wide damage mechanism. For tread-braked vehicles, the tread wear from braking causes an exceedence of the flange height limit, and this drives about 40% of reprofiling. Another 35% of wheels require reprofiling after they have slid during braking, causing flats and cavities. These vehicles are not fitted with any form of wheel slide protection (WSP) system. Figure 2: Dominant Reasons for Reprofiling for Various UK Train Types Most DMU types have driving axles linked by cardan shafts, requiring the wheelsets to be the same diameter. This "parity" requirement can drive a proportion of wheel reprofiling. The main reason for reprofiling on the regional and intercity DMU vehicles is RCF. This directly accounts for about 40% of wheels reprofiled, but is also the reason why a mileage (distance) based reprofiling interval is used on some fleets, giving a total of around 60% for each group. Some fleets with poor WSP suffer from flats, while other fleets have problems with tread rollover. Some disc-braked regional DMU fleets are also fitted with "scrubber brakes" to clean the tread to improve adhesion and train detection, and these can cause some tread wear. Many commuter EMU fleets are maintained with a mileage (distance) based reprofiling interval, usually to control RCF growth which is a significant reason for reprofiling on these vehicles – together comprising 65% of the total. Some fleets with poor WSP suffer badly from flats. Those operating on sharply curved routes are reprofiled because their flanges have worn down to the minimum thickness, while those on fairly straight routes tend to wear the treads hollow and may be reprofiled for exceeding limits on flange height or tread rollover. The two large fleets of intercity EMU trains both achieve long reprofiling intervals. On the tilting train fleet, the planned interval is limited by conicity and RCF crack growth, although trials of a new lower conicity wheel profile (P12) and the use of a premium wheel steel (RS8T, Superlos) have shown promise [4] in reducing both problems. On the non-tilting articulated train fleet, the wheels eventually become out-of-round, while some of the leading vehicles suffer from flange wear.


With the rapid development of agricultural modernization, intelligent greenhouse becomes more and more popular. This paper describes one kind of distributed measurement and control system for intelligent greenhouse environmental parameters. Every greenhouse measurement and control terminals based on ARM microprocessor get sensor measurements of environmental parameters through the serial bus, and drive the servo machine to control the environmental parameters. Server communicates with the greenhouse terminals through the distributed network, in order to realize that only one central computer can measure and control every greenhouse environment factors in real-time. This system in laboratory environment has precise and stable


This study measures the extent to which Seoul's COVID-19 shopping coupon program affects individuals' consumption. Unlike other COVID-19-related transfer programs, the Seoul Metropolitan government provides consumption coupons depending on income. We quantify the causal effect of Seoul's program by comparing eligible and ineligible groups using a difference-in-differences method. We find that the program increased consumption by 18% while it was ongoing and by 6% afterward. We find substantial heterogeneity in the treatment effects concerning recipients' income and consumption categories.


Current interest in amyloid fibrils stems from their involvement in neurodegenerative and other diseases and from their role as an alternative structural state for many peptides and proteins. Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods have the unique capability of providing detailed structural constraints for amyloid fibrils, sufficient for the development of full molecular models. In this article, recent progress in the application of solid-state NMR to fibrils associated with Alzheimer's disease, prion fibrils, and related systems is reviewed, along with relevant developments in solid-state NMR techniques and technology.


Background and Purpose— Decompressive hemicraniectomy and duroplasty (DHCD) can improve survival in patients with severe cerebral edema. We present our clinical experience with DHCD for the treatment of refractory elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Methods— DHCD was performed in 16 patients (11 female; median age, 49.5 years) with aSAH (11 Hunt-Hess grade 4 to 5) for sustained ICP >250 mm H2O refractory to maximal medical treatment and cerebrospinal fluid drainage at a median of 2 days from admission. Half of the patients were treated with endovascular coiling and the other half with surgical clipping. Results— DHCD (mean flap size, 8536 mm2) reduced ICP from 350±157 to 147±124 mm H2O. Eleven patients survived (69%), and at latest follow-up (median, 450 days), 7 (64%) had a modified Rankin score of 0 to 3 and 4 (36%) a score of 4 to 5. Peak herniated brain volume was inversely associated with good outcome (P<0.005). Early craniectomy performed within 48 hours after the aSAH was associated with better outcome: 6 of 8 patients had good outcomes (75%) compared with 1 of 8 patients in whom late decompression was performed (P<0.01). Midline shift, Hunt-Hess grade, presence of hemorrhage, hematoma volume, craniectomy area, peak ICP, and relative ICP reduction were not associated with outcome in this patient population. Conclusions— DHCD is a useful adjunct modality for management of refractory intracranial hypertension in patients with high-grade aSAH, even in the absence of large intraparenchymal hemorrhage. In our series, long-term outcome was better in patients who underwent early intervention.


We demonstrate a simple method to fabricate open-ended TiO(2) nanotube (NT) based dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), where the NTs are attached to either TiO(2) nanorods (NRs) grown on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) or FTO directly by nanoparticles (NPs). A completely hole-through TiO(2) NT layer is fabricated via a two-step anodization with heat treatment immediately after the first anodization. DSSCs with the open-ended NTs show better photovoltaic performance than those with close-ended NTs, due to the enhanced charge transport in the open-ended structure. Under optimum conditions, DSSCs fabricated with the open-ended NT layer exhibit a short circuit current density (J(sc)) of 19.10 mA cm(-2), an open circuit voltage (V(oc)) of 0.68 V, a fill factor (FF) of 0.49, and a power conversion efficiency (eff) of 6.3%.


Excessive weight gain occurred in a patient who was taking sodium valproate and phenytoin. The sodium valproate was therefore withdrawn but the rapid weight loss that ensued led to phenytoin intoxication. Hence a retrospective analysis was conducted of 100 children with epilepsy treated with sodium valproate. Fit control improved in 77 and was best in children with generalised epilepsy. None of the reported severe side effects, such as acute liver disease and pancreatitis, were encountered. Milder but troublesome side effects, however, occurred in 65 patients. The commonest was increased weight gain, which occurred in 44 cases. Others were transient gastrointestinal disturbances (20), lassitude (nine), transient hair loss (six), transient enuresis (seven), and aggressive behaviour (four).


Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is an autosomal dominant genetic condition that presents in susceptible people undergoing general anaesthesia. The clinical disorder is a major cause of anaesthetic morbidity and mortality. The UK Malignant Hyperthermia Group has performed genetic linkage analysis on 20 large, well defined malignant hyperthermia families, using hypervariable markers on chromosome 19q13.1, including the candidate MH gene RYR1, the gene coding for the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor protein. The results were analysed using LINKAGE to perform two point and multipoint lod scores, then HOMOG to calculate levels of heterogeneity. The results clearly showed genetic heterogeneity between MH families; nine of the families gave results entirely consistent with linkage to the region around RYR1 while the same region was clearly excluded in three families. In the remaining eight MHS families there were single recombinant events between RYR1 and MH susceptibility. HOMOG analysis was of little added benefit in determining the likelihood of linkage to RYR1 in these families. This confirmation of the presence of heterogeneity in the UK MH population, along with the possibility of the presence of two MH genes in some pedigrees, indicates that it would be premature and potentially dangerous to offer diagnosis of MH by DNA based methods at this time.


The Soil Moisture Active and Passive (SMAP) mission is being developed by NASA for launch in 2013 as one of four first-tier missions recommended by the U.S. National Research Council Committee on Earth Science and Applications from Space in 2007. The primary science objectives of SMAP are to enhance understanding of land surface controls on the water, energy and carbon cycles, and to determine their linkages. Moreover, the high resolution soil moisture mapping provided by SMAP has practical applications in weather and seasonal climate prediction, agriculture, human health, drought and flood decision support. In this paper we describe the assimilation of SMAP observations for the generation of the planned SMAP Level 4 Surface and Root-zone Soil Moisture (L4_SM) product. The SMAP mission makes simultaneous active (radar) and passive (radiometer) measurements in the 1.26-1.43 GHz range (L-band) from a sun-synchronous low-earth orbit. Measurements will be obtained across a 1000 km wide swath using conical scanning at a constant incidence angle (40 deg). The radar resolution varies from 1-3 km over the outer 70% of the swath to about 30 km near the center of the swath. The radiometer resolution is 40 km across the entire swath. The radiometer measurements will allow high-accuracy but coarse resolution (40 km) measurements. The radar measurements will add significantly higher resolution information. The radar is however very sensitive to surface roughness and vegetation structure. The combination of the two measurements allows optimal blending of the advantages of each instrument. SMAP directly observes only surface soil moisture (in the top 5 cm of the soil column). Several of the key applications targeted by SMAP, however, require knowledge of root zone soil moisture (approximately top 1 m of the soil column), which is not directly measured by SMAP. The foremost objective of the SMAP L4_SM product is to fill this gap and provide estimates of root zone soil moisture that are informed by and consistent with SMAP observations. Such estimates are obtained by merging SMAP observations with estimates from a land surface model in a soil moisture data assimilation system. The land surface model component of the assimilation system is driven with observations-based surface meteorological forcing data, including precipitation, which is the most important driver for soil moisture. The model also encapsulates knowledge of key land surface processes, including the vertical transfer of soil moisture between the surface and root zone reservoirs. Finally, the model interpolates and extrapolates SMAP observations in time and in space. The L4_SM product thus provides a comprehensive and consistent picture of land surface hydrological conditions based on SMAP observations and complementary information from a variety of sources. The assimilation algorithm considers the respective uncertainties of each component and yields a product that is superior to satellite or model data alone. Error estimates for the L4_SM product are generated as a by-product of the data assimilation system.


A discussion is given on how object-oriented techniques can be used to solve the problem of integrating semantically heterogeneous schemas. The author defines an object-oriented view mechanism which allows integrated views to be defined starting from local views which are expressed in a uniform object-oriented data model, but still semantically heterogeneous. A view model based on the object-oriented paradigm has several advantages, since it is a semantically rich model and allows object behavior to be described by using methods. This allows several semantic conflicts to be solved on a structural basis, that is, the model naturally supports the structural mapping approach traditionally used in heterogeneous distributed database systems. Moreover, the usage of methods allows complex mapping to be defined, when the structural mapping cannot be used. The proposed view model uses mechanisms for method combination similar to those defined in some object-oriented programming languages. These mechanisms allow an integrated view to reuse and extend methods defined for the various local views.<<ETX>>


Two major emerging standards, MPEG-4 and JPEG-2000, have recently adopted wavelet-based coding as the basic framework for coding still images and textures. Although both MPEG-4 and JPEG-2000 are based on wavelet coding, they are different. This paper presents an overview of these two emerging standards and highlights the differences in terms of coding scheme, performance, scope, functionalities, and applications. Both qualitative and quantitative comparisons are provided.


Several formalisms and techniques have been introduced in the literature for the purpose of modeling and evaluation of complex systems. Each of them has its strengths and weaknesses, which also depend on the purpose of the evaluation. In this paper we propose the integration of two different formalisms in a single framework for the modeling, validation, and optimization of production-supply problems. In particular, the proposed framework combines Process Graphs (P-Graphs) as the modeling formalism, and Stochastic Activity Networks (SAN) for the analysis and optimization. The integration proposed in this paper extends the capabilities of the P-Graph formalism to include performance and dependability metrics in the optimization process, without hampering the modeling convenience of P-Graphs. The proposed approach is applied to a case study of the optimization of a power supply network.


Q. What is your trade ?-A. A dyer, in the strees-ah! ah! (making gestures of perplexity)-in the skins. Q. How are they dyed?.-A. In the kins-in the kins. Q. What do you dye?-A. Ah! ah! (gestures of perplexity)-rabbits, and all manner ofQ. All manner of what? -A. (Gestures of perplexity) Amarris-rab-bits-and the others. Q. What others besides rabbits ?-A. Rabbit, rab-bit skins-me, merikins. Q. What skins do you get from America?-A. There's, ah, ah (gestures of perplexity)-rabbits, and, and, squirrel tails as well. Q. What do you do with them ?-A. The little things the women have (stroking his breast)-the maws. Q. How long does it take ?A. Sometimes a day; sumsums two or three. Q. How much do you get at it ?-A. Se, seventeen shillings. Q. A day, or a week ?-A. A we-week. Q. Where do you live ?-A. Collingwood Street. Q. Where is that?-A. Just over there (making gestures of perplexity, and pointing), in Whitechapel (pointing), over there, you know-North Street. Q. What parish is it in?-A. Oh, oh (gestures of perplexity), I can't, cause of myQ. What parish ?-A. Mesmes Green. * Q. What is your brother's trade ?-A. Sum-boilers (gestures of perplexity). Q. Sugar-boilers ?-A. Yes. Q. What had you for breakfast this morning.?-A. (Gestures of perplexity) Eh, eh-bread and butter, and -ah, ah, I can't say it-egg, egg. Q. What for dinner?-A. Meat, and meg-I can't say some of 'em-potatoes-beer. Q. What meat? -A. Beef (shaking his head)-I can't think of it. Q. What meat comes from sheep ?-A. Ah, ah-you see it sticks always (pointing to his mouth); buttonno, no, I can't-mutton-no, no, I can't say it. Q. What comes from pigs ?-A. Bakacon (shaking his head)-bacon. Q. What from a young sheep ?-A. Ma-mare (gestures of perplexity) -mag. Q. Is it lamb ?-A. Yes, of course, if I could say it. Q Say lamb.-A. I know how, if I could-only it 's so thick. The patient retul-ned to his work; and all I know further of his case was, that he was brought to the hospital dead, May ioth, I870, having had a fit. Necropsy.-There were vegetations on the aortic, and on the chordTe tendineae of the mitral, valves; the aortic valves were incompetent; and the left ventricle was very greatly hypertrophied. In the brain, there was softening on the left side in the district of the middle cerebral artery. The softening affected the outer part of the island of Reil, the lower part of the third (lowest) left frontal convolution, and about the lower third of the ascending frontal and ascending parietal convolutions. The third left frontal convolution, however, was only slightly touched on the under surface where it borders on the ascending parietal. The softening extended inwards to the extraventricular part of the corpus striatum and to the optic thalamus ; the mass of these bodies was uninjured. The parts described as softened were diffluent, and of a mortarlike colour. No plugs were discovered in any of the arterial branches of the left middle carotid artery. There was an old embolic patch in one kidney, and a recent red one in the other.


Oxidative aging stiffens asphalt in the pavement, raising brittleness, cracking potential, and deterioration of pavement serviceability. Mechanical testing of long-term aged asphalt concrete in the laboratory has shown elevated stiffness, higher failure load (peak load), and reduced fatigue cracking resistance. Among the laboratory mechanical tests used to evaluate mix fatigue resistance and flexibility is the semicircular bend (SCB) test. This study was conducted to determine how the properties of the long-term aged asphalt mixes compare with those from short-term aged asphalt mixes tested under SCB test. Such comparison is important as a decision needs to be made by mix designers as to what aging level to apply when testing asphalt concrete to evaluate fatigue resistance. The mix variables included air void, binder content, and binder stiffness. The properties that were measured, i.e., the response parameters, included fracture energy, load at failure (peak load), mix stiffness, and flexibility index. A large number of mixes including various aggregates, gradations, and binder contents were included in the study. Results showed that long-term oven aging significantly changed flexibility index, peak load, and stiffness of tested specimens. Sensitivity of the parameters to aging was also evaluated in the context of an aging index and defined as the ratio of the measured property after long-term aging to that after short-term aging. In this respect, the aging index did not change as the binder content changed. However, the aging index was sensitive to variations in air void and binder stiffness.


A coal mine underground reservoir, composed of a large number of goaf groups, is effective in achieving the protective utilization of coal mine water. Mastering the hydraulic connection between the goaf groups and the law of seepage is the key to the design and safe operation of coal mine underground reservoirs. Coal/rock sample seepage tests were conducted in Wanli No. 1 Mine in the Shendong mining area according to the evolution law of the lateral supporting pressure of the coal pillars. From the tests, the function of vertical stress in relation to the permeability of coal/rock samples was obtained and the distribution law of permeability of porous media in the goaf was revealed. On this basis, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical calculation of seepage properties of the coal/rock pillars was conducted. The results show that with the decrease of water level in the goaf and the increase of coal pillar width, the flow range and flow velocity keep decreasing. At the water level of 18.65, 28.65, and 38.65 m, the critical coal pillar widths for the goaf water to penetrate into the adjacent goaf are 30, 50, and 70 m, respectively. When the coal pillar width is less than 10 m, the water can bypass the elastic core area at the bottom coal seam to the adjacent goaf area; when the width exceeds 20 m, the water cannot enter the adjacent goaf area through the bottom coal pillar. On the basis of CFD simulation study on seepage properties of coal/rock pillars between goafs, this paper conducts calculations for all the goafs in the 4-2 coal-panel block of Wanli No. 1 Mine and reveals the seepage path and seepage law in the underground reservoir of this mine.


Predetermined assessment criteria and target levels threaten to constrain and limit teachers' desire to provide a balanced and innovative curriculum for their pupils. Through the collaborative production of annual installations, the fine art department at Trinity Catholic School has attempted to confound the effects of a comprehensive school's limitations. These installations allow hundreds of participants of all ages to collaborate in a partnership ethos exploring contemporary issues and modes of practice and enable both pupils and teachers to engage with art as a creative process.

The installation is used as a gallery resource centre both in-house and by the local community. The recent installation entitled 'Laboratories', analysing links between art and science, becomes a case study to examine the avoidance of limitations imposed by exam-driven targets. Instead an environment was fostered that actively promoted a 'learning for all' philosophy including teachers and mature students.


This is an excellent and well-written study of the choices facing industrial planners in four Indian industries: aluminium, caustic soda, cement and fertilizers. All these industries feature economies of scale, and the analysis of decisions about such industries, either through the market or by planning, is one of the chronic weaknesses of current economic techniques. Manne (for the book is largely his work) makes several ingenious contributions here, some of them presented with quite simple mathematical tools. The main conclusion is that plants are too small. 'Regional politics lead to demands for "fair shares" ' in each programme—fertilizers, cement, etc.— and hence 'high-cost plants'. Manne convincingly argues for 'fair shares in the overall investment budget rather than in each particular industry'—cement in Bihar and Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh, caustic soda in Maharashtra and Madras, and so on. His view that temporary excess capacity matters little, however, depends on his assumption that the rate of return foregone (on the tied-up capital) is implausibly low (10 per cent). Further, the industries where Manne's plant-size recommendations are far in excess of the Fourth Plan's—aluminium, caustic soda, cement—are (like steel) untypical, in that the small role of labour in the production process absolves the planner from siting plants where workers are plentiful in the categories required.


Asbestos, an extremely useful natural resource, has been studied extensively mineralogically and for industrial application. Its extraction from ores has been greatly improved with respect to safety in the work place. In spite of that, there is a decisive effort in many countries to ban its use on the grounds that it is a toxic substance. This action resulted in drastic decrease in production and the possibility of destroying the industry. The chelation of asbestos with organic dyes seems to be a promising way to abate its toxicity. Dyeing can be done when the fibers are slurred in water at ambient conditions in the same way as textile fibers.


Objectives To test the feasibility of the use of high thoracic epidural anesthesia as a sole anesthetic in patients undergoing off pump coronary artery bypass surgery, avoiding general anesthesia. Methods Between October 2002 to April 2003, twenty five cases underwent beating heart coronary artery revascularization without endotracheal general anesthesia, using high thoracic epidural anesthesia and analgesia. All the patients underwent epidural catheterization on the evening before the surgery. Resuits The patients in all received 71 grafts (single n = 11, double n = 5, triple n = 6, quadruple n = 3). Six patients underwent repeat coronary artery bypass. Except one was converted to general anesthesia and cardiopulmonary bypass, the other patients underwent off-pump coronary artery bypass graft surgery, 2 patients underwent grafting via left thoracotomy (MIDCAB) and the rest through mid sternotomy. There was no mortality. Mean length of stay in the intensive care unit was 16 .2 ( 4.2 hours and hospital was 3.0(1.2 days. Conclusions Our experience confirms the feasibility of performing multiple coronary artery bypasses in conscious patients without endotracheal general anesthesia


The rate of sorption of methanol (MeOH), propan-2-ol (i-PrOH), and 2-methyl-propan-2-ol (t-BuOH) onto a Wyoming montmorillonite saturated with Al3+-, Cr3+-, or Fe3+-cations has been studied by isothermal gravimetry in the temperature range 18°–105°C using samples of differing weights and grain-size distributions. The rate of sorption for all the alcohols increased with decreasing sample and grain size, demonstrating that inter-, rather than intraparticle mass transfer was the rate-limiting process. Optimization of the sample parameters (2 mg sample of < 45-μm grain size, pretreated at 120°C yielded integral diffusion coefficients at 18°C of 1.1 × 10−4 m2/s for t-BuOH for the Cr3+-form and 2.0 × 10−14 m2/s for MeOH and i-PrOH for the Al3+-form. In general, the rate of alcohol sorption decreased as MeOH ≥ i-PrOH > t-BuOH, but no temperature dependence of the sorption rate was observed. The alcohol sorption rate was dependent on the cation present, with Fe3+ < Cr3+ < Al3+.


An interactive real-time electromagnetic field analysis system FieldVIEW is being developed at Florida International University with the intention of visualizing the electromagnetic process inside electrical machinery. The proposed system utilizes the finite element method with several hardware and software modules to achieve a real-time analysis of the electromagnetic field in a machine on which an experiment is being performed. Moreover, the intention is to develop a complete set of experiments that are processed in the energy conversion lab, which will allow the user not only to observe, but also to control the system and perform the whole experiment using a computer. As a result the user of this system will have better understanding of the energy conversion concepts as well as the electromagnetic field associated with electrical machinery.


In this work, we present a new operator, called Instance Mask Projection (IMP), which projects a predicted instance segmentation as a new feature for semantic segmentation. It also supports back propagation and is trainable end-to end. By adding this operator, we introduce a new way to combine top-down and bottom-up information in semantic segmentation. Our experiments show the effectiveness of IMP on both clothing parsing (with complex layering, large deformations, and non-convex objects), and on street scene segmentation (with many overlapping instances and small objects). On the Varied Clothing Parsing dataset (VCP), we show instance mask projection can improve mIOU by 3 points over a state-of-the-art Panoptic FPN segmentation approach. On the ModaNet clothing parsing dataset, we show a dramatic improvement of 20.4% compared to existing baseline semantic segmentation results. In addition, the Instance Mask Projection operator works well on other (non-clothing) datasets, providing an improvement in mIOU of 3 points on "thing" classes of Cityscapes, a self-driving dataset, over a state-of-the-art approach.


A novel series of nonpeptide angiotensin II (A II) antagonists containing a pyrimidinone ring which carries a C-linked biphenyltetrazole moiety and a carboxyheteroaryl group on the 3-position have been prepared. Their affinity for the AT1 receptor was determined in a binding assay on rat adrenal cortical membranes. The in vivo antihypertensive properties were tested by evaluating the inhibition of the pressor response to A II followed by iv and id administration. Extensive molecular modeling studies, including comparison of molecular electrostatic potential distributions, conformational analysis, and overlays on a computational pharmacophore model of A II, were used to evaluate structural parameters of the new compounds, in comparison to other known A II antagonists (e.g., DUP-753 and SK&F 108566). According to the modeling studies, the introduction of a (carboxyheteroaryl)methyl moiety at the 3-position of the pyrimidinone ring led to derivatives with increased potency. Methyl 2-[[4-butyl-2-methyl-6-oxo-5-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl ]- 4-yl]methyl]-1-(6H)-pyrimidinyl]methyl]-3-thiophenecarboxylate (3k, LR-B/081), one of the most potent compounds in the series (Ki = 1.4 nM), exhibited a marked antihypertensive activity on oral administration to conscious renal hypertensive rats, with long duration of action. It was selected for clinical evaluation in the treatment of hypertension in man.


Indole and its 1- and 2-methyl derivatives undergo second-order azo-coupling reactions with p-nitrobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate to afford the corresponding indole-3-azo-(4′-nitrobenzenes). Kinetic studies with related 3-deuterioindoles showed that there is no isotope effect, thus confirming that the initial attack of the electrophile is the rate-determining step, as in the majority of electrophilic aromatic substitutions.In contrast, 3-methylindole afforded 3-methylindole-2-azo-(4′-nitrobenzene) and the reaction not only showed a small deuterium isotope effect (ca. 2) but was also affected by base catalysis by water added to the acetonitrile. The difference in behaviour of the 3-methylindole from indole and its 1- and 2-methyl derivatives could be accounted for by a mechanism involving primary attack of the diazonium salt at the 3-position followed by rearrangement; further evidence for this mechanism was provided by the straight line plot obtained in comparisons of the rates of reactions for the four indoles with acidity functions (which reflect protonation at the 3-position).


There is a greatest mistake in the theoretic circles for a long time which ignores Marx's thought of natural production force, substituting the special "Social Production Force" for the general "Production Force". By doing so, Marx's theory of Production Force has been destroyed in theory, the relation between man and nature has become worse and worse, and there is a lack of world-view basis on which the sustainable development view is formed which is the guiding principle in our social reality. It is an urgent need for us to resume and reconstruct Marx's thought of natural production force.


Summary: A new virus, SARS-CoV-2, emerged in December 2019, triggering the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 due to the rapid spread and severity of cases worldwide. In Poland, the first case of COVID-19 was reported on 4 March 2020. The aim of the prevention efforts was primarily to stop the spread of the infection to prevent overburdening the health care system. Many illnesses were treated by telemedicine, primarily using teleconsultation. Telemedicine has reduced personal contact between doctors and patients and reduced the risk of exposure to disease for patients and medical personnel. The survey aimed to gather patients' opinions on the quality and availability of specialized medical services during the pandemic. Based on the data collected regarding patients' opinions on services provided via telephone systems, a picture was created of patients' opinions on teleconsultation, and attention was drawn to emerging problems. The study included a 200-person group of patients, realizing their appointments at a multispecialty outpatient clinic in Bytom, aged over 18 years, with various levels of education. The study was conducted among patients of Specialized Hospital No. 1 in Bytom. A proprietary survey questionnaire was developed for the study, which was conducted on paper and used face-to-face interaction with patients. Results: 17.5% of women and 17.5% of men rated the availability of services during the pandemic as good. In contrast, among those aged 60 and over, 14.5% of respondents rated the availability of services during the pandemic as poor. In contrast, among those in the labor force, as many as 20% of respondents rated the accessibility of services provided during the pandemic as being well. The same answer was marked by those on a pension (15%). Overwhelmingly, women in the age group of 60 and over showed a reluctance toward teleconsultation. Conclusions: Patients' attitudes toward the use of teleconsultation services during the COVID-19 pandemic varied, primarily due to attitudes toward the new situation, the age of the patient, or the need to adapt to specific solutions not always understood by the public. Telemedicine cannot completely replace inpatient services, especially among the elderly. It is necessary to refine remote visits to convince the public of this type of service. Remote visits should be refined and adapted to the needs of patients in such a way as to remove any barriers and problems arising from this type of service. This system should also be introduced as a target, providing an alternative method of inpatient services even after the pandemic ends.


This paper deals with the initial boundary value value problem for the Boltzmann-Poisson system ,which arises in semiconductor physics,with absorbing boundary.The global existence of weak solutions is proved by using the stability of velocity averages and the compactness results on L^1-theory under weaker conditons on initial boundary values.


2054 The tumor microenvironment has a significant impact on tumor development. Two important determinants of this environment are hypoxia and lactic acidosis. We developed genome-scale gene expression studies aiming to dissect transcriptional responses of HMEC cells to lactic acidosis and hypoxia in vitro , and explore how they are linked to tumor clinical phenotypes in vivo . Statistical methods were applied to derive experimental signatures for these phenotypes and analyze their associations to heterogeneous sets of published breast cancer datasets. We find lactic acidosis elicits expression responses dominated by acidosis which are unrelated to hypoxia and it serves as an independent biomarker of good prognosis in tumor progression. Additionally, we identified an inverse relationship between the lactic acidosis response and Akt pathways and showed that lactic acidosis could inhibit Akt activation and glycolytic phenotypes of cancer cells. These observations suggest mechanisms to rationalize the association between lactic acidosis responses with favorable clinical outcomes in human cancers. This reciprocal information acquired from in vitro perturbations and in vivo clinical phenotypes via microarray led to novel findings of roles played by key characteristics of the tumor microenvironment and the distinction between physiological parameters and cellular responses.


A relatively recent phenomenon, smart contracts have slowly revolutionized the sphere of commercial transactions through faster, cheaper and automated means, by removing layers of unnecessary negotiation. A combination of law and coding, smart contracts have the potential to redesign our understanding of the basic doctrines of contract law. This article investigates the possible link which exists between smart contracts and the theory of detrimental reliance through the application of such contracts to certain age-old landmark cases, predominantly cited in the realm of contract law. It proposes the notion that issues pertaining to negotiation and miscommunication which have been the core matter of disputes in such cases, may have been easily avoided through an application of smart contracts, which compel enforcement at every stage. In particular, this article has explored the verdict of the jury in the matter of Pennzoil v. Texaco and construed that smart contracts have a key role to play even in instances of in-principle agreements. Further, this article has explored the possibility that, like any novel invention, smart contracts are not without their flaws and has examined the criticisms put forth regarding the applicability and adoption of such contracts, in certain instances. Finally, the author has concluded that a mechanism which would combine the strengths of both smart contracts and paper-based agreements is the need of the hour, to eliminate issues of ambiguity, enforcement and to permit the determination of more subjective legal criteria, as may be contractually required.
Consideration, detrimental reliance, Pennzoil v. Texaco, promissory estoppel, smart contracts


Many studies have highlighted the potential of DNA-based methods for the biomonitoring of freshwater macroinvertebrates, however only a few studies have investigated homogenisation of bulk samples that include debris to reduce sample-processing time. In order to explore the use of DNA-based methods in water quality assessment in South Africa, this study compares morphological and molecular-based identification of freshwater macroinvertebrates at the mixed higher taxon and mOTU level while investigating abundance and comparing mOTU recovery with historical species records. From seven sites across three rivers in South Africa, we collected a biomonitoring sample, an intensive-search comprehensive sample and an eDNA sample per site. The biomonitoring sample was picked and scored according to standard protocols and the leftover debris and comprehensive samples were homogenised including all debris. DNA-based methods recovered higher diversity than morphology, but did not always recover the same taxa, even at the family level. Regardless of the differences in taxon scores, most DNA-based methods except some eDNA samples, returned the same water quality assessment category as the standard morphology-based assessment. Homogenised comprehensive samples recovered more freshwater invertebrate diversity than all other methods. The eDNA samples recovered 2 to 10 times more mOTUs than any other method, however 90% of reads were non-target and as a result eDNA recovered the lowest target diversity. However, eDNA did find some target taxa that the other methods failed to detect. This study shows that unsorted samples recover the same water quality scores as a morphology-based assessment and much higher diversity scores than both picked and eDNA samples. As a result, there is potential to integrate DNA-based approaches into existing metrics quickly while providing much more information for the development of more refined metrics at the species or mOTU level with distributional data which can be used for conservation and biodiversity management.


Figure 3. Nail dysplasia of all toes. hypwihidrolic. dyspfasias we discovered one who had RappHodgkin lype. This 3-year-old girl was Ihe second child of a healthy, nonconsanguineous couple. Pedigree analysis and prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history were negative. The child's psychomotor and somatic development was normal. Her 6-yearold brother was healthy. The following dysmorphic features were present: thin. dry. sparse, short, fair hair; scarce eyebrows and eyelashes: longshaped nose: cleft lip and palate: and large, bulky ears with Ihick, prominent lobes (Fig. 1), Nail dysplasia was present on all fingers and loes (Figs. 2 and 3). The child's skin was extremely dry, and, especially on the back of the hands, eczematous eruptions were present. The described alterations ensured the diagnosis of RappHodgkin ectoderma! dysplasia. Once we were certain of the diagnosis, no further genetic or olher diagnostic procedures seemed necessary. Since the family history was negative, sporadic occurrence should he considered.


This work presents two different algorithms for multiuser detection in wireless DS/CDMA environments. First, a Bayesian detector which implements merging techniques, based on natural computation selection strategies, for complexity limitation, is analyzed, and, second, a low complexity radial basis function-based detector is presented. Both approaches share in common a low computational load and the capability to be implemented even with a high number of active users, since their complexity does not increase exponentially with it. Their performance and characteristics are compared with those of traditional multiuser detectors, such as the matched filter, the decorrelator and the MMSE detector, as well as with other low complexity detectors based on evolutionary computation methods.


Flexible color moving-image display panels have been developed using polymer-dispersed ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC). The molecular-aligned polymer networks and walls stabilized FLC molecular behaviors and plastic substrate gap, respectively. The fast-response FLC panel was laminated with a flexible light-guide sheet with three-primary-color LED edge-light for field-sequential color driving method.


This paper describes the structural damage and failure observed during a full-scale experimental investigation on the out-of-plane behavior of seven planar reinforced concrete (RC) bearing walls under fire. The specimens were heated on one surface over half of the wall height through the ASTM E119 standard fire time-temperature curve, while simultaneously being subjected to a constant axial load at the top. The walls were fixed at the base and free to displace vertically and rotate at the top. In the out-of-plane lateral direction, the top of four specimens was restrained (representing a rigid floor slab), the top of one specimen was free (representing a compromised floor slab), and the top of two specimens was subjected to a step-wise increasing lateral load (to investigate the change in wall lateral stiffness during the fire). Catastrophic out-ofplane buckling failures of two walls occurred at fire durations much shorter than the resistance rating per Section 2.1 of ACI 216. The walls that did not fail during fire were subjected to slow-rate reversed-cyclic out-of-plane lateral displacements immediately after fire and after natural cooling. There were significant losses in the out-of-plane lateral strength of the walls during the fire, with additional losses occurring during natural cooling as well. It was also observed that through-thickness diagonal cracking from fire can result in shear-dominated out-of-plane lateral behavior and failure of otherwise slender walls. Implications of these results for current RC building design codes are discussed


We consider the process of scattering of Galactic cosmic-ray electrons and protons off of dark matter with the radiation of a final-state photon. This process provides a novel way to search for Galactic dark matter with gamma rays. We argue that for a generic weakly interacting massive particle, barring effects such as co-annihilation or a velocity-dependent cross section, the gamma-ray emission from cosmic-ray scattering off of dark matter is typically smaller than that from dark matter pair-annihilation. However, if dark matter particles cannot pair-annihilate, as is the case for example in asymmetric dark matter scenarios, cosmic-ray scattering with final state photon emission provides a unique window to detect a signal from dark matter with gamma rays. We estimate the expected flux level and its spectral features for a generic supersymmetric setup, and we also discuss dipolar and luminous dark matter. We show that in some cases the gamma-ray emission might be large enough to be detectable with the Fermi Large Area Telescope.


Spanish dialects show substantial variation in coda s weakening. Yet, to provide a comprehensive treatment of this phenomenon, a bigger prosodic constituent than just the coda position should be considered. Crucially, two aspirating varieties of Spanish are considered. The Granada dialect weakens s to [h] inside words, at word edges and at prefix edges. The process may be either transparent (esto [éh.to] 'this', descalzar [deh.kal.sáɾ] 'to unshoe', las cosas [lah.kó.sah] 'the things') or opaque (des-hecho [de.hé.tʃo] 'undone', las aguas [la.há.γwah] 'the waters'). Chilean Spanish, on the other hand, presents transparent (esto [éh.to] 'this', des-calzar [deh.kal.sáɾ] 'to unshoe') and opaque (las aguas [la.há.γwa] 'the waters') aspiration, as well as deletion (las cosas [la.kó.sa] 'the things'), and no aspiration across a prefix boundary (des-hecho [de.sé.tʃo] 'undone'). The reported variable behaviour calls for an integrated approach to segmental weakening across all prosodic constituents, and for a revision of the present understanding of contiguity. The boundary between the prefix and the stem is protected by the grammar despite the weak coda position of the prefix-final s, therefore the domain of application of the CONTIGUITY constraint should be extended to the supramorphemic level.


Objective To determine the drug sensitivity and drug resistance genes of the Escherichia coli strains isolated from the chicken and pigs in a farm in Taiyuan.Methods Drug sensitivity tests were performed for twelve(E.coli) strains isolated from the chicken in the farm.PCR was applied to identify the drug-resistance genes and PFGE for genotyping analysis.Results Two out of the twelve isolates were plasmid-mediated CTX-M 9 extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing strains with the presence of multidrug resistance.Conclusion Molecular biological study and surveillance of extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing bacteria in animals should be strengthened to prevent the spread and prevalence of drug-resistant strains in human beings.


Abstract : Adhesive bonding offers many advantages over mechanical fastening, but requires major improvements in reliability and predictability before it can be incorporated in primary structures for aviation transport. Surface treatment is widely recognized as the single most important process for attaining robust, predictable bonds. This report documents the preliminary testing of a laser ablation technique for the pre-treatment of titanium and carbon fiber reinforced composite adherends. Laser ablation imparts both topographical and chemical changes to the adherend surface which can lead to strong and durable bonds. Laser surface preparation provides an alternative to the state-of-the-art chemical-dip, peel-ply and grit blast treatments which are expensive, hazardous, and less repeatable than an automated laser ablation technique. The focus of this study is the relationship between topographical and chemical modifications created by laser treatment and the resulting adhesive properties of mechanical test specimens. Surface roughness and chemical species were analyzed using specialized microscopy, goniometry, and spectroscopic techniques. Mechanical tests included single lap shear specimens of both titanium and composite adherends. Some promising results show improvements in strength and durability for laser treated lap shear specimens compared to baseline values. Chemical analysis showed definite trends for the removal of and appearance of specific chemical species as laser ablation power and pattern density was varied. Alternative mechanical tests are being considered to generate the quantitative results required in a general model relating macroscopic adhesion and adherend surface preparation technique.


A rapid and sensitive high-performance ion chromatography method for separation and quantitative determination of inositol mono- and diphosphate (IP1−IP2) isomers using pulsed amperometric detection is described. The method involves extraction of samples with HCl, separation of inositol phosphates from the crude extract by anion-exchange chromatography, NaAc gradient elution in an NaOH environment to perform isomer separation on a high-performance anion-exchange column, and detection with pulsed amperometric detector. The applicability and sensitivity of the method is illustrated by measurement of the content of IP1 and IP2 in foods, human ileal contents, and enzymatic hydrolysis products of phytate (inositol hexaphosphate). The major IP1 and IP2 isomers formed during phytate hydrolysis with wheat phytase were shown to be Ins(2)P, dl-Ins(1)P, and dl-Ins(1,2)P2 and with Aspergillus niger phytase, Ins(2)P and dl-Ins(1,2)P2. Keywords: Inositol mono- and diphosphate isomers; high-performance ion chromatograph...


Ductile iron casts with a higher silicone content were produced. The austempering process of high silicone ductile iron involving different austempering times was studied and the results presented. The results of metallographical observations and tensile strength tests were offered. The obtained results point to the fact that the silicone content which is considered as acceptable in the literature may in fact be exceeded. The issue is viewed as requiring further research.


We consider learning Ising tree models when the observations from the nodes are corrupted by independent but non-identically distributed noise with unknown statistics. Katiyar et al. (2020) showed that although the exact tree structure cannot be recovered, one can recover a partial tree structure; that is, a structure belonging to the equivalence class containing the true tree. This paper presents a systematic improvement of Katiyar et al. (2020). First, we present a novel impossibility result by deriving a bound on the necessary number of samples for partial recovery. Second, we derive a significantly improved sample complexity result in which the dependence on the minimum correlation $\rho_{\min}$ is $\rho_{\min}^{-8}$ instead of $\rho_{\min}^{-24}$. Finally, we propose Symmetrized Geometric Averaging (SGA), a more statistically robust algorithm for partial tree recovery. We provide error exponent analyses and extensive numerical results on a variety of trees to show that the sample complexity of SGA is significantly better than the algorithm of Katiyar et al. (2020). SGA can be readily extended to Gaussian models and is shown via numerical experiments to be similarly superior.


In this paper, MPDA@hydroxyapatite nanocomposites (MPHA NCs) were prepared and applied to develop a novel reactive oxygen species (ROS)-triggered nitric oxide (NO)-enhanced photothermal therapy nanocomposite system composed of indocyanine green (ICG)/L-arginine-MPDA@HAp (AI-MPHA NCs) for displaying both NO gas therapy and photothermal osteosarcoma treatment. The nanosystem exhibited a mesoporous and core-shell structure and high ICG loading efficiency (about 90%). Under near infrared (NIR) irradiation, the AI-MPHA NCs could not only produce heat but also generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing the catalysis of L-Arg to obtain NO. Under NIR irradiation, the AI-MPHA NCs achieved osteosarcoma ablation by a synergistic combination of photothermal therapy and NO-gas therapy. Additionally, the cell viability of MG-63 cells decreased to 23.6% (co-incubated with AI-MPHA NCs) under irradiation with a power density at 1.0 W cm-2 for 10 min. The study proposed a novel nano-platform for NO-enhanced photothermal therapy of osteosarcoma.


Streets occupy a large amount of land in urban residential
districts and most of them are through-streets As an
alternative to a through-street system, some architects have
proposed a cul-de-sacstreet system and made many claims about
its impacts on the daily lives of residents. Their claims were
diffuse and they provided little evidence of their efficacy.
This study establishes a model of territorial performance and
hypothesizes that cul-de-sacs are perceived to be more
exclusively and peacefully used, safer, conducive to greater
social cohesion, and better maintained than through-streets.
The validity of the hypotheses was tested by the data obtained
through a questionnaire survey in Kwachun, Korea. Statistical
analysis revealed that the cul-de-sac residents are more inclined
than through-street residents to feel that;
(1) they use the streets exclusively and peacefully;
(2) their children's play is safe;
(3) they distinguish between their neighbors and outsiders;
(4) They have strong interaction with neighbors. The claims that
cul-de-sacs promote privacy invasion and maintenance
responsibility are not valid.
Based on the findings, this study suggests that cul-de-sacs be
provided for the enhanced territorial control of street areas.
It also proposes guidelines which can be applied to the design
of inner-city residential blocks.


"Forfurther details please contact Susan Fennell. "What I wish I could tell doctors!" To the Editor: The article "What I wish I could tell doctors!" by Truswell in the December 11/25, 1982 issue of the Journal deserves praise and comment. It raises a number of points which need to be discussed further. The sample case studies presented in the article show that patients should be regarded as more than mere bed occupants, and that patients and their families need to participate in the making of decisions which concern their own health care and welfare. The article also concerned the role of the social worker in health care. The whole health care industry needs to look not only at the roles of doctors and social workers but at those of all health care workers. The time of well-defined roles is past. The roles of all health care professionals overlap, and the recognition and acceptance of this overlap can only lead to improved patient care. No one would deny that, for example, the gynaecologist or neurosurgeon has greater expertise in his own field than any nonspecialist. However, in all fields of patient care, there are grey areas where there is considerable overlap, not only in the fields of medicine and social work but in those of physiotherapy, occupational therapy, psychology, speech therapy, dietetics, and so on. Health workers should be permitted to cross the boundaries between disciplines in their endeavours to help their patients. Truswell contends that "Talking and counselling are not nearly so central to other professional-client encounters as they are to social work". The interview situation is not exclusive to the practice of social work. It is the basis of all client-centred professions, including law, social and oral history, environmental science and journalism. One need only observe the proliferation of literature on the interview process to realise this. Truswell's erroneous assumption that the social work profession modelled itself on the medical profession may be based on her own training in South Africa. Certainly it is not true of Australia. Even when social work courses were first introduced to Australia in the 19408this was not so, and certainly, the master's degree course introduced at the University of Western Australia in 1965 was not even remotely modelled on the medical course. Medical schools in Australia teach very little about the roles of the other helping doctors and social workers, and every effort should be made to correct this. An effort should also be made by many social workers to forget about status and roles. Both doctors 4. Winawer SJ, Betar J. Haemorrhagic gastritis: irnportance of associated chronic gastritis. Arch Intern Med 1971; 127: 129-131. 5. Hazell K. Baloch KH. Vitamin K deficiency in the elderly. Geront Clin 1970; 12: 10-17.


Global climate change not only causes extreme weather events but also impacts the consumer's energy demand, posing a concern for the safe and reliable operation of power grids. Furthermore, the high adaption rate of electric vehicles makes energy transactions volatile. Hence, it is crucial to evaluate the power grid's reliability using risk assessment studies. Here, we solve this open problem to predict the risk of blackout by developing a real-world data-driven probabilistic framework in conjunction with an expert-based power grid methodology. Utilizing the real-world energy demands, climate station's temperature data, and IPCC regional climate models, the risk of a city in California increases up to 8% in the summer of 2100. The winter, spring, summer, and fall seasons' risks also follow an increasing trend from 2000 to 2100. We also show that a better localization planning of load hot spots like EV charging stations reduces the risk by 1.8%.


The interaction between polycomb-repressive complexes 1/2 (PRC1/2) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), such as the X inactive specific transcript Xist and the HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR), has been the subject of intense debate. While cross-linking, immuno-precipitation and super-resolution microscopy argue against direct interaction of Polycomb with some lncRNAs, there is increasing evidence supporting the ability of both PRC1 and PRC2 to functionally associate with RNA. Recent data indicate that these interactions are in most cases spurious, but nonetheless crucial for a number of cellular activities. In this review, we suggest that while PRC1/2 recruitment by HOTAIR might be direct, in the case of Xist, it might occur indirectly and, at least in part, through the process of liquid–liquid phase separation. We present recent models of lncRNA-mediated PRC1/2 recruitment to their targets and describe potential RNA-mediated roles in the three-dimensional organization of the nucleus.


Agyemang, K. see Little, D. A . 2lOA Ahmed. Faruk, Jones, David B. &Jackson, Alan A . The interaction of vitamin A deficiency and rotavirus infection 67A Al-Arahi, A . & Andrew, J . F. Histological changes in brown adipose tissue associated with weight loss in obese Zucker rats resulting from the combined administration of neuropeptide Y and noradrenaline 102A Albers, Sabine see Fiirst, Peter 343-359 Allen, Ros see Blake, David R. 239-245 Anantharaman, K. see Anantharaman-Barr, H.


While the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8 and the slave-girl Rhoda in Acts 12 are not commonly compared or connected, they both present a distinctive expression of joy in the face of great opposition and oppression. It is argued that their overwhelming expressions of joy that drove them to distraction are not best understood as simple responses to recent events or experiences in their narratives, i.e. non-cognitive emotion, but rather as willful and decisive proclamations demonstrative of their character, values, and worldview, i.e. cognitive emotion. In this way, their joyful behavior was a means of asserting their inclusion into the communities and culture that marginalized them. Despite their sudden disappearance from the text, their last words and actions were of joy and vindication, which continue to stand as their legacy and challenge.


Ovarian cancer is the fifth reason for the woman's death. When cells get malignant changes in one or both ovaries, ovarian cancer gets formed. This kind of cancer when it is under control, it influenced the fertility of the patient. Artemisia Aucheri Boiss is used for most of the diseases to be healed. Due to the importance of ovarian cancer and the potential of anti-Apoptotic of Artemisia Aucheri Boiss, in this research the extraction of this plant in lipid nanoparticles with the target of cellular and molecular effects and anti Apoptotic loaded on the ovarian cancer cells. In this examination, first nanoparticles containing Artemisia extraction were synthesized by homogenizer plus sonication and subsequently their physical and chemical properties were determined like (size and shape of particles, description of particles, zeta potential, rate of efficiency of essential oil. Then the anti Apoptotic effect of lipid nanoparticle-containing Artemisia extraction in ovarian cancer cells (SKOV-3 line) was determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis.Results of the cellular effects of lipid nanoparticle-containing extraction of the plant on the ovarian cancer cells show that the increase of viscosity of lipid nanoparticle containing the essence of this plant led to disease in the viability of ovarian cancer cells compared to pure essence. It seem that lipid nanoparticles appear to activate the apoptotic pathway in ovarian cancer cells.


Background: The Estrogen receptor alfa (ER) is an established biomarker that has been studied in details on the protein and RNA level. Recently, the existence of amplifications and deletions of the ESR1 gene have been documented (1-3), although the frequency of the aberrations has been extensively debated. Here we hypothesize that a positive correlation exists between ESR1 gene copy number and ER protein content measured by both a biochemical ligand assay, dextran coated charcoal (DCC), and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Material and Methods: From 289 primary high-risk breast cancer patients, randomized in the DBCG 77C trial between August 1977 and November 1982, ER data from DCC analyses was available. An ER positive tumor was defined as ≥10 fmol ER/mg protein (4). Archival tumor tissue was available from 257 patients. ESR1 copy number was analyzed with Dako Histology FISH Accessory Kit (K5599, DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) using a probe covering the ESR1 gene at 6q25 and a centromere 6 reference probe (3). IHC analysis for ER was applied on archival paraffin embedded tissue using the antibody ER1D5 (DAKO), 1:200 with a positive cut off value of 10% ER positive tumor cells. Results: ESR1 FISH analysis was performed successfully in 215 (84%) patients. Amplification (ratio ESR1/CEN-6≥2) was observed in 47 of 215 patients (22%) and ESR1 deletion (ratio ESR1/CEN-6 ESR1 and ER-IHC was found (P ESR1 amplified tumors had higher average ER-DDC values compared to ESR1 normal tumors (ratio ESR1/ CEN6: 0,80-1,29) and tumors with ESR1 gain (ratio ESR1/CEN6: 1,30-1,99), while deleted tumors had lower ER-DCC values as illustrated in Figure 1. A significant difference p=0.005 was found for the ESR1 deleted tumors compared to the ESR1 amplified tumors. Fig. 1 Box plut showing the ER content according to ESR1/CEN-6 status Discussion: Amplification of the ESR1 gene is associated with higher ER protein content by ER-DCC and more intense immunoreactivity by IHC while ESR1 deletions are associated with decreased content and immunoreactivity compared to tumors with normal ESR1 gene copy numbers. Major variations in ER content and immunoreactivity are however observed within tumors with a normal ESR1 copy number, and other mechanisms than gene aberrations seem to contribute. References: 1. Holst et al. (2007) Estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) gene amplification is frequent in breast cancer Nat Genet 39: 655 2. Tomita et al. (2009) Estrogen receptor alpha gene ESR1 amplification may predict endocrine therapy responsiveness in breast cancer patients. Cancer Sci 100:1012 3. Nielsen et al. (2010) Amplification of ESR1 may predict resistance to adjuvant tamoxifen in postmenopausal patients with hormone receptor positive breast cancer. Breast cancer Res Treat, June 17 Epub 4. Thorpe et al. (1993) Short recurrence-free survival associated with high oestrogen receptor levels in the natural history of postmenopausal, primary breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 29A:971. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-08-01.


End-to-end encrypted online platforms are increasingly common in the digital ecosystem, found both in dedicated apps like Signal and widely adopted platforms like Android Messages. Though such encryption protects privacy and advances human rights, the law enforcement community and others have raised criticisms that end-to-end encryption shields bad behavior, preventing the platforms or government authorities from intercepting and responding to criminal activity, child exploitation, malware scams, and disinformation campaigns. At a time when major Internet platforms are under scrutiny for content moderation practices, the question of whether end-to-end encryption interferes with effective content moderation is of serious concern. Computer science researchers have responded to this challenge with a suite of technologies that enable content moderation on end-to-end encrypted platforms. Are these new technologies legal? This Article analyzes these new technologies in light of several major federal communication privacy regimes: the Wiretap Act, the Stored Communications Act, and the Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act. While generally we find that these content moderation technologies would pass muster under these statutes, the answers are not as clear-cut as one might hope. The advanced cryptographic techniques that these new content moderation strategies employ raise multiple unsettled questions of law under the communication privacy regimes considered. This legal uncertainty arises not because of the ambiguous ethical nature of the technologies themselves, but because the decades-old statutes failed to accommodate, or indeed contemplate, the innovations in cryptography that enable content moderation to coexist with encryption. To the extent that platforms are limited in their ability to moderate end-to-end encrypted content, then, those limits may arise not from the technology but from the law.


We proposed a method using an aza-crown ether derivative to lock a hyperbranched polyethyleneimine, which endows the PEI25k with tumor targeting ability, anti-serum ability and extended circulation in the blood meanwhile retaining the high gene complexation and high transfection efficiency. The method we proposed here simultaneously endows cationic materials with high transfection efficiency and high safety, which greatly pushed the cationic materials to be applied in in vivo gene delivery.


ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze how history has been used as a political discourse by the current ruling elites of Turkey in the post-2010 period. In doing that, the article first defines what the politicization of history is and locates the Justice and Development Party''s (Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi, AKP) perception of history within the broader conservative political movements in Turkey. Then, the article focuses on the discourses of some AKP politicians and pro-AKP journalists to show how the AKP has been using history as a discourse to create a binary opposition between the Unionist/CHP mentality and the AKP mentality and to label the latter as the source of all current political troubles of Turkey.


In the article Family rituals in the face of death the author analyzes fi lms from the perspective of the experience of a family confronted with death. The author is interestedin what family rituals are still used at this time and what actions have been abandoned.The presented fi lms demonstrate fascination with the topic of death, which is present in every culture with different intensity, by means of various descriptions which are attractive because they are fi lled with the richness of symbols. The majority of these films emphasize a shift in the discourse about death in social space towards an individual subject. The author wanted to observe and show the moment when the community experience of death and mourning was given up and the ritual passed into the hands of specialized institutions.


Amplification pretargeting has the potential to increase the tracer's accumulation in the tumor. This study aimed to develop a three-step amplification pretargeting strategy in nuclear medicine with a polymer conjugated with multiple copies of peptide nuclear acid (PNA). In this study, the tracer 18 F labeled complementary PNA (18 F-cPNA) was prepared by click-chemistry with high radiochemical purity (> 99%) and great stability in vitro. The PAMMA dendrimer generation 4 (G4) was conjugated with multiple copies of PNAs. The average number of PNA groups in the G4-PNA conjugate was determined by MALDI-TOF MS and the accessibility to the 18 F-cPNA was identified by SE-HPLC. There were approximately 11.7 of 64 carboxyl groups modified with PNAs, of which more than 99% were accessible to 18 F-cPNA. 18 F-cPNA was added to a mixture of CC49-cPNA and G4-PNA, and the complex exhibited a single peak on HPLC as evidence of complete hybridization between 18 F-cPNA and CC49-cPNA/G4-PNA. The LS174T tumor cells were incubated with CC49-cPNA followed by G4-PNA as an amplification platform before 18 F-cPNA was added to hybridize with CC49-cPNA/G4-PNA. Compared with conventional pretargeting without G4-PNA, the radioactivity signal was amplified about 4 times, which demonstrated that the dendrimer-PNA conjugate plays a crucial role in signal amplification.


In today's business world, there are varieties of information systems such as TPS, DAS, KWS, MIS, DSS, ES, CSCWS, GDSS and ESS. Each plays a different role in organizational hierarchy and decision making process. In this article the authors have selected two main information systems, namely, MIS and DSS. After discussing the decision making process based on each concept, its characteristics, relations, connections of each concept to decision-making process have been determined. At the same time, different models and figures are presented to enrich the discussion and to highlight precisely the status of each MIS and DSS information system in organizational decision making.