The reversed field pinch magnetic equilibrium in the high aspect ratio (R/a ≈ 8.8) Extrap T1 experiment has been studied using an insertable magnetic probe. High current density plasmas, about 14MA/m2 on axis, with reversal ratio and pinch parameter of F ≈ –0.5 and Θ ≈ 1.8, are considered. The experimental μ-configuration is found to be flat from the central region out to 0.6a, approaching zero at the wall. The pressure profile is flat in the central region, with the steepest gradient between 0.6a and 0.8a. Values of βθ = 0.16 and β = 0.07 are found. Linear stability calculations show that the measured equilibrium, given a conducting wall at the plasma boundary, is stable with respect to all current driven ideal and resistive MHD modes. However, m = 1 tearing modes resonant inside the reversal surface are close to marginal stability. When the conductivity of the liner is disregarded and an 18% vacuum region is included in the stability calculations, the m = 0 and the externally resonant m = 1 tearing modes become unstable. The configuration is found stable with respect to ideal interchange modes. The resistive interchange stability is also briefly discussed.


INTRODUCTION
Long term alcohol abuse is associated with deficiencies in essential nutrients and minerals that can cause a variety of medical consequences including accumulation of toxic metals.

AIM
The aim of this research is to get evidence-based data to evaluate alcohol damage and to optimize treatment. Thiamine and thiamine diphosphate (T/TDP), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), lead (Pb) and oxidative stress in terms of reactive oxygen metabolites (ROMs) were examined in blood samples from 58 alcohol dependent patients (17 females and 41 males).

RESULTS
T/TDP concentration in alcoholics resulted significantly lower than controls (p < 0.005) for both sexes. Serum Zn and Se did not significantly differ from reference values. Levels of blood Pb in alcoholics resulted significantly higher (p < 0.0001) than Italian reference values and were higher in females than in males. ROMs concentration was significantly higher than healthy population only in female abusers (p = 0.005).

CONCLUSION
Alcoholics show a significant increase in blood oxidative stress and Pb and decrease in thiamine. Impairment occurs mainly in female abusers confirming a gender specific vulnerability.


The present article analyzes the expected implications of the recent Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legal status of East Jerusalem in accordance with international law. The Court stated that East Jerusalem is occupied territory and Israel is the occupying power in this territory. Generally, the Opinion lends support to the Palestinians' arguments and is likely to enhance their bargaining position in the future negotiations regarding the regime to be applied to East Jerusalem. Unlike the differential approach undertaken by the parties during the recent stage of negotiations (that suggested applying different legal regimes to the city's different areas), the Court's Opinion did not make distinction between the different parts of East Jerusalem. Analysis of these distinct approaches indicates that the differential approach (adopted during the recent negotiations)is more likely to enhance the prospects of attaining an agreed solution to the dispute over East Jerusalem. The Court's emphasis on the interests of third parties as well as the role of the UN tends to multilateralize the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians regarding the West Bank, including East Jerusalem. The impacts of possible multilateralization of the dispute over East Jerusalem on the prospects of achieving an agreed solution are not clear. In contrast to the Court's multilateral approach with regard to the general Israeli-Palestinian dispute, the analysis of Israel's obligation regarding access to the holy places is essentially premised on two bilateral treaties (the 1949 General Armistice Agreement and the 1994 Peace Treaty between Israel and Jordan). In light of the major importance of numerous holy places in other parts of the globe, a preferable legal analysis could have been founded on a reasonable interpretation of general international human rights instruments, particularly the 1966 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.


Pholiota adiposa is an edible as well as medicinal mushroom cultured in China and Japan with anti-tu-mor, anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hyperlipidemic activities. This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of cookies added with Pholiota adiposa powder. Chemical composition of Pholiota adiposa powder was as follows: 3.8% moisture, 6.9% ash, 1% crude lipids, 3% protein, 53.3% carbohydrates, and 31.9% crude dietary fiber. To analyze quality characteristics during the manufacture of cookies, pH, texture, color, antioxidant activity, total polyphenol content, and sensory evaluation were determined. As the content of Pholiota adiposa powder increased, the pH of cookies decreased from 6.7 to 6.02. Hardness of cookies decreased with increasing Pholiota adiposa powder content, and cookies added with 5% powder were softer than the control. Regarding surface color, L-value decreased with increasing powder content compared to that of the control, whereas in surface color among various powder levels was not significantly different. As the content of Pholiota adiposa powder increased, both antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content increased. In the sensory evaluation, cookies added with 3% Pholiota adiposa powder showed remarkably higher values compared to control and other amples in all aspects.


This study investigates the synoptic variability of the monsoon flux during the establishment of the West African monsoon using observations and ECMWF analyses. It highlights variability at a 3–5‐day time scale, characterized by successive northward excursions of the monsoon flux. Their characteristics and climatology prior to the monsoon onset are presented. These penetrations follow a maximum of intensity of the heat‐low (extension and minimum of pressure) and are concomitant with an acceleration of the low‐level meridional wind. Some penetrations are stationary whereas others propagate westward simultaneously with African easterly waves. Both types are investigated in more detail by case‐studies. This enables us to distinguish the boundary‐layer mechanisms involved in such penetrations. A similar conceptual model holds for both. It is argued that the heat‐low dynamics is a major driver of these synoptic penetrations, pointing to the predominantly continental nature of this phenomenon. In turn, the heat‐low can be partitioned by the penetrations. Horizontal advection is the main process that eventually accounts for these surges; nevertheless, turbulent mixing also plays a significant role by vertically redistributing moisture, and in more subtle ways by its contribution to the shaping of the low‐level synoptic environment within which the surges take place. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society


The cooperation of multiple pieces of equipment can greatly improve the efficiency of work when performing tasks underwater. Networking communication is a crucial technology for underwater cooperation. Wireless optical communication technology has many advantages in underwater networking communication. Neighbor discovery is a key part of networking between nodes, and it is required to establish links quickly. This paper combines the token mechanism with the random backoff mechanism and proposes a multi-tokens random backoff (MTRB) neighbor discovery method for underwater wireless optical communication. Simulation and analysis of the MTRB method show that the method has high neighbor discovery efficiency. When the parameters are selected properly, the rate of neighbor discovery by the MTRB method is increased by about 50% compared with the single token and the random backoff algorithm.


The inverse problem involving a point pulse source exterior to a scattering medium, where the velocity c(x) is continuous, is considered. The layer stripping approach is applied to thin curvilinear layers whose surfaces are the primary wave fronts [with c(x) continuous, the reflected wave fronts will be secondary, i.e., of lower order singularity]. It is shown that the layer stripping approach can be used in the time-domain inverse problem without employing the added complexity of having to perform wave splitting. Furthermore the procedure to determine the normal derivative of c from the asymptotic short time behavior of the field quantities on an adjacent wave front surface has been simplified compared to earlier wave splitting methods. Uniqueness results are given.


Summary Cementless total hip implants are relatively new to the veterinary market and therefore complication rates and prognostic indicators associated with the procedure have not been thoroughly documented. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of complications and identify prognostic indicators of success or failure for the Zurich cementless total hip replacement (THR). Medical records of 163 dogs that underwent Zurich cementless-THR were reviewed continuous and categorical variables, clinical outcomes and complications were recorded. Complications were separated into intra-operative (IOC), short-term (STC), and long-term (LTC). Bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis was used to compare complications. The clini-cal significance of this study was to provide surgeons with prognostic indicators of success or failure when evaluating prospective Zurich cementless-THR patients, and to report the complication rate of Zurich cementlessTHR. The complication rates of Zurich cementless-THR were then compared to previously-reported complication rates of cemented-THR and other cementless-THR systems. Short-term complications, LTC, and IOC rates of Zurich cementless-THR were found to be 6.75%, 10.4%, and 11.0% respectively. The most common complications were intra-operative femoral fracture, luxation of the implant, and septic loosening of the implant. Increased body weight and prior cemented-THR or fe-moral head and neck ostectomy of the contra-lateral hip were identified as negative prognostic indicators. The overall complication rate identified was greater than those previously reported for other cementless- and cemented-THR systems.


We review the rationale, methodology, and clinical utility of quantitative [18F] sodium fluoride ([18F]NaF) positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) imaging to measure bone metabolic flux (Ki, also known as bone plasma clearance), a measurement indicative of the local rate of bone formation at the chosen region of interest. We review the bone remodelling cycle and explain what aspects of bone remodelling are addressed by [18F]NaF PET-CT. We explain how the technique works, what measurements are involved, and what makes [18F]NaF PET-CT a useful tool for the study of bone remodelling. We discuss how these measurements can be simplified without loss of accuracy to make the technique more accessible. Finally, we briefly review some key clinical applications and discuss the potential for future developments. We hope that the simplified method described here will assist in promoting the wider use of the technique.


Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBL) provide high level resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics among bacteria. In this study, previously described multidrug resistant bacteria from raw, treated, and municipal taps of DWDS from selected dams in southwestern Nigeria were assessed for the presence of ESBL resistance genes which include bla TEM, bla SHV, and bla CTX by PCR amplification. A total of 164 bacteria spread across treated (33), raw (66), and municipal taps (68), belonging to α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Flavobacteriia, Bacilli, and Actinobacteria group, were selected for this study. Among these bacteria, the most commonly observed resistance was for ampicillin and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (61 isolates). Sixty-one isolates carried at least one of the targeted ESBL genes with bla TEM being the most abundant (50/61) and bla CTX being detected least (3/61). Klebsiella was the most frequently identified genus (18.03%) to harbour ESBL gene followed by Proteus (14.75%). Moreover, combinations of two ESBL genes, bla SHV + bla TEM or bla CTX + bla TEM, were observed in 11 and 1 isolate, respectively. In conclusion, classic bla TEM ESBL gene was present in multiple bacterial strains that were isolated from DWDS sources in Nigeria. These environments may serve as foci exchange of genetic traits in a diversity of Gram-negative bacteria.


Growing renewable energy generation share causes more irregular and more flexible operational regimes of conventional power plants than in the past. It leads to long periods without dispatch for several days or even weeks. As a consequence, the required pre-heating of the steam turbine leads to an extended power plant start-up time [1].
 The current steam turbine Hot Standby Mode (HSM) contributes to a more flexible steam turbine operation and is a part of the Flex-Power Services™ portfolio [2].
 HSM prevents the turbine components from cooling via heat supply using an electrical Trace Heating System (THS) after shutdowns [3]. The aim of the HSM is to enable faster start-up time after moderate standstills. HSM functionality can be extended to include the pre-heating option after longer standstills.
 This paper investigates pre-heating of the steam turbine with an electrical THS. At the beginning, it covers general aspects of flexible fossil power plant operation and point out the advantages of HSM. Afterwards the technology of the trace heating system and its application on steam turbines will be explained. In the next step the transient pre-heating process is analyzed and optimized using FEA, CFD and analytic calculations including validation considerations. Therefor a heat transfer correlation for flexible transient operation of the HSM was developed. A typical large steam turbine with an output of up to 300MW was investigated. Finally the results are summarized and an outlook is given.
 The results of heat transfer and conduction between and within turbine components are used to enable fast start-ups after long standstills or even outages with the benefit of minimal energy consumption. The solution is available for new apparatus as well as for the modernization of existing installations.


Maximum likelihood (ML) estimation of spatial autocorrelation models is well established for the case where each node in the graph is directly observed. When one or more nodes are not observed, the user has a variety of computational tools at her or his disposal ranging from the expectation–maximization algorithm, which has become a standard for missing‐data problems, to marginal likelihood estimation methods and to fully Bayesian approaches. In this article, we give a comprehensive overview of likelihood‐based computational frameworks for parameter estimation of the conditional autoregressive model, and we establish connections with several algorithms in the literature that are iterative and often computationally suboptimal. We show that a vanilla marginal ML approach, which we provide computational details for, is still generally orders of magnitude faster than the iterative approaches, even on large data sets and especially so when the number of unobserved units is relatively large.


The ability to automatically discover error conditions with little human input is a feature lacking in most modern computer systems and networks. However, with the ever increasing size and complexity of modern systems, such a feature will become a necessity in the not too distant future. Our work proposes a hybrid framework that allows High Performance Clusters (HPC) to detect error conditions in their logs. Through the use of anomaly detection, the system is able to detect portions of the log that are likely to contain errors (anomalies). Via visualization, human administrators can inspect these anomalies and assign labels to clusters that correlate with error conditions. The system can then learn a signature from the confirmed anomalies, which it uses to detect future occurrences of the error condition. Our evaluations show the system is able to generate simple and accurate signatures using very little data.


Drawing upon Media Dependency Theory, the study examines the emergence of digital influencer's trustworthiness from antecedents i-e content value and influencer's credibility between, as well as the impact of trustworthiness on the follower's purchase intention while evaluating the perceived value as a moderator between this relationship. The sample size was 346 respondents, and the data came from Pakistani social media users who were actively following influencers on content platforms. Data was analyzed using the partial least squares- structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) method. The findings revealed a significant and positive association between followers' intention to buy endorsed brands and their perception of trust. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that content value and influencer's credibility have an imperative impact on how trustworthy a digital influencer is perceived. The results also indicated the substantial moderation impact of perceived value. The study is one of the few of its type that draws upon media dependence theory for brands and establishes the efficient influencer marketing practices to have a strong eWOM (electronic word of mouth) in Pakistan, by doing so it makes a significant contribution to the literature on digital marketing. The outcomes of the study contribute to the existing body of knowledge of digital marketing as well as marketing. Additionally, the findings also offer real time practical implications for brands and businesses, particularly digital enterprises, by helping them better understand and put influencer marketing strategies into practice to assure success in their endeavors.


This research aimed to study characteristic of hydraulic control system of castor beans pressing process. Experimental approach was conducted by using Complete Randomized Design to obtained relation between pressure's variable and characteristics parameters of hydrolic control system and pressing process. Effet of pressure loading were investigated at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 kg, which replicated three times in order to obtained 15 units experiment. Characteristics parameters of hydraulic control system are pressure velocity, pressure, and pressure power. Pressing process parameters are distance of displacement, capacity of pressing process, and rendement. Result from this research showed that the hydraulic control system was able to transfered power using hydraulic oil in order to conduct pressing process. Higher loading pressure caused increasing pressure velocity, pressure, pressure power, pressing process capacity, and rendement. Whereas, lower loading pressure caused reduction on distance of displacement. Therefore, development on design is necessary to obtain optimal rendement quantity and further studies using extended pressure loading range is recommended.


The MATH taxonomy classifies questions according to the mathematical skills required to answer them. It was created to aid the development of more balanced assessments in undergraduate mathematics and has since been used to compare different assessment regimes across school and university. To date, there has been no systematic investigation of the reliability of the taxonomy when applied by multiple coders, and it has only been applied in a limited range of contexts. In this paper, we outline a calibration process which enabled four novice coders to attain a high level of inter-rater reliability. In addition, we report on the results of applying the taxonomy to different secondary school exams and to all assessment questions in a first-year university mathematics module. The results confirm previous findings that there is a difference between the mix of skills assessed in school and university mathematics exams, although we find a notably different assessment profile in the university module than in previous work. The calibration process we describe has the potential to be used more widely, enabling reliable use of the MATH taxonomy to give insight into assessment practices.


Toxic endotoxin (LPS) and its irradiated detoxified form (RD-LPS) induced only small changes in the DNA level in the sera of 4, 12 and 18 months old rats. Changes in the anti-DNA titres were age-dependent. In 4 months old rats one or two injections of the LPS preparations failed to increase the circulating anti-DNA level. In 12 and 18 months old rats both toxic and detoxified LPS preparations raised the anti-DNA titres. The second LPS injection evoked a smaller response in 18 months old rats than the first one.


We study the effective index of random media composed of two-layered spheres by using the energy-density coherent potential approximation method. As expected from the Ewald-Oseen extinction theorem, in the long-wavelength limit, the optical properties of a random medium composed of two-layered spheres are identical to those of a random medium composed of the corresponding pure spheres, while in the Mie-scattering region, the single-scattering resonances lead to an overall shift of the effective refractive index with the modified volume fraction.


We point out two flaws in the algorithm of Brandes and Kopf (Proc. GD 2001), which is often used for the horizontal coordinate assignment in Sugiyama's framework for layered layouts. One of them has been noted and fixed multiple times, the other has not been documented before and requires a non-trivial adaptation. On the bright side, neither running time nor extensions of the algorithm are affected adversely.


Studying infant diet and feeding practices through stable isotope analysis provides direct insight into the life and health of vulnerable population groups in the past. Although the general diet in medieval and early modern Livonia has been reconstructed from written sources, little is known about childhood diet during this tumultuous period of Eastern European history. This study presents a comparative investigation of the staple non-adult diet in urban/rural communities during the 13th-17th centuries AD, with a special focus on feeding practices. We aim to reveal the impact of socio-economic circumstances on early childhood nutrition, which affects the physical development and overall survival of this susceptible population group. Bone collagen samples from 176 individuals between the fetal and the 7–15 age categories from four urban/rural South-Estonian cemeteries were cross-sectionally analyzed via EA-IRMS (Elemental Analysis with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectroscopy) for δ13C and δ15N. Results suggest that South-Estonian children had a staple terrestrial C3 diet integrated with animal proteins. Significant divergences were observed between urban and rural sites and slight variation occurred among rural subgroups, possibly resulting from a wider food choice available in towns, different consumption of C4 foods, and/or secular changes. This study provides the first data regarding infant feeding practices in medieval and early modern Livonia. These practices were similar among the different contexts, indicating comparable cultural traditions in child rearing. Breastfeeding was likely practiced for 1–2 years, with supplementary foods introduced around 1 year of age. The weaning process was probably concluded around the age of 3. The δ13C and δ15N values of older children are comparable to those of the adults from the same sites, indicating their diets became similar after weaning, when they started working and obtained a more mature social status.


In this paper, we propose that the Lagrangian relaxation approach can be used to approximate the Pareto front of the multiobjective optimization problems. We introduce Lagrangian relaxation approach to solve scalarized subproblems. The scalarization is a technique employed to transform multiple objectives optimization problems into single-objective optimization problems so that existing optimization techniques are used to solve the problems. The relaxation approach exploits transformation and creates a Lagrangian problem in which some of the constraints are replaced from the original problem to make the problem easier to solve.  The method is very effective when the problem is large scale and difficult to solve; this means if the problem has nonconvex and nonsmooth structure, then our proposed method efficiently solves the problem. We succeed in establishing proper Karush Kuhn-Tucker type necessary conditions for our proposed approach. We establish the relation between our proposed approach and the well-known existing approach weighted-sum scalarization methods. We conduct extensive numerical experiments and demonstrated the advantages of the proposed method of adopting a test problem.
GANIT J. Bangladesh Math. Soc. 40.2 (2020) 126-133


We used a cylindrical model for the left ventricle contracting both radially and longitudinally to show how the ejection fraction is related to different variables that describe the ventricular geometry. The relations during ventricular contraction between wall thickening, midwall radius shortening and longitudinal shortening are used to derive precise formulas for the calculation of ventricular blood flow velocity and ejection fraction. Validation of the model is given by results from the literature and by a study of 40 patients. The formulas derived can be used to validate angiographic measurements or to assess more precisely blood flow velocity and ejection fraction from the M-mode echocardiogram. Ejection fraction is determined not only by the extent of myocardial shortening, but also by the relationship of ventricular wall thickness to ventricular cavity size.


Background School cafeterias are a major point of influence for child nutrition. United States federal legislation requires the presence of important nutrients in school meals. However, legislation overlooks the potential presence of hyper-palatable foods in school lunches, a hypothesized factor that may influence children's eating behavior and obesity risk. The study sought to 1) quantify the prevalence of hyper-palatable foods (HPF) served in US elementary school lunches; and 2) determine whether food hyper-palatability varied based on school geographic region (East/Central/West), urbanicity (urban/micropolitan/rural), or meal item (entrée/side/fruit or vegetable). Methods Lunch menu data (N = 18 menus; N = 1160 total foods) were collected from a sample of six states that represented geographic regions of the United States (Eastern/Central/Western; Northern/Southern) and that had variability in urbanicity (urban, micropolitan, and rural) within each state. A standardized definition from Fazzino et al (2019) was used to identify HPF in lunch menus. Results HPF comprised almost half of foods in school lunches (M = 47%; SD = 5%). Compared to fruit/vegetable items, entrées were >23 times more likely to be hyper-palatable and side dishes were >13 times more likely to be hyper-palatable (p values < .001). Geographic region and urbanicity were not significantly associated with food item hyper-palatability (p values >.05). The majority of entrée and side items contained meat/meat alternatives and/or grains and likely aligned with the US federal reimbursable meal components of meat/meat alternatives and/or grains. Conclusions and implications HPF comprised almost half of foods offered in elementary school lunches. Entrées and side items were most likely to be hyper-palatable. US school lunches may be a key point of regular exposure to HPF among young children, a risk factor that may elevate child obesity risk. Public policy regulating HPF in school meals may be needed to protect children's health.


This study analyzed potential conflicts of interest regarding the commercial private sector and health promotion policies, particularly their interface with the food and nutrition field in Brazil. The paper addresses the influence of international ideas in this process. The study analyzed the two separate publications of the Brazilian National Health Promotion Policy – of 2006, and of 2014 – and the international agreements that supported them. The method used was analysis of documents, with a categorization into the following dimensions and categories: In the dimension of the Ideas of health promotion, the focus items were the principles and the strategies proposed; In the dimension of conflicts of interest, these aspects were identified: the approach in the documents, relationships with the commercial private sector, and proposals referred to as 'public-private partnerships'. It was concluded that these policies still adopt a fragile approach in terms of conflict of interest. The debate is de-politicized when the asymmetries of power between the sectors involved in the public-private relationships are not made explicit, or when the practices of the commercial private sector that harm objectives, principles and values of health promotion policies are left out of account.


This paper examines the role of uncertainty and capital market imperfection in influencing firm investment. Introduction of uncertainty in the investment model allows for limited expandability and limited reversibility of capital over time other than what is dictated by firm's fundamentals and financial condition. It is represented by employing two variables – volatility in gold prices and dispersion in the market share of top four firms in each 5-digit National Industrial Classification group. We identify financially constrained firms in various years by relying on investment-asset sale sensitivity. Using an endogenous regime switching model, for a sample of 1933 Indian manufacturing firms from 1994 to 2009, our results show that asset sales are a significant determinant of investment for the constrained firms. Among uncertainty measures, higher volatility in gold prices depresses investment whereas market share dispersion has no impact on the timing of investment for both constrained and unconstrained firms.


Interleukin-6 (IL-6) could be a possible mediator of insulin resistance. We investigated whether IL-6 could inhibit insulin signaling in human skeletal myotubes and whether suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS-3) could be related to insulin resistance in vivo in humans. IL-6 inhibited insulin signaling and induced SOCS-3 expression in differentiated myotubes. SOCS-3 mRNA levels were significantly increased in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic patients compared with control subjects and correlated with reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In contrast, SOCS-3 mRNA levels were reduced in muscle of obese nondiabetic subjects compared with type 2 diabetic patients, despite similar circulating concentrations of IL-6. Increased SOCS-3 mRNA levels in diabetes were not attributable to hyperglycemia, as type 1 diabetic patients had normal SOCS-3 mRNA expression in muscle. However, the combination of high glucose and IL-6 levels in type 2 diabetic patients may induce SOCS-3 expression, as has been seen in human muscle cells. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, SOCS-3 mRNA levels were increased in obese individuals and strongly correlated with IL-6 expression, supporting a paracrine effect of IL-6 on SOCS-3 expression in fat. Taken together, our results showed that SOCS-3 expression in human skeletal muscle in vivo is not related to insulin resistance in the presence of elevated IL-6 concentrations and suggest that cytokine action could differ in type 2 diabetic patients and nondiabetic obese subjects.


Abstract The purpose of this article is to explore the meanings and implications of dangerous memories in two different sites of past traumatic memories: one in Israel and the other in Cyprus. Dangerous memories are defined as those memories that are disruptive to the status quo, that is, the hegemonic culture of strengthening and perpetuating existing group-based identities. Our effort is to outline some insights from this endeavor—insights that may help educators recognize the potential of dangerous memories to ease pain and offer hope. First, a discussion on memory, history and identity sets the ground for discussing the meaning and significance of dangerous memories in the history curriculum. Next, we narrate two stories from our longitudinal ethnographic studies on trauma and memory in Israel and Cyprus; these stories are interpreted through the lens of dangerous memories and their workings in relation to the hegemonic powers that aim to sustain collective memories. The two different stories suggest that collective memories of historical trauma are not simply "transmitted" in any simple way down the generations—although there are powerful workings that support this transmission. Rather, there seems to be much ambivalence in the workings of memories that under some circumstances may create openings for new identities. The final section discusses the possibilities of developing a pedagogy of dangerous memories by highlighting educational implications that focus on the notion of creating new solidarities without forgetting past traumas. This last section employs dangerous memories as a critical category for pedagogy in the context of our general concern about the implications of memory, history and identity in educational contexts.


Developed by pedigree selection from the cross ICPX74092 (ICP6997/Prabhat), this early maturing short-statured Cajanus cajan variety (PI564587) produced 10% greater yields over 5 years of testing than control variety UPAS120 in the North West Hills Zone and 54% greater yields in the Central Zone of India. In Hisar and Gwalior, Haryana, ICPL151 yielded between 2 and 4 t/ha. In pigeopea-wheat crop rotations in the Gwalior district, its yields were 12% higher than those of UPAS120. ICPL151 matures on average 127 days after sowing in the Central Zone and 147 days after sowing in the North Zone. Its seeds are large, round and cream-coloured; 100-seed weight averages 10.8 g. ICPL151 has field resistance to sterility mosaic disease


The hypothermic storage of rat liver parenchymal cells in the sucrose-salt medium is studied. It is demonstrated that short-term hepatocyte storage at 4 degrees C results in a slight imbalance, that evidences for sufficient adaptive potencies of these cells to the temperature fall.


In a case of refractory anemia with an excess of myeloblasts in the bone marrow and with thrombocytopenia, examinations of the blood cells under the electron microscope have revealed nucleated cells similar in size to small lymphocytes. Some of these lymphocytelike cells have scanty cytoplasm identical to that of giant platelets present in the blood, which re pathologic in view of their highly developed system of membranes. In the perinuclear space and in short segments of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, these blood micromegakaryocytes exhibit a peroxidase activity that is identical to that of mature megakaryocytes of normal bone marrow. They also spread over glass like giant platelets. In the past these nucleated cells could well have been confused with atypical lymphocytes, because on stained slides their atypical appearance makes identification difficult.


The growing waste generation, increasing environmental regulations, and limited land area for waste disposal necessitate an effective and efficient waste supply chain management solution in terms of both socioeconomic perspectives and environmental sustainability. Waste management is connected to supply chain decisions as it involves waste generation, collection, separation, transportation, processing, and disposal. Accordingly, this paper develops a mixed integer linear programming model for the optimal planning of a waste management system in a multi-echelon supply chain network, which aims to find a trade-off between supply chain costs, depletion of waste and efficient use of generated waste while considering the environmental impacts. Various recycling and WtE technologies are utilized to convert plastic and mixed waste into value-added products including fuel, electricity, and heat. Though recycling is preferable from an environmental point of view, it is shown that the waste-toenergy option is more economically efficient.


Although InGaN/GaN green light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely available, it is still challenging to grow green LED structures for emission at longer wavelengths due to the difficulty associated with the incorporation of In. The higher concentration of In may also affect the performance and reliability of the device. The reliability of green GaN LEDs with three different indium doping concentrations, with centre-wavelength of 520 nm, 540 nm and 550 nm, is studied in this paper. The electrical properties, including I-V characteristics, leakage current and 1/f noise were measured. The optical performance of the devices was also evaluated. The devices were subsequently subjected to a 1000 hours continuous stress test. The defect densities of the LED structures were also determined. Our results show that the 520 nm LED, which contains the lowest indium concentration in its quantum wells, produces highest optical output power at 20 mA. It also degrades slower than 540 nm and 550 nm LEDs.


We examine the impact of government ownership on venture-backed private firm exits spanning 50 countries over the years 1990-2010. The data examined indicate that, relative to deals in which the investor base is purely nongovernment, private firms that have government ownership have higher dollar exit values. Subsample analysis on initial public offerings (IPOs) and mergers/acquisitions (M&A) shows that IPOs drive these results. The evidence is consistent with the view that while government may be inefficient, there is potential value for an IPO firm. The results suggest that the most important source of this benefit for IPOs appears to be access to capital when/where markets are experiencing constraints. Results remain after various checks for endogeneity and robustness are undertaken.


Echo soundings made over the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, using sound pulses from 0.2 to 1 millisecond long, exhibit evidence that several horizontal layers of sediment extend continuously across the nearly flat floors of enclosed basins. In one basin of the Tyrrhenian Sea, the layers which were sampled by coring proved to be alternate layers of sorted coarse clastic materials and clay; basins investigated by others off the coast of California are similar in this respect. The coarse clastic materials are either volcanic ash, probably transported by air, or sorted sand and silt, probably laid down during the terminal phase of turbidity currents. The author suggests that all enclosed basins of the deep sea will be found to contain such layering and that, in general, other abyssal plains will not. These basinal deposits are referred to as sediment ponds because of their mode of occurrence. Sequences of bedding have been found by echo sounding which have the appearance of having been formed in an enclosed basin and later distorted by tectonic action. The suggestion is made that the flysch of the Alps and other similar sedimentary rocks may have formed originally in ancient enclosed basins .


This paper describes a method of cutting off reasoning when all of the answers to a problem have been found. Briefly, the method involves keeping and maintaining information about the sizes of important sets, and using this information to determine when all of the answers to a problem have been found. We show how this information can be dynamically calculated and kept accurate in a changing world. Additional complexity is encountered when this maintenance is mixed with independent meta-level reasoning for pruning search spaces.


Single element Ni and Cr metallizations to low doped n- and InP have been investigated to clarify how they affect electrical performance of advanced multilayer metallizations for ohmic contact and Schottky diode applications. It was found that the Ni and Cr contacts to n-InP show unstable ohmic behaviour at all annealing temperatures (300-500 °C), and that Ni and Cr metallizations to p-InP show diode behaviour. The electrical behaviour of the contacts were compared to phase formation paths of Ni-In-P and Cr-In-P ternary systems. From this it was found that amorphous ternary phases form first by interdiffusion of Cr and Ni into the InP crystal. Subsequently, at higher annealing temperatures, crystallization and eventually phase separation determines the electrical properties of the contacts. After annealing at 500 °C the Cr diodes to p-InP are almost ideal, as deduced from barrier height measurements using a combination of I-V and C-V methods. This indicates that the metallization forms a two-layer structure with Cr-P phases lying above pure In. The Ni diodes to p-InP annealed at 500 °C, on the other hand, are not ideal, indicating that Ni-In and Ni-(In)-P phases in parallel are determining the electrical properties of the diode.


Recently, lanthanum oxide doped by group IIA elements may strongly influence solid state reaction. A series of samples, noted LaSrX (where X = % atomic of strontium) have been prepared by hydrolysis, in neutral medium from La2O3 and SrCO3. These samples were calcined under air at 450 ̊C and 1150 ̊C then characterized by specific surface area (BET), X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Obtained results show that after calcinations at: 1) 450 ̊C, the addition of strontium is without effect on surface of La2O3 and the XRD analysis revealed no interaction between lanthanum oxide and strontium carbonate; 2) 1150 ̊C, the sintering of the samples is very important, reduction of 70% of surfaces compared to the samples calcined at 450 ̊C; XRD results show that LaSrX are formed principally by two oxides: SrLa2O4 and La2O3, which is confirmed by SEM method. The reaction between La2O3 and SrCO3 showed three endothermic weight losses; elimination of water, a partial de-hydroxylation of La(OH)3 and formation of La2O2CO3 and La2(CO3)3.


Multiculturalism is a broad term that encapsulates a number of idealistic constructs related to inclusion, understanding the diverse experiences of others, and creating equitable access to resources and opportunity in our society. Social justice activism is a core tenet of multiculturalism. In order to be optimally effective, multiculturalism needs to be an "action word" rather than a passive construct, one that is inextricably linked to the ability to commit to and engage in an agenda of social justice wherein the inclusive ideals of multiculturalism are actively sought out and fought for.
 One such domain where the constructs of multiculturalism and social action are playing out in real time is within U.S. sport. U.S. athletes across all ranks (i.e., Olympic, professional, college, and youth sports) are actively engaging in social justice activism by using their platforms to advocate for equality and human rights. A recent display of activism that has garnered worldwide attention was the silent protest of former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. During the National Football League (NFL) preseason games of the 2016 season, Kaepernick began kneeling during the playing of the U.S. national anthem as a means to protest racial injustice, police brutality, and the killing of African Americans. Since the start of his protest, athletes around the nation and the world have joined the activist–athlete movement, thereby raising awareness of the mistreatment of African Americans within U.S. society. The activist–athlete movement has amassed support and generated momentum, but consulting sport psychology professionals can adopt a more active role to better support athletes, thereby advancing the movement. Consulting sport psychologists can strive to better understand the nature of athlete-activism and aspire to help their athlete clients explore and express their opinions so they can work to effect meaningful societal change, using sport as the vehicle for their message.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effects of different doses of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on the fibrovascular ingrowth into hydroxyapatite orbital implants.

METHODS
Thirty-six New Zealand albino rabbits were divided into 4 groups, and hydroxyapatite orbital spheres were implanted into their orbits. The implants were pretreated with 0.5, 1.5 and 5.0 g/L bFGF solution respectively in 3 groups, the untreated implants were used in the control group. At the postoperative 2, 4 and 6 weeks the implants were harvested. Observers classified the extent of the fibrovascular ingrowth in a blind manner under light microscopy.

RESULTS
Histologic studies demonstrated that postoperatively, the rate of vascularization of the implants pretreated with 1.5 and 5.0 g/L bFGF solution was significantly increased at week 2 in comparison with that of the control group. No difference was noted between the group with the implants pretreated with 0.5 g/L bFGF solution and the control group.

CONCLUSION
The bFGF 1.5 and 5.0 g/L in concentration may promote the fibrovascular ingrowth into hydroxyapatite orbital implants at week 2 after the implantation.


With ammonium persulfate and N,N ' -Methylene bisacrylamide as an initiator and crosslink agent respectively, a bentonite-superabsorbent composite is synthesized by means of aqueous solution copolymerization. The composite is prepared by acrylamide and acrylic acid at the presence of bentonite suspension .The factors of influence on water and 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution absorption is studied. The suitable manufacturing condition of the composite is set down in a series of experiments. The influence of the amount of initiator , crosslink agent and bentonite for the composite are investigated .The absorption of the composite is 1 100 and 110 in the case of distilled water and 0.9% NaCl aqueous solution respectively. It is found that the composite with a good water retention and heat resistance is significant for reducing the product cost and improving the comprehensive property of the composite as the amount of initiator, crosslink agent and bentonite is 0.9%,10%,0.6‰ in proportion to monomer respectively.


Several potential advantages are connected to the availability of functional organic polymeric materials for advanced applications with respect to inorganic materials. They include structural flexibility (i.e. the possibility to achieve by synthetic methods different composition features, as well as molecular and physical properties), lighter weight, thermoplastic behaviour (allowing to prepare stable thin films), possibility of being processed by different procedures, potential low cost etc. Further advantages are also given by the chemical anchorage of the photoactive moieties to the macromolecular structure, thus avoiding several drawbacks deriving from crystallization, inhomogeneity in the bulk, phase segregation etc. which are present when small active molecules are dispersed into a plastic matrix. Indeed, since several decades a very wide academic and industrial interest has arisen around this topic, as demonstrated by the huge amount of publications appeared in the literature. We shall limit here to review the recent literature concerning the state-of-the-art of the research on amorphous polymeric derivatives bearing side-chain photoactive moieties such as the azo-aromatic and the carbazole chromophore as functional groups, in addition to the presence of structural or chemical features suitable to also provide the macromolecules of chiral properties.


For specific applications, there can be significant performance advantages when using a SiP (system in package). With the proper silicon functional partitioning, well controlled interconnect medium, and well tuned interface design; the data bandwidth can be increased by both speed and width. The disadvantages of SiPs are increased risks in reliability, manufacturability, and difficulty with test access, repair, and rework. The subsystem within the package is a flipchip ASIC die, and four packaged memory components. This allows the memory to be tested at-speed and burned in prior to assembly in the SiP. The feasibility study resulted in a combination of physical design tradeoffs, and reliability assessment of a test vehicle. The substrates were evaluated for routability, signal and power integrity. A custom electrical interface was specified for the chips to maximize bandwidth of the system. Package coplanarity, thermal mechanical integrity, and long term reliability were also examined. Preliminary results were presented


The paper is concerned with the representation of the relationship that exists, for a given material and temperature and for small deformations, between histories of applied stress and the observed strain and the accompanying changes in internal structure of the material. Emphasis is given to creep damage in metals as a vehicle for illustration of the main ideas introduced in the paper. In particular, the role played by irreducible even rank tensors in the representation of internal structure is discussed and clarified. The restrictions placed by thermodynamics on constitutive equations are considered and the use of potentials in these equations is examined and criticized.


This paper presents developments in the use of an embedded, multi-electrode conductivity sensor to study the response of the concrete cover-zone to environmental action. The sensor enables an evaluation of the temporal and spatial variation of electrical conductivity thereby allowing an integrated assessment of the cover-zone. Conductivity sensors were embedded within concrete samples to study the cover-zone response to cyclic wetting and drying under laboratory conditions. This work was extended to include the use of remote interrogation methods to study samples placed at a marine exposure site and preliminary results are presented.


Background: Because of inadequate psychotherapy resources, antidepressants are the front-line option for Major depressive disorder, but with dissatisfied curative effect. Many patients have an interest in acupuncture and moxibustion treatment as complementary therapies. However, there is no sufficient evidence on effectiveness of the integrated treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the integrated acupuncture and moxibustion treatment in treating major depressive disorder and to find out the most suitable implementation protocol.Methods: This study is a multicenter, single-blind, 2 × 2 factorial randomized trial. A total of 592 adult participants with moderate depression will be enrolled and randomized into four groups with a ratio of 2: 2: 2: 1, that is, combined group, integrated acupuncture and moxibustion treatment only group, sertraline only group, or placebo group. Participants will undergo a 12-week intervention with either 50 mg of sertraline or placebo once a day, as well as the active/sham integrated acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for three times per week. The primary outcome is assessed using the 17-item version of Hamilton Depression Scale. The secondary outcomes are anxiety and sleep-related scales that assessed using Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Safety will be evaluated using liver and kidney function tests examined before and after treatment, as well as daily adverse events. The primary and secondary outcomes will be measured at weeks 0, 4, 8, 12 and 8-week posttreatment, and an intent-to-treat principle will be followed for outcomes analyses.Discussion: Sertraline is one of antidepressants as the front-line treatment for major depressive disorder, but with a delayed onset, high rate of inadequate response and low rate of adherence. As a traditional Chinese therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion are popular and widely accepted. This trial will provide more sufficient evidence for the efficacy and safety of the integrated treatment for major depressive disorder and the most suitable combination strategy. Thus, these finds will extend our knowledge in treating for major depressive disorder.Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR2100042841; Registered on 30 January 2021.


In this paper we consider the process of one-dimensional redistribution of two immiscible and incompressible uids in a heterogeneous porous medium. We treat in detail the special case in which the initial saturation as well as the properties of the porous medium have a single coinciding discontinuity. Then the time-dependent saturation proole is of self-similar form, i.e. depends only on x= p t. This self-similar pro-le can be used to validate numerical algorithms describing two-phase ow in porous media with discontinuous heterogeneities. We discuss the construction of the similarity solution, in which we give special attention to the matching conditions at the interface where the medium properties are discontinuous. We also outline a numerical procedure to obtain the similarity solution and we provide applications in terms of the Brooks-Corey and the Van Genuchten model.


"Erzurum, a border borough in the Eastern Anatolia region, was an important center at the time of the Roman, Byzantium, Georgian, Armenian, Saltuqids, Seljuk, Ilkhanid, Aqqoyunlu, Qarakoyunlu and Ottoman eras. In Erzurum, historical urban fabric related to the Turks came into being at the time of the Saltuqids. This pattern continued by construction during the time of Seljuk and Ilkhanid periods. Today, the citadel, Kale Masjid located within the citadel (mid-12th century) and Tepsi Minaret (mid-XIIth century) along with Grand Mosque (1179), Double Minaret/Hatuniye (1285-1290) and Yakutiye Madrasahs that are located outside of the citadel and within the bailey constitute the monumental constructions of the city. Following Seljuks' defeat in the Battle of Kösedağ in 1243, in the ongoing period, the region experienced a process of Mongol invasions. Erzurum was the first city that was captured by Mongols in their incursions to Anatolia (1242). The monumental constructions that gave the city of Erzurum its characteristics were built in the Ilkhanid Period. In this study, these constructions will be reinterpreted in the context of their cultural medium Double Minaret/Hatuniye (1285-1290) and Erzurum Yakutiye (1310-1311) were built during the Ilkhanid period in Erzurum. Over the course of the Ilkhanid period in Anatolia, monumental constructions like madrasahs were prioritized. Erzurum Double Minaret/Hatuniye Madrasa (1285-1290) has an open courtyard and Erzurum Yakutiye Madrasa (1310-1311) with an enclosed courtyard are examples of the biggest madrasas in Anatolia. "


As energy consumption becomes a first class concern for computing systems, there is an increasing need for application-level access to runtime power/energy measurements. To support this need, a growing number of power and energy monitors are being developed, each with their own interfaces. In fact, the approaches are extremely diverse, and porting energy-aware code to new platforms with new hardware can involve significant rewriting effort. To reduce this effort and support portable, application-level energy monitoring, a common interface is needed. In this paper, we propose EnergyMon, a portable application interface that is independent of underlying power/energy data sources. We demonstrate EnergyMon's flexibility with two case studies -- energy-aware profiling and self-adaptive systems, each of which requires monitoring energy across a range of hardware from different manufacturers. We release the EnergyMon interface, implementations, utilities, and Java and Rust bindings and abstractions as open source.


We have previously developed a method that combines a mini gamma camera with an optical camera to synthesize the two kinds of images and help surgeons to easily identify sentinel lymph nodes on the gastric surface in the cancer resection surgery. Since it is assumed in this method that the object surface is flat, the application is limited. In this article, we extend this method so as to estimate the three-dimensional shape of the object from stereo optical cameras. A prototype system with a mini gamma camera and two optical cameras was constructed and a preliminary experiment was performed.


The extent to which environmental factors affect small and medium and enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets has been controversial in recent time. Also, the internationalization of businesses appear to achieve advance reckoning as a result of the influence of globalization on most national economies giving rise to decrease in environmental barriers and government-imposed barriers due to continuous improvement in technology. The population of the study consisted of randomly selected employees of selected manufacturing and services SMEs, in Nigeria . A total sample of 334 respondents was considered through the administration of a structured questionnaire. The statistical tools included multiple regression and correlation analysis through the SPSS computer packages. The results showed that foreign legal systems (FLS), has significant relationship on the businesses' survival rate (at P =0.00). It was also found out that cultural differences (CD) has significant relationship with business sales (at P=0.00). Hence, the study recommends that Businesses must ensure they carry-out proper environmental analysis before entering the international market as this will help in identifying critical issues that needs to be solved before eventually entering the international market that is even more competitive than the local market.


This report describes a field study that was conducted at Pennsylvania State University's Pavement Durability Facility (test track) and on Route 64 to determine the effect of specific construction, traffic, and materials variables on the performance of bituminous seal coats. Condition of the existing surface (worn or leveled), emulsion application rate, rolling patterns, time between construction operations and opening to traffic, and polymer modification were among the study variables. Traffic was applied to the sections for 1 year, and the performance, skid resistance, visual evaluations, and mean texture depth were documented. Design and construction variables were found to diminish the other study variables. The report includes recommendations for improving the PennDOT design procedure, suggestions regarding quality control, and a tentative model for predicting seal coat life.


Recommender systems are widely integrated into our everyday activities. These intelligent systems succeed in learning the user's profile to recommend movies, music, news and more. However, for designing context-aware recommendations, new challenges emerge in predicting the situational needs of the user. We prototyped Ambient Wanderer, our personalised and contextualised Point-of-Interest (POI) recommender system and experimented it with new locals, people who have recently relocated to a city. Our key findings include: sudden breakdowns during urban exploration, trust issues with the recommendations from people unlike them, feeling bored as the trigger to POI search, intent to find free activities, information needs on areas-of-interest beyond points-of-interest and the demand to build a new social life. For each of these needs, we present the implications to design mobile recommendations for urban exploration.


Wearable technology for the automatic detection of gait events has recently gained growing interest, enabling advanced analyses that were previously limited to specialist centres and equipment (e.g., instrumented walkway). In this study, we present a novel method based on dilated convolutions for an accurate detection of gait events (initial and final foot contacts) from wearable inertial sensors. A rich dataset has been used to validate the method, featuring 71 people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 67 healthy control subjects. Multiple sensors have been considered, one located on the fifth lumbar vertebrae and two on the ankles. The aims of this study were: (i) to apply deep learning (DL) techniques on wearable sensor data for gait segmentation and quantification in older adults and in people with PD; (ii) to validate the proposed technique for measuring gait against traditional gold standard laboratory reference and a widely used algorithm based on wavelet transforms (WT); (iii) to assess the performance of DL methods in assessing high-level gait characteristics, with focus on stride, stance and swing related features. The results showed a high reliability of the proposed approach, which achieves temporal errors considerably smaller than WT, in particular for the detection of final contacts, with an inter-quartile range below 70 ms in the worst case. This study showes encouraging results, and paves the road for further research, addressing the effectiveness and the generalization of data-driven learning systems for accurate event detection in challenging conditions.


BACKGROUND
Opioid use disorder is a public health concern in Australia. Opioid agonist treatment (OAT) is effective at treating and minimising harm from opioid use disorder, yet is underused in Australia due to client barriers. Although these barriers have been reported, the barriers that are most important to clients is unclear. The aim of this paper was to determine the most important OAT barriers to Australian clients.

METHODS
A cross-sectional, self-completed survey was given to 204 opioid-dependent clients who attended needle and syringe sites in Australia. Participants were given 15 OAT barrier statements, which they answered using a 5-point Likert scale (1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree and 5=strongly agree). The Likert scale data are presented using the count method and the mean Likert scores (for the whole sample and for subgroups).

RESULTS
The two methods determined that the four most important barriers to OAT were stigma, lack of support services, no flexibility and enjoy using opioids. Furthermore, those who used prescription opioids (compared with heroin) were female or non-binary (compared with male), were not currently using OAT (compared with current OAT), were younger (compared with older) and had high dependence scores (compared with low dependence scores) were impacted more by certain OAT barriers.

CONCLUSIONS
Policies around improving support services, reducing stigma and increasing flexibility would be beneficial to reduce barriers to OAT in Australia. Second, certain groups were more vulnerable to OAT barriers, emphasising the importance to better tailor opioid treatment programs to these specific populations to increase treatment engagement.


Two polymorphs and three solvates of fluconazole were isolated and characterized by x-ray powder diffractometry, IR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry, and their dissolution rates. The different forms were prepared by crystallization of the original powder in different solvents at different cooling rates. X-ray diffraction patterns of the five solid modifications exhibited substantial differences in both the intensity and position of the peaks. FTIR spectra of the five different solid-state modifications also exhibited differences in the peaks' positions and intensities. DSC thermogram of anhydrate form I showed a single melting point at 139.2°C. Anhydrate form II showed two endothermic peaks at 136.5 and 139.2°C and one exothermic peak in between. The DSC thermogram of acetone 1/4 solvate exhibited two endothermic peaks at 75.5 and 139.2°C. Benzene 1/7 solvate exhibited two endothermic peaks at 131.5 and 138.8°C. Hydrate E exhibited two endothermic peaks at 102.7 and 139.2°C. The DSC thermogram of anhydrate form II showed that this form is sensitive to the application of a mechanical force. The solubility study showed that anhydrate form II and acetone 1/4 solvate have higher solubilities than anhydrate form I while benzene 1/7 solvate and monohydrate have lower solubilities than anhydrate form I. The intrinsic dissolution study confirmed these results.


Synthesis and physico-chemical properties of four 3-benzyl or 3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-thioxo-5-arylazo-imidazolidin-2-ones, five 3-(4-nitrobenzyl)-5-arylidenethiazolidine-2,4-diones and three 3-(4-phenyl-phenacyl)-4-thioxo-5-arylidenethiazolidin-2-ones have been described. These new products were synthesized by an aldolisation-crotonisation reaction from aromatic aldehydes and 3-substituted thioxothiazolidin-2-ones or thiazolidine-2,4-diones. The arylazo-imidazolidine compounds were synthesized by copulation of diazonium ions with imidazolidines. Antimicrobial activity was determined for some compounds.


Not much information has been publicly available on the diffusion of modern varieties (MVs) from the 1990s and on current diversity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties in farmer fields. Using national household surveys of Philippine growers conducted in 1993, 1997, and 2002, this study describes the adoption of specific MVs and variety groups in farmer fields; measures the adoption rates of newly released varieties; and analyzes the spatial diversity of varieties planted in farmer fields. Data showed that IR64, IR74, IR42, and Burdagol are enduring varieties from 1970s and 1980s, and PSB Rc18, PSB Rc10, PSB Rc28, Masipag, PSB Rc14, and PSB Rc82 are the most commonly planted new varieties. The MV3 varieties (released mid-1980s to mid-1990s) were popularly planted with an observed decrease in the use of MV2s (released mid-1970s to mid-1980s) and increase in the use of MV4s (released after 1995). Around 30 to 40% of the total rice area is planted to new rice varieties and the aggregate replacement period of rice varieties is around 8 to 11 yr, with faster adoption rates during dry season (DS) in irrigated areas. On average, only 10 varieties occupy around 70% of the rice area in major rice-producing provinces in one season. Indices of spatial diversity show wide variability across provinces in terms of the richness of diversity, dominance of specific varieties, and the equality of abundance, but no clear trend across periods. Policymakers are thus encouraged to continually support and strengthen the current efforts of public rice breeding research and extension, even as research beyond analysis of on-farm morphological diversity is recommended.


Two important performance parameters of a ship are fuel consumption and motions in a seaway. Besides a well-designed hull, several appendages can be used to increase the performance. One of these is a resistance reducing fixed foil behind the transom of the ship. This wing has the potential to create large lift forces near the aft of the ship, thereby changing the resistance and dynamic position of the vessel. In this thesis an algorithm is designed that controls the pitch angle and thus lift of this foil. The goal is to investigate the potential of such a dynamic foil for further reduction of (added) resistance and ship motions. The resistance reduction is investigated by creating thrust on the foil trough an oscillating foil principle (i.e. vertically moving the foil to create propulsion). The research is done with the use of the FINE/Marine CFD package. A model from the AMECRC OPV series is used for analysis, in combination with a foil optimized in earlier research. From the literature review can be concluded that a dynamic, rotating foil behind a ship will not generate thrust in the same manner as an oscillating foil does. Furthermore, an initial CFD study showed that the pitching velocity of the ship has the greatest influence on the changing angle of attack on the foil. Additionally a study into basic wing theory showed that the foil would produce the most thrust at low angles of attack. With the use of this information, four algorithms were developed. Two of these algorithms focused on reducing the overall resistance by increasing the generated thrust on the foil. The results showed that the generated thrust cannot be significantly increased in comparison to a static foil. Two other algorithms were designed with the goal to reduce the pitching motion of the vessel. These two algorithms both achieved a significant reduction of the pitching motion, which also lead to a reduction in added wave resistance. Although the foil dampened the pitch motion, the generated thrust was found to be less than for the case with a static foil. The reduction in thrust was similar in size to the reduction in added wave resistance. It can be concluded that the rotating foil was able to provide similar resistance reduction as a static foil, with the added benefit of a significant reduction in pitch motion.


This study aimed to assess the effects of dehydration on echocardiographic indices in healthy cats: specifically, it aimed to assess the effects of volume depletion on diastolic function. Nine experimental cats were subjected to both a dehydration and placebo protocol separated by a 21-day washout period. Echocardiography was performed at baseline and on completion of each protocol. Results were compared between the two protocols. Volume depletion was induced by intravenous administration of furosemide. Volume depletion showed a significant association with increased interventricular septal and left ventricular free wall thickness at end-diastole, decreased left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole, and left atrial diameter at end-systole. The peak early (E) and late (A) diastolic filling velocities, and the peak early diastolic velocities (E′) were significantly decreased by dehydration. Volume depletion did not affect peak longitudinal strain rate during early diastole, E/A, or E/E′. Volume depletion significantly affected the echocardiographic diastolic indices and conventional echocardiographic parameters in healthy cats.


Knowledge process outsourcing makes a sharp break from the conventional types of work normally associated with outsourcing. Nevertheless, despite the KPO sector being a comparative new comer on the outsourcing scene, it has thus far been highly successful. The present empirical study aims to highlight the business opportunities in knowledge process outsourcing sector. An attempt has been made to see important challenges in the sphere of KPO. Further, efforts have been made to enlist the significant operational and competitive strategies for the success of KPO. 40 senior executives of national and multinational companies have been surveyed with the help of structured questionnaire after pilot survey. Henry Garrett's ranking technique has been used for analysis of data. Inferences were drawn on the basis of average Garrett Score. Cost minimization and risk diversification have been observed as major reasons to go for knowledge process outsourcing. According to study, skill acquisition and retention was rated as biggest organizational challenge, Customer challenges. Clients confidentiality and data security has been considered as major customer challenge as far as environmental challenges are concerned. Straightforwardness in dealings and specify the role of supplier and management has been regarded as significant operational strategies whereas challenge the providers and creating more awareness about the nature of work KPO involves are inferred as most important competitive strategy for KPO. There is a need to increase the value of "Brand India" as a potential high end destination.


An increasing number of ASes have been connecting to the Internet through the BGP inter-domain routing protocol. With increasing stress on the scale of this system and increasing reliance on Internet connectivity, more participants demand additional functionality from interdomain routing that BGP cannot handle. For example, we believe that the recent trend towards multihomed stub networks exhibits a likely intent to achieve fault tolerant and load balanced connectivity to the Internet. However, BGP today offers route fail-over times as long as 15 minutes, and very limited control over incoming traffic across multiple wide area paths. More research literature and news media are calling for stemming malicious or erroneous routing announcements. We propose a policy control architecture, OPCA, that runs as an overlay network on top of BGP. OPCA allows an AS to make route change requests at other, remote ASes to achieve faster route fail-over and provide capabilities to control traffic entering the local AS. The proposed architecture and protocol will co-exist and interact with the existing routing infrastructure and will allow for a scalable rollout of the protocol.


Abstract : The document investigates the utilization of the force method of finite element analysis for the automatic iterative design of aircraft structures with stress, displacements, maximum and minimum size and dynamic constraints. It develops a rapid reanalysis method based on the force method for damage assessment. Research has resulted in a computer code named OPTFORCE II an expansion of code OPTFORCE I. Multiple loading capabilities and four finite elements have been included. These are: membrane triangle, membrane quadrilateral, shear panel and bar (axial force). Examples of problems solved by the OPTFORCE II code are presented and compared to the optimization code OPTIM III for purposes of establishing the efficiency of the force method vs. the 'displacement' method of analysis. A technical discussion of the research conducted is presented wherein conclusions and recommendations for future research topics are given.


School absenteeism (or truancy) may be a signal of an ongoing process of student attrition that eventually leads to early school leaving. This article estimates how unauthorized school absenteeism accelerates the dropout decision. In particular, the timing of the dropout decision of truants is compared with the timing of regular school attendees using administrative data with insights into wrongly specified truancy spells. We correct in a Bayesian duration model for issues on data uncertainty and show that only a Bayesian structure on the data yields insightful and consistent results. The results indicate that the risk of truants to leave school early before the end of the compulsory education age increases with as much as 37.4%.


We describe a combined interferometric scheme that enables absolute distance measurements using a femtosecond pulse laser. This method is combined with synthetic wavelength interferometry (SWI), time of flight (TOF) and spectrally-resolved interferometry (SRI) using the optical comb of femtosecond laser. Each technique provides distinct measuring resolutions and ambiguity ranges which are complementary to each other. These separate measurement principles are incorporated and implemented simultaneously and the unified output can enhance the dynamic range of the measuring system. Our experimental results demonstrate an example of absolute distance measurement with the proposed technique and we discuss the possibility of the combined method to measure long distances and the important factors for the implementation.


The deployment of smart devices in IoT applications are increasing with tremendous pace causing severe security concerns, as it trade most of private information. To counter that security issues in low resource applications, lightweight cryptographic algorithms have been introduced in recent past. In this paper we propose efficient hardware architecture of piccolo lightweight algorithm uses 64 bits block size with variable key size of length 80 and 128 bits. This paper introduces novel hardware architecture of piccolo-80, to supports high speed RFID security applications. Different design strategies are there to optimize the hardware metrics trade-off for particular application. The algorithm is implemented on different family of FPGAs with different devices to analyze the performance of design in 4 input LUTs and 6 input LUTs implementations. In addition, the results of hardware design are evaluated and compared with the most relevant lightweight block ciphers, shows the proposed architecture finds its utilization in terms of speed and area optimization from the hardware resources. The increment in throughput with optimized area of this architecture suggests that piccolo can applicable to implement for ultra-lightweight applications also.


Phosphorus deflciency is common in crop production. This pot experiment examined whether the supply of Ca(H2PO4)2 afiected acid production by N2-flxing plants of 5 grain and 4 pasture legume species grown in a P-deflcient sandy soil for 60{64 days. The legume species difiered greatly in their response to P application. Lupinus albus, L. luteus, and Biserrula pelecinus were less responsive to P supply than Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba, Medicago polymorpha, Ornithopus sativus, and Trifolium subterraneum, which in turn were less reponsive than L. angustifolius. Increasing P supply up to moderately deflcient levels increased the amount of acid production per unit shoot biomass (speciflc acid production), and further increasing P decreased speciflc acid production. The efiect of species on acid production was greater than the efiect of P supply. Among the species, C. arietinum had the highest speciflc acid production and B. pelecinus the lowest. Speciflc acid production was correlated with concentrations of excess cations and ash alkalinity as well as Ca and Mg but not P in shoot. There was a very good agreement between total acid production and total content of excess cations in the whole plant, irrespective of P supply and plant species. The results suggest that acid production by legumes under various P supplies is related to the imbalance of cation and anion uptake.


Serum starvation is a common cell culture procedure for increasing cellular response to insulin, though the mechanism for the serum starvation effect is not understood. We hypothesized that factors known to potentiate insulin action [e.g., AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and p38] or to be involved in insulin signaling leading to glucose transport [e.g., Akt, PKCζ, AS160, and ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)] would be phosphorylated during serum starvation and would be responsible for increased insulin action after serum starvation. L6 myotubes were incubated in serum-containing or serum-free medium for 3 h. Levels of phosphorylated AMPK, Akt, and ATM were greater in serum-starved cells than in control cells. Serum starvation did not affect p38, PKCζ, or AS160 phosphorylation or insulin-stimulated Akt or AS160 phosphorylation. Insulin had no effect on glucose transport in control cells but caused an increase in glucose uptake for serum-starved cells that was preventable by compound C (an AMPK inhibitor), by expression of dominant negative AMPK (AMPK-DN), and by KU55933 (an ATM inhibitor). ATM protein levels increased during serum starvation, and this increase in ATM was prevented by compound C and AMPK-DN. Thus, it appears that AMPK is required for the serum starvation-related increase in insulin-stimulated glucose transport, with ATM as a possible downstream effector.


On December 10, 2013, the Federal financial agencies issued the joint final regulation implementing Section 619 of the Dodd–Frank Act, commonly known as the "Volcker Rule." This article addresses the impact of the final regulation on securitization activities and therefore focuses on the prohibition on covered funds activities and certain of the exceptions thereto. The final regulation provides for 14 separate exclusions from the definition of covered funds, including the loan securitization, qualifying asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP), qualifying covered bond, and wholly-owned subsidiary exclusions. Although securitization transactions generally do not utilize entities that would be regarded as private equity funds or hedge funds and the statutory text of the Volcker Rule expressly required that the final regulation not prohibit the securitization of loans, the final regulation will impact certain securitizations in a material way due to the breadth of the definition of covered funds.


High-throughput single-cell technologies have recently emerged as essential tools in biomedical research with great potential for clinical pathology when studying liquid and solid biopsies. We provide an update on current single-cell methods in cerebrospinal fluid research and diagnostics, focusing on high-throughput cell-type specific proteomic and genomic technologies. Proteomic methods comprising flow cytometry and mass cytometry as well as genomic approaches including immune cell repertoire and single-cell transcriptomic studies are critically reviewed and future directions discussed.


I read with great interest the work by Tong et al.1 on the evaluation of current treatment recommendations based on a longitudinal cohort of 369 chronic hepatitis B patients followed for a mean of 84 months. Under the published guidelines, in 2003-2007, 40% to 80% of patients who developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or died of liverrelated problems did not fall into the criteria for antiviral treatment. The authors have proposed adding low platelet count and low serum albumin to the guidelines so that up to 100% of patients who develop HCC or die can be identified. I have a different angle of interpretation on the results of this study. Low platelet count and low serum albumin are surrogate markers of portal hypertension and hepatic dysfunction, respectively. Patients who have these laboratory findings are likely suffering from early liver cirrhosis. In the report by Tong et al.,1 five of nine patients who developed HCC were diagnosed as having chronic hepatitis by histology and therefore did not fulfill the recommended treatment criteria. These patients probably had normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and/or intermediate hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels (between 10,000 and 100,000 copies/mL). This observation revealed the insufficiency of liver biopsy in determining the true liver histologic staging, particularly when the biopsy core is not long enough.2 It would be interesting to know the length and number of portal tracts of the liver biopsies among patients with histologic chronic hepatitis in this report. Furthermore, 5% to 18% of hepatitis B e antigen–negative chronic hepatitis B patients with normal ALT ( 30 IU/L in men and 19 IU/L in women) might already have developed liver cirrhosis.3 In the current report,1 7 of 15 patients with cirrhosis who developed HCC could not be identified by the treatment recommendations. The reason for missing these patients was most likely their low HBV DNA levels (lower than 10,000 copies/mL). Previous large-scale longitudinal studies have confirmed that HBV DNA and liver cirrhosis are independent risk factors of HCC.4,5 In other words, patients with cirrhosis have a significant risk of developing HCC even when their HBV DNA levels are not high. In the cohort studied by Tong et al.,1 two-thirds of the patients who had HBV DNA levels lower than 10,000 copies/mL in fact had HBV DNA levels lower than 1000 copies/mL. The number of patients with cirrhosis who had undetectable HBV DNA but developed HCC on subsequent follow-up was not reported. It remains dubious whether antiviral treatment can reduce the risk of liver-related complications in patients with cirrhosis with very low viremia. In summary, to improve current treatment recommendations, high-quality liver biopsy of adequate length should be encouraged when there is clinical suspicion of liver cirrhosis (e.g., middle-age patients with low platelet count and/or low serum albumin), regardless of the ALT and HBV DNA levels. Antiviral treatment should be recommended for all patients with cirrhosis with detectable HBV DNA in order to maximize the possible benefit of treatment.


Abstract Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) represents a panel of conditions that begin during the developmental period and result in impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. Early diagnosis is directly related to a better prognosis. Unfortunately, the diagnosis of ASD requires a long and exhausting subjective process. We aimed to review the state of the art for automated autism diagnosis and recognition in this research. In February 2022, we searched multiple databases and sources of gray literature for eligible studies. We used an adapted version of the QUADAS-2 tool to assess the risk of bias in the studies. A brief report of the methods and results of each study is presented. Data were synthesized for each modality separately using the Split Component Synthesis (SCS) method. We assessed heterogeneity using the I 2 statistics and evaluated publication bias using trim and fill tests combined with ln DOR. Confidence in cumulative evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach for diagnostic studies. We included 344 studies from 186,020 participants (51,129 are estimated to be unique) for nine different modalities in this review, from which 232 reported sufficient data for meta-analysis. The area under the curve was in the range of 0.71–0.90 for all the modalities. The studies on EEG data provided the best accuracy, with the area under the curve ranging between 0.85 and 0.93. We found that the literature is rife with bias and methodological/reporting flaws. Recommendations are provided for future research to provide better studies and fill in the current knowledge gaps.


Abstract Brain Gaming (BG) Interventions have been shown to improve the cognitive function of older adults with cognitive impairments (CIs). However, rigorous evaluation supporting BG effectiveness is needed. Thus, we used meta-analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of BG. Several search databases (i.e. Pubmed) were used to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Cochrane RoB tool evaluated risk of bias. The main outcome was the composite score of cognitive function. Inverse-variance random effects model was used to compare the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) across studies. A total of 16 RCTs included 909 participants. The RCTs varied in sample size, gaming platform, training prescription, and cognition. The meta-analysis showed no significant effects of BG on overall cognitive function (pooled SMD = 0.08, 95% CI [-0.24 – 0.41], p = 0.61, I2 = 77%. However, due to high heterogeneity, we cannot confidently refute that BG is an effective cognitive training approach.


Among the objective of the residents' committee or better known as Jawatankuasa Penduduk (JKP) is to coordinate the residents' committee activities and programmes, to implement and coordinate MPSJ Local Agenda 21, to manage the disbursement of funding to the residents' committee and to coordinate the "Mesra Rakyat" programmes. With such objectives, the residents will live in a comfortable manner. Therefore, the objective of this research is to study on the effectiveness of marketing communications tools used by MPSJ in order to attract the Residents to join the JKP. In order to complete this study, descriptive research is employed. Two approaches of collecting data are being used. The first approach is primary data such as questionnaires while the second approach is secondary data such as MPSJ Annual Reports, Bulletins, pamphlets, brochures and flyers (internal data), textbook, journals, published data sources, newspapers and Internet (external data). From the findings, the conclusion can be made is majority of the respondents chose advertising as the effectiveness of marketing communications tools as they are more exposed to the world of advertising. This is an important way to make the image of the JKP well established in the eyes of the residents. By doing an attractive and extensive promotion ofthe JKP, the residents will start to know what the JKP is all about.


Ruthenium phthalocyanine (RuPc) monolayers were obtained by self-assembly on pyridino-functionalized metal oxide substrates, by coordination between the ruthenium ions and the pyridino groups. The substrates were functionalized by silanization with a bifunctional silane. Soluble ruthenium phthalocyanines, axially coordinated by labile benzonitrile groups, were used. A ligand exchange reaction was involved, one benzonitrile group being replaced by pyridine. These RuPc monolayers were characterized by transmission UV−vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, polarization modulation infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. A second ligand exchange reaction allowed us to build RuPc bilayers by two different strategies. A mixed RuPc/cobalt porphyrin bilayer was also obtained.


In their report, "marine biodiversity hotspots and conservation priorities for coral reefs," C. M. Roberts et al. (15 Feb., p. [1280][1]) present a strategy for marine conservation based on centers of endemicity. They define "endemics" as species that occur in ≤ 10 square grids of ocean that contain coral reefs (each cell being 5 × 104 km2), regardless of the spatial distribution of occupied cells. As a consequence, endemicity and location are confounded. Where all grid cells containing reefs are contiguous, an endemic would have a geographic range the size of the Great Barrier Reef, the largest reef system in the world. Alternatively, on isolated oceanic reefs, an endemic occupying 10 dispersed cells could stretch across an ocean. Ignoring this distinction, Roberts et al. attempt to show concordance in patterns of endemicity among fish, corals, snails, and lobsters. However, many of these "multitaxa centers of endemism" have no endemic corals. As the architects of reefs upon which so many other species depend, corals cannot be dismissed as an unimportant exception. Furthermore, Roberts et al. confuse centers of marine endemicity and centers of high biodiversity (i.e., true hotspots), stating that "centers of endemism are major biodiversity hotspots" (p. [1280][1]). Instead, many of the apparent centers of endemism they identify are very small marginal locations with low overall diversity (e.g., Cape Verde Islands and Easter Island). Furthermore, in an era of global warming, we caution against using conservation strategies that focus heavily on endemics. It would be interesting to use climate modeling to predict which coral reef regions are most at risk and to what extent they differ from the 18 locations identified by Roberts et al.

Roberts et al. also state the advantages of integrating terrestrial and marine conservation programs, yet they mention no linkage between the Great Barrier Reef and the adjoining mainland of Australia, where clearing of rainforest, savanna, and mangroves is a growing concern. Conversely, they match Lord Howe Island with the "adjacent" terrestrial hotspot of New Zealand (which is farther away than either Australia or New Caledonia). It is difficult to see the practicality of "[e]xtending terrestrial conservation efforts seaward" (p. 1284) across 2000 km of cold Southern Ocean between New Zealand's fjords and Lord Howe Island's balmy coral reefs. Arguably, counts of species or endemics tell us very little about the biology or conservation status of different regions. Knowledge of regional-scale variation in functional groups and the processes affecting their abundances would provide a far better foundation for protecting coral reefs.

# {#article-title-2}

Roberts et al. Call attention to the existence of two contrasting types of coral reef areas, those with high levels of species diversity (richness) and those possessing a high percentage of endemic species. Although the authors identify the high-diversity areas and the fact that many of them are threatened by human activity, they devote most of their attention to places that exhibited a high percentage of endemism. Considering the limited resources available to conservation agencies, should the areas of endemism, where many short-range species reside, receive the most emphasis?

Almost all reef areas that harbor relatively large numbers of endemics are located on the fringes of the tropics, and many of them are confined to small oceanic islands. Typically, these are places with a low species diversity but with a high percentage of endemics. Studies of historic patterns of extinction and replacement ([1][2]) suggest that the endemic species found in such places are often phylogenetic relicts that have accumulated over vast periods of time. Although relict species are of considerable scientific interest because they are able to reveal past stages in the history of the group concerned, the fact remains that they usually exist in small populations that are on their way to extinction. They generally have low genetic variability and have often been subjected to the debilitating effects of genetic drift. They may be said to exist in evolutionary traps.

If we wish to preserve the most species per conservation area, the location of choice would need to be where the species diversity is the greatest. The highest diversity in the shallow marine world is found in a relatively small area of the Indo-West Pacific called the East Indies Triangle ([2][3]). The triangle extends from the Philippines, southeast to the Malay Peninsula and eastward to New Guinea. Most groups of tropical marine animals are represented by more species here than in any other place in the world. As Roberts et al. have shown, it is also an area that is being severely impacted by human activity. Conserving more area here can lessen the interference with the long-term process of global evolutionary change and increase the benefit to future human generations.

1. [↵][4]1. J. C. Briggs
 , J. Biogeography 26, 777 (1999).
 [OpenUrl][5][CrossRef][6]

2. [↵][7]1. J. C. Briggs
 , Global Biogeography (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1995).

# Response {#article-title-3}

Our report clearly highlights the importance of areas rich in species, particularly the "coral triangle" of Southeast Asia. This region is rich in widespread species and endemics. It includes three of the hotspots we identified: (i) Southern Japan, Taiwan, and Southern China; (ii) the Philippines; and (iii) the Sunda Islands. Together, they contain 13% of the world's coral reefs and 55% of reefs from the 10 most threatened centers of endemism (hotspots). The coral triangle also includes areas where you can still protect relatively intact reefs, such as much of New Guinea.

We disagree that narrowly restricted endemic species are evolutionary relicts on a fast track to extinction. (Briggs seems to contradict his argument when noting that such relicts have accumulated "over vast periods of time.") Many of our centers of endemism appear to be areas of evolutionary innovation ([1][8]). Other things being equal, restricted-range species are more vulnerable to extinction than widespread species and require focused conservation effort.

Our measure of range size (number of grid cells with reef habitat in a species' range) could lead to larger centers of endemism being defined in regions where reefs are sparse, compared with regions where they are more extensive, but our results show that this did not happen. We give equal weight to all four taxa and do not dismiss corals, as suggested by Baird et al. Not all centers of endemism are rich in endemics for all taxa, but conservation efforts in them must protect reefs as ecosystems, including all species present.

Threats to reefs constitute a key part of our analysis. The Great Barrier Reef lies within the world's largest marine park and so does not qualify as a hotspot requiring urgent conservation effort. We presume that it is already receiving the attention it needs. We emphasize the importance of integrating terrestrial and marine conservation, because many of the threats facing reefs originate inland. Although protection of Lord Howe's reefs will clearly not depend on land use in distant New Zealand, conservation of the Great Barrier Reef will not succeed without addressing land-based threats. Nor would it be effective in many of the other regions where terrestrial and marine hotspots abut, such as the Philippines or Southern Mascarene Islands. Finally, efforts to mitigate climate change are needed to secure the future of all the world's reefs, but place-based initiatives must get under way even as the world warms. Our findings point to the most pressing priorities and, in spreading conservation action among many places, should ultimately leave us with more options (and species) in a warmer world than if conservation were concentrated only in the richest regions.

1. [↵][9]1. C. R. C. Sheppard, 2. A. R. G. Price, 3. C. M. Roberts
 , Marine Ecology of the Arabian Region (Academic Press, London, 1992).

 [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.1067728
 [2]: #ref-1
 [3]: #ref-2
 [4]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
 [5]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJ.%2BBiogeography%26rft.volume%253D26%26rft.spage%253D777%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1046%252Fj.1365-2699.1999.00322.x%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx
 [6]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00322.x&link_type=DOI
 [7]: #xref-ref-2-1 "View reference 2 in text"
 [8]: #ref-3
 [9]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 1 in text"


Measurements of ELF/VLF radio atmospherics (sferics) at Palmer Station, Antarctica, provide evidence of active thunderstorms near the inferred source regions of two different gamma-ray bursts of terrestrial origin [Fishman et al., 1994]. In one case, a relatively intense sferic occurring within ±1.5 ms of the time of the gamma-ray burst provides the first indication of a direct association of this burst with a lightning discharge. This sferic and many others launched by positive cloud-to-ground (CG) discharges and observed at Palmer during the periods studied exhibit 'slow tail' waveforms, indicative of continuing currents in the causative lightning discharges. The slow tails of these sferics are similar to those of sferics originating in positive CG discharges that are associated with sprites.