Summary
The existence of defective interfering (DI) particles has been well documented for a number of virus systems (Huang & Baltimore, 1970). Such particles are currently of great interest since their ability to cause homologous interference has been implicated as a possible regulatory factor in the establishment of chronic or persistent virus disease (Huang & Baltimore, 1970). We have recently reported that about 50 cell generations after infection of BHK 21/13S cells with either lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) or Parana virus, infective virus could no longer be detected in either the cells or the culture medium (Staneck et al. 1972). However, LCMV-infected cultures continued to produce particles with an interference activity which closely resembled DI virus (Welsh, O'Connell & Pfau, 1972). The data presented here indicate that Parana, another arenavirus (Rowe et al. 1970), can initiate the nearly exclusive synthesis of DI virus under the same conditions.


We report on the stability of large-area (100 cm2), low-cost, indium-tin-oxide (ITO)-free modules over two years (>17 500 h) under outdoor operational conditions in Denmark and under indoor storage condition by following ISOS-O-3 and ISOS-D-2 protocols. Irrespective of the testing regimes (storage and outdoor), all modules maintain the maximum power point (MPP) above T80 (the duration over which a solar cell retains above 80 % of its initial MPP) over two years using a simple low-cost packaging barrier with a water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of 0.04 g m−2 day−1, an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 0.01 cm3 m−2 bar−1 day−1, and a UV cut-off at 390 nm. Unlike previous studies, localized degradation through edges and contact points in the modules are not overwhelming even after more than two years; therefore, the differences in degradation under long-term outdoor and storage conditions could be probed. The results suggest that oxygen permeation may be mainly responsible for degradation under outdoor conditions, whereas WVTR has a larger bearing under storage conditions.


In enhanced balanced cluster lifetime prolonging protocol we investigate that how balance cluster approach work in heterogeneous environment by applying same network structure in heterogeneous environment. Dividing network in four equal static balanced cluster so that all the clusters have almost equal number of nodes. This will help in even load distribution of network and this will increase the network lifetime and energy of the network. Simulation-based evaluations are performed to compare the performance of EBCLPP against BCLPP balanced cluster lifetime prolonging protocol and EDDEEC Enhanced Developed Distributed Energy-Efficient Clustering for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor .Our experiment results show that EBCLPP outperforms BCLPP and EDDEEC in terms of network lifetime and power consumption minimization. In heterogeneous wireless sensor network optimization of energy is the main issue. In previous scheme the clusters where formed dynamically and the cluster head selection was based on the probability. Formation of clusters dynamically lead to loss of energy in every round which affected the network lifetime and energy of every node. We investigate that how balance cluster approach work for heterogeneous wireless sensor network in this scheme we are forming the balance cluster in the start of network operation in order to reduce the overhead of cluster formation after every round. We divide sensor nodes in four cluster and all the cluster have almost equal number of nodes. And by doing so the cluster does not even get unbalanced as nodes in all the clusters are almost same. Cluster head selection is mapped to homogenous network that is done by finding the weight of nodes in the cluster and so the node having highest energy will become cluster head for the round. In this case all the nodes whether they are super nodes or normal nodes all the nodes get the chance to become the cluster head. This will increase the number of nodes alive over time and also the average energy per node.


Electrical submersible pumping (ESP) remains the preferred artificial lift method for high rate production when technically viable. ESP, on the other hand, is sensitive to downhole conditions and pumped fluid. Sour fields, in particular, are considered as a major challenge for producing facilities and well completion elements. Reservoirs producing fluids with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) present a special challenge to ESP systems.
 This paper uses ESP field observations and pulled equipment findings from many dismantle inspection and failure analyses (DIFAs). The findings confirmed H2S behavior and root causes of electrical and mechanical failures within multiple ESP components. The outcome of these investigations and the recommended system upgrades to enhance ESP reliability in corrosive environments will be illustrated.
 Critical ESP system materials will deteriorate and fail when subjected to sour environments. H2S can penetrate the pump's cable insulation, attack the copper, and react to form copper sulfide, resulting in electrical failure. It can also permeate the seal bags and o-rings, diffuse in the seal dielectric oil, and attack the bronze and copper components in the seal and the motor. To improve reliability, a new version of motor lead extension (MLE) using three individually armored connectors and a seal with H2S sacrificial anode scavenger inside each chamber were introduced. The improved design encapsulated the insulated conductors individually within metal tubes made of high nickel alloy. The tubes can be terminated individually at the motor and above the production packer with proven swage type connectors.
 By utilizing high nickel alloy tubes as barriers against H2S and removing all connections below the packer, the H2S effect has been eliminated. On the other hand, the seal with H2S passive scavenger will retain most of the H2S in the dielectric oil before it reaches the motor. These novelty technologies resulted in a threefold improvement, leading to longer up time, less workover jobs, and more sustainable production.


Audio-to-score alignment aims at generating an accurate mapping between a performance audio and the score of a given piece. Standard alignment methods are based on Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) and employ handcrafted features. We explore the usage of neural networks as a preprocessing step for DTW-based automatic alignment methods. Experiments on music data from different acoustic conditions demonstrate that this method generates robust alignments whilst being adaptable at the same time.


The broad objective of this thesis is to develop an understanding of factors affecting outsourcing in the hotel industry and also the role played by management accounting in hotel outsourcing. The thesis draws on transaction cost economics (TCE), agency, contingency, and labour process theories in the context of appraising factors motivating outsourcing. Two empirical phases have been undertaken in the study. The first phase involved a series of interviews with general managers and financial controllers in large South East Queensland hotels. The second phase involved two distinct questionnaire surveys of large Australian hotels. The first was administered to hotel general managers, and the second was administered to hotel financial controllers. Significant findings arising from the study include: 1. In light of the substantial international literature describing hotel outsourcing, it appears that outsourcing in Australian hotels is relatively limited. This appears to be particularly the case with respect to food and beverage related activities. 2. Mixed support is offered for the TCE model. Both the survey and interview data provide some support for TCE's prescription that frequently conducted activities will not tend to be outsourced. Two specific extensions are offered to this aspect of the model, however. Firstly, where activities are conducted to a minimal extent, it can be uneconomic to outsource. Secondly, where large activities are undertaken by a group of organisations, their enhanced purchasing power can result in inexpensive outsourcing arrangements. With respect to TCE's uncertainty proposition, support is offered for the view that the propensity to outsource will be greater where behavioural uncertainty is lower. No support has been offered with respect to environmental uncertainty. The interview data provides some support for TCE's asset specificity proposition, however, minimal support was found in the survey phase. Despite this, the many dimensions of asset specificity (eg. site specificity, human asset specificity, etc) provided a useful checklist of issues to be considered in relation to the outsourcing decision. 3. Negligible support was found for labour process theory (LPT) in the interview phase of the study. In light of this, and the need to narrow the study's focus in the survey phase, LPT was not pursued further. LPT is a difficult construct to operationalise, given the social desirability error that may result. This may partially account for the absence of significant LPT findings in the interview phase. 4. The survey data provides some support for the agency theory view that risky activities will tend to be outsourced. 5. Considerable cross-hotel variation exists in management of, and accounting's involvement in, outsourcing decision making and control systems. Accounting appraisal of outsourcing proposals rarely includes long term oriented, sophisticated techniques such as "net present value". It appears this may be because outsourcing decisions are not conducted in the context of the formal capital budgeting process. 6. High performing hotels and hotels that conduct their outsourcing decisions in the context of a long term outsourcing strategic agenda have more sophisticated outsourcing management systems.


This study aims to estimate the technical efficiency and technology gap in Indonesian rice farming, and analyze its determinants. An analysis of DEA Metafrontier and Tobit regression was applied respectively for the first and second objective. The data is based on farm level data of fifteen rice–producing provinces in Indonesia. The result showed that the technical efficiency based on metafrontier estimation is slightly lower than the technical efficiency based on regional frontier estimation, indicating the existence of technology gap which is quite small. Net income, education, and irrigated rice field found related to the technical efficiency and technology gap. Meanwhile, the effect of other factors on the technical efficiency and technology gap is ambiguous. Hence, this study suggests that these three factors should be considered in the policy to increase technical efficiency and to reduce the technology gap in Indonesian rice farming


BACKGROUND: Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip is a relatively rare carcinoma, with the incidence of 1 to 2%, but it is the most common carcinoma in the oral cavity accounting for 25-30% of all malignant oral tumours. AIM: This study aimed to determine the role of neovascularisation in the process of tumour progression. METHODS: We analysed the surgical specimens obtained from 60 patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the lower lip. The examined group consisted of 45 specimens of patients without metastasis and 15 specimens of patients with metastasis in the regional lymph nodes. Histopathological slides were immunohistochemically stained with an antibody against CD34 and by hematoxylin & eosin staining for routine histopathological examination. RESULTS: The results obtained showed a statistically significant difference in the density of neovascularisation between groups of the SCC with different grade of differentiation (Kruskal-Wallis test: H (2, N = 60) = 30.0943, p = 0.00001). Statistical analysis also showed a significant difference in the density of vascularisation of lower lip SCC between patients without metastasis and patients with neck metastasis (Mann-Whitney U test, p = 0.000198). Applying Pearson's chi-square test, we found a highly significant statistical difference in grade of SCC differentiation in patients with and without neck metastasis (p = 0.0000). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the density of neoangiogenesis is increased in tumours with poorer differentiation and in patients with neck metastasis. So, the density of neovascularisation of the primary lip SCC may predict the tumour progression.


The legal protection of street children get health service has not been fully implemented because until now there are many street children who have difficulty-getting health care, including health insurance. Whereas Article 8 of Law No. 23 of 2002 on the Protection of the Child states that, every child has the right to obtain medical care and health insurance. The right to health care for street children have not been met entirely because up to now there are still many obstacles to be faced by street children get health service, as is often met with resistance from health care facilities, difficult to get health insurance and hard earned infrastructure adequate health services.


This article examines the various stagings of progress as exhibited at Argentina's International Centennial Exhibitions hosted in Buenos Aires in 1910. In preparation for the exhibitions, a wealthy port aristocracy oversaw renovations of the private and public, material and symbolic spaces of the city which transformed the capital into a political theatre. A chronology of the exhibitions (agriculture, industry, hygiene, railways, and the arts) and their accumulated symbols are read as multidimensional sites of encounter where a clash of contradictory interests and agencies interact. The text emerges out of a moment of ethnographic encounter and weaves together the words of my interlocutors with historical and theoretical analysis. In doing so, the article reflects from different angles upon the relationship between the rituals of showing and of spectatorship involved in the State's aesthetic performance of national progress.


A simple performance test was developed and used to evaluate a sample of psychiatric geriatric patients on their capacity for self-care. Evaluations were made by asking the patient to demonstrate certain essential activities of daily living. The objective test, compared with patients' subjective reports, was found to be a more valid measuring instrument of functional impairment and more useful as a diagnostic and prognostic tool Test scores correlated with independent clinical assessments of mental status and physical conditions, as well as with short-term outcome of hospitalization. The scale is easy and quick to administer and has many applications for the treatment and management planning of patients.


This essay challenges current accounts of the revels staged at Kenilworth Castle by Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, during Elizabeth I's summer progress in 1575. Critics have argued that Elizabeth was offended by a planned masque on the theme of marriage and prevented its performance, although there is no evidence to support this claim of censorship. While many critics have seen the political situation on the Continent as the key political context to the revels, this essay argues that the appointment of a new lord deputy in Ireland and a skirmish on the borders of Scotland were more pressing concerns for those gathered at Leicester's estate. In staging the revels, Leicester was creating a new mythology for an imperial England, combining elements of Arthurian legend, Ovidian poetry, and folk custom, and grafting this mythology onto a sculpted landscape. The purpose of the revels was to remake Kenilworth as a mental map of empire, and to install this map in the minds of the court. (J.E.)


One of the most important issue of today's dentistry is the preservation of tooth structure. Following biomimetic principles,
employing minimally invasive applications and adhesive technologies are of paramount importance for successful restorations.
Ceramics are materials that allow minimally invasive approach in the anterior region. As ceramic materials develop and patients
demand for aesthetic restorations goes up, practitioners must keep up with the material science. The authors suggest guidance to
the practitioner in selecting the proper all-ceramic systems for crowns when faced with different aesthetic desires. In this article,
three cases of full ceramic restorations were obtained by different production techniques are presented.


The U.S. Geological Survey's Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) is widely used to simulate the effects of climate, topography, land cover, and soils on landscape-level hydrologic response and streamflow. This study developed, calibrated, and assessed a PRMS model that simulates near-native or naturalized streamflow conditions in the Upper Rio Grande Basin. A PRMS model framework of 1,021 hydrologic response units was constructed for the basin. Subbasins within the larger Upper Rio Grande Basin range from snow-dominated northern basins to monsoon driven southern basins. The 1,021 hydrologic response units were grouped into 133 subareas within the basin, and solar radiation and potential evapotranspiration data were used to calibrate corresponding PRMS parameters in each subarea independently. Nine subbasins with streamgages distributed across the basin were identified as "near-native" subbasins, or those basins with low anthropogenic disturbance. Model parameters that affect streamflow were calibrated for the near-native subbasins, and the calibrated parameters were distributed to the remaining hydrologic response units on the basis of terrain, soil, and vegetation conditions linked to a distribution and weighting algorithm developed for this study. The parameter distribution method was validated in three of the nine near-native subbasins. Calibration results demonstrated that the PRMS model developed in this study with distributed model parameters for the entire Upper Rio Grande Basin was successful in applying local information to improve model performance over the National Hydrologic Model, and that the new model is appropriate to use to simulate near-native conditions throughout the basin. The result is a model that can simulate naturalized flow and other variables that affect the water budget (including soil moisture, evapotranspiration, recharge) at the daily time step for current and future climate conditions, and that can also be used in conjunction with other models developed for the basin.


We map the spatial distribution of recent star formation over a few × 100 Myr timescales in 15 starburst dwarf galaxies using the location of young blue helium burning stars identified from optically resolved stellar populations in archival Hubble Space Telescope observations. By comparing the star formation histories from both the high surface brightness central regions and the diffuse outer regions, we measure the degree to which the star formation has been centrally concentrated during the galaxies' starbursts, using three different metrics for the spatial concentration. We find that the galaxies span a full range in spatial concentration, from highly centralized to broadly distributed star formation. Since most starbursts have historically been identified by relatively short timescale star formation tracers (e.g., Hα emission), there could be a strong bias toward classifying only those galaxies with recent, centralized star formation as starbursts, while missing starbursts that are spatially distributed.


Aim. To describe the results of applying citrate dialysis in the complex therapy of a patient with postpartum sepsis. Materials and methods . This paper presents an analysis of a case of the successful treatment of patient P. with the diagnosis "Childbirth 3 urgent. Pfannenstiel laparotomy. Caesarean section in the lower uterine segment. Hypotonic bleeding. Relaparotomy: ligation of the internal iliac arteries, hemostasis. Relaparotomy: additional hemostasis, pelvic tamponade, abdominal cavity tamponade. Hemorrhagic shock of fourth category. Extirpation of the uterus with tubes. Sepsis. Septic shock. DIC syndrome". Citrate dialysis was included as part of intensive care therapy. Results . Citrate dialysis allowed the patient with multiple organ failure, against the background of complex intensive care therapy, to restore kidney function after 28 sessions of renal replacement therapy. Diuresis was completely restored on day 42. Biochemical parameters, such as urea and creatinine, were normalized on day 45. The duration of treatment in the anesthesiology and resuscitation departments was 47 days, out of which lung mechanical ventilation lasted for 17 days. The total duration of treatment in the hospital was 54 bed days. The patient was discharged in satisfactory condition. Conclusion . The methods of extracorporeal detoxifi cation can signifi cantly improve treatment outcomes in this category of patients and reduce maternal mortality rates.


The influence of carrier volume was evaluated in field experiments for glyphosate applied to wheat at rates representing 12.5 and 6.3% of the usage rate of 1,120 g ai/ha (140 and 70 g/ha, respectively). Wheat at first node and at heading was exposed to glyphosate applied in a constant carrier volume of 234 L/ha, where herbicide concentration declined with reduction in dosage, and in proportional carrier volumes of 30 L/ha for the 12.5% rate and 15 L/ha for the 6.3% rate, where herbicide concentration remained constant. At 28 d after treatment, glyphosate applied at first node in proportional carrier volume (an average for 30 and 15 L/ha adjusted proportionally to glyphosate rate) reduced wheat height 42% compared with 15% when glyphosate was applied in 234 L/ha. Height reduction was no more than 15% when glyphosate was applied at heading in 234 L/ha or in the proportional carrier volumes and at first node in 234 L/ha. Wheat yield was reduced 42% when glyphosate at 140 g/ha was applied in 234 L/ha but was reduced 54% for the same rate applied in proportional carrier volume. For 70 g/ha glyphosate, wheat yield was reduced 11% when applied in 234 L/ha, but was reduced 42% when the same rate was applied in proportional carrier volume. Wheat yield reduction was equivalent when glyphosate was applied in 234 L/ha at first node and at heading (29 and 24%, respectively), but yield reductions of 60% for first node application and 36% for heading application were observed when glyphosate was applied in a proportional carrier volume. When averaged across carrier volumes and glyphosate rates, the greater yield loss from application at first node was attributed to decreased number of spikelets per spike and seed weight per spike. Nomenclature: Glyphosate; wheat, Triticum aestivum L. 'USG 3209'


The intracellular behaviour of different toxic mineral elements inhaled as soluble aerosols or as insoluble particles was studied in the rat by electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, and electron microdiffraction. This study showed that, after inhalation, aerosols of soluble elements like cerous chloride, chromic chloride, uranyl nitrate, and aluminium chloride, are concentrated in the lysosomes of alveolar macrophages and are precipitated in the lysosomes in the form of insoluble phosphate, probably due to the activity of acid phosphatase (intralysosomial enzyme). Also, after inhalation of crystalline particles that are insoluble or poorly soluble in water such as the illites (phyllosilicates), ceric oxides (opaline), and industrial uranium oxides (U3O8), the small crystals are captured by the alveolar macrophage lysosomes and transformed over time into an amorphous form. This structural transformation is associated with changes in the chemical nature of particles inhaled in the oxide form. Microanalysis of amorphous deposits observed after inhalation of uranium or ceric oxides has shown that they contain high concentrations of phosphorus associated with the initial elements cerium and uranium. These different processes tend to limit the diffusion of these toxic elements within the organism, whether they are inhaled in soluble form or not. Microsc. Res. Tech. 36:313–323, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Energetic materials (EMs) are the core materials of weapons and equipment. Achieving precise molecular design and efficient green synthesis of EMs has long been one of the primary concerns of researchers around the world. Traditionally, advanced materials were discovered through a trial-and-error processes, which required long research and development (R&D) cycles and high costs. In recent years, the machine learning (ML) method has matured into a tool that compliments and aids experimental studies for predicting and designing advanced EMs. This paper reviews the critical process of ML methods to discover and predict EMs, including data preparation, feature extraction, model construction, and model performance evaluation. The main ideas and basic steps of applying ML methods are analyzed and outlined. The state-of-the-art research about ML applications in property prediction and inverse material design of EMs is further summarized. Finally, the existing challenges and the strategies for coping with challenges in the further applications of the ML methods are proposed.


A literature search was performed for articles between June 2000 and July 2001 pertaining to transurethral resection of the prostate. Eight of the most interesting and/or groundbreaking articles, as deemed by the authors, were selected for review. Topics discussed include transurethral vaporization of the prostate, laser prostatectomy, preoperative finasteride, pelvic floor rehabilitation, the impact of the quantity of tissue removed, bladder infusion prior to catheter removal, and ethanol-glycine in assessment of the absorption of irrigation fluid.


The accuracy of anomaly detection in hyperspectral images (HSIs) faces great challenges due to the high dimensionality, redundancy of data, and correlation of spectral bands. In this paper, to further improve the detection accuracy, we propose a novel anomaly detection method based on texture feature extraction and a graph dictionary-based low rank decomposition (LRD). First, instead of using traditional clustering methods for the dictionary, the proposed method employs the graph theory and designs a graph Laplacian matrix-based dictionary for LRD. The robust information of the background matrix in the LRD model is retained, and both the low rank matrix and the sparse matrix are well separated while preserving the correlation of background pixels. To further improve the detection performance, we explore and extract texture features from HSIs and integrate with the low-rank model to obtain the sparse components by decomposition. The detection results from feature maps are generated in order to suppress background components similar to anomalies in the sparse matrix and increase the strength of real anomalies. Experiments were run on one synthetic dataset and three real datasets to evaluate the performance. The results show that the performance of the proposed method yields competitive results in terms of average area under the curve (AUC) for receiver operating characteristic (ROC), i.e., 0.9845, 0.9962, 0.9699, and 0.9900 for different datasets, respectively. Compared with seven other state-of-the-art algorithms, our method yielded the highest average AUC for ROC in all datasets.


Research on acquisition performance has not considered the customer perspective for a long time. Based on associative network theory, we propose two spillover effects – forward and reverse – to reflect the effect of acquirer and target reputation on customer responses toward a horizontal acquisition. The reputation of both the acquirer and target can transfer to acquisition and affect customer attitudes toward the post-merged corporation and target customer retentions. However, the influence of the acquirer reputation (forward spillover effect) is stronger than that of the target reputation (reverse spillover effect). Because of asymmetric spillover effects from the acquirer and target, we suggest that the performance effects of A acquiring B may not be the same as that of B acquiring A, given that A and B are highly related firms. The level of post-acquisition brand integration moderates the asymmetric spillover effect on acquisition performance. A higher level of post-acquisition brand integration indicates a stronger asymmetric spillover effect on acquisition performance.


Trifluoroacetic acid + pyridine-N-oxide (1:1) systems have been studied in CCI4 and acetonitrile as a function of the basicity of the N-oxide. In CCI4 acid–base complexes are formed almost completely, whereas in acetonitrile the degree of complex formation increases with increasing basicity of the N-oxide, i.e. with increasing ΔpKa(pKa of the protonated N-oxide minus pKa of the acid). Log Ka increases in proportion to ΔpKa.In the O–⋯H+⋯ON bonds a single-minimum proton potential is present, and if the degree of symmetry of this potential is sufficiently large continua indicate that these hydrogen bonds show a large proton polarizability caused by the fluctuating proton. From the shift of v(CO) and from the intensity of the continuum, both as a function of ΔpKa, the following conclusion is drawn: the broad single-minimum potential well shifts with increasing basicity of the N-oxide, i.e. with increasing ΔpKa from the donor to the acceptor. This shift is larger in acetonitrile solutions than in CCI4 solutions since in the polar solvent the interaction of the hydrogen-bond dipole with the reaction field induced by it in the solvent is larger.


A lead-intoxicated patient with extremely high blood lead levels and unexpectedly mild symptoms was studied prior to and following treatment with calcium disodium edetate (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) and then prior to and following oral administration of zinc sulfate. During chelation therapy, erythrocyte (delta)-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity decreased as blood lead levels fell. Urinary excretion of zinc increased and was more than 3.5 times greater than that of lead. The ratio of blood lead to serum zinc was greatest (1.47) when ALAD activity was lowest. Oral administration of zinc sulfate following chelation therapy resulted in a significant increase in mean ALAD activity. In vitro additions of zinc chloride to the patient's erythrocytes resulted in reactivation of ALAD activity. These studies suggest that zinc is an important element in the ALAD system in man. Zinc may play a protective role in lead toxicity, and zinc supplementation may be a useful adjunct to chelation therapy for lead toxicity.


As individuals and as social agents, many have embraced Social Media (SM), the benefits of which are self-apparent and are taken for granted within the context of this paper. Evidence would suggest that the penetration and demographic spread of the adoption of SM continues to grow rapidly within our daily life, not only on a personal level, but also in the workplace. However, there is a lack of research relating to SM and its application within specific business areas. Firstly, this paper intends to focus on the utilisation of SM to foster Knowledge Management (KM) potential within organisations. Anecdotally, an important concern of decision makers is the reputational risk and threat to traditional models of Intellectual Property management posed by the use of SM in the workplace. In addition, there is a perception that the business use of social networking websites is "time wasting" and not costeffective, considering the perceived resource requirements to manage and successfully exploit the phenomenon of SM. However, within organisations, there are a range of stakeholders that could potentially play an important role in influencing decision makers' views in terms of limiting the risk and gaining the business opportunities which SM offers. The authors believe that SM can offer tremendous benefits and opportunities for knowledge-aware management, including new knowledge creation, fresh approaches to Intellectual Property generation and innovation, and the development of valuable and deep insights into client and customer perception. Each of the aforementioned opportunities may result in commercial benefits and advantages. But, in the absence of clear and compelling models for the application and exploitation of SM, the uptake of these tools could remain patchy, and the potential for KM practitioners to influence decision makers, regarding focusing on the positive side of the risk/opportunity equation, will be challenging. Secondly, the result of this paper is to improve the understanding of businesses perception and adoption of SM and the role of KM in that. The authors devised a survey that sought to capture the scope and nature of the use of SM in a business context, the application areas of work to which it is being applied, the key champions for the use of SM and the key constraints and guidance on its use. In particular, the authors aimed to gain insight into an organisation's perspectives regarding the opportunities and threats offered by SM for the generation of Intellectual Assets and especially of new knowledge. The intent was to gain an "as is" view and identify commonalities that have resulted in a positive perception of SM. The paper presents the findings of this survey, identifying the key applications of SM, where it is implemented and utilised, the prevailing attitudes and the key influencer for decision makers. In addition, the results specifically intend to demonstrate the active or passive role of the KM community in the wider business application of SM, highlighting areas where the authors believe opportunity exists for KM practitioners to influence decisions through a more extensive use of SM. Keywords Social Media, Social networking, Knowledge management, Strategic decision making, Crowdsourcing, Co-creation, Innovation, Web 2.0.


Objectives: Physical activity (PA) can reduce cigarette cravings and aid quitting but little is known about its promotion during smoking cessation counselling. This study aimed to determine the extent to which smoking cessation advisors promote PA. Methods: Self-report surveys assessing PA promotion within the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) framework, advisors' own PA levels and demographics were completed by 122 German speaking advisors. Results: 95.9% of advisors reported promoting PA to most smokers and were in the maintenance phase (TTM). Advisors spent an average of 6.4 mins and 11.8 mins per session promoting PA during the longer (7 weekly sessions) and shorter clinics (3 weekly sessions), respectively. Advisors delivering shorter clinics rated PA as more important for smoking cessation. A positive correlation was found between self-reported physical activity and minutes spent promoting PA in advisors using the short form, but no other factors predicted PA promotion. Conclusions: In this study nearly all smoking cessation advisors promoted PA. Advisors using a short-form seem to be aware of the importance of promoting PA despite the limited time-frame of this approach.


Over the past decades research into controlled nuclear fusion as a source of energy has ma- tured to a level where engineering aspects of a reactor are being addressed. The principal reactor design currently is a tokamak, a torus shaped vessel in which the fusion fuel - a hot plasma of hydrogen isotopes - is contained by magnetic fields. The goal of ITER, the large international fusion reactor presently under construction in France, is to generate 500 MW of fusion power, with a tenfold power gain. It has been known for a long time that the plasma confined by magnetic fields in a tokamak can develop structures, known as "tearing modes" or "magnetic islands". These deterio- rate the quality of the confinement of the plasma. This is sometimes wanted - for instance to °ush the ash out of the fusion reactor - but mostly undesirable. For fusion reactors, con- trol of tearing modes is therefore of great importance as a tool to optimize the performance. Tearing mode control requires two ingredients: detection and actuation. The actuator of choice is Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH), which allows precise localisation of power by the resonant absorption of a focused beam of high-power millimetre waves. The beam must be steered to the heart of the magnetic island with a steerable mirror, which is established technology. This is also the technology that will be applied in ITER. The problem addressed in this thesis is the detection and localisation of the island. In principle, any method that can detect and accurately localise a magnetic island could be suited for the purpose. There are, however, severe complicating factors. The most important is the fact that the plasma is a dispersive medium, in which the path of the ECRH beam is curved and depends on the local gradients of pressure and density. To convert a measurement of the position of a magnetic island at one place in the tokamak to the correct launching angles and phasing of the ECRH installation requires accurate measurements of a number of plasma parameters and major computational processing. For this reason, this method of steering the ECRH beam is susceptible to error. In this thesis a detection system is described that radically deals with the problem of abso- lute island localisation - by avoiding it. A receiver is developed that detects the island via the same sight line as used by the ECRH. In this scheme the island is detected by looking for the characteristic °uctuations on the Electron Cyclotron Emission (ECE) caused by an island. In the receiver, the ECE channels are selected around the ECRH frequency. In this way it is possible to steer the ECRH beam using the ECE signals as input, without having to localise the island in absolute coordinates. The minimum island size to which the ECRH beam can be steered only depends on the sensitivity of the detector (i.e., the minimum °uctuations the line-of- sight receiver can still detect) and the degree to which the launcher can be fine-tuned. There is a price to pay for the elegance of the scheme and that is the huge difference in power between the actuator (ECRH) and the sensor (ECE) sharing the transmission line. The ECRH power is of the order of 1 MW, while the ECE power in the transmission line is of the order of 1 nW, i.e. a di®erence of 15 orders of magnitude! First, there is the obvious problem of ECRH stray radiation coupling into - and destroying - the receiver. Secondly, even if a way is found to suppress the ECRH stray radiation at the gyrotron frequency, the gyrotron may produce spurious modes that cause problems; Thirdly, the element that separates the ECE from the ECRH must be capable of passing the 1 MW forward power. And finally, there is the possibility that the application of ECRH leads to emission from the plasma at frequencies shifted with respect to the ECRH, thereby disturbing the ECE spectrum. In this thesis, an in-sightline ECE radiometer was developed and applied at the TEXTOR tokamak at the Forschungszentrum JAulich. In TEXTOR, with large radius 1.75 m and small radius 0.46 m, islands can be generated by external coils and reach a size of some 10 cm. The islands in general rotate in the plasma with a typical frequency of several kHz. The ECRH system uses a gyrotron with a maximum power of 850 kW at 140 GHz, with a 10 s pulse duration. The challenge of separating the MW ECRH power from the nW ECE signal is taken on by developing a Fabry-Perot type filter based on a resonant dielectric plate. This plate acts as a Frequency Selective Coupling element and is placed in the ECRH transmission line. In the final construction two of such dielectric plates are used, giving 45 dB suppression of the ECRH component with respect to the ECE power. The beam containing the ECE spectrum is coupled to a 80 dB notch filter in waveguide. The ECRH power that travels in the same direction as the ECE signal is estimated to be several hundreds of Watts at maximum. The total reduction of 125 dB reduces this to tens of pW, which is well below the ECE power levels. The notch filter at the gyrotron frequency has a spectral width of 100 MHz, which under normal operating conditions is wide enough not to cause problems due to drift of the gyrotron frequency. After the notch filter the signal is fed to a 6-channel heterodyne radiometer. The channel spacing of this radiometer is 3 GHz, the channel width is 500 MHz, the video bandwidth is 10 kHz, and the in-vessel receiver noise temperature is 100 eV. With this instrument, °uctuations caused by a 1 cm rotating island can still be detected. The limit on the ECE channel spacing is imposed by the dielectric losses in plate, as the channel spacing decreases with increasing plate thickness. At a channel spacing of 3 GHz, the ECRH transmission losses are 5%. The temperature rise of the plate limits operation to 3 s at 800 kW. In the final instrument specification the 3 GHz ECE bandwidth and the 3 s ECRH pulse length has been used. This instrument has been designed, built and tested at TEXTOR, and was found to per- form according to its design values. In the absence of ECRH power, it was shown that the in-vessel receiver noise temperature, noticeably due to the high-sensitivity radiometer, does not limit the minimum island size that can be detected. The ECRH stray radiation was measured to be a factor 10 below the ECE levels, which ensures that ECRH stray radiation cannot lead to a non-linear response of the instrument at the ECE frequencies. In the presence of 400 kW ECRH power, rotating islands have been detected and local- ized. Fluctuations in electron temperature have been detected below 10 eV, while the requirement for a 1 cm island is 20 eV. In short, the instrument performs according to its design values and in particular has given proof-of-principle of the in-sightline radiometer concept, with 15 orders of magnitude separation of forward and backward power. In some plasma conditions, in particular in the presence of magnetic islands, strong per- turbations are observed on the ECE channels: bursts of emission with a typical duration of several 100 ¹s. A closer inspection shows that these are caused by powerful frequency components that are shifted several 100 MHz, up to a few GHz, from the ECRH frequency. It is also noted that in the case of rotating islands the perturbations are correlated to the island rotation period. The correlation with a particular phase in the island supports the idea of a conversion process in the plasma with the high power ECRH beam. These anomalous bursts of ECE emission, however interesting from a plasma physics point of view, perturb the signals that are used for the island detection. However, a method was devised that filters the bursts from the signal, thus allowing the island localisation also in the presence of spurious ECE emission. With that, the proof-of-principle of the in-sightline ECE radiometer as the basis for a feedback control of the ECRH island suppression system is given: Towards a self-aiming microwave antenna to stabilise fusion plasmas! The next step is to use the line-of-sight ECE data to control the ECRH launcher and ECRH power. This work is outside the scope of this thesis, but considerable progress towards this goal has already been made in a follow-up project. In parallel to this, work has started on an in-sightline scheme with an in-waveguide coupling element that can handle continuous ECRH. This will open the way to application in ITER, and is presently being developed for application at the Asdex Upgrade tokamak at IPP-Garching.


In this paper, we propose an online motion model parameter estimation method. To achieve accurate localization, accurate estimation of motion model parameters is needed. However, the true values of motion model parameters change sequentially according to alteration of surrounding environments. Therefore the online estimation is absolutely imperative. As a typical method to estimate motion model parameters sequentially, Augmented Kalman Filter (AKF) is there. AKF achieves parameter estimation through Kalman filtering algorithm. However, AKF has serious problems to be implemented in real robot operation. These problems are the accuracy of observation and the limitation to motion control of robots. To solve these problems and achieve accurate motion model parameter estimation, proposed method introduces discriminative training. The introduction of discriminative training increases the convergence performance and stability of parameter estimation through AKF. The proposal method achieves accurate motion model parameter estimation in real robot operation. This paper describes the efficiency of our technique through simulations and an outdoor experiment.


This paper represent and describe the relation between sufistic interpretation (isyāri) and the ijtima'i approach in Tafsir Amaly by KH. Qayyim Ya'qub. The position of sufistic tafsir which so polemical and eccentric got challenges culturally and socially. This condition that drives KH. Qoyyim Ya'qub compile his tafsir. In addition, the approach of ijtima'i that collaborate local elements symbolically in his tafsir, intended to make the peoples understand the content of the Qur'an easily. In particular, this paper will analyze and review the dominance of locality aspects in the process of interpretation, and series of asbāb that initiate mufassir to chose that step.


The structure of stream communities is typically thought to be driven by stochastic events such as floods, in contrast with communities in many other systems in which biotic interactions have a major role. However, it is possible that biotic interactions are important in some situations in streams, especially where resources are limited and physical influences are stable for substantial periods. Leaf litter – the main energy source and a distinct habitat in forest streams – constitutes a patchy resource where biotic interactions among and within consumer species are likely to occur. The intraspecific interference in four leaf-eating species (shredders), common in Australian tropical streams, was experimentally examined – Anisocentropus kirramus (Trichoptera : Calamoceratidae), Lectrides varians and Triplectides gonetalus (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae) and Atalophlebia sp. (Ephemeroptera : Leptophlebiidae). All four species showed some degree of intraspecific interference, indicated by lowered leaf breakdown rates when density increased. Breakdown rates per capita decreased exponentially for all species with increased density, with slight differences among species. These differences were more evident when body size was taken into account, with breakdown rates depressed at lower densities for the two species with larger body sizes, T. gonetalus and Atalophlebia sp. Overall breakdown rates did not always increase with higher densities, because they were compensated for by depressed individual breakdown rates. Our results indicate that intraspecific interference can be an important mechanism regulating leaf breakdown in streams.


This report summarizes the technical progress made during FY 1980 to provide a critical technology base for utility gas turbine systems capable of burning coal-derived fuels. Project tasks include the following: combustion - to investigate the combustion of coal-derived fuels and the conversion of fuel-bound nitrogen to NOx; materials - to understand and prevent the hot corrosion of turbine hot section materials; and system studies - to integrate and guide the technological efforts. Technical accomplishments during this fiscal period include: an extension of flame tube combustion testing of propane - Toluene Fuel Mixtures to vary H/sub 2/ content from 9 to 18%-wt and the comparison of results with that predicted from a NASA Lewis General Chemical Kinetics Computer Code; the design and fabrication of combustor sector test section to test current and advanced combustor concepts; Testing of Catalytic combustors with residual and coal-derived liquid fuels; testing of high strength super alloys to evaluate their resistance to potential fuel impurities using doped clean fuels and coal-derived liquids; and the testing and evaluation of thermal barrier coatings and bond coatings on conventional turbine materials.


Genomic studies have shown that large numbers of candidate targets are observed in breast cancer. Nevertheless, only a few of them are validated as relevant targets in clinical studies. Estrogen receptor (ER) and HER2 expressions could be associated with a level I evidence. Beyond ER and HER2, BRCA and PIK3CA mutations (when targeted with alpha-specific PI3K inhibitors) could be considered as promising targets in breast cancer since they have been associated with objective responses in phase I/II trials. In addition to these four molecular alterations, several others have shown promising results in preclinical studies and are being investigated in clinical trials. These genomic alterations include AKT1, ERBB2, and ESR1 mutations. These considerations highlight the lack of evidence for using multiplex technologies to individualize therapy in metastatic breast cancer. Sequencing multiple genes to treat metastatic breast cancer is very promising but should be done in the context of clinical trials, either to enrich phase I/II trials in patients with genomic alterations or to show medical usefulness of new biotechnologies like next-generation sequencing (NGS). Although most current approaches of precision medicine are aiming at targeting drivers, additional applications could be developed in the future. This includes the identification of DNA repair deficiencies, mechanisms of immune suppression, and identification of minority lethal subclones. Finally, one of the very promising applications of genomics for metastatic breast cancer is the identification of pathway activation or defects at the individual level. For example, gene expression and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) signatures are being developed to detect kinase (such as mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR]/CDK4) activations or DNA repair deficiencies.


Traite Mementaire de Droit International Public (Droit des Gens). By Jean Devaux. Paris: Recueil Sirey, 1935. pp. xii, 535. Index. F. 42. The work of Jean Devaux is intended primarily for students, and, as such, fully achieves its purpose, although this explains why the author does not indulge in a detailed discussion of certain controversial questions. A notable feature of his treatment of principles of international law is a comprehensive discussion of their origin and evolution. An extensive introductory chapter is devoted to the general theories, the development and the sources of public international law, attempts at its codification, and the relationship between municipal law and international law. In agreement with Georges Scelle, M. Devaux views the legal order as an indivisible logical whole. He is a monist: public international law, in his opinion, has absolute precedence over municipal law. The rest of the book is divided into three parts. The first is devoted to a consideration of more or less static elements: the structure of society (social environment, subjects of law, fields within which the activity of subjects may be exercised, development of common services). The second part includes a discussion of the dynamic aspect of international society, a study of interstate or international relations (agencies and legal or constitutional types of relationship, normal or abnormal; the anarchical type of relationships: war). Finally, a third part is devoted to a study of the organization of international cooperation. What appears characteristic of Devaux's work is the probably exaggerated optimism with which he refers to this "new law of nations" which is to ensure the peace of the world. It is probably premature to state that "the solidarist conception of the law of nations has replaced the particularist conception, thus completely changing at one stroke the whole system of international mutual relationships." We are far from having achieved so much. Events of the past few years have taught us to look at things, in this matter at least, with greater reserve. It is hardly scholarly to take our wishes for reality, and, from a teaching point of view, such an attitude may even be harmful. On the other hand, we do not desire to diminish the great merit of Devaux's work— his emphasis upon the progress of international law since the foundation of the League of Nations. FRITZ REAL


To investigate the intrarenal endothelin 1 (ET-1) synthesis in streptozocin (STZ) diabetic rats with moderate hyperglycemia, we measured plasma ET-1, renal ET-1 mRNA, and renal tissue ET-1 levels. The renal ET-1 mRNA expression progressively decreased from the 2nd to the 6th week after induction of diabetes by STZ. The renal ET-1 mRNA expression and the renal tissue ET-1 content were significantly reduced in 8 diabetic rats with a mean blood glucose level of 21.0 +/- 0.4 mM as compared with 7 normal rats sacrificed at the 6th week after STZ or citric buffer injection. The reduction of renal ET-1 and mRNA levels was ameliorated in 9 diabetic rats with a mean blood glucose level of 6.9 +/- 0.7 mM after strict glycemic control by insulin treatment. Kidney weight and glomerular filtration rate in moderately hyperglycemic rats were significantly increased as compared with normal rats at the 6th week after STZ injection. The mean plasma ET-1 levels in moderately hyperglycemic diabetic rats were not different from those of the other two groups. This study demonstrates that moderate hyperglycemia in diabetic rats is associated with a reduction in renal ET-1 synthesis. Whether decreased renal ET-1 synthesis is an adaptive phenomenon of a renal hemodynamic change during the early stage of diabetes is worthy of further investigation.


Determinative bacteriology inherently involves acquisition and manipulation of many small pieces of information. Much of this information is codable directly in binary (i.e., "yes" or "no") form. Digital computers are uniquely suited to perform the desired data processing. Although at least one extensive coding system with some associated computer programs has been developed, much remains to be done before a universally applicable microbial data system is available. Some of these remaining computer technology tasks are the development of complete systems for data handling, data compression methods, and common specifications for data communication. Common specifications also are required for the methods for elucidating the bacterial characteristics which are to be encoded. Some classes of data cannot be coded reasonably in binary form. In such cases, different coding methods will have to be developed along with computer techniques to manipulate and analyze these classes. Some examples of these classes, each with their unique problems, are sources of isolation, nucleic acid hybridization, serological typing, and genetic mapping.


The flexural strength and fracture toughness of 2.8 mol% Y 2 O 3 -stabilized zirconia polycrystals were investigated. The polycrystals were fabricated by sintering powders prepared by two different methods; the solid phase method (SPM), which involved wet dispersing and mixing using an agitator mill, and the liquid phase precipitation method (LPM). In the case of the LPM sample, the compressive residual stress on the polished surface was lower than of the SPM sample and did not depend on the grain size, while the monoclinic phase fraction on the fracture surface increased with an increase in the grain size. By contrast, for the SPM sample, the compressive residual stress depended on the grain size, and the monoclinic phase fraction on the fracture surface revealed the tendency to decrease with an increase in the grain size. The flexural strength and fracture toughness of the LPM sample were greatly influenced by the stress-induced transformation. However, mechanical properties and transformation behavior of the SPM sample in relation to grain size implied that the SPM sample was dominated not only by the stress-induced transformation but also by the compressive residual stress and the microcracks generated by the transformation. For both SPM and LPM samples, the relationship between the transformed volume V f √h, where V f is the tetragonal phase fraction and h is the transformed depth, and the fracture toughness was linear. The fracture toughness for the SPM sample was more strongly influenced by V f √h than that of the LPM sample.


To monitor and enhance the learning performance of learning groups in a Web learning system, teachers need to know the learning status of the group and determine the key influences affecting group learning outcomes. Teachers can achieve this goal by observing the group discussions and learning behavior from Web logs and aanlyzing the Web log data to obtain the relevant information. However, Web logs are not systematically organized and the discussions are extensive. Consequently, teachers must struggle to extract information from logs and intuitively apply teaching rules based on experience when managing the groups. Rather than using statistics packages to evaluate hypotheses, this work presents a methodology of applying existing data and text mining tools to automatically gather learning status and predict performance of learning groups from the contents of discussions and from log records of learning behaviors. Meanwhile, the methodology infers a causal network exists between learning features and learning performance. Knowledge is inferred based on statistics and probability reasoning and social interdependency theory. The causal network can suggest means of enhancing learning performance to teachers. Simultaneously, teachers can use the knowledge of learning groups obtained to manage group learning process on the Web. Experimental results of applying the novel methodology to manage a group learning class organized over the Web and containing 706 students are also presented.


The cryogenic interlaminar fracture toughness of woven glass-epoxy laminates was measured under mode I loading using double cantilever beam (DCB) tests. The tests were performed at room temperature (R. T.), liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) and liquid helium temperature (4K) to evaluate the effect of temperature and geometrical variations on interlaminar fracture toughness. The fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy to verify the failure mechanisms. A finite element model was used to perform the delamination crack analysis. The results of the finite element analysis are utilized to supplement the experimental data.


AIM
This paper summarises the psychiatric concepts on trauma in Germany since 1889.

METHOD
Literature review and historical analysis.

RESULTS
Based on the notion that traumatic experience may lead to mental disorders Oppenheim described the traumatic neurosis in 1889. Subsequently, there was an intensive discussion on different concepts until 1918. Since then, the history of psychiatric concepts of trauma in Germany has been characterised by change, repitition and discontinuity. After 1945, mental disorders following traumatic experience hardly featured in textbooks with the exception of the vaguely defined survivor syndrome. In the last 10 years, the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder as originated in the USA became dominant.

CONCLUSIONS
Psychiatry in Germany has a long and inconsistent tradition of theories and concepts on trauma. The historical view may enrich the current debate in which the concept of posttraumatic stress disorder has been increasingly criticized.


Mean scatterer spacing (MSS) has been recognized as an effective tool for characterization and discrimination of tissues that present a semi-regular lattice of scatterers. The spectrum of the ultrasound echo of these tissues presents a number of harmonics due to the semi-regular scatterer distribution. A new algorithm for estimating the MSS by exploring the harmonic contents of the ultrasound echo is presented. This algorithm also provides a reliability indicator of the MSS estimate allowing for acceptance or rejection of the estimate. Simulations show that the acceptance criterion has been effective in reducing the standard deviation of the MSS estimates. In vitro experiments were conducted to illustrate the practical use of the proposed algorithm in the estimation of MSS.


Background Namibia has had a problem with the high rate of learner pregnancy and school dropout for many years, despite implementing education sector policy on preventing and managing learner pregnancy. This study aimed to explore the perspectives of school-going learners in Namibia regarding the factors contributing to learner pregnancy and school dropout and propose interventions to address them. Methods This qualitative research employed interpretative phenomenological data analysis, with seventeen individual and ten focus group interviews involving 63 school-going learners: adolescents, pregnant learners, and learner parents. Results and findings Emerging factors driving learner pregnancy and school dropout in rural Namibian schools include older men and cattle herders preying on young girls, long school holidays, the proximity of alcohol sites near school premises, and age restrictions after maternity leave. The learners proposed interventions include prohibiting learners' access to alcohol establishments, strengthening collaborations between stakeholders, sensitizing girls and cattle herders, and ongoing advocacy efforts. Findings indicate community hostility, lack of infrastructure and resources, and learner unawareness. It is essential to mitigate community hostility and raise awareness. Incorporating the perspectives of learners in policy interventions remains crucial for effectively addressing the high rates of learner pregnancy and school dropout in rural Namibian schools.


Background: There are many diagnostic biomarkers have been found in saliva. Saliva contains a wide variety of proteins, including bacteria and products, enzymes, inflammatory mediators and host response modifiers, products of tissue breakdown. Purpose: The purpose of the study was studied current development of diagnostic biomarkers in saliva that will lead to the development of simple and accurate diagnostic tools for periodental disease. Reviews: Specifically, the salivary biomarkers divided for three aspects of periodontitis i.e. inflammation, collagen degradation and bone turnover, correlated with clinical features of periodontal disease. The diagnostic biomarkers is in saliva, such as enzyme, immunoglobulin, cytokines, bacteria and bacterial products, hormones. For the past two decades, oral health researchers have been developing salivary diagnostic tools to monitor oral diseases. Conclusion: The indicators of acute periodontitis can detect with s-glucuronidase and AST, IL-1β, and MMP-8, whereas indicators for chronic periodontitis can detect with ALP. The indicators for collagen degradation and bone turnover suggest ICTP, fibronectin fragments, and osteonectin. The indicators of severity of periodontitis especially can be predict by B. forsythus.


Film cooling is used in a wide variety of engineering applications for protection of surfaces from hot or combusting gases. The design of more efficient film cooling geometries/configurations could be facilitated by an ability to accurately model and predict the effectiveness of current designs using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code predictions. Hence, a benchmark set of flow field property data were obtained to assess current CFD capabilities and develop better modeling approaches for these turbulent flow fields where accurate calculation of turbulent heat flux is important. Both Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and spontaneous rotational Raman scattering (SRS) spectroscopy were used to acquire high quality, spatially-resolved measurements of the mean and root mean square (rms) velocities as well as the mean and rms temperatures in a film cooling flow field. In addition to off-body flow field measurements, infrared thermography (IR) and thermocouple measurements on the plate surface enabled estimates of the film effectiveness. Raman spectra in air were obtained across a matrix of axial locations downstream from a 68.07 mm square nozzle blowing heated air over a range of temperatures (up to TR = 2.7) and Mach numbers (up to Mach 0.9), across a 30.48 cm long plate equipped with three patches of 45 small (~1 mm) diameter cooling holes arranged in a staggered configuration. In addition, both streamwise 2-component PIV (along the plate centerline) and cross-stream 3-component Stereo PIV data at 14 axial stations were collected in the same flows. Only a subset of the data collected in the test program is included in this Part 1 report. The rest of the data will be published in a future report, Part 2, along with planned CFD predictions of the complex cooling film flow. The entire data set of Raman temperature data, PIV velocity data and IR camera data covering the Set Points 23 and 49 in the test matrix in Table 1 is available in an accompanying DVD (available online from www.sti.nasa.gov) for those interested in further analysis.


In recent years, the transportation system has been faced by increasing challenge in congestion and inefficiency, and research in traffic network has become a significant area of interest. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic-information-based (DIB) queueing strategy into network traffic model under the efficient routing strategy. DIB makes a packet with higher priority to be delivered if there are less packets travelling along its path from the current node to the destination. It is found that, compared with the traditional first-in-first-out (FIFO) queueing strategy, DIB can effectively balance the traffic load of the system via delaying packets to be delivered to congested nodes. Although the network capacity has no obvious changes, some other indexes which reflect transportation efficiency are efficiently improved in the congestion state. Besides, extensive simulation results and discussions are provided to explain the phenomena. The results may provide novel insights for research on traffic systems.


This paper outlines the analysis of the concept in the implementation of distributed generation systems focused on the city of Bogotá. Different experiences of adoption of this type of generation, that could be located in various parts of the city, with special emphasis on the economic, environmental, and improved reliability of electricity supply, reported by different authors. Similarly, it also presents a characterization of Colombian electricity sector, through a historical overview of its evolution to its current state, applying the concept of distributed generation. Finally, define benefits and disadvantages of the implementation of distributed generation in Bogota, to be applied to obtain an effective and permanent positioning of these technologies in power schemes in other regions of the country. The conclusion, about the possibility of implementing distributed generation systems under conditions of government stimulus for the development of technologies based on renewable energy generation and cogeneration.


Background Accurate and legible documentation is essential; not only for safe patient care, but also for aiding the coding department to accurately code the clinical episode. After an episode, hospital clinical coders go through documentation on medical notes to assign ICD-10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) codes which then are grouped together to generate a HRG code (Healthcare Resource Group code). This HRG code defines payment. Inaccurate coding can lead to a variation in assigned codes and therefore affect the payment received for the episode. We compared the cost attributed to an inpatient episode between: Diagnosis and intervention codes assigned by clinical coders on original documentation with episodes recoded by medical staff adding in missing information on the clinical episode. Methods A random sample of 40 notes was selected over 4 weeks from the general paediatric ward. Information on the clinical episode was then gathered from patient notes, pathology system, discharge summaries and imaging database by two researchers who were members of the medical staff. The cost calculated by the researchers was then compared to that attributed when the same episode was previously coded by the clinical coding department. Results were analysed jointly working with clinical coders and finance managers. Results The cost attributed for the 40 clinical episodes by the coding department was £41,676 compared with £42,151 when coded by the medical team. This equates to a difference of £475 (1.1%) over 40 sets of notes. With the admission of around 150 patients a month, this extrapolates to an additional £2000 a month. This could fund an extra nurse. Discussion Legible and accurate record keeping leads to improved communication between team members and enhances patient safety. It also enables better real time trackers of conditions and trends in activity. This QIP also demonstrates that the quality of documentation has financial implications with improvement in notes, potentially leading to more accurate coding thereby ensuring the department receives the appropriate reimbursement for every patient episode. We developed a coding proforma to aid the medical team in improving documentation and assist the coding department to accurately code the clinical episode.


Abstract Zinc, as an essential metal, is necessary for the correct function of an organism. It is involved in biochemical processes that affect the immune response of an organism, and it acts as a neuromodulator in the excitatory synapses of the brain. Zinc is also applied in response to stressful stimuli. Zinc is an essential factor of gene expression and is important, at the cellular level, in maintaining the integrity of the cell walls. It influences organism ageing. Zinc is relatively abundant in nature, and it exists in a mineral form and rarely as a pure element. Zinc is used widely in industry and agriculture. In industry, it is utilized mainly in the processing of other metals as protection against corrosion. In agriculture, it is used in fertilizers and chemicals to produce pesticides. In certain areas affected by human activities, its concentrations increase, and large quantities of this metal can get into the food supply. In this paper, we focus on zinc metabolism and homeostasis, with an emphasis placed on the biological function of zinc. This study also deals with zinc deficiency and its effect on health. We also touch on the excessive intake of zinc and its toxicity.


A LOW COST INFLATABLE CUBESAT DRAG BRAKE UTILIZING SUBLIMATION Adam Horn Old Dominion University, 2017 Director: Dr. Robert L. Ash The United Nations Inter-Agency Debris Coordination Committee has adopted a 25-year post-mission lifetime requirement for any satellite orbiting below 2000 km in order to mitigate the growing orbital debris threat. Low-cost CubeSats have become important satellite platforms with startling capabilities, but this guideline restricts them to altitudes below 600 km because they remain in orbit too long. In order to enable CubeSat deployments at higher release altitudes, a low-cost, ultra-reliable deorbit device is needed. This thesis reports on efforts to develop a deployable and passively inflatable drag brake that can deorbit from higher orbital altitudes, thereby complying with the 25-year orbital lifetime guideline. On the basis of concepts first implemented during the NASA Echo Satellite Project, this study investigated the design of an inflatable CubeSat drag device that utilizes sublimating benzoic acid powder as the inflation propellant. Testing has focused on demonstrating the functionality of charging a Mylar drag brake bladder with appropriate quantities of benzoic acid powder, and the exposure to a controlled-temperature vacuum chamber causing the bladder to inflate. Although results show a measureable increase in internal pressure when introduced to anticipated orbital temperatures, a significant air-derived expansion prior to sublimation was encountered due to the undetectable volume of ambient residual air in the fabricated membrane bladders. These tests have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach, thereby demonstrating that this concept can create a potentially smaller and less expensive drag device, eliminating inflation gas tanks and valves. In that way, this system can provide a low-cost, miniaturized system that reduces a CubeSat's orbital lifetime to less than 25 years, when placed at higher orbital altitude.


From the Publisher:
This beautifully illustrated book is the first complete handbook to visual information. Well written, easy to use, and carefully indexed, it describes the full range of charts, graphs, maps, diagrams, and tables used daily to manage, analyze, and communicate information. It features over 3,000 illustrations, making it an ideal source for ideas on how to present information. It will be an invaluable tool for anyone who writes or designs reports, whether for scientific journal, annual reports, or magazines and newspapers.


Deep Candidate Generation plays an important role in large-scale recommender systems. It takes user history behaviors as inputs and learns user and item latent embeddings for candidate generation. In the literature, conventional methods suffer from two problems. First, a user has multiple embeddings to reflect various interests, and such number is fixed. However, taking into account different levels of user activeness, a fixed number of interest embeddings is sub-optimal. For example, for less active users, they may need fewer embeddings to represent their interests compared to active users. Second, the negative samples are often generated by strategies with unobserved supervision, and similar items could have different labels. Such a problem is termed as class collision. In this paper, we aim to advance the typical two-tower DNN candidate generation model. Specifically, an Adaptive Interest Selection Layer is designed to learn the number of user embeddings adaptively in an end-to-end way, according to the level of their activeness. Furthermore, we propose a Prototypical Contrastive Learning Module to tackle the class collision problem introduced by negative sampling. Extensive experimental evaluations show that the proposed scheme remarkably outperforms competitive baselines on multiple benchmarks.


We have previously shown that trophic factor supplementation (TFS) of University of Wisconsin (UW) solution enhanced kidney viability after cold storage. Here, we use an in vitro model to study the effect of TFS on early apoptotic changes after cold ischemic storage. Mitochondrial membrane potential was determined by fluorescence intensity in primary canine kidney tubule cells, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In addition, caspase 3 enzyme activity assay and immunofluorescence staining were performed to evaluate apoptosis. There was a 15% increase in mitochondrial membrane potential in human umbilical vein endothelial cells stored in trophic factor supplemented University of Wisconsin solution after four-hour rewarming (P<0.05). TFS suppressed caspase 3 enzyme activity and activation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. We confirmed that the presence of TFS in UW solution has a beneficial effect by protecting mitochondrial function and reducing early apoptotic changes in vascular endothelial cells.


Calculations of the electric fields on the surface of uniform, two-layer,. and three-layer earths due to a line source excitation on the surface using complex image methods are reviewed. It is demonstrated that the analytical results can be readily interpreted using conventional plane wave reflection theory.


Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a multisystemic disease associated with arrhythmias, however the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) has not been described. Aim of this study was the estimation of AF in sarcoidosis. Methods: 198 biopsy proven sarcoid patients underwent 24-hour- ECG, cardiac echo, cardiac MRI including viability (c-MRI) and pulmonary function tests including total lung capacity(TLC) and diffusion capacity (DLCO). B-natriuretic peptide (BNP) was measured. Results: Group A consisted of 49 patients having paroxysmal AF (24. 7%) while the rest formed group B. Group A had higher age (56.2±13.1 vs 46.3±11.5 yo, p=0.0001), larger left ventricular end diastolic diameter (48.1±4.4 vs 49.55±4.23 mm, p=0.021), increased interventricular septum (10.3±1.1 vs 9. 6±1.2mm,p=0.001), lower ejection fraction(59.8±2 vs 58.5±4.5%,p=0.032),lower forced vital capacity (96.5±17.9 vs 88.5±21.2% of the predicted, p=0.012), lower TLC (85.23±14.4vs 80.24±14.05% of the predicted, p=0.041) and higher BNP level (21.05±23.44vs35.3±38.9 pg/dl, p=0.004). Higher percentage of gadolinium enhancement in MRI, cardiac involvement and cortisone were in group A (p=0.009, p=0.002 and p=0.011 respectively). Staging of the disease, DLCO and disease duration were not different among the two groups. Binary logistic regression showed that BNP (95%CI:1.003-1.043; p=0.018), c-MRI(95%CI:0.092-0.99;p=0.041), IVS (95%CI:1.312-4.290;p=0.001) and ejection fraction(95%CI:0.445-0.91;p=0.001) were inependently linked to the AF. Discussion: BNP, gadolinium enhancement assessed by c-MRI, ejection fraction and interventricular septum are linked to the pathomechanism of atrial fibrillation in patients with sarcoidosis independent of cardiac involvement.


The clinical and diagnostic features of a secondary type of achalasia of the esophagus are described in seven patients with various types of malignancies. Patients with secondary achalasia presented with dysphagia of short duration and marked weight loss; mean age was 64 years. Esophageal manometry showed features identical to those of idiopathic primary achalasia: aperistalsis, poor lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, and elevated sphincter pressure. Endoscopy and barium swallow showed evidence of a tumor in only two cases. Various types of malignancies may produce a secondary form of achalasia that has diagnostic features identical to those of primary achalasia and is best identified by its clinical presentation.


TITLE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF AUDIO MEDIA AND BRAILLE LEAFLET MEDIA ON THE KNOWLEDGE OF MAINTAINING ORAL HYGIENE AMONG BLIND CHILDREN ABSTRACT Dental health education is a learning process that is targeted at individuals and groups of people to achieve the degree of community dental health as high. The blind children in need of media to improve oral health knowledge. Blind children take advantage of the sense of touch and hearing as a substitute for the sense of sight in the learning process. The purpose of research is to see the level of knowledge of how the maintenance of oral hygiene in blind children with education using audio media and leaflet braille media.  This study design using interventional analytic sample were 24 children with visual impairment in SLB N Semarang using audio media and media leaflet braille. Each group was given individual counseling media, namely audio media and media leaflet braille. Before the students were given about counseling, pretest then given counseling. After being given counseling students were given the posttest.The data have been analyzed using statistical test o Wilcoxon Test and Mann Whitney Test. Statistical test with Wilcoxon Test showed a significant difference with p-value of 0.003 between before and after counseling with audio media. There is a significant difference p-value of 0.002 before and after counseling with counseling leaflet braille media. The study shows the differences in the level of knowledge with a p-value of 0.001 between groups of media education with audio and leaflet braille media. According to the results Mann Whitney Test can be concluded the levels of knowledge of how the maintenance of dental and oral hygiene in children with visual impairment in which audio media outreach is increased knowledge than leaflet braille media education. Key words : promotion, audio media,leaflet braille media


A grid of bars towed through a sample of He II produces both superfluid turbulence and classical hydrodynamic turbulence. The two velocity fields-in the normal fluid and in the superfluid-have been observed to have the same energy spectral density over a large range of scales. Here, we introduce a characteristic scale l(q)=2 pi(epsilon/kappa(3))(-1/4), where epsilon is the rate of turbulent energy dissipation per unit volume, and note that the energy spectrum in superfluid turbulence depends also on the quantum of circulation kappa, for wave numbers k>k(q) identical with 2 pi/l(q). We propose that the spectral density in this range is of the form straight phi(k)=C epsilon kappa(-1)k(-3), where C is the three-dimensional Kolmogorov constant in classical turbulence. This form is consistent with recent experiments in the temperature range 1.2 K


Background and Aim: Adenovirus is the leading etiological agent among the causes of acute diarrhea in infants and young children and the second cause of diarrhea in children by age of 4 years. However, there isn't an accurate statistic for the frequency of adenovirus diarrhea in our area. So we decided to perform a study on the incidence of adenovirus in acute diarrhea. Materials and Methods: In this study, the incidence of adenovirus infection was studied in 200 children less than six years of age who were suffering from acute gastroenteritis between March 2008 and July 2009 in Mashhad, Iran. Adenovirus antigen was detected by Latex Agglutination Test (Rotascreen) method. Results: Adenovirus was detected in 2% of the stool samples that were collected from children. The frequency of adenovirus infection was significantly higher among patients 12-24 months of age (75%) than children of more than 30 months (25%) old. The highest rate of adenovirus antigen detection was observed among 12-24 months of age group. The peak incidence was in winter and autumn. Conclusion: Adenovirus is an important and common agent in causing gastroenteritis in children less than 6 years of age. Adenovirus is more dangerous than rotavirus; there is no need to use antibiotics for treating these children. We should recognize the agent in order to cure the patients with conservative actions.


Controlled thermoresponsive PET track-etched membranes were synthesized by grafting N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) onto the membrane surface via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The initial measurements were made to determine the anchoring of ATRP initiator on PET membrane surface. Thereafter, polymerization was carried out to control the mass of polymer by controlling reaction time grafted from the membrane surface and, ATR-FTIR, grafting degree measurements, water contact angle measurements, TGA, and SEM were used to characterize changes in the chemical functionality, surface and pore morphology of membranes as a result of modification. Water flux measurements were used to evaluate the thermoresponsive capacity of grafted membranes. The results show the grafted PET track-etched membranes exhibit rapid and reversible response of permeability to environmental temperature, and its permeability could be controlled by controlling polymerization time using ATRP method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011.


Scalar-tensor theories of gravity provide a consistent framework to accommodate an ultralight quintessence scalar field. While the equivalence principle is respected by construction, deviations from general relativity and standard cosmology may show up at nucleosynthesis, cosmic microwave background, and solar system tests of gravity. After imposing all the bounds coming from these observations, we consider the expansion rate of the Universe at weakly interacting massive particle decoupling, showing that it can lead to an enhancement of the dark matter relic density up to few orders of magnitude with respect to the standard case. This effect can have an impact on supersymmetric candidates for dark matter.


For anesthesiologists, central vascular cannulation is a fundamental clinical skill and is a vital component of the management of the hemodynamically unstable patients. Although obtaining central vascular access is generally not found to be a problem in the majority of patients with experienced hands, this procedure can have major and minor complications; its success rate depends highly on patient anatomy, combined disease status, and operator skill [1].

It has been reported that more than 5 million central venous catheters are placed each year in the United States, with an associated complication rate of > 15% [2], and that mechanical complications, such as arterial puncture and pneumothorax, are seen in up to 21%, and up to 35% of insertion attempts are not successful [3,4]. In this issue of the Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, Ahn et al. [5] present a report on phrenic nerve palsy after internal jugular venous catheter placement in their letters to the editors. The authors are to be congratulated on their persistence, having employed electrophysiological studies, to discover the cause of the postoperative dyspnea and atelectasis on the right lobe. The authors suggested the possibility that phrenic nerve palsy can also occur from the nerve being pressed by blood clots, or, from a successfully inserted central venous catheter pressing against the phrenic nerve, which moves along the superior vena cava [6]. Nonetheless, the possibility of direct needle injury cannot be ignored because they did not use ultrasound guidance for internal jugular venous cannulation.

The ultrasound machine has evolved from a large and puzzling device to a laptop computer-like machine that is compact and easy to use, thus providing comfortable mobility and brilliant imaging of structures of interest. Historically, ultrasound-guided vascular access has been in clinical practice for more than 30 years and has been increasingly used to diminish complications and raise success rates during vascular cannulation [1]. Based on the results of multiple clinical studies showing significantly improved safety, effectiveness, overall success as well as reductions in complications, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) recommended the use of ultrasound for the placement of central venous catheters as one of their 11 practices to improve patient care in 2001 [3]. However, the successful and safe incorporation of this tool into clinical anesthesia practice requires additional training and experience. Of the viewing methods, continuous visualization of the needle during its "in-plane" long-axis approach is most appropriate when the major cannulation risk is to penetrate the posterior wall of the vein. On the contrary, an "out-of-plane" technique may be suitable to small target vessels or when target vessels are close to the vital structures [1]. There is a general consensus that the "in-plane" puncture technique may require more training.

In conclusion, ultrasound guidance for central vascular cannulation should be routinely performed in clinical anesthesia. If ultrasound guidance is not available routinely, then multiple landmark-based attempts should be discouraged immediately, because of a high complication rate and risks to the patient. In such situation, an ultrasound machine should be brought without delay to visualize and to demonstrate the visibility of a patent vessel. Obviously, the more we can see directly, the more we can do for the safety of patients easily and precisely.


OBJECTIVE
This article proposes a 'stop-gap protocol'for the initial management of delusional halitosis, which dental practitioners can apply where a multidisciplinary team of dentists and mental health experts (psychiatrist and psychologist) cannot be assembled.

METHODS
A 4-year prospective study of delusional halitosis patients managed with a 3-step 'Stop-gap protocol' is presented in this paper, to demonstrate our experience in applying the 'Stop-gap protocol'.

RESULTS
Twenty three (23) patients diagnosed with delusional halitosis were managed with the 'Stop-gap protocol' within the study period. There were 13 (56.5%) males and 10 (43.5%) females, giving a male to female ratio of 1.3:1.Most of the patients were in the 3rd decade of life (n=10, 43.5%), the mean duration of the bad breath complaint was 5 years, with unknown trigger factor (n=19, 82.6%) in most of the patients and a mean psychological score of 7 ± 1.8. No clinical oral malodour was observed in all of these patients. A normal oral flora was observed in 13 (56.5%) of the cases and a low level of volatile sulphur compound (VSC) was found in 12 (52.2%) of the patients, with a mean VSC level of 22.3 ± 2 ppb. Twenty (87.0%) of the patients presented for follow up /counselling and the mean duration of follow up was 13 weeks. Three (13.0%) patients responded to referral to the joint clinic with mental health experts.

CONCLUSION
Although we do not claim that the 'Stop-gap protocol' is comprehensive, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a useful guide for dentists practising in health facilities without mental health specialists and also to encourage the formation of multi-disciplinary teams in centres where they are present.


A perfusion approach at N-1, where cells stay in the exponential growth phase throughout the entire culture duration, is becoming more common as a strategy for process intensification. This is because the higher cell densities it generates allows manufacturers to skip seed stages and reduce process transfer time through multiple bioreactor sizes, thus providing more cost-effective biologics production in smaller facilities. However, this N-1 perfusion approach requires optimization. In this article, we describe the development and proof-of-concept studies with single-use rocking motion perfusion bioreactors in which we have achieved a ten-fold increase in viable cell count in N-1 seed stage, compared to the fed-batch control process, in just 6–8 days. We also mention in detail how we inoculated a 50 L bioreactor production run using this intensified seed train and show comparable growth kinetics and yield with a control process, also at 50 L scale. Using this intensification approach in the future will help our manufacturing facility, the Biopharma Division of Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd., reach 4000 L production-scale volumes with fewer process transfer steps, and without changing the feeding strategy or production bioreactors of our biologics' portfolio.


The human eye, with the assistance of an eye tracking apparatus, may serve as an input controller to a computer system. Much like point-select operations with a mouse, the eye can "look-select", and thereby activate items such as buttons, icons, links, or text. Applications for accessible computing are particularly enticing, since the manual ability of disabled users is often lacking or limited. Whether for the able-bodied or the disabled, computer control systems using the eye as an input "device" present numerous research challenges. These involve accommodating the innate characteristics of the eye, such as movement by saccades, jitter and drift in eye position, the absence of a simple and intuitive selection method, and the inability to determine a precise point of fixation through eye position alone.


Abstract The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 2A23 convective–stratiform separation algorithm applied to the TRMM satellite's precipitation radar identifies shallow, isolated precipitation over much of the tropical oceans. The shallow, isolated rain elements dominate the outer fringes of the tropical rain area but give way to deeper, more organized convective systems and associated stratiform areas toward heavy-rain regions. The majority of the shallow, isolated radar echoes are classified as stratiform by version 5 of the 2A23 algorithm. Because the shallow, isolated echoes probably represent warm rain processes, they should be classified as convective. This reclassification leads to a more reasonable pattern of stratiform rain contribution across the Tropics.


Background and Objective Bell's palsy (BP) has been considered as a serious adverse event following the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Many studies have reported BP following vaccination, although neither a causative relationship nor a prevalence of the condition higher than the general population has been established. The outcomes of interest were to compare BP incidence among (a) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine recipients, (b) nonrecipients in the placebo or unvaccinated cohorts, (c) different types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, and (d) SARS-CoV-2 infected vs. SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals. Methods We performed a systematic search through MEDLINE (via PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar from the inception to August 15, 2022. We included articles reporting individuals receiving any SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in whom BP had occurred. Studies reporting facial paralysis due to etiologies other than BP were excluded. Random- and fixed-effects meta-analyses using the Mantel-Haenszel method were conducted for the quantitative synthesis. Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality. The study was conducted in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, and the protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022313299). Analyses were carried out using the R, version 4.2.1 (R package 'meta' version 5.2-0). Results Fifty studies were included, of which 17 entered the quantitative synthesis. First, pooling four phase-3 randomized controlled trials (RCT) indicated BP occurrence was significantly higher in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (77, 525 doses) compared to placebo (66, 682 doses) (OR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.10 - 8.18, I2 = 0%). Second, pooling nine observational studies of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine doses (13, 518,026) and matched unvaccinated individuals (13, 510,701) revealed no significant increase in the odds of BP in the vaccinated group compared to the unvaccinated group (OR: 0.70 (95% CI 0.42-1.16), I2=94%). The third meta-analysis suggested that post-vaccination BP among first dose Pfizer/BioNTech recipients (22,760,698) did not significantly differ from that in first dose Oxford/AstraZeneca recipients (22,978,880) (OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.82 - 1.15, I2 = 0%). According to the fourth meta-analysis, BP was significantly more commonly reported after SARS-CoV-2 infection (2,641,398) than after SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations (36,988,718) (RR = 4.03, 95% CI = 1.78 - 9.12, I2 = 96%). Conclusion Our meta-analysis suggests a higher incidence of BP among vaccinated vs. placebo groups. BP occurrence did not significantly differ between Pfizer/BioNTech and Oxford/AstraZeneca vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 infection posed a significantly greater risk for BP than SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.


The potential hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies and/or health foods is usually ignored in daily life. There have been cases showing the toxic hepatitis and renal failure associated with the ingestion of raw carp bile. We experienced a case of toxic hepatitis without any evidence of renal failure that was associated with carp juice ingestion. The clinical manifestations were characterized by nausea and vomiting after the ingestion of carp juice for 3 months. The diagnosis of toxic hepatitis was made on the basis of the patient's history, laboratory data, RUCAM (Russel Uclaf Causality Assessment) and the results of ultrasonography guided liver biopsy. The patient showed rapid improvement after instituting supportive therapy.


Integrated product and process design involves a dynamic environment where various design changes are made when the requirements of the different domains are not sufficiently met. Dealing with changes is a tedious and cumbersome process. To deal with design changes automatically, this paper presents the development of an adaptive fixture design system based on an evolutionary search algorithm. The system senses a change made to the workpiece model and automatically deals with the change. Conducted experiments reveal that the evolutionary search algorithm is efficient and effective in dealing with design changes adaptively.


Purpose: This study was conducted to develop easy-made ssamjang products with differentiated materials and methods to meet the needs for a healthy and easy- lifestyle trend with lowered manufacturing expenses. Methods: Ssamjang was made with cheonggukjang and different kinds of jocheong as glutinous (GRSS), sweet potato (SPTSS), sweet pumpkin (SPKSS), bellflower root (BRSS) and ginger (GSS) and stored at 4°C for 16 weeks. Quality characteristics and consumer acceptability were measured. Results: Titratable acidity was higher in SPTSS and rapidly increased (p<0.05) after 9 weeks in all groups during storage. Amino-type nitrogen contents of SPTSS and SPKSS were the highest and rapidly increased (p<0.05) after 5 weeks. Total free sugar content was higher in GRSS and did not change during storage. Glutamic acid and total free amino acid contents were higher in SPTSS, SPKSS and continuously increased up to 9 weeks. Yeast counts rapidly increased (p<0.05) after 9 weeks reaching 4.0 Log CFU/g in all groups except for SPTSS. Consumer acceptability did not change during storage in all groups and GSS was least preferable. Conclusion: The optimal quality maintenance period of ssamjang with cheonggukjang and jocheong was determined to 7-9 weeks of storage at 4°C and ginger jocheong was the least preferable materials. We conclude that it is possible to develop easy-made ssamjang products with cheonggukjang and non-fermented materials also skipping aging period.


The author presents the results of a 5-7-year research in 99 children and 74 adolescents suffering from depressive disorders. It was found that the etiology of depressive disorders, even at the same group of syndrome-associated diagnosis (DSM-III) was various. In this group very often psychogenic disorders, were present, and endogenous affective disorders were rare. An existence of atypical pictures of some depressive disorders (cyclic anxiety disorders and/or cyclic aggressive disorders was shown in the examined patients.