Introduction Injuries to the inferior vena cava (IVC), while uncommon, have a high mortality despite modern advances. The goal of this study is to describe the diagnosis and management in the largest available prospective data set of vascular injuries across anatomic levels of IVC injury. Methods The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma PROspective Observational Vascular Injury Treatment (PROOVIT) registry was queried from November 2013 to January 2019. Demographics, diagnostic modalities, injury patterns, and management strategies were recorded and analyzed. Comparisons between anatomic levels were made using non-parametric Wilcoxon rank-sum statistics. Results 140 patients from 19 institutions were identified; median age was 30 years old (IQR 23-41), 75% were male, and 62% had penetrating mechanism. The suprarenal IVC group was associated with blunt mechanism (53% vs 32%, P = .02), had lower admission systolic blood pressure, pH, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and higher ISS and thorax and abdomen AIS than the infrarenal injury group. Injuries were managed with open repair (70%) and ligation (30% overall; infrarenal 37% vs suprarenal 13%, P = .01). Endovascular therapy was used in 2% of cases. Overall mortality was 42% (infrarenal 33% vs suprarenal 66%, P<.001). Among survivors, there was no difference in first 24-hour PRBC transfusion requirement, or hospital or ICU length of stay. Conclusions Current PROOVIT registry data demonstrate continued use of ligation extending to the suprarenal IVC, limited adoption of endovascular management, and no dramatic increase in overall survival compared to previously published studies. Survival is likely related to IVC injury location and total injury burden.


Crime, Criminology, and Psychology. The Measurement and Distribution of Crime. Classification of Offenders. Social and Environmental Theories of Crime. Individually Oriented and Integrated Theories of Crime. Biological Correlates of Antisocial Behavior. Familial and Social Correlates of Crime. Personal Attributes of Offenders. Aggression and Violent Crime. Crime and Mental Disorder. Sexual Deviation and Sexual Offending. Forensic Psychology and the Offender. Psychological Interventions with Offenders. Treatment of Dangerous Offenders. The Effectiveness and Ethics of Intervention. References. Index.


Abstract:Name signs are based on descriptions, initialization, and loan translations. Nyst and Baker (2003) have found crosslinguistic similarities in the phonology of name signs, such as a preference for one-handed signs and for the head location. Studying Kata Kolok (KK), a rural sign language without indigenous fingerspelling, strongly suggests that one-handedness is not correlated to initialization, but represents a more general feature of name sign phonology. Like in other sign languages, the head location is used frequently in both KK and Sign Language of the Netherlands (NGT) name signs. The use of nonmanuals, however, is strikingly different. NGT name signs are always accompanied by mouthings, which are absent in KK. Instead, KK name signs may use mouth gestures; these may disambiguate manually identical name signs, and even form independent name signs without any manual features.


Metallic sandwich panels with pyramidal truss structures are high-stiffness and high-strength materials with low weight. In particular, bulk structures have enough space for additional multi-functionalities. In this work, in order to fabricate 3-D structures efficiently, Layered Manufacturing Method (LMM) which was composed of three steps, including crimping process, stacking process and bonding process using rapid infrared brazing, was proposed. The joining time was drastically reduced by employing infrared brazing of which heating rate and cooling rate were faster than those of conventional furnace brazing. By controlling the initial cooling rate slowly, the bonding strength was improved up to the level of strength by conventional vacuum brazing. The observation of infrared brazed specimens by optical microscope and SEM showed no defect on the joining sections. The experiments of 1-layered pyramidal structures and 2-layered pyramidal structures subject to 3-point bending were conducted to determine structural advantages of multilayered structures. From the results, the multi-layered structure has superior mechanical properties to the single-layered structure.


We present an electron density model functional method (EDMF) based on the embedded atom theory and a pseudopotential approach to study thermodynamic properties and stability of binary metallic alloys. Test calculations of the pure Ni, Al and their alloys demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the method. The ground-state properties of ordered compounds and a disordered FCC phase in the Ni-Al system were obtained in normal conditions (P = 0) and under pressure. The results obtained at P = 0 are in quite good agreement with experimental data. Calculation under pressure predicts a change of compound stability with increasing pressure.


The simple reaction of chitosan with metallic salts yields (chitosan) (MLn)x, MLn = MnCl2, CoCl2, NiCl2, macromolecular complexes which, after a thermal treatment at 800 °C under air, give nanostructured Mn2O3, Co3O4 and NiO. The polymer acts as a template in the solid state, which is eliminated after the combustion process. At an intermediate stage, a layered graphitic carbon matrix was observed by HRTEM over the grown metal oxides. A mechanism for the growth of nanostructured oxides is discussed, including Raman studies. The nanostructured Mn2O3, Co3O4 and NiO particles grow over graphite layers and the solid-state role of chitosan is crucial for the formation of this graphite substrate. An antiferromagnetic transition was observed in Co3O4 nanoparticles, with TN = 38 K, whereas NiO nanoparticles behave as a superparamagnetic material with a blocking temperature above 300 K.


A concrete design for an orthogonal polarization rotator at optical frequencies is presented. The subwavelength rotator is formed from a pair of ultrathin metamaterial plates of transparency and remarkable anisotropy. By traveling through the rotator, the incident light of linear polarization undergoes the azimuth-angle rotation by about 90 degrees for a wide range of incident azimuth angles from 0 degrees to 90 degrees . The orthogonal rotator proposed here works with the 1/4 thickness of the incident wavelength and keeps the transmittance as high as 50%, showing a high efficiency as a subwavelength optical element.


This thesis investigates the strategy of the American Gay rights movement from the homophileera in the 1950s to the formation of ACT UP in 1987. Focusing on visibility as a strategyreveals how homophiles and Gay liberationists debated coming out and its potential merits forimproving the situation of Gays and Lesbians. The first chapter discusses why homosexualsdecided that emphasising respectability and dedication to their citizenship provided the bestoption for making social and political gains in the 1950s, often keeping their identitiesconfidential. Homophiles sought protections against police entrapment and harassment,discrimination in housing and employment, and other legal repression seeking recognition oftheir rights which were denied on the basis of their sexuality leading up to the Stonewall riotsin June 1969 as the New Left, feminism, and the Civil Rights movement provided a newemphasis on activism. The second chapter explores the changes that occurred after Stonewalland the emergence of Gay Liberation which had brought new attention to the question ofvisibility and being 'out and proud'. In the 1970s, visibility became the dominant modusoperandi for Gay liberation, homophile organising, but also Gay consumers who pursuedpleasure instead of activism. Gay liberation's coming out strategy made some advances onsexual citizenship rights for Gays and Lesbians including the passage of local anti-discrimination laws in cities where they could exert political clout, but also resulted in acounter-mobilisation from the Christian Right. The Christian Right contributed to a growingpublic backlash to Gay and Lesbian visibility leading to some loss of the sexual citizenshipgains that Gays and Lesbians made in the 1970s through campaigns against anti-discriminationstatutes and laws. The last substantive chapter deals with the impact of the AIDS epidemic,which disproportionately affected Gay men and gave the Christian Right a powerful rhetoricalweapon, forcing Gay and Lesbian activists to reconsider their visibility strategy and itspotential risks to achieving sexual citizenship. In this period, calls to come out and increasedvisibility had to be weighed against the increasing discrimination on the basis of AIDSinfection, which many perceived as a "Gay disease." Gay and Lesbian activists increased theircommitment to working within established political systems and adhering to the respectabilitystrategy as a result of the AIDS epidemic. Attaining the rights granted by citizenship such asprivacy through same-sex marriage activism and sodomy law repeal became intimately tied tothe respectability strategy, driven in part by the negative association between Gays and AIDS,setting the stage for the next phase of the struggle.


Vibrio cholerae and a subset of other Gram-negative bacteria, including Acinetobacter baumannii, express proteins with a C-terminal tripartite domain called GlyGly-CTERM, which consists of a motif rich in glycines and serines, followed by a hydrophobic region and positively charged residues. Here we show that VesB, a V. cholerae serine protease, requires the GlyGly-CTERM domain, the intramembrane rhomboid-like protease rhombosortase, and the type II secretion system (T2SS) for localization at the cell surface. VesB is cleaved by rhombosortase to expose the second glycine residue of the GlyGly-CTERM motif, which is then conjugated to a glycerophosphoethanolamine-containing moiety prior to engagement with the T2SS and outer membrane translocation. In support of this, VesB accumulates intracellularly in the absence of the T2SS, and surface-associated VesB activity is no longer detected when the rhombosortase gene is inactivated. In turn, when VesB is expressed without an intact GlyGly-CTERM domain, VesB is released to the extracellular milieu by the T2SS and does not accumulate on the cell surface. Collectively, our findings suggest that the posttranslational modification of the GlyGly-CTERM domain is essential for cell surface localization of VesB and other proteins expressed with this tripartite extension.


We study the influence of disorder and lattice effects on the striped phase and the incommensurate spin fluctuations of the cuprates and nickelates. Starting from a phenomenological model of a discrete quantum string on a lattice with disorder, we derive the renormalisation group equations in leading order in the lattice and disorder strength. Three regimes are identified, the quantum membrane phase, the flat phase pinned by the lattice and the disorder pinned phase. We compare our results with measurements on nickelates and cuprates and find good agreement.


ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE In this study we investigated the stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) effects in Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) from neuroimaging and neurophysiological perspective by simultaneous recording functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) and electroencephalography (EEG) during attention task. METHODS Using fNIRS we obtained frontal cortex hemodynamic responses and using event related potentials (ERP) we obtained amplitude values of P3 component of 18 children with ADHD and gender matched 18 healthy controls performing an oddball task. Same recordings were repeated 3 months after extended-release MPH (OROS-MPH) administration for ADHD group. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation and P3 amplitude were compared between control and pre-MPH ADHD groups and between Pre-MPH and post-MPH ADHD groups. RESULTS fNIRS indicated that the healthy controls exhibited higher right prefrontal activation than pre-MPH children with ADHD. Reduced P3 amplitude values were found in children with ADHD compared the control group. Reduced right prefrontal activation and P3 amplitude was normalized in ADHD group after MPH therapy. CONCLUSION Recently multimodal neuroimaging which combine signals from different brain modalities have started to be considered as a potential to improve the accuracy of diagnosis. The current study provides MPH effect assessment in children with ADHD using multimodal EEG/fNIRS system for the first time. This study suggests combination of neuroimaging and electrophysiological parameters is a promising approach to investigate MPH effect assessment in children with ADHD.


Abstract : ELECTRONIC FILE CHARACTERISTICS: 44 files; Adobe Acrobat (.PDF) and HTML. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION: 1 CD-ROM; 4 3/4 in.; 202 MB. SYSTEMS DETAIL NOTE: Adobe Acrobat Reader is included on disc. ABSTRACT: This AGARDograph describes the basic principles and testing considerations for precision airdrop systems. A variety of precision airdrop systems available as commercial-off-the-shelf and others in various stages of development will be described in general terms. Some of the systems described are currently in use while other systems are in development. This report also concentrates on the aircraft navigation to the airdrop release point and on the trajectory control and concepts of airdropped payloads to enable accurate ground impacts. In addition, the report outlines the need for precision airdrop systems and introduces the reader to potential Concepts of Operations. A list of useful reference documents Is included in the report. These can be helpful to the reader looking for appropriate details if the full background should be needed for information contained in this AGARDograph.


We present an enhanced version of the splitting method, called the smoothed splitting method (SSM), for counting associated with complex sets, such as the set defined by the constraints of an integer program and in particular for counting the number of satisfiability assignments. Like the conventional splitting algorithms, ours uses a sequential sampling plan to decompose a "difficult" problem into a sequence of "easy" ones. The main difference between SSM and splitting is that it works with an auxiliary sequence of continuous sets instead of the original discrete ones. The rationale of doing so is that continuous sets are easier to handle. We show that while the proposed method and its standard splitting counterpart are similar in their CPU time and variability, the former is more robust and more flexible than the latter. In particular, it makes it simpler for tuning the parameters.


When Rudolf Steiner died in 1925, he was a prominent public figure in Germany. Whether celebrated or castigated – or, more often, puzzled over – Steiner was somebody who called for comment. Obituaries and memorials appeared across the spectrum of the German press, from the Börsenzeitung, the Wall Street Journal of the Weimar Republic, to the Socialist newspaper Vorwärts, from the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung to the Frankfurter Zeitung to the Münchener Neueste Nachrichten. Even the New York Times saw fit to mark the passing of "Dr. Rudolf Steiner, Theosophist."1


The eigenvalues of quantum chaotic systems have been conjectured to follow, in the large energy limit, the statistical distribution of eigenvalues of random ensembles of matrices of size $N\rightarrow\infty$. Here we provide semiclassical arguments that extend the validity of this correspondence to finite energies. We conjecture that the spectrum of a generic fully chaotic system without time-reversal symmetry has, around some large but finite energy $E$, the same statistical properties as the Circular Unitary Ensemble of random matrices of dimension $N_{\rm eff} = \tH / \sqrt{24 d_1}$, where $\tH$ is Heisenberg time and $\sqrt{d_1}$ is a characteristic classical time, both evaluated at energy $E$. A corresponding conjecture is also made for chaotic maps.


Research on the electoral personalization of politics has stressed a trend towards a greater role of top prominent political figures (party leaders and ministers). This trend was described as centralized electoral personalization. Yet, this trend is merely one side of a more complex story. No leader attracts all voters' support, and other candidates manage to stand out despite lower resources and visibility. Using a unique dataset of 47,239 actual ballot papers cast for the 2018 Belgian local elections, we show that candidates-level, lists-level and districts-level factors result in distinct preference voting behaviour. While these factors lead to unmistakable forms of (de-)centralized personalized forms of elections, we, furthermore, show that intermediary situations distinctively emerge. A significant number of 'subtop' candidates stand out among candidates, by attracting support from voters who do not support the mere leader of the list. This 'oligarchized personalization' would deserve greater attention in the literature.


The role of the mouse tumor necrosis factor (TNF) promoter, 5' untranslated region (UTR), and 3' UTR in TNF gene expression has been examined in three nonmacrophage cell lines (HeLa, NIH 3T3, and L-929). The TNF promoter is not macrophage-specific. On the contrary, it constitutively drives reporter gene expression in all three cell lines. Not only the full-length promoter but also truncated versions of the promoter, lacking NF-kappa B binding motifs, are active in each type of cell. The TNF 3' UTR effectively cancels reporter gene expression in HeLa cells and in NIH 3T3 cells but fails to block expression in L-929 cells. L-929 cells contain a factor that overcomes the inhibitory influence of the TNF 3' UTR. Its action depends upon the presence of sequences found in the TNF 5' UTR. Cell-fusion experiments reveal that this activator is trans-dominant. These studies highlight the essential role played by the TNF 3' UTR, which silences the TNF gene in cells that might otherwise express TNF. They also reveal the existence of an escape mechanism whereby inappropriate synthesis of TNF might occur.


The anticoagulant drug warfarin is a vitamin K antagonist (VKA), coumarin derivative, formed by the racemic mixture of two optically active isomers known by Rectus (R) and Sinister (S) enantiomers in equal proportion, being the S-warfarin five times more potent. Although warfarin is still considered the mainstay of oral anticoagulant treatment, it is a difficult drug to manage due to its narrow therapeutic index. An inappropriate management of patients can lead to subtherapeutic or supratherapeutic levels, increasing the risk of thromboembolic episodes or hemorrhagic episodes, respectively. Common indications for the use of warfarin include stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, preventing thrombus formation in patients with heart valves and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Unlike situations as nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (and thromboembolic risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes or ventricular dysfunction), venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism where there is evidence for the use of the new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, etc), warfarin and similar remain only option for patients with cardiac valve prosthesis requiring anticoagulation.


Professional competency improvement for management at Pasraman Widya Dharma in Bandung is very important in this era of globalization. There is a need for partnership with a higher education institution to run an empowerment program in a form of training in using internet website. Website is an easily accessible information media which is suitable to publish information in informal education institutions such as Pasraman. The empowerment is intended to improve the professional competence of staffs and administrators who provide services at institutional facilities within the Bandung Hindu community. The empowerment was implemented using Service Learning method in order to optimize the potential of the community partnership with a focus on training and assistance related to improving the professional competency of the administrators and managers of the Widya Dharma Pasraman Bandung. The professional competency of the managers was observed to be improved significantly based on the result of the training program. This leads to a conclusion that the program is potential to be carried out in continual basis.


Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) may be found naturally in plants or are formed through the Maillard reaction when meat is cooked at high temperatures. Previous studies have indicated HAAs are especially toxic to dopaminergic neurons, whereas specific exposures may also affect other neuronal populations such as cholinergic neurons. Biochemical mechanisms of neurotoxic action implicate elevated oxidative stress and afflicted mitochondria. Notably, these mechanisms are of importance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Most neurodegenerative disease cases are sporadic, where environmental and dietary factors may modulate risk. To further investigate HAA neurotoxicity, we tested the effect of common HAA (harmane, harmine, norharmane, PhIP, and HONH-PhIP) exposure on mitochondrial physiology, a key pathogenic target in AD and PD. Upon assessing mitochondrial bioenergetics, we observed a significant reduction in basal respiration, ATP production, maximal respiratory capacity, and non-mitochondrial respiration, indicating that HAA negatively impacts mitochondrial respiration. Followed by more specific studies on individual mitochondrial complexes, it was found that harmane, harmine, norharmane specifically inhibit complex I enzyme activity, whereas HONH-PhiP, a reactive metabolite of PhIP, inhibits Complex III enzyme activity. Our findings provide significant advancement with respect to underlying mechanisms of toxicity, though also validating HAA exposure as a potential risk factor for AD and PD.


Purpose: To find the visual outcome of ocular trauma presenting in a tertiary care hospital in Sahiwal.
Study Design: Descriptive observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at District Headquarter Teaching Hospital affiliated with Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal from January 2016 to June 2019.
Material and Methods:  Four hundred and thirty five patients were included in the study by convenient sampling technique. Patient's age, gender, occupation, activity at the time of injury, nature of object causing trauma, duration of trauma, visual acuity at the time when patient reported to hospital, the time delay before coming to the hospital were recorded. Ocular injuries were classified according to Birmingham ocular trauma terminology. Detailed ocular examination was performed. Patients were managed and post-management visual acuity at three months was recorded.
Results: Mean age of patients was 29.07 ± 12.53 years. There were 219 (50.3%) closed globe and 216 (49.7%) open globe injuries. In 59 (13.6%) cases, cause of injury was metal object. In 146 (33.6%) cases injury was classified as contusion. In 164 (37.7%) cases cornea was involved. Majority of the patients were male. Eighty-seven patients presented within 1 day after trauma. In 154 (35.4%) patients, visual acuity at the time of presentation was 6/12 or better while in 171 (39.3%) cases it was less than 6/60. Chi-square test was used to calculate the difference between pre and post-management visual acuity. This difference was statistically significant with p-value less than 0.05
Conclusion:  Ocular trauma cases, if properly and timely managed, have a statistically significant increase in visual acuity.


Abstract. The successful bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics (Beijing
2022, officially known as the XXIV Olympic Winter Games) has greatly
stimulated Chinese enthusiasm towards winter sports participation.
Consequently, the Chinese ski industry is rapidly booming due to enormous
market demand and government support. However, investing in ski areas in
unreasonable locations will cause problems from an economic perspective (in
terms of operation and management) as well as geographical concerns (such as
environmental degradation). Therefore, evaluating the suitability of a ski
area based on scientific metrics has become a prerequisite for the
sustainable development of the ski industry. In this study, we evaluate the
locational suitability of ski areas in China by integrating their natural
and socioeconomic conditions using a linearly weighted method based on
geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis combined with remote
sensing, online, and field survey data. The key indexes for evaluating
natural suitability include snow cover, air temperature, topographic
conditions, water resources, and vegetation, whereas socioeconomic
suitability is evaluated based on economic conditions, accessibility of
transportation, distance to a tourist attraction, and distance to a city. As
such, metrics ranging from 0 to 1 considering both natural and socioeconomic
conditions are used to define a suitability threshold for each candidate
region for ski area development. A ski area is considered to be a dismal
prospect when the locational integrated index is less than 0.5. The results
show that 84 % of existing ski areas are located in areas with an
integrated index greater than 0.5. Finally, corresponding development
strategies for decision-makers are proposed based on the multicriteria
metrics, which will be extended to incorporate potential influences from
future climate change and socioeconomic development. However, the snowmaking
model with local data should to be used to further analyze the suitability
for a specific ski area.


The Mediterranean Sea constitutes a unique environment to study cold-seep ecosystems due to the presence of different geodynamic settings, from an active margin along the Mediterranean Ridge (MR) to a passive margin in the Nile Deep-Sea Fan (NDSF). We attempted to identify the structure of benthic communities associated with the Napoli and Amsterdam mud volcanoes (MVs) located on the MR and to establish the links between faunal distribution and environmental conditions at different spatial scales. Comparison between the 2 MVs revealed that the faunal distribution seemed to be mainly controlled by the characteristics of the microhabitats. On both geological structures, the variability between the different microhabitats was higher than the variability observed between replicates of the same microhabitat, and the distribution of macrofauna was apparently linked to gradients in physico-chemical conditions. The peripheral sites from Napoli were generally more oxygenated and harboured lower species richness than the active sites. The reduced sediment microhabitat from Amsterdam presented the highest methane concentrations and was mainly colonised by symbiont-bearing vesicomyid bivalves and heterotrophic dorvilleid polychaetes. Overall, a higher taxonomic diversity was observed on Napoli. Substratum type was hypothesised to be the second factor influencing faunal distribution. The results of this study highlight the high heterogeneity of faunal communities associated with seep ecosystems within this region and the need to pursue investigations at various spatial and temporal scales.


The activist group Consumers Against Supermarket Privacy Invasion and Numbering (CASPIAN) was founded in 1999 by ?Katherine Albrecht. The very same year Kevin Ashton, co-founder and executive director of the then Auto-ID Center at M.I.T., made a presentation to Proctor & Gamble with a title that included the phrase ?Internet of Things.? According to Ashton, ?the most numerous and important routers of all? are people [1], but people have limitations and are not very good at capturing data about objects in the physical world.


In this study, we demonstrated that glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is a phosphatidylserine (PS)-binding protein and localized the putative PS-binding site involved in the membrane fusion induced by this enzyme. In an attempt to identify the PS-binding proteins, we raised polyclonal antibodies against a 15-amino-acid synthetic peptide (amino acid residues 390-403 of phosphatidylserine decarboxylase), which was shown to bind specifically to PS. One polyclonal antibody, designated aPSD-2, crossreacted with GAPDH, and its binding to GAPDH was inhibited by PS but not by other phospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol. Kinetic analysis of GAPDH binding to phospholipid membranes by measuring surface plasmon resonance showed that GAPDH associated with the phospholipid membrane containing PS rapidly (k[on] =2.8 X 10(4) M(-1) X s[-1]) and dissociated extremely slowly (k[off]=5.9 X 10(-5) s[-1]), giving a low dissociation constant (KD=2.6nM). GAPDH bound less effectively to membranes without PS with a dissociation constants of 0.2 microM. GAPDH-induced vesicle fusion was also inhibited by aPSD-2, suggesting that this antibody recognizes the putative PS-binding site on GAPDH involved in the enzyme-induced membrane fusion. Chemical fragmentation of GAPDH with cyanogen bromide followed by separation and sequence analysis of the reactive peptide resulted in the identification of a single reactive peptide with the sequence of amino acid residues 45-103 of GAPDH. Analysis of aPSD-2 binding to synthetic peptides derived from the corresponding region localized the antibody-binding site to amino acid residues 70-94 of GAPDH. Both the 25-amino-acid synthetic peptide (amino acid residues 70-94 of GAPDH) and polyclonal antibody raised against this peptide inhibited GAPDH-induced membrane fusion, suggesting that these amino acid residues play a crucial role in this membrane fusion process.


Quantifying movement is critical for understanding animal behavior. Advances in computer vision now enable markerless tracking from 2D video, but most animals live and move in 3D. Here, we introduce Anipose, a Python toolkit for robust markerless 3D pose estimation. Anipose is built on the popular 2D tracking method DeepLabCut, so users can easily expand their existing experimental setups to obtain accurate 3D tracking. It consists of four components: (1) a 3D calibration module, (2) filters to resolve 2D tracking errors, (3) a triangulation module that integrates temporal and spatial regularization, and (4) a pipeline to structure processing of large numbers of videos. We evaluate Anipose on four datasets: a moving calibration board, fruit flies walking on a treadmill, mice reaching for a pellet, and humans performing various actions. By analyzing 3D leg kinematics tracked with Anipose, we identify a key role for joint rotation in motor control of fly walking. We believe this open-source software and accompanying tutorials (anipose.org) will facilitate the analysis of 3D animal behavior and the biology that underlies it.


In this article, we solve a class of mixed zero-sum game with unknown dynamic information of nonlinear system. A policy iterative algorithm that adopts integral reinforcement learning (IRL), which does not depend on system information, is proposed to obtain the optimal control of competitor and collaborators. An adaptive update law that combines critic-actor structure with experience replay is proposed. The actor function not only approximates optimal control of every player but also estimates auxiliary control, which does not participate in the actual control process and only exists in theory. The parameters of the actor-critic structure are simultaneously updated. Then, it is proven that the parameter errors of the polynomial approximation are uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is verified by two given simulations.


[ 1 ] Radial seismic anisotropy models are traditionally obtained using empirical constraints based on laboratory experiments and petrological considerations. We tested the hypothesis that such petrological constraints affect the uppermost mantle models of S wave anisotropy using a statistical approach. In addition, we were able to determine which model features are constrained by the data and which are dominated by the prior. We focused on large-scale models and found that the most likely models obtained in both cases are highly correlated. This demonstrates that for the best data-fitting solution, the geometry of uppermost mantle radial anisotropy is not strongly affected by prior petrological constraints. The amplitude of the anomalies, however, can change significantly: The best data-fitting model obtained without petrological constraints displays stronger amplitudes than the one obtained with prior. This could become an issue when quantitatively interpreting seismic anisotropy models, and thus emphasizes the importance of accurately accounting for parameter uncertainties and trade-offs, and of understanding whether the seismic data or the prior constraints the model. We showed that model uncertainties are strongly affected by the prior as the relative RMS uncertainties were reduced by a factor of 2. In addition, we showed that while the model distributions are not necessarily Gaussian a priori, imposing petrological constraints can force the distributions to be narrower and more Gaussian-like, as expected from inverse theory. Finally, we demonstrated that the age dependence of seismic wave velocities is robust and independent of prior constraints. A similar age signal exists for anisotropy, but with larger uncertainties without prior constraints.


The localized faults of rolling bearings can be diagnosed by the extraction of the impulsive feature. However, the approximately periodic impulses may be submerged in strong interferences generated by other components and the background noise. To address this issue, this paper explores a new impulsive feature extraction method based on the sparse representation. According to the vibration model of an impulse generated by the bearing fault, a novel impulsive wavelet is constructed, which satisfies the admissibility condition. As a result, this family of model-based impulsive wavelets can form a Parseval frame. With the model-based impulsive wavelet basis and Fourier basis, a convex optimization problem is formulated to extract the repetitive impulses. Based on the splitting idea, an iterative thresholding shrinkage algorithm is proposed to solve this problem, and it has a fast convergence rate. Via the simulated signal and real vibration signals with bearing fault information, the performance of the proposed approach for repetitive impulsive feature extraction is validated and compared with the noted spectral kurtosis method, the optimized spectral kurtosis method based on simulated annealing, and the resonance-based signal decomposition method. The results demonstrate its advantage and superiority in weak repetitive transient feature extraction.


Tetracycline (TC) is a widely known antibiotic used worldwide to treat animals. Its residues in animal-origin foods cause adverse health effects to consumers. Low-cost and real-time measuring systems of TC in food samples are, therefore, extremely needed. In this work, a three-electrode sensitive and label-free sensor was developed to detect TC residues from milk and meat extract samples, using CO2 laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) used as a synthetic biorecognition element. LIG was patterned on a polyimide (PI) substrate, reaching a minimum sheet resistance (Rsh) of 17.27 ± 1.04 Ω/sq. The o-phenylenediamine (oPD) monomer and TC template were electropolymerized on the surface of the LIG working electrode to form the MIP. Surface morphology and electrochemical techniques were used to characterize the formation of LIG and to confirm each modification step. The sensitivity of the sensor was evaluated by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), leading to a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.32 nM, 0.85 nM, and 0.80 nM in buffer, milk, and meat extract samples, respectively, with a working range of 5 nM to 500 nM and a linear response range between 10 nM to 300 nM. The sensor showed good LOD (0.32 nM), reproducibility, and stability, and it can be used as an alternative system to detect TC from animal-origin food products.


The problem of multipath channel and DC-offset estimation in communications systems is addressed. The recently proposed data-dependent superimposed training is extended to include DC-offset estimation. Optimal design of the known superimposed sequence is also derived. The proposed pilot assisted method is compared to the conventional superimposed and time-division multiplexed training schemes.


In this study, we aim to investigate the effects of electroacupuncture on the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia. Male Wistar rat of SPF grade (weighing 200 ± 20 g) were randomly divided into (i): sham control group, which was subjected to sham operation (ii) vehicle group, which underwent the occlusion of middle cerebral artery; (iii-v): acupuncture groups, which were subjected to the occlusion of middle cerebral artery and treated with acupuncture on the Neiguan acupoint (P6), Quchi acupoint (LI11), and Diji acupoint (SP8), respectively. HE staining was performed to detect the necrotic rate of neurons. Mediators of inflammation were measured using ELISA. Immunofluorescence was performed to measure the expression of TLR4, HMGB1, TRAF6, IKKβ and NF-κB p65 in microglia. Severe decrease was noticed in the neurological score, necrotic rates of neuron, expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TLR4, HMGB1, TRAF6, IKKβ and NF-κB p65 in microglia. Compared with the vehicle group, significant decrease was revealed in the neurological score, necrotic rate, IL-1β, TLR4, TRAF6, IKKβ and NF-κB p65 in Neiguan group and Quchi group, respectively. In addition, remarkable decrease was observed in the expression of TNF-α and IL-6 in Quchi group. Compared with the Diji group, the necrotic rate of neurons in hippocampus region was significantly decreased in the Quchi group (P < 0.05). In Neiguan group, the expression of TLR4 and IKKβ was significantly attenuated (P < 0.05). The expression of TRAF6 was remarkably decreased in the Neiguan group and Quchi group, respectively. Electroacupuncture on Neiguan and Quchi could improve the neurological injury, attenuate the inflammation, and inhibit the activity of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in microglia.


Seventy-seven animal isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) obtained from the United States were analyzed by phage typing and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Thirty-nine strains were found with phage types (PT) 4, 8, and 13a. When the chromosomal DNA of these 39 isolated strains with PT4, 8, and 13a were digested with XbaI, SpeI and NotI, followed by PFGE analysis, 28 strains were found with a pattern combination of X4S4N4, which was the major subtype. When PFGE patterns of the US isolates with PT 4 and 8 were compared with those of the Taiwanese and German isolates, pattern X3S3N3 was confirmed to be the world-wide subtype shared by PT 4 isolates, as previously reported, while pattern X4S4N4 was newly found to be the most common subtype shared by PT 8 strains. The presence of such major world-wide clones, however, does not necessarily mean that these clones are highly virulent, at least not according to the results of invasiveness assays using cultured human intestinal epithelium cell line Int-407 and living BALB/mice.


Although the aging literature suggests that there are many paths to later life adjustment, there have been few empirical attempts to identify different patterns of adaptation, or their relation to adaptive outcome. As a way to identify patterns of socioemotional functioning in later life associated with physical hardiness, a cluster analysis was applied to 11 measures of socioemotional functioning in a large sample (N = 1,085) of older adults (65-86 years). Ten subgroups were extracted, with clusters of individuals being primarily defined by social network variables, religious characteristics, and emotion profiles. Groups were then compared on a measure of physical hardiness. Patterns of adaptation characterized by high levels of negative emotions tended to represent less hardy adaptation, although there were nonetheless some patterns of noteworthy exception. In contrast, however, patterns of adaptation characterized by religiosity were typically associated with greater hardiness. Finally, physical hardiness was not exclusively the province of individuals exhibiting close social networks, with some groups high in connectedness being less likely to report high hardiness.


Purpose: To describe weight status and physical activity levels of children with chronic health conditions and factors associated with high body mass index. Methods: Descriptive statistics and regression analysis were performed on data from a sample of third graders with and without chronic health conditions. Results: Children with asthma, sensory and physical disabilities were at greater risk than peers for overweight status. Children with chronic health conditions watched more television than peers, and their parents reported poorer physical and mental health. Higher body mass index was associated with physical inactivity, Hispanic ethnicity and living in urban areas, more nonparental care arrangements, fewer siblings, low socioeconomic status, increased television viewing, asthma, and poor parental mental and physical health. Conclusions: Results support family-centered care for all children with chronic health conditions, and interventions to increase physical activity in children with asthma, sensory, and physical disabilities.


Abstract During the Storm Transfer and Response Experiment, radiosondes were simultaneously tracked by radar and Navaid windfinding systems on the Canadian weathership in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Comparisons have been made for 48 ascents during the period 2 November-13 December 1980. It was found that there was generally good agreement between the wind profiles from the two systems. The mean differences (between components at 1 min intervals after a 4 min running-mean smoothing) varied with height but were usually less than 1 m s−1. Averaged over all data pairs, the differences were about 0.3 m s−1 with a standard deviation of 1.7 m s−1. It was concluded that the two systems compare well within acceptable limits.


Objective: Decisions about whether children who have sustained a traumatic brain injury are ready to transition from a medical facility to home and school life requires insight into their cognitive status. This study evaluates whether orientation to time, place, and self (Ox3) serves as sufficient indicator of general cognitive status to support such decisions. Design: Participants with and without TBI were administered the PTBI in one to three individual testing sessions. Performance on Ox3 items were compared between groups, as well as performance on subtests representing broader cognitive and linguistic skills. Setting: Pediatric brain injury in patient acute and rehab units. Participants: Twenty-eight children with TBI (18 male, 10 female) between the ages of 6 and 16 years of age served as participants. Of these, 12 were initially classified as severe, 6 moderate, and 10 mild on the Glasgow Coma Scale. Interventions: NA Main Outcome Measures: The Pediatric Test of Brain Injury (PTBI) is a criterion-referenced, standardized test designed to measure neurocognitive, language and literacy abilities in children recovering from brain injury. The entire test, including its Orientation subtest, was administered to participants during the acute phase of recovery (within 3 months of injury). Results: Despite no differences between the TBI and control group on the Orientation subtests, deficits occurred in other cognitive-linguistic domains that are relevant to functioning outside medical and rehabilitation environments. Furthermore, even neurologically-normal children sometimes failed some Ox3 items. Conclusion: The findings on Orientation items from the PTBI indicates that caution is warranted in applying the "Ox3" standard for evaluating cognitive status to a pediatric TBI population.


In this work, the heterostructures of Au nanoparticles loaded on 3D flower-like α-Fe2O3 (Au NPs/α-Fe2O3) as a platform and core-shell CdSe@CdS quantum dots sensitized graphene oxide (GO/CdSe@CdS QDs) as a signal amplification label were established in an ultrasensitive sandwich-type photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunosensor based on the "signal-on" type amplification method for detection of amyloid β-protein (Aβ). Specifically, the ultrahigh sensitivity of the proposed immunosensor came from two main properties. First, Au NPs/α-Fe2O3 could partially absorb visible-light, which dramatically promotes electron transfer because of the excellent conductivity of Au NPs, and effectively inhibits the electron-hole recombination, thanks to the effect of heterostructures. Second, the signal-on type is based on the signal amplification label of GO/CdSe@CdS QDs which on adequate absorption of visible-light can improve generation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs effectively. Under optimal conditions, the well-prepared PEC immunosensor exhibited a low detection limit of 0.02 pg mL-1 and a wide linear range from 0.06 pg mL-1 to 350 ng mL-1 for Aβ detection. Meanwhile, it also presented good reproducibility, specificity, and stability and might open a new promising pathway for detection of other important biomarkers.


71 technology feature eological models are usually used qualitatively in seismic interpretation. This paper illustrates that quantitative representations of detailed geological models can significantly enhance seismic attribute interpretation through facies classification. When applying seismic attribute classification to reservoir facies mapping, one often faces such typical questions as: ■ Which attributes should be used as input to classification? ■ How many classes should be used in the unsupervised classification method? ■ How many levels of hierarchy should be selected in the hierarchical classification method? ■ Does the seismic facies correspond to the geological facies? ■ How can attribute-derived facies models be validated? There are no unique and easy answers to the above questions. In this study, we aim to create a more accurate representation of the reservoir by using 3D synthetic Earth models to guide seismic attribute classification. We consider a channellized reservoir for which seismic attribute analysis has proven to be very useful, but results can be difficult to interpret. The next section describes a 3D stratigraphic modelling approach for the channellized reservoir. The major channel components and parameterizations are illustrated with examples. This is followed by a summary of seismic attribute analysis and classification workflow applied to a synthetic seismic volume. Results of attribute classifications using a self-organized map (SOM) (Kohonen, 1989) and waveform correlation maps are compared in relation to different input attributes and classification parameters. The lessons learned from this synthetic example are summarized and the selection of attributes for facies classification is discussed. There are several computer-based methods to build 3D reservoir model flow simulations, such as object-based methods or cell-based geostatistical methods (Dubrule and Damsleth, 2001). However, none of these methods are able to reproduce stratigraphic heterogeneity patterns at sub-seismic scale, which can be major controlling factors for fluid flow and spatial variations of acoustic properties. In this paper we report a new modelling method to generate 3D stratigraphic architectures of channellized reservoirs. The method is an extension of the bedding structure modelling method developed by Wen et al. (1998) and is being further developed in the SBED Joint Industrial led by Geomodeling Technology. The stratigraphic features within channellized reservoirs to be modelled in this study are below the resolution limit of conventional seismic data. The cell size is about 20 x 20 x 1 m 3. At such a modelling scale, detailed geological features must be modelled, based on their formation process so that …


This paper presents a detailed investigation of the factors controlling site selectivity in the Pd-mediated oxidative coupling of 1,3-disubstituted and 1,2,3-trisubstituted arenes (aryl-H) with cyclometalating substrates (L~C-H). The influence of both the concentration and the steric/electronic properties of the quinone promoter are studied in detail. In addition, the effect of steric/electronic modulation of the carboxylate ligand is discussed. Finally, we demonstrate that substitution of the carboxylate for a carbonate X-type ligand leads to a complete reversal in site selectivity for many arene substrates. The origins of these trends in site selectivity are discussed in the context of the mechanism of Pd-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling.


Purpose
Granular corneal dystrophy type 2 (GCD2) is caused by a point mutation (R124H) in the TGF-β-induced gene (TGFBI). However, the mechanisms underlying the accumulation of TGF-β-induced protein (TGFBIp) are poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the signaling cascade affecting the expression of TGFBIp using patient-derived cells.

Methods
Keratocyte primary cultures were prepared from corneas from the eye bank or from heterozygous or homozygous patients with GCD2 after penetrating or lamellar keratoplasty. GCD2 diagnoses were based on the results of a DNA analysis for the R124H TGFβI mutation. Keratocytes were treated with various cytokines and then analyzed using quantitative PCR (qPCR) array, qPCR, flow cytometry, ELISA, and Western blotting.

Results
TGFBI expression was counterregulated by IL-7 in corneal fibroblasts. IL-7 expression was significantly reduced in corneal fibroblasts from patients with GCD2. TGF-β and TGFBI expression were reduced on IL-7 treatment in corneal fibroblasts. Interestingly, the interplay between TGF-β and IL-7 was regulated by the RANKL/RANK signaling cascade. Also, IL-7 regulates the expression of a membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP), which plays a crucial role in migration and neovascularization in the cornea.

Conclusions
These studies demonstrate that impaired IL-7 expression in patients with GCD2 affects disease pathogenesis via a failure to control TGF-β expression. The RANKL/RANK axis regulates TGF-β and TGFBI expression via IL-7-mediated MT-MMP regulation in corneal fibroblasts. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of GCD2.


Many educators, students, parents and other taxpayers rely on the perception that literacy is some narrowly defined ideal, and that students must all conform to that ideal to become successful, (in other words) productive citizens. Sharon Crowley posits two ways of thinking about texts. In one, texts are discursive bits produced to engender more texts; they are produced to quell the desire for expression and are of worth because they reflect students' experiences and personalities. In the other, texts represent absolute values, an ideal, requiring conventions of style such as punctuation, tone and attribution. As they prepare their students for standardized tests, current-traditional teachers see student writing in the second way, as enabling students to emulate some externally mandated form of writing. Unfortunately, these practices not only discriminate against those students whose subculture does not prepare them to follow conventions of the mainstream but also breed false notions about the purposes of writing among all students. At some point, writing for students in this system ceases to have meaning; it is about filling space. An alternative to the standarized test approach would be portfolio assessments, for which students would revise a collection of their best work; it would further notions of writing aligned with Crowley's first definition. (Contains 13 references.) (TB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. * ***********************************************************************


The paper aims to establish planning elements of planned-ecovillages, and analyze the cognizance of residents as well as experts" evaluation so as to examine the awareness of actual residents. The planned-ecovillage allows residents to participate in the organization of the ecovillage to the construction stage. Unlike general ecovillages, planned-ecovillages have a difference as they introduce planning elements by autonomous decision-making through discussions and meetings among residents. The present age is at its turning point. While a fatal impact to human life, including energy shortage and environmental pollution are expected, we may be able to suggest an alternative solution and triggered the initiation, such as a future-oriented ecovillage that enables environmentally-friendly and sustainable living, namely planned-ecovillages.


CW Doppler, pulsed Doppler and correlation sonar are often dealt with as solitary acoustic profiling techniques. From a view-point of instrumentation, this is quite understandable, since each method is based on different data acquisition concepts. However, looking at acoustic profiling from a signal processing point of view, numerous similarities manifest themselves. Basically acoustic Doppler techniques evaluate the rate of phase change within the return of a transmitted signal and differences between Doppler methods merely arise from the fact that this phase change evaluation is carried out in different "data domains". Regarding acoustic Doppler on such a wave theoretical basis offers a clear and unified approach in the evaluation of different acoustic current profiling techniques: based on a single theoretical model, we can evaluate a wide range of applications. This is illustrated by discussing the hardware concepts of a current profiler, currently under construction at the Institute of Applied Physics TNO.


When accidents occur, citizens often are the real first responders. This has been acknowledged and studied from an international perspective, particularly in relation to large crises and disasters, but remains relatively unstudied from a Swedish perspective. This thesis takes its point of departure from people who have been emergency callers or witnesses to traffic accidents, studying their actions and interactions at the scene of an accident in terms of boundaries, positioning and emergence. The aim of this thesis is to study how people's actions in a specific situation are affected by their interactions with both real and imagined others and how their actions are affected by the spatial context. The thesis consists of four individual studies that relate differently to the main aim of the thesis. The first study focuses on first responders' options to act in a place that simultaneously is the workplace of emergency personnel: the incident site. This study shows how first responders' options to act are governed in large part by their interaction with emergency personnel and their boundary practices at the incident site. In this study, we apply theories of boundary practices from Nippert-Eng and the concept of boundary work from Gieryn to explain how emergency personnel control their place of work through boundary practices and through that process control those first responders who are present at the site. In other words, people's actions at the incident site are affected by both the social and the spatial context. The second study focuses on a limited selection of first responders: those who have placed emergency calls. Through interviews with callers and transcriptions of their emergency calls, this study explores how the callers frame their decision to stop and place the call through different presentations of self. These presentations are constructed through moral positioning, in which the callers position themselves and their actions in relation to both real and imagined others. Thus, the callers also construct normative accounts of what is considered a "preferable" and "non-preferable" way to act at the scene of an accident. The third study takes its point of departure from theories and previous research on emergence because they have been used by disaster sociologists to explain how citizens are the real first responders to crises and disasters. Through the concepts of emergent behavior and emergent norms, papers in this research field have argued that people in these situations act according to "new and not-yet-institutionalized behavior guidelines". In this study, I argue that emergence, in other words, citizens as the real first responders, is also present in everyday emergencies. Through the narratives of citizen first responders, I explore how they frame their actions through different normative narratives. These normative narratives are not necessarily emergent, however. Rather, the interviewees use past experience and presentations of self to justify their actions at the scene of an accident. The fourth study is an ethnographic reflection of the researcher's place-bounded identity in a field study that revolves around several different places. Rather than focusing on a story of first responders, this study focuses on the researcher's, i.e., my own, story from the scene of an accident, the fire truck and the fire station. What I have been able to study through these different studies are stories of actions rather than "actual" actions or behaviors. In these stories, it becomes clear that first responders relate to both a social and spatial context as they provide accounts of their actions at the scene of an accident. They relate to a social context because they frame their actions through their interactions with different actors and position themselves in relation to those actors—and in relation to a spatial context. That is, they perform their actions in a place that is someone else's place of work, with jurisdictional claims of both legitimacy and control. In summary, this thesis contributes a deeper knowledge of how citizen first responders interpret, understand and tell the story of their actions at the scene of an accident. The contribution considers the fact that citizen first responders are something of a "blind spot", not only in the field of emergency research but also for emergency personnel who do not always acknowledge the experience of first responders at the scene of accidents.


The present state of the solid-phase method of peptide synthesis is considered, its advantages and disadvantages are analysed, and the trends in and prospects of its further development are described. Attention has been concentrated on problems of improving polymeric carriers, of obtaining aminoacyl polymers, and also the problem of the formation of erroneous sequences in solid-phase peptide synthesis. The bibliography includes 376 references.


We present a duality principle for the Legendre transform that yields the shortest path between the graphs of functions and embodies the underlying Nash equilibrium. A useful feature of the algorithm for the shortest path obtained in this way is that its implementation has a local character in the sense that it is applicable at any point in the domain with no reference to calculations made earlier or elsewhere. The derived results are applied to optimal stopping games of Brownian motion and difiusion processes where the duality principle corresponds to the semiharmonic characterisation of the value function.


The couple's relationship is the interpersonal relationship of the psychological level, so the interaction of information exchange is related to the matter of privacy (affection) so that thoughts and feelings are expressed in an over disclosure. Self-disclosure at the beginning of the relationship includes general messages not revealing privacy to penetrate relationships. Entering intimate stages of eruptions and disclosure of over disclosure can lead to a connection to penetration due to conflicting differences. The presence of couples conflict is effectively managed to keep the couple alive for a happy life, because each party in a familiar partner relationship aims to minimize suffering and maximize happiness. Conflict pair can give positive effect also negative effect. Negative outcomes: weakening relationships can erode satisfaction and commitment in relationships, undermine cohesion and work performance, increase anxiety and depression, and weaken the immune system. Positive effects of conflict if managed effectively include: preventing stagnation, stimulating interest, atmosphere, and solving problems, shaping identity, and allowing for change. The significance of communication is presented as the main approach in conflict resolution. Communication skills are the most important aspect of responding to conflict effectively.


The Logatchev hydrothermal field at 14°45′N on the MAR is characterized by gas plumes that are enriched in methane and helium compared to the oceanic background. We investigated CH4 concentration and δ13C together with δ3He in the water column of that region. These data and turbidity measurements indicate that apart from the known vent fields, another vent site exists northeast of the vent field Logatchev 1. The distribution of methane and 3He concentrations along two sections were used in combination with current measurements from lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers (LADCP) to calculate the horizontal plume fluxes of these gases. According to these examinations 0.02 μmol s−1 of 3He and 0.21 mol s−1 of methane are transported in a plume that flows into a southward direction in the central part of the valley. Based on 3He measurements of vent fluid (22 ± 6 pM), we estimate a total vent flux in this region of about 900 L s−1 and a total flux of CH4 of 3.2 mol s−1.


Social interaction ability is a part of the social development which is important to be developed early, with good social interaction ability, children will be able to cooperate, sharing, respect and help other people. The stimulation of the child's social interaction ability can be done by implementing an innocative and appropriate learning models, one of them is a project-based learning model.The purpose of this research is to determine the difference the social interaction ability on children aged 5-6 years be examined the project-based learning model implementation in Dharma Wanita Bumimulyo Kindergarten Batangan District Pati Regency. This research is using pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest types design. The sampling technique using purposive sampling with Dharma Wanita Bumimulyo Kindergarten as the experimental group. Based on the hypothesis testing results of this study, obtained a value of tcount amounting -22.148 with sig value (2-tailed) 0.000 < 0.05, which means that there is a significant differences between the pretest and posttest. So, Ha is accepted or there is a difference between before and after treatment with project-based learning model in the experimental group.


The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is the most well-known problem in combinatorial optimization which has been studied for many decades. This paper focuses on dealing with one of the most difficult TSP variants named the quadratic traveling salesman problem (QTSP) that has numerous planning applications in robotics and bioinformatics. The goal of QTSP is similar to TSP which finds a cycle visiting all nodes exactly once with minimum total costs. However, the costs in QTSP are associated with three vertices traversed in succession (instead of two like in TSP). This leads to a quadratic objective function that is much harder to solve. To efficiently solve the problem, we propose a hybrid genetic algorithm including a local search procedure for intensification and a new mutation operator for diversification. The local search is composed of a restricted double-bridge move (a variant of 4-Opt); and we show the neighborhood can be evaluated in O(n^2), the same complexity as for the classical TSP. The mutation phase is inspired by a ruin-and-recreate scheme. Experimental results conducted on benchmark instances show that our method significantly outperforms state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of solution quality. Out of 800 considered instances, it finds 437 new best-known solutions.


This paper examines the probative capacity of accounting records as explicated in the accounting literature of early-modern Spain. Several early examples of Hispanic legal texts constitute the principal sources. The chief findings to emerge from this study are that legal requirements greatly influenced accounting forms and procedure during this period and that Castilian jurisprudence encompassed a theory and standards of evidence to guide the use of accounting records as evidential matter.


Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a potent lipid mediator in a diverse range of biological processes. This study examined the hypertrophic effect of PGE2 in primary cultured rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. PGE2 increased total protein synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, as measured by [3H]-phenylalanine uptake. PGE2 increased the cell size and surface area and induced the reorganization of myofilaments. Phosphorylation of the p42/44 and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) was also induced by PGE2, and U0126 [a mitogen-activated extracellular signal regulated kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor] significantly inhibited the PGE2-induced protein synthesis. Expression of the hypertrophic marker genes, atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide, was increased by PGE2, but expression of the α-skeletal actin gene was significantly attenuated. Transcripts for all 4 PGE2 receptor subtypes (EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4) were detected in the cardiomyocytes. AE3-208 (an EP4-selective antagonist) significantly inhibited the α-skeletal actin gene suppression induced by PGE2, whereas SC51322 (an EP1-selective antagonist) did not. In conclusion, PGE2 induced hypertrophic changes in cardiomyocytes and attenuated α-skeletal actin gene expression in part via EP4.


After 12 years of outstanding growth, submissions to Molecular Ecology continue to rise. At the time of writing (November 2003), we estimate we will receive ca 800 and ca 300 submissions in 2003 for Molecular Ecology and Molecular Ecology Notes , respectively. These represent increases of ca 10% for both journals, compared to last year. The days of 25% annual increases may be receding, but there is no doubt the journals continue to increase in popularity amongst authors. Several factors appear to contribute to the continued growth. First, the research area is still expanding, partly as a consequence of new methods and theory, but also because of increasing recognition amongst organismal biologists that some of the major questions in ecology and evolution may yield to molecular study. Second, Molecular Ecology is increasingly recognized as the premier venue for publications in this field. Indeed, the ISI citation impact factor for Molecular Ecology of 3.014 places it eighth among ecology journals publishing primary research articles. Finally, Molecular Ecology has established a well-deserved reputation as among the most rapidly published journals in ecology, with time from submission to publication averaging just over 7 months.


The local Wigner-Ville distribution (LWVD) extends the Cohen's class time-frequency distributions (TFD) by the definition of a kernel for each time-frequency point (local kernel). The subject of the paper is the determination of these local kernels for interference reduction. Starting from the simple idea of the local limitation of the Wigner-Ville TFD integral bounds, a method is presented to estimate these limits and to obtain a reduced interference TFD. The effectiveness for interference reduction of this LWVD, especially when compared to global-kernel methods, is shown using example signals.


This paper takes the first systematic look at how prior experience by US firms in filing US AD petitions affects future AD filing activity and outcomes. Such prior experience may affect both the cost of filing petitions, as well as the likelihood of successful outcomes and dumping margin magnitudes. Statistical analysis of data on US AD cases finds that prior AD experience leads to greater filing activity and likelihood of affirmative decisions or suspension agreements, but significantly lower dumping margins. The latter result suggests that experience does not affect dumping margins as much as it lowers filing costs, leading to petitioning of weaker cases.


OBJECTIVE
The interface between primary care and hospital care is the main divide in the delivery of health care. The aim of this study was to assess the opinion of general practitioners (GPs) on the quality of service provided by hospitals and their relationships with hospital teams.

METHODS
Self-administered questionnaires were mailed to GPs belonging to the Grenoble University Hospital health territory.

RESULTS
Among the 778 GPs included in the study, 327 (42%) returned an evaluable questionnaire. The overall satisfaction score was 55.5/100. The indicator for care delivered to patients obtained the highest mean score (66/100), followed by indicators for continuity of care (45/100) and access to health care (43.9/100). Lowest scores were obtained for the discharge summary (35.9/100) and preparation of hospital discharge (29.3/100). GPs were critical about their relationships with hospital physicians, particularly concerning the difficulty of contacting hospital physicians (20.2% of favourable opinions). They were dissatisfied with the time required to obtain information (17.1%) and considered that hospital physicians did not allow them to be actively involved in decisions concerning their patients (4.6%).

CONCLUSION
Communication between GPs and hospital physician was unsatisfactory. This study proposes ways of improving the interface between hospital and primary care.


Across a range of mammalian species, early developmental variations in fear-related behaviors constrain patterns of anxious behavior throughout life. Individual differences in anxiety among rodents and non-human primates have been shown to reflect early-life influences of genes and the environment on brain circuitry. However, in humans, the manner in which genes and the environment developmentally shape individual differences in anxiety and associated brain circuitry remains poorly specified. The current review presents a conceptual framework that facilitates clinical research examining developmental influences on brain circuitry and anxiety. Research using threat-exposure paradigms might most directly integrate basic and clinical perspectives on pediatric anxiety.


A numerical study was conducted on the influence of turbulence intensity and Reynolds number on the mean topology and transition characteristics of flow separation to provide better understanding of the unsteady jet flow of turboelectric distributed propulsion (TeDP) aircraft. By solving unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) equation based on C-type structural mesh and γ - Re ˜ θ t transition model, the aerodynamic characteristics of the NACA0012 airfoil at different turbulence intensities was calculated and compared with the experimental results, which verifies the reliability of the numerical method. Then, the effects of varied low Reynolds numbers and turbulence intensities on the aerodynamic performance of NACA0012 and SD7037 were investigated. The results show that higher turbulence intensity or Reynolds number leads to more stable airfoil aerodynamic performance, larger stalling angle, and earlier transition with a different mechanism. The generation and evolution of the laminar separation bubble (LSB) are closely related to Reynolds number, and it would change the effective shape of the airfoil, having a big influence on the airfoil's aerodynamic characteristics. Compared with the symmetrical airfoil, the low-Reynolds-number airfoil can delay the occurrence of flow separation and produce more lift in the same conditions, which provides guidance for further airfoil design under TeDP jet flow.


Mycophenolate use in dermatology is growing due to its reputation as a steroid‐sparing agent with a favourable side‐effect profile. However, there are limited data on the efficacy and tolerability of mycophenolate for many dermatological indications. We conducted a retrospective clinical audit in 33 dermatology patients who had received mycophenolate at our institution between April 2010 and January 2012. The top indication was pyoderma gangrenosum (14 patients) followed by atopic dermatitis (seven patients). Overall 70 per cent of patients showed some benefit from mycophenolate treatment, with 12 per cent failing to respond. Side‐effects were experienced by 45 per cent of patients, two of whom had serious side‐effects. Female sex appears to be a risk factor for adverse effects. We conclude that although mycophenolate is a promising agent across a variety of dermatological conditions, further randomised controlled trials are required.


Conflicts of selection on diaspore traits throughout the dispersal cycle can limit the evolutionary consequences of seed dispersal. However, these conflicts have never been investigated in directed dispersal systems. We explored conflicts of selection through life stages of dispersal in the myrmecochorous herb Helleborus foetidus. Seeds are subject to two contrasting partial selective scenarios. Undispersed seeds are subject to positive directional selection on seed size characters, whereas seeds dispersed are subject to stabilizing selection for size. In both scenarios, seedling establishment determined the magnitude and direction of selection. This does not reflect ant preferences for seed size. However, total selection still depends largely on ant activity, as ants control the relative importance of each selective scenario. We advocate the use of analytical approaches combining multiplicative fitness and microenvironment‐specific selection to more realistically estimate the realized selection on traits functional during several life stages. This approach may be extended to any organism dispersing offspring to different environments.


The gill performs many functions in fish, such as respiration, osmoregulation and excretion. Galvanizing industry effluent induces hispathological changes in gills of Heteropneustes fossilis like lifting of respiratory epithelium, fusion of gill lamellae, multiple telangiecetasis and appearance of haemorrhagic areas. These indicate highly toxic nature of the effluent.


The size of the human pupil is controlled by pairs of constrictor and dilator muscles that allow its opening (dilation) and closing (constriction) in response to varying lighting conditions (Mathôt, 2018). Importantly, it has long been known that the pupil also reacts to psychological important stimuli (Hess & Polt, 1960) and has been a firmly established tool for studying "mental effort" in the research kit of psychologists for many decades (Laeng, Sirois, & Gredebäck, 2012). More recently, pupil-size has been linked to the norepinephrinergic (NE) system originating from area locus coeruleus (LC) in the brainstem (Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005), a link that has been substantiated experimentally by direct recordings in the brainstem of monkeys (Joshi, Li, Kalwani, & Gold, 2016). This finding of a correlation between NE activity in the brainstem and pupil-dilation has opened the way for researchers investigating the relationship between the LC-NE system and many cognitive functions, such as cognitive control (Gilzenrat, Nieuwenhuis, Jepma, & Cohen, 2010) and mind wandering (Mittner, Hawkins, Boekel, & Forstmann, 2016). Advancing this emerging field requires the decomposition of the pupillometric signal into tonic (baseline) and phasic (response) components that relate to different processing regimes of the LC-NE system.


Author(s): Henderikx Freitas, Fernanda | Advisor(s): Siegel, David A | Abstract: This dissertation examines the variability of physical and bio-optical properties in the Southern California Bight over various time and space scales. The research is divided into three chapters, and each chapter was written mostly as stand-alone pieces. An abstract is presented for each, and Tables, Figures and Appendices that support the text are shown at the end of each specific chapter. A list of all the references used in the text is shown at the end of the dissertation.In Chapter One, "Assessing controls on cross-shelf phytoplankton and suspended particle distributions", an underwater glider was used to "super-sample" the inner and mid-shelf Santa Barbara Channel (from 20 to 70m depth), providing data in detail never before observed. Highly resolved glider data in time and depth for a 4km long section perpendicular to the coast allowed answering questions such as: what is the space-time distribution of bio-optical properties (specifically phytoplankton and sediments) in the inner/mid-shelf SBC? And, what are the main controls on the variability of these properties? Six glider missions were completed, sampling a wide range of environmental conditions (e.g. upwelling, highly stratified, large blooms, small blooms, intense mixing). A storm event was also captured by the glider, providing a unique view of its evolution and effect on bio-optical properties. This confirmed the importance of instruments such as gliders in sampling events that are normally missed by ships and satellites. The data allowed characterizing the coastal zone in terms of surface, bottom and intermediate nepheloid layers of various compositions that evolve according to specific stratification conditions. Winds, precipitation, waves, and surface currents were used to infer some of the drivers of the variability. Waves were found as the main controls on sediment re-suspension during the storm mission, and advection processes were related to local changes in phytoplankton abundances. Unique examples of high-frequency events, such as the cross-shore propagation of a phytoplankton patch, the interaction between tides and sediment re-suspension and the co-evolution of phytoplankton and non-biogenic materials in similar portions of the water column – determining the complexity of the coastal ocean - are shown and discussed. In Chapter Two, "Transport and Fate of heat, salt, oxygen and particles in the innershelf Santa Barbara Channel, CA", the capabilities of the glider dataset are explored even further to ask questions that are in the very core of the studies in upwelling environments: How important is the cross-shelf exchange of materials to the health of nearshore ecosystems? Is the innershelf a source or a sink for particles/heat/salt? Is the nearshore zone net autotrophic or net heterotrophic? Do source/sink patterns change over time? Although the glider was not equipped with velocity meters, this study takes advantage of the Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler moored at the 10m isobath just North of the shallowest glider observations to provide depth-resolved velocity estimates for the calculations of biogeochemical fluxes across the innershelf. Despite large uncertainties, interesting patterns of the nearshore zone acting as a source or sink for phytoplankton, sediments and oxygen are observed for the different missions. Nonetheless, this study shows the feasibility of using depth-resolved instruments to assess cross-shore transport of biogeochemical properties, and provides insights into how an experiment should be designed to properly obtain those fluxes estimates in the future.Chapter Three, "Satellite assessments of particulate matter and phytoplankton variations in the Santa Maria Basin and Southern California Bight", takes a larger scale approach to determine what drives bio-optical variability in the Southern California Bight and Santa Maria Basin. This study took advantage of the now more than 13 years worth of quality optical imagery from SeaWiFS, MODIS and MERIS sensors, which were spectrally merged using a bio-optical algorithm to increase space-time coverage. 8-day composites and 2-km pixel sizes were used in the analysis, allowing the observation of weekly to seasonal and inter-annual changes in bio-optical properties, as well as long-term trends. Controls on chlorophyll distribution were different in different portions of the domain, indicating the importance of regional scale upwelling and larger scale changes in circulation patterns in determining productivity. Controls on backscatter far from shore mimicked the observed for chlorophyll. Near the coast, however, changes in backscatter were shown to be modulated by waves throughout the seasons and, episodically, by the large discharge events associated with El Nino conditions.


In "Prophesy, Public Theology, and Questions of Justice: Some Modest Reflections," which is a contribution to a recent symposium on "The Question of Religious Freedom: From John Courtney Murray, SJ and Vatican II to the Present," Professor Sullivan argues that Murray was an important contributor to the work of Vatican II and the development of American public theology, but that his contribution may sometimes be overstated, partly because the contributions of other important voices are minimized and partly because some erroneously view Catholicism in overly monolithic terms, thereby overlooking the rich historical diversity of Catholic thought concerning political freedom and democracy. Professor Sullivan also questions the lacuna that exists in Murray's thought with respect to some of the most salient features of public life in the United States at that time, especially the then-growing awareness of the immorality of racism and its fundamental inconsistency with principles of liberal democracy. Critiquing Murray's seminal work, We Hold These Truths: Catholic Reflections of the American Proposition, Professor Sullivan argues that, "racism continued to be a central feature of 'the American proposition.' For that reason, it is difficult today to read Murray's work without being struck by the virtual absence of any discussion of racial segregation, racial prejudice, or the practical exclusion of African Americans from meaningful participation in the political life of the country." Given this seemingly inexplicable omission, Professor Sullivan suggests that we need to be mindful of the possibility that "public theology may have more in common with politics than with prophesy." His paper invites a more inclusive reading of social injustice to sharpen moral judgments for the sake of fostering necessary and just legal change.


Biological structural composites such as bones, teeth and mollusc shells exhibit unique architectures that find few counterparts among man‐made materials. Combining the rich chemistry of synthetic systems with the intricate structural design principles of biological composites should lead to materials exhibiting unprecedented properties. In this chapter, we briefly discuss some of these natural design principles and present recent attempts to apply them in synthetic systems using engineered processing routes. Although these synthetic processing methods greatly differ from the biomineralization processes undertaken by living organisms, several have proven effective in assembling structures that replicate some of nature's design principles. The examples presented here are meant to illustrate the enormous potential a bio‐inspired approach has towards the development of enhanced and unusual synthetic composites.


Abstract Vineyard geology—bedrock and overlying soils—is widely supposed to help explain the typicity of wine from a particular area, though there has been little analysis of how this might come about. Such an evaluation is attempted here. Geology does underpin some of the physical parameters that affect vine performance, but in an indirect way and the factors are commonly manipulated artificially. A direct geochemical influence on wine flavour is widely inferred but remains undemonstrated. The popular model of nutrients being taken up by the vine and persisting to be tasted in the finished wine is untenable. The amounts that reach the fermenting must are minuscule, bear little relation to the substrate composition, and can be further complicated by contamination and fining. In the final wine these inorganic nutrients normally exist in concentrations far below human recognition thresholds and are 'swamped' by the organic secondary metabolites that do dominate wine flavour. Hence, any geochemical influence, like that of the physical factors, has to be highly complex and indirect. The notion of being able to taste the vineyard geology in the wine—a goût de terroir—is a romantic notion which makes good journalistic copy and is manifestly a powerful marketing tactic, but it is wholly anecdotal and in any literal way is scientifically impossible. Thus critical evaluation leads to the conclusion that the role of geology tends to be exaggerated.


BACKGROUNDUnleashing the full potential of cancer immunotherapy is hampered by a lack of effective in vitro testing methods. 2D cultured cells poorly reflect the in vivo situation and lack the tumour microenvironment whereas humanized animal models are slow, have low throughput and are expensive. 3D cultures, on the other hand, more faithfully reproduce the organization of a tissue, recapitulating the cell-cell connections and cellular heterogeneity found in the tumour and allow for a cost-efficient testing of drug candidates. To address the unmet need of immunotherapy cancer drug developers for robust assays that incorporate the human immune system, with functional read-outs in a high throughput (384well plate) format, we developed an in vitro platform based on 3D co-cultures of cancer tumoroids and immune cells. This assay is designed to test the capacity of small molecules, bi-specific antibodies, checkpoint modulators, vaccines and combinations of thereof to enhance anti-cancer immune responses. METHODSCancer cells of different sources were grown in a hydrogel to form tumoroids and then HLA-matched PBMCs pre-conditioned via different protocols to achieve activated or exhausted T cells, were added in the presence or absence of immune-modulatory drugs. T cell infiltration and subsequent tumoroid killing was quantified using 3D high-content imaging. After 'optical sectioning' 3D image stacks were reconstituted and morphometric analysis was performed with OMiner software. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Addition of immune checkpoint inhibitors, pembrolizumab and ipilimumab, led to enhanced T cell infiltration and cytotoxicity of exhausted T cells. These results showed that automated 3D image and data analysis enables discrimination of immune-tumour cell interactions depending on activation status of T cells and permits the visualization of T cell re-gain of function in the presence of checkpoint modulators. A 3D environment allows the different cell types to engage in a more realistic setting than when cells are grow in a monolayer and enables the quantification of spatially resolved information, which is of an utmost importance when studying tumor-immune cell relationships. This new and innovative platform empowers immunotherapy drug developers with a powerful tool to evaluate drug performance. Furthermore, drug combinations can be studied to determine synergistic effects with other checkpoint inhibitors of standard of care compounds in an efficient manner. Citation Format: Lidia Daszkiewicz, Kuan Yan, Maarten Klop, Leo Price. A 3D in vitro culture-based method to visualize and quantify effects of immuno-modulatory drugs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4611. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-4611


Purpose of review To summarize the literature on uterine embolization for fibroids published in 2004 and 2005. Recent findings During the last two years, our understanding of the outcome of uterine fibroid embolization has increased. The outcomes are comparable to those that occur after hysterectomy. Health-related quality-of-life studies have confirmed the positive impact of the procedure. Improvement in menorrhagia has been quantified using the alkaline hematin method, objectively confirming the outcome. Recovery is also better understood and quantified, with most patients experiencing only moderate pain over the first few days after embolization. In two pregnancy-outcome studies, an increased frequency of cesarean section occurred and possibly a greater likelihood of abnormal placentation, although the data are too few to draw conclusions at this time. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as the primary tool for assessing the potential of complications following the procedure, and our understanding of vaginal discharge and uterine infarction has been increased as a result of its use. Summary Within the last few years, uterine embolization has become an accepted therapy for uterine fibroids. The increase in understanding gained in recent years has helped to confirm the effectiveness and relative tolerability of this therapy.


Heartwater, caused by Cowdria ruminantium and transmitted by ticks of the genus Amblyomma, is a constraint to ruminant animal production in sub-Saharan Africa. This rickettsial disease could spread from endemically infected areas of sub-Saharan Africa and certain Caribbean islands to other countries, including the United States, in which Amblyomma ticks exist. To detect C. ruminantium in tick vectors and animals, we made DNA probes from C. ruminantium DNA isolated from endothelial cell cultures. Two clones were evaluated; pCS20 from Crystal Springs (Zimbabwe) strain DNA had a 1,306-bp insert, and pCR9 from Kiswani (Kenya) strain DNA had a 754-bp insert. Both DNA probes detected 1 ng of Crystal Springs DNA; however, the pCS20 probe had a 10-fold-greater ability to discriminate between C. ruminantium DNA and DNA from other organisms. Also, the pCS20 probe did not hybridize to 400 ng (highest amount tested) of DNA from bovine cells, 3 protozoa, 3 rickettsiae, and 12 bacteria. In all experiments, C. ruminantium DNA was detected in midguts from 99 of 160 Amblyomma variegatum nymphs infected as larvae and in midguts from 38 of 80 adult ticks infected as nymphs but not in midguts from control nymphs and adults. The presence of C. ruminantium in nymphs and adults was confirmed by transmission of heartwater to goats. The DNA sequences of both probes were determined; synthetic oligonucleotides from pCS20 are recommended as DNA probes for C. ruminantium.


The vectorial transport of ions and water across epithelial cells depends to a large extent on the coordination of the apical and basolateral ion fluxes with energy supply. In this work we provide the first evidence for a regulation by the 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) of the calcium-activated potassium channel KCa3.1 expressed at the basolateral membrane of a large variety of epithelial cells. Inside-out patch-clamp experiments performed on human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably transfected with KCa3.1 first revealed a decrease in KCa3.1 activity following the internal addition of AMP at a fixed ATP concentration. This effect was dose dependent with half inhibition at 140 muM AMP in 1 mM ATP. Evidence for an interaction between the COOH-terminal region of KCa3.1 and the gamma1-subunit of AMPK was next obtained by two-hybrid screening and pull-down experiments. Our two-hybrid analysis confirmed in addition that the amino acids extending from Asp(380) to Ala(400) in COOH-terminal were essential for the interaction AMPK-gamma1/KCa3.1. Inside-out experiments on cells coexpressing KCa3.1 with the dominant negative AMPK-gamma1-R299G mutant showed a reduced sensitivity of KCa3.1 to AMP, arguing for a functional link between KCa3.1 and the gamma1-subunit of AMPK. More importantly, coimmunoprecipitation experiments carried out on bronchial epithelial NuLi cells provided direct evidence for the formation of a KCa3.1/AMPK-gamma1 complex at endogenous AMPK and KCa3.1 expression levels. Finally, treating NuLi monolayers with the membrane permeant AMPK activator 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-beta-d-ribofuranoside (AICAR) caused a significant decrease of the KCa3.1-mediated short-circuit currents, an effect reversible by coincubation with the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. These observations argue for a regulation of KCa3.1 by AMPK in a functional epithelium through protein/protein interactions involving the gamma1-subunit of AMPK.


To investigate the effects of ultraviolet(UV-B) on growth and biochemical defense responses of plant, garden balsam (Impatiens balsamina L.) was subjected to enhanced UV-B irradiation [daily dose: 0.02 (No UV-B) and 11.34 (enhanced UV-B) kJ m -2 UV-B BE ] for 3 weeks. Enhanced UV-B drastically inhibited leaf area as well as dry weight of garden balsam. The content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased by about 50% after 3 weeks of UV-B irradiation. The ratios of dehydroascorbate/ascorbate and oxidized glutathione/reduced glutathione were also considerably increased by UV-B irradiation. Three major polyamines of garden balsam leaves: putrescine, spermidine and spermine were observed. All polyamine contents were increased with UV-B irradiation. The enzyme (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase etc.) activities of garden balsam were increased by the UV-B enhancement. Based on the results, enhanced UV-B caused oxidative stress in garden balsam and biochemical protection responses might be activated to prevent from damaging effects of oxidative stress generated by UV-B irradiation.


The essays in this collection seek to challenge accepted scholarship on the rural-urban divide. Using case studies from the UK, Europe and America, contributors examine complex rural-urban relationships of conflict and cooperation. The volume will be of interest to those researching society and politics, criminology, literature and demographics.


The effect of parallel electron dynamics is incorporated in the study of the Varma mode, which is a flute-like electrostatic ion drift perturbation in an inhomogeneous magnetic field. Starting from the electron and ion continuity equations, an equation for the conservation of the ion magnetic moment, the generalized Ohm's law, and Faraday's and Ampère's laws, we derive a set of four nonlinearly coupled differential equations. The nonlinearities arising from the E × B0 convection of the density and magnetic-moment variations, nonlinear ion polarization drift and Lorentz force, and the coupling of the parallel electron flow to the perturbed magnetic field are included. In the linear limit we find that the Varma mode becomes coupled with the modified-convective-cell and Alfvén modes. The instability of the coupled system is analysed and an expression for the growth rate is obtained. In the nonlinear regime we present the localized dipole vortex solution of the coupled Varma and convective-cell modes as well as the coupled Varma and Alfvén modes. It is found that for the former case the nonlinear structure is a solution of a second-order partial differential equation, whereas for the coupled Varma and inertial Alfvén waves the dipole vortex belongs to a family of fourth-order differential equations. Our results can be useful in understanding the electrostatic and electromagnetic fluctuations in mirror reactors, tokamaks and astrophysical plasmas.


【The heat generation in the high- $T_c$ superconducting (HTS) wire is related with the cost efficiency and safe factor of HTS devices. This paper deals with the thermal quench at the conduction-cooled joint between HTS wire and copper terminals. The 3-D numerical simulation of thermal distributions in part of the copper terminals was implemented and the premature quench at copper block was observed through the test. The results will be helpful to design the conduction-cooled HTS magnets.】


Studies reported during the past year have added new knowledge to our understanding of cellular abnormalities in systemic lupus erythematosus: 1) Antigen-specific and "pathogenic" T cells display a limited T cell receptor repertoire in lupus. 2) The ratio of interleukin-10 to interferon gamma-secreting cells in the peripheral blood of patients with lupus is increased in patients with active disease. 3) CD3-mediated increases in free intracytoplasmic calcium occur specifically in lupus T cells and lines; this finding provides additional evidence that cell-signaling events are defective in patients with lupus. 4) Aberrant expression of adhesion molecules on the surface membrane of leukocytes and endothelial cells was shown, a finding with important mechanistic and therapeutic implications. 5) Lupus antigen-presenting cells fail to upregulate the expression of B7-1 (CD80) in response to interferon gamma; defective expression of B7-1 is responsible for the decreased response of lupus cells to recall antigens.


One-dimensional initiation of gaseous detonations is analysed for a confined domain in which there is a prescribed thermal gradient. For this type of non-uniformity, the high-temperature regions lead to local hot spots that preferentially promote ignition. Spatio-temporal development of the hot spots, which generate complex structures within the induction domain, is governed by Clarke's equation. In this paper, the ignition onset is studied through a combination of high activation energy asymptotics and the Newtonian limit γ → 1, where γ is an effective specific heat ratio. Examination of the hot spot behaviour reveals the existence of a region that is exponentially thin with respect to γ → 1, and it is in this region that a reaction front is born. The front is associated with a spatially evolving logarithmic singularity that corresponds to the local ignition time. Although the front decelerates rapidly as it crosses the exponentially thin zone away from the initiating hot spot, its speed remains supersonic. Explicit results for the flow field and for the singularity path are obtained; they agree well with full numerical calculations.


A complete list of new molluscan taxa introduced by Col. George Montagu (1753–1815) is presented. The available type material of these taxa are itemised and illustrated. The majority are present in the Royal Albert Memorial Museum & Art Gallery, Exeter with a smaller number in the Natural History Museum, London. The historic background of both collections is reviewed with special reference to the many non-British species spuriously introduced into Testacea Britannica and its Supplement.