For benchmark tests of the spectral analysis tool for solar plasma, applying the theoretical plasma radiation model to the laboratory plasma is important. In this paper, a compact-EBIT (Electron Beam Ion Trap) was adopted as the laboratory plasma, and extreme UV spectra of Fe ions were measured by the flat-field grazing-incidence spectrometer with no slit. In order to analyze the spectra from plasma generated by mono-energetic electron beam, our model was revised in term of an electron velocity distribution. Consequently, the measured spectra by the compact-EBIT were analyzed by our revised model.


The dynamics of the oceanic surface mixed layer was the topic of the Fourth 'Aha Huliko'a Hawaiian Winter Workshop. The meeting was hosted by the University of Hawaii and was held from January 14 to 16, 1987. Some two dozen participants, representing diverse experimental and theoretical interests and viewpoints, were charged with "evaluating the state of the art and offering suggestions for future research."

The ocean is primarily driven at the sea surface by the atmosphere. The fluxes of momentum, mass, and heat into the ocean are controlled by the oceanic surface mixed layer. Proper understanding of mixed layer dynamics is hence paramount for almost every problem in physical oceanography. This central role is not limited to physical oceanography. Mixed layer dynamics also affect the natural and anthropogenic chemical fluxes between the ocean and the atmosphere and therefore the geochemical cycle of many substances (F. Mackenzie, Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.). Similarly, mixed layer dynamics are of crucial importance for the biological productivity of the upper ocean.


Background The term SAPHO syndrome describes a rare, probably underdiagnosed and heterogeneous disease entity. Characteristic disease features include skin, bone and joint manifestations and a predisposition for involvement of the anterior chest wall. In recent years, diagnostic tools for the detection of the disease have improved as well as treatment options. Objectives To evaluate the current course of diagnosis, to assess the patients' disease burden and to describe the disease manifestations currently defining the term "SAPHO syndrome" in a nationwide german cohort. Methods Patients were recruited from a university rheumatology centre in southern Germany and via a nationwide support group for SAPHO patients. After the patients' written informed consent was obtained, the patients' medical records describing the diagnosis of SAPHO were collected. In addition, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire on the course of diagnosis and actual burden of the disease. The plausibility of diagnosis was reviewed by two independent experienced rheumatologists (MW and MG) by means of the attached medical records. Results Of 120 patients who were contacted by email (n=99) or personally (n=21), 77 agreed to participate in the investigation. Upon review of the medical records, 63 patients with SAPHO diagnosis according to the diagnostic criteria were identified and included in the analysis. 51 (80.9%) patients were female, 12 (19.1%) patients were male. The mean age was 48.1 ± 11.8 years, the time since diagnosis 6.8 ± 4.8 years. The number of physicians consulted until the final diagnosis was identified, was 5.7 ± 3.4. The specialities of the final diagnosing physicians were rheumatologists in 70%, internists in 10% and others in 30%. On average, the number of imaging procedures performed per patient until diagnosis was as follows: 5.6 x-rays, 3.5 MRIs, 2.2 CT scans and 1.9 bone scintigraphies. The patients´ overall satisfaction with the course of diagnosis was 23.0 ± 28.9 on a visual analogue scale (VAS) from 0 (not content at all) to 100 (very content). Leading disease manifestations according to the patients and verified in the medical records were arthralgia or arthritis of sternoclavicular joints in 55%, inflammatory back pain in 52%, pustulosis palmoplantaris in 45%, osteitis in 38%, hyperostosis in 35%, recent or current acne in 25%, psoriatic skin lesions in 25% and sacroiliitis in 22%. The disease burden as stated by the patients was pain with a mean value of 45.7 ± 25.9 on a 100 mm VAS and functional impairment with a mean health assessment questionnaire (HAQ) result of 0.84 ± 0.61. Patients with inflammatory back pain (n=33) had a mean BASDAI of 5.46 ± 1.88 and a mean BASFI of 5.08 ± 2.27. Conclusions Preliminary data of this large and current SAPHO survey reflects course of diagnosis, disease burden and clinical manifestations in a nationwide cohort. Despite diagnostic improvements in recent years, diagnosing the syndrome still takes years and involves multiple health care specialists as well as imaging modalities. Reasons may include heterogeneity of the disease and low awareness for this rare disease. Our cohort further gives a current overview of the leading disease manifestations of SAPHO patients in Germany and especially shows unsatisfactory results concerning the overall disease burden despite improved treatment options. References Disclosure of Interest None Declared


In this paper, development of optimal design tools for wing structure is described including multi load spectra condition and fatigue analysis. Two dimensional CFD result are used for calculating aerodynamic force. Design variables are composed of a number of rib and spar, positions, and thickness of each structural member. The mission profile for fatigue analysis is composed based upon the results of CFD analysis, the flight-by-flight spectra method, the excessive curves for gust loads. Minor`s rule was used to deal with multi-load condition. Stress analysis and fatigue analysis are performed to calculate objective functions. Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO) algorithm was used to apply to problems which have dozens of design variables.


Objectives: Diarrhea is a common health problem and may occur for many infectious and non-infectious causes. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the causes, methods used in diagnosis and the results obtained in patients who applied to the gastroenterology clinic with the complaint of diarrhea.Materials and methods: 187 patients who presented with diarrhea between 01.11.2019-01.11.2020 were included in this study. Results: Acute diarrhea was detected in 32 (17.1%) out of 187 patients, persistent in 34 (18.2%), and chronic diarrhea in 121 (64.7%). The cause of diarrhea was detected in 148 (79.1%) patients. Infectious cause in 66 (%44.6) patients; inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in 41 (27.7%) patients; irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in 22 (14.9%) patients and less frequently as other diagnose were listed. The cause of diarrhea was detected in 73.6% of patients with chronic complaints, and this rate was 87.5% in acute diarrhea; and 91.2% of those presenting with persistent diarrhea (p = 0.04). Lower C reactive protein levels were found in irritable bowel syndrome compared to other diarrheal causes (p<0.001). It was observed that anti-infective treatment was used more frequently in acute and persistent diarrhea compared to chronic diarrhea (p <0.001).Conclusion: Although application to outpatient clinics were more frequent due to chronic diarrhea, acute and persistent diarrhea were also not rare (35.3%). The reason to explain diarrhea has been found in the majority of patients. Infectious induced diarrhea was seen as the most common cause, it was followed by IBD and IBS, respectively. When prescribing anti-infective agents, clinical, laboratory and microbiological results should be considered and inappropriate drug use should be avoided.


Abstract. The variability of the second order moments of flood peaks with respect to geomorphoclimatic basin characteristics was investigated. In particular, the behaviour of the coefficient of variation (Cv) of the series of annual maximum floods was analysed with respect to its dependence on physically consistent quantities. The results achieved were in fairly good agreement with real world observed characteristics and interesting insights on the relationship between Cv and basin size were found. It appears that Cv is controlled mainly by the climate and by some water loss features. Many observations reported in the literature show a decrease of Cv with basin area A, usually ascribed to the limited spatial extent of extreme events, which leads to a decrease with area of the Cv of areal rainfall intensity. An increase of Cv with the area is also sometimes observed for small basins. Such different behaviours were accounted for by the concurrent effect on two parameters that affect the Cv (A) relationship, representative of the way rainfall losses and effective rainfall intensity scale with the basin area. Keywords: floods, climate, coefficient of variation, scaling.


To gain some insight into the effects of fluorination on the aromatic-aromatic interactions found in protein-ligand complexes, like those observed in the set of N-(4-sulfamylbenzoyl)benzylamine (SBB) inhibitors bound to Human Carbonic Anhydrase II (HCAII), we have produced potential energy curves for the edge-to-face interactions of a set of fluorinated benzene dimer compounds. All calculations were carried out at the MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ level of theory using the counterpoise method of Boys and Bernardi (Boys, S. F.; Bernardi, F. Mol. Phys. 1970, 19, 553) to account for the basis set superposition error. Fluorine substitutions are made onto the face molecule of the edge-to-face benzene dimer. As one might expect, the substitution of additional fluorines into this system generally resulted in a decrease of the binding energy. It was also found that the positioning of the fluorine substituents on isosubstituted compounds has a large effect on the total binding energy of these types of systems. More specifically, complexes with fluorines that are substituted closer to the hydrogen atoms of the edge benzene will tend to be stabilized by an electrostatic interaction between the partially negative fluorine atoms and the partially positive hydrogen atoms. However, our findings do not explain the recent crystallographic findings for the SBB-HCAII protein-ligand complex, where increased fluorination resulted in closer edge-to-face contacts, which suggests that there are factors, other than edge-to-face aromatic interactions, influencing this system's behavior.


ABSTRACT This study retrospectively analyzed 12 patients with brain abscesses. Half of the patients were diagnosed inaccurately in the initial stage, and 7.2 days were required to achieve the final diagnosis of brain abscess. The patients presented only with a moderately elevated leukocyte count, serum CRP levels, or body temperatures during the initial stage. These markers changed, first with an increase in the leukocyte count, followed by the CRP and body temperature. The degree of elevation tended to be less prominent, and the time for each inflammatory index to reach its maximum value tended to be longer in the patients without ventriculitis than in those with it. The causative organisms of a brain abscess were detected in 10 cases. The primary causative organisms from dental caries were Streptococcus viridians or milleri, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Nocardia sp. or farcinica were common when the abscess was found in other regions. The primary causative organisms of unrecognized sources of infection were Streptococcus milleri and Prolionibacterium sp. Nocardia is resistant to many antibiotics. However, carbapenem, tetracycline and quinolone were effective for Nocardia as well as many other kinds of bacteria. In summary, the brain abscesses presented with only mildly elevated inflammatory markers of body temperature, leukocyte and CRP. These inflammatory markers were less obvious in the patients without ventriculitis and/or meningitis. The source of infection tended to suggest some specific primary causative organism. It was reasonable to initiate therapy with carbapenem.


A highly enantioselective Friedel-Crafts (F-C) alkylation of pyrrole with a wide range of simple nonchelating chalcone derivatives catalyzed by a chiral (Zn2EtL)n (L = (S,S)-1) complex has been developed. The catalyst (Zn2EtL)n complex was prepared in situ by reacting the chiral ligand (S,S)-1 with 2 equiv of diethylzinc. A series of β-pyrrole-substituted dihydrochalcones were usually formed mostly in excellent yields (up to 99%) and excellent enantioselectivity [up to 99% enantiomeric excess (ee)] by using 15 mol % catalyst loading under mild conditions. The absolute stereochemistry of the products was determined to be the S-configuration by X-ray crystallographic analysis of 13g. Meanwhile, a weak negative nonlinear effect was observed. On the basis of the experimental results and previous reports, a possible mechanism was proposed to explain the origin of the asymmetric induction.


This paper deals with the development of reliable and efficient computational tools to analyze and find optimum shapes of box girder bridges in curved planform in which the strain energy or the weight of the structure is minimized subject to certain constrains. The finite strip method is used to determine the stresses and displacements based on Mindlin-Reissner shell theory. An automated analysis and optimization procedure is adopted which integrates finite strip analysis, parametric cubic spline geometry definition, automatic mesh generation, sensitivity analysis and mathematical programming methods. It is concluded that the finite strip method offers an accurate and inexpensive tool for the optimization of box girder bridges having regular prismatic-type geometry with diaphragm ends and in curved planform.


Insulin‐dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus is an organ‐specific autoimmune disease frequently associated with an islet‐specific humoral autoimmune response. The role of islet cell autoantibodies in the disease process is unclear; in particular, it is not known whether they are a non‐specific side effect of islet cell destruction or play a role in the autoimmune network leading to type 1 diabetes. Here we report the immunoglobulin gene usage and somatic mutation rates of a panel of seven human monoclonal islet cell autoantibodies (MICA 1–7) directed towards the major islet cell autoantigen glutamate decarboxylase (GAD). These autoantibodies were produced from cells from two patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes. VH1, VH4 and Vλ2 gene segments were frequently used in the MICA, but no correlation between V gene usage and epitope recognition was found. The nonrandom ratio of replacement versus silent mutations in the variable gene region, an accumulation of replacement mutations in the complementarity determining regions, which confer antigen binding, and the high relative avidity for GAD observed for MICA 1, 3, 4, and 6, suggested that the immune response to GAD is driven by the antigen. In contrast, MICA 2, 5, and 7, revealing a lower affinity for antigen, have accumulated a large number of silent mutations. These latter antibodies may, therefore, be characteristic for later stages of the chronic autoimmune disease. Our results argue in favor of an antigen‐driven autoantibody response to islets in human type 1 diabetes. They suggest that GAD is an important target of autoimmunity associated with type 1 diabetes.


Twenty-five patients with stable arterial hypertension associated with the painful syndrome in the heart region were examined. In addition to the general clinical examination, all the patients were subjected to echocardiography, bicycle ergometry, and coronaroangiography. According to the character of alterations in the coronary arteries the patients were distributed into 3 groups. The first group comprised the patients with angiographically intact coronary arteries, the second the patients with initial atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. The third group included the patients with disseminated atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. In accordance with the bicycle ergometry data, the coronary insufficiency associated with essential hypertension was primarily related to the disseminated atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. However, in cases of marked hypertrophy of the left ventricle the patients could develop relative coronary insufficiency. The pump and total contractile function of the myocardium remained satisfactory in all the examinees. In the third group patients, however, there were alterations in the local contractility as shown by the ventriculography findings. The diastolic function of the myocardium of the left ventricle was disordered in all the patients examined, while alterations in that function correlated with an increase in the mass of the left ventricle myocardium whatever the degree of changes in the coronary vessels.


OBJECTIVE
To study post-harvest fungal overgrowth on chewing sticks used for oral hygiene measures and role of disinfection.

METHODS
The post-harvest fungal spoilage of chewing sticks (Garcinia kola, Glyphea brevis and Azadirachta indica) was investigated by subjecting the chewing sticks to different preparatory methods (some disinfected in 0.7% sodium hypochlorite before storage), storage conditions (unsealed or sealed in clear polythene) and different storage periods (2, 3 and 4 weeks).

RESULTS
Significant differences (P = 0.05) in mean percentage fungal colonization were dependent on plant type and storage period, but not on preparative methods and storage conditions. There were, however, significant interactions between chewing sticks and preparative methods, storage conditions and storage periods, respectively. Azadirachta indica was observed to be more susceptible to post-harvest spoilage organisms than other test plants. Generally, percentage fungal colonization increased with increase in storage period. Four genera, Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., Mucor spp. and Botryodiplodia spp., were implicated with post-harvest colonization of chewing sticks after 4 weeks of storage.

CONCLUSION
The use of harvested chewing sticks after prolonged storage period is therefore not advisable for oral hygiene measures.


Issues of digital preservation of shapes and internal structures of historical cultural objects are discussed. An overview of existing approaches to digital preservation related to shape modeling is presented and corresponding problems are considered. We propose a new digital preservation paradigm based on both constructive modeling reflecting the logical structure of the objects and open standards and procedures. Constructive Solid Geometry (CSG) and Function Representation (FRep) are examined and practically applied as mathematical representations producing compressed yet precise data structures, thus providing inter‐operability between current and future computer platforms crucial to archiving. Examples of CSG reconstruction of historical temples and FRep modeling of traditional lacquer ware are given. We examine the application of fitting of a parameterized FRep model to a cloud of data points as a step towards automation of the modeling process. Virtual venues for public access to cultural heritage objects including real time interactive simulation of cultural heritage sites over the Web are discussed and illustrated.


BACKGROUND
Functional neuroimaging studies have implicated the frontal lobes and the hippocampus-amygdala complex in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These brain regions have not been well investigated in patients with OCD, however, using magnetic resonance imaging.

METHODS
Volumes of the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate gyrus, orbital frontal region, hippocampus, and amygdala were computed from contiguous magnetic resonance images in a sample of 26 patients with OCD and 26 healthy comparison subjects.

RESULTS
Patients with OCD had significantly reduced bilateral orbital frontal and amygdala volumes compared with healthy comparison subjects and lacked the normal hemispheric asymmetry of the hippocampus-amygdala complex. Neither brain structure volumes nor asymmetry indices were significantly correlated with total illness duration or length of current OCD episode.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings of reduced orbital frontal and amygdala volumes in patients implicate a structural abnormality of these brain regions in the pathophysiology of OCD. Absence of the normal hemispheric asymmetry of the hippocampus-amygdala complex in patients is consistent with an anomalous neurodevelopmental process.


Early recognition of malignant melanoma is crucial in order to remove lesions at a stage when complete cure can still be achieved. Unfortunately, however, some melanomas defy clinical and/or histopathological recognition, and some benign lesions (melanocytic or non-melanocytic) can present with clinical and/or histopathological aspects simulating malignant melanoma. Awareness of these simulators is important to avoid pointless (and potentially dangerous) aggressive treatments. In this review, we have illustrated the clinicopathological features of the most important benign simulators of malignant melanoma of the skin.


It is certain that the nitrification in soil differs from that in culture solution. But the study in culture solution is neccessary for a better understanding of nitrification. Although the perfusion technique, introduced first by Quastel and his has contributors1)2), has been a very useful tool and has conntributed much to the problem of nitrification, it must not be overlooked that it produces a specific condition. Among the information given them. the most attractive was the descrition of the state of NH4 + in soil and its nitrication3). According to their results, the nitrifier in eres to the soil particle and nitrifies NH4 +, not in the solution, but is exchangeably absorbed there. In their experiments, it was proved ht at the rate of nitrification was dependent upon the base exchange capacity of soil column and that the addition of CaCl2 to the perfusate decreased the nitrification.


Cellular automata (CA) is a veritable tool that provides useful insights into the intricate composition of physical systems. By exploiting this as well as the ability of CA to utilise local interactions of individual CA cells to function as a receptable for information processing, we propose a CA-based security protocol (CASP) to safeguard the integrity of QR codes. First, undertaking an extensive and conscientious study of the composition of QR codes, we propose delineating an encrypt-able area (<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E_{\mathrm {A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>) that excludes key areas needed to retain physical appearance and properties of an innocuous QR Code. Further, we adduce a zoning structure that demarcates the <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E_{\mathrm {A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> into seven zones. Our analysis shows that careful adulteration of contents of at least two zones are enough to produce encrypted versions of the QR codes. Second, each zone is partitioned into <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$ </tex-math></inline-formula> tiles, each a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula> sub-block and then local interactions emanating from the occupancy (or strength) of the tiles are used to determine the composition of first- and second-tier rulesets. Third, to steer the evolution of the QR Codes, we propose the use of zone and cell-wise dextral boundary conditions (DBC) that combine a troika of cells permeating contents of a tile at state <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$ </tex-math></inline-formula> to determine the left-most cell entry at state <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t+1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> of its evolution. Further, we impose a pixel-wise constraint that ensures that each encrypted tile has a discordance that is no less than the in-built error correction tolerance of the code. This property guarantees adequate scrambling of the QR code to mitigate unauthorised access to it and the information it conceals. Meanwhile, considering the properties (balanced, linear and reversible) and nature of our rulesets, the proposed CASP protocol recovers QR codes that are seamlessly scannable as conduits leading authorized users to confidential information. We validated our protocol by implementing both the encryption and recovery procedures on different versions of QR Codes and our results suggest that, on average, modifications up to a minimum of 2 to 5% of any two zones of the delineated <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$E_{\mathrm {A}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> were enough to securely encrypt Versions 2, 3, and 4 QR Codes that were reported in the experiments; thus, rendering them unscannable and the information they conceal inaccessible. Similarly, the recovery process yields an average 97% fidelity between the original and recovered QR Codes, which is enough to restore full functionality of the codes without need for any special hardware or add-ons. Moreover, rulesets employed in our protocol are profuse, dynamic and complex, which are key properties for CA-based cryptography. This demonstrates the efficacy of our protocol as a tool to to confine the transitory role of QR Codes to authorised users.


1 The effects of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, streptomycin, neomycin and gentamicin were examined on perineural currents and evoked acetylcholine (ACh) release at frog motor nerve endings. 2 In the standard solutions used previously to measure Ca2+ currents, streptomycin reduced the peak amplitude of the Ca2+ component of the perineural current. 3 In a solution in which changes in both Ca2+ currents and evoked ACh release can be recorded simultaneously, both Ca2+ currents and evoked ACh release were reduced by aminoglycosides in the potency order neomycin > streptomycin > gentamicin. This potency sequence is similar to that reported previously for these agents as inhibitors of neurally‐evoked contractions of mammalian skeletal muscle. 4 These data suggest that the presynaptic inhibitory effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics at the neuromuscular junction occur as a consequence of a reduction in Ca2+ currents in the motor nerve terminal.


The question this article tries to answer is: to what extent can the recent rise of populism outside of the West be attributed to anti-Western sentiment? Interest in populism has focused on Western democracies, with far less attention devoted to regimes in non-Western parts of the world. This article takes three major cases – India, China, and Turkey. The article examines the recent intensification of populism in the three cases, but also shows how populism fits into the longer comparative-historical trajectories of a revolt against Western domination. The conclusion puts populism in a wider perspective: how do these non-Western assertions of populism shed light on debates about alternative paths within modernity and on the nature of populism in Western democracies?


Stimuli-responsive materials offer a large variety of possibilities in fabrication of solid- state devices. Phase change materials (PCMs) undergo rapid and drastic changes of their optical properties upon switching from one crystallographic phase to another one. This peculiarity makes PCMs ideal candidates for a number of applications including sensors, active displays, photonic volatile and non-volatile memories for information storage and computer science and optoelectronic devices. This review analyzes different examples of PCMs, in particular germanium–antimonium tellurides and vanadium dioxide (VO2) and their applications in the above-mentioned fields, with a detailed discussion on potential, limitations and challenges.


Anemia in pregnant women is a problem that often occurs in Indonesia. Anemia can occur at any age. In Indonesia, the prevalence of anemia is still high, the incidence of anemia is 40.5% in children under five, 47.2% at school age, 57.1% in adolescent girls and 50.9% in pregnant women. Anemia is a condition with a blood hemoglobin (hb) level that is lower than normal as a result of the inability of the tissues forming red blood cells to produce to maintain hemoglobin levels at normal levels. Dates are high in carbohydrates so they can provide sufficient energy. Some of the sugar content consists of glucose, fructose and sucrose. According to data from the Hajj health ministry, it was explained that the iron level in dates is also quite high, namely 0.90mg / 100g dates (11% RDA), where iron is a component in the blood to carry oxygen in the blood, to maintain iron balance. in the body, thereby reducing the risk of bleeding in pregnant women. Giving date palm juice has an effect on hemoglobin levels in anemic rats. These results indicate that date juice which is rich in iron can increase hemoglobin levels.


The transition from stable to metastable and finally to unstable situations for increasing nuclear charge Z is studied in the adiabatic approximation for the 1 Sigma +g ground state of homonuclear diatomic molecular systems with two or eighteen electrons. Allowing non-integer values for the parameter Z and varying it in small steps, critical values for stability Zc and Zm are determined by means of extensive and accurate ab initio calculations. In addition, the behaviour of various other quantities (equilibrium distances, lowest bound or resonance levels of vibrational motion) is monitored during the transition. The authors' results confirm, in particular, the metastability of the He2+2 ground state, but exclude the possibility of a metastable 1 Sigma +g state for the recently experimentally observed Ne2+2.


The relation between macro approaches to research on consumer values, such as VALS, and micro approaches, such as the Means-End Model, is discussed. The relevances of the Means-End Model, represented by the attribute—consequence—value hierarchy, to judgment tasks of psychological distance and preference evaluation are reviewed. Specifics of the research methods and analysis procedures required to investigate the relative contribution of means-end theory to explaining the underlying processes of these two judgment tasks are detailed.


INTRODUCTION
Bullying is an aggressive, intentional act carried out by a group or an individual repeatedly and over time against a victim who cannot easily defend himself or herself. However, with the advent of electronic communication via the internet and mobile phones has led to appearence of a new form of violence, i.e. cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is define as "willful and repeated harm inflicted through computer, cell phones and other electronic device". The aim of this paper is to point to the growing problem of cyberbullying.

METHODS
Review the research and theoretical literature.

RESULTS
Bullying through the Internet tends to occur at a later age, around 14 years, when children spend more time on their mobile phones and social networking sites. Estimates indicate that between 15% and 35% of young people have been victims of cyberbullying and between 10% and 20% of individuals admit to having cyberbullied others. Perpetrators of cyberbullying have a degree of anonymity not possible in traditional bullying, and the potential exposure and embarrassment of the victim is on a larger scale. It is possible to victimize a peer within their own home or elsewhere at any time of day or night, and should they remove themselves from the site, the messages often accumulate. Victims of bullying often have mental health problems, including depressive symptomatology, self-harm and suicidal behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS
This presents new challenges for individuals, families, schools, professionals, researchers, and policy makers.


A semi-automated method for amino acid derivatization and analysis has been validated for use in analysis of protein biopharmaceuticals. The method includes protein hydrolysis, o-phthalaldehyde derivatization, and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography analysis in a general-purpose UV-visible high-performance liquid chromatography system. Amino-acid derivatization is performed automatically by the high-performance liquid chromatography autosampler right before injection. The required validation parameters, i.e., specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection, and limit of quantification, were studied for bovine serum albumin and for a recombinant human Fab fragment. The method can be employed as an absolute quantification method for determination of extinction coefficients of recombinant proteins.


Walking on water, and programming according to specifications is easy—as long as both of them are frozen. --Robert Glass This introduction discusses the changing nature of complexity associated with requirements engineering (RE) tasks and how it has shifted from managing internal complexity to adapting and leveraging upon external and dynamic complexity. We note several significant drivers in the requirements knowledge that have resulted in this change and discuss in light of complexity theory how the RE research community can respond to this. We observe several research challenges associated with "new complexity" and highlight how the articles included in the special issue advance the field by defining complexity more accurately, observing more vigilantly new sources of complexity, and suggesting new ways to manage complexity in terms of economic assessments, knowledge flows, and modeling for adaptability.


The endophytic and nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia is an efficient biological control agent of plant-parasitic nematodes. Isolates of the fungus can be allocated to a biotype group according to the nematode host, but it is unknown if genetic interchange can occur between different biotypes, which may affect their parasitic performance. An anastomosis assay was conducted in vitro to assess hyphae vegetative compatibility/incompatibility followed by a PCR-based mating-type assay genotyping of five isolates of P. chlamydosporia var. chlamydoporia of the Meloidogyne sp. (Pc10, Pc190, Pc309), Globodera sp. (Pc280) and Heterodera avenae (Pc60) biotypes, including 16 pairwise isolates combinations in four replicates. Pairwise combinations were tested on glass slides and mycelia were stained to confirm nuclei migration between anastomosing hyphae using fluorescence microscopy. Anastomosis only occurred between mycelium hyphae of the same isolate and biotype. Mating-type PCR-based molecular assays showed that all isolates were heterothallic. The MAT1-1 genotype was found in isolates Pc10, Pc190, Pc280, Pc309, and the MAT1-2 genotype in Pc60. The results showed a vegetative incompatibility among isolates, suggesting the occurrence of such interactions for their respective biotypes. Anastomosis and PCR mating-type results suggest that different fungal biotypes can occur in the same niche but that genetic incompatibility mechanisms, such as mating-type, may limit or impede viable heterokaryosis.


Historically, patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) have been classified by the extent of their skin involvement - diffuse cutaneous SSc, characterized by skin involvement of the torso and proximal limbs, and limited cutaneous SSc, with involved skin predominantly distal to the elbows and knees. Subgrouping based on cutaneous type is grounded in literature demonstrating differences in organ involvement and mortality [1]. However, this binary classification system does not capture the marked clinical heterogeneity known to exist within these two subgroups. Attempting to risk-stratify a given SSc patient's clinical trajectory, organ-specific complications, and response to medications based solely on cutaneous type is an imperfect approach in the modern era.


BACKGROUND/AIMS
Aging is accompanied by progressive and adverse cardiac remodeling characterized by myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, and dysfunction. We previously reported that galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a critical regulator of inflammation and fibrosis associated with hypertensive heart disease and myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, the role and mechanism of Gal-3 in age-related cardiac remodeling have not been previously investigated. We hypothesized that Gal-3 plays a critical role in cardiac aging and that its deficiency exacerbates the underlying mechanisms of myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis.

METHODS
Male C57BL/6 (control) (n=24) and Gal-3 knockout (KO) (n=29) mice were studied at 24 months of age to evaluate the role of Gal-3 in cardiac aging. We assessed 1) survival rate; 2) systolic blood pressure (SBP) by plethysmography; 3) myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, and fibrosis by quantification of histological and immunohistochemical analysis; 4) cardiac expression of angiotensin (Ang) II, Ang (1-7) by Radioimmunoassay; 5) transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), sirtuin (SIRT) 1, SIRT 7 and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) by RT-qPCR and 6) ventricular remodeling and function by echocardiography.

RESULTS
We found that aged Gal-3 KO mice had a lower survival rate and exhibited exacerbated myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis without changes in SBP. Similarly, myocardial apoptosis and MMP-9 mRNA expression was significantly increased in the hearts of Gal-3 KO mice compared to controls. Additionally, cardiac Ang II and TGF-β expression were higher in aged Gal-3 KO mice while SIRT1 and SIRT7 expression were reduced.

CONCLUSION
Our findings strongly suggest that Gal-3 is involved in age-related cardiac remodeling by regulating critical mechanisms associated with the development of pathological hypertrophy. The gene deletion of Gal-3 reduced the lifespan and markedly increased age-dependent mechanisms of myocardial hypertrophy, apoptosis, and fibrosis, including Ang-II, TGF-β, and MMP-9. At the same time, there was diminished cardiac-specific expression of SIRT1 and SIRT7, which are extensively implicated in delaying age-dependent cardiomyopathies.


The article considers business process outsourcing from the point of view of the strategic basis for the activities of enterprises in an unstable economy. The paper shows that, presently, the outsourcing strategy is becoming the new norm and is changing the entire world economy. The study uses the author's approach, based on the methods of scientific generalization, comparative analysis, systemic and situational approach. The paper justifies the application of the outsourcing strategy at enterprises, ascertains the main advantages and disadvantages of its implementation. The author develops a model of enterprise transformation based on business process outsourcing. The study gives recommendations for outsourcing business processes, the implementation of which will allow enterprises to optimize their management strategy in an unstable economic situation. This article can serve as a basis for further research in the field of strategic management based on outsourcing technologies.


Zheng Xuan (鄭玄) of the Eastern Han Dynasty made thorough commentaries on the Three Books of Rite : Zhouli (《周禮》), Yili (《儀禮》), and Xiao Dai Liji (小戴《禮記》). He integrated them to build a school of Ritualism of his own, with the intention to reproduce and clarify the content and the spirit of Zhou Gong's establishment of Zhou rites and to use them as the inner context that would penetrate the Six Classics. He also aimed to provide a grand scheme that would be strong enough to rally the order in the decaying late Han period. In the Han Dynasty, which ruled the state on the foundation of Classics, in order to make his academic value and his grand scheme consistent, Zheng explained that the essence of both Zhouli and Yili followed not only the divine mandate Zhou Gong received but also the ideas of two Sage Kings, Wen of Zhou and Wu of Zhou, as well as the rituals they made. Therefore, Zhouli and Yili shared the same sacredness and legitimacy. When integrating Zhouli and Yili, Zheng Xuan used the relationship between the centralized system dictated by emperors and the local governments system based on vassal states to give the two books of rites different natures respectively. Also, by using the structure of "Jingli Sanbai, Quli Sanqian" (經禮三百,曲禮三千) and "Five Ceremonies" (五禮), he transferred the core of Ritualism and the core of the Classic system onto Zhouli, leaving Yili relatively subordinate. As for Liji, although it was just an expounder of the Classic, it had deeply affected the structure Zheng Xuan constructed based on Zhou Gong's establishment of Zhou rites in various ways. In particular, the Han people considered the writings of "Wangzhi" (〈王制〉) and "Yueling" (〈月令〉) in Liji reflections of Zhou rites. People even believed they were done by Zhou Gong himself. Such assumptions deeply sabotaged the system Zheng Xuan built around Zhouli. In response, Zheng refuted the expounder with the Classics, in order to shake up people's belief that its authority came from Zhou rites. He demonstrated how some of the contexts were related to the dictatorship in the Spring and Autumn Era and the Qin Dynasty, and therefore, they were not the way of a benevolent king. By doing so, he destroyed the sacredness of it. How Zheng Xuan defined things in terms of "Zhou rites/non Zhou-rites" and how he regulated his method made his work more successful than his predecessors. This is because he made Zhouli and Yili his criteria in the determination of "Zhou rite". He also defined clearly that only the rites made by Zhou Gong are the rightful Zhou rites, not any other rituals or rites in the eight hundred year span of the Zhou Dynasty. By doing that, he gave clear guidelines to what the criteria were and made a clear compass for the system. Nevertheless, if we were to look into which dynasty the non-Zhou rites belong to, Zhen's determination may not fully stand or even take place as such. His arguments are often based on "relative perspectives", which risk being arbitrary and speculative. Yet he strongly believed that only Sage Kings who followed divine mandate were qualified to make rites and rituals, and only such ones possessed the value that would bring peace and harmony. Although Zheng Xuan defined the compass of "Zhou rites" in terms of their literature and concept, in the construction of the Ritualistic system, the materials that were defined as "non-Zhou rites" still added to the features of Zhou rites because the new dynasty might follow the ritual system of the previous one, and people tended to make innovation based one inheritance. In other words, when Zheng Xuan made the integrative Sanli (三《禮》) , he did not see the Zhou rites and the non-Zhou rites as opposite; instead, they were well linked up with each other. Having clarified about "non-Zhou rites", Zheng Xuan regarded the rest of Sanli as wirings about Zhou rites from different perspectives. He then used mutual interpretation to help understand each other in order to make corrections, critical explanations, complementary notes, and harmony, as well as to define their attributes and relations. He did that to make the complex record of rites and rituals clearer and more correct and to help connect itself into an impeccable system. Zheng not only used the more systematic Zhouli to determine the contents of Yili and Liji, but also used the latter two to add or define the details of the former as well as of the attributes of the undefied rituals. He even did that in cross usage, making it multi-directional and responsive to each other. There is another purpose to the "mutial interpretation": cross-examination. It is more than just comparing the above-mentioned "well-defined / ambiguous" materials. More importantly, it was to make dialogues with the traditional Ritualistic circle with all the integration. In other words, if Yili, which reflected Zhou rites and was based on Government schools, were thoroughly compatible with Zhouli and held clear attributes, and moreover, if Liji, which Confucian scholars chose to add to and to help explain Yili, could also work for Zhouli, then the fact that the three books of rites actually shared the same nature and were all records of Zhou rites was revealed abundantly clear. In addition to the mutual interpretation and cross-examination, Zheng Xuan also used Lili (禮例) and Tuizhi (推致) with the attempt to infer the parts and bits that were supposed to exist in the books of rites but were left unwritten, in order to make the system of Zhou rites more complete. Although he inherited the methodology from Western Han Ritualists, he lost inferring from the limited rites of Yili's seventeen chapters. Instead, on the basis of integration, he dug more referable principles and clues, and expanded inferable aspects. Zheng Xuan also referred to Chenwei (讖緯) to ease out the contradictions and organize the chaos in the three books of rites regarding the materials on deities and related worship ceremonies. Although it is true that explaining the Classics with Chenwei went against the humanistic approach of Confucianism, Zheng still managed to do it because the knowledge and writings of the three books of rites have already gone far beyond recounting Western Zhou ceremonies. Plenty of the new beliefs and world outlook of the Warring States period were involved. There were records of historical facts as well as idealized fictitious elements, all of which became the source of construction for Chenwei texts and official Han ceremonies. Lastly, the results of Zheng Xuan's "integration" are to be examined at three different levels. First, are there any differences from historical facts? Second, has it interpreted the original meanings of the books of rite precisely? Third, being a school of knowledge that lives in the commentaries, is it solid and meticulous enough to be free from inconsistency? Regarding the first question, comparing to the literature unearthed in modern times, Zheng's understanding certainly does not match the historical facts. However, given that Zheng would not have been able to see these materials, examining him in such a way may seem unfair. As for the second question, the writings of the three books of rites involve materials from different periods and are reformed in an "idealized" way. Also, the reason why some ritual details appear different in different books of rites may just be results of adaptation. It may not be necessary to define them as rules or regulations of different classes or periods. And in order to integrate into one single system, it is obvious that Zheng would fail to point out such facts and even twist some of the contents. Lastly, in terms of the third question, as a Confucian scholar who attempts to build a doctrine of his own, he has clear methodology that holds value, standard, and principles of explanation, and he also does his best keeping it consistent. Even though there might be speculations, unfounded opinions, or inconsistency, generally speaking, such problems, which might just be results of his negligence, are rather few. His work still holds great value in spite of the minor demerits.


. There are some studies in the literature in order to make the interpretation of human tissues having different characteristics. Some of these studies focused on the evaluation of human face tissues. Vibration signals generated from vocal cords have been used in these studies about human face tissues. However, any study using the vibration signals recorded by applying the external vibration source having fixed frequency value is not available in the literature. In this study, it is aimed to investigate the frequency characteristics of the vibration signals recorded from human face. These signals obtained from 9 different regions on the faces of subjects are analysed using frequency characteristics. In the analysis stage, median and maximum frequency values are calculated and evaluated. So, the softness and hardness interpretation about these regions on the face can be made and the frequency ranges of these regions can be determined. As a result, it is observed that low frequency signals are dominant in hard regions and high frequency signals are dominant in soft regions.


Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder with deficient social skills, communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. The prevalence of ASD has increased among children in recent years. Children with ASD experience more sleep problems, and sleep appears to be essential for the survival and integrity of most living organisms, especially for typical synaptic development and brain plasticity. Many methods have been used to assess sleep problems over past decades such as sleep diaries and parent-reported questionnaires, electroencephalography, actigraphy and videosomnography. A substantial number of rodent and non-human primate models of ASD have been generated. Many of these animal models exhibited sleep disorders at an early age. The aim of this review is to examine and discuss sleep disorders in children with ASD. Toward this aim, we evaluated the prevalence, clinical characteristics, phenotypic analyses, and pathophysiological brain mechanisms of ASD. We highlight the current state of animal models for ASD and explore their implications and prospects for investigating sleep disorders associated with ASD.


This work aimed to identify and compare the bacterial patterns present in endometriotic lesions, eutopic endometrium and vaginal fluid from endometriosis patients with those found in the vaginal fluid and eutopic endometrium of control patients. Vaginal fluid, eutopic endometrium and endometriotic lesions were collected. DNA was extracted and the samples were analyzed to identify microbiome by high-throughput DNA sequencing of the 16S rRNA marker gene. Amplicon sequencing from vaginal fluid, eutopic endometrium and endometriotic lesion resulted in similar profiles of microorganisms, composed most abundantly by the genus Lactobacillus, Gardnerella, Streptococcus and Prevotella. No significant differences were found in the diversity analysis of microbiome profiles between control and endometriotic patients; however deep endometriotic lesions seems to present different bacterial composition, less predominant of Lactobacillus and with more abundant Alishewanella, Enterococcus and Pseudomonas.


Objectives We examined the efficacy of case management (CM) interventions to encourage participation in colorectal cancer screening for patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to clarify patients' acceptability of the intervention and the helpful components of the intervention. Simultaneously, the study aimed to determine the acceptability, appropriateness and feasibility of the intervention from the perspective of psychiatric care providers. Study design and setting This study was a secondary qualitative analysis of a mixed-method randomised controlled trial that evaluated the efficacy of the CM approach to encourage participation in cancer screening for people with schizophrenia. The intervention comprised education and patient navigation for colorectal cancer screening. Interviews were conducted with patients who received the intervention and staff from two psychiatric hospitals in Japan who delivered the intervention. Participants Of the 172 patients with schizophrenia who participated in the trial, 153 were included. In addition, three out of six providers were included. Data collection and analysis Using a structured interview, the case manager asked participants about patient acceptability and the helpful components of the intervention. Content analysis was conducted for the responses obtained, and the number of responses was tabulated by two researchers. For the interviews with the providers, opinions obtained from verbatim transcripts were extracted and summarised. Results Forty-three of the 56 patients perceived that the intervention was acceptable. For the intervention component, inperson counselling with an explanation of the screening process by psychiatric care providers was most frequently reported by the patients as helpful (48 of the 68 respondents). Psychiatric care providers evaluated the intervention as acceptable, appropriate and easy to understand and administer. However, providing the intervention to all patients simultaneously was considered difficult with the current human resources. Conclusions This study showed that the CM intervention was perceived as acceptable by patients and acceptable and appropriate by psychiatric care providers. Trial registration number UMIN000036017.


ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disorder of the central nervous system with significant immune participation. It can cause a variety of symptoms that may impact quality of life. This study investigates sexual dysfunction (SD) in patients with MS in Cyprus and compares it with a sample of the general population. METHODS: The sample includes 107 patients with MS and 104 healthy controls. Recruitment was based on simple random sampling during their follow-up at a neurology clinic. Data collection for this study was carried out from May to September 2019. RESULTS: Among patients with MS, 29.9% experienced SD symptoms (40.0% men and 23.9% women), whereas in the healthy population, the percentage with SD was 12.5%. Although 10 women with MS expressed SD symptoms, they did not categorize themselves as having sexual problems. Almost 90% of all patients reported that they have never been tested for SD. CONCLUSION: Patients with MS have a higher rate of SD than the healthy control population, especially for the female population. There is a growing need for clinical advice on the issue of SD.


This presentation aims to explain the practical application of the World Wide Web as a primary tool for creating a learner-centered classroom. Based on Terry O'Banion's book, A Learning College for the 21st Century, a model that places learning and the learner first is proposed. Six key principles are explained and are utilized as the guiding assumptions in Maricopa Community Colleges' learner-centered paradigm. The six key elements of the learning classroom are as follows: (1) The learning classroom creates substantive change in individual learners; (2) The learning classroom engages learners as full partners in the learning process; (3) The learning classroom creates and offers as many options for learning as possible; (4) The learning classroom assists learners to form and participate in collaborative learning activities; (5) The learning classroom defines the roles of learning facilitators by the needs of the learners; and (6) The learning classroom and its learning facilitators succeed only when improved and expanded learning can be documented for its readers. In this paper, the concept of a learner-centered paradigm is specifically applied in a freshman composition classroom by primarily using the World Wide Web. Student-created websites are employed as interactive learning tools. These websites assist in academic writing and publications, connecting with classmates and others, and practical learning skills. Some benefits from such technology include allowing for active participation and collaboration, and providing immediate feedback. (JJL) ******************************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ********************************************************************************


Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often has an oncogene addiction, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling. NSCLC cells with these addictions require a large amount of intracellular ATP to activate their receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (Nampt) is an enzyme to synthesize Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which regulates cellular redox reactions as well as intracellular ATP biosynthesis. We have reported that the inhibition of intracellular Nampt function suppressed tumor growth via intracellular ATP reduction in EGFR-gene mutated NSCLC. We have developed a novel Nampt inhibitor, which is encapsulated within poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, to enhance the tumoricidal activity in vivo. We hypothesized that the Nampt inhibitor has a high anti-tumor activity in NSCLC with c-MET overexpression, and we evaluated the role of Nampt in growth of NSCLC with c-Met overexpression. Methods: In vitro study, expression of Nampt protein and mRNA in NSCLC cell lines (H1975, H1648, H820, H1993, from ATCC) were studied using western blotting and real-time RT-PCR (Lightcycler 2.0, Roche). NSCLC cells were treated with Nampt-siRNA (Invitrogen) or a Nampt inhibitor, FK866 (Axon medchem), and cell proliferation was examined using BrdU assay (Roche). Cell apoptosis in the NSCLC was detected by Flow cytometry (BD FACSAria II, BD Bioscience). Intracellular ATP levels in the treated NSCLC cells were also evaluated using bioluminescence assay (Roche). In western blotting, expression of c-MET signal proteins in the treated NSCLC was also studied. In vivo study, NSCLC cells were transplanted into 7-10 weeks-old female nude mice (CD-1Foxn1, Charles River), and the mice were treated with or without FK866. We used PLGA-FK866 in the tumor-bearing mice model. In immunohistochemistry, c-Met and MAPK signal proteins in xenograft tumors was evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy (FV1000-D, OLYMPUS). Results: Nampt mRNA was overexpressed in all NSCLC cell lines. BrdU assay showed that treatment of Nampt-siRNA and FK866 suppressed cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in NSCLC cells. The expression of c-MET and MAPK signals were suppressed in FK866-treated NSCLC. ATP bioluminescence assay exhibited that ATP levels were decreased in FK866-treated NSCLC (p Conclusion: In the present study, we founded that the Nampt inhibitor suppressed NSCLC growth via suppression of intracellular ATP levels, and the expression of c-Met and MAPK signal proteins. These results suggest that Nampt has a potential to become a novel therapeutic target in NSCLC with c-MET overexpression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 964. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-964


Purpose The putative presence of SARS-CoV-2 in ocular specimen puts healthcare workers at risk. We thoroughly examined conjunctival swabs and tear fluid in a large cohort of COVID‐19 patients. Methods A total of 243 symptomatic laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients were included in this observational multicenter study. Conjunctival swabs were analyzed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to identify viral strains and to determine tissue tropism. Schirmer tear samples from 43 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 25 healthy controls were analyzed by multiplex cytokine immunoassays. Results Viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in conjunctival swabs from 17 (7.0%) of 243 COVID-19 patients. Conjunctival samples were positive for viral SARS-CoV-2 RNA as long as 12 days after disease onset. Cycle threshold (Ct) values for conjunctival swabs (mean 34.5 ± 5.1) were significantly higher than nasopharyngeal swabs (mean 16.7 ± 3.6). No correlation between Ct values of conjunctival and nasopharyngeal swabs was observed. The majority of positive conjunctival samples were detected only once and primarily during the first visit. Next-generation sequencing analysis revealed that the virus strain found in the conjunctiva was most often identical to the one found in the nasopharynx. Tear cytokine levels IL-1β and IL-6 were elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy controls. Conclusions Conjunctival samples that were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA contained the same viral strain as the nasopharynx. Translational Relevance The presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and elevated cytokines in tear fluid confirm the involvement of the ocular surface in COVID-19 disease.


Abstract Many advances in disciplines such as chemistry, biochemistry, plant breeding, genetics, engineering, and others have been applied in a positive manner to improve knowledge in weed science. The emerging field of genomics is likely to have a similar positive effect on our understanding of weeds and their management in various plant agriculture systems. Genomics involves the large-scale use of molecular techniques for identification and functional analysis of complete or nearly complete genomic complements of genes. Commercial application of genomics has already occurred for improvement in certain crop input and output traits, including improved quality characteristics and herbicide and insect resistance. Additional commercial applications of genomics in weed science will be identification of genes involved in a crops' competitive ability. Genes controlling early crop shoot emergence, rapid early-season leaf and root development for fast canopy closure, production of allelochemicals for natural weed control, identification of novel herbicide target sites, resistance mechanisms, and genes for safening crops against specific herbicides can and will be identified. Successful crop improvement in these areas using the tools of genomics will dramatically affect weed–crop interactions and improve crop yields while reducing weed problems. In relation to improved basic knowledge of weeds and the resulting ability to improve our weed management techniques, genomics will offer the weed science community many new and exciting research opportunities. Scientists will be able to determine the genetic composition of weed populations and how it changes over time in relation to agricultural practices. Identification of genes contributing to weediness, perennial growth habit, herbicide resistance, seed and vegetative structure dormancy, plant architecture and morphology, plant reproductive characters (outcrossing and hybridization, introgression), and allelopathy will be identified and utilized with high-throughput DNA sequencing and other genomics-based technologies. Using genomics to improve our understanding of weed biology by determining which genes function to affect the fitness, competitiveness, and adaptation of weeds in agricultural environments will allow the development of improved management strategies. This review provides a summary of the various plant genomic research methods being used. Information is provided concerning the current state of molecular research in various areas of weed science and specific genomic research currently being conducted at Purdue University using transfer DNA (T-DNA) activation tagging to generate large populations of mutated plants that can be screened for genes of importance to weed science.


Summary Maternity histories from residents of a Pacific Island society, Tokelau, and migrants to New Zealand, are analysed using life table techniques. Inter-cohort differentials in patterns of family formation were found in the total Tokelau-origin population. The process of accelerated timing and spacing of pregnancies was more pronounced among migrants who tended to marry later, be pregnant at marriage, have shorter inter-pregnancy intervals at lower parities and to show evidence of family limitation occurring at higher parities. These results point to the significance of changing patterns of social control on strategies of family building.


Background: CTCs have significant prognostic role in patients with breast cancer. Several techniques developed for CTC detection might help in monitoring treatment efficacy. The CellSearch System is the only clinically validated for use in patients with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). We have previously shown a concordance between RT-PCR for cytokeratin 19 (CK-19) and CellSearch System in the detection of CTCs in MBC. In this study we aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of CTC detection using these assays in the same cohort of patients. Methods: Blood was obtained from patients with MBC before the initiation of first-line chemotherapy. Different aliquots of the same blood sample were evaluated for the presence of CTCs by RT-PCR for CK-19 mRNA and by the CellSearch System. Disease progression and response to treatment were determined using standard clinical and imaging criteria. Results: In 142 patients with available clinical data, CTC evaluation was performed using both methods. Median age was 60.7 years (range, 23-82), 74.6% were post-menopausal and 16.9% were HER2-positive. CTCs were detected in 52.1% and 36.6% of patients by the CellSearch System (cut-offs ≥2 and ≥5 CTCs/7.5 ml, respectively) and in 38.7% by RT-PCR; 27.5% (cut-off ≥2) and 20.4% (cut-off ≥5) of patients were CTC-positive by both methods. Response rate was 40% in patients with CTCs detected by CellSearch (cut-off ≥2) vs 62% in CTC-negative patients; there was no difference in objective responses using the ≥5 cut-off, or using RT-PCR for CTC detection. Median PFS was 9.0 (cut-off ≥2) and 7.5 months (cut-off ≥5) for CTC-positive versus 20.0 (cut-off ≥2) and 18.7 months (cut-off ≥5) for CTC-negative patients using the CellSearch System (p = 0.0001). No significant difference in PFS was evident according to CTC detection by RT-PCR (10.0 vs 13.1 months, p = 0.253). Median survival was 24.7 vs 57.3 (cut-off ≥2) and 18.5 vs 53.7 (cut-off ≥5) months for CTC-positive vs CTC-negative patients using the CellSearch System (p = 0.0001); by RT-PCR, median survival was 30.3 and 50.1 months for CTC-positive and CTC-negative patients, respectively (p = 0.021). Conclusions: The detection of CTCs before first-line chemotherapy using either the CellSearch System or RT-PCR for CK-19 mRNA has significant prognostic value in patients with MBC. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P1-04-12.


Art is a known reality in which the share of society can't be ignored in the process of composing work. Sociology of literature which is a sub-science of literature also reveals a field of study based on the junction point of literature and society from this reality of view. According to sociology of literature, it is discussed that there is a mutual relation and response between artwork and society. There are also the artworks influencing the society or stimulating the social events as much as the artworks which are created getting affected by the social incidents or in which there exist the marks of social events in the process of creation. Accordingly, this relation is a "mutual" relation. From this point of view, one objective of sociology of literature studies can be thought that the writers and poets are influenced by the environment where they live and by the events happen in this environment and that revealing they reflect to the works created as a collection conservatively. A similar goal has also been pursued in this study, and Mehmet Akif Ersoy's poems included in his book named "Safahat I" have been tried to get examined pursuant to sociology of literature. In this process, it has been tried to get explained to which positions and realities Mehmet Akif Ersoy paid attention in the social structure of the period he lived, and how much and how he reflected his impressions into his poems. Therefore, the book Safahat I consisting of his poems in which he mentions the social events the most has been chosen. In order to be able to find out the themes about the social realities in the poems in this book and to correlate them with the social structure of the period when the poet lived, the poems have been tried to get evaluated according to their themes under the main titles and sub-titles in the examining part of the study. These main titles have been determined as "Social Structure", "Family Life", and "Infra-Structure – Lighting and Zoning Problems".


In this study, we investigate the performance of two piezoresistive micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS)-based silicon cantilever sensors for measuring target analytes (i.e., ultrafine particulate matters). We use two different types of cantilevers with geometric dimensions of 1000 × 170 × 19.5 µm3 and 300 × 100 × 4 µm3, which refer to the 1st and 2nd types of cantilevers, respectively. For the first case, the cantilever is configured to detect the fundamental in-plane bending mode and is actuated using a resistive heater. Similarly, the second type of cantilever sensor is actuated using a meandering resistive heater (bimorph) and is designed for out-of-plane operation. We have successfully employed these two cantilevers to measure and monitor the changes of mass concentration of carbon nanoparticles in air, provided by atomizing suspensions of these nanoparticles into a sealed chamber, ranging from 0 to several tens of µg/m3 and oversize distributions from ~10 nm to ~350 nm. Here, we deploy both types of cantilever sensors and operate them simultaneously with a standard laboratory system (Fast Mobility Particle Sizer, FMPS, TSI 3091) as a reference.


In the hard shot peening, it has been pointed out that Almen A type strip is not proper as an index of peening effect, because the arc height measured by Almen A strip is not in good correspondence to surface residual stress. Based on this background, the relation between residual stress and the arc height measured by conventional C strip and the high hard trial stripwith hardnessof HRC60 was investigated. It was concluded that the arc height measured by high hard trail strip was in good agreement with the maximum compressive stress and the magnitude of stressed layer.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of comprehension of road hazards communication designs and safety climate on risk perception as well as the effect of the latter on road traffic accidents among commercial vehicle drivers in Ghana. Two hundred and twenty-six (226) commercial vehicle drivers participated in this study. Questionnaires were administered to drivers who travel outbound from Accra to nine (9) other regions of Ghana to enhance the external validity of the research findings. Path analysis, using structural equation modelling, was performed on the data obtained. Results of the SEM or path analysis revealed that all the hypothesized relationships were significant except three paths. The non-significant ones included the paths from RHCDs comprehension to risk perception and to driver decision making respectively, as well as the path from driver decision making to risk-taking behaviour. Overall, the model fitting showed that the proposed model for the study derived principally from the risk chain process model has empirical support. The implications are that risk perception influences risk-taking behaviour and decision making, whereas the latter influences risk exposure. In addition, safety climate influences risk perception, risk-taking behaviour, and road traffic accidents. Similarly, risk-taking behaviour influences risk exposure while risk exposure influences road traffic involvement. These implications were discussed in the light of the existing theory and extant empirical literature.


A novel windowed FFT MUSIC (W-MUSIC) algorithm is presented in the context of using ground penetrating radar (GPR) to detect closely spaced targets under noisy conditions. It is seen to give a better indication of targets than stand-alone FFT and MUSIC algorithms. Distorted signals are analysed, and with the MUSIC algorithm the reported target positions suffer high degrees of error, with the FFT the main lobe broadens making it difficult to recognise closely spaced targets. The use of the Short-Time Frequency-Transform (STFT) algorithm is examined. A novel Short-Time MUSIC approach is presented, it can be used to obtain higher time-frequency resolution than STFT method.


We investigate the adhesive interaction energy (ΔEint) between an epoxy resin and a silica surface using pair interaction energy decomposition analysis (PIEDA), which decomposes ΔEint into four components: electrostatic (ΔEes), exchange repulsion (ΔEex), charge-transfer (ΔEct), and dispersion (ΔEdisp) energies based on quantum chemistry. Our previous study with PIEDA showed that synergistic effects of ΔEes and ΔEdisp are critical at the interface between an epoxy resin fragment and a hydrophilic surface. The present study is designed to show in detail that the synergistic effects are significant at the interface between an epoxy layer model consisting of 20 epoxy monomers and a hydrophilic silica surface. The ratio of the dispersion energies to the total interaction energies of the layer model shows good agreement with experimental values, that is, the dispersion ratio of the work of adhesion (Wad). The 20 epoxy molecules in the layer model are investigated individually to closely correlate the four decomposed energies with their structural features. Our energy-decomposition analyses show that H-bonding and OH-π interactions play important roles at the interface between an epoxy resin and a silica surface. PIEDA calculations for the epoxy layer model also show that the region 3.6 Å from the silica surface accounts for more than 99% of the total interaction energies.


Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars with greater coleoptile elongation are preferred in low-precipitation dryland regions and in early-planted management systems of the Great Plains, but the presence of GA3 (gibberellin)-insensitive dwarfing genes tends to restrict coleoptile elongation. The agronomic value of Rht8 and the discovery of its diagnostic microsatellite marker, Xgwm 261, have accelerated breeders' interest in Rht8 as an alternative dwarfing gene. Our objectives were to determine allelic distributions at the marker locus in contemporary samples of hard winter and soft red winter wheat relative to samples of Chinese accessions from a Rht8-rich geographic region, and to compare coleoptile elongation in the presence or absence of Rht8 determined by the Xgwm 261 marker. The 165-bp (primarily hard winter wheats) and the 174-bp (primarily soft red winter wheats) alleles of Xgwm 261 were most frequent. About 8% of all U.S. accessions carried the 192-bp allele diagnostic for Rht8, compared with 64% of the Chinese accessions. Coleoptile length varied among accessions from 4.4 to 11.4 cm. Frequency distributions for 192- and non-192-bp genotypes showed no advantage of the 192-bp allele to coleoptile elongation. None of the 192-bp genotypes from the Great Plains showed greater coleoptile length than 'TAM 107', a hard red winter cultivar without Rht8 often chosen over contemporary cultivars for its greater emergence capacity with deeper seed placement. Since coleoptile elongation may be controlled by several quantitative trait loci, identifying only the presence of 192-bp allele of Xgwm 261 may be misleading if the primary motivation for its deployment is to increase coleoptile length in a semidwarf plant type.


Polymer-shelled ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) can undergo a "compression only" behavior leading to shell rupture and nonlinear response of the released gas bubbles when ultrasonically excited below 10 MHz. This study investigated if polymer-shelled UCAs exhibited a similar behavior when excited at frequencies above 10 MHz. Accordingly, two experiments were performed: one examined the compression-induced rupture of UCA shells by subjecting them to static overpressure, and the other investigated subharmonic components in the backscattered signal produced by individual UCAs sonicated with 20-MHz tonebursts. Four varieties of polylactide-shelled UCAs, each with a distinct shell-thickness-to-radius ratio (STRR), were employed; the STRRs were 7.5, 40, 65, and 100 nm/μm. Different UCA types exhibited distinctly different rupture thresholds that were linearly related to their STRR, but uncorrelated with UCA size. The subharmonic response of these polymer-shelled UCAs did not exhibit a strong correlation with UCA-rupture pressures and, consequently, their STRRs. Although the Philips UCAs had greater STRRs in comparison to Point UCAs and were more resilient, they produced significantly greater subharmonic activity than the Point UCAs. The results of this two-part study indicated that the polymer-shelled UCAs may not adhere to the rupture-based mechanism of subharmonic generation when excited at 20 MHz.


SUMMARY

1. The occurrence of an Enteropneust in Wales is described, and an account given of the environment.

2. Saccoglossus cambrensis, sp. n., is distinguished by the following characters:-

Coloration; relative proportion of proboscis and collar; dorsal groove running the whole length of the proboscis, with a well-marked nervous thickening beneath; large number of gill-slits (80–90 pairs); gonads beginning a t the middle of the branchial region; absence of genital ridges; absence of projecting ridges formed by the ventral longitudinal muscle bands of the trunk; four to six concentric rings distinguishable in the arrangement of the longitudinal musculature of the proboscis; large pericardium; absence of a dorsal glomerulus; proboscis skeleton not reaching beyond the middle of the collar, and little more than half-way round the buccal cavity; five epidermal zones in the collar; complete separation of right and left collar cavities; absence of a dorsal pouch of the buccal cavity; discontinuity between the tissues of the nerve cord and the epidermis of the collar, except at the ends; collar-trunk septum deflected forwards to the middle of the collar; marked ciliation of the epidermis covering the ventral nerve cord in the intestinal region; shallow ventral pharynx; broad tongues, projecting more than the septa; histological details of the oesophagus; eight to twelve intestinal pores, of which the first three to five are rudimentary; simple unlobed gonads, large size of ova, and presence of yolk-cells in the ovaries.

We are greatly indebted to Professor W. M. Tattersall and to Professor C. J. van der Horst for much advice, and to the former for specimens of S. ruber. We wish to take this opportunity of expressing our thanks also to Professor J. P. Hill, F.R.S., for his advice and interest in the work; to Professor G. W. Robinson for preparing the analyses of soil given in Appendix I.; to Mr. L. H. Jackson for assistance in various ways, and to Mrs. Jackson for the drawing reproduced in PI. I.


Nowadays, power systems face more challenging network wide issues with regard to ensuring secure and reliable operation. Therefore, having a wide area monitoring system is a vital need in order to detect problems and react on them as quickly as possible. An important component when providing wide area monitoring and control for transmission networks is the SCADA system, which connects the substations to the control center by polling data from Remote Terminal Units (RTUs). However, due to data rate limitations, the monitoring is relatively static and therefore infrequent. By using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) data can be provided in higher rates and with higher accuracy. Since different manufacturers exist in the market, standardization is the key for advancement of the connectivity and interoperability within the system. In the past, utilities used to employ proprietary protocols, which were specified by the product vendors. Gradually, it was decided to move towards open standards to provide an interoperable environment and improve modelling capabilities. Apart from PMU standards, in a typical power system several communication protocols exist and are required for transferring data and each of them covering certain domains and specific groups of data. The objective of this paper is to investigate the adoption, development and performance of the most common open standards to enable interoperable wide area monitoring systems.


Dyes are used widely as coloring in many industries, such as textiles, cosmetics,leather, printing, foods and plastics. Acid dye comprise the largest class of dye in the Color. Acid green 25 in particular belongs to the commercial acid dye often used in textile, hair dye formulation and cosmetic product. The removal of pollutants from wastewaters is a matter of great interest in the field of water pollution. Amongst the numerous techniques of pollutant removal, adsorption is an effective and useful process. In the past few years many approaches have been studied for the development of low cost and effective adsorbents. Kenaf is one of the best natural fibers used as adsorbent in adsorption process. The treatment on natural fibres is widely being used to modified the cellulosic molecular structure. In this study, an attempt is made the chemical modification characteristics of kenaf fiber. In order to enhance the adsorption capacity, kenaf fibers have been treated with sodium hydroxide and trimethylammonium chloride (CHMAC) coupling agent. The charactristics of kenaf fiber was obtained by using Fourier transform infrared ( FTIR),scanning electron microscopy ( SEM) , EDX, BET And CHNS-O and the presence of functional groups such as hydroxyl,amine,lignin and carbonyl group were detected. In this research adsorption of AG 25 dye on modified and unmodifed kenaf consider as a problem statement. The samples was investigated under different pH, dosage of adsorbent, initial dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The un-modified kenaf adsorbed the maximum amount of 107 mg/g of AG25 from aqueous solution at pH of 2, temperature of 30 ○C, contact time of 180 min and dosage adsorbent of 0.8 g/l. At the same condition modifed kenaf adsorbed around 163.94 mg/g of AG25 respectively. According the UV test that was done befor and after adsorption it was found that Separation of AG25 was carried out successfully by using a modified kenaf. Equilibrium isotherms and kinetic models have been measured to assess the capacities of both modify and un-modify kenaf for AG25 for the sorption process. By comparing the correlation coefficients determined for each linear transformation of the isotherm analysis of the study revealed that adsorption behavior was best described by Freundlich model for all modified and unmodified samples. Lagergren-first-order, Pseudo-second-order and Intraparticle diffusion models were applied to determine the kinetics of the adsorption process. Pseudo-second order results showed higher coefficient of determination (R2 >0.99) values compare to the Lagergren-first-order. The adsorption capacity of the kenaf fiber increases with the increase in experimental temperature from 303K to 333K. The negative values of ΔG and positive ΔH obtained indicated that the AG25 dye adsorption process is a spontaneous and an endothermic.Based on the data od present investigation,it was concluded that the modified kenaf fiber can be an effective eco-feiendly and low cost adsorbent to remove acid dye from colored aqueous solution.


The committee was established in November 2007, with the term of three years. The investigation has focused attention on the nano-interface properties of organic and composite thin films and device/sensor applications related to: 1. evaluation techniques for nano-interface between different materials, 2. structure control of nano-interface for organic and composite thin films, 3. electrical and optical properties of organic and composite thin film nano-interface, and 4. device/sensor applications of organic and composite thin films.


Pollution of the aquatic environment with toxic metals has been attracting considerable attention over the past decades and increasing urbanization, industrialization and overpopulation are the main cause. Due to this toxic pollutant the global water crisis is one of the most serious problems facing by the humanity today as also plants and animals are very sensitive to the presence of these toxic metals. Phytoextraction is the most cost effective and environment friendly way to solve the problem of heavy metal pollution by using plants. Macrophytes are important component of aquatic communities due to their roles in oxygen production, nutrient cycling, water quality control, sediment stabilization to provide habitat and shelter for aquatic life and also for being considered efficient heavy metal accumulators. The main route of heavy metal uptake is through their roots in emergent and surface floating plants whereas, leafy submerged plants uptake heavy metals both through roots and leaves. Roots of wetland plants play the primary role in wastewater purification followed by stems and leaves. Aquatic macrophytes therefore are very useful for the treatment of wastewater to mitigate variety of pollution level and now are the important research issues all over the world. In this review an effort has been made to summarize the role of aquatic macrophytes in the removal of heavy metals from the polluted water to improve the water quality.


Simulating the delightful dynamics of soap films, bubbles, and foams has traditionally required the use of a fully three-dimensional many-phase Navier-Stokes solver, even though their visual appearance is completely dominated by the thin liquid surface. We depart from earlier work on soap bubbles and foams by noting that their dynamics are naturally described by a Lagrangian vortex sheet model in which circulation is the primary variable. This leads us to derive a novel circulation-preserving surface-only discretization of foam dynamics driven by surface tension on a non-manifold triangle mesh. We represent the surface using a mesh-based multimaterial surface tracker which supports complex bubble topology changes, and evolve the surface according to the ambient air flow induced by a scalar circulation field stored on the mesh. Surface tension forces give rise to a simple update rule for circulation, even at non-manifold Plateau borders, based on a discrete measure of signed scalar mean curvature. We further incorporate vertex constraints to enable the interaction of soap films with wires. The result is a method that is at once simple, robust, and efficient, yet able to capture an array of soap films behaviors including foam rearrangement, catenoid collapse, blowing bubbles, and double bubbles being pulled apart.


This article presents a smart strategy to successfully tackle two main limitations of organic solar cells (OSCs) in one step: the narrow absorption window of polymers as well as the Voc limitation related to the mono-PCBM. We demonstrate the high OSC performance of >5% in the combination of a fullerene multiadduct, i.e. indene-C60 bisadduct (ICBA) with a low bandgap polymer employing the concept of ternary OSCs. Solar cells achieving a fill factor (FF) of >60% along with high quantum efficiency in the near IR region are demonstrated for ternary composites consisting of P3HT, the fullerene-bisindene adduct of ICBA and a low bandgap copolymer sensitizer. Using P3HT as an efficient transport matrix with non-Langevin recombination dynamics allowed us to limit and overcome the otherwise dominant recombination losses of the indene-C60 bisadduct – low bandgap copolymer blends. The success of this strategy resulted in a relative efficiency improvement of over 25%.


The development of microarray technology has supplied a large volume of data to many fields. This data has thousands of features and is also very noisy. So it is very difficult to represent and understand its complex relationships directly. In this paper we propose a method, called case-based reasoning classifier( CBR) that improves the performance considerably when applied to cancer classification from gene expression data. We also used the Mahalanobis classifier which accurately classifies the gene expression data. In our analysis, a benchmark dataset such as Leukemia cancer dataset, have been used. Experimental results indicate that the above classifier produces a better recognition rate on the benchmark dataset.


With the arrival of COVID we have learned how to flatten the "pandemic curve" during the past year. Now it is time to finally flatten the global warming, climate change curve.

The scientific knowledge is clear and unequivocal, but we must now strengthen our scientific communication to the general population, to governments, to industry, and to the private sector, to drive changes to our social behaviour as individuals, workers, communities and general society.

We talk a lot about private and public partnership; we need also to include also the scientific community in this cooperation. All of society needs to know and understand the challenges, in order to drive changes in social behaviour that reduce greenhouse gases emissions.


: From the abundance of psychoanalytic theories of depression the author establishes five characteristic types of depression on the basis of the cardinal symptom represented by the nature of the feelings prevalent in each case. Will makes no claim to advancing a unified theory but draws upon existing theoretical concepts to describe the following types of depression: super-ego depression; oral-dependent depression; ego depression; narcissistic depression; realistic-creative depression. There is also an initial brief discussion of the general characteristics of depression.


Ammonia synthesis from the electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction, which can weaken but not directly break the inert NN bond via multiple progressive protonation steps under mild conditions, has been recognized as one of the most attractive alternatives for the production of NH3. In this work, the potential of employing graphenylene-based triple-atom catalysts for the nitrogen reduction reaction was investigated by using first-principles calculations. The performance of these catalysts was studied focusing on configuration optimization, thermal stability, catalyst selectivity and activity and the interaction mechanism. There was electron transfer between the transition metal atoms and the graphenylene substrate, which strengthens the structure stability of the complex systems and brings about sufficient catalytic activity. A more negative ΔG (N2) for the nitrogen reduction reaction than ΔG (H) for the hydrogen evolution reaction is selected as an evaluation standard of good selectivity. Moreover, ΔG (*N*NH) or ΔG (*NNH) < 0.6 eV is used as a screening criterion for good activity. By screening, Mo3@GP is found to show the best nitrogen reduction reaction performance with a low limiting potential of -0.39 V through a consecutive pathway. The excellent performance derives from the largest electron transfer ability of Mo3 atoms and the electronic reservoir function of the GP substrate.


Electronic Commerce or E-Commerce is a term for a business that incorporates the trading of information over the web. It covers an extent of different kind of business from buyer based retail goals, trough closeout or music site, to business exchanges trading items and ventures between undertakings. The web of things is the arrangement of a physical inquiry embedded with devices, programming, sensors and framework accessibility that engages to assemble and exchange data. This paper will illuminate how IOT is executed in online business experience nearby the delineation of Amazon dash an IOT advancement made by Amazon


Abstract Background: Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors characterized by variable biology and delayed diagnosis. However, the nationwide epidemiology of NENs has never been reported in China. We aimed to estimate the incidence and survival statistics of NENs in China, in comparison to those in the United States during the same period. Methods: Based on the data from 246 population-based cancer registries covering 272.5 million people of China, we calculated age-specific incidence on NENs in 2017 and multiplied by corresponding national population to estimate the nationwide incidence in China. The data of 22 population-based cancer registries were used to estimate the trends of NENs incidence from 2000 to 2017 through the Joinpoint regression model. We used the cohort approach to analyze the 5-year age-standardized relative survival by sex, age group, and urban-rural area between 2008 and 2013, based on data from 176 high-quality cancer registries. We used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) 18 program to estimate the comparable incidence and survival of NENs in the United States. Results: The overall age-standardized rate (ASR) of NENs incidence was lower in China (1.14 per 100,000) than in the United States (6.26 per 100,000). The most common primary sites were lungs, pancreas, stomach, and rectum in China. The ASRs of NENs incidence increased by 9.8% and 3.6% per year in China and the United States, respectively. The overall 5-year relative survival in China (36.2%) was lower than in the United States (63.9%). The 5-year relative survival was higher for female patients than male patients, and was higher in urban areas than in rural areas. Conclusions: The disparities in burden of NENs persist across sex, area, age group, and site in China and the United States. These findings may provide a scientific basis on prevention and control of NENs in the two countries.


All stages of Demacentor andersoni (Stiles) ticks were infected by feeding on rabbits injected intravenously with large doses of Powassan virus 48 hours after the ticks became attached. Viremia titers at least 102.5 mouse LD50 per milliliter were required to establish infection in 1 to 5% of D. andersoni ticks whereas Ixodes pacificus (Cooley and Kohls) ticks required 100-fold higher titers of viremia to achieve infection. Transstadial transfer of Powassan virus was observed through ecdysis of larvae to nymphs and from nymphs to adults. Transovarial transfer was not detected. Transmission of Powassan virus to a guinea pig was demonstrated by the bite of D. andersoni nymphs which were infected by ingestion of viremic blood by their antecedent larvae 8 weeks before.


Planktonic larvae are unlikely to be randomly distributed over time or in space. Fluctuations in larval density may result from a variety of physical and biological processes. To identify relatively high-frequency patterns of larval variation for an inner-shelf environment, zooplankton were sampled hourly for 3 d using an automated plankton pump. Moored ∼80 cm above bottom, the pump was located in 8 m of water on the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Densities of all larval groups were highly variable: 5-746 m -3 for barnacle cyprids, 0-668 m -3 for polychaetes, 0-516 m -3 for bivalves, 6-414 m -3 for gastropods, and 0-86 m -3 for bryozoan cyphonautes. Moreover, maximal and submaximal peaks were nearly coincident for all taxa. One hypothesis to explain these results involves passive larval transport by wind-driven cross-shelf flows (upwelling and downwelling). Larval concentrations were persistently low in warm, downwelled water and highest during a period of cool, upwelled water. During upwelling, however, maximal and submaximal peaks for each taxon corresponded with brief relaxation events, dominated by downwelling-favorable winds. Thus, larvae tracking with cool water would have been moved upslope then offshore at the surface by upwelling currents or to the bottom by downwelling flows. A second hypothesis involves active diel vertical migration (DVM). During the cool-water period, peaks in near-bottom larval density occurred near noon, consistent with daytime descent. Daily peaks were not always separated by 24 h, however, probably due to modulation of DVM by physical processes (e.g., cross- or alongshelf advection or mixing). These relatively simple patterns of variation in larval abundance are surprising, given the complex hydrodynamic processes that typically operate on the inner shelf.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the evaluation, management, and rehabilitation of an acute, supraspinatus tendon injury in an intercollegiate football player.

BACKGROUND
While attempting to block a defender, a 19-year-old collegiate football player slipped on the artificial turf and landed on his right elbow, causing an injury to his right shoulder. The athlete was initially seen by the head athletic trainer and then referred to the team physician for further evaluation.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
acromioclavicular joint sprain, brachial plexopathy, subacromial impingement syndrome, supraspinatus lesion.

TREATMENT
The athlete was managed surgically with an open acromioplasty and a 3-bone tunnel repair of the supraspinatus tendon. After surgery, the athlete underwent a 4-month rehabilitation protocol in preparation for return to competition.

UNIQUENESS
This case involved a teenage athlete rather than the older individuals who normally sustain rotator cuff lesions. Also, the mechanism was a compressive force on the supraspinatus tendon rather than the tensile force common to rotator cuff lesions.

CONCLUSIONS
By presenting this case report, we hope to give sports medicine clinicians a better understanding of rotator cuff injuries and how to successfully manage and rehabilitate supraspinatus lesions.