Strategy means coordination of techniques and technicians facing a problem in which the solution is unclear and uncertain. The only secured point is that there is no hope for curing the patient, and thus, his own opinion will have to be included in the decision making process. Situations in which that question arises are extremely different from one case to the other and we will be able only to give our own guidelines. In emergency, if a neurologic deficit occurs and increases, the goal is to decompress and limit the surgery to the most limited aggression and then to return to a more comfortable situation to take the proper decisions. Elements to be taken in account The vertebrae: Situation is different according to the type of scattering. Regional scattering accessible by a single approach ( similar if this scattering is associated to a second localization treatable by an isolated radiotherapy plus vertebroplasty if necessary) which is a situation closed to a single level metastasis, or general diffusion leading to a whole spine metastasis where radiotherapy plus general treatment if any are the only solutions. The schedule for these will be decided according to the risks of fracture or neurologic compression and the pain The other localizations: The whole question is about the potential risks induced by these. Bone fracture, brain oedema, hypoxemia, increased bleeding linked to liver incapacity. The time to obtain a complete map of localizations is usually too long in these situations and therefore clinical situation should guide complementary exams to remain reasonable. When looking at the scoring of the patient with Tokuashi score When having no clinical significance, others metastases should be underscored and compared to the potential risk benefit comparison of surgery. One should not refuse surgery just because of a low Tokuashi grading since some surgeries like a two level cervical corpectomy through an anterior approach induces a minimal "cost" for the patient. The cancer Sometimes, the cancer is already known and the strategy has to be decided according to the treatments already done locally and in general (hormonotherapy, chemotherapy…). The primary response to these treatments is usually a good predictive key for the future. Depending on the expectable response to the other therapies, surgery could be the only technique that could help the patient or on the contrary only a second line technique if you may hope a good result from others. In other cases, the metastases reveal the cancer. If no primary tumor can be easily found, the lesions should be treated first to ensure the best quality of life since it is known that the risk for a short life expectancy is high (same in case of a large lung cancer). Conclusion In that goal multidisciplinary decision making process is the only way of offering these tools and finding the right order of use. Participation of the patient in this decision is mandatory.


The value to bird conservation of determining the causes of population declines is considered and the diagnostic methods available are reviewed, with examples. Diagnosis of the cause or causes of a decline in bird numbers is likely to be helpful in deciding the priority of conservation actions, though actions which aim to reverse the changes in external conditions which caused the decline need not be the most effective in initiating recovery.

The methods for diagnosing causes of declines in bird numbers with the widest application make use of comparisons between geographical areas or time periods with different trends. Correlations between trends in numbers and measurements of external factors are examined across areas or periods or both. The danger of spurious correlations is minimized by drawing up a list of plausible causes based on studies of the natural history of the species. The effects of all of these candidates should be examined, subject to availability of data. The consistency of observed changes over time, or differences among areas, in survival rate or breeding success with the postulated demographic mechanism of the decline should be examined.

Conclusions based on correlations across geographical areas between trends in numbers and external factors may be misleading if birds are able to move between the areas selected for comparison and if their pattern of settlement depends upon external factors thought to be implicated in the decline.

Manipulative experiments should be carried out to test conclusions drawn from correlative studies. However, it must be recognized that the capacity of birds to move between areas means that experiments may measure effects of manipulations on settlement patterns or distribution rather than population size. Experiments that appear well designed in terms of controls and replication may be misleading when applied to the conservation of bird populations if their geographical scale is inappropriate.


Introduction Electronic trauma registries (ETR) play a critical role in the collection of pre-hospital and hospital based trauma data, required for trauma care improvement. The crucial step is to have a functionally active and reliable trauma registry which is customised according to the local needs. This prompted for development of a low cost local registry with the help of software programmers. Objectives To pretest locally developed ETR at a single university hospital, to assess the functionality, efficiency and reliability in data storage retrieval and analysis. Methods We tested the registry with records of poly-trauma patients treated during 2008 at Aga Khan University Hospital. This data was entered into the ETR, by trained staff, its functionality and reliability was assessed through analysis of the data. Results There were 119 patients, with mean age of 32.7 years, mean RTS was 7.48650, ISS score was 12.039 and mean TRISS was 95.7511. The most common mechanism of injury was MVC (73.1%) followed by gunshot wounds (16.8%). There were 5 (4.2%) patients who expired. In the analysis of injuries, head and neck (42%) and extremities (52.1%) were the most commonly involved regions. We found that there were four unexpected deaths (TRISS > 50%) and we also found two unexpected survivors (TRISS <50%). Conclusion The ETR is found to be a reliable data storage system which is also capable of generating standard reports consisting of patient demographics, injury severity scores and probability of survival and outcome.


The Bolivian specialist in communication science, Luis Ramiro Beltran Salmon, reminds us in this essay about Latin American communication, and particularly, about the critical research initiated in this field in the seventies, a period of singular historical importance which witnessed the emergence in the world of questions about development, democracy and communication. And, remembering the leadership which evolved in his country's insurgent region, especially in the communication realm, he issues a call to today's communication experts to continue the struggle.


Gamma-ray spectra of a 20-h {sup 255}Fm source containing {approx}1 mCi activity were measured with a 25% Ge detector and a low-energy photon spectrometer (LEPS). Gamma lines with intensities as low as 1.0x10{sup -6}% per {sup 255}Fm {alpha} decay were observed. Gamma-gamma coincidence spectra of a {sup 255}Fm sample were measured with the GAMMASPHERE array. A comparison of the {gamma}-ray spectrum gated by the Cf K{sub {alpha}} x-ray peak with the {gamma}-singles spectrum provided spins of the excited states in {sup 251}Cf. The {gamma}-ray data, in conjunction with previously measured {sup 250}Cf(d,p) reaction data, allowed us to characterize several single-particle and vibrational states above the N=152 subshell gap.


The cloning of opioid peptides and receptors has led to the development of knockout mice deficient in a gene encoding for each peptide and each receptor. The major advantage of the knockout approach is the complete selectivity that the removal of a protein encoded for by a gene provides. These knockout animals are adding to our knowledge of the physiology, pathophysiology and pharmacology of opioid systems. In addition, they are providing real impact in addressing the long-standing debates over receptor subtype heterogeneity and functional cooperativity between receptor subtypes.


The recent horrendous death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland after the doctors there refused to conduct abortion has evoked fierce, ethical, legal and human rights debate. The Irish government reacted swiftly with an assurance that a bill will be introduced allowing limited abortion right to women. Women's organisations and feminists have long argued that the denial of access to safe abortion is a flagrant violation of human right. This paper tries to analyse whether there exists a right to abortion under international human rights law. It recapitulates and highlights relevant progresses if any within the international legal systems in support of abortion and protection of women's reproductive autonomy. The paper points that denial of legal and safe abortion procedures forces women to obtain unsafe and often traditional methods of abortions, threatening their lives and health. The paper tries to see how the issue of abortion can be approached in a balanced way.


Background: Mortality rate among psychiatric inpatients is one of the major concern areas which need further explorations. There is a scarcity of research studies related to this particular issue in India.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the mortality rate and its correlates among mentally ill inpatients of a Mental Health Institute of Eastern India.

Materials and Methods: The medical records of those psychiatric inpatients (n = 151) who died during their stay at the Mental Health Institute (COE), Sriram Chandra Bhanj Medical College in the past 20 years (April 1998–March 2018) constituted the study population.

Results: A total of 151 patients died during their inpatient stay. Out of which, 134 patient case records were traced out. Sociodemographic information about 65 patients (48.50%) could not be obtained as they were rescued (homeless mentally ill patients). Majority of the patients were females (51.49%). Out of 69 inpatients, majority of patients (14.92%) belonged to the age group of 35–44 years, formal education of primary level (27.61%), Hindu religion (44.77%), were married (32.08%), from rural areas (32.08%), and unemployed (26.11%). Majority of patients (69.40%) stayed in indoor for


This is a short clip intended for use at the NIME 2011 convention in a presentation by Zachary Seldess.

Zachary Seldess demonstrates the Audio Switcher Functionality in Showcase at KAUST Visualization Laboratory. The demonstration includes:
 1) An integrated bi-directional network and MIDI communication using Behringer BCF2000 MIDI Controller with Mrmr iPhone App
 2) Sonnotile, sound annotation and sonification for tiled-display walls

Sound system development by Zach Seldess, KAUST and Toshiro Yamada, UCSD


The calculations of stresses acting on the wall of boiler drum during the start-up process are presented in this paper. On the basis of the temperature measurements, which were carried out to determine the temperature distribution along the circumference of the outer wall of boiler drum, the temperature at the inner wall surface is determined using the inverse methods. The computations are carried out for the whole operation cycle of the power plant. Therefore, the pressure and temperatures are updated at consecutive time steps. These parameters allow determining the maximum values of circumferential, axial and Von Misses stresses during the operation cycle of steam boiler.


This review aimed to map current evidence on the association between dietary factors and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk in Asia. This review was conducted based on Arksey and O'Malley methodological framework. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) flow diagram was used to record the review process. For the purpose of searching for articles, three electronic databases namely PubMed, EBSCOHost and ScienceDirect were employed. The inclusion criteria for articles selection were articles with association analysis between diet and CRC risk among Asians, had adults as participants, articles were written in English, open-accessed and published between years 2009 and 2021. Thus, 35 out of 369 screened articles were eventually included in this review which covered 28 case-control studies, six prospective cohort studies and one randomised clinical trial. Foods such as meats, alcohol and westernised diet have been shown to be associated with increase of CRC risk while fruits, vegetables and traditional meals decreased the risk of CRC. Only a few interventional and dietary patterns studies were identified. Specific single foods and nutrients and dietary patterns have been found to increase the risk but also protected the Asian population against CRC. The findings of this review will guide health professionals, researchers and policy makers to conduct a suitable study design and topic for future research.


Physics Education Researchers have provided instructors with (1) tools to assess student learning, (2) details on the state of student knowledge, and (3) instructional materials and learning environments that have proven to be effective in promoting understanding. Unfortunately, the vast majority of this work has centered on students and instruction at the traditional research university. As instructors begin to implement innovative instructional materials, and as researchers begin to investigate student learning with diverse populations, complex differences emerge. The use of traditional PER tools in non‐traditional environments, such as the urban, comprehensive university, often leads to a very narrow picture of student development. Often, this limited view highlights deficiencies in learning and fails to reveal the strengths and resources of this population. In this paper we highlight issues we face with some of the traditional research tools and provide evidence for the resources we have found with ou...


The Wave Propagation Laboratory of NOAA has developed a frequency-modulated, continuous-wave, clear-air radar with a Doppler capability for measuring both the mean wind and turbulent intensity. In this paper, observations of turbulence are shown and related to the background wind and temperature structure. The radar's capability for measuring the structure parameters and dissipation rates of both velocity and refractive index in the inertial subrange is discussed.


Angular cosmological correlators are infamously difficult to compute due to the highly oscillatory nature of the projection integrals. Motivated by recent development on analytic approaches to cosmological perturbation theory, in this paper we present an efficient method for computing cosmological four-point correlations in angular space, generalizing previous works on lower-point functions. This builds on the FFTLog algorithm that approximates the matter power spectrum as a sum over power-law functions, which makes certain momentum integrals analytically solvable. The computational complexity is drastically reduced for correlators in a "separable" form—we define a suitable notion of separability for cosmological trispectra, and derive formulas for angular correlators of different separability classes. As an application of our formalism, we compute the angular galaxy trispectrum at tree level, with and without primordial non-Gaussianity. This includes effects of redshift space distortion and bias parameters up to cubic order. We also compute the non-Gaussian covariance of the angular matter power spectrum due to the connected four-point function, beyond the Limber approximation. We demonstrate that, in contrast to the standard lore, the Limber approximation can fail for the non-Gaussian covariance computation even for large multipoles.


This study examines the object oriented programming (OOP) and its calculated measures in programming interactivity in Nigeria. It focused on the existing programming languages used by programmers and examines the need for integrating programming interactivity with OOP. A survey was conducted to measure interactivity amongst professionals using certain parameters like flexibility, interactivity, speed, interoperability, scalability, dynamism, and solving real life problems. Data was gathered using questionnaire, and analysis was carried out using frequency, percentage ratio, and mean in arriving at a more proactive stand. The results revealed that the some of the parameters used are highly in support of the programming interactivity with OOP.


In the crystal structure of C(15)H(20)O(2), molecules are associated by intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the hydroxy function and a keto group [O.O 2.770 (2) A], forming chains along the [100] direction in the crystal. Both six-membered rings in the decalin unit adopt envelope conformations; one section of the molecule, encompassing the extended conjugation of a C=C double bond with an enone functionality [C=C-C=O = 175.6 (2) degrees and C=C-C=C = 176.6 (2) degrees ], is flat, whilst the rest of the molecule is folded relative to the constrained part. The stereochemistry was determined from the R-(-)-carvone starting material.


Research showing racial/ethnic disparities in medical care obtained by people with comparable insurance has raised questions about the extent to which health insurance improves opportunities for care. To assess whether insurance expansions could be expected to reduce racial/ethnic disparities in access to care, this paper reviews evidence from studies specifically designed to quantify the contribution of health insurance to racial/ethnic disparities in access. The studies provide evidence that a sizable share of the differences in whether a person has a regular source of care could be reduced if Hispanics and African Americans were insured at levels comparable to those of whites.


The angular momentum (AM) of light has important implications for many fields of optics research, such as optics communication, quantum information and laser-scan microscopy. Thus, in this paper, we intend to investigate the average AM of the vortex ultrashort pulsed beam (VUPB), which is generated and widely applied in the field of high-intensity and ultrafast regimes. According to the vector potential, we firstly derive the electromagnetic field of the VUPB, then analyze the spatial intensity, the phase profile and the polarization state of the beam. We explore that the total AM per photon of VUPB is not n ℏ value when the beam waist w0 is of wavelength or sub-wavelength order, since the polarization of VUPB is changed from linear to circular polarization with the decrease of beam waist, which introduces the conversion of the orbital AM to the spin AM. Moreover, based on the conservation of the total AM, the minimum waist of VUPB can be obtained, which is dependent on the pulse duration time α and topological charge n. Finally, the average AM of the fractional VUPB expressed by the superposition of the integer VUPB with different weights, is analyzed, which is not equal to the AM of fractional CW beam μ - sin (2μπ)/2π (μ is the fractional topological charge), but is associated with the beam waist w0 and α. Therefore, we think that the AM of VUPB can be controlled by adjusting the α and w0.


Background and Purpose— Varicella zoster virus-induced vasculopathy and postherpes zoster attack stroke syndromes have been reported previously; nevertheless, data regarding the exact prevalence and risk of stroke occurring postherpes zoster attack are still lacking. This study aims to investigate the frequency and risk of stroke after a herpes zoster attack using a nationwide, population-based study of a retrospective cohort design. Method— A total of 7760 patients who had received treatment for herpes zoster between 1997 and 2001 were included and matched with 23 280 randomly selected subjects. A 1-year stroke-free survival rate was then estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. After adjusting for potential confounders, Cox proportional hazard regressions were carried out to compute the adjusted 1-year survival rate. Results— Of the sampled patients, 439 patients (1.41%) developed strokes within the 1-year follow-up period, that is, 133 individuals (1.71% of the patients with herpes zoster) from the study cohort and 306 individuals (1.31% of patients in the comparison cohort) from the comparison cohort. The log rank test indicated that patients with herpes zoster had significantly lower 1-year stroke-free survival rates than the control (P<0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios of stroke after herpes zoster and herpes zoster ophthalmicus during the 1-year follow-up period were 1.31 and 4.28, respectively. Conclusion— The risk for stroke increased after a zoster attack. Although varicella zoster virus vasculopathy is a well-documented complication that may induce a stroke postherpes zoster attack, it does not fully account for the unexpectedly high risk of stroke in these patients.


Background It is increasingly recognized that non-motor symptoms are a prominent feature of Parkinson's disease and in the case of cognitive deficits can precede onset of the characteristic motor symptoms. Here, we examine in 4 monkeys chronically treated with low doses of the neurotoxin MPTP the early and long-term alterations of rest-activity rhythms in relationship to the appearance of motor and cognitive symptoms. Methodology/Principal Findings Behavioral activity recordings as well as motor and cognitive assessments were carried out continuously and in parallel before, during and for several months following MPTP-treatment (12–56 weeks). Cognitive abilities were assessed using a task that is dependent on the functional integrity of the fronto-striatal axis. Rest-activity cycles were monitored continuously using infrared movement detectors of locomotor activity. Motor impairment was evaluated using standardized scales for primates. Results show that MPTP treatment led to an immediate alteration (within one week) of rest-activity cycles and cognitive deficits. Parkinsonian motor deficits only became apparent 3 to 5 weeks after initiating chronic MPTP administration. In three of the four animals studied, clinical scores returned to control levels 5–7 weeks following cessation of MPTP treatment. In contrast, both cognitive deficits and chronobiological alterations persisted for many months. Levodopa treatment led to an improvement of cognitive performance but did not affect rest-activity rhythms in the two cases tested. Conclusions/Significance Present results show that i) changes in the rest activity cycles constituted early detectable consequences of MPTP treatment and, along with cognitive alterations, characterize the presymptomatic stage; ii) following motor recovery there is a long-term persistence of non-motor symptoms that could reflect differential underlying compensatory mechanisms in these domains; iii) the progressive MPTP-monkey model of presymptomatic ongoing parkinsonism offers possibilities for in-depth studies of early non-motor symptoms including sleep alterations and cognitive deficits.


This thesis is conducted on the premise that the existing legal, policy and governance frameworks are insufficient to protect biodiversity from the alarming loss it is facing now. It argues that these frameworks are crafted to conform to the dominant paradigm of anthropocentrism; a paradigm which believes that humans are the pinnacle of creation and everything on Earth, including the Earth itself destined to satisfy only the interests of humanity without having their own purpose.

By showing how anthropocentric worldview conceived, developed and spread, and how this worldview managed to influence societal collective consciousness to govern the relationship established between humans and the nonhuman nature, the thesis argues that loss of biodiversity not a problem in itself. Rather it is a symptom of the underlying problem rooted in human thinking, guided by anthropocentric worldview. Anthropocentrism has become a powerful paradigm that succeeded in permeating into dominant religions, knowledge base and legal systems of countries of the world, including Ethiopia. The thesis contends that law, as mirror of dominant paradigms and perceptions, reflects the values of these paradigms, at international as well as national levels putting protection of biodiversity within the interpretations of these paradigms. It argues that the human treatment of the natural environment is on a scale of violence which puts the survival of humans and that of the environment at a precarious condition.

Based on evidence from the review of evolutionary science and the Holy Scriptures, the thesis argues that humans are deeply connected to and dependent on the Earth systems and are responsible to maintain these systems which are functioning in a holistic manner to support all life on Earth. Promoting the proposition of Thomas Berry that the Earth is a community of subjects not a collection of objects, it contends that biodiversity has intrinsic value in addition to instrumental value, deserving ethical extension.

Drawing on these concepts, the thesis suggests, by adopting a reformist approach, a shift from the reductionist notion of anthropocentrism to ecocentrism via the new philosophy called Earth jurisprudence. Earth jurisprudence is believed to correct and heal the conflicting relationship that humans established with the nonhuman nature, with the view to reconciling the present legal, policy and governance systems which have been dominated by anthropocentric perspectives. Through the vehicle of Earth jurisprudence, it is hoped that humans assume a stewardship responsibility for the mutual benefits of humans and nonhuman nature.

The thesis finally deals with a case study conducted in Sheka zone in the Southwest Ethiopia. The case study is done with the purpose of exploring the TEG systems of indigenous/local communities which are believed to conform to the tenets of the Earth jurisprudence, the philosophy of law which is chosen by this work to guide the protection of biodiversity. The case study came out with findings that the Sheka TEG systems are good examples of customary practices that provide better protection for biodiversity. Exemplary lessons can be drawn from the Sheka TEG systems to amend the dominant legal, policy and governance regimes.


Ted Hughes is one of the greatest English poets of this century, yet his life was dogged by tragedy and controversy. His marriage to the American poet Sylvia Plath marked his whole life and he never entirely recovered from her suicide in 1963, though he chose to remain silent on the subject for more than 30 years. Many people, including his friend Al Alvarez, have held Hughes's adultery responsible for Plath's death. Elaine Feinstein first met Hughes in 1969, and she was a good friend of his and his sister Olwen's, both of whom guarded the Plath estate. She knows many of the European and America poets who so influenced Hughes - Seamus Heaney, Thom Gunn, Miroslav Holub, and knows the world in which both he and Plath moved.


In this paper we present an outline of a newly started project to develop a city generator for use in urban planning. The aim of the project is to develop a rule-based system which is capable of generation lookalike cities. Lookalike cities are cities which resemble real life cities without being an exact copy of it. A city consists of several zones; each zone has it own identity. In order to generate lookalike cities, these zone-identities need to be capture into rules which the system can 'read'


The prevalence of obesity has recently increased dramatically and has contributed to the increasing prevalence of various pathological conditions, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, asthma, various types of cancer, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and others. Accumulating evidence points to localized inflammation in adipose tissue, which, in turn, promotes systemic low-grade inflammation as a primary force contributing to the development of these pathologies. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms behind obesity-induced adipose tissue inflammation is required to develop effective therapeutic or prophylactic strategies. This review is aimed to present the current knowledge of adipose tissue inflammation associated with obesity.


Nowadays, the regional psychiatric service is a main structured part of the mental health care system in Russia. The development of psychiatric service at the present stage is intended to contribute meaningfully to achievement of the goals of National projects:»Health Care» and «Demography». At the same time, abilities of Russian psychiatric service in mental health protection field are limited. Today, psychiatric service is lacking resources for social assistance for the patients, is unable to do psychoprophylactic and psychohygienic work, including work for vulnerable groups. At the present time, the development of the Russian mental health protection system is widely discussed among experts.The draft of the Regional mental health care system development plan that is proposed by the authors of the article has been designed according to the characteristics of St. Petersburg, the region of the Russian Federation. The European mental health action plan (The Plan of the WHO) served as the basis for development of the thesis. The document contains a preamble, a main objectives section, a conclusion and an appendix. The justification for the development of the mental health care, based on the adapted provisions of the Plan of the WHO, domestic approaches and other informational materials, is provided in the preamble. The next section contains 4 objectives that are the most relevant for the region. Each objective has a plan of the key activities with a clarification regarding which otganisations are responsible for executing it. The activities are summarised in tables and are presented in the appendix. The material is published in reduced form.


This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. In total, five turbines are being tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NRELs) National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of this project. Duration testing is one of up to five tests that may be performed on the turbines, including power performance, safety and function, noise, and power quality tests. The results of the testing will provide the manufacturers with reports that may be used for small wind turbine certification. The test equipment includes a Gaia-Wind 11 kW wind turbine mounted on an 18 m monopole tower. Gaia-Wind Ltd. manufactured the turbine in Denmark, although the company is based in Scotland. The system was installed by the NWTC Site Operations group with guidance and assistance from Gaia-Wind.


The rapid development of manufacturing and computer technologies has generated new problems. To solve these problems modern tools and techniques are required. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is one of the most appropriate techniques for solving complex industrial problems. This series represents and effort to desseminate valuable information on applications of AI in industry which are becoming well-utilised throughout the world. AI has been recognised in many industrial countries as a means of solving complex problems arising in modern industry. All books in this series will highlight issues that arise in the development and application of AI systems. The series is intended for production and industrial engineers, managers, system designers and programmers.


This paper presents an Automatic Network Analyzer (ANA) using a single six-port junction in the W frequency band (75-110 GHz). Its analysis, design, and testing are described. A calibration procedure requiring two standards and a new calibration technique are used to determine the full scattering parameters of the DUT. Finally, a comparison between experimental results performed with the six-port network analyzer and the other measurement systems available in the W frequency band is presented.


Insight Turkey Vol. 13 / No. 3 / 2011 Cinema in Turkey differs from other recent books on the subject – notably Gönül Dönmez-Colin's Turkish Cinema: Identity, Distance and Belonging (2008), and Asuman Suner's New Turkish Cinema (2009) – in that Arslan focuses less on recent cinema in Turkey and more on the Yeşilçam era from the early 1950s to the late 1980s. More importantly, Arslan does not consider the cinema in Turkey either as 'Turkish,' or as expressive of a certain construction of national identity. Rather he employs a series of binary oppositions – the melodramatic and the realistic, the popular and the artistic, the forced and the spontaneous – to suggest that Turkish cinema is in a state of "perpetual 'trans-ing,' continual transition, translation and transformation." (p.13) Arslan does not view Yeşilçam cinema as a specific genre; instead he thinks of it as a popular film industry with its own specific characteristics of production, distribution and exhibition, which over time developed its own specific discourse and language. Most films in the early days were shot on tight budgets, using the most rudimentary equipment. There were no film schools, or state-supported enterprises to train aspiring filmmakers; they learned their craft through practice alone. Once the films had been completed, they often had limited opportunities for exhibition: most first-run theatres were given over to foreign films. In 1959, for instance, 95 domestic and 246 foreign films were exhibited to 25 million spectators. (p.76) As time Cinema in Turkey: A New Critical History


This forum examines the professionalization of journalism in Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union using recent revisionist approaches in press history. Four essays, ranging chronologically from the 1820s through the 1960s, use case studies of both commercial and state-owned periodicals to explore the rise of the press as a source of information and opinion in Russia. Yelizaveta Raykhlina's article examines the institutions and networks, both formal and informal, that promoted the earliest professional and commercial periodicals in the first third of the nineteenth century. Ala Graff's article analyzes the professionalization of the press during the 1860s–1880s, exploring how newspaper editors navigated the space between limited editorial autonomy and the growing technical complexity of the newspaper publishing business. Felix Cowan's article examines the professionalization of the penny press in late Imperial Russia, focusing on how editors and journalists viewed their work as a vehicle for social mobility as well as a public service for the poor and marginalized. Ekaterina Kamenskaya's article analyzes the newspaper Sel'skaia zhizn' (Rural Life) and the role of its foreign correspondent network in both carving out space for professional autonomy as well as in bringing a unique narrative of the world to a rural Soviet audience in the 1960s.


This study proposes a novel local region-based active contour model (ACM) for image segmentation based on fractional calculus with consideration of the Riemann–Liouville operators. The proposed method aims to achieve accurate boundary segmentation in the presence of severe intensity inhomogeneity. The strength of fractional calculus is exploited with Gaussian Kernel namely, Fractional Gaussian Kernel (FGK) that provides an effective method of edge detection and has good noise immunity. An adaptive window mechanism with various sizes and orientations is employ to maintain and enhance image details especially at the object's boundary and angle. The powerful combination of adaptive window and Fractional Gaussian Kernel (AFGK) provide an efficient way to utilize image information in local regions. Specifically, the fractional differential Heaviside function (FDH) extracts the image gradient and its various intensities for an accurate boundary segmentation outcome. Experiments on both synthetics and medical images demonstrate that the proposed local region-based ACM including fractional calculus realizes accurate boundary segmentation on images even under the most challenging situations, such as severe intensity inhomogeneity interface.


The most widely used piezoelectric ceramics are lead oxide based ferroelectrics (PZT). However, the toxicity of lead oxide and its high vapor pressure during processing have led to a demand for alternative lead-free piezoelectric materials. We synthesized Lead-free piezoelectric ceramics of 0.96(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3-0.04SrZrO3+x mol% ZrO2 (KNN-SZ+xZrO2; x= 0~0.10) doped with 0.1 wt% MnO2 by a conventional solid state method. We investigated the piezoelectric properties and microstructures of these disk samples sintered in reduced atmosphere in order to evaluate the possibility of the multilayered piezoelectric ceramics having the base metal such as Ni as a internal electrode. All of these KNN-SZ samples sintered in 3%H2-97%N2 atmosphere at 1,140℃ exhibit pure perovskite structure irrespective of the content of ZrO2. Meanwhile, the sintering denisty and piezoelectric properties such as Kp, Qm and d33 of KNN-SZ samples as a function of ZrO2 content show the maxima (kp= 28.07%, Qm= 101.34, d33= 156 pC/N) at x= 0.04 and it is likely that there is some morphotropic phase boundary(MPB) in this KNN-SZ+xZrO2 composition system. These results indicate that the ceramic composition is a promising candidate material for applications in lead free multilayer piezoelectric ceramics.


After an acute coronary syndrome, the 6-year results of the "IMPROVE-IT" randomized trial showed a 1.6% reduction in the number of nonfatal myocardial infarctions with the ezetimibe + simvastatin combination compared with simvastatin alone, but no reduction in mortality.


This paper explores packet loss recovery in client-server Au-tomatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems. A forward error correction (FEC) system is designed and tested over several channel loss models, at variable amounts of data acquisition delay. In experiments with simulated packet loss, the FEC system provides robust ASR performance which degrades gracefully as packet loss rates increase. Comparing this scheme to several alternatives under low and medium loss channel conditions, we found one approach (multiple transmission plus interpolation) that yielded similar performance, but the FEC system should scale better to lower bit rate conditions.


Background: Obesity reaches the epidemic situation. Obstructive sleep apnoea is a major concern in obese patients. Aim of the work: To analyse apnoea hypopnea index and to evaluate changes in pulmonary functions before and after bariatric surgery in obese patients. Patients and Methods: We identify 160 patients who met our inclusion criteria. However, 121 patients returned for follow up evaluation. They were 98 women and 23 men. 84 had Raux-en-Y gastric bypass and 37 had sleeve gastrectomy. They were subjected to full history taking, clinical examination, objective measures of obstructive sleep apnoea [apnoea hypopnea index, body mass index, mean oxygen saturation, low oxygen saturation, nasal continuous positive airway pressure and Pulmonary function tests]. In addition, all patients were submitted to a sleep study. Results: Statistically significant improvement was obtained postoperative for apnoea hypopnea index, body mass index, nasal continuous positive airway pressure requirement, mean oxygen saturation and low oxygen saturation. The spirometry and lung volume finding showed statistically significant improvement in lung function parameters after surgery. There was a significant positive correlation between body mass index and apnoea hypopnea index, with significant negative correlation between body mass index and forced vital capacity. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery is associated with significant improvement in pulmonary functions and obstructive sleep apnoea indices.


Abstract : We have developed breast cancer-targeted photodynamic molecular beacons (PMB) using two different activation mechanisms: mRNA-triggered (openable) PMB and protease-triggered (cleavable) PMB. We have validated the core principle of PMB concept: the ability of photosensitizer (PS) to produce singlet oxygen (1O2) can be precisely controlled in response to specific breast cancer-associated biomarkers. For the first time, using mouse models and on separate cells, we have shown that it is possible to limit the collateral damage to surrounding normal cells using this approach, thus achieved the unprecedented tumor selectivity for breast cancer PDT. In addition, we also demonstrated the versatility of the PMB design by developing PDT beacons with tailored functions such as the PDT agents with a built-in apoptosis sensor for in situ and real time monitoring of the therapeutic outcome.


Retrotransposons account for almost half of our genome. They are mobile genetics elements—also known as jumping genes—but only the L1HS subfamily of Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements (LINEs) has retained the ability to jump autonomously in modern humans. Their mobilization in germline—but also some somatic tissues—contributes to human genetic diversity and to diseases, such as cancer. Here, we present euL1db, the European database of L1HS retrotransposon insertions in humans (available at http://euL1db.unice.fr). euL1db provides a curated and comprehensive summary of L1HS insertion polymorphisms identified in healthy or pathological human samples and published in peer-reviewed journals. A key feature of euL1db is its sample-wise organization. Hence L1HS insertion polymorphisms are connected to samples, individuals, families and clinical conditions. The current version of euL1db centralizes results obtained in 32 studies. It contains >900 samples, >140 000 sample-wise insertions and almost 9000 distinct merged insertions. euL1db will help understanding the link between L1 retrotransposon insertion polymorphisms and phenotype or disease.


Transparent 3D images was used to analyze the motion of the patella in knee extension movements at the patellofemoral joint in asymptomatic persons aged 40 and over who are at increased risk of osteoarthritis of the knee.By adding transparency to 3D images constructed by extracting the femoral condyle cartilage and patella from 3D data using MRI scans at knee flexion angles of 120°, 90° and 60°, the patella movement analysis images allow the position of the patella to be accurately ascertained through the joint cartilage. This made it possible to analyze the rotation and inclination of the patella when the patella is moved by the femoral trochlear during knee extension movements.There was a correlation between patella rotation and patella inclination when the knee is extended. 3D motion analysis of the patella at the patellofemoral joint was performed by complex computer analysis according to conventional methods. Transparent 3D imaging facilitates the use of bony landmarks to analyze the motion of the patella. This method is thought to be useful in preventive medicine by enabling early prognostic prediction by performing motion analysis of the patella with respect to deformation of the patellofemoral joint.


In the nowadays-competitive world, efficiencies and the productivity of the assembly line are essential in manufacturing company. This paper demonstrates the study of the existing production line performance. The actual cycle time observed and recorded during the working process. The current layout was designed and analysed using Witness simulation software. The productivity and effectiveness for every single operator are measured to determine the operator idle time and busy time. Two new alternatives layout were proposed and analysed by using Witness simulation software to improve the performance of production activities. This research provided valuable and better understanding of production effectiveness by adjusting the line balancing. After analysing the data, simulation result from the current layout and the proposed plan later been tabulated to compare the improved efficiency and productivity. The proposed design plan has shown an increase in yield and productivity compared to the current arrangement. This research has been carried out in company XYZ, which is one of the automotive premises in Pahang, Malaysia.


Proper regulation and patency of cerebral microcirculation are crucial for maintaining a healthy brain. Capillary stalling, i.e., the brief interruption of microcirculation has been observed in the normal brain and several diseases related to microcirculation. We hypothesized that endothelial glycocalyx, which is located on the luminal side of the vascular endothelium and involved in cell-to-cell interaction regulation in peripheral organs, is also related to cerebral capillary stalling. We measured capillary stalling and the cerebral endothelial glycocalyx (cEG) in male mice using in vivo optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and two-photon microscopy. Our findings revealed that some capillary segments were prone to capillary stalling and had less cEG. In addition, we demonstrated that the enzymatic degradation of the cEG increased the capillary stalling, mainly by leukocyte plugging. Further, we noted decreased cEG along with increased capillary stalling in a mouse model of subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD) with impaired cortical microcirculation. Moreover, gene expression related to cEG production or degradation changed in the SVaD model. These results indicate that cEG mediates capillary stalling and impacts cerebral blood flow and is involved in the pathogenesis of SVaD.


Given a multiplicative cohomology theory represented by a spectrum, E, we define its associated geometric homology theory by means of bordism. Restricted to CW pairs, we show how the geometric homology theory is naturally equivalent to the homology theory associated E. This was done by M. Jakob in 2000, and we give an exposition following his approach. We also consider a naturally occurring cap product.


The LIS profession is beginning to place expert systems in perspective. Expert systems are no longer heralded as being the only necessary tool but rather one tool among an array of several. LIS educators are realistic, both about expert systems technology and about what can be achieved within the limitations of an LIS course. New technologies for refining and controlling information are constantly emerging; LIS schools have to keep up‐to‐date with them as they emerge, but they must also ensure that they do not overprioritize one particular development at the expense of others. They can, at best, only hope to give a taste of the possibilities and potential in different areas. Expert systems are still new enough to warrant special treatment but no doubt they will be ousted by newer technologies in the course of time. Meanwhile, LIS professionals should make the most of what is currently available. Hopefully it should pay dividends in the future.


Background : Primate species differ drastically from most other mammals in how they visually perceive their environments, which is important for foraging, predator avoidance, and detection of social cues. Although it is well established that primates display diversity in color vision and various ecological specializations, it is not understood how visual system characteristics and ecological adaptations may be associated with gene expression levels within the primary visual cortex (V1). Results : We performed RNA-Seq on V1 tissue samples from 28 individuals, representing 13 species of anthropoid primates, including hominoids, cercopithecoids, and platyrrhines. We explored trait-dependent differential expression (DE) by contrasting species with different visual system phenotypes and ecological traits. Between 4-25% of genes were determined to be differentially expressed in primates that varied in type of color vision (trichromatic or polymorphic di/trichromatic), habitat use (arboreal or terrestrial), group size (large or small), and primary diet (frugivorous, folivorous, or omnivorous). DE analyses revealed that humans and chimpanzees showed the most marked differences between any two species, despite the fact that they are only separated by 6-8 million years of independent evolution. Pathway enrichment analyses of DE genes demonstrated that changes in cellular metabolic pathways (e.g. glycolysis) contribute to altered gene expression in primate V1 more than neuron-specific processes (e.g. synaptic signaling). The exception to this trend is between human and chimpanzee, which exhibited DE for a number of processes related to cholinergic and GABAergic synaptic signaling. Conclusions : Our data significantly expand the number of primate species for which V1 expression data exists. These results show a combination of species-specific and trait-dependent differences in the evolution of gene expression in primate V1. We also show that human-specific changes in brain gene expression extend to the primary visual cortex in a manner similar to that reported of other brain regions.


In addition to fat fraction (FF), muscular T2 could provide information on disease progression and potential training effects in osteosarcopenia, a combination of osteoporosis and sarcopenia. However, muscular T2 is highly dependent on the amount of muscle fat infiltration, which is usually increased in these patients. Thus, we aimed to assess T2 in thigh muscle tissue of elderly men with osteosarcopenia, comparing vendor-provided T2 maps with custom-fitted approaches also considering fat infiltration. We found highly elevated T2 values in the vendor-provided T2 maps compared to tri-exponentially fitted T2, which might lead to misinterpretation of muscle T2.


Related the severity of the most recent offense (Offense Severity Scale) and the probability of recidivism (California Base Expectancy Scale) to a number of social/background and psychometric variables in a sample of inmates incarcerated in a Canadian federal institution (N = 457). Multpile regression indicated that when the group was considered as a totality the most consistent relationships with both offense severity and probability of recidivism centered on the background variables, in particular, the total number of arrests and first offense variables (age, type of offense, and sentence). Further analyses were performed by classifying the group along the offense severity dimension, and the results of these analyses clearly demonstrated the heterogeneity of the groups in question.


Colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer-related death in the world because of its poor prognosis and many related complications. In clinical practice, lymph node metastasis is an important index to evaluate the recurrence and survival rate of patients with rectal cancer, it also the main method to determine the treatment plan of patients with rectal cancer. Nano carbon tracer can guide surgeons to clear regional lymph nodes accurately, improve the number of lymph nodes detected, and then improve the accuracy of pathological staging of rectal cancer. It has an important clinical significance in the removal of lymph nodes of middle and low rectal cancer, and provides an important basis for the development of postoperative adjuvant treatment plan. The purpose of this study is to explore the application value of this method in improving the detection rate of lymph nodes in laparoscopic colorectal cancer. According to the research results, the total number of lymphatic gland, the number of small lymphatic gland, the rate of lymph node metastasis, the number of black stained lymphatic gland and the number of lymphatic gland confirmed by pathology in the two groups were better than those in the traditional surgical treatment, which had better application value in the radical operation of colorectal cancer.


PURPOSE
To compare operative times between retrograde and antegrade ureteral stenting as part of laparoscopic pyeloplasty.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
Laparoscopic pyeloplasty procedures from January 2002 to January 2007 were identified through a prospective database. Procedures on 126 patients were performed using the same transperitoneal technique apart from the method of stent placement, which was performed in either a retrograde manner before laparoscopy or an antegrade manner during the laparoscopic portion of the procedure.

RESULTS
A total of 45 patients underwent antegrade stenting, 53 had retrograde stenting, 20 patients already had a stent in place, and 8 patients had retrograde pyelography followed by antegrade stenting. Operative time in patients with antegrade stent placement was significantly faster than in those with retrograde stent placement (median 185 v 245 min, P < 0.0001 [two-way analysis of variance]), even when the variability of the operative surgeon was taken into account. There was no difference in the complication rates.

CONCLUSION
Antegrade stent placement results in a significantly faster overall operative time when compared with retrograde stent placement.


Interest in entrepreneurship has developed tremendously over the years and this study was aimed at evaluating students' perspectives of entrepreneurial intentions at the Tshwane University of Technology. The sample for this study comprised of 279 (153 [54.84%] first year and 126 [45.16%] no first year) students. The data collected was analysed through Stata version 15. Rank-sum test results indicated that students who were in the first year and those who were not in the first year had significantly different perceptions of entrepreneurial intentions. While students brought their own experiences into the university lecture rooms; the time spent at university deepened their perspective of entrepreneurship. It emerged that students' exposure to entrepreneurship education had a positive effect on their entrepreneurial intentions. It is further found that as the students move further into the next level of study, positivity on entrepreneurship education is enhanced. It is recommended that the entrepreneurship education should incorporate activities that are real-life based and require problem-solving capabilities. It is further recommended to link course content of the entrepreneurship with entrepreneurial ecosystem. Finally, business feasibility should be considered as a missing component in the entrepreneurship course content and this could provide a sense of prospects of the envisaged business venture.


BACKGROUND
Past research shows that spousal death results in elevated mortality risk for the surviving spouse. However, most prior studies have inadequately controlled for socioeconomic status (SES), and it is unclear whether this 'widowhood effect' persists over time.

METHODS
Health and Retirement Study participants aged 50+ years and married in 1998 (n = 12 316) were followed through 2008 for widowhood status and mortality (2912 deaths). Discrete-time survival analysis was used to compare mortality for the widowed versus the married.

RESULTS
Odds of mortality during the first 3 months post-widowhood were significantly higher than in the continuously married (odds ratio (OR) for men = 1.87, 95% CI: 1.27, 2.75; OR for women = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.96, 2.24) in models adjusted for age, gender, race and baseline SES (education, household wealth and household income), behavioral risk factors and co-morbidities. Twelve months following bereavement, men experienced borderline elevated mortality (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.35), whereas women did not (OR = 1.07, 95% CI: 0.90, 1.28), though the gender difference was non-significant.

CONCLUSION
The 'widowhood effect' was not fully explained by adjusting for pre-widowhood SES and particularly elevated within the first few months after widowhood. These associations did not differ by sex.


Background The SAFER 2 study, in three UK ambulance services, evaluated a complex intervention to support paramedics safely to leave older patients at home with referral to a falls service, following a call to 999 for a fall. The intervention comprised a training programme, referral pathway, clinical support, clinical decision flowchart and referral feedback. Normalisation Process Theory (NPT) examines the factors required for successful implementation of an intervention such as SAFER 2 into routine practice, through four components: coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring. We used NPT to frame an analysis of paramedics' views of implementation of SAFER 2. Methods Focus groups and individual interviews were carried out with paramedics before and after the trial, and were recorded and transcribed in full. Transcripts were analysed using the framework approach, informed by NPT, by a team of four researchers. Results Pre-trial, there were was not a clear or consistent understanding across sites of what the intervention was, and how it was distinct from similar interventions (coherence). Paramedics anticipated benefits of the new intervention, including improved patient care and job satisfaction, and thought that the referral pathway would be used widely (cognitive participation). During the trial, paramedics found that implementing the intervention led to increases of time on scene (Collective action). The intervention was perceived as advantageous to the ambulance service and patients in post-trial focus groups; paramedics from all three sites suggested improvements to the process which included simplification of the intervention (reflexive monitoring). Conclusion Usage of NPT to support analysis of paramedic views on implementation of the SAFER 2 intervention highlighted issues with coherence and collective action that may have affected the trial. The novel intervention was seen as beneficial by paramedics during both pre- and post-trial interviews, although barriers to utilisation were identified.


Here we report on Aharonov-Bohm oscillations of magnetoresistance (MR) of the single Bi nanowires with diameter d<80 nm. The samples were prepared by Ulitovsky technique and represented cylindrical single crystals with the 1011 orientation along the wire axis. Due to semimetal-to-semiconductor transformation and big density of surface states with strong spin-orbit interactions Bi nanowire should effectively become a conducting tube. The equidistant oscillations of the MR have been observed in a wide range of magnetic fields up to 14 T at various temperatures (1.5 K< T< 4.2 K) and angles θ (0< θ < 90°) of the sample orientation relative to the magnetic field. We have obtained longitudinal MR oscillations with periods ΔB1=Φ0/S and ΔB2=Φ0/2S, where Φ0=h/e is the flux quantum and S is the wire cross section. From B ≈ 8 T down to B=0 the extremums of Φ0/2S oscillations are shifted up to 3π at B=0 which is the manifestation of Berry phase shift due to carriers moving in inhomogeneous magnetic field. An interpretation of the MR oscillations in terms of a subband structure in the surface state band caused by quantum interference is presented.


Excerpt} For Eleanor Roosevelt, helping people achieve better lives by taking individual responsibility and then acting collectively to remedy problems was a cornerstone of democracy, in good and bad economic times, during war and peace. She saw these convictions embodied in the labor movement. Labor leaders, including Walter Reuther, the visionary young president of the emerging United Automobile Workers, earned her praise and became her close friends. She criticized leaders who abused their power, but never wavered in her support for the rank and file. One of her adversaries, however, the influential journalist Westbrook Pegler, attacked ER as a dilettante and her labor allies as thugs. ER's core principles of workplace democracy, however, remained her model for democracy in the country and around the world. In 1961 ER told the AFL-CIO convention, "The labor movement—and perhaps I can say my movement, too, because I think sometimes I work as hard as any of you do—I feel that it is part of our job to keep alive the ideals that you started with, the ideals of really helping the people to better conditions, to a better way of life which is part of the basis of democracy." The story of how Eleanor Roosevelt became a union member, what it meant then, and why it matters now begins with a most unusual gathering on the shores of the Hudson River.


The Sanandaj-Sirjan Ranges constitute the southwestern border of the Central Iranian Plateau and lie between the Main Zagros fault and Zagros Mountains on the southwest and the Urmia-Dokhtar volcanic belt on the northeast. The ranges occupy a northwest-trending belt in which the Zagros structural grain is overprinted on the typical central Iran structural and stratigraphic framework. Detailed investigation of the tectonic evolution of part of the belt revealed four major northwest-striking, high-angle, crustal fault zones in which most deformation was concentrated throughout Cenozoic convergence. Main mechanisms of crustal shortening on these faults were high-angle reverse faulting and dextral translation. Upper Cretaceous northeast-southwest convergence resulted in interblock underthrusting of the Persian plate along these major faults within or bordering the Sanandaj-Sirjan Ranges and the formation of intrablock folds and thrusts. Continued convergence during the Tertiary resulted in the episodic subsidence of elongate northwest-oriented troughs southwest of the high-angle reverse faults and the parallel uplift of the adjacent blocks on the northeast side of the faults. The depressions served as the spatially restricted depocenters for the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments. Pre-Miocene, northwest-striking normal faults on the northeastern flank of one of the uplifted blocks are thought to have resulted from post-Paleocene uplift due to intrablock arching. Post-Miocene northeast-striking normal faults are structurally, spatially, and temporally related to at least one of the northwest-trending depressions (e.g., the Gavkhuni depression) and appear to be important in its formation and evolution. Continued compression has resulted in the pervasive development of near-vertical fractures in Pliocene-Pleistocene cemented gravels. These fractures indicate Holocene reactivation of the northwest and northeast fault zones, as do focal-mechanism solutions of shallow seismic events. Right-lateral strike-slip faulting on large northwest faults was previously thought to be entirely post-Miocene. However, the presence of older, second-order structures on interblock dextral faults and of older intrablock strike-slip faults suggests that this style of crustal shortening was also active in the early Tertiary.


We demonstrate the application of plasmonic crystals for extracting light trapped in the substrate due to total internal reflection (TIR). The broadband transmission properties of one-dimensional plasmonic crystals have been investigated, both experimentally and numerically, beyond the TIR critical angle in order to reveal the role of plasmonic modes in this process. Through optimisation of the traditional square slit unit cell geometry of the crystals, transmission coefficients of up to 47% were obtained in the TIR regime. An U-shaped cell geometry with a few nm thick continuous film was found to significantly modify the plasmonic modes of the crystal in addition to exhibiting highly tuneable, structurally dispersive transmission peaks, further increasing transmission in the TIR regime up to 56%. Such structures exhibit better than glass transparency at the design wavelength when integrated over all incident angles.


A simplified compact model for a miniaturized cross-shaped CMOS integrated Hall device is presented. The model has a simple circuit structure, only consisting of a passive network with eight non-linear resistors and four current-controlled voltage sources. It completely considers the following effects: non-linear conductivity, geometry dependence of sensitivity, temperature drift, lateral diffusion, and junction field effect. The model has been implemented in Verilog-A hardware description language and was successfully performed in a Cadence Spectre simulator. The simulation results are in good accordance with the classic experimental results reported in the literature.


This study evaluated the cholesterol-alleviating effect and underlying mechanisms of chitosan-oligosaccharide (COS) in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Male hamsters (n = 24) were divided into three groups in a random fashion, and each group was fed one particular diet, namely a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high-cholesterol diet (HCD), and an HCD diet substituting 5% of the COS diet for six weeks. Subsequently, alterations in fecal bile acids (BAs), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and gut microflora (GM) were investigated. COS intervention significantly reduced and increased the plasma total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels in hypercholesteremic hamsters. Furthermore, Non-HDL-C and total triacylglycerols (TG) levels were also reduced by COS supplementation. Additionally, COS could reduce and increase food intake and fecal SCFAs (acetate), respectively. Moreover, COS had beneficial effects on levels of BAs and GM related to cholesterol metabolism. This study provides novel evidence for the cholesterol-lowering activity of COS.


Feed horn is the significant equipment in the field of astronomical observation. The reliable change and accurate location of feed horn are crucial to receive the slight radio signal. Advanced astronomical missions with greatly enhanced resolution and physics missions of unprecedented accuracy will require laser distance gauges of substantially improved performance. In this paper, we designed an automatic control system, based on laser gauge and a fuzzy PID algorithm, which would be demonstrated with simulation diagram. The phasic laser gauge has operated in a closed-loop control, which improves precision and uses in exact telemeter generally, can suppress the effects of misalignments, and makes possible precise automatic alignment. The PID algorithm improved by changing the fuzzy section. In the end, we implemented the automatic control system on the Windows platform, which satisfies the accurate precision perfectly.


The resources needed to execute workflows in a Grid environment are commonly highly distributed, heterogeneous, and managed by different organizations. One of the main challenges in the development of Grid infrastructure services is the effective management of those resources in such a way that much of the heterogeneity is hidden from the end-user. This requires the ability to orchestrate the use of various resources of different types. Grid production infrastructures such as EGEE, DEISA and TeraGrid allow sharing of heterogeneous resources in order for supporting large-scale experiments. The interoperability of these infrastructures and the middleware stacks enabling applications migration and/or aggregating the combined resources of these infrastructures, are of particular importance to facilitate a grid with global reach. The relevance of current and emerging standards for such interoperability is the goal of many researches in the recent years. Starting from a first prototype of grid workflow, we have improved the current version introducing several features such as fault tolerance, security and a different management of the jobs. So our grid meta scheduler, named GMS (Grid Meta Scheduler), has been redesigned, able to be interoperable among grid middleware (gLite, Unicore and Globus) when executing workflows. It allows the composition of batch, parameter sweep and MPI based jobs.


Tn7-like transposons are pervasive mobile genetic elements in bacteria that mobilize using heteromeric transposase complexes comprising distinct targeting modules. We recently described a Tn7-like transposon from Vibrio cholerae that employs a Type I-F CRISPR–Cas system for RNA-guided transposition, in which Cascade directly recruits transposition proteins to integrate donor DNA downstream of genomic target sites complementary to CRISPR RNA. However, the requirement for multiple expression vectors and low overall integration efficiencies, particularly for large genetic payloads, hindered the practical utility of the transposon. Here, we present a significantly improved INTEGRATE (insertion of transposable elements by guide RNA-assisted targeting) system for targeted, multiplexed, and marker-free DNA integration of up to 10 kilobases at ~100% efficiency. Using multi-spacer CRISPR arrays, we achieved simultaneous multiplex insertions in three genomic loci, and facile multi-loci deletions when combining orthogonal integrases and recombinases. Finally, we demonstrated robust function in other biomedically- and industrially-relevant bacteria, and developed an accessible computational algorithm for guide RNA design. This work establishes INTEGRATE as a versatile and portable tool that enables multiplex and kilobase-scale genome engineering.


In this paper based on swarm intelligence a new approach for an on demand ad-hoc routing algorithm is proposed. The foraging behavior of Ant colony optimization and Bee colony optimization, which are the subset of swarm intelligence and considering the ability of simple ants to solve complex problems by cooperation. Several algorithms which are based on ant colony problems were introduced in the literatures to solve different problems, e.g., optimization problems. The proposed algorithm is compared and proven by results that the approach has the potential to become an appropriate routing tactics for mobile ad-hoc networks. The results were presented based on the simulations made with the implementation in ns-2. Keywords: BACOR, Bee Routing, Ant Routing, Bee-Ant Routing


Gary Krist's most recent work is popular history at its best, weaving together vice culture, the birth of jazz, Italian immigration and discrimination, and the spirit of turn-of-the-twentieth-century Progressive reform to create a portrait of New Orleans from the birth of Jim Crow to the birth of Prohibition, using infamous unsolved ax murders as a thread to tie those parts together. New Orleans politics was controlled by a group known as The Ring, a political machine led by Mayor Martin Behrman. In an effort to bow to reformers hoping to purify the city while maintaining the economic and cultural base of saloons and prostitutes that kept visitors coming, officials decided in 1898 to cordon off vice into one district, Storyville, which they hoped would quarantine risqué behavior while still allowing it to occur. But there was also a movement to prohibit vice altogether in Louisiana, a reform effort with a harder edge that was not satisfied with the red-light district and its attendant crime. During much of the twentieth century's first two decades, the Storyville crowd largely won those battles, led by businessman, Ring politician, and vice lord Thomas C. Anderson. Countering him were reformers like sisters Kate and Jean Gordon, who combined a movement against vice with a push for segregation and eugenics, making the case that the interracialism of Storyville was a creature of its other sins. The combination of racism and reform ultimately had its way, and in 1917 Storyville was shuttered, pushing vice underground and cauterizing segregation in the name of good government. One of the groups most negatively affected by the change was the coterie of jazz musicians who had developed a new art form in the bordellos and bars of the district. Those musicians, who went on to fundamentally alter the national soundtrack, began their exodus from the city as anti-vice reformers eliminated their venues. The other watchwords hovering over Storyville were immigration and crime. The influx of business in the vice district came from out of town, and the area often became violent. Krist uses the ax murders of local Italian grocers as a symbol of that violence and of the mistrust of immigrants. The grocers were not killed in Storyville, but the attacks, which were feared to be tied to the Mafia, only pushed a community already prone to anti-Italian sentiment to new heights of bigotry, all while allowing reformers to tie the violence to the city's sex, liquor, and jazz trades. The stories in Krist's account will not be new to academic historians of New Orleans. The connections between prostitution and segregation are far more helpfully examined by Alecia P. Long. There is groundbreaking work on the city's Italian immigrant culture being done by Justin A. Nystrom. Examinations of the turn-of-the-century New Orleans political machine are legion, written by Eric Arnesen, William Ivy Hair, and others. And then, of course, there are the many academic histories of early jazz and even several earnest (if less academic) true crime tales of the New Orleans ax murders. What Krist is able to do so well, however, and what makes his account valuable, is that he is able to tie these elements together to chronicle one of the city's most fascinating rebirths (in a city with many rebirths). It is popular


The combined influence of gamma-radiation in a dose of 1 Gy and restriction stress was studied in experiments on 62 rats. The severity of gastric mucosal erosive and ulcerative lesions, the rate of lipid peroxidation, and hepatic homogenate heat generation were determined by microcalorimetry. The developing disorders were corrected by administering sodium succinate. Animal radiation resulted in modified stress-induced gastric mucosal lesions which appeared as increases in the total number of ulcerations. The use of sodium succinate was followed by less severity of erosive and ulcerative gastric mucosal lesions, lower levels of malonic dialdehyde, and decreased hepatic homogenate heat elaboration.


The People's Health Assembly and the People's Health Movement have been a civil society effort to counter the ill effects of globalization on health and health care. The Assembly, through an interactive dialogue, developed the People's Charter for Health as a tool for advocacy and a call for radical action. Consisting of a wide range of action initiatives, the People's Charter for Health, now translated into over forty languages, is helping to promote a movement that involves geographical circles of health professionals and activists that organize street-level rallies, policy debates and dialogues, and public education. The movement's advocacy efforts with the WHO and other major international health players and health campaigns are all focused on the goal of "Health for All—Now!"


Motivated by complex microstructures in the modelling of shape-memory alloys and by rigidity and flexibility considerations for the associated differential inclusions, in this article we study the energy scaling behaviour of a simplified $m$-well problem without gauge invariances. Considering wells for which the lamination convex hull consists of one-dimensional line segments of increasing order of lamination, we prove that for prescribed Dirichlet data the energy scaling is determined by the \emph{order of lamination of the Dirichlet data}. This follows by deducing (essentially) matching upper and lower scaling bounds. For the \emph{upper} bound we argue by providing iterated branching constructions, and complement this with ansatz-free \emph{lower} bounds. These are deduced by a careful analysis of the Fourier multipliers of the associated energies and iterated ``bootstrap arguments'' based on the ideas from \cite{RT21}. Relying on these observations, we study models involving laminates of arbitrary order.


Numerous studies have been studied to provide an efficient solution for the Nurse Rostering Problem (NRP), most of which have suffered from its complexity arising from incorporating nurse`s work shift and ability. The test-bed data for the NRP is released for the public Competition in 2010. This study suggests a new mixed integer programming for Nurse Rostering Problem and develops a hybrid approach, where a hierarchical decomposition and the corresponding optimization are combined. The computation experiment is performed to show that the suggested algorithms may give a better solution in various instances, compared to the one appeared in the literature.


In sheep, physiological levels of estradiol and progesterone each suppress the pulses of LH characteristics of tonic LH secretion, but do so by completely different mechanisms. Estradiol treatment decreases LH pulse amplitude but not frequency and also inhibits the height of the LH peak resulting from the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). In contrast, progesterone decreases the frequency of LH pulses without reducing their amplitude or the response to exogenous GnRH. This suggests that progesterone suppresses tonic LH secretion by acting in the brain to decrease the frequency of GnRH pulses, while estradiol may suppress the response of the pituitary to GnRH and thereby decrease LH pulse amplitude.


This contribution draws on the voices and reflections from young people as co-researchers in the Growing-Up Under Covid-19 project – a longitudinal ethnographic action research project to document, share, and respond to impacts of the pandemic on different spheres of young people's lives. The research was conducted entirely online over 18 months in seven countries and has involved youth-led approaches to research, including video diaries and the use of artefacts and visual material to convey their experiences and support reflection and dialogue across research groups and with external stakeholders. In this contribution, the young co-researchers reflect on their rationale for using different visual media and why this was important for them. They also reflect on the significance of the representations in the visual images and how these images communicate how young people's understanding of COVID and its impact on young people has changed (or given new meaning to) and how this in turn has given rise to particular responses and opportunities for young people. The article draws on examples of different visual forms selected by young people in Singapore, Italy, Lebanon, and the UK nations, including video, drawing, photography, and crafts. These different media and links to videos were included in the accompanying document. The contribution explores the different narratives and meanings behind the visuals, using the words of young people themselves, interspersed with narration from the adult researchers.


Perimping sub-watershed is part of a mayor watershed in Bangka Regency where the expansion of tin mining was very high since 2001. However, this watershed still categorized as Priority II which mean it has to be maintained and retained for any changes. Environmental management program such as land conservation of post-tin mining area was contributed to maintained the condition around watershed which damaged by mining activity. This study aimed to identify the distribution of post-tin land conservation in Perimping sub-watershed based on land surface temperature and NDVI data in term of 2001, 2009, and 2017. Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS were used to estimate LST and NDVI. Google Earth imagery also used to identify the landcover change of land conservation. The result showed the average of LST around post-tin mining area were decreasing from high in 2001 (31°C-35°C) to moderate in 2017 (26°C-30°C). Yet the NDVI showed enhancement trend from low (0.1-0.25) to high (0.51-0.70). Both LST and NDVI distributed in the centre of Sub Perimping Watershed Area which indicate that the density of vegetation cover around post-tin area is increasing as the result of post-tin land reclamation and revegetation program.


ABSTRACT Few laws about geographical information are known, partly because geographical information is inherently complex. Tobler's first law of Geography and, to a lesser degree, also his second law are among the rare exceptions. In this article, we explore the validity of Benford's law in the context of the example of OpenStreetMap. More specifically, we compare the distribution of several numerical features of geographical entities to the Benford distribution. It is demonstrated that the numerical features examined are in accordance with Benford's law to a varying degree with little variation between the types of geographical entities. Spatial patterns in the deviation from Benford's law are shown to be similar for some aspects but to strongly differ for other ones. We show that many aspects of the data tend to deviate more than average from the Benford distribution in Africa, Greenland, smaller island countries, and, to a lesser degree, in South America. Also, the scale-dependency of Benford's law is explored. Motivated by the use of Benford's law to detect indications for fraud in economic and other datasets, future prospects and limitations to systematically develop intrinsic data quality measures are discussed.


Microstrip patch antenna analysis on a finite size model of the dielectric substrate is proposed and investigated using the method of moments. The surface-patch dipole modes are used to model the arbitrarily shaped microstrip patch while the volume polarisation current theorem with rectangular volume cells is used to model the dielectric. Galerkin's solution is applied except at the edges of the patch. Various copper patches have been tested experimentally. The results of the measurement are in good agreement with the computations.


Aim: To review the technique and results of falloposcopy and compare it with the conventional methods used in the evaluation of tubal subfertility. Data source: Electronic library, SpringerLink, PubMed, Google, HighWire, eMedicine and materials from World Laparoscopy Hospital. Study selection: Studies involving the use of falloposcopy in assessing tubal status were reviewed and compared with conventional methods. Data synthesis: Falloposcopy gives an excellent assessment of tubal functional status accurately and provides treatment for minor tubal disease and sorts out patients who need IVF for early referral. Conclusion: There is no doubt, falloposcopy is a gold standard in assessing functional status of the fallopian tube accurately, provides treatment in selected cases and detects patients that needs IVF and refers them in good time but expertize and further training is required to make the procedure routine in the evaluation of subfertility.


The overwhelming success of the Internet provides scientists new tools to understand our mother nature. Argos is a worldwide satellite system dedicated to Earth observation and environmental research. Argos system has an excellent track record for data collection, processing and dissemination to the scientific and international community and gains pop ularity steadily. However, when the number of Argos users exceeds certain limit, the transmission success rate is reduced significantly, which results in the severe dead-station problem. To solve the problem, a randomized transmission scheme has been proposed: stations transmit in their designated repetition rate but with a random deviation. We quantify and compare the probabilities of successful reception during a satellite pass and the system capacity for deterministic, independent, and randomized transmissions. How the random level affects the system performance is evaluated and verified by simulation. The results provide important guidelines for future growth and success of the satellite telemetry system and other sensor networks.


Impact wear can be defined as the wear of a solid surface that is due to percussion, which is a repetitive exposure to dynamic contact by another solid body. It generally has the devastating effects on the mechanical elements and causes the equipments to shift away from their normal performance. Impact wear has not been studied as extensive as other wear mechanisms and as a result information on the causes and actual impact wear data is quite scarce. Knowing how the impact parameters affect the wear intensity would be helpful to have the more optimal designs. Having an experimental apparatus would be a reliable way for this aim. In the present work, a new impact tester was designed to explore the consecutive impacts between balls and a flat plate as a wearing specimen. Measurements of the plate mass loss after a number of impacts at the different impacting conditions revealed the effect of parameters on the impact wear. Design of experiment is carried out regarding the impact velocity, ball size and impact angle as the variables. An impact wear model is extracted based on the experimental data. The obtained results suggest that the model can be used as a predictive way to study the practical design problems and to explain some phenomena associated with impact erosion. © 2013 IAU, Arak Branch. All rights reserved.


This paper reviewed all the possible interfacing communication protocols for remote terminal unit (RTU). Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system is a central station that can communicate with other network using the protocol. Fundamentally, the architectures of all networks are based on the seven layers of open system interconnection (OSI) and International Standard Organization (!SO). The objective of designing the protocols is to check the status of all the input and output field devices and send the report according to that status. The corresponding protocol and communication parameters between the connecting devices will be included in designing a complex SCADA system. The available protocols to develop the communication of RTU are Modbus/ASCII, distributed network protocol (DNP3), controller area network (CAN), International Electro-technical Commission (IEC 60870), and transmission control protocol/intemet protocol (TCP/IP).


【A large number of divers that are engaged in a diving apparatus fishery (DAF) have been experienced a decompression sickness. This study has two purposes. One is measurement of the diving patterns and respiration rate. The other one is to research the institutional improvement plan of the DAF. In the experiments, the diving depth, the diving time, the total ascent time and the ascent rate were about 12.4 m, 22 min, 28 s and 28.1 m/min, respectively, in Tongyeong. In the case of Geoje the diving depth, the diving time, the total ascent time and the ascent rate were about 20 m, 64 min, 17 min and 1.3 m/min, respectively. In a questionnaire survey, the diving depth was 20~29 m (56.4%) in Tongyeong and Geoje, the diving time was 50~59 min (42.9%) in Tongyeong and 70~79 min (35%) in Geoje and all of the divers experienced decompression sickness. In the investigation related to a institutional issue, both of the diving apparatus fisheries had adopted the share system. And the laws and the system for the safety of the divers were not enough in Korea. This study suggests that the license and the diving time for diver of the DAF are needed and diver protection for decompression sickness is needed in the law. And the wage payments should change from full sharing to partial sharing included a regular pay to enhance the safety of the divers.】


Herman Bavinck is not usually associated with the biblical counseling movement. Nevertheless, his formulation of "biblical psychology" pro- vides essential resources for biblical counselors today. This article treats shame as a case study to demonstrate how his biblical psychological account differs from that of secular psychology by providing a more nuanced and biblical approach to shame. He places shame within the organic understanding of sin and considers shame to be caused by the self-judgment of conscience. Hence, depending on the alignment of one's conscience, good shame can provide a positive pedagogy for Christian formation, while false shame can lead one away from God. While the cure for shame is often thought to be its eradication, Bavinck equips pastors and counselors with an alternative model. KEYWORDS: Herman Bavinck, shame, biblical counseling, psychology, conscience


Juniper is a major tree species with a wast natural distribution area in Turkey. The present juniper forests mostly consist of overmature stands with poor structures, because they have been subject to degradation for many years. These poor stands need to be regenerated. Seed harvest is an important factor in the regeneration works. Germination of juniper seed is inhibited and may take some years. Researches have so far been carried out in order to study and overcome the inhibition and increasing the persentage of germination by various researches. But the problem is still not be solved. The present research was commenced to test all of with some other treatments of juniper seeds in order to improve the germination rate. The results have revealed that the problem is generated by the low percentage of sound seeds in a given seed lot. It has been concluded that when a sufficient proportion of sound seed is obtained, enough juniper seedlings can be produced for plantation and these seeds will be used for seeding in natural regeneration areas.

Keywords: Juniper seed, Inhibition of germination, Treatments.


Change of pH has been identified as the most significant parameter in modulating the transition between the conversions of acids into solvents in acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by Clostridia. Thus, ABE fermentation at various phosphate buffer concentrations and initial pH values was conducted using pure glucose and sugars derived from pretreated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB). A higher solvent concentration (2.93 g/L) was obtained in the fermentation using 20 g/L of glucose with buffer compared with one without buffer that produced 1.34 g/L of solvents. Approximately 8.77 and 9.15 g/L of solvents were produced from fermentation using 40 g/L of glucose with and without buffer, respectively. In the latter conditions, at an initial pH of 5.5, 8.77 g/L of solvents was obtained, which was the highest concentration compared to other initial pH values. Increasing the buffer concentration to 0.2 M at an initial pH of 6.0 resulted in acid accumulation of 16.83 g/L but reduced the solvent production to 1.36 g/L. In addition, ABE fermentation using 20 g/L of sugars from pretreated OPEFB produced 2.25 g/L of solvents with a yield of 0.13 g/g, which was comparable with fermentation using 20 g/L of glucose conducted in a buffering system.


PNPLA3 was recently associated with the susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a common cause of chronic liver disease characterized by abnormal triglyceride accumulation. Although it is established that PNPLA3 has both triacylglycerol lipase and acylglycerol O-acyltransferase activities, is still unknown whether the gene has any additional role in the modulation of the human liver metabolome. To uncover the functional role of PNPLA3 on liver metabolism, we performed high-throughput metabolic profiling of PNPLA3 siRNA-silencing and overexpression of wild-type and mutant Ile148Met variants (isoleucine/methionine substitution at codon 148) in Huh-7 cells. Metabolomic analysis was performed by using GC/MS and LC/MS platforms. Silencing of PNPLA3 was associated with a global perturbation of Huh-7 hepatoma cells that resembled a catabolic response associated with protein breakdown. A significant decrease in amino- and γ-glutamyl-amino acids and dipeptides and a significant increase in cysteine sulfinic acid, myo-inositol, lysolipids, sphingolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were observed. Overexpression of the PNPLA3 Met148 variant mirrored many of the metabolic changes observed during gene silencing, but in the opposite direction. These findings were replicated by the exploration of canonical pathways associated with PNPLA3 silencing and Met148 overexpression. Overexpression of the PNPLA3 Met148 variant was associated with a 1.75-fold increase in lactic acid, suggesting a shift to anaerobic metabolism and mitochondrial dysfunction. Together, these results suggest a critical role of PNPLA3 in the modulation of liver metabolism beyond its classical participation in triacylglycerol remodeling.


Purothionin from wheat flour was chemically modified by acetic or succinic anhydride under specific conditions. The complete modification of all amino groups of purothionin caused a large change in the net charge of the molecule, leading to the loss of the toxicity to mice and yeast. The sole tyrosyl residue in purothionin was nitrated by tetranitromethane at neutral pH or iodinated by the lactoperoxidase method. The nitro- and diiodo-derivatives of purothionin showed considerably reduced toxicity. Based on these modification studies we conclude that the positive charges of lysyl residues have an important role in the interaction with the negatively charged cell surface, and that the emergence of the toxicity of purothionin depends on a certain state of the tyrosyl residue.


The barometric plethysmograph enables recordings to be made of respiration in undisturbed unrestrained infants. Its use has been limited by practical difficulties and errors in calculation of tidal volume (VT). We describe a modification of the method that overcomes the practical difficulties and a series of studies in which the barometric method was directly compared with pneumotachograph measurements of VT in infants. The effects of respiratory pattern and expired air temperature plus the most appropriate formula for calculation of VT under different conditions are described.


SETTING
Tribal villages in the jungles of the Jawadhu hills, South India.

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) infection and disease in a remote tribal population.

DESIGN
A cross-sectional survey with two-stage screening for identification of cases. A stratified probability proportional sample with the hamlet as the unit.

METHODS
Among 56 revenue divisions with a population of about 66,000, 24 revenue divisions were selected. Among 26,320 persons registered, children < 10 years were tuberculin tested and reactions were read after 72 hours. Those over 15 were X-rayed, and tuberculosis symptoms were investigated. Sputum was collected from those with abnormal X-ray or symptoms and examined for smear and culture positivity and sensitivity.

RESULTS
Of the 6952 children tested and read, 5% had BCG scars and the prevalence of infection was 5%. The annual risk of infection was 1.1. Among adults, the prevalence of bacillary cases was 8/1000 and X-ray cases 29/1000. The prevalence of bacillary disease was higher among males, particularly with increasing age. Thirty symptomatic cases had normal X-rays and 63 X-ray cases had no symptoms. Thus prevalence would have been underestimated if either method had been used alone for screening. Isoniazid resistance was seen in 12% of patients, two of whom also had rifampicin resistance (2.6%).

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence and pattern of tuberculosis in this tribal group is similar to that observed in non-tribal areas.


In a conversational dialogue, speakers may have different emotional states and their dynamics play an important role in understanding dialogue's emotional discourse. However, simply detecting emotions is not sufficient to entirely comprehend the speaker-specific changes in emotion that occur during a conversation. To understand the emotional dynamics of speakers in an efficient manner, it is imperative to identify the rationale or instigator behind any changes or flips in emotion expressed by the speaker. In this paper, we explore the task called Instigator based Emotion Flip Reasoning (EFR), which aims to identify the instigator behind a speaker's emotion flip within a conversation. For example, an emotion flip from joy to anger could be caused by an instigator like threat. To facilitate this task, we present MELD-I, a dataset that includes ground-truth EFR instigator labels, which are in line with emotional psychology. To evaluate the dataset, we propose a novel neural architecture called TGIF, which leverages Transformer encoders and stacked GRUs to capture the dialogue context, speaker dynamics, and emotion sequence in a conversation. Our evaluation demonstrates state-of-the-art performance (+4-12% increase in F1-score) against five baselines used for the task. Further, we establish the generalizability of TGIF on an unseen dataset in a zero-shot setting. Additionally, we provide a detailed analysis of the competing models, highlighting the advantages and limitations of our neural architecture.


Indira Gandhi is admired globally as the most charismatic political leader of India. Elected four times as the Prime Minister of India. She was the first woman elected to lead a democracy and the world's longest serving woman Prime Minister from 1966 to 1984 when she was assassinated. During her days as the Prime Minister, displaying extraordinary political skills and tenacity. Gandhi showed an ability to win elections and outmanoeuvre opponents. She introduced more left-wing economic policies and promoted agricultural productivity. Also, she was the only Indian Prime Minister to have declared a state of emergency in order to 'rule by decree' and the only Indian Prime Minister to have been imprisoned after holding that office. She had remarkable endurance and ambition whilst building a formidable international reputation. Thus, she was listed as one of the "Most Powerful Women of the Century". Indira's style of functioning was criticized much and she was also accused of not having "Principles or human approach".