The American Academy of Pediatrics has announced its endorsement of the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendation that thimerosal not be banned from vaccines.


Every so often a book comes along that is simple in its execution, a delight to read and answers long-held questions. This is such a book. Mark Stringer was professor of paediatric surgery at the St James Hospital, Leeds specializing in hepatobiliary surgery. He reputedly declined the Chair in Paediatric Surgery at Great Ormond Street and is now a professor of anatomy at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. This book is clearly a labour of love with the collection of material for publication beginning earlier this decade and continuing from Dunedin. Primary source materials have been carefully reviewed for 70 eponyms, often with surprising results. For instance Calot's original description of the triangle that bears his name included the cystic duct and cystic artery as the superior and inferior sides of an isosceles triangle with the base formed by the common hepatic duct. Most descriptions of Calot's triangle use the inferior border of the liver as the superior border of the triangle. Dr Stringer is able to bring a surgeons eye for applied anatomy, important anatomical landmarks and an anatomist's academic discipline to a historian's task. Inclusion criteria are liberal with anatomical eponyms (fissure of Gans), surgical instruments (Bakes dilators) and operative procedures (Puestow procedure) discussed. Each eponym is described and most are illustrated. A short biography of the namesake is then presented. The eponyms are presented alphabetically making reference easy, and the writing style is concise and relaxed. Illustrations are liberal and while the biographies are not comprehensive, they present interesting features of the life that often stimulate further reading from the reference lists. Who knew that Wirsung was mysteriously murdered in a private quarrel, Whipple was born in Iran, Pringle was born in Parramatta and Cantlie taught both Sun Yat-Sen and Mohandas Ghandi? This is an excellent book for anyone with an interest in hepatobiliary surgery. Surgical trainees, general surgeons and hepatobiliary and transplant specialists should consider buying this book. It is a must for all surgical libraries. Jonathan Koea, MD, FRACS Department of Surgery, Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand


Afferents to the frontal association cortex (FAC) from structures involved in olfactory, visual and auditory functions were studied in 37 dogs using the method based on the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase. Separate injections to FAC or to the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) showed that sensory afferents could reach FAC by two channels: by direct cortico-cortical projections and via MD. The olfactory input originating in the primary and secondary olfactory cortex run to FAC through both transcortical and subcortical pathways, while some subcortical structures, such as the anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle, send abundant afferents to FAC only via MD. The visual projections taking their rise from a few separated areas of the visual association cortex reach FAC only transcortically. Most significant subcortical projection to FAC from the lateral geniculate nucleus, were transmitted via MD. On the contrary, auditory information was sent to FAC mainly through direct cortico-cortical pathways originating in the auditory association areas. Auditory input related by MD was very weak and originated from a limited region of the some cortex. Thus, independently from the way of transmission, auditory and visual projections terminated always in the dorsal zone of FAC, whereas the olfactory projection terminated in its ventral zone.


As renewable energy penetration increases and system inertia levels drop, primary frequency control is becoming a critical concern in relatively small interconnections such as the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT). To address this problem ERCOT is implementing a number of market rule changes including the introduction of a new Fast Frequency Response (FFR) reserve type to the electricity market. This FFR reserve type aims to help the traditional Primary Frequency Response (PFR) reserve type in arresting frequency decline in the event of a large generator outage. This paper derives reserve requirements to ensure sufficient reserve to arrest frequency decline before reaching the critical frequency threshold while coupling PFR reserve, FFR reserve, and system inertia. The general reserve requirement places limits on the amount of PFR reserve that can be provided by each unit based on its ramping capabilities. Two such limits are derived from first principles and another is proposed that is capable of accommodating the equivalency ratio introduced in previous work. These PFR reserve limits also provide first principles insight into equivalency ratios, which have only been studied empirically in the past. High-level insights are provided on a large Texas test case.


ABSTRACT Research suggests that during conversation, interlocutors coordinate their utterances by predicting the speaker's forthcoming utterance and its end. In two experiments, we used a button-pressing task, in which participants pressed a button when they thought a speaker reached the end of their utterance, to investigate what role the wider discourse plays in turn-end prediction. Participants heard two-utterance sequences, in which the content of the second utterance was or was not constrained by the content of the first. In both experiments, participants responded earlier, but not more precisely, when the first utterance was constraining rather than unconstraining. Response times and precision were unaffected by whether they listened to dialogues or monologues (Experiment 1) and by whether they read the first utterance out loud or silently (Experiment 2), providing no indication that activation of production mechanisms facilitates prediction. We suggest that content predictions aid comprehension but not turn-end prediction.


INTRODUCTION
The incidence of congenital hypodontia is increasing in daily practice. Early diagnosis of this dental disorder and the associated skeletal malocclusions is crucial for successful and stable final rehabilitation.

AIM
Comparison of cephalometric findings of patients with hypodontia of 1-4 teeth with the measurement results of the control group without teeth agenesis.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
We evaluated the lateral X-ray of 41 patients with 1-4 teeth agenesis selected from patients referred for orthodontic treatment to the Orthodontic Department of the University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Târgu Mureş within a two-year period. The results were compared with the values of the age and sex matched control group.

RESULTS
Bilateral upper incisor and lower bicuspid were missing in most of the hypodontia cases. When looking at the NSGn angle predicting the growth direction of the mandible, statistically significant differences were found between the male (p = 0.012), the front (p = 0.010) and the hypodontia group (p = 0.024) and the control group. Regarding the ANB angle, which shows the sagittal position of the maxilla to the mandible, statistically significant differences were found between the subgroups (women, men, anterior or posterior hypodontia) and the control group.

CONCLUSION
Larger number of skeletal class 3 and vertical hypodivergent tendency were observed in the hypodontia group. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(6): 214-219.


As an important variant of the Burrows-Wheeler Transform (BWT), the Sort Transform (ST) can speed up the transformation by sorting only a portion of the matrix. However, because the currently known inverse ST algorithms need to retrieve the complete k-order contexts and use hash tables, they are less efficient than the inverse BWT. In this paper, we propose three fast and memory-efficient inverse ST algorithms. The first algorithm uses two auxiliary vectors to replace the hash tables. The algorithm achieves O(kN) time and space complexities for a text of N characters under the context order k. The second uses two additional compact "alternate vectors" to further eliminate the need to restore all of the k-order contexts and achieve O(N) space complexity. Moreover, the third uses a "doubling technique" to further reduce the time complexity to O(N log2 k). The hallmark of these three algorithms is that they can invert the ST in a manner similar to inverting BWT in that they all make use of precalculated auxiliary mapping vectors and require no hash tables. These unifying algorithms can also better explain the connection between the BWT and the ST: Not only can their forward components be performed by the same algorithm framework, but their respective inverse components can also be efficiently conducted by the unifying algorithm framework proposed in the present work.


We consider an array of inductively coupled Josephson junctions with a fast impurity (a junction with a smaller value of the critical current) and study the consequences of imposing a small amplitude periodic signal at some point in the array. We find that when the external signal is imposed at the impurity, the response of the array is boosted and a small amplitude signal can be detected throughout the array. When the signal is imposed elsewhere, minor effects are seen on the dynamics of the array. The same results have also been seen in the presence of a single fast-spiking neuron in a chain of diffusively coupled FitzHugh-Nagumo neurons.


Abstract Polarimetric radar data have been used to produce microphysical classifications. This kind of analysis is run in a real-time mode from several research radars, including the C-band polarimetric (C-Pol) radar in Darwin, Australia. However, these classifications have had very little systematic evaluation with independent data. Using surface data is often difficult because of sampling issues, particularly for hail. The approach taken here is to use a combination of 50- and 920-MHz wind profiler estimates of rain and hail to provide validation data for the radar pixels over the profiler. The profilers also observe signals associated with lightning, and some comparisons are made between lightning occurrence and the radar measurements of graupel. The retrievals of hail–rain mixtures are remarkably robust; there are some issues regarding other microphysical classes, however, including difficulties in detecting melting snow layers in stratiform rain. These difficulties are largely due to the resampling o...


Based on the theory of coordinate transformation, the design of electromagnetic (EM) invisible cloak with a uniform thickness is proposed for arbitrarily polygonal-cylindrical regions. The designed equal-thickness cloak will force incoming EM waves to propagate around the inner polygonal region smoothly. Similar to the circular cloak, such EM waves will return to their original propagation directions without distorting the waves outside the cloak. Full-wave simulations are given to validate the design and analysis.


Plant management had a mission: to make the Midwestern 646-megawatt power plant a leader in the clean and safe handling of PRB coal.To accomplish that goal, the organization embarked on an ambitious five-year plan to upgrade the plant's coal handling system. The plant improved its conveyor transfer points, and installed new dust management systems, controlling dust and spillage, and improving plant safety and efficiency.This presentation will discuss the initial surveys that led to the development of the 5-year plan, and the resulting project priorities, the problem areas, application points identified, and the various technologies applied. Included in the goals for the upgraded systems installed were the elimination of spillage through the improvement of transfer points on coal-handling conveyors using improved belt support and sealing systems.In addition, new air cleaners were installed at seven loading zones, and a foam dust-suppression system added at one location to provide dust management throughout the plant's coal handling system. These new dust control systems allowed the plant to eliminate its older central dust collection system that had greater risks of explosions.A continued series of monthly inspection and service visits by conveyor maintenance technicians helps continue the coal handling system's high levels of performance.This five-year plan helped the power plant take "great leap forward" in controlling dust and spillage from handling PRB coal.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


To increase access to formal financial institutions, Indonesian government issued various national strategies. The purpose of these various strategies is to improve access and use of products of formal financial institutions to promote national economic growth. However, its development has not grown as expected. Indonesia's inclusive financial index is still under other ASEAN countries.Therefore, in this study, we investigate the factors that influence financial inclusion in Indonesia. The micro data from global findex 2014 was carried out in this study by using regression analysis. The finding indicates that there is a significant positive relationship between individual characteristics, including financial inclusion, constrains to financial inclusion, use of financial services motivation, and credit sources.


We reviewed 30 cases of superior vena cava syndrome in adult patients who were seen at the Yeungnam University Hospital from January 1985 to June 1990. The results were as follows : 1. The male-to-female ratio was 6.5:1, and the most patients were in the age group between the sixth and seventh decades. 2. The most common symptoms were dyspnea (87%) and followed by cough (63%), facial swelling (63%) and chest pain (44%) and the physical signs were dilated neck vein (97%), facial edema (93%) and facial flushing (45%) in order of frequency. 3. The simple chest x-ray findings were superior mediastinal widening (90%), right hilar mass (77%) and pleural effusion (31%). 4. Diagnosis was made by history and physical examination (100%), chest C-T scan (100%), simple chest x-ray (97%), bronchoscopy with biopsy (40%) and so on. 5. 21 cases of patients were confirmed by histology : 14 cases (46%) of bronchogenic ca. 4 cases (14%) of lymphoma, 3 cases (10%) of metastic lung ca. Of bronchogenic ca. small cell ca was 7 cases (23%), squamous cell ca, 5 cases (17%), and unclassified ca was 2 cases (6%). 6. In response of treatment, the clinical improvement was achieved in 18 cases with radiotherapy alone. 1 case with chemotherapy only, and 6 cases with radio-chemotherapy.


Abstract Purpose: A parental advanced cancer diagnosis can have profound and lasting impact on family functioning. We used an adapted version of the Family Management Style Framework (FMSF) to identify and describe patterns of family management in parental advanced cancer. Design: This is a secondary analysis of data from a cross-sectional, mixed-methods study. Forty-two adults participated in semi-structured, in-depth interviews about their experiences as a parent with advanced cancer and completed measures of psychosocial functioning. We analyzed interviews using codes derived from the FMSF and used directed content analysis to identify themes reflected in the coded data. Findings: We identified five distinct patterns of family management in parental advanced cancer: (1) Equipped and Optimistic; (2) Equipped and Pragmatic; (3) Discouraged and Struggling; (4) Apprehensive and Passive; and (5) Discouraged and Conflicted. Conclusions: The FMSF was a useful framework for differentiating and understanding underlying patterns of family response to parental advanced cancer.


Emulsion templated norbornadiene is cured via ROMP yielding macroporous poly(norbornadiene)foams of 76% porosity exhibiting appealing stiffness combined with considerable ductility. The foams are readily oxidized in the presence of air at room temperature exhibiting an oxygen uptake capacity of more than 300 mg O2/g foam. In closed volumes of air a final oxygen level of a maximum of 5 ppm can be achieved after several hours at room temperature. The synergism of the porous morphology and the chemical nature of the polymer allows for the first example of a purely organic oxygen scavenger material with properties distinctly surpassing the state-of-the art in the field.


Iowa experienced two well-known incidents of rural violence in the early 1930s with the "Cow War of Cedar County" during 1931 and the Farmers' Holiday Movement Strike in northwest Iowa in August 1932. However, the violence in rural Iowa from 1930 to 1933 became far more widespread, insidious, and personal than these two nationally covered mob incidents. The most extensive violence during the early Depression years involved hired hands and family members attacking and killing each other on scattered farmsteads, bandits robbing vulnerable country folk for their hidden money, gangsters stealing from small town banks, prohibition officers raiding rural stills, or farmers hanging themselves from barn rafters. The climate of financial fear, whether real of exaggerated, added to this overall morbid tension, and midwestern rural society no longer projected an idealistic image of strength, peace, and prosperity but rather one of fear and violence.


The objective of this study is to refine and validate the aspects of Project-oriented Problem-based learning (PoPBL) and Competency-based education (CBE) in the instructional video conceptual model for Technical and Vocational Education (TVE). The researcher conducted a survey study, distributing questionnaires to 39 vocational institutions across peninsular Malaysia and Sabah, to determine the compatibility of PoPBL and CBE integration in the learning video. There are 500 respondents provided feedback. To test construct accuracy and item weakness or bias based on the data obtained, researchers used exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with AMOS 20.0 software to confirm the components based on the constructs obtained. The results indicate there are significant relationship influenced by the elements of learning content, delivery of instruction, video design and video quality. This conceptual model's four elements are critical requirements in the setting of Technical and Vocational Education (TVE) and competency-based education. The findings of this study could be utilised to guide the design of instructional videos, particularly in the TVE, as well as a tool for evaluating current instructional videos.


Two potent inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis, thielavin A (C31H34O10) and B (C29H30O10), were isolated from cultures of Thielavia terricola. Both of these compounds were shown to be structurally related to depsides, thus consisting of three hydroxybenzoic acid groups. Concentrations required for 50% inhibition of the conversion of 14C-arachidonic acid into prostaglandins F2 alpha plus E2 by microsomes of ram seminal vesicles were 12 microM for thielavin A and 9 microM for thielavin B, respectively. Of the enzymatic steps involved in prostaglandin synthesis, thielavin A specifically inhibited the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin H2, while prostaglandin E2 synthesis from the endoperoxide was the most sensitive to thielavin B. Thromboxane A2 synthesis from prostaglandin H2 in bovine platelet microsomes were inhibited by 50% at concentrations of 150 and 350 microM of thielavin A and B, respectively. Thielavin B was significantly effective on carrageenan-induced oedema of rats when administered intravenously but on on oral administration. The anti-inflammatory activity was not detectable with thielavin A either on intravenous injection or on oral administration.


The uptake of glycine-N15 into the trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen of mouse pancreas is much higher than that into any ribonucleoprotein component of the pancreas that has so far been investigated.


A 50-year-old woman with diabetes and renal disease on hemodialysis presented with 1 month of involuntary movements, dysarthria, and gait disturbance. Examination revealed bradykinesia, dystonia, and choreoathetosis. Brain MRI showed symmetric basal ganglia lesions (Figure 1). Basic metabolic panel was stable from baseline with normal bicarbonate but elevated creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and glucose. Serum and CSF testing was otherwise unremarkable. Repeat MRI 3 months later showed spontaneous lesion regression (Figure 2); however, her symptoms persisted. Findings were attributed to a well-described, but poorly understood, syndrome of basal ganglia injury in diabetic uremic patients due to metabolic and vascular dysregulation.1,2


This presents in short compass a real contribution to the study of Pauline theology. It takes up the theme of the demonic powers in Paul's thought and their subjugation in the triumph of Christ. Thus it follows up the theme of Aulen's Christus Victor, which has been exhaustively studied in its New Testament setting by R. Lewistad's Christ The Conqueror. Dr. Caird notes that the latter was published too late for reference. His book, with its more limited theme does not suffer by comparison, although it offers little that is new in insight. He shows acquaintance with the movements of thought evidenced in the articles in Kittel's Theologisches Worterbuch and in the thought of Cullmann, e.g. the association of political and earthly rulers with angelic governors. The final chapter on "What the Rulers did not Know" provides an able discussion of the cosmic sweep of the redemption wrouught in Christ. This a useful little monograph on an important aspect of New Testament thought. Eric C. Rust


This study aims in investigating the effects of simulating obesity-related restrictive ventilatory load (RVL) with external thoracic restriction (ETR) on sustaining moderate exercise and on associated cardio-respiratory responses, perceived breathlessness sensation and ventilatory muscle fatigue in nonobese men. Seven male adults with body fat 15% performed two identical exhaustive constant-load moderate cycle exercises with their resting total respiratory elastance either increased twofold by the ETR, with concomitant reduction in functional residual capacity in the RVL trial, or not manipulated in the control trial. In RVL condition, the ETR induced inspiratory muscle fatigue (as indicated by the reduction in post-exercise static maximum mouth pressure) and shortened the exercise time to exhaustion in all subjects (p 0.05). At exhaustion, hyperventilation composed of rapid and shallow breathing pattern and decreased end-tidal CO2 tension occurred, while arterial O2 saturation and whole-body O2 consumption were maintained in the control group. Subjective rating of perceived breathlessness sensation (RPB) was increased in the RVL condition (p 0.05). The increase in RPB was correlated to the reduction in exercise sustainability (r 0.83). Such findings implied that the perceived sensation of breathlessness in obesity mediated by obesity-related RVL during moderate exercise might contribute to their inferior exercise tolerance.


The effect of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep deprivation on the total content and proportion of different mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) containing uronic acid in rat brain was studied. REM sleep deprivation was induced by the water tank methods. Five experimental groups of animals were used: control, stressed, REM sleep deprived, post-stress sleeping and post-deprivation sleeping rats. No changes of AMPS were observed in any of the experimental groups when the whole brain was analysed. A significant increase of AMPS was found in the cerebral hemispheres of stressed and REM deprived rats. A significant decrease of AMPS was observed in the cerebellum and brain stem. A further increase of AMPS was found in the cerebral hemispheres after the rebound of REM sleep following its deprivation, and after the recovery sleep following the stress. A significant increase of AMPS was found in the brain stem of rats allowed to recuperate after REM deprivation or stress as compared with the stressed and REM deprived animals. Recovery sleep induced a significant increase of AMPS in the cerebellum in previously stressed rats, while previously REM deprived rats exhibited a further decrease of AMPS from control values. The possible functional meaning of these results is discussed in relation to the role of REM sleep in protein synthesis and learning and memory processes. Intriguing, well-controlled positive findings and the fact that no experimental design is known where stress is minimal while REM deprivation is 100 per cent, justify and encourage continued efforts in studying the biochemical state of the brain during sleep and/or its alterations.


Combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy is an attractive antitumor strategy. Recently we have reported that the administration of dacarbazine (DTIC) one day before peptide-vaccination in disease-free melanoma patients induced an increase of peptide-specific effector-memory CD8+ lymphocytes. To investigate the functional differences between anti-Melan-A CD8+ T cell response elicited by vaccination alone (Arm 1) or by chemotherapy plus vaccination (Arm 2), we generated T cell clones from 5 patients of both Arms, before and after the treatments. A significant enhancement of tumor lytic activity of Melan-A+ clones generated by patients of Arm 2 after the treatment was observed, whereas no significant differences of tumor recognition efficiency were evident among the two arms before treatment. Ninety-six sequences were obtained and 47 clonotypes with different CDR3 regions were observed. A progressive enhancement of TCR repertoire diversity was found only in patients treated with DTIC before vaccination, whereas patients treated with vaccine alone showed a reduction of TCR repertoire diversity accompanied by a reduction of tumor lytic activity in one patient. These results suggest that a diverse Melan-A-specific T cell repertoire occurs in melanoma patients treated with DTIC plus vaccination, which may offer a new clinically advantageous anti-tumor strategy.


Advancements in the application service provisioning have created stringent scenarios in the world of cloud. The framework now needs to comply with specific requirements of consumers with specific demands. The diversified needs of storage and other related services in the dynamically changing needs of consumers. Such application requirements are becoming frequent as a consequence to high performance computing and large data/information retrievals. At the same time, understandings between the Cloud and its consumers have to be more transparent and should work under pre-defined terms. This leads to a committed Quality of Service delivered which directly effects revenues. To bring in transparency and durability between the service providers and service seekers, there is a need of a Techno Commercial Service Level Agreement that fixes responsibility of both parties. In this work, authors propose and implement an algorithm for meta scheduling that envisages enforcement of SLA apart from managing the distinct cloud applications such as storage. The work assesses the changes brought in terms of revenues, QoS enhancement, recoveries, building long term ties etc. The results have been found to be encouraging while testing the scheduler proposed with stringent service level conditions well. The agreement imposes clear by laws and penalties to the bi-part irate redressed on service provider cloud & the consumers. The frame work is tested and achieves objectives & goals with specific features suitable for storage cloud.


This paper seeks to understand the social power of maternal shame, using a framework that integrates feminist criticism of contemporary motherhood ideologies with philosophical theories that discuss shame in the broader context of visual perception. By using Lionel Shriver's (2005) novel We Need to Talk about Kevin, the paper illustrates how shame operates in the interplay between the socio-cultural, gendered ideals of motherhood and mothers' representations of these ideals. Specifically, the paper suggests that today's mothers operate under a social gaze that expects them to meet the cultural and moral standards of "good" motherhood. This internalized societal judging gaze and the perception of failing to meet these standards are often the source of maternal shame. In line with philosophical accounts which focus on the primacy of vision in shame, I argue that empathy ("seeing with the eyes of the other") is the most powerful antidote to shame. While shame is induced by a judging gaze, empathy develops through connected gazes, each acknowledging the other's subjectivity. Locating shame within a socio-cultural context can provide invaluable insights for psychological research and practice that pay critical attention to positionality, reflexivity, and the power relationships inherent in contemporary motherhood.


Objectives : Draconis Resina (DR) has been used as a traditional Korean herbal medicine since ancient times, and today it is used as a medication for wounds, tumors, diarrhea, rheumatism, in the itching of insect bites and with other conditions in the folk medicine. The aim of this study was to determine whether fractionated extracts of DR inhibit free radical generation, intracellular oxidation, production of nitrite, an index of NO, PGE2, iNOS, COX-2 and proinflammatory cytokines in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Methods : DR extract prepared with methanol, and then fractionated with hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, n-butanol and water. Inhibitory effect of DR onto free radical generation was determined by measuring DPPH, superoxide anions and nitric oxide scavenging activities in vitro. Cytotoxic activity of extracts on RAW 264.7 cells was measured using 5-(3-caroboxymeth-oxyphenyl)-2H-tetra-zolium inner salt (MTS) assay. Intracelluar oxidation was analysed by DCF-DA assay. The nitric oxide (NO) production was measured by Griess reagent system. The levels of iNOS and COX-2 expression were confirmed by western blot. And proinflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA kit. Results : Our results indicated that fractionated extracts, especially dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts, significantly inhibited free radical generation, the LPS-induced H2O2, NO, PGE2 production and iNOS, COX-2 expression accompanied by an attenuation of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 formation in macrophages. Conclusions : Our results indicate that dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts of DR have potential as an agent of chronic inflammatory diseases.


Forty years have passed since the first multi-item measurement scales were employed through survey research to better understand important logistics concepts. Through the years, four leading logistics journals have published research containing a total of 1,670 scales within 283 articles. A 42% increase in utilization has occurred during the most recent decade. The research fully discloses the conceptualization, composition, and properties of the multi-item survey scales utilized in the study of logistics and supply chain management theory and practice. By documenting each scale published from 2001 to 2010, the authors make comparisons with results from the 1973–2000 study. Primary findings indicate an increase in the percentage of research utilizing multi-item scales, and an increase in the application of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) has assisted in producing more highly acceptable psychometric properties of the scales. This implies that researchers are utilizing more highly developed scales and following strict scale-development procedures for building more robust scales to measure concepts important for advancing our knowledge of logistics and supply chain management. The top four conceptual categories for the scales have remained the same since 1973 and account for greater than half of the scales published. Eight additions to the categories since 2001 pertain greatly to controlling our supply chains for customer, brand, and overall security benefits. The compendium of scales provides a central document to reference as researchers seek to employ highly developed survey measures.


Social movements in the defense of human rights have a long and important history. Since the days of the conquest, human rights have been central to Latin American demands. Looking back, one might even say that the struggle for human rights lies at the core of Latin American history. This makes it essential for us to understand the history of prior social movements that have either assured the fulfillment or human rights or – at least – prevented their violation. With respect to health, Latin America offers a variety of experiences showing how social mobilization can assist in creating health policies and health care systems that guarantee the right to health.

This article describes the journey that El Salvador (America's "Tom Thumb") began in the late 1990s. A broad coalition of social movements, community groups, unions, and citizens blocked reforms designed to privatize Salvadoran public health services. They also advanced a participative agenda to establish a national health system and promote pro-health social policies. Without question, this experience has much to teach us about the struggle for health rights in Latin America. One key lesson is that social organizations and movements can protect health rights while also promoting initiatives that change policy, systems, and institutions in a way that protects the universal right to health.


ABSTRACT All interlibrary loan requests submitted by Andrews University patrons in 1990–2000 were evaluated with the purpose of finding what databases were the sources of such requests. Overall results show that 63% of all photocopy requests and 97% of all book requests are from databases. This study looked at the top databases that generated the most interlibrary loan requests. Of the 62 databases that generated photocopy requests, one-third produced more than 100 requests. Of the 32 databases that generated book requests, one database stood out as the main source. In general, book requests increased more than photocopy requests, but requests generated by databases increased more for photocopies than for books.


Bacterial biofilms attached to food contact surfaces are an ongoing concern for the food industry due to the resistance of bacteria within biofilms to detergents and sanitizers. Within food manufacturing facilities, stainless steel is a common food-contact surface in which microbial cell attachment and biofilm formation may occur. Identifying methods to prevent and remove biofilms during standard cleaning and sanitation practices could prove useful, as mature biofilms can release planktonic cells into an aqueous environment, causing continual low-level contamination. Dental studies involving delmopinol hydrochloride, a cationic surfactant, have found a preventative and dissociating affect on biofilms, where food applications have scarcely been researched. This study demonstrates the prevention and removal of Listeria monocytogenes 1/2a and S. enterica Agona biofilms on stainless steel with preand post-exposures of delmopinol hydrochloride. Stainless steel blanks (#304, 16 gauge, 2cm x 2cm, finish #4) were submerged in a 0.2% or 0.5% delmopinol solution before or after biofilm formation. Treatment times were 1, 5 or 10 minutes, whereas controls were not exposed to the delmopinol solution. Disinfected stainless steel blanks were spot-inoculated with 20μL of a 10 9 CFU/mL liquid culture, and preexposed blanks were additionally submerged in delmopinol and dried prior to inoculation. Biofilms were exclusively formed on the finished and inoculated side by placing the surface face-down on TSA. After cell attachment and biofilm development for 24 hours at 25°C, blanks were rinsed with phosphate buffer. Post-exposed blanks were submerged in 0.2% or 0.5% delmopinol for 1, 5 or 10 minutes before all blanks were individually vortexed for 90 seconds to iii dislodge films. Bacterial populations were determined by surface plating onto TSA followed by incubation at 32oC for L. monocytogenes and 37oC for S. Agona for 48 hours. Treatments were in-duplicate and repeated three times for each microorganism. Pre-exposure of 0.2% delmopinol resulted in a significant decrease in L. monocytogenes concentration at 1, 5 and 10 minute exposures (P 0.05), whereas all postexposures lead to a significant decline in biofilm concentrations (P 0.05), while the 10 minute 0.5% pre-exposure exhibited a minimal reduction in bacterial growth (P < 0.05). Post-exposures of 10 minutes exhibited a mean log10 reduction of 7.65 and 7.75 log10 for 0.2% and 0.5% delmopinol solutions, respectively. For L. monocytogenes and S. Agona, post-exposure to delmopinol hydrochloride caused a notable log10 reduction. The removal effect of delmopinol on biofilms is significantly greater the preventative effect.


Cervical cancer is the fourth leading cause of death in women, especially in developing countries. Specific and economic methodologies for HPV typing are crucial in cancer diagnosis and further disease control. However, routine assays based on real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) or DNA-chip hybridization are either incapable of offering detailed subtype information or involve tedious open-tube operations with the risk of cross-contamination from PCR amplicons. Herein, we proposed a multiplex visualized closed-tube PCR (Multi-Vision) for HPV typing. Using gold nanoparticle probes (AuNPs) as a color change indicator combined with a Hamming distance 2 coding scheme, 13 high-risk HPVs and two subtypes associated with high-incidence benign lesions were successfully typed by performing six closed-tube PCRs. The assay demonstrates high specificity with no cross-reaction among different subtypes under several artificial sample concentrations (from 100 to 103 copies per reaction) and enables highly sensitive detection of as low as 0.5 copies/μL. Further, 105 clinical samples were successfully analyzed using our method with a high concordance rate of 99.05% (104/105) compared to a HPV typing kit. The inconsistent sample was confirmed by sequencing to be consistent with the typing results determined by our method, indicating that Multi-Vision could be a useful tool for HPV detection, especially in resource-limited regions.


Why is terrorist activity more prevalent in democracies than in nondemocracies? I argue that the main motivation for terrorist attacks in democracies is intergroup dynamics, with terrorist groups of various ideologies competing with one another for limited political influence. I conduct a cross-national, longitudinal analysis of 119 countries for the period 1975–97, using political competition as the key independent variable and the number of transnational terrorist incidents originating in the country as the dependent variable. I find preliminary support for the hypothesis that intergroup competition, motivated by the competition of the political regime, explains an increase in terrorist incidents originating in a state. Evidence also reveals a positive relationship between political competition and the number of terrorist groups that emerge within a state and a positive relationship between the density of domestic interest group participation and terrorist activity. Officials should consider intergroup dynamics to predict terrorist activities and derive effective counterterrorism policies.


Many major accidents in the past ten years in the process industry have been challenging industry, regulators but also public's confidence about our ability to prevent them (e.g. Toulouse, 2001, Billy Berclau, 2003, Ghislenghien, 2004, Texas City, 2005, Buncefield, 2005, Macondo,2010, Pembroke, 2011). This abstract intends therefore to provide a critical perspective to the question addressed in the call 'How do I know that I am not going to have a major accident tomorrow?' This question has, in the literature, almost a thirty years old history. It was indeed Perrow's contention that 'normal accidents' could occur from time to time, despite all preventive measures, due the levels of complexity and coupling of certain kind of high risk systems (Perrow, 1984).His approach was very much technological, or structural, leaving not much space in his interpretation to understand the part played by actors, organisations and institutions in the genesis of technological catastrophes. Thus, a sociologist like Vaughan (1996) has been able to extend Perrow's argument, using Turner's incubation framework (Turner, 1978) in order to show that complex socio technical systems could fruitfully be analysed from a historical, dynamic and systemic point of view. Her study of NASA Challenger's accident has become a landmark in the fields of both social and safety sciences.


Objective In children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), a remarkably high prevalence of functional defecation disorders (FDD) has been found. This study prospectively assesses the prevalence of ASD symptoms in children presenting with FDD. Study design Children (4 -12 yrs) with functional constipation (FC) or functional non-retentive fecal incontinence (FNRFI) according to the ROME III criteria referred to a specialized outpatient clinic were included. Parents completed two validated ASD screening questionnaires about their child; the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) and the Social Communication Questionnaire Lifetime (SCQ-L). A total SRS score of ≥51 is a strong indicator for the presence of ASD. On the SCQ-L, a score of ≥15 is suggestive for ASD. Results In total, 242 patients (130 males, median age 7.9) were included. Of these, 91% were diagnosed with FC and 9% with FNRFI. Thirteen children (5.4%) had previously been diagnosed with ASD. Twenty-six children (11%) had both SRS and SCQ-L scores at or above cutoff points, strongly suggestive for the presence of ASD. Solely high SRS were present in 42 children (17%), whereas two children (1%) only had high SCQ-L scores. Altogether, 29% had ASD symptoms, indicated by SRS and/or SCQ-L scores at or above the cut off values. These children were older than children without ASD symptoms and presented with a longer duration of symptoms. Conclusions A substantial amount of children (29%) presenting with FDD at a tertiary hospital has concomitant ASD symptoms. Clinicians should be aware of ASD symptoms in children with FDD.


Background MicroRNA (miR)-148b has been shown to be dysregulated in a number of cancers; however, studies on the role of miR-148b in the gynaecologic malignancy endometrial cancer (EC) are rare. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of miR-148b in EC and the underlying molecular mechanism. Methods The expression levels of miR-148b and DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in both EC tissues and cell lines (HEC-1A and HEC-1B). These EC cell lines were then transfected with either an miR-148b inhibitor or miR-148b mimics, and cell proliferation, colony, and apoptosis and the cell cycle were measured by the cell counting kit-8, colony formation assay, and flow cytometry assays, respectively. In addition, the expression levels of p16, cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4), cyclin D1, caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) were assessed by western blotting. Dual luciferase reporter and RNA pull-down assays were performed to investigate the target genes of miR-148b and validate their relationship. Results miR-148b expression was down-regulated in both EC tissues and HEC-1A and HEC-1B cells, whereas DNMT1 was highly expressed. Moreover, transfection of miR-148b mimics inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, but induced cell apoptosis. Western blotting showed that transfection of miR-148b mimics markedly increased caspase-3 and cyclin D1 expression, whereas transfection of miR-148b inhibitor dramatically decreased the expression of caspase-3 and cyclin D1. Importantly, we determined that DNMT1 is a target gene of miR-148b in EC cells, and silencing of DNMT1 reversed the effects of miR-148b inhibitor on cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis in EC. Conclusions miR-148b inhibits cell proliferation and facilitates cell apoptosis in EC by regulating DNMT1.


This article discusses aspects of hate crime that make it somewhat unexceptional. By making these points, I do not in any way mean to imply that hate crime is not a problem worthy of attention in the law. To the contrary, I believe that to point out the unexceptional aspects of hate crimes is to highlight just how important a problem hate crime is, and may help us to develop more effective ways of addressing it. My points are based largely on lessons drawn from social science and historical research on the effects of and motivations behind bias-related violence. Specifically, that literature shows that the way we have tended to think about hate crime-as an extreme, deviant, and isolated phenomenon-greatly oversimplifies the problem. The social science and historical research shows instead that hate crimes are connected to the mainstream social context, for they are strongly influenced by the social environment and in turn exert an influence on that environment. I also draw on points made by other legal scholars with regard to what might be considered more mundane or "everyday" forms of discrimination, such as racial profiling (particularly "Driving While Black"), consumer discrimination, and street harassment of women. Each of these areas is a context in which, as with hate crimes, the law has tended to exceptionalize the motivations and conduct of perpetrators. It thereby overlooks the extent to which those acts are influenced by the mainstream social context and, in turn, reinforce mainstream society's message that certain social groups have been designated as suitable or appropriate targets for ill treatment. This Article identifies and describes the reciprocal influences between the mainstream social environment and the perpetration of both extreme and everyday discrimination, as well as the reciprocal influences among various types of discrimination. The law seldom does but ought to take into account these relationships because, as this Article also discusses, to exceptionalize discrimination has the ironic effect of "normalizing" or rendering acceptable a range of discriminatory practices that continue to reinforce widespread beliefs, assumptions, and expectations concerning the value and place in society of vulnerable groups.


Human stereo vision uses occlusions as a prominent cue, sometimes the only cue, to localize object boundaries and recover depth relationships between surfaces adjacent to these boundaries. However, many modern computer vision systems treat occlusions as a secondary cue or ignore them as outliers, leading to imprecise boundaries, especially when matching cues are weak. In this work, we introduce a layered approach to stereo that explicitly incorporates occlusions. Unlike previous layer-based methods, our model is cooperative, involving local computations among units that have overlapping receptive fields at multiple scales, and sparse lateral and vertical connections between the computational units. Focusing on bi-layer scenes, we demonstrate our model's ability to localize boundaries between figure and ground in a wide variety of cases, including images from Middlebury and Falling Things datasets, as well as perceptual stimuli that lack matching cues and have yet to be well explained by previous computational stereo systems. Our model suggests new directions for creating cooperative stereo systems that incorporate occlusion cues in a human-like manner.


Aniline-methanol mixed clusters are ionized by single photon vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 118 nm) radiation with which absorption to an excited intermediate S(1) state is not required. Aniline ion (An(+)), a series of (An)(n)(+)-(CH(3)OH)(m) (n = 1, 2) cluster ions, and their hydrogenated cluster ions, (An)(n)(+)-(CH(3)OH)(m)H (n = 1, 2) are observed by mass spectrometry. Infrared (IR) absorption spectra of aniline-methanol cluster cations and neutrals are measured through IR and VUV (118 nm) "ion dip" spectroscopy in the range 2500-4000 cm(-1). The observed mid-IR spectrum of the An(+)-CH(3)OH has two sharp absorption bands, at 3438 and 3668 cm(-1), which are assigned to the free NH stretch vibration of the aniline cation and the free OH stretch vibration of methanol, respectively. Calculations demonstrated that a change in the charges on the nitrogen atom of the amine group upon ionization of the neutral to the cluster cation alters the role of aniline from hydrogen acceptor to hydrogen donor in its interaction with methanol. Theoretical and experimental results suggest that a hydrogen bond forms between one of the H atoms of the aniline amine group and the lone pair of electrons of the methanol oxygen atom in the aniline-methanol cluster cation. Measured IR spectra and theoretical results for neutral clusters suggest that the H atom of the methanol OH moiety is bonded to the aniline amine group lone pair electrons for the neutral ground state aniline-methanol cluster.


INTRODUCTION
Low or high dosage heparin adjuvant therapy for Erysipelas (E) has become frequent, especially in France.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Publications on erysipelas complications were reviewed, and 2 studies were found in which the detection of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was systematically performed: Mahe A (6DVT/40E), and Perrot JL (4DVP/155E). We calculated the relative incidence (CRI) at 4.9 p. 100, for all studies systematically detecting the DVT (whether symptomatic or not). The other studies reported clinical DVT. CRI was at 0.7 p. 100 without heparin adjuvant therapy. CRI was at 0, not statistically significant, with low or high dosage heparin adjuvant therapy. The most frequent complications for heparin treatment were: thrombocytopenia (5.7 and 0.9 p. 100 respectively with standard and low weight heparin), and hemorrhage (less than 3 p. 100 for DVT treatment).

DISCUSSION
The risk of DVT associated with E is inferior to 10 p. 100 (the level of risk for DVT is small according to consensus conferences on thromboembolism). The incidence of asymptomatic DVT is superior to that of symptomatic DVT. But we do not know if asymptomatic DVT is equivalent to symptomatic DVT. Consensus conferences on thromboembolism do not recommend the preventive administration of heparin to bedfast patients with a low risk of DVT.

CONCLUSION
There is no indication of adjuvant anticoagulant therapy for erysipelas. There is no indication for systematic prophylactic anticoagulant therapy for erysipelas. Prophylactic anticoagulant therapy is used depending on other risk factors of DVT. Wearing stockings may be another indication for patients.


Animal-to-man extrapolation and therapeutic dose prediction are illustrated with two molecules designed to treat epilepsy. Synaptic vesicle protein 2A (SV2A) is the primary molecular target for their anticonvulsive effect, but additional mechanisms may also contribute. Brivaracetam (BRV), currently in phase 3 of clinical development, was used as the benchmark compound. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model was built in NONMEM, relating the brain tissue concentrations of BRV in mice and the proportion of animals protected against convulsions in the pharmacological model of audiogenic seizures. Brain concentrations were linked with ex vivo binding to predict brain SV2A occupancy. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for predicting BRV concentrations in human plasma and brain tissue. Predicted plasma profiles were in good agreement with observations. Predicted human brain concentrations of BRV and the mouse ex vivo binding pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model were used to extrapolate brain SV2A occupancy at the human therapeutic dose. Secondly, for another compound also exhibiting selective affinity for the same target, similar pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models were built from audiogenic seizure mouse data. Various dosing regimens of the new compound were simulated in order to reach the same brain SV2A occupancy as for the reference compound. These estimations support early development. Assumptions and limitations of the approach are discussed.


The widespread adoption of smartphones in recent years has made it possible for us to collect large amounts of traffic data. Special software installed on the phones of drivers allow us to gather GPS trajectories of their vehicles on the road network. In this paper, we simulate the trajectories of multiple agents on a road network and use various models to forecast the short-term traffic speed of various links. Our results show that traditional techniques like multiple regression and artificial neural networks work well but simpler adaptive models that do not require prior training also perform comparatively well.


The estimation of population size and its variation across space and time largely relies on counts of individuals, generally carried out within spatial units such as quadrats or sites. Missing individuals during counting (i.e. imperfect detection) results in biased estimates of population size and trends. Imperfect detection has been shown to be the rule in animal studies, and most studies now correct for this bias by estimating detection probability. Yet this correction remains exceptional in plant studies, suggesting that most plant ecologists implicitly assume that all individuals are always detected. To assess if this assumption is valid, we conducted a field experiment to estimate individual detection probability in plant counts conducted in 1×1 m quadrats. We selected 30 herbaceous plant species along a gradient of conspicuousness at 24 sites along a gradient of habitat closure, and asked groups of observers to count individuals in 10 quadrats using three counting methods requiring progressively increasing times to complete (quick count, unlimited count and cell count). In total, 158 participants took part in the experiment, allowing an analysis of the results of 5,024 counts. Over all field sessions, no observer succeeded in detecting all the individuals in the 10 quadrats. The mean detection rate was 0.44 (ranging from 0.11 to 0.82) for the quick count, 0.59 for the unlimited count (range 0.18–0.87) and 0.74 for the cell count (range 0.46-0.94). Detection probability increased with the conspicuousness of the target species and decreased with the density of individuals and habitat closure. The observer's experience in botany had little effect on detection probability, whereas detection was strongly affected by the time observers spent counting. Yet although the more time-consuming methods increased detection probability, none achieved perfect detection, nor did they reduce the effect on detection probability of the variables we measured. Synthesis. Our results show that detection is imperfect and highly heterogeneous when counting plants. To avoid biased estimates when assessing the size, temporal or spatial trends of plant populations, plant ecologists should use methods that estimate the detection probability of individuals rather than relying on raw counts.


b International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage under the Auspices of UNESCO , Beijing 100094, China c Authority for the Protection and Management of Angkor and the Region of Siem Reap, 999094, Cambodia ABSTRACT: Ta Keo temple is one of the very famous temple complex of Angkor Wat in northwestern Cambodia. It has been suffering massive collapse and other serious damages in recent years. Nowadays, Terrestrial Laser Scanning(TLS) technology is considered as a well- established resource for heritage documentation and protection (Lerma et al, 2008; Reshetyuk, 2009). This paper used TLS to reconstruct Ta Keo Temple. Firstly, we acquired 71 scanning stations of points cloud data with high density and high accuracy, and over one thousand images with high spatial resolution about the temple. Secondly, the raw points cloud data were denoised, reduced and managed efficiently, and registrated using an adjusted ICP algorithm. Thirdly, a triangulation method was used to model most objects. At last, we mapped the texture data into the digital model and a 3-D model of Ta Keo with high accuracy was achieved. The authors focus on large object reconstruction by TLS technology, and pay much attention to the scanning design, multi-station data and the whole project's data registration, and texture mapping and so on. The research result will be useful for Ta Keo restoration, reconstruction and protection. Also, it is a good reference source for large complex buildings reconstruction when using terrestrial laser scanning technology.


The study analyzed the Technical Efficiency (TE) of poultry egg producers in Oyo state of Nigeria using a Cobb-Douglas stochastic production frontier function. The data for the study were collected using structured questionnaire administered on random samples of 51 poultry egg producers. The results showed that, the TE of farmers varied between 0.10 and 0.99 with a mean of 0.823. About 90% of the farmers surveyed had technical efficiency score of >0.70. The analysis showed that stock of birds is the most important determinant of poultry egg production while years of experience, management system, educational level and family size are the socioeconomic characteristic influencing the farmers' technical efficiency. The findings show that further productivity gains linked to the improvement in TE may still be realized in poultry egg production in Nigeria.


Most common nosocomial infections in Intensive Care Units are: respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, bacteremias, and wound infections. Proven methods in hospital infection control are: hand washing, discipline of all personnel, appropriate nursing techniques, specially trained hygiene staff, isolation, appropriate number of nursing personnel per patient, appropriate use of antibiotics, few and brief usage of foreign bodies such as intravenous lines. Useless and unproven methods in hospital infection control are: environmental cultures, routine cultures of personnel, routine air sampling, fogging and spraying of disinfectants, UV lights, plastic shoe covers, routine floor disinfection, disinfection or sticky mats, change of humidifiers and tubings every eight hours, and systematic antibiotic prophylaxis against pneumonia.


This paper sheds light on crucial weaknesses in the design of hidden services that allow us to break the anonymity of hidden service clients and operators passively. In particular, we show that the circuits, paths established through the Tor network, used to communicate with hidden services exhibit a very different behavior compared to a general circuit. We propose two attacks, under two slightly different threat models, that could identify a hidden service client or operator using these weaknesses. We found that we can identify the users' involvement with hidden services with more than 98% true positive rate and less than 0.1% false positive rate with the first attack, and 99% true positive rate and 0.07% false positive rate with the second. We then revisit the threat model of previous website fingerprinting attacks, and show that previous results are directly applicable, with greater efficiency, in the realm of hidden services. Indeed, we show that we can correctly determine which of the 50 monitored pages the client is visiting with 88% true positive rate and false positive rate as low as 2.9%, and correctly deanonymize 50 monitored hidden service servers with true positive rate of 88% and false positive rate of 7.8% in an open world setting.


MOVPE-grown, Te-doped AlxGa1-xAs samples (doping level (2-7)*1018 cm-3), with 0<x<0.3, were investigated by magnetotransport measurements (up to 20 T) under hydrostatic pressure (up to 1.5 GPa). From the oscillatory behaviour of the magnetoresistance under pressure, the electron density in the Gamma valley was directly evaluated. Furthermore, persistent photoconductivity was observed; illumination with a LED resulted in repopulation of the Gamma continuum. Te, compared with other n-type dopants, exhibited an unusual behaviour; in Te-GaAs, metastable states did not merge into the gap even up to 1.5 GPa, whereas in Al0.21Ga0.79As with 2*1018 cm-3 Te, DX levels lie 70 meV above the bottom of the Gamma band. From the pressure dependence of the room-temperature photoluminescence of Te-GaAs, it was deduced that pinning of the Fermi level by DX states is unlikely to occur.


Through a set of ensemble experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), potential influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies is assessed on large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies that induced two extreme events observed over Japan in July 2018. One is a heavy rainfall event in early July mainly over western Japan, which was primarily caused by extreme moisture inflow associated with a cyclonic anomaly to the southwest of Japan and an anticyclonic anomaly to the east of Japan. An AGCM experiment with prescribed global SST anomalies cannot reproduce the anticyclonic anomaly, leading to the failure to simulate the enhancement of the moisture inflow and thereby precipitation over western Japan. The other extreme event is heat wave in midand late July almost over the entire Japan, which was caused by a strong anticyclonic anomaly around Japan. The AGCM experiment with global SST anomalies can well reproduce the warm anticyclonic anomalies. The additional experiments have confirmed that SST anomalies in both the tropics and midlatitude North Pacific have potential for forcing the leading mode of the atmospheric variability over the western North Pacific that brought the heat wave. Both the tropical and extratropical SST anomalies are also found to force a poleward shift of the subtropical jet axis over the western Pacific and anomalous tropospheric warming in the midlatitude Northern Hemisphere, both of which persisted in June and July.


My PhD submission is made up of a constellation of three elements that form a body of textual material / theory and practice event / exhibition.

(1) A dimension of critical writing or dissertation that has two parts:
(a) Retrospective / Prospective: Activating the Archive, September 1, 2010, and (b) an accretion of further analysis, Archive, Archived, Archiving, September 1, 2011.

(2) A testing of both archiving practice and its historical representation is carried out in the arms of the larger investigation, the book, Show and Tell: A Chronicle of Group Material (London: Four Corners, 2010 ISBN: 978-0956192813). Show and Tell demonstrates a primary analytic situation for the problematics of my research.

(3) An exhibition Ever Ephemeral: Remembering and Forgetting in the Archive (Signal – Center for samtidskonst, September 23, 2011 – November 13, 2011, and the Inter Arts Center, September 30, 2011 – October 30, 2011). Ever Ephemeral encompasses the triple functions of producing, presenting, and testing research. It will bring together reference points, in the forms of artworks, artifacts, publications, and writings, which are evocative of key concerns imbedded in the subject terrain. These include the plasticity of history, archiving and unarchiving, ways art can give history form, and chronology and counter-chronology. The inclusions lay open specific dialogues, which have contoured the research arena.

Appendix A

The following textual components are part of the exhibition, Ever Ephemeral: Remembering and Forgetting in the Archive.

Alejandro Cesarco, Present Memory, 2010, text compiled by Cesarco, produced as booklet in exhibition.

Timeframes: A Conversation, 2011, dialogue between Ault and Andrea Rosen about their decision to disperse Felix Gonzalez-Torres's collection of clocks rather than archive them when he died. The clocks have been gathered from their respective owners for the occasion of this exhibition. The conversation is a take-away booklet in the exhibition.

Julie Ault, 4195.6 feet: Geography of Time, 2010, text on James Benning (dir) casting a glance, 2007, produced as handout in exhibition.

Julie Ault, Historical Inquiry as Subject and Object, 2010, essay on Group Material archive and book project, a take-away in exhibition.

Doug Ashford, Julie Ault: Group Material.
AIDS Timeline
(Hatje Cantz, dOCUMENTA (13), 2011, ISBN 978-3-7757-2881-2)

Rasmus Rohling, Self-Titled, 2009, text by Rohling imbedded in his work and a take-away in the exhibition.

Julie Ault, Roni Horn, a compilation, 2010 [ongoing], text that derives from researching Horn's journals to compose a personal chronology of the artist; exhibited in relation to a set of artists books by Horn. Extract produced for exhibition.

Felix Gonzalez-Torres, "Untitled" (Portrait of Julie Ault), 1991, the loan form for the work includes the text, materialization specifications, and terms of agreement.

Appendix B

A digital version of Show and Tell: A Chronicle of Group Material (London: Four Corners, 2010 ISBN: 978-0956192813). Show and Tell is data and evidence of a major test site for the problematics of my research.

This body of research aims to illuminate the retrospective and prospective dimensions of archiving in practice. It investigates the consequences of registering previously unhistoricized art field events and practices into enduring public records. Additionally the research tests particular methods of historical representation that draw on the archive. Imbedded in this investigation is consideration of "exhibition" and "publication" as presentational forms for historical research. The liberties and limitations of each format are evaluated in the inquiry.


This paper introduces an energy supply model for a distribution company (Disco) in day-ahead electricity market. The model consists of two nested blocks, wherein, outer block maximizes Discos profits, while inner block simulates the independent system operator's (ISO's) market clearing problem and minimizes generation costs and compensation costs for interrupting load. In this model, Discos have distributed generation (DG) and Interruptible load (IL) resources and the model takes into account the Impact of other Discos' energy supply strategy. In order to consider the effect of DG and IL on Discos' energy supply strategies, the proposed model applied to an eight-bus system.


This paper reports on an experiment in which we explore a new approach to the automatic measurement of multi-word expression (MWE) compositionality. We propose an algorithm which ranks MWEs by their compositionality relative to a semantic field taxonomy based on the Lancaster English semantic lexicon (Piao et al., 2005a). The semantic information provided by the lexicon is used for measuring the semantic distance between a MWE and its constituent words. The algorithm is evaluated both on 89 manually ranked MWEs and on McCarthy et al's (2003) manually ranked phrasal verbs. We compared the output of our tool with human judgments using Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient. Our evaluation shows that the automatic ranking of the majority of our test data (86.52%) has strong to moderate correlation with the manual ranking while wide discrepancy is found for a small number of MWEs. Our algorithm also obtained a correlation of 0.3544 with manual ranking on McCarthy et al's test data, which is comparable or better than most of the measures they tested. This experiment demonstrates that a semantic lexicon can assist in MWE compositionality measurement in addition to statistical algorithms.


Abstract Koonalda Cave is located on the Nullarbor Plain of South Australia and is one of 17 deep karst caves in this region. In 2014, the cave was listed as a National Heritage Place in recognition of its significant archaeological and cultural heritage features. It In order to understand the antiquity of and complex human activity in this site a range of dating methods have been applied including typologic, radiometric and luminescence. Each has been challenged and the chronology of this highly significant site has relied on contextual data from other sites. This paper presents an overview of the archaeology recorded at Koonalda Cave, the issues in dating sites in deep karst systems and emphasises the urgent need to resolve these issues so that a reliable chronology can be presented for Koonalda Cave.


Tensor completion is a problem of filling the missing or unobserved entries of partially observed tensors. Due to the multidimensional character of tensors in describing complex datasets, tensor completion algorithms and their applications have received wide attention and achievement in areas like data mining, computer vision, signal processing, and neuroscience. In this survey, we provide a modern overview of recent advances in tensor completion algorithms from the perspective of big data analytics characterized by diverse variety, large volume, and high velocity. We characterize these advances from the following four perspectives: general tensor completion algorithms, tensor completion with auxiliary information (variety), scalable tensor completion algorithms (volume), and dynamic tensor completion algorithms (velocity). Further, we identify several tensor completion applications on real-world data-driven problems and present some common experimental frameworks popularized in the literature along with several available software repositories. Our goal is to summarize these popular methods and introduce them to researchers and practitioners for promoting future research and applications. We conclude with a discussion of key challenges and promising research directions in this community for future exploration.


Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have the ability to corrode various materials by producing metabolites. Research on how the space station environment, especially microgravity, affects fungal metabolism is helpful to understand the role of fungi in the space station. This work provides insights into the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of the corrosive fungus Aspergillus carbonarius under simulated microgravity conditions. Our findings have significance not only for preventing material corrosion but also for ensuring food safety, especially in the space environment. ABSTRACT Contamination by fungi may pose a threat to the long-term operation of the International Space Station because fungi produce organic acids that corrode equipment and mycotoxins that harm human health. Microgravity is an unavoidable and special condition in the space station. However, the influence of microgravity on fungal metabolism has not been well studied. Clinostat rotation is widely used to simulate the microgravity condition in studies carried out on Earth. Here, we used metabolomics differential analysis to study the influence of clinostat rotation on the accumulation of organic acids and related biosynthetic pathways in ochratoxin A (OTA)-producing Aspergillus carbonarius. As a result, clinostat rotation did not affect fungal cell growth or colony appearance but significantly increased the accumulation of organic acids, particularly isocitric acid, citric acid, and oxalic acid, and OTA both inside cells and in the medium, as well as resulted in a much higher level of accumulation of some products inside than outside cells, indicating that the transport of these metabolites from the cell to the medium was inhibited. This finding corresponded to the change in the fatty acid composition of cell membranes and the reduced thickness of the cell walls and cell membranes. Amino acid and energy metabolic pathways, particularly the tricarboxylic acid cycle, were influenced the most during clinostat rotation compared to the effects of normal gravity on these pathways. IMPORTANCE Fungi are ubiquitous in nature and have the ability to corrode various materials by producing metabolites. Research on how the space station environment, especially microgravity, affects fungal metabolism is helpful to understand the role of fungi in the space station. This work provides insights into the mechanisms involved in the metabolism of the corrosive fungus Aspergillus carbonarius under simulated microgravity conditions. Our findings have significance not only for preventing material corrosion but also for ensuring food safety, especially in the space environment.


The isolated congenital non-union of the clavicle is an extremely rare condition. We report on of one case of bilateral congenital non-union of the clavicle in which the left side became painful. Treatment with compression plate osteosynthesis and homologous cancellous bone grafting was successful. Surgical treatment of this rare condition is only indicated when the non-union becomes painful.


The aim of this study was to explore the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of citral in Cronobacter sakazakii-stimulated Caco-2 cells. Safe doses of citral were first determined in Caco-2 cells. Then, the effect of citral on the adhesion and invasion of C. sakazakii into Caco-2 cells and the translocation of C. sakazakii through Caco-2 monolayers were investigated. The release of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, transcription of inflammatory genes, and expression of proteins associated with inflammatory signaling pathways were determined. Subsequently, activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and apoptosis induced by C. sakazakii were assessed. The results showed that up to 10 μg mL-1 citral had no cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells. Citral protected Caco-2 cells by affecting the adhesion and invasion of C. sakazakii into Caco-2 cells and the translocation of C. sakazakii across Caco-2 monolayers. Additionally, inflammation induced by C. sakazakii was effectively inhibited by citral via suppression of inflammatory factors that included NO, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, transcription of related genes, and expression of proteins associated with inflammatory signaling pathways. Moreover, the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9, and apoptosis caused by C. sakazakii were suppressed by pretreatment with citral. These findings suggest that citral mitigates the inflammatory response of Caco-2 cells. Citral has the potential to prevent the inflammation of Caco-2 associated with C. sakazakii.


Smart grid is a modern infrastructure for improving the efficiency and reliability of power grid by integrating automated control, sensing and metering technologies, modern communication infrastructure and modern energy management techniques. Security and quality-of-service (QoS) are two most critical requirements for the communications network in smart grid. Frequency hopping (FH) technology, due to its inherent security, is a promising candidate technology in the physical layer of smart gird communication infrastructure. Unfortunately, all the existing FH systems can support only a single level of QoS due to the fact that traditional FH sequence sets can provide the same level of Hamming cross-correlation. In this paper, an FH-based communication network is developed for smart grid, particularly the advanced smart metering (AMI), to address the above two key challenges. A novel type of FH sequence set which meets the multi-level QoS requirement is designed. Then, the data traffic in AMI is investigated and modeled as a general Poisson process which is validated by real measurements of power consumptions. With the proposed sequence set and data model, the analytic performance in terms of error probabilities for the proposed FH communication with M-ary frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation is derived for a slow Rayleigh fading channel. The analytic results are validated by numerical simulation results.


Background/Aims: Many studies have suggested that hyperplastic polyps (HPs) are associated with adenomas and even malignancy. We investigated whether or not HPs are associated with the presence of synchronous advanced colorectal neoplasms as a function of their size and location. Methods: A total of 2,482 asymptomatic patients who underwent screening colonoscopies were classified into the following two groups: cases with advanced neoplasms and controls without advanced neoplasms. The proximal colon was defined as all segments proximal to the splenic flexure. We defined diminutive HPs as <6 mm in diameter and non-diminutive HPs as ≧6 mm in diameter. Results: The median age of the patients was 51 years. 76.8% (n = 1,909) of the patients were males. 82 patients (3.3%) had at least one advanced neoplasm. Based on multivariate analysis, the independent risk factors for advanced neoplasms were old age (OR = 2.81), male gender (OR = 2.92), non-advanced adenomas (OR = 3.57), and non-diminutive HPs (OR = 4.75, p = 0.000). Having at least one non-diminutive HP in either the proximal or distal colon was associated with an increased risk of advanced neoplasm, with no statistically significant difference (proximal vs. distal colon, OR = 5.95 vs. 5.36). Conclusions: These results suggest that non-diminutive HPs are important markers of advanced colorectal neoplasms regardless of location.


Abstract One of the significant problems in vaccination projects is the lack of an effective vaccine against hepatitis C virus (HCV). The goal of the current study is to evaluate and compare two DNA constructs encoding HCV core and coreE1E2 genes alone or complexed with MPG peptide as a delivery system for stimulation of antibody responses and IFN-γ secretion in Balb/c mice model. Indeed, MPG cell penetrating peptide was used to improve DNA immunization in mice. Our results demonstrated that MPG forms stable non-covalent nanoparticles with pcDNA-core and pcDNA-coreE1E2 at an N/P ratio of 10:1. The in vitro transfection efficiency of core or coreE1E2 DNA using MPG and TurboFect delivery systems was confirmed by western blot analysis. The results indicated the expression of the full-length core (∼21 kDa), and coreE1E2 (∼83 kDa) proteins using an anti-His monoclonal antibody. In addition, the expression of HCV core and coreE1E2 proteins was performed in bacteria and the purified recombinant proteins were injected to mice with Montanide 720 adjuvant. Our data showed that the immunized mice with HCV core and coreE1E2 proteins generated the mixture of sera IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes considerably higher than other groups. Furthermore, DNA constructs encoding core and coreE1E2 complexed with MPG could significantly induce IFN-γ secretion in lower concentrations than the naked core and coreE1E2 DNAs. Taken together, the DNA formulations as well as protein regimens used in this study triggered high-level IFN-γ production in mice, an important feature for the development of Th1 immune responses.


Surface liquid adhesion (SLA) and liquid absorption (LA) of tritiated liquids, including water and skim, low-fat, whole, and fat-enriched milks, by cornflakes (CF) and frosted flakes (FF) were determined by scintillation counting using water-[(3)H] at 0.5 microCi/mL. SLA or the liquid adhering to individual flakes after a short immersion period was the same for CF and FF in the case of water (approximately 0.011 microL mm(-2) of flake) but were always higher for CF than for FF and increased as the fat content in milks augmented. LA of individual flakes, followed for 300 s of soaking, increased with time and was always higher for CF than for FF (for the same liquid), however, data did not follow a regular pattern. Flakes showed quite compact outer surfaces and an internal porous matrix composed of air cells of various sizes separated by dense walls of different thicknesses. This heterogeneous microstructure of individual flakes may be the cause of the lack of a simple kinetics during the soaking process. Previous results obtained by soaking a mass of flakes overestimated the uptake of fluid by individual because they included the liquid occluded between the flakes.


Graphene oxide (GO) membranes become emerging efficient filters for molecular or ionic separation due to their well-defined two-dimensional nanochannels formed by closely spaced GO sheets and tunable physicochemical properties. The stability of GO membranes in aqueous solutions is a prerequisite for their applications. Here we show a novel and easy strategy for fabricating GO membranes with strong stability in aqueous solutions and controllable lamellar spacing by simply doping with partially reduced graphene oxide (prGO) sheets. With our prGO-doping strategy, the interlayer stabilizing force in GO membranes is enhanced due to the weakened repulsive hydration and enhanced π-π attraction between GO sheets; as a result, the fabricated GO membranes are featured with controllable lamellar spacing and extraordinary stability in water or even strong acid and base solutions as well as strong mechanical properties, which will expand the application scope of GO membranes and provide ever better performances in their applications with aqueous solution environments.


In order to meet higher technical demands designing flexible pipes at higher pressures and higher temperatures for deeper water depths NOV has introduced and qualified a new sealing system that is self-energized. The sealing material has been qualified and tested in different fluids. The sealing system has shown good functionality at higher pressures as well as at lower pressures.
 The qualification of the sealing system has been based on multiple full-scale and mid-scale tests according to Recommended Practice API 17B and small-scale tests on the elastomer material including long-term ageing tests and rapid gas decompression tests in high pressure CO2 up to 900 bar.
 The recommendations of RP API 17B used in the industry has its limitation with regards to qualification of a new sealing system. This paper gives an overview how to qualify a new sealing system on an existing product range achieving different technology readiness levels according to Recommended Practice API 17N from TRL1 up to TRL5. TRL5 covers system integration testing by full-scale testing of flexible pipes such as burst test, tension-pressure test, tension-tension test and deep immersion performance test. All qualification tests have been witnessed by a third-party Bureau Veritas and the enhanced sealing system has archived a TRL5 statement within its current design envelope.


The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) biomass (20.0 g/d) obtained from sugarcane (cell wall, CW; dried yeast, DY; autolyzed yeast, AY) and the beer industry (partially dehydrated brewery yeast, BY) on milk production, fat and protein percentages, and aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in milk from dairy cows receiving 480 µg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) per day. A completely randomized design was used with 2 lactating cows assigned to each of 10 dietary treatments, as follows: negative controls (no AFB1 or SC-based biomass), positive controls (AFB1 alone), DY alone, DY + AFB1, BY alone, BY + AFB1, CW alone, CW + AFB1, AY alone, and AY + AFB1. The cows in the aflatoxin treatment group received AFB1 from d 1 to 6, while the SC biomass was administered with the AFB1 bolus from d 4 to 6. Aflatoxin B1 or SC-based products did not affect milk production or milk composition during the experimental period. Aflatoxin M1 was detected in the milk from all aflatoxin treatment group cows, reaching maximum levels at d 3 and varying from 0.52 ± 0.03 to 1.00 ± 0.04 µg/L. At end of the treatment period, CW, AY, DY, and BY removed 78%, 89%, 45%, and 50% of AFM1 from the milk, respectively, based on the highest level found on d 3. Results indicate a potential application of industrial fermentation by-products, especially CW and AY, as a feed additive in the diets of dairy cows to reduce the excretion of AFM1 in milk.


Interconnectivity of electrical components, such as triggers and detectors, is intrinsic to operating time-sensitive experiments. As labs become more digitized, equipment integration and compatibility become larger factors in experimental setups. Complications can arise when instruments with different signal levels, or logic levels, are integrated because each instrument requires its own particular input signal, with a specific threshold voltage, to function. When incorrect logic levels are used or the delays in conversion are too long, these instruments are not properly triggered and the experiment becomes inoperable. To perform multi-component, time-sensitive experiments, a logic-level converter with minimal time delays is necessary. Commercial solutions, however, are not viable when the nature of the experiment is highly time-sensitive, such as in laser spectroscopy, because the delay on the signal conversion is several hundred nanoseconds and would result in missed events. In this paper, three different logic-level converter circuits are presented for conversion between the TTL and CMOS logic levels, the most commonly used logic levels in experimental applications, based on the concept of an emitter follower design that only produces a delay in the tens of nanoseconds. Circuits were developed for conversion from CMOS to TTL, from TTL to CMOS, and a TTL buffer circuit. These circuits allow for inter-conversion between the two most common logic families, TTL and CMOS, as well as buffering weak signals, to offer a simple, low-cost solution to synchronization in time-sensitive experimental setups.


ABSTRACT This article presents a unified approach to solve steady-state conjugate heat-transfer problem including simultaneously gas, liquid and solid regions in just one 3D domain, distinguished by their particular properties. This approach reduces approximation errors and the time to solve the problem, which characterise iterative methods based on separated domains. The formulation employs RANS equations, realisable k-ε turbulence model and near-wall treatment model. A commercial CFD code solves the pressure-based segregated algorithm combined with spatial discretisation of second order upwind. The problem consists of a convergent-divergent metallic nozzle that contains cooling channels divided in two segments along the wall. The nozzle wall insulates the high-speed hot air flow, dealt as perfect gas, from the two low-speed cold water flows, dealt as compressed liquid, both influenced by transport properties dependent of the local temperature. The verification process uses three meshes with increasing resolutions to demonstrate the independence of the results. The validation process compares the simulation results with experimental data obtained in high-enthalpy wind tunnel, demonstrating good compliance between them. Results for the bulk temperature rise of the water in the second cooling segment of the nozzle showed good agreement with available experimental data. Numerical simulations also provided wall temperature and heat flux for the gas and liquid sides. Besides, distribution of temperature, pressure, density and Mach number were plotted along the nozzle centerline showing a little disturbance downstream the throat. This phenomenon has been better visualised by means of 2D maps of those variables. The analysis of results indicates that the unified approach herein presented can make easier the task of simulating the conjugate convection-conduction heat-transfer in a class of problems related to regeneratively cooled thrust chambers.


Before proceeding to a discussion of the anatomy of the perineum, it is interesting to note that the pure anatomist has no counterpart for some of the terms used by the surgeon. Denonvilliers' fascia, the rectourethralis muscle, Buck's fascia and Colles' fascia are surgical terms used to designate conveniently certain anatomic landmarks which to the anatomist are not definite structures. The lack of liaison between the dissecting room and the operating amphitheater is responsible for much of our inaccurate knowledge and bizarre perineal surgery. Probably because of the hardened fasciae in embalmed bodies, there is a tendency for the dissector to consider the urogenital diaphragm as the keystone of the perineum, the other structures being formed secondarily, and to discredit all theories that do not presuppose the presence of a primary rigid double walled triangular membrane perforated by the urethra. This is largely an assumption which the embryologic facts as


Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) and NF-kappaB participate in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) signal transduction. Mice in which the genes encoding ASMase or the p50 subunit of NF-kappaB are disrupted have been reported to be less vulnerable than wild-type mice to focal brain ischemia. We now demonstrate selective diminution in expression of GluR1, an alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate-type glutamate receptor (AMPA-GluR) protein subunit, in these two groups of knockout mice. To confirm that neuronal GluR1 expression is regulated by ASMase and NF-kappaB, and to learn whether this regulation has pathophysiological significance, we treated cultured human NT2-N neurons with TNFalpha. This induced GluR1 expression and increased susceptibility of the neurons to kainate necrosis. Both induction of GluR1 and heightened vulnerability to kainate were blocked by inhibiting ASMase or by antisense knockdown of NF-kappaB p50. We conclude that TNFalpha can sensitize neurons to excitotoxic necrosis by inducing expression of GluR1 via an ASMase- and NF-kappaB-dependent mechanism. TNFalpha levels are frequently elevated during ischemia and other CNS diseases in which excitotoxicity contributes to neuronal loss. Our results suggest that inhibiting TNFalpha signal transduction will diminish neuronal necrosis in these diseases.


A straightforward generalization of a classical method of averaging is presented and its essential characteristics are discussed. The method constructs high-order approximations of the l-th partial derivatives of smooth functions u in inner vertices a of conformal simplicial triangulations T of bounded polytopic domains in Rd for arbitrary d ≥ 2. For any k ≥ l ≥ 1, it uses the interpolants of u in the polynomial Lagrange finite element spaces of degree k on the simplices with vertex a only. The high-order accuracy of the resulting approximations is proved to be a consequence of a certain hypothesis and it is illustrated numerically. The method of averaging studied in [Dalík J., Averaging of directional derivatives in vertices of nonobtuse regular triangulations, Numer. Math., 2010, 116(4), 619–644] provides a solution of this problem in the case d = 2, k = l = 1. MSC: 65D25


Fault detection and mitigation is of high importance for existing DFIG based wind energy conversion systems. Keeping the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) online during faults is desirable since reconnection can cause system instability. Grid disturbances induce large rotor currents at the machine side power electronic converter. The currents exceed the device ratings potentially causing damage. A stand alone active crowbar protection system is proposed in this project where the active crowbar is connected to the rotor windings providing a bypass path for the excessive current to dissipate across. The fault detection algorithm are developed using negative sequence detection method, which detected the negative sequence instantaneous power. The protecion system disconnects the converter from the system while activating crowbar for providing fault current circulation. The overall wind energy system with active crowbar was modelling in Matlab/Simulink and simulation results verify the functionality of the proposed protection system.


RACE, HEALTH, AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON CAMPUS: AN EXPLORATION OF DISCRIMINATION ON HEALTH AND FRATERNITY/SORORITY MEMBERSHIP FOR AFRICAN AMERICAN COLLEGE STUDENTS. By: Alexandra Munson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2019 Major Director: Suzanne Mazzeo, Ph.D. Professor and Director of Clinical Training Department of Psychology African American college students face a myriad of unique race related stressors on campus, yet there is a gap of knowledge on how these experiences may impact overall health as well as what may mediate these effects. The goal of the current study was threefold. First, it was to better understand the relationship between health outcomes and the experience of discrimination on college campuses for African American students. Second, it further investigated the research of Pieterse & Carter (2007), to explore if perceived discrimination influences health outcomes above and beyond general life stress in the emerging adult population. Lastly, it explored potential protective factors by examining if the relationship between health outcomes and the experience of discrimination is mediated by socio-cultural group involvement in the form of fraternities and sororities. 133 African American college students from a south eastern predominantly White university completed the American College Health Association's National College Health Assessment to explore these research aims. Racial discrimination was positively


OBJECTIVE
To analyse the curative effects of various treatment modalities for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

METHOD
52 cases of patients were divided into two groups according to the methods of treatment. In group 1, 29 cases only received uvuloplatopharygoplasty (UPPP). In group 2, 23 cases received multimodality treatments by various combinations of UPPP, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and the device of prosthetic dentitry.

RESULT
The comparison between the short-term effects of two groups did not reveal statistically significant difference, but complications easily occurred in patients who did not receive CPAP before UPPP. The long-term effects of two groups were also compared, the difference was statistically significant.

CONCLUSION
Multimodality treatment is an effective approach to improve the long-term effects of patients with OSAS.


Automated web service composition is a popular research topic because it can largely reduce human efforts as the business increases. This thesis presents a search-based approach to fully automate web service composition which has a high possibility to satisfy user's functional requirements given certain assumptions. The experiment results show that the accuracy of our composition method using Genetic Programming (GP), in terms of the number of times an expected composition can be derived versus the total number of runs can be over 90%. System designers are users of our method. The system designer begins with a set of available atomic services, creates an initial population containing individuals (i.e. solutions) of candidate service compositions, then repeatedly evaluates those individuals by a fitness function and selects better individuals to generate the next population until a satisfactory solution is found or a termination condition is met. In the context of web service composition, our algorithm of genetic programming is highly improved compared to the traditional genetic programming used in web service composition in three ways: 1. We comply with services knowledge rules such as service dependency graph when generating individuals of web service composition in each population, so we can expect that the convergence process and population quality can be improved. 2. We evaluate the generated individuals in each population through blackbox testing. The proportion of successful tests is taken into account by evaluating the fitness function value of genetic programming, so that the convergence rate can be more effective. 3. We take cross-over or mutation operation based on the parent individuals' input and output analysis instead of just choosing by probability as typically done in related work. In this way, better children can be generated even under the same parents. The main contributions of this approach include three aspects. First, less information is needed for service composition. That


A postsynthetic covalent strategy involving dual-acyl chloride has been developed to introduce uncoordinated carboxyl groups into amine containing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The carboxyl group functionalized MOFs have been characterized by various techniques, including X-ray diffraction patterning, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermal gravimetric analysis, and gas adsorption. Results clearly indicated uncoordinated carboxyl groups were successfully grafted to the MIL-101(Cr)–NH2 framework. In addition, most of the amine groups (>80%) were grafted with carboxyl groups, which indicates this method is very effective. The thermal stability and adsorption selectivity of CO2/N2 were substantially enhanced, albeit the BET surface areas and total pore volumes were reduced. These observations could be explained by the effect of elimination of macropores in the framework due to the projecting of new functional groups in pore apertures. Here the successful fabrication of a MOF with uncoordinated carboxyl groups provides the possibility of efficiently modifying other MOFs.


Significant improvement in the signal-to-noise performance of television signals has been obtained through the application of comb filtering techniques. This improvement is achieved by removing the inherent redundancy in the television signal through linear prediction and by utilizing the unique noise-rejection characteristics of the receiver comb filter. Theoretical and experimental results describe the signal-to-noise ratio and picture-quality improvement obtained through the use of baseband comb filters and the implementation of a comb network as the loop filter in a phase-lock-loop demodulator. Attention is given to the fact that noise becomes correlated when processed by the receiver comb filter. The subjective effect of line-to-line and pictureelement-picture-element-picture-element (PE-PE) correlation on noise visibility is discussed and demonstrated.