In this review common and important causes of hematologic emergencies are discussed. Upon cause, four groups for classification of the emergency are formed. Among these are hyperviscosity syndromes of different origin, impaired immun-response and neutropenia, thrombocytopenia of different causes and, last but not least, severe acute hemolysis. It is emphasized that rapid diagnosis with the help of a few common laboratory tests and immediate transfer to a tertiary care center are necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality.


The management of the Honolulu International Airport (HIA) implemented a computerized user opinion survey system employing a touch-screen interface to elicit, on a continuing basis, data relating to user satisfaction. The substitution of the new system for paper-and-pencil surveys raised several questions, including whether the paper-and-pencil questionnaires and the touchscreen system obtained responses from the same subject pool, whether the respondents gave comparable answers to the same questions posed by way of the two survey modes, and whether any issues associated with the new method needed special attention. A study addressed these questions through (a) an exposure count to determine the number of persons exposed to the system and their characteristics, (b) a structured observation study to associate the specific categories of respondents with the response patterns recorded by the touch-screen system, and (c) an investigation of the effects of survey administration method and sample selection method. On the basis of the observation study, rules were established for filtering out of the computer-generated files the records created by unreliable self-selected respondents to the touch-screen survey. The study found that the sample selection protocol had a significant effect on the survey responses. Whereas the specific recommendations offered are applicable to HIA, the implications of the study will be useful to those contemplating similar uses of the new technology.


The concept of "type" has been used without a precise definition in discussions about programming languages for 20 years. Before the concept of user defined data types was introduced, a definition was not necessary for discussions of specific programming languages. The meaning of the term was implicit in the small list of possible types supported by the language. There was even enough similarity between different languages so that this form of definition allowed discussions of languages in general. The need for a widely accepted definition of type became clear in discussions of languages that allow users to add to the set of possible types without altering the compiler. In such languages, the concept of type is no longer implicitly defined by the set of built-in types. A consistent language must be based on a clearer definition of the notion of type than we now have.


Globular clusters (GCs) are proxies of the formation assemblies of their host galaxies. However, few studies exist targeting GC systems of spiral galaxies up to several effective radii. Through 12-band Javalambre Photometric Local Universe Survey (J-PLUS) imaging, we study the point sources around the M 81/M 82/NGC 3077 triplet in search of new GC candidates. We develop a tailored classification scheme to search for GC candidates based on their similarity to known GCs via a principal component analysis projection. Our method accounts for missing data and photometric errors. We report 642 new GC candidates in a region of 3.5 deg2 around the triplet, ranked according to their Gaia astrometric proper motions when available. We find tantalizing evidence for an overdensity of GC candidate sources forming a bridge connecting M 81 and M 82. Finally, the spatial distribution of the GC candidates (g − i) colours is consistent with halo/intra-cluster GCs, i.e. it gets bluer as they get further from the closest galaxy in the field. We further employ a regression-tree-based model to estimate the metallicity distribution of the GC candidates based on their J-PLUS bands. The metallicity distribution of the sample candidates is broad and displays a bump towards the metal-rich end. Our list increases the population of GC candidates around the triplet by threefold, stresses the usefulness of multiband surveys in finding these objects, and provides a testbed for further studies analysing their spatial distribution around nearby (spirals) galaxies.


We report here an efficient synthesis of new Mannich products 4(a-m) in
excellent yields via multi-component reaction for the condensation of 5-bromothiophene-
2-carboxaldehyde (5-BT-2C), 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (2,4-DHBP) and primary/secondary
amine derivative using Ethyl Ammonium Nitrate (EAN) as ionic liquid, which is reusable and plays
an important role as a catalyst under 800C.

Methods: All synthesized compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectra.
All compounds were screened for their in vitro antibacterial, antifungal and antituberculosis
activity, in which we found compounds 4b, 4c, 4d, 4h, 4i, 4j showing good to very good activity
against all gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

Results & Conclusion: Molecular docking studies showed that some of the synthesized compounds
showed good docking interactions.


While uncontrolled outdoor access can increase opportunities for cat physical and mental stimulation, it can also increase risks of injury and illness, and result in predation of wild birds and small animals. In Canada and the United States, it is often recommended to keep cats indoors, but many owners still provide some level of outdoor access. The objectives of this study were to use a cross-sectional survey to explore the attitudes and practices of cat owners in Canada and the United States toward outdoor access and to identify factors that influence the provision of uncontrolled outdoor access. A convenience sample of cat owners (N = 7,838) were recruited to complete an online survey, and a mixed logistic regression model was used to examine associations between cat and owner-related factors, and uncontrolled outdoor access for cats, with province/state included as a random effect. In total, 57% of owners kept their cats indoors, and 43% provided some form of outdoor access, with 21% of total owners providing uncontrolled outdoor access. Provision of uncontrolled outdoor access was associated with factors related to cat characteristics (e.g., sex, breed, presence of health, and behavioral issues), the home environment (e.g., living with other pets, types of enrichment provided), owner perspectives on outdoor access (e.g., level of agreement with potential benefits and consequence of outdoor access), and owner demographics (e.g., gender, education, area of residence). For cats with uncontrolled outdoor access, few owners reported their cats having a collar or a microchip, suggesting a need to increase education about precautionary measures to protect the welfare of outdoor cats. Results reveal how owners are caring for their cats in terms of providing outdoor access and generate hypotheses for future research to examine the influence of the owner-pet bond and educational programs on owner practices around providing outdoor access.


Drug-induced oral ulcers are lesions of the oral mucosa accompanied by painful symptoms, such as burning mouth, metallic taste, dysgeusia, or ageusia. This report demonstrates the first documented case of drug-induced oral ulcers with the tricyclic antidepressant nortriptyline. In this case, a 49-year-old female initiated treatment for refractory neuropathy with nortriptyline. Within 2 weeks of therapy, painful, oral, bubble-like ulcers developed. Complete symptom resolution occurred approximately 1 month after discontinuation of nortriptyline. Clinicians should be cognizant of nortriptyline's ability to potentially induce oral ulcers; however, the exact mechanism for this adverse event is unknown.


Considered is the comparative calibration problem in the case when linear relationship is assumed between two considered measuring devices with possibly different units and precisions. The first method for obtaining the approximate confidence region for unknown parameters of the calibration line applies the maximum likelihood estimators of the unknown parameters. The second method is based on estimation of the calibration line via replicated errors-in-variables model.


Coffee consumption is inversely related to the risk of cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the protective effect of coffee drinking against the risk of HCC was not established in HBV‐prevalent region. To elucidate the relationship between lifetime coffee consumption and the risk of HCC development under the consideration of replication status of HBV.


Bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (BOOP) is a pathologic entity characterized by the formation of fibrous tissue plugs within terminal bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Although BOOP has been associated with several connective tissue disorders, there are rare reports of BOOP in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We present a patient with SLE accompanying antiphospholipid antibody who developed recurrent respiratory symptoms and radiographic abnormalities. The diagnosis of BOOP was confirmed by transbronchial lung biopsy. This case suggests that not only SLE, but also the presence of antiphospholipid antibody, may be associated with the development of BOOP.


We present simulations of a random copolymer model introduced by Kantor and Kardar (Europhys. Lett., 28 (1994) 169). In this model there are two types A, B of monomers. Neighbouring monomers interact with a potential +v0 if they are of the same type, and with −v0 else. When NA ≈ NB, we find a θ-transition at Tθ close to that found by Kantor and Kardar. But this θ-collapse disappears for smaller values of x = |NA - NB| / (NA + NB) than found by these authors, and we argue that it will be indeed difficult to show convincingly that there exists a finite Tθ for any x ≠ 0. The reason for this difficulty is that the polymer first seems to collapse as N = NA + NB increases, but this collapse stops for large N. This suggests that long chains with x ≠ 0 at low temperatures have a structure different from that proposed for copolymers with long-range interactions.


This report describes a pilot study examining aDNA from a skeletal population excavated in the 1990s at the late Early Bronze Age (EBA, c. 2300-2100 BC) urban settlement of Titris Hoyuk in southeastern Turkey. Typically, late EBA burials at Titris Hoyuk consisted of periodically reused underground family crypts contained within houses. However, one unique set of remains dated to the latest phase of the late EBA occupation at the site departed from this burial pattern entirely. It consisted of an above ground mortuary installation (B98.87) displaying the skulls and post-cranial bones of 19 individuals, most exhibiting a variety of fatal traumas. In this article, we compare the mtDNA sequences of these individuals with those buried in contemporary traditional late EBA intramural crypts. After successful extraction and amplification of ancient DNA molecules during a double blind study of 13 skeletons selected for the pilot study, our team was able to compare the genetic relatedness of individuals displayed in B98.87 to individuals buried elsewhere on the site. Based on archaeological evidence alone, earlier we had suggested that the occupants of B98.87 were perhaps outsiders, possibly soldiers vanquished in hostilities taking place shortly before the abandonment of the city at the end of the late EBA. However, our pilot study showed no clear genetic difference between the population of B98.87 and the broader population of the late EBA city, contrary to our expectations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Neuroshell Easy: Predictor, Classifier, Run-Time. Ward Systems Group. Frederick, MD. $395; $395; $295 Phone: (301) 662-7950 www.wardsystems.com Artificial neural networks can be trained with existing data and then used to predict outcomes and to analyze large data sets. Wass reviews NeuroShell Easy, a set of three programs that allow inexperienced users to apply neural network analysis to their own problems.


Substantial ambiguities arise in hand tracking due to issues such as small hand size, deformable hand shapes and similar hand appearances. These issues have greatly limited the capability of current multi-target tracking techniques in hand tracking. As an example, state-of-the-art approaches for people tracking handle indentity switching by exploiting the appearance cues using advanced object detectors. For hand tracking, such approaches will fail due to similar, or even identical hand appearances. The main contribution of our work is a global optimization framework based on binary quadratic programming (BQP) that seamlessly integrates appearance, motion and complex interactions between hands. Our approach effectively handles key challenges such as occlusion, detection failure, identity switching, and robustly tracks both hands in two challenging real-life scenarios: retail surveillance and sign languages. In addition, we demonstrate that an automatic method based on hand trajectory analysis outperforms state-of-the-art on checkout-related activity recognition in grocery stores.


This study proposes an Intelligent Tutor System for assessing slide presentations from novice undergraduate students. To develop such system, two learner models (rule based model and clustering model) were built using 80 presentations graded by three human experts. An experiment to determine the best learner model and students' perception was carried out using 51 presentations uploaded by students. The findings show that the clustering model classified in a similar way as a human evaluator only when a holistic evaluation criterion was used. Whereas, the rule-base model was more precise when the evaluation rules were easier to be followed by a human evaluator. Furthermore, students agreed with the usefulness of the system as well as the level of agreement with the grading model, although the latter in a lesser extent. Results from this study encourage to explore this area and adapt the proposed Intelligent Tutor System to other existing automated grading systems.


We examine variations in water vapor in air entering the stratosphere through the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) over the past three decades in satellite data and in a trajectory model. Most of the variance can be explained by three processes that affect the TTL: the quasi‐biennial oscillation, the strength of the Brewer‐Dobson circulation, and the temperature of the tropical troposphere. When these factors act in phase, significant variations in water entering the stratosphere are possible. We also find that volcanic eruptions, which inject aerosol into the TTL, affect the amount of water entering the stratosphere. While there is clear decadal variability in the data and models, we find little evidence for a long‐term trend in water entering the stratosphere through the TTL over the past 3 decades.


Yablon SA, Stokic DS: Neurophysiologic evaluation of spastic hypertonia: Implications for management of the patient with the intrathecal baclofen pump. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2004;83(suppl):S10–S18. A number of techniques attempt to objectively quantify various clinical characteristics associated with spastic hypertonia and related motor disorders. These range in cost, complexity, physiologic basis of measured response, and invasiveness. With a greater range of treatment options for spasticity and an increase in the number of centers participating in studies of interventions for spasticity, published reports reflect increasing use of objective quantification techniques. We review studies that highlight the potential utility of neurophysiologic techniques, including the H-reflex, F-wave, and flexion withdrawal reflex, in the objective evaluation of response to intrathecal baclofen administration. The accumulated knowledge suggests that neurophysiologic evaluation is useful for assessing spinal cord responsiveness, and we recommend it as an adjunct to clinical evaluation when judging the overall effectiveness of intrathecal baclofen administration.


This paper studies impact of the well edge proximity effect on digital circuit delay, based on model parameters extracted from test structures in an industrial 65 nm wafer process. The experimental results show that up to 10% of delay increase arises by the well edge proximity effect in the 65 nm technology, and it depends on interconnect length. Furthermore, due to asymmetric increase in pMOS and nMOS threshold voltages, delay may decrease in spite of the threshold voltage increase. From these results, we conclude that considering WPE is indispensable to cell characterization in the 65 nm technology.


An adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) of erythrocyte ghosts from all six patients with Duchenne dystrophy and three of six patients with limb-girdle dystrophy was stimulated by 10-4 molar ouabain but inhibited by the same concentration of ouabain in 11 normal subjects, one patient with Becker dystrophy, and eight other neurological or muscular disorders. The inhibited response was also observed in two possible carriers of Duchenne dystrophy. The abnormality of erythrocyte ghost ATPase in patients with Duchenne dystrophy was not related to age, disability, or serum creatine phosphokinase. The mechanism of the abnormality of ATPase in erythrocyte ghosts from all patients with Duchenne dystrophy and some patients, but not all, with limb-girdle dystrophy is not known (24:187-200, 1971). Key Words.— Ouabain, erythrocyte-ghost ATPase, membrane ATPase, sodium-potassium-ATPase, human muscular dystrophies, Duchenne dystrophy, limb-girdle dystrophy.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Malignant lymphoma has high 2-fluorine-18-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (18F-FDG) uptake. This study was to analyze 18F-FDG uptake of lymphoma lesions of various histological subtypes.

METHODS
FDG PET/CT images of 102 naive lymphoma patients were analyzed. The maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of every single lesion and the SUVmax of mediastinal blood pool were measured and used to calculate the mean T/MB value (tumor SUVmax /mediastinal SUVmax) of every patient. The mean T/MB value of the patients with the same subtype of lymphoma was calculated. The differences in T/MB value between Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients, between HL and indolent NHL, invasive NHL patients, between B-cell NHL and NK/T-cell NHL patients, and between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients of different stages were analyzed. The expression of Ki-67 in lymph nodes from four patients with relative low T/MB value was detected.

RESULTS
The T/MB values were 4.50+/-1.54 in HL patients and 5.21+/-2.86 in NHL patients (P=0.154). The T/MB value was significantly higher in invasive NHL patients than in HL and indolent NHL patients (P<0.001). The T/MB values were 5.29+/-3.00 in B-cell NHL patients and 4.91+/-2.30 in NK/T-cell NHL patients (P=0.57). There was also no significant difference between DLBCL patients of different stages. The positive rate of Ki-67 was lower in the four patients with relative low T/MB value than in positive control group.

CONCLUSIONS
18F-FDG uptake of lymphoma lesions is related to lymphoma invasion, but not related to cell origin and clinical stage. The low 18F-FDG uptake in four patients may be related to low expression of Ki-67.


Perinatal depression among impoverished mothers adds an enormous burden to their family responsibilities, which are often further stressed by living in high-crime communities. Thirty impoverished mothers of color living with depression were interviewed about the difficulties they face raising their children. Qualitative interviews about living with depression revealed four themes: recognizing their own depression, feeling isolated, experiencing violence, and living with depression. This article examines how neighborhood and relationship violence, intermittently involved fathers, and isolation contribute to the mothers' depression. Social workers working with depressed, low-income mothers of color can benefit from understanding the mothers' lived experience and the barriers the mothers face while trying to achieve well-being for themselves and their children. This study fits within the "Close the Health Gap" area of the Grand Challenges for Social Work.


Background/Aims Drugs with anticholinergic properties (DAPs) are associated with adverse health outcomes in older patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that determine the prescribing of more DAPs in long-term care hospitals (LTCHs) in Korea. In addition, the current patterns of DAP prescription were explored using a novel platform, which can collect data from LTCHs. Methods This was a Health-RESPECT (integrated caRE Systems for elderly PatiEnts using iCT) sub-study, which is a pragmatic, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. The Health-RESPECT platform was used to collect prescribed medication data of 466 patients (aged ≥ 65 years) from seven LTCHs. DAPs were identified using the Korean Anticholinergic Burden Scale (KABS). Physical frailty, cognitive function, functional status, and quality of life were evaluated. Results Among 466 LTCH patients, 88.8% (n = 414) were prescribed DAPs, and the prevalence of high KABS (≥ 3) was 70.4% (n = 328). The drugs that contributed most to the total KABS were quetiapine (20.7%), chlorpheniramine (19.5%), tramadol (9.8%), cimetidine (5.8%), and furosemide (3.6%). Polypharmacy, higher body mass index, less dependence, better communication and cognitive functions, and poorer quality of life were associated with high KABS. Conclusions Although the patients with a high burden of DAPs were less dependent and had better cognitive and communication functions, they had poorer quality of life. DAP use in LTCH patients should be monitored carefully, and the risk/benefit relationship for their use should be considered.


The so-called 'least squares regression' for mathematical modelling is a widely used technique. It's so common that one might think nothing could be improved to the algorithm anymore. But it can. By searching the 'least squares' not just in the vertical direction The first test results are very promising, and especially for power functions, often used in biomedical sciences, the conclusions you make from your data can change dramatically. Fermat prime exist up to1050.


Objective: Our aim was to probe the therapeutic effect by which (BMSC-ex) protect against (DEACMP) in rat models in vivo. Methods: BMSC-ex were successfully characterized and proven to pass the blood brain barrier and migrate to the injured brain area. Rats were randomly divided into six groups and the cognitive function of mice was evaluated by the morris water maze. The severity of pathological changes was evaluated by HE staining and LFB staining. The expression of cytokines was detected by ELISA. Immunohistochemical staining and western blot analysis were utilized to detect the protein expression of Foxp3、CD4、MBP、Notch1 and Hess1 in brain tissue.Results: We found that BMSC-ex significantly reduced inflammation, increased the levels of (Tregs), relieved demyelination, and ameliorated the cognitive impairment in DEACMP rats. Furthermore, inhibiting the Notch pathway led to a partial reversal of the effect of BMSC-ex in mice.Conclusions: BMSC-ex relieved the severity of demyelination in the DEACMP rat models by regulating Tregs subsets and the expression of Notch signaling. Hence BMSC-ex play a protected role in DEACMP by upregulating Tregs and the regulatory components of Notch signaling and this may provide a new clinical strategy for the treatment of DEACMP patients.


Descriptions of Indonesian usually take the clause as the starting point for analysing grammatical structure and
 rely on the notion of ellipsis to account for the way speakers actually use language in everyday conversational interaction. This
 study challenges the status of "clause" by investigating the structures actually used by Indonesian speakers in informal
 conversation and it demonstrates that the predicate, rather than the clause, plays a central role in the grammar of Indonesian
 conversation. The preponderance of predicates in the data that do not have explicit arguments suggests that this format is best
 viewed as the default. When a predicate is produced without overt arguments, reconstructing what arguments may have been elided is
 often ambiguous or indeterminate and seems to be irrelevant to speakers. An examination of turn-taking, overlap and incrementing
 in conversation also shows that predicates, rather than full clauses, are the grammatical format participants regularly orient
 to.


A point-to-point routing algorithm with three new features is presented. First, the router makes optimal use of oversized, rectangular contacts. Second, it allows different wire width on different layers, with the layers having complete freedom as to routing direction. These two features make the algorithm attractive for MOS layout applications. Finally, it is able to realize an all-angle routing and to accept all-angle obstacles, a feature interesting for hybrid and PCB routing. The router is gridless and guarantees a solution if one exists. Since it is based on computational geometry algorithms, it offers a low run-time complexity. The ideas have been implemented in a prototype version for 45 degrees routing. The results indicate that the router performs well, even on large designs.<<ETX>>


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the incidence of air embolism (AE) related to CT-guided localization of pulmonary ground-glass nodules (GGNs) prior to video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS).

METHODS
The data of all patients who received CT-guided localization of GGNs before VATS from May 2020 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS
A total of 1395 consecutive patients with 1553 GGNs were enrolled. AEs occurred in seven patients (0.5%). In four of the seven patients with AE, the embolism was detected before the patients left the CT table and emergency treatments were carried out. Among them, one patient had chest tightness and unilateral limb dyskinesia, one patient had convulsions and transient loss of consciousness, and two patients had no definite clinical symptoms. After a short-term high-flow oxygen inhalation, the clinical symptoms of two patients with symptomatic AE disappeared and two patients with asymptomatic AE did not show any symptoms. In the remaining three patients with AE, the embolism were detected retrospectively when evaluating the images in the PACS for this study. Fortunately, these three patients never developed clinical symptoms related to AE. All seven patients with AE underwent VATS on the day of localization and all GGNs were successfully removed under the guidance of markers.

CONCLUSION
The incidence of AE related to CT-guided localization of GGNs was 0.5%, which was significantly higher than expected. Post-localization whole thoracic CT should be performed and observed carefully so as to avoid missed AE and delayed treatment.

ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE
The incidence of AE related to CT-guided localization of GGNs was 0.5%. In order to timely detect AE, whole thoracic CT scan rather than local CT in the lesion area should be performed after localization. A small amount of AE may be missed if the post- localization CT images are not carefully observed.


The objective of this study is to realize a real-time video/voice over IP (VVoIP) applications that has implemented by a Hadoop cloud computing and it is denoted CLC-IHU. It really outperforms the previous P2P connected VVoIP (called SCTP-IHU) due to the easy-to-use and high-performance video phone call. User does not need to know what is a real IP used to ring a video phone call to the receiver. Next based on client/server architecture users employ web interface to achieve VVoIP connection with thin clients where the seamless handoff delay between base stations is in average 1.631 sec under mobile wireless environment. Therefore video phone call adopts an easy TCP connection instead of the complicated PR-SCTP protocol because of web interface not supported by PR-SCTP. Moreover, CLC-TCP scheme reduces computation load and power consumption dramatically for thin clients. In order to verify the effectiveness and efficiency in access control for preventing illegal intrusions from the outside of the cloud, the rapid facial recognition and fingerprint identification via Hadoop cloud computing has been done successfully within 2.2 seconds to cross-examine the subject identity exactly.


The structure of the tympanosclerotic plaques of the tympanic membrane was examined by using the scanning electron microscope. Studies were carried out on specimens of the tympanosclerotic plaques obtained during surgery in 15 patients for chronic middle ear inflammation. It was found that tympanosclerotic plaques contained fibrous fibers of different densities, distribution and calcification, and without cellular elements. The authors recognized two types of plaques, with moderate and severe degree of calcifications. The results showed that the role of a degenerative process was dominant in the pathogenesis of tympanosclerosis.


Schistosomiasis affects over 250 million people worldwide with an estimated mortality of more than 200,000 deaths per year in sub-Saharan Africa. Efforts to control schistosomiasis in the affected areas have mainly relied on mass administration of praziquantel, which kills adult but not immature worms of all Schistosoma species. Mammalian hosts respond differently to Schistosoma infection with some being more susceptible than others, which is associated with risk factors such as sociodemographic, epidemiological, immunological and/or genetic. Host genetic factors play a major role in influencing molecular processes in response to schistosomiasis as shown in gene expression studies. These studies highlight gene profiles expressed at different time points of infection using model animals. Immune function related genes; cytokines (Th1 and Th17) are upregulated earlier in infection and Th2 upregulated later indicating a mixed Th1/Th2 response. However, Th1 response has been shown to be sustained in S. japonicum infection. Immune mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases (Mmps) and tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (Timps) are expressed later in the infection and these are linked to wound healing and fibrosis. Downregulation of metabolic associated genes is recorded in later stages of infection. Most mammalian host gene expression studies have been done using rodent models, with fewer in larger hosts such as bovines and humans. The majority of these studies have focused on S. japonicum infections and less on S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections (the two species that cause most global infections). The few human schistosomiasis gene expression studies so far have focused on S. japonicum and S. haematobium infections and none on S. mansoni, as far as we are aware. This highlights a paucity of gene expression data in humans, specifically with S. mansoni infection. This data is important to understand the disease pathology, identify biomarkers, diagnostics and possible drug targets.


Diode-type CdTe detectors were fabricated in two different approaches for gamma-ray detection and imaging applications. The first type is a monolithic one-dimensional (1-D) detector with segmented n-type strips formed on the p-like CdTe crystal wafer. N-type strips were formed by diffusing indium using an excimer laser annealing process. In another approach, single element diode-type detectors were fabricated by growing an iodine-doped epitaxial layer on the p-like CdTe crystal in a metalorganic chemical vapor deposition system working at a low substrate temperature. A 1-D linear array detector was then developed by mounting a number of such small element detectors in a row. Both types of detectors exhibited good diode-like property with suppressed leakage currents in the reverse bias direction, which enabled us to apply a high electric field on the detectors in order to improve their performance. Nuclear detection tests performed at room temperature using /sup 57/Co and /sup 241/Am radioisotopes showed improved and uniform spectral responses from both types of detectors. Details about the detector fabrication and the spectral results that demonstrate the imaging and spectroscopy capabilities of these detectors are presented.


Charges accumulated at the semiconductor/insulator interface of a top-contact bottom-gate organic field-effect transistors (OFET) with a channel length/width of 1000 μm/1000 μm while applying a negative gate voltage are visualized in a probe region of 4 mm × 4 mm by electric-field induced sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. It is found the charges are accumulated not only inside but also outside the channel of the OFET. The accumulated charges are also found to be uniformly distributed on the semiconductor/insulator interface. The resolution of this mapping technique is explored to be 0.34 mm in the horizontal direction and 0.32 mm in the vertical. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2018.364]


The approach to nasal reconstruction is based on the nature of the defect and the donor tissue. The Rintala flap, first described by Rintala and Asko-Slejavaara, is a surgical technique used to close midline nasal defects. It is a simple, one-stage procedure and is most effective for defects ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters. In addition, the Rintala flap is an excellent tissue match and maintains the natural contour of the nose. Other flaps employed in nasal defect closure include the paramedian forehead flap and the Rieger flap. The authors discuss the Rintala flap technique and utility with comparison to alternative flaps used for nasal reconstruction.


In this paper we present an adaptive controller for the shunt three phase active power filter, to guarantee a sinusoidal balanced current in the source side, a low harmonic distortion. To accomplish this objective, the shunt active filter is forced to inject the appropriate current to the line. The control technique consists of applying an adaptive non linear control to the exact non linear control to the active filter. By applying a non-linear feedback-linearization technique to the non linear model results in a linear model. Afterwards a model reference adaptive control scheme is proposed for the feedback-linearized system. To confirm the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy, some simulation results employing Simulink/power system block set of Matlab are demonstrated


This study aims to determine the effect of the audit committee, independent commissioners, leverage, and audit quality on the integrity of financial statements in Islamic commercial banks. The method used in this study is the explanatory method, which is to find out or explain the effect of one variable on another variable. The variables studied were variable X, namely audit committee, independent commissioner, leverage, and audit quality, while variable Y was the integrity of financial statements. Data collection techniques are carried out with document review, namely data obtained from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) website and the website of each Islamic commercial bank in the form of financial statements. Data processing and analysis techniques used are descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis


The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Current advisory guidelines for high-risk groups—including people with autoimmune disease taking immunosuppressive therapies—are to take increased precautions and avoid any unnecessary contacts. The aim of the DeCOmPRESS study is to define the disease course and immune profile of COVID-19 in immunosuppressed patients. We will clinically phenotype patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) who develop COVID-19 using a customized REDCap data collection instrument embedded within the Rare Kidney Disease (RKD) Biobank. This dataset will be interoperable with the rheum-COVID, Global Rheumatology Alliance, and SPRINT-SARI datasets, facilitating international data linkage. Acute and convalescent blood samples will be analysed by flow cytometry and ELISA to define the immunophenotype and cytokine profile. Patients will track COVID-19 and AAV symptoms through a bespoke smartphone app. DeCOmPRESS study findings will rapidly inform management of immunosuppressed patients who contract COVID-19 by defining the natural history and immunological manifestations of the disease in these patients. We will also determine whether pre-existing immunosuppressant therapy lessens the cytokine storm associated with severe COVID-19 disease, thereby paradoxically improving rather than worsening clinical outcomes. This protocol document details the procedures for end-to-end completion of the DeCOmPRESS project and is complemented by an associated comprehensive Study Manual (accessible at: https://www.tcd.ie/medicine/thkc/decompress/).


The present study mainly aimed to prepare solid dispersions (SDs) of a poorly water-soluble compound, carvedilol (CA), in the presence of pluronic F68 (F68) and myrj 52 by wet milling technique in order to enhance drug dissolution. The process enabled the preparation of SDs without using any toxic organic solvents. SDs with different CA: surfactant ratios were prepared by wet milling followed by freeze-drying method and evaluated for their particle size and dissolution. They were also characterized based on/using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and saturated solubility. The effect of cryoprotectant type on the dissolution and particle size of SDs was also investigated. Wet milling process resulted in the reduced particle size depending on the type of surfactant. The significant drug dissolution and saturated solubility enhancement were recorded for milled SD formulations. In this regard, Myrj had a greater impact compared to F68. Dissolution efficiencies (DE30) obtained for the myrj-included SDs were up to 8.2-fold higher than that of untreated CA. The type of cryoprotectant was also found to affect the drug dissolution. According to the results, partial amorphization occurred in wet-milled samples, as confirmed by XRD and DSC analysis. It was concluded that using an appropriate surfactant along with wet-milling method may have been an effective approach for improving the dissolution rate of CA, a poorly soluble compound.


Abstract In this article, I intend to survey the reception of versions of the Old Testament in the Orthodox churches, focusing on the Greek, Russian and Romanian Church, respectively. While Western biblical scholars gave precedence to the Hebrew text over the Septuagint, in the Orthodox world one can see a tension in the relationship between the two textual witnesses and sometimes, even recently, there are voices which tend to give the Septuagint total authority in the Church. Orthodox scholars in the field of Old Testament studies usually resort to the Hebrew text, but especially scholars from outside this field tend to promote the Septuagint as the Old Testament of the Orthodox Church. I shall use the argument of authority, which is improper for scientific argumentation, but it suits my research, as I try to understand the confessional positions held within Eastern Orthodoxy. Consequently, if a certain saint, acknowledged as such by a national Orthodox Church or by the entire Eastern Orthodox communion, embraces a particular view on this subject, this bears significantly on the issue.


The objectives of this research was to know the effect of growing media composition and concentration level of GA3, on growth of Sansevieria trifaciata Prain 'Laurentii' shoots. The research was conducted at Leuwikopo Experiment Field, IPB, Darmaga from March until July 2011.The research used Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications, Sansevieria trifaciata Prain 'Laurentii' variegata leafs used in this research. The first factor was growing medium composition, they were charcoal husk: soil: compos (1:2:1); pasir malang: soil: compos (2:2:1); cocopeat: soil: compos (3:2:1). The second factor was concentration of GA3 treatment consist of three level, 0 ppm; 100 ppm : 500 ppm . Charcoal husk and pasir malang gave good effect for growth of young shoots. Concentration of GA3 until 500 ppm had no significant effect on young shoot growth but it had significant effect on roots growth. The best interaction treatment effect on young shoots growth was charcoal husk medium and 500 ppm concentration of GA3.

Keywords: charcoal husk, cocopeat, leaf cutting, pasir malang


The 2015 European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society treatment guidelines recommend frequent risk assessment in pulmonary arterial hypertension utilizing risk variables. Our objectives were: (1) to investigate the impact of inhaled treprostinil on risk stratification using the French noninvasive approach and REVEAL 2.0, and (2) to analyze the prognostic utility of both risk stratification methods in the predominantly New York Heart Association/World Health Organization functional class III/IV cohorts of TRIUMPH and BEAT. A post hoc analysis was performed to assess risk at baseline and follow-up at Week 12 in the TRIUMPH cohort (n = 148) and at Week 16, 21, and 30 in the inhaled treprostinil naïve placebo BEAT cohort (n = 73). Overall survival, clinical worsening-free survival, and pulmonary arterial hypertension-related hospitalization-free survival were all assessed in the pooled TRIUMPH and inhaled treprostinil naïve placebo BEAT cohorts based on risk group/strata at Week 12/16 follow-up. Inhaled treprostinil improved REVEAL 2.0 risk stratum (OR: 2.38, 95% CI: 1.09–5.19, p = 0.0298) and REVEAL 2.0 score (p = 0.0008) compared to placebo in the TRIUMPH cohort at Week 12. REVEAL 2.0 risk stratum and the number of low-risk criteria by the French approach improved at Weeks 16, 21, and 30 in the inhaled treprostinil naïve placebo BEAT cohort. Combining cohorts, REVEAL 2.0 risk stratification at follow-up was prognostic for clinical worsening-free, pulmonary arterial hypertension hospitalization-free, and overall survival, whereas the number of low-risk criteria was not. These post-hoc pooled analyses suggest inhaled treprostinil improves risk status and indicates that the REVEAL 2.0 calculator may be more suitable than the French noninvasive method for evaluating short-term clinical change in the New York Heart Association/World Health Organization functional class III/IV population.


This well-researched and engrossing book illuminates the constitutional jurisprudence of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's most notable appointees to the United States Supreme Court-Hugo L. Black, Felix Frankfurter, and Robert H. Jackson. 'New Deal Justice' draws extensively upon the memoirs, writings, opinions, and personal papers of these justices but also employs the insights of recent works on American legal, social, and political theory to dramatically alter the theoretical lens through which previous scholars have analyzed their decision making. Hockett pays particular attention to Black's controversial constitutional absolutism, Frankfurter's extraordinary deference to the decisions of legislative and administrative bodies, and Jackson's pragmatic use of the power of judicial review. The author persuasively argues that the New Deal Court was characterized by regional, cultural, and ideological tensions that manifested in the social and political theories of these three justices. This is important reading for students and scholars of constitutional judicial theory and the history of the U.S. Supreme Court.


There are six principal reasons why the Uruguay Round (UR) is of interest to Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries: it will be a boost to the world economy and to demand; It covers agriculture for the first time, especially temperate crops; Non-tariff barriers (NTBs) are critical for Africa, and these are to be abolished; tariff escalation comes down in the round, encouraging industrialization; there are potential losses of preferences for African exporters; and there are new obligations associated with World Trade Organization (WTO) membership. This study, the impact of the Uruguay round on Africa, therefore attempts to measure these different factors to assess their quantitative importance for Africa.


Quarter sampling is a novel sensor design that allows for an acquisition of higher resolution images without increasing the number of pixels. When being used for video data, one out of four pixels is measured in each frame. Effectively, this leads to a non-regular spatio-temporal sub-sampling. Compared to purely spatial or temporal sub-sampling, this allows for an increased reconstruction quality, as aliasing artifacts can be reduced. For the fast reconstruction of such sensor data with a fixed mask, recursive variant of frequency selective reconstruction (FSR) was proposed. Here, pixels measured in previous frames are projected into the current frame to support its reconstruction. In doing so, the motion between the frames is computed using template matching. Since some of the motion vectors may be erroneous, it is important to perform a proper consistency checking. In this paper, we propose faster consistency checking methods as well as a novel recursive FSR that uses the projected pixels different than in literature and can handle dynamic masks. Altogether, we are able to significantly increase the reconstruction quality by + 1.01 dB compared to the state-of-the-art recursive reconstruction method using a fixed mask. Compared to a single frame reconstruction, an average gain of about + 1.52 dB is achieved for dynamic masks. At the same time, the computational complexity of the consistency checks is reduced by a factor of 13 compared to the literature algorithm.


Fracture of mandible is the most frequent fracture among many types of maxillofacial fracture, and reduction of mandible fracture is performed using various methods of treatment to maintain bonding strength of fractured bone. Among these treatment of bone fracture, a semirigid fixation method which can reduce the period of intermaxillary fixation using metal mini plate under general or local anesthesia is spotlighted these days. The metal mini plate used during this semirigid fixation procedure is Titanium which is bio-inactive one and was used widely, but because the side effect of fracture reduction using titanium have been demonstrated recently, fracture reduction using biodegradable plate become to attract people's attention. The purpose of this study was to report the clinical case and review of the literature with the reduction of mandible fracture using biodegradable plate.


Abstract Background The liver fat score (LFS) has been proposed to be a simple non-invasive marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is highly prevalent in the general population. We tested its association with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and prognosis. Methods 17,244 adult participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2016 were included. LFS is calculated from variables including serum aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase (AST/ALT) ratio, fasting serum aspartate transaminase (AST) level, fasting serum insulin level, presence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus. In cross-sectional analysis, logistic regression was used to examine the association of the LFS with coronary heart disease (CHD), myocardial infarction (MI), congestive heart failure (CHF), stroke and angina pectoris. Mortality during follow-up was analysed using Cox proportional hazard regression. Results LFS was associated with CHD (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.09 per standard deviation [SD], 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.03–1.15) (p = .003), CHF (1.11, 1.04–1.18) (p = .003) and angina pectoris (1.08, 1.02–1.13) (p = .005). LFS was not associated with MI or stroke, but was associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality with hazard ratios (HRs) of 1.10 (95% CI: 1.07–1.13) (p < .001) and 1.12 (95% CI: 1.06–1.17) (p < .001), respectively. Conclusions NAFLD is usually asymptomatic, but this large study of a large general population shows that LFS is associated with CHD, CHF, angina pectoris, cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Determining the LFS is worthwhile, as it identifies people with NAFLD, who may also be at increased cardiovascular risk. Key Messages Liver fat score (LFS), a non-invasive marker of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is associated with coronary heart disease (CHD), congestive heart failure (CHF) and angina. LFS is also associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Determining the LFS is worthwhile as it identifies people with NAFLD as well as increased cardiovascular risk.


This technical note examines attractiveness and minimality of invariant sets for linear systems subject to additive disturbances confined in a state-dependent set. Existence of a minimal attractor is proved under the assumption that the state-dependent set, in which the disturbance is confined, is upper-semi-continuous. In many practical applications, the disturbance may evolve in a compact set while being generated by a dynamic process with a given model and bounded input. Our results for systems subject to general disturbances confined in state-dependent sets are applied to this case to prove the existence of a minimal robust invariant attractor.


Abstract The increasing commercial use of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) will inevitably lead to elevated silver exposure and thus to potential human health complications. In this study the acute toxicity of Ag-NPs <20 nm alone and upon co-administration with food matrix component phenolic compounds (PCs) on the cell-based models of the gastrointestinal tract was investigated. An improved co-culture model of Caco-2 and RajiB cells was applied for more precise in vitro simulation of the gastrointestinal tract. The involvement of two major factors contributing to the toxicity of Ag-NPs, i.e. the release of Ag+ and the induction of oxidative stress, was investigated. Ag-NPs were cytotoxic for Caco-2 cells with an EC50 of ca. 40 µg/ml. Ag-NPs led to oxidative stress starting from ca. 45 µg/ml. The epithelial barrier integrity disruption by Ag-NPs on Caco-2 cell mono- and co-cultures was established by decreased transepithelial electrical resistances and increased passages of Lucifer Yellow, a paracellular marker. Immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that Ag-NPs affect occludin and zonula occludens 1 distributions, suggesting the opening of tight junctions. Ag+, corresponding to the release from Ag-NPs, demonstrated a partial contribution in the toxic parameters, induced by Ag-NPs. Two PCs, quercetin and kaempferol, partially protected the Caco-2 cells from Ag-NP-induced toxicity and maintained the epithelial barrier integrity, disrupted by NPs. No protective effect was observed for resveratrol. The protective effect could be beneficial and decrease the potential toxicity of ingested Ag-NPs. However, the precise mechanisms of barrier-integrity-destabilising action of Ag-NPs/Ag+ and protective effect of PCs still require further elucidation.


4472 Cyclin D1 is overexpressed in human breast cancers and is sufficient for the development of murine mammary tumors. The cyclin D1 gene encodes a regulatory subunit of the holoenzyme that phosphorylates and inactivates the pRb tumor suppressor protein to promote nuclear DNA synthesis. In addition to the ability of cyclin D1 to form a holoenzyme with cdk4/6, we and others have previously shown that cyclin D1 regulates distinct cellular functions through physical association with nuclear receptors and transcriptional coregulators. In knockdown experiments using siRNA against cyclin D1 we observed that both mitochondial size and activity were increased, this observation was validated using cyclin D1 anti-sense transgenic mice. Mammary epithelial cells obtained from cyclin D1 anti-sense transgenic mice demonstrated induction of genes governing mitochondrial function and glycolysis. Reciprocal expression of these genes was observed in mammary tumors induced by mammary gland targeted cyclin D1 overexpression. Global gene expression profiling and functional analysis of mammary epithelial cell-targeted cyclin D1 anti-sense transgenics demonstrated cyclin D1 inhibits mitochondrial activity, and aerobic glycolysis in vivo . We further examined the mitochondrial components including mitochondrial transcriptional factor A (mtTFA) and mitochondrial nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) that are key regulators of mitochondrial DNA synthesis and function. Cyclin D1 repressed expression of mtTFA and inhibited D-loop transcriptional activity. NRF-1, which induces nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, was transcriptionally repressed and its activity was inhibited by cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 levels and NRF-1 expression were inversely correlated during cell cycle progression. In addition, NRF-1- and cyclin D1-regulated genes were inversely correlated by microarray expression profiling. Cyclin D1 associated with NRF-1 in vivo by immunoprecipitation and in mammalian two-hybrid assays. Screening for the potential phosphorylation site of NRF-1 demonstrated that cyclin D1-dependent kinase phosphorylated NRF-1 at Serine 47. In summary, in addition to regulating nuclear DNA synthesis, cyclin D1 regulates mitochondrial function in vivo , coordinating metabolic substrate utilization within the cell.


The clinical findings and pathological anatomy of 110 fractures through the lower three inches of the femur are presented. A classification based upon the type of displacement (Fig. 1) was thought to be more descriptive of the problem than the terms supracondylar and dicondylar alone. Each category presented clinical characteristics which are described. Seventy-seven fractures were followed for from one year to twenty-four years after injury. The results, graded by a numerical rating system, are considered according to anatomical classification. The results in patients treated by internal fixation are compared with those in patients treated by closed methods. No category of fracture at this level seemed well suited for internal fixation, and sufficient fixation to eliminate the need for external support or to shorten convalescence was rarely attained. The majority of serious local complications occurred after this form of treatment and, of twenty-nine patients so treated and evaluated, only 52 per cent obtained a satisfactory rating. Closed treatment yielded satisfactory results in 90 per cent of the forty-eight patients evaluated and in 84 per cent of those with displaced supracondylar fractures. Functional recovery was slow in patients with Group II-A and Group III injuries. Common errors in the management of tibial traction, noted during this study, supplemented by laboratory and cineroentgenographic observations, are discussed.


Recently it is understood that bone metabolic markers are useful for monitoring bone diseases. On the other hand, metabolic disorders of calcium occur in some organic dysfunction, especially in renal dysfunction, and recent reports suggest that some bone metabolic markers might be useful to detect these disorders. This report refers to bone metabolic markers about renal and the other organic dysfunction.


We address the problem of classifying multiword expression tokens in running text. We focus our study on Verb-Noun Constructions (VNC) that vary in their idiomaticity depending on context. VNC tokens are classified as either idiomatic or literal. We present a supervised learning approach to the problem. We experiment with different features. Our approach yields the best results to date on MWE classification combining different linguistically motivated features, the overall performance yields an F-measure of 84.58% corresponding to an F-measure of 89.96% for idiomaticity identification and classification and 62.03% for literal identification and classification.


An experimental study has been completed to assess the performance of single solid-oxide electrolysis cells operating over a temperature range of 800 to 850oC in the coelectrolysis mode, simultaneously electrolyzing steam and carbon dioxide for the direct production of syngas. The experiments were performed over a range of inlet flow rates of steam, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and nitrogen and over a range of current densities (-0.1 to 0.25 A/cm2) using single electrolyte-supported button electrolysis cells. Steam and carbon dioxide consumption rates associated with electrolysis were measured directly using inlet and outlet dewpoint instrumentation and a gas chromatograph, respectively. Cell operating potentials and cell current were varied using a programmable power supply. Measured values of open-cell potential and outlet gas composition are compared to predictions obtained from a chemical equilibrium coelectrolysis model. Model predictions of outlet gas composition based on an effective equilibrium temperature are shown to agree well with measurements. Area-specific resistance values were similar for steam electrolysis and coelectrolysis.


For more than a century, neuroscientists have debated the problem of how self-generated voluntary motor actions are executed without interference from sensory information elicited by the movements. In the 1950's, two theories were proposed: the corollary discharge theory by Sperry 1) and the efference copy theory by von Holst and Mittelstaedt 2) . They are es-sentially identical in proposing the necessity of specific neuronal mechanisms to suppress un-desirable percepts or reflexes, both of which might disturb ongoing movements. However, this raises a simple question as to whether the control system always ignores sensory information whenever the intended movements are in progress. Here, we review recent findings and cur-rently debated problems in corollary discharge theory.


The continual search for new sources of renewable energy has resulted in the progress of floating solar photovoltaics (FSP). Since FSP system design and implementation are still in their early stages, efficiency, output and performance studies of FSP systems are not adequately acknowledged. FSPs operate on water; hence their performance differs from that of their equivalent land-based photovoltaics (LBP). The effect of water and humidity on the performance of FSP systems is not adequately discussed in the literature. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of water - especially humidity - on the parameters and overall operation of FSP systems. For this purpose, an experiment is conducted with an FSP module, and the data obtained - over five months – are compared with similar LBP modules to determine the impact of water on the performance of the FSP system. The obtained results show that the FSP system is cooler than the LBP system by 7 ℃. The relative humidity (RH) is found to be higher in the FSP system, and this impacted the performance ratio (PR) of the FSP system. Moreover, it is observed that - despite the fact that RH has an influence on the PR of the FSP system - the FSP system outperforms the LBP system in terms of energy output.


Discrete and q-difference deformations of the structure constants for a class of associative noncommutative algebras are studied. It is shown that these deformations are governed by a central system of discrete or q-difference equations which in particular cases represent discrete and q-difference versions of the oriented associativity equation. It is demonstrated also that the celebrated Hirota-Miwa bilinear equation for the AKP and BKP hierarchies describes discrete deformations of certain finitedimensional algebras.


Objectives: This study was conducted in different regions of Bangladesh with the objectives of investigating the infection of gastro-intestinal nematodes in cattle. Methods: To determine the prevalence of gastro-intestinal nematodes infection in cattle, the data were collected from different area. A total 5400 fecal samples from animals of different regions in Bangladesh were examined for gastro-intestinal nematodiasis. Results: Out of 5400 fecal samples 4075 animals were found to be positive with various GI nematodes infection contributing a prevalence rate of 75.46%. The results revealed seven groups of nematodes were prevalent during the study period including strongylid spp (65.87%), Trichurisspp (8.76%), Staphanofilaria spp (5.70%), Capillaria spp (5.25%), Strongyloides spp (5.15%), Thelazia spp (5.08%) and Ascaris spp (4.32%). Among the regions, the infection was higher in animals brought to Central Veterinary Hospital (CVH), Dhaka and was calculated as 86.82%. On the other hand the lowest (67.22 %) prevalence was determined in Central Cattle Breeding and Dairy Farm (CCBDF), Savar. This study showed a higher level of prevalence (84.63%) in winter season followed by summer (84.63%). Conclusion: Although a modern anthelmintics are being used worldwide to treat and control parasitism in cattle and other animals. But their information on their uses and effectiveness at the farmers are scanty. Most of the farmers are unaware of the extent of the loss caused by parasites in their animals.  As a result animals are frequently suffered from malnutrition.


Neuronal network and plasticity change as a function of experience. Altered neural connectivity leads to distinct transcriptional programs of neuronal plasticity-related genes. The environmental challenges throughout life may promote long-lasting reprogramming of gene expression and the development of brain disorders. The modifications in neuronal epigenome mediate gene-environmental interactions and are required for activity-dependent regulation of neuronal differentiation, maturation and plasticity. Here, we highlight the latest advances in understanding the role of the main players of epigenetic machinery (DNA methylation and demethylation, histone modifications, chromatin-remodeling enzymes, transposons, and non-coding RNAs) in activity-dependent and long- term neural and synaptic plasticity. The review focuses on both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression levels, including the processes of promoter activation, alternative splicing, regulation of stability of gene transcripts by natural antisense RNAs, and alternative polyadenylation. Further, we discuss the epigenetic aspects of impaired neuronal plasticity and the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental (Rett syndrome, Fragile X Syndrome, genomic imprinting disorders, schizophrenia, and others), stressrelated (mood disorders) and neurodegenerative Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disorders. The review also highlights the pharmacological compounds that modulate epigenetic programming of gene expression, the potential treatment strategies of discussed brain disorders, and the questions that should be addressed during the development of effective and safe approaches for the treatment of brain disorders.


A correlation method for estimating the second derivative, as well as the first derivative, of a cost function which is quadratic in an input parameter is described. The method, using a 3-level msequence perturbation signal, enables the cost-function minimum to be reached in a single step in a noisefree system. The effects of noise, and the extension of the method to multiparameter cost functions, are discussed.


A reliability analysis of the gravity-based foundation of anoffshore wind turbine was performed by considering the uncertainties of the design variables, including environmental loads. The limit state functions of the gravity-based foundation were defined using the response limits of the support structures suggested in the DNV standard. The wind load couldbe obtained using the GH_bladed software, and the ware load was calculated using the Morison equation. Then, the extreme distributions of the wind and wave loads were estimated by applying the peak over threshold (POT) method to the wind and wave load data. The probability distribution characteristics of the soil properties were defined with reference to a southwest coast geotechnical survey report. The reliability index was evaluated for each failure mode using a first-order reliability method.


This study explored primary care providers' (PCPs) experiences with the practice of pharmaceutical care-based medication therapy management (MTM). Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with six PCPs who have experiences working with MTM pharmacists for at least three years. The first author conducted the interviews that were audio-taped, transcribed, and coded independently. The codes were then harmonized via discussion and consensus with the other authors. Data were analyzed for themes using the hermeneutic-phenomenological method as proposed by Max van Manen. Three men and three women were interviewed. On average, the interviewees have worked with MTM pharmacists for seven years. The six (6) themes uncovered from the interviews included: (1) "MTM is just part of our team approach to the practice of medicine": MTM as an integral part of PCPs' practices; (2) "Frankly it's education for the patient but it's also education for me": MTM services as a source of education; (3) "It's not exactly just the pharmacist that passes out the medicines at the pharmacy": The MTM practitioner is different from the dispensing pharmacist; (4) "So, less reactive, cleaning up the mess, and more proactive and catching things before they become so involved": MTM services as preventative health care efforts; (5)"I think that time is the big thing": MTM pharmacists spend more time with patients; (6) "There's an access piece, there's an availability piece, there's a finance piece": MTM services are underutilized at the clinics. In conclusion, PCPs value having MTM pharmacists as part of their team in ambulatory clinics. MTM pharmacists are considered an important source of education to patients as well as to providers as they are seen as having a unique body of knowledge –medication expertise. All PCPs highly treasure the time and education provided by the MTM pharmacists, their ability to manage and adjust patients' medications, and their capability to address patients' medication experiences. MTM pharmacists are seen as being different from dispensing pharmacists, and PCPs usually highlight that difference to patients as they refer them to MTM services. Lastly, it is apparent that MTM pharmacists struggle to explain what their role is within the healthcare team and they need to find a more effective way to explain the unique value they add to the care of patients.


Anemia due to decreased erythropoietin production is one of the major complications in uremic patients. The aim of the study is to evaluate the clinical efficiency and safety of rHuEPO in the treatment of anemia in uremic children receiving regular hemodialysis. Three uremic children, age 8, 12, and 14 year-old, under maintenance hemodialysis with hematocrit (Hct) value lower than 20% were observed for 6 months. rHuEPO 50 u/kg were given intravenously three times a week initially. Hct value of 30% was the target of therapy. All 3 children responded to the therapy and reached the target Hct value within 11 to 18 weeks. They received no further transfusion after the therapy. The maintenance dose to keep Hct value around 30% is 75 to 120 u/kg/wk. The serum biochemistry examination showed no difference before and after the therapy. The physical endurance, body weight and height increased in all children. The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension in echocardiography decreased and the ejection fraction increased after 6 months of the treatment. Serum ferritin concentrations decreased in all children. Mild hypertension developed in one child. Heparin dose was increased when the target Hct value was around 30% in 2 children. We suggested that low dose rHuEPO therapy was safe and effective in uremic children, but close monitoring for the development of hypertension and iron deficiency was mandatory.


In two experiments, typists and nontypists were compared in affectively evaluating pairs of letter combinations in a forced-choice paradigm. Within each pair, one combination would be typed with the same finger, the other with different fingers.


M oving some Web consumers along to the purchase click is proving to be difficult, despite the impressive recent growth in online shopping. Consumer online shopping revenues and related corporate profits are still meager, though the industry is optimistic, thanks to bullish forecasts of cyberconsumer activity for the new millennium. In 1996, Internet shopping revenues for U.S. users, excluding cars and real estate, were estimated by Jupiter Communications , an e-commerce consulting firm in New York, at approximately $707 million but are expected to How merchants can win back lost consumer trust in the interests of e-commerce sales. reach nearly $37.5 billion by 2002 [1]. Meanwhile, the business-to-business side is taking off with more than $8 billion in revenues for 1997 and $327 billion predicted by 2002 just in the U.S., according to For-rester Research, an information consulting firm in Cambridge, Mass. [4]. On the consumer side, a variety of barriers are invoked to explain the continuing difficulties. There are, to be sure, numerous barriers. Such factors as the lack of standard technologies for secure payment, and the lack of profitable business models play important roles in the relative dearth of commercial activity by businesses and consumers on the Internet compared to what analysts expect in the near future. Granted, the commercial development of the Web is still in its infancy, so few expect these barriers to commercial development to persist. Still, commercial development of the Web faces a far more formidable barrier—consumers' fear of divulging their personal data—to its ultimate com-mercialization. The reason more people have yet to shop online or even provide information to Web providers in exchange for access to information, is the fundamental lack of faith between most businesses and consumers on the Web today. In essence, consumers simply do not trust most Web providers enough to engage in " relationship exchanges " involving money and personal information with them. Our research reveals that this lack of trust arises from the fact that cyberconsumers feel they lack control over the access that Web merchants have to their


Cybersecurity is increasingly seen as a fundamental problem of the state, which comprehensively affects its security and defense, economy, certain spheres of public life, in particular energy, health care and others. Reliable operation of data networks, computer systems and mobile devices is a prerequisite for the effective state and society functioning, an individual's life. The reliability of key public information systems depends on many factors: cyberattacks, hardware and software failures, and all kinds of errors. The significant increase in the number of incidents in cyberspace necessitates a systematic analysis of sources of threats, the first place among which is phishing. The introduction of criminal responsibility for phishing is complicated by the fact that "phishing" is an "umbrella" concept that covers a number of launched or committed crimes. From criminal law point of view, phishing attacks can correspond to different categories of crimes (extortion, fraud, blackmail, offenses related to the processing of personal data, etc.). The attempt by some states to impose criminal penalties for phishing at the national level does not solve the problem, since it is not difficult for phishers who work worldwide to cross national barriers. That is still the reason why counteracting cybercrime requires significant efforts not only by individual states but also by international organizations, in particular by the European Union.


Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) detection has recently been associated with severe neurological symptoms in adults and children in European countries. The spectrum of disease by EV-D68 ranges from asymptomatic to acute respiratory symptoms, hospitalisation, and sporadically to neurological symptoms, including acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and acute flaccid myelitis (AFM), and death. This has led to increased vigilance for detection of enterovirus D68, especially in cases that present with the more severe clinical syndromes. In normal cases, enterovirus is transmitted by faecal-oral routes and/or respiratory routes, however in the case of EV-D68 it is almost exclusively passed through respiratory transmission. An infection of EV-D68 is generally distinguished by its rapid onset of disease. The incubation period of the disease between 3 to 5 days, which is unlike the other enteroviruses which usually have an incubation period of around 10 days. This study describes a retrospective analysis of 150 non-invasive respiratory specimens (nose/throat or throat swabs) collected from paediatric outpatients presenting to Childrens Hospital Emergency Department with respiratory and/or CNS symptoms including fever and seizure. Specimens have been collected from November 2017- November 2018. All specimens tested by four RT-PCR assays for Pan-Enterovirus, EV-D68 specific, human Rhinovirus and RNaseP (quality control). Results on prevalence of EV-D68, as single or co-infection, are presented. Results indicate low prevalence of EV-D68 in the Northern Ireland symptomatic paediatric population. As EV-D68 is an emerging infection it is critical to remain vigilant particularly in the case of neurological presentation.


It is now a matter of scientific record that patterns of child rearing in the United States have changed appreciably over the past twenty-five years (5). At the same time, the gap between social classes in their goals and methods of child rearing appears to be narrowing, with working-class parents beginning to adopt both the values and techniques of the middle class. Finally, there is dramatic correspondence between these observed shifts in parental values and behavior and the changing character of atti tudes and practices advocated in successive editions of such widely read manuals as the Children's Bureau bulletin on Infant Care and Dr. Spock's Baby and Child Care. Such correspondence should not be taken to mean that the expert has now become the principal instigator and instrument of social change, since the ideas of scientists and professional workers them selves reflect in part the operation of deep-rooted cultural processes. Never theless, the fact remains that changes in values and practices advocated by prestigeful professional figures can be substantially accelerated by rapid and widespread dissemination through mass media of communication and public discussion. Given these facts, it becomes especially important to gauge the effect of the changes that are advocated and adopted. We must ask whether the changes that have occurred in the attitudes and actions of parents over the past twenty-five years have been such as to affect the personality develop ment of their children, so that the boys and girls of today are somewhat different in character structure from those of a decade or more ago. Or, to put the question more succinctly: Has the changing American parent pro duced a changing American child?


For the last few decades, investigations have been conducted to better learn the process of body decomposition by mean of the measurement of the VOCs released during decay. However, the chemical fingerprint of the decomposition odor is still far from being elucidated. We recently developed an analytical strategy that relies on the use of thermal desorption (TD) coupled to comprehensive two-dimensional GC coupled to time-of-flight MS (GC×GC-TOFMS) for the profiling of cadaveric VOCs from grave soils and decaying bodies. The additional peak capacity of GC×GC, the spectral deconvolution algorithms applied to unskewed mass spectral data, and the use of robust specific data mining strategies allowed the generation of characteristic VOC profiles across the various stages of soft-tissue decomposition.


Glacial retreat is one of the most evident impacts of climate change in high mountain areas. In the French Alps, data about glacier extensions were recently updated in the context of the new French glacier inventory. This inventory is based on manual delineation of the French National Geographical Institute (IGN) 50-cm-pixel orthophotographies from 2006 to 2009 and IGN 1/25 000 topographical maps from the end of the 1960s (1967-1971). Data are integrated in a GIS and topographic parameters are extracted from the IGN 25-m-DEM for the glacier surface extension of the end of the 1960s and the ASTER 30-m-GDEM for the 2006-2009 extension. The present (2006-2009) glacier surface area in the French Alps is 275.5 km2. This surface decreased by 26% since the end of the 1960s when the glacier extension was 373 km2. The surface area of 82% of the glaciers is 2.5 km2 account for 3.5 % of the glacier number and 47 % of the total glacier area. Glaciers with a length 2 km in length represent 10 % of this total. Glaciers > 1 km2 have a gentle mean slope than glaciers 70 % in number). Average minimal (i.e. fronts), mean and maximal elevation of French Alpine glaciers is 2840 m (σ = 286 m), 3019 m (σ = 240 m), and 3210 m (σ = 289 m), respectively. Finally, more than 11 % of the surface area of the present glacier is debris-covered. Retreat rate mainly depends related on the glacier size classes or the aspect, and varies from one massif to another: glacier shrinkage in the Ecrins massif was more than three times stronger than in the French area of the Mont Blanc massif. We use a statistical approach in order to pinpoint topographical and glaciological controls on the glacier retreat. For each glacier size class, aspect and massif of the French Alps, we compared the glacier retreat during the 40 last years with several of the following parameters of the glacier: surface area; length; mean surface slope; mean aspect; minimal, mean, and maximal elevation; and debris cover area. Results from this analysis are presented here.


Neutral current (NC) interactions of atmospheric neutrinos on oxygen form one of the major backgrounds in the search for supernova relic neutrinos with water-based Cherenkov detectors. The NC channel is dominated by neutrino quasi-elastic (NCQE) scattering off nucleons inside $^{16}$O nuclei. In this paper we report the first measurement of NCQE cross section using atmospheric neutrinos at Super-Kamiokande (SK). The measurement used 2,778 live days of SK-IV data with a fiducial volume of 22.5 kiloton water. Within the visible energy window of 7.5-29.5 MeV, we observed $117$ events compared to the expected $71.9$ NCQE signal and $53.1$ background events. Weighted by the atmospheric neutrino spectrum from 160 MeV to 10 GeV, the flux averaged NCQE cross section is measured to be $(1.01\pm0.17(\text{stat.})^{+0.78}_{-0.30}(\text{sys.}))\times10^{-38}$ cm$^2$.


Abstract Quantum nano-biophotonics as the science of nanoscale light-matter interactions in biological systems requires developing new spectroscopic tools for addressing the challenges of detecting and disentangling weak congested optical signals. Nanoscale bio-imaging addresses the challenge of the detection of weak resonant signals from a few target biomolecules in the presence of the nonresonant background from many undesired molecules. In addition, the imaging must be performed rapidly to capture the dynamics of biological processes in living cells and tissues. Label-free non-invasive spectroscopic techniques are required to minimize the external perturbation effects on biological systems. Various approaches were developed to satisfy these requirements by increasing the selectivity and sensitivity of biomolecular detection. Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopies provide many orders of magnitude enhancement of chemically specific Raman signals. Femtosecond adaptive spectroscopic techniques for CARS (FAST CARS) were developed to suppress the nonresonant background and optimize the efficiency of the coherent optical signals. This perspective focuses on the application of these techniques to nanoscale bio-imaging, discussing their advantages and limitations as well as the promising opportunities and challenges of the combined coherence and surface enhancements in surface-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SECARS) and tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (TECARS) and the corresponding surface-enhanced FAST CARS techniques. Laser pulse shaping of near-field excitations plays an important role in achieving these goals and increasing the signal enhancement.


A simple and green approach was developed for the preparation of fluorescent Cu nanoclusters (NCs) using the artificial peptide CLEDNN as a template. The as-synthesized Cu NCs exhibited a high fluorescence quantum yield (7.3%) and good stability, along with excitation and temperature dependent fluorescent properties, which could be employed for temperature sensing. Further investigations demonstrated low toxicity of Cu NCs for cellular imaging.


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Using three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics simulations, we show that the efficiency of cosmic-ray (CR) production in supernova remnants is over-predicted if it could be estimated based on proper motion measurements of Hα filaments in combination with shock-jump conditions. Density fluctuations of the upstream medium cause shock waves to be rippled and oblique almost everywhere. The kinetic energy of the shock wave is transferred into downstream turbulence as well as thermal energy related to the shock velocity component normal to the shock surface. Our synthetic observation shows that the CR acceleration efficiency, as estimated from a lower downstream plasma temperature, is overestimated by 10%–40% because a rippled shock does not immediately dissipate all of the upstream kinetic energy.


This paper presents a retrospective analysis of randomly selected clinical scintigraphic records at the College of Medicine/Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. Out of the 436 patients scanned for various thyroid abnormalities, 266 (61.0%) were used for the analysis due to insufficient data and parameters required for the analysis in the clinical records. Among these 266 cases selected, euthyroidism showed the highest incidence of 123 (46.2%). This was followed by hyperthyroidism 103 (38.7%) and hypothyroidism 40 (15.1%). Of the 103 hyperthyroidism studied, thyrotoxicosis was noted in 82 cases (79.6%). Grave's disease was found in 11 (10.7%) and Nodular goitre in 10 (9.7%). West African Journal of Radiology Vol. 13(1) 2006: 33-40


Aberrant glycosylation plays a fundamental role in key pathological steps of tumour development and progression. Glycans have roles in cancer cell signalling, tumour cell dissociation and invasion, cell-matrix interactions, angiogenesis, metastasis and immune modulation. Aberrant glycosylation is often cited as a 'hallmark of cancer' but is notably absent from both the original hallmarks of cancer and from the next generation of emerging hallmarks. This review discusses how glycosylation is clearly an enabling characteristic that is causally associated with the acquisition of all the hallmark capabilities. Rather than aberrant glycosylation being itself a hallmark of cancer, another perspective is that glycans play a role in every recognised cancer hallmark.


The radiographic and histologic healing patterns of fresh cancellous bone allografts were compared with those of fresh cancellous autografts in dogs. Two groups of allografts were studied: 1 group of littermate pairs with minor histocompatibility mismatches, and 1 group of unrelated pairs with major histocompatibility mismatches. Pairs were chosen on the basis of preoperative serologic typing and mixed lymphocyte cultural assay of lymphocyte-defined compatibility. Generally, grafts with minor mismatches and autografts achieved bony union in 6 weeks with grafted bone serving as a scaffold for new bone formation. Grafts with major mismatches were resorbed and replaced by fibrocartilage. Healing of osteotomy sites grafted with mismatched bone occurred by ingrowth of host periosteal and endosteal new bone.


Plane Poiseuille flow, the pressure-driven flow between parallel plates, shows a route to turbulence connected with a linear instability to Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves, and another route, the bypass transition, that can be triggered with finite-amplitude perturbation. We use direct numerical simulations to explore the arrangement of the different routes to turbulence among the set of initial conditions. For plates that are a distance $2H$ apart, and in a domain of width $2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}H$ and length $2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}H$ , the subcritical instability to TS waves sets in at $Re_{c}=5815$ and extends down to $Re_{TS}\approx 4884$ . The bypass route becomes available above $Re_{E}=459$ with the appearance of three-dimensional, finite-amplitude travelling waves. Below $Re_{c}$ , TS transition appears for a tiny region of initial conditions that grows with increasing Reynolds number. Above $Re_{c}$ , the previously stable region becomes unstable via TS waves, but a sharp transition to the bypass route can still be identified. Both routes lead to the same turbulent state in the final stage of the transition, but on different time scales. Similar phenomena can be expected in other flows where two or more routes to turbulence compete.


The FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication (FLT3ITD) is common somatic mutation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We have previously shown that FLT3ITD fails to induce changes in HSC self-renewal, myelopoiesis and leukemogenesis during fetal stages of life. FLT3ITD signal transduction pathways are hyperactivated in fetal progenitors, but FLT3ITD target genes are not. This suggests that postnatal-specific transcription factors may be required to help induce FLT3ITD target gene expression. Alternatively, repressive histone modifications may impose a barrier to FLT3ITD target gene activation in fetal HPCs that is relaxed during postnatal development. To resolve these possibilities, we used ATAC-seq, as well as H3K4me1, H3K27ac and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq, to identify cis-elements that putatively control FLT3ITD target gene expression in fetal and adult hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). We identified many enhancer elements (ATAC-seq peaks with H3K4me1 and H3K27ac) that exhibited increased chromatin accessibility and activity in FLT3ITD adult HPCs relative to wild type adult HPCs. These elements were enriched near FLT3ITD target genes. HOMER analysis showed enrichment for STAT5, ETS, RUNX1 and IRF binding motifs within the FLT3ITD target enhancers, but motifs for temporally dynamic transcription factors were not identified. We cloned a subset of the enhancers and confirmed that they could synergize with their promoter to activate a luciferase reporter. For representative enhancers, STAT5 binding sites were required to activate the enhancer - as anticipated - and RUNX1 repressed enhancer activity. We tested whether accessibility or priming changed between fetal and adult stages of HPC development. FLT3ITD-dependent changes in chromatin accessibility were not observed in fetal HPCs, though the enhancers were primed early in development as evidenced by the presence of H3K4me1. Repressive H3K27me3 were not present at FLT3ITD target enhancers in either or adult HPCs. The data show that FLT3ITD target enhancers are demarcated early in hematopoietic development, long before they become responsive to FLT3ITD signaling. Repressive marks do not appear to create an epigenetic barrier to enhancer activation in the fetal stage. Instead, age-specific transcription factors are likely required to pioneer enhancer elements so that they can respond to STAT5 and other FLT3ITD effectors.

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


As a response to intensified globalization, international research collaboration has become common in the social sciences. This paper reports a study that examined what Chinese management academics and their overseas counterparts perceived to be the benefits and challenges arising from research collaboration with each other. Data collected with two parallel questionnaires administered, respectively, to 114 Chinese and 30 overseas management academics revealed a variety of perceived benefits relating mainly to Chinese and overseas academics' complementing strengths. Analysis of the same data also identified an array of perceived challenges stemming from a combination of cultural, epistemological, ideological, linguistic, institutional, and relational differences. Our study generated insights to be drawn upon in policy-making and in the coordination of international research collaboration.


Aquatic plants are excellent phytoindicator because they respond to nutrients, light, toxic, contaminants, metals,
herbicides, turbidity, water level change and salt. However, the negative impact of excessive nutrients on
riverine and palustrine systems, estuaries and coastal waters give a serious global problem. Butrients that arise
rapidly from expanding urban areas, agricultural and industrial activities caused a boom in aquatic plant
growth. Due to the capabilities of aquatic plants to utilize large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus and thus
remove them from the water; the aim of the research is to study the potential of aquatic plant species to be used
as phytoindicator for unhealthy environment such as polluted freshwater bodies. In this study, twenty samples of
water were collected each from 3 different localities where Salvinia natans, Beptunia oleracea and Hydrilla
verticillata were abundant and dominant. All the water samples were analyzed for nitrite, nitrate, ammonium
and phosphate. H. verticillata was found to be the best phytoindicator for phosphate pollutant at highest level
whereas S. natans and B. oleracea were observed to be useful phytoindicator for unhealthy environment in fresh
water bodies for nitrogen and phosphate contaminants. Therefore, aquatic plant species can be fully utilized as
an effective tool to detect excessive nutrients in water bodies that might otherwise be difficult to detect.


Abstract In Evolutionary Religion, J. L. Schellenberg synthesizes his previous impressive contributions to an understanding of religion by formulating an account of religion supported by a Darwinian evolutionary theory understood as a science of the deep future. Such a future enables the realization that our present understandings of religion are immature, that future understandings of divine reality may be radically altered and that religious practice may become the centre of human well-being. In this article, I argue that Schellenberg's evolutionary religion represents at best but half the evolutionary story, its epistemic side. Ontologically, it remains fundamentally non-evolutionary. Positively, I suggest naturalistic alternatives to Schellenberg's Ultimate. I conclude that Schellenberg's evolutionary religion is neither adequately evolutionary nor adequately religious.


Since the first commercial GM plant, the FlavrSavr tomato, authorized in 1994, more than 140 GM plants were authorized for marketing globally. For the authorization and labelling of GM plants, the detection methods for genes introduced and proteins expressed in GM plants were developed qualitatively and quantitatively. This review presented the detection methods, conventional PCR, multiplex PCR and real-time PCR, for soybean, maize, canola and cotton as the dominant GM plants. Also, microarray assay and nanotechnology as new approaches for detection methods for GM plants were investigated.


The solution-phase preparation of the 3',5'-dialkoxybenzoin photolabile safety-catch linker 16 is described. Pivotal to this convenient synthesis is the selection of appropriate orthogonal protecting groups for the alkoxy functionalities present. The new linker can be readily loaded onto any standard amine-terminating resin under peptide-coupling conditions, without the need to protect the secondary alcohol functionality, and subsequently loaded with substrate. Alternatively, the loading efficiency of sterically hindered substrates can be enhanced by preloading the semiprotected linker variant 10 in solution prior to immobilization onto the resin. This second generation of benzoin photolabile safety-catch linkers provides greater control of both linker loading and resin attachment and should prove to be a more versatile and convenient form of the linker.


We have demonstrated a high-performance two-wavelength asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulator (AFPM) by using a novel decoupled cavity design. In this new design, the middle mirror supplies a back-mirror reflectivity for the short-wavelength modulator and, at the same time, a front-mirror reflectivity for the long-wavelength modulator. The front mirror is designed to be transparent at the long wavelength and reflective at the short wavelength to eliminate the interference between the two modulators. With this decoupled cavity design, we greatly simplified the matching requirement for the two cavities and obtain much more flexibility in the device design. Experimentally, we have demonstrated a two-wavelength modulator operated at 860 and 890 nm with operating voltages of 3.4 and 6.2 V and reflectivity changes of 62% and 44%, respectively.


Wireless Sensor Network is a type of wireless network which consists of a collection of tiny device called sensor node. Wireless Sensor Network is one of the rapidly developing areas. Applications of Wireless Sensor Network includes remote environmental monitoring, target tracking, etc. Various algorithms are proposed in 2D for location tracking which provides accuracy but in the real world, we require all the three planes for correct estimation and more accuracy in localization. The 2D works on flat terrain but we need to position WSN in harsh terrain also, so we need an algorithm in 3D that provide better accuracy and decrease the error of estimation and provide a real world view also. The goal of our survey is to present the localization techniques of node. Keywords—Localization Techniques, Wireless Sensor Network, centralized, range, anchor, distributed.


Carotenoids play an essential role in light harvesting and protection from excess light. During chloroplast senescence carotenoids are released from their binding proteins and are eventually metabolized. Carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 4 (CCD4) is involved in carotenoid breakdown in senescing leaf and desiccating seed, and is part of the proteome of plastoglobules (PG), which are thylakoid-associated lipid droplets. Here, we demonstrate that CCD4 is functionally active in PG. Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana ccd4 mutants constitutively expressing CCD4 fused to yellow fluorescent protein showed strong fluorescence in PG and reduced carotenoid levels upon dark-induced senescence. Lipidome-wide analysis indicated that β-carotene, lutein, and violaxanthin were the principle substrates of CCD4 in vivo and were cleaved in senescing chloroplasts. Moreover, carotenoids were shown to accumulate in PG of ccd4 mutant plants during senescence, indicating translocation of carotenoids to PG prior to degradation.


Icicles form when cool water drips from an overhanging support under ambient conditions which are below freezing. Ice growth is controlled by the removal of latent heat, which is transferred into the surrounding air via a thin film of water flowing over the ice surface. We describe laboratory experiments in which icicles were grown under controlled conditions. We used image analysis to probe the evolution of the icicle shape under various conditions. A recent asymptotic theory suggests that, overall, icicles converge to self-similar shapes which are predicted to be attractors. On the other hand, stability theory predicts that the ice-water interface can become unstable to form ripple patterns on the icicle surface. Our experimental results show that the predicted self-similar profile is only found in certain cases, and that icicles can also exhibit unpredicted nonuniformities such as branching near the tip. We find that pure water icicles are more likely to be self-similar than those grown from tap water. Ripples, which are also deviations from the self-similar profile, were observed to climb upward during icicle growth.


We study the relationship between measures invariant for a piecewise expanding transformation tau of a compact metric space endowed with a underlying measure and measures invariant for an iterated function system T(tau), generated by inverse branches of tau. The main result says that the tau-invariant absolutely continuous measure &mgr; is also T(tau) invariant if and only if tau is absolutely continuously conjugated with a piecewise linear transformation. Measures of maximal entropy and general equilibrium states are also discussed. (c) 1995 American Institute of Physics.


1. The expansion and retraction of the foot has been studied in the prosobranchiate sandy-beach gastropod, Bullia .

2. In Bullia the foot is capable of an unusually great expansion, but this is not dependent upon an unusually large volume of blood.

3. Radiographical investigations have shown that on retraction blood flows direct from the pedal sinus to the visceral sinus system without passing through the heart, kidney or gill.

4. Investigation of the jets of water produced on retraction has shown that in the expanded animal the visceral region within the shell is surrounded by sea water.

5. The roles of blood movement and of contraction of the columella muscle, and also various other aspects of the circulation, are discussed.