The research was conducted during 2012-2014. Under investigation were 4 sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus L.): hybrid Bacardy (an imitolerant hybrid by ClearField plus technology), hybrid Estiva (an imitolerant hybrid by ClearField technology), hybrid Sumico (a tribenuron-methyl tolerant hybrid by ExpessSun technology) and hybrid Arizona (a hybrid by conventional technology). Factor A included the years of investigation. Factor B, herbicides and tank mixtures, included 20 rates. It includes 3 variants by ClearField plus technology, 5 variants by ClearField technology, 5 variants by ExpessSun technology and 7 variants by conventional technology. Herbicide Pulsar plus by ClearField plus technology and herbicide Listego by ClearField technology, destroy completely all annual and perennial graminaceous and broadleaved weeds in sunflower crops, including Orobanche cumana Wall. Herbicide Express by ExpressSun technology, controls all perennial and annual broadleaved weeds. Tank mixture of Express with antigraminaceous herbicide Select super controlled successfully and all annual and perennial weeds. The highest seed yield is obtained at herbicide tank mixture Pulsar plus + Stomp aqua by ClearField plus technology. Tank mixture Listego + Dash + Sharpen by ClearField technology and Express + Trend + Select super by ExpressSun technology also lead to obtaining of high seed yields. Tank mixtures of herbicides Smerch, Pendigan, Wing, Raft, Pledge and Modown with Amalgerol premium by conventional technology have lower yields due to insufficient control of weeds as Xanthium strumarium L., Cirsium arvense Scop., Convolvulus arvensis L. in sunflower crops.


Summary

Three additives were optimised for the sensory characteristics, textural and physicochemical properties of instant rice by using response surface methodology (RSM) and principal component analysis (PCA). Comprehensive evaluation indicated that 0.025% glycerol monolaurate (GML), 0.58% β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and 0.41% alcohol formed a new quality improver of instant rice. Moreover, several specific quality properties of instant rice were further studied. Compared with freshly cooked rice, instant rice with or without optimised additives owned much lower quality. The microstructure observation and pasting properties by Rapid Visco Analyzer (RVA) analysis implied that quality improver could distinctly ameliorate the texture and viscoelastic properties. Simultaneously, the quality improver had no significant effects on the starch digestion. But, it could retard short-term starch retrogradation of instant rice, namely △Hr value decreasing from 1.511 J g−1 to 1.386 J g−1.


Nanometer-sized poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) hydrogels were synthesized by emulsion polymerization of methyl acrylate and subsequent acidic hydrolysis. The nanohydrogel was characterized by spectroscopic methods (FTIR and 1H-NMR) and scanning probe techniques, and their pH-dependent swelling behavior was studied by dynamic light scattering. To determine the suitability of PAA nanogels as pH-sensitive carriers for biomedical applications, uptake and release of an oligothiophene fluorophore and its albumin conjugated from PAA nanogels were investigated as a function of pH by absorption and photoluminescence measurements. It was observed that uptake and release processes of both the oligothiophene and its conjugate could be controlled by changing the pH of the external solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010


Background—Using data from 4 community-based cohorts of African Americans, we tested the association between genome-wide markers (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) and cardiac phenotypes in the Candidate-gene Association Resource study. Methods and Results—Among 6765 African Americans, we related age, sex, height, and weight-adjusted residuals for 9 cardiac phenotypes (assessed by echocardiogram or magnetic resonance imaging) to 2.5 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms genotyped using Genome-wide Affymetrix Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affy6.0) and the remainder imputed. Within the cohort, genome-wide association analysis was conducted, followed by meta-analysis across cohorts using inverse variance weights (genome-wide significance threshold=4.0 ×10−7). Supplementary pathway analysis was performed. We attempted replication in 3 smaller cohorts of African ancestry and tested lookups in 1 consortium of European ancestry (EchoGEN). Across the 9 phenotypes, variants in 4 genetic loci reached genome-wide significance: rs4552931 in UBE2V2 (P=1.43×10−7) for left ventricular mass, rs7213314 in WIPI1 (P=1.68×10−7) for left ventricular internal diastolic diameter, rs1571099 in PPAPDC1A (P=2.57×10−8) for interventricular septal wall thickness, and rs9530176 in KLF5 (P=4.02×10−7) for ejection fraction. Associated variants were enriched in 3 signaling pathways involved in cardiac remodeling. None of the 4 loci replicated in cohorts of African ancestry was confirmed in lookups in EchoGEN. Conclusions—In the largest genome-wide association study of cardiac structure and function to date in African Americans, we identified 4 genetic loci related to left ventricular mass, interventricular septal wall thickness, left ventricular internal diastolic diameter, and ejection fraction, which reached genome-wide significance. Replication results suggest that these loci may be unique to individuals of African ancestry. Additional large-scale studies are warranted for these complex phenotypes.


The legitimacy of investor-state dispute settlement or 'ISDS' is fiercely contested. Chiefly, scholars argue this arbitration mechanism empowers investors from developed states over governments of developing host states. In response, investors (mostly) from developed states argue that without adequate protections, including investor-state arbitration, they would be unable to prevent and resist opportunistic actions like expropriations by developing host states with weak rule of law and institutions. In the resulting setting, developing states facing claims by investors seem to have limited ability to improve their standing in litigation. Based on an experiment conducted on 266 arbitrators, we argue that one potential avenue is for developing host states to exploit their 'underdog' status. Our results show that arbitrators may be prone to the 'David Effect' — a bias to favor the perceived weaker party in the arbitration. Surveyed arbitrators were more likely to award low income respondent states reimbursement of their legal costs compared to middle income states. Likewise, investors from less developed economies were also more likely to have their costs reimbursed when they win compared to investors from wealthy economies. Our study suggests that the legitimacy of legal regimes depends, in the minds of decision-makers, on a minimum expectation of fairness. This hints at the importance of arbitrators' beliefs about the distribution of power among litigants in explaining the functioning of the investor-state arbitration system.


All market-leading processor vendors have started to pursue multicore processors as an alternative to high-frequency single-core processors for better energy and power efficiency. This transition to multicore processors no longer provides the free performance gain enabled by increased clock frequency for programmers. Parallelization of existing serial programs has become the most powerful approach to improving application performance. Not surprisingly, parallel programming is still extremely difficult for many programmers mainly because programmers are not taught well to think in parallel so far. However, we believe that software tools based on advanced analyses can significantly reduce this parallelization burden.
Much active research and many tools exist for already parallelized programs such as finding concurrency bugs and performance profilers for parallel and multithreaded programs. Instead we focus on program analysis algorithms that assist the actual parallelization steps: (1) finding parallelization candidates, (2) understanding the parallelizability and profits of the candidates, and (3) writing parallel code. A few commercial tools are recently introduced for these steps, and a number of researchers have proposed various techniques to assist parallelization. However, many weaknesses and limitations still exist.
In order to assist the parallelization steps more effectively and efficiently, this dissertation proposes Prospector, which consists of several new and enhanced program analysis algorithms.
First, an efficient loop profiling algorithm is implemented. Frequently executed loop can be candidates for profitable parallelization targets. The detailed execution profiling for loops provides a guide for selecting initial parallelization targets.
Second, an efficient and rich data-dependence profiling algorithm is presented. Data dependence is the most essential factor that determines parallelizability. Thus, understanding dependences is critical in parallelization. Prospector exploits dynamic data-dependence profiling, which is an alternative and complementary approach to traditional static-only analyses. However, even state-of-the-art dynamic dependence analysis algorithms can only successfully profile a program with a small memory footprint. Prospector introduces an efficient data-dependence profiling algorithm to support large programs and inputs as well as provides highly detailed profiling information.
Third, a new speedup prediction algorithm is proposed. Although the loop profiling can give a qualitative estimate of the expected profit, obtaining accurate speedup estimates needs more sophisticated analysis. Prospector introduces a new dynamic emulation method to predict parallel speedups from annotated serial code. Prospector also provides a memory performance model to predict speedup saturation due to increased memory traffic. Compared to the latest related work, Prospector significantly improves both prediction accuracy and coverage.
Finally, Prospector provides algorithms that extract hidden parallelism and advice on writing parallel code. We present a number of case studies how Prospector assists manual parallelization in particular cases including privatization, reduction, and pipelining.


This paper presents how Artificial Intelligence (AI) / Machine Learning (ML) technology uses unsupervised genetics algorithms in Exploration, Drilling Operations, Field Appraisal, Development and multiple 3D seismic volumes comparisons to minimize geological risk and uncertainty resulting in increased capital efficiency. We will present a high level overview of why this technology was invented and how it works. We will show you how you can use it to significantly reduce the time to achieve your organizational goals while reducing geotechnical risk and uncertainty and optimize the cycle time from Lead to Production. Outputs include a comprehensive analysis of your entire 3D Seismic Data Volume to identify and high grade, quality leads and prospects with high resource potential in the near, medium and long term. This approach will allow an evaluation of the field geological risk (reservoir distribution, trap, seal, source, hydrocarbon migration pathway from source into reservoir) and initial possible hydrocarbon content/type evaluation (e.g. DHI evaluation) without disrupting your current workflow. The results will quickly delineate possible structural and stratigraphic targets. This will also provide the Production Asset with additional support in their appraisal and development drilling programmes. Optimally place horizontal wells and injectors / offtakes in Improved Oil Recovery/Enhanced Oil Recovery (IOR / EOR) projects in areas of the field having the highest reservoir continuity to optimize the cycle time from concept to production. The case studies and examples presented will demonstrate how the technology and approach serve to increase the probability of success leading to increased capital efficiency and profitability.


This eye tracking study examines participants' visual attention when solving algorithmic problems in the form of programming problems. The stimuli consisted of a problem statement, example output, and a set of multiple-choice questions regarding variables, data types, and operations needed to solve the programming problems. We recorded eye movements of students and performed an Area of Interest (Aol) sequence analysis to identify reading strategies in terms of participants' performance and visual effort. Using classical eye tracking metrics and a visual Aol sequence analysis we identified two main groups of participants---effective and ineffective problem solvers. This indicates that diversity of participants' mental schemas leads to a difference in their performance. Therefore, identifying how participants' reading behavior varies at a finer level of granularity warrants further investigation.


The objective tendencies of social development determine significantly increased attention to the problem of persons' self-fulfilment. Lack of knowledge on this phenomenon dictates the need for its theoretical justification as well as for empirical studies. This paper presents the re-sults of a research aimed at determination of features and factors of professional self-fulfilment of skilled people of different ages and professions.


SUMMARY: Vesicles accumulate at the site of bud formation in the mother cell and are also found in the growing bud during the growth of its wall. The bud is in direct communication with the mother cell until maturity when a septum which is formed across the cytoplasm grows inwards from the wall and is subsequently thickened on both sides. During the thickening process vesicles are present at both surfaces of the cross-wall which finally has two layers one of which becomes continuous with the bud cell wall. It is suggested that the vesicles carry material both into the growing bud wall and into the septum.


It is important to understand the relationship between iron core configurations and leakage flux distributions to get better design of synchronous machines. This paper presents a method for calculating the steady and transient state leakage flux distributions in salient-pole synchronous machines. The method provides information on leakage flux distributions that cannot be obtained by terminal quantities. The method analyzes the leakage inductances that properly represent the corresponding leakage fluxes. They are calculated using the gap flux distributions by finite elements with magnetic saturation. The calculated leakage inductances of a synchronous machine under various loads are also shown and the relationship between the inductances and magnetic saturation is discussed.


This project is concerned with learning and exploring industrial automation
technologies, such as control systems, Computer Integrated Manufacturing system and
the relationship between these major components. The CIM70A System will be used in
this project and located at Automation Lab, KUiTTHO. The project is divided into two
major parts. In the first part, the author familiarized herself with the operation and all the
functions of the related industrial components of the CIM70A System, such as the
sensors, actuators, and the valves. In the second part, the author aimed to study
GRAFCET and attempts to relate between the graphical representation and mathematical
model using PLC programs. With this formal approach, the programming will be written
more neatly, well arranged and standardized. This project successfully explores the
possibility of designing the control program using GRAFCET.


This work is geared toward a real-world manufacturing planning (MP) task, whose two objectives are to maximize the order fulfillment rate and minimize the total cost. More important, the requirements and constraints in real manufacturing make the MP task very challenging in several aspects. For example, the MP needs to cover many production components of multiple plants over a 30-day horizon, which means that it involves a large number of decision variables. Furthermore, the MP task's two objectives have extremely different magnitudes, and some constraints are difficult to handle. Facing these uncompromising practical requirements, we introduce an interactive multiobjective optimization-based MP system in this article. It can help the decision maker reach a satisfactory tradeoff between the two objectives without consuming massive calculations. In the MP system, the submitted MP task is modeled as a multiobjective integer programming (MOIP) problem. Then, the MOIP problem is addressed via a two-stage multiobjective optimization algorithm (TSMOA). To alleviate the heavy calculation burden, TSMOA transforms the optimization of the MOIP problem into the optimization of a series of single-objective problems (SOPs). Meanwhile, a new SOP solving strategy is used in the MP system to further reduce the computational cost. It utilizes two sequential easier SOPs as the approximator of the original complex SOP for optimization. As part of the MP system, TSMOA and the SOP solving strategy are demonstrated to be efficient in real-world MP applications. In addition, the effectiveness of TSMOA is also validated on benchmark problems. The results indicate that TSMOA as well as the MP system are promising.


Various kinds of optical fibers and related optical components for fusion diagnostics were irradiated with 14-MeV neutrons from OKTAVIAN or RTNS-13. This report shows typical fusion neutron irradiation effects on them and their hardness levels to mean 14-MeV neutron fluences at which their important performance degrades 10%. Also experimental formulas for fusion neutron induced backgrounds of scintillators and a photomultiplier tube are given by fitting their pulse height distributions for 14-MeV neutrons with a summation of exponential functions. These data and formulas are useful for the estimation of lifetimes and background levels of optical fusion diagnostic systems which may be located in the 14-MeV neutron environment of a fusion reactor.


Today's wireless networks are characterized by a fixed spectrum assignment policy. However, a large portion of the assigned spectrum is utilized from 15% to 85% with a high variance in time. Cognitive radio can improved the spectrum efficient through dynamic spectrum access. In this paper, a scheme is proposed in which cognitive radio networks (CRN) collaborate with primary radio networks (PRN) to manage spectrum. On condition that the primary user is protected, cognitive node is controlled by the cognitive base station to communicate with the primary base station as a pseudo normal user. For a cognitive node lies the region of several PRNs, the enough access chance will offer abundance channel for the cognitive node, which is approved by the simulation results for the spectrum efficient is increased.


Abstract 4803 Very little literature is available on aggressive transformation of indolent T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia (LGL). We present the first report of such a case occurring in the context of chemotherapy. A 50 year old female with a ten year history of T-cell LGL presented with a systemic deterioration, fevers, and abdominal discomfort. At the time of diagnosis LGL morphology was typical, with normal cytogenetics, and an immunophenotype of CD3+, 8+, 16+, 56−, 57low. In the years following the original diagnosis, she suffered with recurrent infections due to persistent neutropenia and had received several courses of treatment with variable efficacy, including ciclosporin, methotrexate, splenic radiotherapy, and intermittent G-CSF. At the time of deterioration, the spleen was grossly enlarged at 30 cm. FBC showed Hb 9.8 g/dL, WBC 8.2 × 109/L, lymphocytes 7.3 × 109/L, neutrophils 0.56 × 109/L, and platelets 70 × 109/L. The blood film showed large granular lymphocytes with typical morphology (Fig. 1A). A bone marrow trephine revealed an interstitial infiltrate of small T-cells (Fig. 1B) which were CD30− (Fig. 1C) and flow cytometry showed these cells to be CD3+, CD7+, CD8+, CD16−, CD56−, CD57low. The patient had a transient response with prednisolone and was commenced on fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC). FC was well tolerated, and after two cycles symptoms had improved, no organomegaly was palpable, and the cytopenias had resolved. After the third cycle, the patient was admitted with neutropenic sepsis. FBC showed Hb 12.3 g/dL, WBC 0.5 × 109/L, neutrophils 0.18 × 109/L, and platelets 49 × 109/L. The blood film revealed frequent large, immature cells with nucleoli and inconspicuous granules (Fig. 1D, inset). These cells were abundant in the bone marrow (Fig. 1E), were CD30+ (Fig. 1F) and 10 of 10 cells examined had a complex karyotype (Fig. 1G). 3 of 10 cells had this karyotype prior to chemotherapy, indicating that clonal progression had occurred prior to treatment, although morphologically blastic cells were absent at that point. PCR analysis of TCRG revealed identical band patterns from the time of the original diagnosis, the time of progression 10 years later, and the point of final deterioration 4 months subsequently (Fig. 1H). Despite aggressive resuscitation, the patient passed away. The data indicate that a subclone of this patient9s longstanding T-LGL had undergone cytogenetic transformation whilst initially retaining typical morphology. Significant clinical deterioration at the time prompted treatment with FC. After four months of therapy the morphology became blastic. It is difficult to speculate on the possible role of chemotherapy in the development of blast crisis. TCRG analysis confirmed the clonal relationship between the cells present at the initial diagnosis and those that underwent blastic transformation. Although aggressive forms of LGL leukaemia are well described, they are usually of NK cell origin and do not present with an indolent phase.1 True de novo aggressive T-cell LGL has also been documented, although without a clinically indolent phase.3 Ohno et al first described transformation of indolent CD3- CD16+ LGL in 1989, documenting trisomy of chromosome 8 in both the chronic and aggressive phases.3 Molecular evidence of aggressive transformation of T-cell LGL has been documented previously.4 This is the first report of aggressive transformation of T-LGL in the context of chemotherapy. In patients with indolent T-cell LGL who deteriorate clinically, the possibility of aggressive transformation should therefore be actively investigated, and cytotoxic chemotherapy administered with caution. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Purpose. Nowadays constant expansion of transport sector is observed. As a result, the level of environment pollution with harmful hydrocarbon transport emissions is constantly increased. This has caused the increasing of European requirements both to used fuel quality and the standards of fuel emissions into the atmosphere. The basic sources of hazardous emissions are: emissions of hydrocarbon vapors fuels during transportation, storage, implementation of different technological operations, as well as products of fuel combustion. The level of vehicle environmental safety depends on quality of used fuel. Taking into account given circumstances the purpose of the article is the study of correlation between losses of motor gasoline from evaporation and possible negative changes of their physical and chemical, operating and environmental properties. Methodology. Standard methods of control of gasoline quality and monographic method. Findings. The interaction between losses from evaporation and standard of fuel is considered in the article. The results of research of physical and chemical and operating properties changes of motor benzine conditioned by evaporation are presented. The analysis has showed the dependence of motor benzine standard on quantitative losses from evaporation. Originality. Solving of important ecologic and energetic problem by preventing the losses of gasoline from evaporation. Practical value. The petroleum sector plants should be equipped with modern facilities for prevention of motor gasoline evaporation losses in order to minimize negative influence on the environment, as a result of both harmful hydrocarbon vapors emissions of gasoline (during storage, transportation and implementation of technological operations) and fuel use, which have undergone the negative changes of quality in consequence of evaporation.


ARMOR TPS panel is above the whole ARMOR TPS, and the metal honeycomb sandwich structure is the surface of the ARMOR TPS panel. So the metal honeycomb sandwich structure plays an important role in the ARMOR TPS, while it bears the flight dynamic pressure and stands against the flight dynamic calefaction. So the active environment of metal honeycomb sandwich structure is very formidable. We have to discuss any extreme situation, for reason of making sure aerial vehicle is safe. And high-frequency vibration is one of active environment. In this paper we have analyzed high-frequency vibration response of metal honeycomb sandwich structure. We processed high-frequency vibration experiment by simulating true aerial environment. Sequentially we operated high-frequency vibration experiment of metal honeycomb sandwich structure with cracks, notches and holes. Then finite-element analysis was performed by way of validating the experiment results. Haynes214 is a good high temperature alloy material of both face sheet and core at present, so we choose it in this paper.


Differential gene expression profiling was carried out on primary tumour tissues and adjacent non-neoplastic tissues from patients with oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). RNA extracted from ESCC tissues and matched normal oesophageal epithelium of four ESCC patients was analysed using whole-genome microarrays. Bioinformatics analysis was also carried out to ascertain which genes and pathways may be important in the carcinogenesis of ESCC. A total of 570 genes were identified that differed significantly in expression: 303 genes were up-regulated and 267 genes were down-regulated in ESCC tissues compared with normal oesophageal epithelium. Gene ontology analysis showed that the primary molecular functions of these genes were related to the extracellular region, collagen and endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Pathway analysis revealed seven pathways or networks highly associated with the differential expression profile. Gene set analysis showed that the POD1_KO_UP gene set was significantly enriched, containing 15 matching genes. Thus, a large number of genes are involved in the carcinogenesis of ESCC and participate in various cell processes and pathways.


Focusing on the Chinese response towards the Belgrade Embassy Bombing in 1999 as a case study, this article will address the role of contemporary Chinese nationalism in the Chinese foreign policymaking process. By dividing the meaning of Chinese nationalism into several layers, the author will explore the potential of nationalism in replacing communism as the new frame for Chinese foreign policy after the death of Mao. Then the article will examine four possible explanations in an attempt to account for a primarily nationalist Chinese foreign policy in response to the Belgrade Embassy bombing. Underlying the analysis of these arguments is the suggestion that contemporary Chinese nationalism exists more vividly in official rhetoric than actuality, and that it is unlikely to become the new Chinese foreign policy framer in the future.


Abstract Tightening environmental legislation is driving the fine and speciality chemicals industries to consider alternative processes that avoid the use of conventional mineral acids. The use of heterogeneous catalysts in these processes would vastly simplify catalyst removal, minimizing the amount of waste formed. However, diffusion limitation of liquids within porous solids dictates that effective solid acids for liquid-phase reactions require the use of mesoporous materials <20_100Å. Recent developments in materials chemistry has led to the discovery of a family of ordered mesoporous silicas which opens up new possibilities for preparing solid-acid catalysts for liquid-phase reactions. This review concentrates on recent developments in the synthesis of new mesoporous solid acids for liquid-phase organic synthesis.


Baryon magnetic moments of p, n, Σ+, Σ−, Ξ0, Ξ− and the beta decay ratios (GA/GV) of n → p, Σ− → n and Ξ0 → Σ+ are calculated in a colored quark cluster model. With SU(3) breaking, the model gives a good fit to the experimental values of those baryon magnetic moments and the beta decay ratios. Our results show that the orbital motion has a significant contribution to the spin and magnetic moments of those baryons and the strange component in nucleon is small.


How to Cite this Article: Nejad Biglari H, Karimzadeh P, Mohammadi Kord-kheyli M, Hashemi SM. Migraine Types and Triggering Factors in Children. Iran J  Child Neurol 2012;6(2):33-38. Objective Migraine is a common problem in children and the mean prevalence of migraine in Europe among 170,000 adults was 14.7% (8% in men and 17.6% in women) and in children and youth (36,000 participants), the prevalences were (9.2% for all, 5.2% in boys and 9.1% in girls) and the lifetime prevalences were (16, 11 and 20%, respectively). To determine the epidemiology of migraine and evaluate migraine triggering factors in children. Materials & Methods Two-hundred twenty-eight children with a maximum age of 12 years who fulfilled the ICHD-II criteria for pediatric migraine were enrolled into the study. Results This study shows that migraine is slightly more common in boys and its peak incidence is between ages 8 and 12 and most patients have three to five headache attacks per month. The pain has a tightening, stabbing or vague quality in about 70% of children with migraine and bilateral headache is slightly more common. The common triggering factors in children migraine were stress, noise, sleeplessness, hunger and light and the common relieving factors were sleep, analgesics, silence, darkness and eating. Conclusion Migraine is a common problem in children with an equal incidence in boys and girls before adolescence and more common in girls after adolescence. References Powers SW, Andrasik F. Biobehavioral treatment, disability, and psychological effects of pediatric headache. Pediatr Ann 2005;34(6):461-5. Rosenblum RK, Fisher PG. A guide to children with acute and chronic headaches. J Pediatr Health Care 2001;15(5):229-35. Fallahzadeh H, Alihaydari M. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache among school children in Yazd, Iran. J Pediatr Neurosci 2011;6(2):106-9. Ayatollahi SM, Khosravi A. Prevalence of migraine and tension-type headache in primaryschool children in Shiraz. East Mediterr Health J 2006;12(6):809-17. Stovner LJ, Andree C. Prevalence of headache in Europe: a review for the Eurolight project. J Headache Pain 2010;11(4):289-99. Bille B. A 40-year follow-up of school children with migraine. Cephalalgia 1997;17(4):488-91; discussion 487. Bille B. Migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents. Cephalalgia 1996;16(2):78. Bille B. Migraine in childhood and its prognosis. Cephalalgia 1981;1(2):71-5. Lewis DW, Ashwal S, Dahl G, Dorbad D, Hirtz D, Prensky A, et al. Practice parameter: evaluation of children and adolescents with recurrent headaches: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2002;59(4):490-8. Shah UH, Kalra V. Pediatric migraine. Int J Pediatr 2009;2009:424192. Fukui PT, Goncalves TR, Strabelli CG, Lucchino NM, Matos FC, Santos JP, et al. Trigger factors in migraine patients. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;66(3A):494-9. Neut D, Fily A, Cuvellier JC, Vallee L. The prevalence of triggers in paediatric migraine: a questionnaire study in 102 children and adolescents. J Headache Pain 2012;13(1):61-5. Lewis DW, Diamond S, Scott D, Jones V. Prophylactic treatment of pediatric migraine. Headache 2004;44(3):230-7. Barabas G, Matthews WS, Ferrari M. Childhood migraine and motion sickness. Pediatrics 1983;72(2):188-90. Holguin J, Fenichel G. Migraine. J Pediatr 1967;70(2):290-7. The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition. Cephalalgia 2004;24 (Suppl 1):9-160.


Leaf morphogenesis relies on adaxial/abaxial patterning and extensive growth. This study investigated the role of ANGUSTIFOLIA3 (AN3) from Arabidopsis thaliana in these processes. The an3 mutants produce narrower leaves that contain significantly fewer cells than the wild type. We examined the genetic interaction between an3 and asymmetric leaves2 (as2), which has a weak adaxial defect. The an3 as2 mutants developed trumpet-like leaves and accumulated transcripts of abaxially expressed genes at higher levels than an3 and as2. Gene expression analyses suggested that an3 altered the expression of a number of genes. Many of them were involved in metabolism, and several genes that promote adaxial identity cooperatively with as2 were down-regulated. Next, we performed detailed developmental analyses to examine the relationship between the narrow-leaf phenotype of an3 and leaf polarity. As a result, we showed that AN3 is required during a specific phase after an oblong shape is established in early leaf primordia. During this phase, the angle of the cell division plane relative to the longitudinal axis of the leaf primordium is more variable than in the earlier phase where transverse divisions were dominant in both the wild type and an3. Correlated with this dynamic change in cell division pattern, the leaf primordium became rounder. In an3, mitotic activity was reduced more rapidly than in the wild type, causing premature termination of the morphometric change. These results suggest that AN3 promotes cell proliferation during a specific developmental phase that is also required to correct abaxial/adaxial patterning in concert with AS2.


Restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) has been proposed as a powerful variational ansatz to represent the ground state of a given quantum many-body system. On the other hand, as a shallow neural network, it is found that the RBM is still hardly able to capture the characteristics of systems with large sizes or complicated interactions. In order to find a way out of the dilemma, here, we propose to adopt the Green's function Monte Carlo (GFMC) method for which the RBM is used as a guiding wave function. To demonstrate the implementation and effectiveness of the proposal, we have applied the proposal to study the frustrated J
 1-J
 2 Heisenberg model on a square lattice, which is considered as a typical model with sign problem for quantum Monte Carlo simulations. The calculation results demonstrate that the GFMC method can significantly further reduce the relative error of the ground-state energy on the basis of the RBM variational results. This encourages to combine the GFMC method with other neural networks like convolutional neural networks for dealing with more models with sign problem in the future.


Abstract This article examines conflict between farmers and elephants in the Addo region in 1910s–1930s South Africa to explore the porosity of the concepts 'wild', 'tame', and 'domestic', and their relationship to race, degeneration, nature conservation, and colonialism. In the 1910s, settler farmers indicted the 'Addo Elephants', as 'vicious' thieves who raided crops and 'hunted' farmers. This view conflicted with a widespread perception of elephants as docile, sagacious, and worthy of protection. Seeking to reconcile these views, bureaucrats were divided between exterminating the animals, creating a game reserve, and drawing upon the expertise of Indian mahouts to domesticate them. Ultimately, all three options were attempted: the population was decimated by hunter Phillip Jacobus Pretorius, an elephant reserve was created, the animals were tamed to 'lose their fear of man' and fed oranges. Despite the presence of tame elephants and artificial feeding, the reserve was publicized as a natural habitat, and a window onto the prehistoric. This was not paradoxical but provokes a need to rethink the relationship between wildness, tameness, and domesticity. These concepts were not implicitly opposed but existed on a spectrum paralleling imperialist hierarchies of civilization, race, and evolution, upon which tame elephants could still be considered wild.


Gradients are systems in which the physicochemical properties of a solution and/or surface change gradually in space and/or time. They are used for a myriad of technological and biological applications, for example for high-throughput screening, or for the investigation of biological systems. The development of methods for the fabrication of solution and surface gradients with desired characteristics, such as length and time scales, is still a fundamental challenge. The work described in this thesis aims at the development and application of electrochemical methods for the fabrication of covalent and non-covalent surface gradients on the micron scale.
In the first part of this thesis (Chapter 3-5), an electrochemical system to generate solution and surface gradients on the micron scale has been developed. Via electrochemical reactions, solution gradients in pH or a catalyst (Cu(I)) have been generated. These gradients have been used to study the chemical reactivity of two surface reactions in a highly parallel manner. By optimization of the reaction parameters, the click reaction has been used to tune the density and steepness of surface chemical gradients fabricated on the micron scale. Furthermore, pH gradients have been characterized in real-time at the solid/liquid interface using a pH-sensitive fluorescent platform.
In the second part of this thesis (Chapter 6-8), several non-covalent surface gradients have been fabricated on the micron scale. An electrochemical method has been demonstrated that resulted in non-covalent gradients of a charged dye-modified lipid using unprecedentedly low potentials. Furthermore, non-covalent, supramolecular surface gradients of a multivalent guest (Ad2-rhodamine) on the micron scale have been fabricated. Dynamic self-assembly has been shown, under control by a dissipative electrochemical process using (electrical) fuel.
We envision that the gradient fabrication methods reported in this thesis, combined with other methods, will be developed in the future in the direction of dynamic gradients, the properties of which can be controlled at will in space and time. When combining dynamic gradients both in solution and on a surface, such a system could be used for the investigation of unique, dynamic systems, in areas such as dynamic cell behavior or cancer. Overall, this work has paved the way for new methods for making and controlling dynamic electrochemical gradients, which may have a bright future.


Spectrogram is a main analysis method of audio signals and other similar quasi - stationary ones and produces a time-frequency portrait of a signal. This paper researches correspondence between important time-frequency structures and music representations of vocal performance, aiming at providing quantitative analysis and objective information description of the subjective perception of specific voice techniques. Experiments and vocal music examples reveal and indicate that spectrogram is a powerful tool for aiding the study, comprehension, and interpretation of musical expression.


Computer-aided detection systems can help radiologists to detect pulmonary nodules at an early stage. In this study, a novel Computer-aided Diagnosis system (CAD) is proposed for the classification of pulmonary nodules as malignant and benign. Proposed CAD system, providing an important support to radiologists at the diagnosis process of the disease, achieves high classification performance using ensemble learning classifiers.


Purpose of the article: This study explores the impact of the lockdown imposed during the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic on the lives of children with developmental disabilities (DD) and the emotional experiences of their parents. Methods: A total of 81 Romanian parents (90% mothers, Mage = 39.3, SDage = 8.50) of children with DD participated in this cross-sectional study. Information regarding changes in lifestyle, health conditions, and psychosocial reactions of their children during the lockdown as well as measures adopted for compliance to preventive strategies and in dealing with emotions, was gathered. Results: The results of the study revealed that most of the children had restricted access to leisure activities, family doctor consultations, were less active physically, got fewer opportunities to socialise with their peers, had restricted access to rehabilitation therapies, and specialised medical services. Compliance with COVID-19 preventive measures is challenging for children with DD. Results also provided evidence of parents' emotional distress and negative changes in the lives of children with DD, the inability to adopt COVID-19 appropriate behaviour, and negative emotional states experienced by their parents. Conclusions and recommendations:The results highlight the need for authorities and specialists to plan and implement appropriate intervention procedures, to address the outlined issues, to meet the challenges brought forth by the ongoing crisis.

Keywords: COVID-19; developmental disabilities; parents of children with disabilities


Respiratory diseases are among the most common causes of severe illness and death worldwide. Prevention and early diagnosis are essential to limit or even reverse the trend that characterizes the diffusion of such diseases. In this regard, the development of advanced computational tools for the analysis of respiratory auscultation sounds can become a game changer for detecting disease-related anomalies, or diseases themselves. In this work, we propose a novel learning framework for respiratory auscultation sound data. Our approach combines state-of-the-art feature extraction techniques and advanced deep-neural-network architectures. Remarkably, to the best of our knowledge, we are the first to model a recurrent-neural-network based learning framework to support the clinician in detecting respiratory diseases, at either level of abnormal sounds or pathology classes. Results obtained on the ICBHI benchmark dataset show that our approach outperforms competing methods on both anomaly-driven and pathology-driven prediction tasks, thus advancing the state-of-the-art in respiratory disease analysis.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and often lethal tumor. Over the last 25 years, remarkable progress has been made in understanding its biological and molecular features and in elucidating the steps involved in colon carcinogenesis. This, in turn, has led to a more rational and effective clinical approach to the treatment of CRC. While colorectal adenoma is the most frequent precancerous lesion, other potentially premalignant conditions, including chronic inflammatory bowel diseases and hereditary syndromes, such as familial adenomatous polyposis, Peutz-Jeghers syndrome and juvenile polyposis, involve different sites of the gastrointestinal tract with an overall incidence of less than 5%. In all such cases, disease recognition at an early stage is essential to devise suitable preventive cancer strategies. These topics are addressed in this review, along with the most important epidemiological, pathogenetic and clinical features that lead to malignant transformation. Novel biomarkers for early cancer prediction, detection, prognostic evolution, and the response to treatment are critically assessed as well. Continued improvements in our knowledge of the molecular basis of CRC and the transfer of this information into daily clinical practice will reduce the burden of this disease.


A cyberlearning tool was developed to facilitate teaching and learning of software engineering courses. The tool, SEP-CyLE (Software Engineering and Programming Cyberlearning Environment), was developed by a publicly funded research university and is currently being used by at least seven other universities across the United States of America. The National Science Foundation (NSF) provided funding for the development and implementation of the tool. Since its initial development the scope of the tool has been expanded for use in other university level computer science courses. The three learning engagement strategies (LESs) that are an integral part of the tool are (i) collaboration, (ii) gamification, and (iii) social interaction. This paper focuses on the gamification strategy that was implemented in multiple sections of an introductory computer programming course at a university that was one of the locations for the multi-site project funded by the NSF. A study was conducted to determine students' perceptions of the cyberlearning tool and how it was implemented. Data for the study were obtained through interview and focus group sessions. The data were transcribed to extract the major ideas expressed by the students during the interview and focus group sessions. The findings are presented and discussed. The usefulness of the tool and the motivational aspects of the gamification strategy are explored as well. The paper provides suggestions from students for improving the tool and recommendations on how SEP-CyLE should be implemented in classrooms. The main contributions of this work are as follows


Modernization acts as the core of transformation of the Russian society, which is carried out on the basis of socio-cultural and economic globalization. The article analyses factors, problems and contradictions of both globalization and modernization processes.


AIMS
To study the left ventricular filling pattern during stress Doppler echocardiography and its utility in the detection of myocardial ischaemia.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Fifty-seven consecutive patients underwent dobutamine stress echocardiography. The left ventricular filling pattern (E-wave velocity; A-wave velocity; E/A ratio; E-wave deceleration time) was analysed at baseline and at maximum heart rate reached. The percentage increase in these parameters from baseline to peak heart rate was also determined. Myocardial ischaemia (regional contractility worsening) was induced in 19 cases (ischaemic group) but not in 38 cases (non-ischaemic group). There were no differences between both groups at baseline. E-wave deceleration time decreased in the non-ischaemic group (197+/-63 vs. 167+/-65 ms, P=0.01) and increased in the ischaemic group (203+/-42 vs. 315+/-135 ms, P<0.0001). A percentage increase in E-wave deceleration time of >30% showed a positive predictive value of 93% and a negative predictive value of 86% for detecting ischaemia, and in the multivariate analysis it was the only Doppler parameter (P<0.0001) that predicted the induction of ischaemia.

CONCLUSION
We conclude that myocardial ischaemia provokes an increase in E-wave deceleration time. Analysis of left ventricular filling could help in the identification of those cases which are positive for ischaemia.


The present study evaluated the influence of habitual sleep duration on episodic memory in a wakeful state. Episodic memory was assessed for auditory and visual processing pathways. A total of 96 medical students (53 male and 43 female, between the age group 18-23 years) accustomed to different sleep durations volunteered in the tests. The tests included auditory free recall of 10 common words, pictorial free recall of 10 pictures and recognition of 10 miniature animal replicas with 10 distracters. There was no gender-related difference in the visual and the auditory memory scores. The visual episodic memory scores were similar in persons sleeping longer or shorter duration. On the other hand auditory memory scores were significantly lower in persons accustomed to >10 h sleep. The results indicate the importance of sleep duration on episodic memory processing of learned material even during wakeful state specially which involves auditory system.


Efficiently transporting extracellular electrons from microbial biofilms to the electrodes is challenging and critical in achieving high-performance microbial fuel cells (MFCs). In this work, we develop a simple and effective method to fabricate hybrid electroactive biofilms by inserting bacteria into graphene–carbon-nanotube (G–CNT) networks (namely, G–CNT-biofilm) as an anode for MFCs. This novel architecture greatly enhances direct extracellular electron transfer between Shewanella oneidensis and the electrode, due to strong adhesion of the hybrid conducting biofilm onto the anode surface, as well as the large surface area of graphene and the high conductivity of CNTs. A current density of 120 μA cm−2 and a maximum power density of 97.9 μW cm−2 are obtained in the MFC with the hybrid biofilm anode, which is significantly higher than those of a naturally growing biofilm anode (20 μA cm−2 and 6.5 μW cm−2).


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The use of Monte Carlo particle transport simulations in radiotherapy was pioneered in the early nineteen-seventies, but it was not until the eighties that they gained recognition as an essential research tool for radiation dosimetry, health physics and later on for radiation therapy treatment planning. Since the mid-nineties, there has been a boom in the number of workers using MC techniques in radiotherapy, and the quantity of papers published on the subject. Research and applications of MC techniques in radiotherapy span a very wide range from fundamental studies of cross sections and development of particle transport algorithms, to clinical evaluation of treatment plans for a variety of radiotherapy modalities. The International Workshop on Current Topics in Monte Carlo Treatment Planning took place at Montreal General Hospital, which is part of McGill University, halfway up Mount Royal on Montreal Island. It was held from 3-5 May, 2004, right after the freezing winter has lost its grip on Canada. About 120 workers attended the Workshop, representing 18 countries. Most of the pioneers in the field were present but also a large group of young scientists. In a very full programme, 41 long papers were presented (of which 12 were invited) and 20 posters were on display during the whole meeting. The topics covered included the latest developments in MC algorithms, statistical issues, source modelling and MC treatment planning for photon, electron and proton treatments. The final day was entirely devoted to clinical implementation issues. Monte Carlo radiotherapy treatment planning has only now made a slow entrée in the clinical environment, taking considerably longer than envisaged ten years ago. Of the twenty-five papers in this dedicated special issue, about a quarter deal with this topic, with probably many more studies to follow in the near future. If anything, we hope the Workshop served as an accelerator for more clinical evaluation of MC applications. The remainder of the papers in this issue demonstrate that there is still plenty of work to be undertaken on other topics such as source modelling, calculation speed, data analysis, and development of user-friendly applications. We acknowledge the financial support of the National Cancer Institute of Canada, the Institute of Cancer Research of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, the Research Grants Office and the Post Graduate Student Society of McGill University, and the Institute of Physics Publishing (IOPP). A final word of thanks goes out to all of those who contributed to the successful Workshop: our local medical physics students and staff, the many colleagues who acted as guest associate editors for the reviewing process, the IOPP staff, and the authors who generated new and exciting work. We are also grateful for the endorsement of the Workshop by the International Atomic Energy Agency, the Canadian Organization of Medical Physicists and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine. [This line was added to the editorial on 23 March 2005.]


A data-acquisition (DAQ) system based upon the SRARC digital-signal-processor (DSP) has been developed. Either one or two DSPs are mounted onto VME boards, WS2126. VME-to-VME data transfer utilizes SHARC links (33.7 MB/s of measured transfer rate), routed onto a front panel of the WS2126 by I/O piggy pack modules, WS9002. The system has been designed for readout of 81,920 FADC (flash analog-to-digital converter) channels at a maximum trigger rate of 500 Hz. This system could be accomplished in a compact setup of four FADC readout VME crates and one master-control VME crate (for event-building and run-control). The system was tested for readout of the BELLE Si vertex detector (SVD).


Background: Apart from IgG oligoclonal bands, no other biomarker has, to date, been validated for diagnostic and/or prognostic purposes in multiple sclerosis (MS). Aim: To investigate a wide panel of cytokines and chemokines in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS) patients and evaluate their association with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) parameters, as well as their predictive clinical value. Methods: Fifty-one RRMS at clinical onset and 17 other not inflammatory neurological disorders (ONINDs) underwent brain MRI (including 3D-T1, 3D-FLAIR, and 3-DIR sequences) and CSF examination. Eighty-seven cytokines and chemokines were analyzed in CSF by Multiplex technology. Results: Compared to ONIND, CXCL-10, CXCL-11, CXCL-13, CCL-1, CCL-2, CCL-3, CCL-22, IL-16, and BAFF were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in RRMS CSF. However, only CCL-3 was associated with both MS diagnosis and IgGOB detection. Based on a 95%CI in ONIND (cut-off value: 0.798 pg/ml) and ROC analysis (cut-off value: 0.495 pg/ml), RRMS patients were stratified in CCL-3high (>0.736 pg/mL), CCL-3medium, and CCL-3low (<0.495 pg/ml). Survival analysis disclosed a strong association between high CCL-3 values and disease reactivation (OR = 4.9, 95%CI: 1.8–13.3, p < 0.005) in the following 2 years. Conclusions: CCL-3 deserves further investigation as a candidate prognostic biomarker for RRMS.


In recent years, the terrible earthquake events that are not expected in the design process have occurred in the world. So, it is necessary to estimate the seismic performance accurately. This paper focuses on the energy absorbing efficiency of steel braced frames. Steel brace members in frames show the complicated and unstable behavior because many kinds of buckling and fractures are combined. And evaluation method of restoring force characteristics and capacity have been studied in enormous past researches, however, there are some problems to adopt for seismic design procedure. Also the response characteristics of steel braced frames are affected by the interaction between frames and braces. This paper suggests the analytical method to evaluate the energy absorbing efficiency of steel braced frames as equivalent strength. The equivalent strength is formulated with yield shear coefficient of the frame and slenderness ratio of the brace. Also, to verify the applicability of multi-story steel braced frames response analysis of two types of 5-story steel braced frames (X bracing, inverted-V bracing) is conducted. As compared with energy absorbing efficiency of the response analysis result, it is confirmed that the equivalent strength can be accuracy of plus or minus 20 percent or so.


A cellulose‐binding endoglucanase (endoglucanase A) of Cellulomonas sp. ATCC 21399 was purified to immunological homogeneity by affinity chromatography ob H3PO4‐swollen cellulose. This method of purification turned out to be an easy and very gentle method for obtaining a high yield of cellulose‐binding endoglucanase. The purified enzyme was immunologically homogeneous but appeared heterogeneous when analyzed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition to the cellulose‐binding of endoglucanase A, the enzyme also had a strong affinity for Concanavaline A, indicating that the enzyme was glycosylated. Purified endoglucanase A showed an endo mode of action on carboxymethylcellulose. The enzyme could hydrolyze microcrystalline cellulose when acting alone, and the enzyme had a high specific activity on H3PO4‐swollen cellulose.


A study of eight senior managers from different organisations has combined Critical Theory and Grounded Theory approaches. This study builds on the findings of a previous substantive study (Kriflik 2002) which identified the most successful leadership strategies, as perceived by participants. The most successful strategies are those in which leaders focussed on their own behaviours, attitudes and actions. Building on these findings this study explores leadership competencies and the mechanisms which enhance, or enable, leaders' ability to learn such competencies. Interviews were conducted and transcribed, then analysed, and became the basis for the choice of subsequent participants. The study identified critical reflection as crucial to leadership learning.


Despite their past importance as vectors of indigenous malaria, the species composition and spatial distribution of the members of the Anopheles maculipennis complex have been studied to a limited extent in the Netherlands. Therefore, this investigation focuses on the distribution of the members of this complex in the Netherlands, including Anopheles daciae, which has recently been found in countries bordering the Netherlands. In the framework of a national mosquito surveillance between 2010 and 2021, a total of 541 specimens of An. maculipennis s.l. were analyzed from 161 locations covering the entire territory. In addition, 89 specimens were analyzed from overwintering sites during the winter of 2020/2021. All individual mosquitoes were identified to species-level using Sanger sequencing of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 2. To characterize the habitat of An. maculipennis s.l. in the Netherlands, land cover use data was extracted in a 1 km buffer area around each finding location. For populations collected in summers between 2010 and 2021, the most frequent species was An. messeae, present in 88.19% of the locations, followed by An. maculipennis s.s. (11.80%), An. atroparvus (3.72%) and An. daciae (3.72%). Anopheles daciae was found in the southern inland areas of the country. Furthermore, An. messeae and An. daciae occurred in sympatry at overwintering sites. This study provides relevant information on the occurrence of species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex in the Netherlands, contributing to a better estimation of the risk of mosquito-borne disease in the country.


A method for isolation of photoactive reaction centers from Rps. sphaeroides (wild type) chromatophores, using lauryldimethylamine oxide (LDAO) as detergent, is described. The preparation obtained is free of a light-harvesting pigment-protein complex and cytochromes. A high degree of purity can be demonstrated from the adsorption indexes of the preparation equal to A280 : A800 = 1.2--1.3; A760 : A800 : A870 = 1 : 2 : 0.9. Data from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis suggest that the integral protein component of the preparation is made up of three polypeptides with molecular weights of 30 000, 24 000 and 20 000. Under continuous illumination the preparation exhibits an effective electron transfer from the bacteriochlorophyll dimer (BChl)2 to a system of quinone acceptors (X1, X2). The ambient potential Em of (BChl)2 half-recovery was estimated as + 475 mV and pH 7.2. The rate constant for direct electron transfer from X1- to X2 is about 0.5 . 10(3) s-1 at 300 degrees K (0.01 M phosphate buffer; 0.05% LDAO, pH 7.2). The activity of this transfer is exponentially reduced with a decrease in temperature within the range of 300 to 230 degrees K, with an activation energy, Ea, of approximately equal to 8 kcal. The recombination rate constant of light-induced ion-radicals, (BChl)2+ and X1-, was found to be 5 . 10(-2) s-1 at 180 degrees K. The preparations thus obtained can be used for studying mechanisms of primary events in photosynthesis and electron-exchange conformations in the reaction center.


The covalent attachment of SUMO (small ubiquitin-like modifier) to other intracellular proteins affects a broad range of nuclear processes in yeast and animals, including chromatin maintenance, transcription, and transport across the nuclear envelope, as well as protects proteins from ubiquitin addition. Substantial increases in SUMOylated proteins upon various stresses have also implicated this modification in the general stress response. To help understand the role(s) of SUMOylation in plants, we developed a stringent method to isolate SUMO-protein conjugates from Arabidopsis thaliana that exploits a tagged SUMO1 variant that faithfully replaces the wild-type protein. Following purification under denaturing conditions, SUMOylated proteins were identified by tandem mass spectrometry from both nonstressed plants and those exposed to heat and oxidative stress. The list of targets is enriched for factors that direct SUMOylation and for nuclear proteins involved in chromatin remodeling/repair, transcription, RNA metabolism, and protein trafficking. Targets of particular interest include histone H2B, components in the LEUNIG/TOPLESS corepressor complexes, and proteins that control histone acetylation and DNA methylation, which affect genome-wide transcription. SUMO attachment site(s) were identified in a subset of targets, including SUMO1 itself to confirm the assembly of poly-SUMO chains. SUMO1 also becomes conjugated with ubiquitin during heat stress, thus connecting these two posttranslational modifications in plants. Taken together, we propose that SUMOylation represents a rapid and global mechanism for reversibly manipulating plant chromosomal functions, especially during environmental stress.


People are better at visual search than the best fully automated methods. Despite this, visual search remains a difficult perceptual task. The goal of this investigation was to experimentally test the ways in which visual search performance could be improved through two categories of training interventions: perceptual training and conceptual training. To determine the effects of each training on a later performance task, the two types of trainings were manipulated using a between-subjects design (conceptual vs. perceptual × training present vs. training absent). Perceptual training led to speed and accuracy improvements in visual search. Issues with the design and administration of the conceptual training limited conclusions on its effectiveness but provided useful lessons for conceptual training design. The results suggest that when the visual search task involves detecting heterogeneous or otherwise unpredictable stimuli, perceptual training can improve visual search performance. Similarly, careful consideration of the performance task and training design is required to evaluate the effectiveness of conceptual training. Practitioner Summary: Visual search is a difficult, yet critical, task in industries such as baggage screening and radiology. This study investigated the effectiveness of perceptual training for visual search. The results suggest that when visual search involves detecting heterogeneous or otherwise unpredictable stimuli, perceptual training may improve the speed and accuracy of visual search.


Many papers that have appeared since the late 1980s have reported trends for the salinity and temperature of the upper, intermediate and deep layers within the western Mediterranean. The review of these works shows that the figures reported depend on the period of time considered. In some cases, opposite results are obtained by different studies dealing with the same period of time. These results make it difficult to assess the mean trends of these variables during the second half of the 20th century and to distinguish long-term changes from decadal and multi-decadal variability. In order to determine the origin of these discrepancies, we analyse temperature and salinity profiles from MEDAR/2002 in three areas of the western Mediterranean: the Gulf of Lions, the Balearic Islands and the Alboran Sea. We use data analysis methods that have all been tested and used previously in the literature. Our results show that the scarcity of data makes trend estimations very sensitive to the data analysis methods, questioning the robustness of such estimations and showing the suitability of systematic sampling for studying long-term changes. We attempt to provide temperature and salinity trends from 1950 to 2000 for the three aforementioned regions, which show a higher degree of uncertainty than the previous studies. Long-term temperature and salinity increases for this 50-year period are within the intervals [0.02°C, 0.19°C] and [0.01, 0.1] for deep waters, [0.06°C, 0.38°C] and [0.01, 0.26] for LIW, and [0, 0.45°C] for the upper layers. No salinity change has been observed for the upper layer.


The university student volunteer as a social change agent is in a period of transition. There is no returning to the idealism and activism of the 1960s if this and future generations of students continue to see self-preservation and individual advancement as their only viable option here in America. In view of the changing nature of today's students, the conventional definitions of volunteers, such as Shultz's (1972) altruist, average, and pseudo-volunteer, must be reconsidered. Does the acceptance of minimal pay or demand for academic credit preclude one's being a true altruist? Further, is altruism a necessary or sufficient condition of voluntarism? While we must attempt to answer these questions, the purpose here was to suggest viable first steps in reviving and enhancing student voluntarism. Some of the most salient points are: (1) Student volunteers provide critically needed services to the community, (2) Students are increasingly demanding tangible personal and educational gains for services through voluntarism, (3) Faculty support is vital to student voluntarism and they should be encouraged to actively design their classes to integrate classroom theory and practice through volunteering, and (4) The community agencies served should be active participants in the faculty, student, agency triad, and not merely passive recipients of services. The future of student voluntarism must be viewed in the larger context of changes occurring in the society-at-large, such as cynicism, mistrust of authority figures and leaders, and a move away from altruism and toward symbiosis and/or individualism. There is widespread disillusionment with "band-aid" approaches to solving enormous social problems, i.e., trying to help the few while some of society's most fundamental structures guarantee the perpetuation of poverty, crime, and general anomie. The rekindling of the ideology of cooperative altruism will take ingenuity and tireless effort. Meanwhile, if community psychology and related disciplines are to continue to utilize student volunteers, programs must be oriented toward new trends in student and faculty values and interests, and evolving community needs.


In 1998 the European Commission organised the third European Drug Prevention Week (EDPW), following similar events in 1992 and 1994. The EDPW of 1998 was based on the motto "Multidisciplinarity and prevention of drug addiction: awareness-raising of the civil society and partnerships". In Austria, EDPW was to develop the general framework of prevention policy that had been developed over the previous years through informing the general public about drug misuse in a number of settings (schools, communities) to a wide range of target audiences (children, youths, parents, teachers, experts etc.) through a number of methods (performing arts, conferences, workshops). This report outlines the rationale for EDPW in Austria and analyses the different methods used.


Background. Research studies indicate that immunization with protein extracts of Trypanosoma cruzi, the protozoan parasite that causes Chagas disease, prevents the appearance of tumors in 60% of mice injected with the murine lung carcinoma tumor line. The molecular basis of this process is unknown, although the presence of specific antigens in tumor cells and on the surface of T. cruzi suggests an antiparasitic immune response, with an effective cross-reaction against cancer cells, hence the importance to identify the antigens involved and determine their potential as target cells in anticancer therapy. Aim. This study aimed to determine the presence of antigenic proteins of T. cruzi shared with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and neuroblastoma cells. Material and methods. To achieve this, polyclonal antibodies against T. cruzi were developed in rabbits, and reactivity was determined with protein extracts of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells and neuroblastoma. The immunodetection of five different strains of T. cruzi against anti-T. cruzi polyclonal antibodies was also performed. Conclusion. The study allows the knowledge of the immunological interactions between cancer and parasites to be expanded and, therefore, contributes to the design of more and better projects that improve the therapeutic strategies applied in oncology.


The differences in amount and pattern of looking during interviews of 20 male paranoid patients and 20 nomral controls are investigated in relation to a female examiner's change of attitude, as indicated by change in the tone of her voice, by means of a cross-over design. The results indicate that paranoids do not follow the "decreased looking" model suggested for schizophrenics in other studies. Patients show a significant order effect, a higher overall amount of looking and a quite opposite pattern of looking across interviews as compared to controls. It is suggested that patients may have difficulties in regulating their visual behaviour according to examiner's attitude, resulting to a "stereotyped" pattern of looking. These findings are discussed with particular reference to visual information processing.


macologically similar drugs may be tested to determine whether there is a transfer of response from one to another. This not only provides a system of drug classification, but also can be helpful in determining the molecular mechanisms of drag action. In the "Data Analysis and Methodology" portion of Section I, the two reinforcement methods of training and maintaining drug-induced stimulus control of behavior are discussed and criticized. "A Model of Drug Cue Sensitivity" deals with the cuing properties of drugs and the factors on which these cuing properties depend. The final heading in this first section describes the problems of tolerance. In order to discriminate between drug and nondrug conditions, the animal cannot develop tolerance. I was relieved to find that some attention was given to the occurrence of tolerance, despite the fact that the editors attempt to minimize it in the epilogues. Section II, "State Dependency," deals with the phenomenon of state dependent learning. The first part of this section consists of six very interesting research papers. The second part, "Methodology," points out the inadequacies of the experimental design used for state dependent learning research. The final section, "Stimulus Control," deals with the properties shared by both drugs and electrical stimulation of the brain which permit them to assume a cue function in opérant conditioning tasks. The implications of such effects are discussed with particular emphasis on how this explains the abuse potential of drugs. A slightly distracting point about the book is the typographical errors. There are an inexcusably large number of misspelled words, an entire line is omitted in one place, and the heading for one of the tables is wrong. Perhaps closer editing would have prevented these mistakes. Problems with continuity of subject matter and fluctuations in the levels of presentation are not as obvious in this book as with most symposia. The book is highly readable and the text presents interesting challenges in understanding the stimulus properties of drugs.


Introduction: The sore throat and hoarseness are common complications during the postoperative period. We investigated differences of incidence and severity of #sore throat and hoarseness according to methods of airway security. Methods: One hundred twelve patients, in ASA physical status class 1-2, were included in this study (58 males and 54 females). They were divided into three groups: group 1(n=42). intubated with endo-tracheal tube lubricated with normal saline; group 2(n-40), intubated with endotracheal tube lubricated with 5% lidocaine ointment; group 3(n 30), inserted with laryngeal mask airway(LMA ) for airway security. Results: The incidence of sore throat and hoarseness were 78.6% and 54.8% in group 1. 35% and 30% in group 2, and 33.3% and 20.0% in group 3. Conclusions: Both 5% lidocaine-lubricated endotracheal tube and laryngeal mask airway showed tendency of decreased incidence of postoperative sore throat and hoarseness but there are no statistical significance.


An investigation was made of the dependence of the gain of helium-neon medium due to the 5s'1/2$sup 0$$sub 1$-4p'3/2$sub 2$ laser transition in Ne on the pressure in the gas mixture and on the discharge current in tubes of different internal diameters. Formulas were obtained for the calculation of the discharge parameters necessary for the attainment of maximum gain. (AIP)


Entrepreneurial marketing (EM) in SMEs is greatly different than the traditional marketing in large organizations. Higher education institutions generally instruct traditional marketing through orthodox and conventional teaching pedagogies. In consequence, the literature highlights that graduate entrepreneurs are struggling in EM during the start-up phases of their small and medium sized entrepreneurial ventures. Also causing many entrepreneurs to fail and unable to contribute to the economy. To address this contemporary problem, this study has used multiple case studies and triangulated its findings with a focus group discussion. This study has explored the EM challenges during the start-up phase faced by the graduate entrepreneurs who have exposure to both, higher education and practical EM experiences. After the rigorous analysis, four contemporary EM challenges due to the pedagogical gaps in entrepreneurship education are discovered. To overcome these challenges, a practical model of EM pedagogy has been developed that is grounded in, the recent entrepreneurship education literature; and the recommendations from the graduate entrepreneurs as well. The EM pedagogy model is practically implementable at business schools worldwide to produce high quality graduate entrepreneurs in the future, which are well-skilled to overcome EM challenges and survive.


The evolution of effective diffusion coefficients Deff of 13 different impurities in molten tellurium versus temperature T was studied. A new hyperbolic expression Deff = f(T) for these impurities was established for effective segregation coefficients Keff << 1 and for temperatures within the range 730 K–925 K. Experimental values of Keff determined by zone melting process were used to calculate a series of 4 effective diffusion coefficients Deff, at four different temperatures, for each impurity. These experimental results of Deff were fitted with the new expression of Deff = f(T) to confirm its validity. The diffusion mechanism of 13 impurities at the solid–liquid interface was then investigated under our previous experimental conditions (velocity v of interface, the starting concentration C0, and number n of passes). These investigations confirmed that the temperature increase of tellurium molten zone was not convenient to reach an optimal purification by zone melting process.


Recently the conjugate residual squared (CRS) me-thod has been proposed as an attractive variant of the bi-conjugate residual method. However, in many situations, the CRS algorithm exhibits an irregular convergence behavior. To overcome the disadvantage, we apply a smoothing technique to the CRS algorithm and derived the smoothed CRS algorithm. Numerical experiments indicate that the new method give smoother convergence behavior than CRS and compete with well-known BiCGSTAB method.


Abstract Violence in close relationships (VCR) is a major social problem, and calculations indicate that every third woman globally has been subjected to VCR at some point in her life. Given the extent of the problem, it is likely that many social workers will meet victims of violence in their daily work. Their knowledge on VCR are therefore of great importance. The aim of this study was to examine the professional knowledge on VCR among social workers in the Swedish social services. The results are based on a survey answered by 153 social workers in three Swedish municipalities. The results revealed that in social workers' acquisition of knowledge, they value professional experience and education the most. Around 70 percent stated that they lack knowledge on several topics related to VCR, such as the special needs of targeted groups. In order for social workers to maintain a high professionalism in their work with VCR educational efforts are required, it is also necessary to provide time and conditions for supervision and critical reflection in ongoing work. An important area for future research is to examine how social work education addresses these issues, the conditions for continuing education and training in the social service.


On the basis of a histological study of vascular lesions of the endometrium following 108 cases of spontaneous abortion, the authors propose the following conclusions: 1) In the first six weeks of pregnancy, early abortion results more often from a primary ovular defect than from any abnormality in the maternal environment, of endogenous or exogenous origin and capable of resulting in a lesion of the endometrium or its vascularisation. The structure of the walls of the spiral arteries of pregnancy is almost invariably normal. 2) By contrast, in late abortions, arterial lesions--and in particular fibrosis--may play a role. This occurs however when the basal arteries with a well-differentiated elastic structure are involved. The spiral arteries of pregnancy and the utero-placentar arteries are involved only by lesions of vasculitis secondary to inflammatory phenomena as a result of retention of the products of conception or by pseudo-atheromatous lesions resulting from the deposition of degenerated cyto-trophoblastic elements, but never from true arteriosclerotic lesions.


The order Magnaporthales belongs to Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota. Magnaporthales includes five families, namely Ceratosphaeriaceae, Pseudohalonectriaceae, Ophioceraceae, Pyriculariaceae, and Magnaporthaceae. Most Magnaporthales members are found in Poaceae plants and other monocotyledonous herbaceous plants ubiquitously as plant pathogens or endophytic fungi, and some members are found in decaying wood or dead grass as saprophytic fungi. Therefore, studying the biogeography and ecology of Magnaporthales is of great significance. Here, we described the biodiversity of endophytic Magnaporthales fungi from Poaceae at three latitudes in China and conducted a meta-analysis of the geography and ecology of Magnaporthales worldwide. We found that Magnaporthales is a dominant order in the endophytic fungi of Poaceae. More than half of the endophytic Magnaporthales fungi have a taxonomically uncertain placement. Notably, few endophytic fungi are grouped in the clusters with known saprophytic or pathogenic Magnaporthales fungi, indicating that they may have saprophytic and parasitic differentiation in nutritional modes and lifestyles. The meta-analysis revealed that most species of Magnaporthales have characteristic geographical, host, and tissue specificity. The geographical distribution of the three most studied genera, namely Gaeumannomyces, Magnaporthiopsis, and Pyricularia, in Magnaporthales may depend on the distribution of their hosts. Therefore, studies on the endophytic fungal Magnaporthales from monocotyledonous plants, including Poaceae, in middle and low latitudes will deepen our understanding of the biogeography and ecology of Magnaporthales.


Along with the implementation of the Regional Autonomy in Indonesia, the conflict on the fishery resources on the inter-regional water started to emerge in many places. This article tried to identify the root of the problem and the approaches adopted in the management of the fishery resources on the inter-regional water in the context of regional autonomy. The result showed that the root of the problem could be approached on 2 basis; first, the fact that sea is a public property resource, and second, the relation between the identity of a social group and the region where they live. Meanwhile, the concept on the management of the fishery resources could be done through the paradigm change on the problem, shifting from the concept of "managing" into a conflict management process.


The conditions under which expressions for spectral densities and nuclear magnetic relaxation times, calculated for spherical molecules, may be applied to other molecular shapes are investigated. Explicit common expressions are derived in the case of various relaxation mechanisms associated with thermal motion of a liquid.


ABSTRACT Effective treatment of anthrax is hampered by our limited understanding of the pathophysiology of Bacillus anthracis infection. We used a genetically complete (pXO1+ pXO2+) virulent B. anthracis strain and four isogenic toxin-null mutants to determine the effects of the anthrax edema toxin (ET; edema factor [EF] plus protective antigen [PA]) and lethal toxin (LT; lethal factor [LF] plus PA) on the host innate response during systemic infection. Using the spleen as an indicator for host response, we found that intravenous inoculation of LT-deficient mutants into C57BL/6 mice significantly increased production of several cytokines over that observed after infection with the parent strain or an EF-deficient mutant. Bacteria producing one or both of the toxins were capable of inducing significant apoptosis of cells present in spleens, whereas apoptosis was greatly reduced in mice infected with nontoxigenic mutants. Mice infected with toxin-producing strains also showed increased splenic neutrophil recruitment compared to mice infected with nontoxigenic strains and neutrophil depletion prior to infection with toxin-producing strains, leading to decreased levels of apoptosis. Together, these studies indicate that anthrax LT suppresses cytokine secretion during infection, but both EF and LF play roles in inducing neutrophil recruitment and enhancing apoptosis. Interestingly, in the absence of LF the effect of EF-induced cell recruitment is further enhanced, perhaps because LF so effectively suppresses the secretion of chemokines.


The heart drives two separate and distinct circulatory systems in the body: the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation is analogous to the entire systemic circulation. Similar to the systemic circulation, the pulmonary circulation receives all of the cardiac output. Therefore, the pulmonary circulation is not a regional circulation like the renal, hepatic, or coronary circulations. A change in pulmonary vascular resistance has the same implications for the right ventricle as a change in systemic vascular resistance has for the left ventricle. The pulmonary arteries branch in the same tree-like manner as do the airways. Each time an airway branches, the arterial tree branches so that the two parallel each other (Fig. 20.1). More than 40% of lung weight is comprised of blood in the pulmonary blood vessels. The total blood volume of the pulmonary circulation (main pulmonary artery to left atrium) is approximately 500 mL or 10% of the total circulating blood volume (5,000 mL). The pulmonary veins contain more blood (270 mL) than the arteries (150 mL). The blood volume in the pulmonary capillaries is approximately equal to the stroke volume of the right ventricle (about 80 mL) under most physiological conditions.


From the Publisher:
Frame relay offers the chance to increase network performance while, at the same time, decreasing the cost of operation. This relatively inexpensive alternative for wide area data communication has proven a viable option to leaselines. This book offers a practical guide to the topic, offering everything the reader needs to know to effectively implement frame relay into their network. An all-in-one reference to Frame Relay, it reviews the operation, utilization, and economics associated with the use of this technology.


Contemporary economic development leaves its distinctive trait and changes the way companies are perceived and valued in general. The purpose of this paper is to review the scope of the options for applying financial and nonfinancial reporting as well as to analyze and justify the need to introduce unified disclosure practices for non-financial information and how the management of the entity communicates this information with interested parties. We believe that the major part of the disclosures of non-financial information should be "structured" and appropriately linked to the entity's financial performance as part of a single integrated activity report.


Background
Dyspnea is a multidimensional construct with qualitatively distinct types of breathlessness that can be distinguished by healthy and diseased individuals. The report of unique sets of these qualitatively distinct respiratory sensations has been shown to be characteristic for specific pathophysiological conditions in a variety of somatic and psychological disorders (Manning & Schwartzstein, 1995). Qualities of physiological sensations cannot be measured other than by self-report of the person who experiences them (e.g. Davenport, 2002). Therefore, the cognitive representation of respiratory sensations has been investigated intensively in recent research. However, sensation report has mostly been analyzed on the level of single sensation descriptors and a direct comparison of the structure of sensation report between healthy and diseased individuals is missing. Furthermore, while discomfort associated with the experience of dyspnea in general has been investigated intensively in recent research (e.g. Wilson & Jones, 1991), little is known about the affective evaluation of specific sensations and dimensions underlying dyspnea-report and on the question how separate sensory and affective dimensions of dyspnea are.
Aims
In this doctoral project, we compared the structure of dyspnea report between individuals with different experiential background regarding breathlessness, such as healthy and diseased individuals, and younger and older individuals. We explored the structure of self-report by integrating clusters of respiratory sensations within a framework of latent dimensions of dyspnea. Besides the cognitive structure of the language of dyspnea, we explored the affective evaluation of clusters and latent dimensions of dyspnea-report in health and disease. We hypothesize that in the cognitive representation of dyspnea, groups of respiratory sensation descriptors can be found that correspond with the activation of different breathing pattern induced by different experimental breathing challenges. Furthermore, we expect that individuals with different experiential backgrounds regarding dyspnea vary in their cognitive representation and affective evaluation of specific respiratory sensations, reflecting different mechanisms of dyspnea in health and disease. Moreover, we hypothesize that affective and sensory components of breathlessness are not separate, but that each sensory experience can be located on an affective dimension between pleasant and unpleasant breathing. Latent sensory dimensions of dyspnea are assumed to contribute simultaneously to the feeling of discomfort associated with breathlessness.
Methods
In four studies, we analyzed the report of respiratory sensations after experimental induction of dyspnea as well as in retrospection and compared the cognitive and affective representation of respiratory sensations between younger and older healthy individuals and individuals suffering from respiratory disease. In contrast to prior approaches, we restricted the methods of our analysis not to either cluster analysis or Multidimensional Scaling (MDS), but combined MDS, cluster analysis, and Preference Mapping to explore the language of dyspnea.
Results
The report of respiratory sensations was corresponding with breathing pattern induced by respiratory challenges. Our results suggest that the complexity of sensation report has been underestimated in prior research. Fewer, but more complex types of dyspnea might be more appropriate to describe the structure of dyspnea. The cognitive representation and affective evaluation of respiratory sensations varied between groups of individuals reflecting different mechanisms and consequences of dyspnea in health, aging and disease. Not all respiratory sensations commonly subsumed under dyspnea are necessarily perceived as uncomfortable by healthy individuals. We found stability of subordinated clusters of respiratory sensations to be limited. Dimensions of dyspnea found with MDS provide a more reliable picture of the structure of dyspnea report than cluster solutions across populations and studies. We found a three dimensional structure with 1) fit between need for air and actual breathing, 2) effort, and 3) attempt of voluntary control as underlying dimensions of dyspnea report. Results found with Preference Mapping suggest that in individuals with and without reported respiratory disease the dimensions fit and effort contribute equally to the experience of discomfort. In older individuals, we found an age related decrease in the differentiation between qualities of dyspnea.
Conclusion
While it has been emphasized a number of times how important it is to listen to what patients say about their disease (Davenport, 2002), this listening might be especially challenging in the language of dyspnea. The interpretation and evaluation of language descriptors of respiratory sensations is highly dependent on the experiential background of the person reporting dyspnea and the context in which these sensations are elicited. Latent dimensions of dyspnea have been found to be less affected by variations in interpretation and evaluation of language descriptors and could help to assess comparability of sensation report between groups with different experiential background regarding breathlessness.


Abstract The transition from water to land is perhaps the most dramatic event in the history of life after the rise of photosynthesis, sexuality and predation. During the late Neoproterozoic and the early Palaeozoic, some green plants, fungi and animals happened to overcome the constraints that linked them to the primeval aquatic environment of life, became progressively adapted to the terrestrial, aerobic environment and finally contributed to its change through time. We do not know how many taxa initially survived this trial, but we have some indication of the result in extant life: a threefold world of pluricellular terrestrial organisms, all depending on each other to various degrees and surrounded by a cryptic world of bacteria and unicellular eukaryotes. Fossils provide us with acceptable information about the evolutionary history of only two of these worlds: embryophytes and bilateralian animals. The molecules of their living representatives can only begin to tell us how they gained the complexity that allowed them to achieve this remarkable adaptation to life on land and in air.


The gastrointestinal tract of the endangered Julia Creek dunnart (Sminthopsis douglasi), the largest member of the genus Sminthopsis, consists of a simple, unilocular stomach and an intestine of relatively uniform calibre throughout. There is no hindgut caecum, in common with other Australian carnivorous marsupials. Brunner's glands form a collar at the proximal end of the duodenum; they consist of simple uncoiled tubes at Day 45 of pouch life but are well differentiated at Day 60, before the young take their first solid food at Day 65–70. Rate of passage of digesta was measured in nine adult Julia Creek dunnarts on diets of minced meat with either mealworm larvae or adult crickets added, using pulse doses of the solute marker Co–EDTA and large (0.5–1.0 mm) particles of plant cell walls mordanted with Cr. Transit time (time of first appearance in the faeces) of both markers (P < 0.001) and mean retention time (the average time markers are retained in the tract) of the solute marker (P < 0.05) were shorter on the diet containing mealworms than the cricket diet. These results suggest that emptying of the stomach (the main site of digesta retention in carnivores) was delayed on the cricket diet, possibly because of longer digestion times as a result of a tougher exoskeleton. Comparison with other data suggests that total tract passage times increase among dasyurids as body size increases.


Background: Diarrhea is a major cause of malnutrition and death in children under five. Studies have shown that there are some factors contributing to the incidence of diarrhea in infants. This study aimed to examine the psychososial and economic factors affecting diarrhea incidence in children under five in Jayapura, Papua.

Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in North Jayapura Subdistrict, Papua in February 2018. A sample of 200 children under five was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling, consisting of 100 children with diarrhea and 100 children without diarrhea. The dependent variable was diarrhea. The independent variables were maternal education, family income, exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, personal hygiene, and environmental sanitation. The data were collected by questionnaire. Path analysis was employed for data analysis in Stata 13.

Results: The risk of diarrhea increased with poor personal hygiene (b= -1.04; 95% CI= -1.75 to -0.33; p= 0.004), poor environmental sanitation (b= -1.90; 95% CI= -2,59 to -1.21; p<0.001), poor nutritional status (b= -1.27; 95% CI= -2.02 to -0.52; p= 0.001). The risk of diarrhea was indirectly affected by exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, and family income.

Conclusion: The risk of diarrhea increases with poor personal hygiene, poor environmental sanitation, poor nutritional status, and indirectly affected by exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, and family income.

Keywords: psychosocial factor, economic factor, diarrhea, children under five


The impressive progress of rendering software and hardware over the last two decades often leads to the – too rapid – conclusion that high‐quality 3D imagery can now be incorporated in all sorts of applications. Interestingly, these advances allow more and more complex applications to be envisioned: however, an increase in processing power is not necessarily used to treat the same problem faster, but also creates a desire to attack larger problems. In many ways the models for visual simulation or engineering applications grow faster than the graphics systems! recent work on image‐based rendering and modeling shows a growing awareness that traditional 3D methods may not scale well for the current and coming complexity levels.


The National Health Service in England and Wales is dependent upon the flow of confidential patient data. In the context of consent to the use of patient health data, insistence on the requirements of an 'informed' consent that are difficult to achieve will drive reliance on alternatives to consent. Here we argue that one can obtain a valid consent to the disclosure of confidential patient data, such that this disclosure would not amount to a breach of the common law duty of confidentiality, having provided less information than would typically be associated with an 'informed consent'. This position protects consent as a practicable legal basis for disclosure from debilitating uncertainty or impracticability and, perhaps counter-intuitively, promotes patient autonomy.


Background and Objective: CO2 concentration, as the main greenhouse gas, is growing in atmosphere and many alternatives have been investigated to deal with it. However, harnessing with the aim of biomethanation seems to be more economic.
Method: In this study a mass transfer modeling was conducted for a biomethanation process under a batch strategy aiming at maximizing liquid active volume. The accuracy of modeling results was assessed via comparing with experimental data and kinetic results under zero-dimension study. Then one-dimensional study was conducted in order to investigate biomass and hydrogen concentration profiles within liquid phase of the bioreactor and active volume calculation. Response surface method (RSM) was also served to investigate effect of temperature, pressure and as three main factors on active volume followed by response optimization.
Findings: Model accuracy was confirmed by zero-dimension study. One-dimensional study was also revealed that biomass growth dispersion within liquid phase depends on hydrogen profile concentration on condition that both hydrogen and biomass diffusion coefficients were assumed to be equal. Their degree of magnification was 10-9  in standard conditions. RSM showed that the three studied factors significantly affected on bioreactor active volume. Meanwhile, pressure and temperature influenced the most, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusion: A batch bioreactor with  and high pressure and temperature met optimal conditions for biomethanation; however, process economy defines operational limitations.