This report presents the findings of a study on the willingness to change among municipal employees,
regarding the implementation of the Dutch Answer© concept. This research has taken place at a
middle-sized municipality, which stands at the beginning of an extensive change process.
In recent years governments worldwide are facing necessary reforms. These reforms don't only effect
the design of public services, but also the design of government organizations. First of all, the contact
with citizens will become more and more interactive. For that, governments will have to make a
change in the strategy on how they offer their services. Instead of just offering services based on their
availability, governments will have to start offering them based on the public's demand. A change has
to be made from operating from a supply-oriented approach, to one that is demand-oriented and will
eventually become demand-controlled. On the same time, governments are expected to break down
bureaucratic structures and take on more and more the structure of a government by network.
In order to give shape to these government reforms, the Dutch federal government has designed the
Answer© concept. This concept centers on the construction of a so-called Customer Contact Centre,
at each municipality. These centers will eventually have to become the main portal for customer
contact for all Dutch government services.
For the municipality this means the start of a big change process, in which bureaucratic structures
have to be thrown down, a culture of change needs to be formed and work proceedings will have to
become more process oriented. Implementation of the Answer© concept will involve a complex
change process, characterized by a high degree of uncertainty, in which the organization will have to
cope with resistance to change.
This research centers on measuring the willingness to change. Willingness to change is defined as
the positive counterpart of resistance to change and is dividable in three different components: the
intentional willingness to change, the affective willingness to change and the cognitive willingness to
change. Intentional willingness to change is similar to what is often referred to as behavioral intention.
Cognitive willingness to change is a positive attitude to change, resulting from expected advantages
and disadvantages in daily work. Affective willingness to change is a positive attitude to change,
resulting from the employees emotions, raised by the upcoming change.
Based on desk research, a selection of variables was made, which are expected to determine the
degree of intentional willingness to change. These variables were included in the preliminary
research, which consisted of seven interviews with the members of the management of the
municipality. Based on these interviews the contextual relevance of the variables was determined,
and a new selection was made. This final selection of variables formed the input for a questionnaire
on the willingness to change, which was answered by 84 employees in the organization.
Intentional willingness to change was in this study determined by the affective willingness to change,
the cognitive willingness to change and the degree in which a person experiences change fatigue.
Additionally, personal variables in which attitudes are measured appear to be of bigger influence on
the intentional willingness to change, than the more organizational oriented variables like experienced
degree of participation and experienced degree of transformational leadership, in the organization.
The results of this research show a high degree of both intentional- as affective willingness to change,
in the organization. A less degree was measured for the cognitive willingness to change. Translation
of the Answer© concept into more concrete benefits in the work of individual employees, therefore
needs to become a main point of interest for the management in this municipality.


Transfusion malaria remains a problem in developing countries, and Edrissian' has reviewed 111 cases of transfusion malaria recorded in Iran from 1963 to 1972, while Wickramasinghe2 has recently dealt with 16 cases of accidental transfusion malaria that occurred in Sri Lanka. Cases have been reported from a large number of countries, some of the early accounts having come from China.3 There is little doubt, however, that transfusion malaria is still grossly underreported. The incubation period of blood-induced infection is quite different from that of mosquito-transmitted malaria, since in the former there are no tissue stages in the liver. Both the interval between infection and the appearance of parasites in the blood-the prepatent period-and the presymptomatic period depend on four factors: the number of parasites introduced; the method of inoculation; the susceptibility of the recipient; and the length of blood storage before transfusion. Reviewing a series of over 100 cases of transfusion malaria in Rumania, Lupascu et a14 pointed out that 86% of all cases occurred when the blood was stored for less than five days; cases after 7-12 days were rare, while infections with the blood stored for 13 or more days were exceptional. In addition to infection from blood transfusion accidental transmission of malaria may also occur with plasma if some stray red blood cells happen to contain plasmodia5 or as a result.of leucocyte transfer.6 Most reported cases of transfusion malaria are due to Plasmodium malariae, followed by P vivax and Pfalciparum. Neither systematic screening-with various serological techniques-nor premedication of suspected donors is a practical solution in developing countries. The generally accepted procedure in areas where non-immune persons may receive blood that may possibly contain scanty malaria parasites is the prophylactic administration of antimalarial drugs to the recipients.7 8 As there is no likelihood of true relapses occurring after blood transmission of P vivax, P malariae, or P ovale, radical treatment with an 8-aminoquinoline such as primaquine is not required. A single dose of 600 mg base chloroquine to the recipient 24 hours before or on the day of transfusion seems to protect from induced malaria. It may be prudent, however, not to rely on a single dose of chloroquine but to give all non-immune recipients the standard three-day course of antimalarial treatment. 9 10 In parts of the world where strains resistant to the 4-aminoquinolines are known to occur, such as SE Asia and S America, the preventive administration of sulfadoxine, 1-5 g, together with pyrimethamine, 75 mg (Fansidar), is advisable. Once again it may be prudent to give a full three-day course of curative treatment-quinine (four doses, 540 mg each dose, given at intervals of 12 hrs) and then a single dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.11 A detailed account ofthe problem of blood transfusion and the whole range of tropical diseases (including malaria) is available in the comprehensive review by Bruce-Chwatt.12


Youth sport coaches have a great influence on the experiences and development of children who participate in organized sport. Given this influence of coaches on children and the huge participation numbers of children in sports, coach education programmes received increasing research attention over the past 30 years. Numerous important facets of coach educational programmes have been identified, of which the first key developmental domain as indicated by the President's Council on Fitness, Sports and Nutrition, refers to the philosophy and ethics of the coach. This important aspect needs to be incorporated into coach education programmes and the effectiveness has to be evaluated on a continuous basis. Novice coaches lack knowledge and insight in setting up effective coaching philosophies even after completion of an applicable educational course. The evaluation of factors identified within novice coaches' philosophies could give insight to the effectiveness of the coach education programme intended to teach them aspects regarding the philosophy of sport. This study was qualitative in nature and conducted with 23 students enrolled in a third-year practical coaching module who made electronic submissions of their coaching philosophies. Data analysis was done inductively using the qualitative techniques proposed by Cote, Salmela and Russell (1993) which rendered 143 meaning units, grouped together into nine categories and established as five primary factors namely: Fun, Relationships, Coaching Behaviour, Development and Values. Student coaches were able to freely articulate these primary factors of importance to pursue within their coaching environment effectively, but lacked in-depth knowledge regarding strategies of implementation of their coaching philosophy factors. Insights gained from such exploration could assist coach education programmes to effectively teach novice coaches in the development and application of their coaching philosophies.


New algorithm for estimation of parameters of communication channel in the circumstances of existence of intensive impulse noise within measurement sequence is proposed in this paper. Proceeding from the theory of robust estimation, a simple, adaptive, practically applicable algorithm is derived that in the circumstances of contaminated normal distribution of measurement noise demonstrates high level of efficiency. QQ-plot technique is used as a framework for estimation of contaminated measurements distribution providing the algorithm adaptation. Application of proposed algorithm is broad, both in the field of wireless communications, equalization of transmitting channels, suppressing of noise and in modeling communication and control systems.


post-Cold War era: the replacement of a military conception of threat by an economic one; fluidity in threat perceptions because of an absence of a polestar nation; and Huntington's clash of civilizations theory. Using psychophysical magnitude measures of threat perception, these findings provide no support for the notion that threats are perceived economically. There is limited support for the theory that threat perceptions are unstable; most countries are clustered around a core of weakly hostile or friendly perceptions, which is suggestive of instability. At the same time, however, there does appear to be stability in perceptions of strong friends and enemies. The hypothesis best supported by these data is Huntington's theory that culture determines threat perceptions. In this study, not a single Western country is perceived as hostile, and all nations that do receive hostile scores are non-Western.


This paper presents the failure analysis results of board level drop tests. In this study, the test vehicle was designed according to the requirements of the Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (JEDEC) drop test board. The test vehicle was assembled with 15 chip scale packages (CSPs) each having 228 daisy-chained 0.5 mm pitch solder joints using Sn-3.0 wt% Ag0.5 wt% Cu (SAC305) lead free solder. Assemblies were drop tested using three different peak accelerations of 900 G, 1500 G, 2900 G, with 0.7 ms, 0.5 ms, and 0.3 ms pulse durations, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy and dye-penetrant methods were applied to investigate the failure locations and the failure modes. The failure modes and solder joint locations were mapped. Failure analysis showed that pad cratering was the most common failure mode and that this led to trace cracking on the board side. Trace cracking was the second most common failure mode. Solder joint cracking was also observed on the board side near the intermetallic layer, which was the third most common failure mode. The results imply that the solder joint is more reliable than the printed circuit board during drop test.


BACKGROUND
Goal directed fluid management in major abdominal surgery has shown to reduce perioperative complications. The approach aims to optimize the intravascular fluid volume by use of minimally invasive devices which calculate flow-directed variables such as stroke volume (SV) and stroke volume variation (SVV).

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to show the feasibility of routinely implementing this type of hemodynamic monitoring during pancreatic surgery, and to evaluate its effects in terms of perioperative fluid management and postoperative outcomes.

METHODS
All patients undergoing pancreatic surgery at a university hospital during two successive 12 months periods were included in this retrospective cohort analysis. Twelve months after the implementation of a standard operating procedure for a goal directed therapy (GDT, N = 45) using a pulse contour automated hemodynamic device were compared with a similar period before its use (control, N = 31) regarding mortality, length of hospital and ICU stay, postoperative complications and the use of fluids and vasopressors.

RESULTS
Overall, 76 patients were analysed. Significantly less crystalloids were used in the GDT group. Patients receiving GDT showed significantly fewer severe complications (insufficiency of intestinal anastomosis: 0 vs. 5 (P = 0.0053) and renal failure: 0 vs. 4 (P = 0.0133). Mortality for pancreatic surgery was 1 vs. 3 patients, (P = 0.142), and length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit (ICU) was 4.38 ± 3.63 vs. 6.87 ± 10.02 (P= 0.0964) days. Use of blood products was significantly less within the GDT group.

CONCLUSIONS
Implementation of a SOP for a GDT in the daily routine using flow-related parameters is feasible and is associated with better outcomes in pancreatic surgery.


El Niño is frequently followed by La Niña, but the opposite case rarely happens. Here we explore a mechanism for such an asymmetrical transition and its future changes. Internally, the asymmetrical response of upper ocean waves against surface wind stress anomaly exerts a primary cause of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) transition asymmetry. Externally, the asymmetrical capacitor effects of both Indian and Atlantic Oceans play some roles in driving the ENSO transition asymmetry via the interbasin interactions. The historical runs of Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 show that the intermodel transition asymmetry is significantly correlated with the intermodel asymmetry in ocean wave response to surface wind forcing but not with that in the interbasin interactions. In addition, the El Niño‐to‐La Niña transition tendency was weaker in moderate global warming scenario runs (Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5) while slightly enhanced in strong warming scenario runs (Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5). Similar changes also appeared in the asymmetrical response of ocean waves against the surface wind forcing.


The active role of early childhood educators is supported and confirmed in this review of recent research. Diversity of individual developmental pathways, the significance of life experiences, and the relationships between what is already known and new knowledge are highlighted. The role of 'critical periods' during development is considered and evaluated in the light of concepts such as 'dynamic development, and the notion of a gradul unfolding of skills and abilities as children grow older is challenged. The significance of planned interventions is illuminated within this wider context. Curriculum for early childhood settings is addressed in the light of community values.


Excavator is used in general versatile construction operations such as digging, carrying loads, grounding and dumping loads. However, it is not safe for the worker to operate the excavator on the risk environments. Consequently, excavator's unmanned research focused on a few universities and companies are being studied. One of the most important things for researching automation of excavator is control of excavator. To find a feasible way to control excavator, firstly the Full Kinematic and dynamic model of the excavator's manipulator which three degrees of freedom were studied. The inverse kinematic equations are used to determine the joint angles and the actuator lengths corresponding to a specific position and orientation of the bucket, given in the base coordinate system. This paper will present a PID-computed torque control and design of a virtual excavating system base on real-time simulation. Some simulation results are given.


Multistage selection with fixed proportions and selection indices based on covariates of the target variable is studied. Assuming a multivariate normal distribution before the selection, expressions are presented for the expectation and the variance of the target variable in the retained subpopulation. As the numerical evaluation for finite populations requires lengthy computations, some approximations using methods for infinite populations are proposed. Numerical illustrations are given for selections in up to three stages.


The shift of curriculum from non-contextualized to contextualized mathematics has called schools to focus more on competency based items. The real world word problem has made teaching and learning mathematics more open and less predictable hindering the performances of students. Therefore, the intervention research was conducted with 51 students of class VI of Choekhorling Lower Secondary School, Sarpang, Bhutan to address the difficulties in solving word problems in mathematics. The mathematical modelling was used as an intervention for a period of 10 weeks to narrow the gap between mathematical and real world problems. The study concluded that comprehending the problem and translating real world problem to mathematical problem were the main causes of difficulties in solving competency based items by the participants. Moreover, there was mean difference in pre-intervention and post intervention scores (p<0.001) which indicated statistically significant to ascertain that mathematical modeling can help students' mathematical leaning become more meaningful and teachers can obtain the patterns of students' problem-solving competence.


In any developing country, Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) hold the position as the biggest contributor to economic growth. Building on a review of the theoretical and empirical literature, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the benefits of IT adoption in MSMEs in other developing and developed countries. It intends to pave the way for MSMEs to realise that the benefits overweight the challenges. Central questions are: What are the major factors influencing IT adoption in MSMEs? What are the perceived benefits of IT adoption? The paper does a literature review of empirical and non-empirical research papers published in developing and developed countries. From the review of literature, a conceptual framework of the influencing factors on MSME is formed. It further dwells into the benefits of IT adoption and suggests an outlook for the MSMEs.


A simplified method based on the numerical integration of the Laplace transform of the one dimensional heat conduction equation in porous media was used to estimate the thermal diffusivity near the surface. The method is based on the analytical solution of the equation of heat conduction and accepts any functional relationship that realistically describes the surface soil temperature as a boundary condition. An optimization scheme was suggested for selecting proper values of Laplace transform parameter s based on maximum duration of the experiment. The method was used to compute thermal diffusivities of two different soil types for a wide range of soil moisture and temperature conditions. Thermal conductivities for each soil were calculated using the computed diffusivities and heat capacities. A comparison of the conductivities estimated with the Laplace transform and the measured values by a transient method showed good agreements between the two methods. A similar comparison between the Laplace transform and the DeVries' model showed significant differences between the two methods.


This thesis begins with an examination of the religious thought of Romain Rolland, showing how he derived an ethic of human solidarity that is fundamental to his later theorising about society and politics. The main sources of Rolland's ethic are indicated, and an attempt is made to set it in the context of modern French philosophy. Having established this base, the thesis goes on to examine chronologically the development of Holland's thought about politics, having as its central premise the notion that it is Rolland's search for a political system which would give full expression to his ideal of human solidarity that leads him towards various types of politics in turn. Several phases are distinguished in this evolution, starting with a period of vacillation between largely unformulated liberal beliefs and a violent, authoritarian style of politics, at the beginning of Rolland's adult life. We then take up his first involvement with socialism in the mid-1890's, his failure to elaborate a meaningful type of socialism in the context of his day, and his gravitation towards Darwinian and similar types of historical-political theorising; this phase culminates in the period of intense activity represented by Le Theâtre de la Revolution, coinciding with the Dreyfus case. Chapters V and VI deal with the period prior to 1914, dominated by Rolland's search for an 'internationalist' or European style of politics, and his analyses of national cultures and life-styles in Jean-Christophe: it is argued that this marks to some extent a regression from his previous socialistic preoccupations. Chapter VII shows Rolland's change of attitude during World War I, and his return to the conviction that social change was an absolute necessity in Europe. The next two chapters analyse Rolland's exploration of possible political bases for such a change, including such alternatives as Wilsonian internationalism, Gandhian non-violent protest and, eventually, Soviet Communism which, according to this thesis, Rolland accepted with slight reserve. The final chapter is retrospective, and aims to show how at key moments in Rolland's life, his artistic conception and execution was crucially shaped, if not determined by his political preoccupations. At all stages great attention is paid to the question of Rolland's intellectual sources and to putting his political thought firmly into the social and intellectual context of its day, rather than attempting to see it as an isolated phenomenon. To this end, numerous historical analyses and comparisons with contemporary figures are made.


The importance of improving the efficiency of enterprises in Albania and, consequently, the role of personnel management in the implementation of this task has increased especially in recent years when the number of workers has decreased significantly due to the increase in emigration. The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective system of motivation and planning for them, considering the characteristics and national mentality of agricultural workers, and to form recommendations for the most acceptable management style for this group. The Holfstede typology of cultural dimensions was used as a primary method to identify the cultural and behavioral characteristics of the target audience. As a result of the survey conducted among 1514 staff representatives and the processing of its results, the average indicators for cultural dimensions were calculated and the evaluations of these indicators were given. According to the data obtained for the typology of cultural dimensions, it was found that the values in the examined social group are mainly determined by traditions and customs, which means that a management model is required that will not impose the existing principles of Western management but uses the tools own based on relatively democratic principles. Based on the obtained characteristics, recommendations were formed for such main management tools as the principles of subordination, the system of defining tasks and monitoring their implementation, as well as for effective motivation of personnel. The practical importance of the study lies in the development of recommendations for improving personnel management and, as a result, increasing efficiency in agricultural enterprises in Albania.


This book's aim is to introduce the main concepts of leading international trade and commercial laws with a view to enable students to work on cross-border issues. Thus, this book will introduce to the basics of International Law, followed by the explanation of the general framework of the WTO and of the more specific EU, as well as guide to the concepts of these International Organisations, emphasising those legal provisions of highlighted importance in practice. The chapter on Company Law addresses the common types of undertakings, including an overview of formal criteria; the ultra-vires-doctrine will be focussed as well as recognition of companies (real seat and incorporation theory), and some supranational companies. Finally, the text will introduce to the principles of Contract Law, considering four perspectives: First, common aspects of laws and courts' opinions on contracts and their interpretation will be reproduced, conceptually valid in the vast majority of States; second, the CISG will be explained briefly; third, the International Commercial Terms will be introduced, and fourth, the Letter of Credit.


BACKGROUND
Myelodysplasia has been reported to occur quite frequently in the spectrum of HIV/AIDS disease and is thought to be partly responsible for bone marrow failure in these patients. However, the frequency and type of myelodysplasia appear to differ at different stages of the disease in different populations with mechanisms of its development not well understood.

OBJECTIVE
To document the pattern of myelodysplasia in Ugandan patients with terminal HIV/AIDS disease.

DESIGN
Prospective descriptive study.

SETTING
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences

SUBJECTS
Bone marrow necropsies from patients who died with AIDS disease at Mulago teaching hospital in Kampala, Uganda during a one-year period.

RESULTS
Eighty-four (84%) of the 50 cases studied had myelodysplasia with 39 cases having megakaryocytic myelodysplasia. Myelodysplasia involving erythroid cell series occurred in 23 and in 20 of these cases was in combination with megakaryocytic dysplasia. Granulocyte myelodysplastic features were observed in only two cases and these two cases did not have other cell lines involved.

CONCLUSION
Myelodysplastic features are common in HIV patients with megakaryocytic and eythroid cell lines being the most affected. This could be due to the direct HIV effect, or the combined effect of opportunistic infections, neoplasms, drugs and HIV itself affecting the haemopoietic stem cell and or its microenvironment.


The Neural network system is an educational paradigm that unites several neural networks to solve a problem. This paper explores the relationship between the ensemble and its networks of neural components, both from the viewpoint of regression and classification, which reveals that certain networks are stronger than other neural networks. This result is surprising because the rest of the neural networks enter the ensemble at present. To prove that a GASEN algorithm efficiently selects the appropriate neural networks to construct an ensemble from different neural networks available. At first several neuronal networks were taught by GASEN. Then the network allocates random weights and uses genetic algorithms to establish these weights to classify the fitness of the neural system in one ensemble to a certain degree. Ultimately, it used the weights designed for the ensemble for certain neural networks. A comprehensive analytical analysis reveals that, in comparison to typical assemblies, such as luggage, GASEN can generate network assemblies with much smaller sizes but with a higher generalization efficiency. This study, in addition, gives the mistake a gradual regression, demonstrating that the performance of GASEN could be that it can greatly reduce its bias and uncertainty such that GASEN is well aware of its operating mechanism.


In this paper, we construct new finite element methods for the approximation of the equations of linear elasticity in three space dimensions that produce direct approxima- tions to both stresses and displacements. The methods are based on a modified form of the Hellinger-Reissner variational principle that only weakly imposes the symmetry condition on the stresses. Although this approach has been previously used by a number of authors, a key new ingredient here is a constructive derivation of the elasticity complex starting from the de Rham complex. By mimicking this construction in the discrete case, we derive new mixed finite elements for elasticity in a systematic manner from known discretizations of the de Rham complex. These elements appear to be simpler than the ones previously derived. For example, we construct stable discretizations which use only piecewise linear elements to approximate the stress field and piecewise constant functions to approximate the displacement field.


Domestic sheep have two common alleles at the adult beta-globin locus, beta A and beta B. Here we report the structure of the beta-globin locus of A-haplotype sheep. The locus consists of 12 genes, organized as a triplicated 4-gene set: 5' epsilon 1-epsilon II-psi beta I-beta C-epsilon III-epsilon IV-psi beta II-beta A-epsilon V-epsilon VI-psi beta III-beta F 3'. This arrangement is identical to that of the closely related goat locus. Sheep with the B haplotype have a locus arrangement consisting of a duplicated four-gene set, lacking the beta C gene as well as three other genes present in A sheep and goats. In order to understand the evolutionary history of the B sheep locus, we have sequenced the beta B gene from these sheep, and the beta C gene from A-haplotype sheep, and compared the sequences to those of the sheep beta A, goat beta C, and beta A, and cow adult beta genes. Our results indicate that the beta B gene has diverged recently from the beta A gene, and therefore the beta B locus structure may have resulted from a recent deletion from a triplicated locus.


Population spatial synchrony—the tendency for temporal population fluctuations to be correlated across locations—is common and important to metapopulation stability and persistence. One common cause of spatial synchrony, termed the Moran effect, occurs when populations respond to environmental fluctuations, such as weather, that are correlated over space. Although the degree of spatial synchrony in environmental fluctuations can differ between seasons and different population processes occur in different seasons, the impact on population spatial synchrony is uncertain because prior work has largely assumed that the spatial synchrony of environmental fluctuations and their effect on populations are consistent over annual sampling intervals. We used theoretical models to examine how seasonality in population processes and the spatial synchrony of environmental drivers affect population spatial synchrony. We found that population spatial synchrony can depend not only on the spatial synchrony of environmental drivers but also on the degree to which environmental fluctuations are correlated across seasons, locally, and across space. Moreover, measurements of synchrony from "snapshot" population censuses may not accurately reflect synchrony during other parts of the year. Together, these results show that neglecting seasonality in environmental conditions and population processes is consequential for understanding population spatial synchrony and its driving mechanisms.


Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique for characterization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). It has extensively been used in laboratory research, but seldom in industrial applications, e.g., electrical vehicles (EVs). This is because the latter needs EIS measurements during operation, but achieving valid EIS measurements in dynamic conditions has been a long-lasting challenge. In this work, LiNi 0 . 6 Mn 0 . 2 Co 0 . 2 O 2 (NMC622)/graphite batteries are characterized by operando odd random phase EIS (ORP-EIS) under practical usage conditions. The validity of the EIS data is quantitatively assessed based on the robust theoretical framework of ORP-EIS. The measured impedance data reveals a continuous evolution of charge-transfer phenomena along changes of state-of-charge (SoC). The results are consistent with conventional stationary EIS data. Moreover, charge-transfer related parameters can be extracted through equivalent electric circuit models or graphical analysis methods from operando ORP-EIS. The parameters exhibit consistent behavior under various charging conditions including different temperatures, C-rates, and state-of-health (SoH). As a proof of concept, operando ORP-EIS provides unique physical insights on top of conventional current/voltage-based monitoring methods, and could be powerful technique to monitor the SoC of the batteries during fast charg-∗


This paper focuses on Stochastic Dominance (SD) efficiency in a finite empirical panel data. We analytically characterize the sets of unsorted time series that dominate a given evaluated distribution by the First, Second, and Third order SD. Using these insights, we develop simple Linear Programming and 0-1 Mixed Integer Linear Programming tests of SD efficiency. The advantage to the earlier efficiency tests is that the proposed approach explicitly accounts for diversification. Allowing for diversification can both improve the power of the empirical SD tests, and enable SD based portfolio optimization. A simple numerical example illustrates the SD efficiency tests. Discussion on the application potential and the future research directions concludes.


Acinetobacter baumannii 1625, a clinical isolate identified by Vitek and 16S rDNA sequence, showed an extended resistance to most β-lactams including imipenem, kanamycin, gentamicin, tobramycin, and cephalosporins of the third and fourth generations, and produced metallo-β -lactamase (MBL) of IMP-1 type which is rare in Korea. The isolate contained a class 1 integron of about 2.5 kb in size and the integron included accA4 (aminoglycoside resistance gene), blaIMP-1 (carbapenem resistance gene), and blaOXA-2 (extended-spectrum β-lactam resistance gene) gene cassettes in order. The coexistence of IMP-1 type and OXA-2 type β-lactamase gene cassettes in an integron has not been reported in Korea. The transformed integron rendered the E. coli transformant resistant more than eight folds against imipenem, ampicilin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefoperazone, and aztreonam comparing to the reference strain. This study clearly showed that the extended multi-drug resistance of A. baumannii 1625 was mainly due to the integron.


This paper presents estimation of horizontal pollution potential due to an air pollution source using impact area diagrams. Weather monitoring station was installed at an altitude of 10 m from the ground to collect wind data of Patiala in Punjab province of India. The data was collected for the period commencing from October, 2010 to September, 2011 with an interval of 1 h which was further grouped into seven wind speed ranges. Change in wind direction rotates the impact distance that has been approximated using standard deviation of change in wind direction. Standard deviation was calculated using Yamartino method and thus, impact area has been calculated. The experimental data reveals that 50% of the wind speed data comes under calm period due to extremely low wind velocities. The maximum impact area noticed was 41 m2 in the month of November 2010 and 21m2 in the month of February as well as March, 2011. Impact area was predominant towards east direction for whole of the study period. Worst condition of pollution was observed in the month of June as impact area was minimal. In general, the horizontal pollution potential of the area has been found to be low for most of the study period, thus resulting in high concentration of pollutants adjoining the source.


In the article the methodical bases of the current assessment process of collection of customs payments. The assessment is based on indicators of volume, completeness and relative cost of their collection. Baseline information for assessment are data on the results of the functioning of customs risk management for a specified period of time.


In this paper, we present 30 distinct RF MEMS capacitive switch designs that are the product of topology optimizations that control key mechanical properties such as stiffness, response to intrinsic stress gradients, and temperature sensitivity. The designs were evaluated with high-accuracy simulations prior to micro-fabrication. We built and tested more than 170 switches, including at least five per distinct design. Experimental results confirm that the finite element models are accurate and that the switches behave as intended by the different optimizations. Extensive testing results include actuation and release voltages as a function of temperature, switching times, capacitance ratios, fitted S-parameters, and profile measurements during actuation and over temperature. [2013-0203].


We present a novel supervised word alignment method based on cross-language span prediction. We first formalize a word alignment problem as a collection of independent predictions from a token in the source sentence to a span in the target sentence. As this is equivalent to a SQuAD v2.0 style question answering task, we then solve this problem by using multilingual BERT, which is fine-tuned on a manually created gold word alignment data. We greatly improved the word alignment accuracy by adding the context of the token to the question. In the experiments using five word alignment datasets among Chinese, Japanese, German, Romanian, French, and English, we show that the proposed method significantly outperformed previous supervised and unsupervised word alignment methods without using any bitexts for pretraining. For example, we achieved an F1 score of 86.7 for the Chinese-English data, which is 13.3 points higher than the previous state-of-the-art supervised methods.


Two small 9-year-old dogs received mitral valve plasty (MVP) for severe mitral regurgitation that could not be controlled via drug administration. MVP consisted of chordal reconstruction using expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) sutures and semicircular suture annuloplasty using polypropylene sutures. In both cases, the clinical signs dramatically improved after MVP, although postoperative echocardiography revealed slight residual mitral regurgitant flow. Both dogs survived for several years after MVP without any signs of cardiac distress; one dog survived for 9 years and 1 month, and the other dog survived for 7 years and 10 months. These findings highlight the durability of ePTFE sutures as artificial chordae and the excellence of semicircular suture annuloplasty in small dogs.


The present paper reports a numerical study on the effects of aerodynamic sweep applied to a low-aspect-ratio, high-through-flow, state-of-the-art, axial transonic compressor design. Numerical analyses based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations were used to obtain the performance of a conventional unswept rotor, a forward swept rotor, and an aft-swept rotor, at both design and off-design operating conditions. The numerical analyses predicted that the forward-swept rotor has a higher peak efficiency and a substantially larger stall margin than the baseline unswept rotor, and that the aft-swept rotor has a similar peak efficiency as the unswept rotor with a significantly smaller stall margin. The rig test confirmed the numerical assessment of the effects of aerodynamic sweep on the low-aspect-ratio, high-through-flow, transonic compressor rotor. Detailed analyses of the measured and calculated flow fields indicate that two mechanisms are primarily responsible for the differences in aerodynamic performance among these rotors. The first mechanism is a change in the radial shape of the passage shock near the casing by the endwall effect, and the second is the radial migration of low-momentum fluid to the blade tip region. Aerodynamic sweep can be used to control the shock structure near the endwall and the migration of secondary flows and, consequently, flow structures near the tip area for improved performance.Copyright © 1998 by ASME


Marx's historical materialism is a powerful antidote to culturalist essentialism of the kind that became known as Orientalism after Edward Said. The Marxian perspective allows for a full consideration of the role of Western imperialism in hindering the development of the Middle East as well as in the deliberate preservation of archaic sociopolitical features in the region. The concept of Bonapartism that Marx developed in his writings on the French Second Empire is highly relevant to the analysis of the national-developmental experiences that emerged in the Middle East in the twentieth century. His insight on the reactionary aspiration of sections of the petite bourgeoisie confronted with capitalist transformation provides an important clue to the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in the Middle East. Marx's theory of revolution as resulting from the blockage of economic development finds a most striking illustration in what is commonly designated as the Arab Spring.


Population differentiation is often viewed as an important step towards speciation, and part of the rationale for conserving variation at the intraspecific level is that the potential to generate more biological diversity should be retained. Yet, speciation is not an inevitable consequence of population divergence. This paper reviews recent work on the Trinidadian guppy, Poecilia reticulata , a species that is renowned for its capacity for population differentiation. Guppy populations evolve rapidly, within 10 to 102 generations, as a response to changes in selection exerted by predators. The rates of evolution involved can be up to seven orders of magnitude greater than those seen in the fossil record. Sexual selection, particuarly female choice, appears to reinforce the divergence that natural selection has generated. Perplexingly, however, there is no reproductive isolation (either prezygotic or postzygotic) between populations, even those that have been separated for at least 106 generations. Sexual conflict may be the key to explaining this absence of speciation. Male reproductive behaviour, particularly the high incidence of sneaky mating, may be instrumental in producing sufficient gene flow to prevent reproductive isolation. Sneaky mating has the potential to undermine female choice, and is known to be an important means of sperm transfer in wild populations. Sexual dimorphism, also a result of sexual conflict in guppies, may inhibit speciation in another way. Morphological differences between the sexes, that have arisen for reproductive reasons, mean that males and females are pre–adapted for different foraging niches. This, in turn, reduces the opportunity for the development of feeding polymorphisms, a mechanism that seems to have been important in the sympatric speciation of other fish species.


This paper aims to evaluate the effects that calcium application on leaves and flowers of soybean plants exerts on yield and yield components. Two experiments were carried out in the 2013/2014 crop season under field conditions. In the first experiment, two soybean cultivars – one of determinate growth habit (BMX Ativa) and another of indeterminate growth habit (BMX Alvo) – were submitted to calcium spraying with four nozzles (twin flat, twin flat fan, cone and hollow cone). In the second experiment, soybean plants (BMX Ativa cultivar) were sprayed with calcium on the leaves and flowers at R1 or R3 growth stages. Subsequently, the plants were maintained or not under a 50-percent shade protection during flowering stage. Calcium spraying on soybean leaves or flowers during the flowering stage did not increase pod set, number of seeds, or grain yield. The calcium content in soybean flowers is not affected by foliar application thereof.


Iron carbide nanoplatelets with an orthorhombic Fe3C structure were synthesized following a simple liquid chemical approach. The formation of the carbide phases was shown to depend on the presence of a long chain diol and the reaction temperature. Confirmation of the iron carbide phases and structural characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Particle morphology was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and HR-TEM and the magnetic properties were measured with magnetometry (VSM). The sample with the Fe3C phase shows a ferromagnetic behavior with a magnetization of 139 emu g−1 under a 30 kOe applied field. The simple methodology presented here for producing iron carbide nanoplatelets has promising application in the biomedical and catalyst industries.


Accurate protein structure prediction from amino-acid sequences is critical to better understanding the protein function. Recent advances in this area largely benefit from more precise inter-residue distance and orientation predictions, powered by deep neural networks. However, the structure optimization procedure is still dominated by traditional tools, e.g. Rosetta, where the structure is solved via minimizing a pre-defined statistical energy function (with optional prediction-based restraints). Such energy function may not be optimal in formulating the whole conformation space of proteins. In this paper, we propose a fully-differentiable approach for protein structure optimization, guided by a data-driven generative network. This network is trained in a denoising manner, attempting to predict the correction signal from corrupted distance matrices between Ca atoms. Once the network is well trained, Langevin dynamics based sampling is adopted to gradually optimize structures from random initialization. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our EBM-Fold approach can efficiently produce high-quality decoys, compared against traditional Rosetta-based structure optimization routines.


The left-right twin Higgs (LRTH) model predicts the existence of three additional Higgs bosons: one neutral Higgs φ0 and a pair of charged Higgs bosons φ±. In this paper, we study two pair production processes of these new particles at the next generation eγ colliders, i.e., e−γ→ e−φ+φ−, and e−γ→ νRφ−φ0. We find that the production cross section of the process e−γ→ e−φ+φ− are at the level of several tens fb, the production cross section of the process e−γ→ νRφ−φ0 can reach 0.35 fb with the reasonable parameter values. As long as the charged Higgs bosons are not too heavy, we conclude that these processes might be used to test for the left-right twin Higgs model in future high-energy linear collider experiments.


Research on the use of verb tenses in Czech subordinate clauses is based on the notions of absolute and relative tense and on the distinction between content and adjunct clauses. It is generally agreed that absolute tenses are used in adjunct clauses, whereas relative tenses are typically used in content clauses. Based on an analysis from the Czech National Corpus, I will demonstrate that, in addition to the assumed use of tenses and in contrast to their usage in English, there are also variations in their use: in content clauses, even tenses selected from the speaker's perspective are used in certain cases, and in certain adjunct clauses relative tenses may also be used.


This article presents a reanalysis of a scene we early filmed and edited in a Japanese preschool classroom. We use a variety of visual and narrative strategies to reframe the video, shifting attention from those we had in earlier editing and analyses decided were peripheral to the action. The article uses this example to address larger questions about who in an ethnographic film are considered to be the key protagonists deemed worthy of representation and of other culture-bound assumptions in visual storytelling.


This paper studies VBR videoconferencing traffic in ATM networks. A first-order autoregressive model with residuals of Rayleigh distribution is proposed instead of Gaussian noise. It is easy to generate and practical. The results show that our model can generate many frames of large cells. This is important for estimating cell loss rate. Moreover, we assume that VBR videoconferencing traffic is distributed with a Rayleigh distribution. The numerical results for statistical multiplexing show that it is also a better fit to real data under many sources of statistical multiplexing. For this situation, we point out that it is the best compared with the Gaussian and gamma distributions currently used.


Examines managerial effectiveness in the NHS, in particular the effectiveness of the clinical director. Based on a qualitative study of an NHS Trust hospital case study, utilizes a social cognitive perspective to analyse the data and draw conclusions. Uses the data to suggest a possible framework for examining the effectiveness of individual directors. The framework may be relevant to other messages, particularly those in professional service organizations. It may also be used as a diagnostic tool to assess these managers. The framework is grounded in the perceptions of the interviewees at the Trust: both clinical directors and managers.


X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Temperature-programmed Reduction (TPR) of 2%(Ru1/2-Sn1/2)/Al2O3 prepared by the microwave-assisted method have been studied. 2%(Ru1/2-Sn1/2)/Al2O3 have previously been evaluated as a catalyst in the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol. XPS and TPR studies of 2%(Ru1/2-Sn1/2)/Al2O3 was performed to confirm the metal state of Ru and Sn and reducibility of the sample, respectively. XPS data suggested that the formation of metal Ru(0) and Sn(0) in all samples. The XPS spectra of Ru 3p3/2 and Sn 3d5/2 shows binding energy peak at ∼ 461.0 ± 0.2 eV and ∼ 484,1 eV, respectively. The correlation of TPR and XPS characterization will be discussed further.


Given a closed subgroup $G\subset U_N^+$ which is homogeneous, in the sense that we have $S_N\subset G\subset U_N^+$, the corresponding Tannakian category $C$ must satisfy $span(\mathcal{NC}_2)\subset C\subset span(P)$. Based on this observation, we construct a certain integer $p\in\mathbb N\cup\{\infty\}$, that we call "easiness level" of $G$. The value $p=1$ corresponds to the case where $G$ is easy, and we explore here, with some theory and examples, the case $p>1$. As a main application, we show that $S_N\subset S_N^+$ and other liberation inclusions, known to be maximal in the easy setting, remain maximal at the easiness level $p=2$ as well.


Cloud computing requires comprehensive security solutions based upon many aspects of a large and loosely integrated system. The application software and databases in cloud computing are moved to the centralized large data centers, where the management of the data and services may not be fully trustworthy. Threats, vulnerabilities and risks for cloud computing are explained, and then, we have designed a cloud computing security development lifecycle model to achieve safety and enable the user to take advantage of this technology as much as possible of security and face the risks that may be exposed to data. A data integrity checking algorithm; which eliminates the third party auditing, is explained to protect static and dynamic data from unauthorized observation, modification, or interference. 1. Keyword: Cloud Computing, Cloud Computing Security, Data Integrity, Cloud Threads, Cloud Risks


Published. A version of this document is published in: 4th International Building Physics Conference, Istanbul, Turkey, June 15-18, 2009, pp. 1-8.


This thesis explores how to measure an effective supply chain partnering relationship in international joint venture groupings in the Chinese automotive sector. The three key objectives are (1) identifying an initial framework for the supply chain partnering relationship context; (2) defining the key criteria of relevance to a partnering relationship; and (3) refining the initial framework and analysing the impact of multicultural collaborators on the partnering relationship. Given that research on measurements for the effectiveness of the multicultural supply chain partnering relationship is still in its infancy, an initial framework is constructed by reviewing the existing literature regarding the supply chain partnering relationship, partnering relationship performance, and multicultural international joint venture relationships. A cross-sectional case study approach using examples of the Chinese automotive sector is then adopted to obtain an in-depth understanding of the framework in a multicultural business environment. As a result of this initial focus, considerable time was spent determining what a partnering relationship is, and collecting data to compare the different criteria in multicultural collaborators'. These criteria are included as a guide for fellow researchers and to reflect the entirety of the research process undertaken. There are two processes involved in the redefining of the relevant criteria: first, manufacturers and suppliers select the key criteria under the framework components' categories; second, if the empirical data identified a criterion that is not summarised within the framework, there will be a new finding recorded under the category. These findings are also described in later chapters of this thesis and contribute to the development of the multicultural collaborators' supply chain partnering relationship. The conceptual framework incorporates effective SCPR processes and practices within the multicultural business environment, and the conceptualisation of relationship performance evaluation provides a viable framework for ongoing research and practice. This thesis and the empirical data collection undertaken while conducting the research concentrated on a strategy process perspective in addressing linkages inherent in multicultural cooperation through partnering relationship management, utilising evaluation and refining criteria while examining processes of renewal and business advantages. There are three contributions of the thesis: (1) examination of the partnering relationship theory in new business relationships in China; (2) explored and established a framework for evaluation of performance in multicultural collaborative; and (3) evaluation of current and possible future practice in managing a multicultural collaborators' business, and offering guidance for practitioner behaviour. This study is the first to propose a comprehensive framework that measures the effectiveness of the multicultural supply chain partnering relationship while existing studies tend to focus on either specific measures or individual organisations. The multicultural international joint venture perspective provides a further unique view on how an effective multicultural collaborators' supply chain partnering relationship could be responsive to the dynamics in practice.


Despite a number of efforts by states and the federal government over several years, millions of low-income children still lack health insurance coverage and, therefore, have limited access to healthcare services. To address these problems, Congress has created, and states are now implementing, the new State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). Policymakers and agency officials who design, operate, and sponsor health coverage programs such as SCHIP must determine what constitutes an effective program. Efforts to maximize the number of children with coverage are important. The challenge for each state and its communities is to effectively identify and enroll eligible low-income children. They must create outreach strategies to find and enroll children in Medicaid and SCHIP. However, a truly effective program must go beyond simply enrolling children in health coverage programs. They must also assure that newly enrolled children receive quality comprehensive health care.


The interactions of Bronsted acid sites of H-Y (FAU) with perdeuterated trimethylphosphine oxide (TMPO-d9) are studied with a set of high-resolution solid-state NMR experiments. Double- and triple-resonance MAS NMR techniques (such as CP, TRAPDOR, and REDOR) verify that the lines in the 31P MAS NMR spectrum are indeed from TMPO interacting with Bronsted acid sites. Replacement of acidic hydrogens in the sodalite cages with sodium cations results in the disappearance of one of the peaks, leading to final assignments of the resonances.


Ti-peroxide pillared layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have been prepared for the first time using water-soluble Ti-peroxide as an intercalating precursor. It is novel and alluring that the whole preparation procedure does not involve any usage of organic or chlorine-containing hazards. Intercalated into the LDH interlayer region, Ti-peroxide is prevented partially from condensation in the solvent evaporation. The interlayer TiO2 unit exists in triangular (η2) structure with C2ν symmetry in most cases, giving an interlayer gallery of 0.50–0.60 nm. But in the case of pH 4.0, monodentate (η1) structure is also observed, giving an interlayer gallery of 0.70 nm. All the Ti-peroxide pillared LDHs prepared in this work show catalytic activity in the selective oxidation of thioether. The Ti-peroxide introduced into the interlayer regions of Mg/Al LDH with a particle size of around 50–120 nm exhibits better recyclability than Ti-peroxide gel, either in bulk or adsorbed on the exterior surface of LDH particles. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010


An experiment that Microcystis aeruginosa was exposed to short-term(0-24h) simulated UV-B radiation was carried out to determine the effect of increased UV-B radiation on the phytoplankton growth in lakes,especially lakes in the mountain and plateau.By measuring the biomass,physiological and ultrastructural indices,the response of M.aeruginosa to UV-B radiation was analyzed.When the UV-B radiation exposure time reached to 1h,the M.aeruginosa began to die,but the protein concentration increased and chlorophyll-a concentration remained stable.When the UV-B radiation exposure time was less than 4h,the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme remained high,the cell membrane was in good condition,and the number of thylokoids and cyanophycin granules remained stable.When the UV-B radiation exposure time was more than 4h,chlorophyll-a concentration and the activity of SOD enzyme of M.aeruginosa started to rapidly drop.The UV-B continuous radiation exposure time reaching to 4h was the maximum resistance of M.aeruginosa.


Each paper must have a structured abstract (Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results and Conclusions) of up to 20 lines (approximately 150 words). Abstracts of case reports need not be structured. Footnotes: Avoid footnotes. When essential, they are numbered consecutively and typed at the foot of the appropriate page. Tables and illustrations: Tables and illustrations (both numbered in Arabic numerals) should be prepared on separate pages. Tables require a heading and figures a legend, also prepared on a separate page. For technical reasons, figures with a screen background should not be submitted. When possible, group several illustrations on one block for reproduction (max. size 180 × 223 mm) or provide crop marks. Electronically submitted b/w half-tone and color illustrations must have a final resolution of 300 dpi after scaling, line drawings one of 800–1,200 dpi. Figure files must not be embedded in a document file but submitted separately (for detailed instructions, see http://www. karger.com/cur). Case Reports should include the most important clinical details and not exceed 1,000 words. One table and two figures may be included. References should be limited to ten. Letters to the Editor must include matters of interest to urologists and not exceed 500 words. Color illustrations Online edition: Color illustrations are reproduced free of charge. In the print version, the illustrations are reproduced in black and white. Please avoid referring to the colors in the text and figure legends. Print edition: Up to 6 color illustrations per page can be integrated within the text at CHF/USD 500.00 per page. References: In the text identify references by Arabic numerals [in square brackets]. Material submitted for publication but not yet accepted should be noted as 'unpublished data' and not be included in the reference list. The list of references should include only those publications which are cited in the text. Do not alphabetize; number references in the order in which they are first mentioned in the text. The surnames of the authors followed by initials should be given. There should be no punctuation other than a comma to separate the authors. Preferably, please cite all authors. Abbreviate journal names according to the Index Medicus system. (Also see International Committee of Medical Journal Editors: Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals. N Engl J Med 1997;336:309–315.) Digital Object Identifier (DOI) S. Karger Publishers supports DOIs as unique identifiers for articles. A DOI number will be printed on the title page of each article. DOIs can be useful in the future for identifying and citing articles published online without volume or issue information. More information can be found at www.doi.org. Examples (a) Papers published in periodicals: Sun J, Koto H, Chung KF: Interaction of ozone and allergen challenges on bronchial responsiveness and inflammation in sensitised guinea pigs. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;112:191–195. (b) Papers published only with DOI numbers: Theoharides TC, Boucher W, Spear K: Serum interleukin6 reflects disease severity and osteoporosis in mastocytosis patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol DOI: 10.1159/000 063858. (c) Monographs: Matthews DE, Farewell VT: Using and Understanding Medical Statistics, ed 3, revised. Basel, Karger, 1996. (d) Edited books: Parren PWHI, Burton DR: Antibodies against HIV-1 from phage display libraries: Mapping of an immune response and progress towards antiviral immunotherapy; in Capra JD (ed): Antibody Engineering. Chem Immunol. Basel, Karger, 1997, vol 65, pp 18–56. Proofs PDF proofs will be sent to the corresponding author and should be returned with the least possible delay. Reprints Order form and price list is sent with the PDF proofs. Orders submitted after the issue is printed are subject to considerably higher prices. 1. 2.


Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising direction in automated parking systems (APSs), as integrating planning and tracking control using RL can potentially maximize the overall performance. However, commonly used model-free RL requires many interactions to achieve acceptable performance, and model-based RL in APS cannot continuously learn. In this paper, a data-efficient RL method is constructed to learn from data by use of a model-based method. The proposed method uses a truncated Monte Carlo tree search to evaluate parking states and select moves. Two artificial neural networks are trained to provide the search probability of each tree branch and the final reward for each state using self-trained data. The data efficiency is enhanced by weighting exploration with parking trajectory returns, an adaptive exploration scheme, and experience augmentation with imaginary rollouts. Without human demonstrations, a novel training pipeline is also used to train the initial action guidance network and the state value network. Compared with path planning and path-following methods, the proposed integrated method can flexibly co-ordinate the longitudinal and lateral motion to park a smaller parking space in one maneuver. Its adaptability to changes in the vehicle model is verified by joint Carsim and MATLAB simulation, demonstrating that the algorithm converges within a few iterations. Finally, experiments using a real vehicle platform are used to further verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with obtaining rewards using simulation, the proposed method achieves a better final parking attitude and success rate.


Spatial distribution of young-of-the-year (YOY) and older roach, rudd, perch and ruffe was compared in two artificial lakes with macrophytes present and absent, and a valley reservoir, using gillnets. Almost all species of interest and both age categories preferred benthic habitats. The depth distribution in benthic habitats was relatively consistent across water bodies with the highest fish densities found in the shallowest depths. In the macrophyte-rich lake, YOY roach and perch utilize the 3–6 m benthic layer the most, whereas the fish preferred the 0–3 m benthic layer in the macrophyte-poor lake and reservoir. No differences were found in the depth distribution in pelagic habitats sampled by pelagic gillnets for YOY fish between the water bodies. Older fish usually utilized the surface water layer. Macrophytes influenced the depth distribution of YOY fish in benthic habitats, where their density maximum shifted deeper in the macrophyte-rich lake when fewer macrophytes were present in the shallowest benthic depth. In lakes, YOY fish utilized a wider depth spectrum due to the deeper thermocline when compared to the reservoir. Oxygen and temperature stratification are the main factors influencing fish distribution, whereas macrophyte presence particularly influences the depth distribution of YOY fish in benthic habitats.


With the purpose to investigate the effect of heating temperature on the visible-light photocatalytic activities of carbon-doped TiO2, TiO2 photocatalysts doped with different amounts of carbon were synthesized through heating the dried gel at different temperatures from 70 to 350 °C. XRD, XPS, UV-Vis analysis were used to characterize the photocatalysts. The photocatalysts are all of anatase phase with specific surface areas higher than 240 m2/g. Carbon could be doped into TiO2 after drying the gel at 70 °C. The concentration of doped carbon changes with the rising of calcination temperature. The photocatalyst calcination at 300 °C shows the highest photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation, which is just a comprehensive result of physical properties of the photocatalysts.


Gene therapy has a great potential in cancer treatment. However, the efficacy of cancer gene therapy is currently limited by the lack of a safe and efficient means to deliver therapeutic genes into the nucleus of tumor cells. One method under investigation for improving local gene delivery is based on the use of pulsed electric field. Despite repeated demonstration of its effectiveness in vivo, the underlying mechanisms behind electric field-mediated gene delivery remain largely unknown. Without a thorough understanding of these mechanisms, it will be difficult to further advance the gene delivery. In this review, the electric field-mediated gene delivery in solid tumors will be examined by following individual transport processes that must occur in vivo for a successful gene transfer. The topics of examination include: (i) major barriers for gene delivery in the body, (ii) distribution of electric fields at both cell and tissue levels during the application of external fields, and (iii) electric field-induced transport of genes across each of the barriers. Through this approach, the review summarizes what is known about the mechanisms behind electric field-mediated gene delivery and what require further investigations in future studies.


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Abstract Consumerism arises when patients acquire and use medical information from sources other than their physicians. This practice has been hailed as a means of improving quality. This need not be the result. Our theoretical model identifies a channel through which consumerism may reduce quality: consumerist patients place additional demands on their doctors' time, thus imposing a negative externality on other patients. Relative to a world in which consumerism does not exist, consumerism may harm other consumerists, non-consumerists, or both. Data from a large national survey of physicians confirm the negative effects of consumerism: high levels of consumerist patients are associated with lower perceived quality among physicians.


Recommendations for best practice are useful in guiding the ethical and effective practice of psychology. Global mental health (GMH), which works to improve mental health treatment and access on a worldwide scale, is a growing field with many opportunities for psychologists, though such best practice recommendations have not been articulated. Using a grounded theory approach, this qualitative study recruited and interviewed psychologists identified as leaders in the field. Findings included broad categories of recommendations related to overarching variables (consideration of cultural/contextual variables; collaboration), program level characteristics (sustainability; formative and summative evaluation; flexibility; attention to systems; multidisciplinary teams; clinical knowledge and perspective; attention to spectrum of mental health), and individual level characteristics (perseverance; ongoing mentorship/supervision; self-awareness; boundary setting). Future directions include recommendations to recreate this study with a more geographically diverse sample, as well as with community members and service users of global mental heath projects. Increased attention to individual level competencies that impact global mental health projects are warranted. Recommendations for best practice and implications for training are also considered.


Simple Summary Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most aggressive brain tumor. Even with the most current treatment, its prognosis remains dismal. Immunotherapies, novel cancer therapies using the patient's own immune system to fight cancer, have revolutionized the treatment of numerous cancer types and generate great hope for glioblastoma. In this review, we analyze the challenges immunotherapy is facing in glioblastoma, present the different immunotherapy approaches with corresponding key clinical trial findings, and finally discuss limitations and how they might be overcome. Proof of efficacy for immunotherapies remains to be demonstrated in glioblastoma, but novel combinatorial approaches remain promising. Abstract Glioblastoma is the most frequent and the most aggressive brain tumor. It is notoriously resistant to current treatments, and the prognosis remains dismal. Immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of numerous cancer types and generate great hope for glioblastoma, alas without success until now. In this review, the rationale underlying immune targeting of glioblastoma, as well as the challenges faced when targeting these highly immunosuppressive tumors, are discussed. Innovative immune-targeting strategies including cancer vaccines, oncolytic viruses, checkpoint blockade inhibitors, adoptive cell transfer, and CAR T cells that have been investigated in glioblastoma are reviewed. From a clinical perspective, key clinical trial findings and ongoing trials are discussed for each approach. Finally, limitations, either biological or arising from trial designs are analyzed, and strategies to overcome them are presented. Proof of efficacy for immunotherapy approaches remains to be demonstrated in glioblastoma, but our rapidly expanding understanding of its biology, its immune microenvironment, and the emergence of novel promising combinatorial approaches might allow researchers to finally fulfill the medical need for GBM patients.


Erectile dysfunction adversely affects up to 20% of all men and is the most commonly treated sexual disorder. The public health implications of this condition are significant and represent a challenge for our healthcare system. The physiological pathways responsible for erections have been extensively studied, and much advancement has been made since the introduction of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors. Newer agents, such as dopaminergic and melanocortin receptor agonists, which target central erectogenic pathways, are under investigation. Newer formulations and delivery methods of existing medications such as alprostadil will also be introduced in the near future. Furthermore, low-intensity shockwave lithotripsy and stem cell regenerative techniques are innovative approaches to the treatment of erectile dysfunction.


Poetry and lyrics across cultures, from Sonnets to Rap, demonstrate an obvious human cognitive capacity for the perception and production of various multi-syllable sound patterns. Here we use entropy to measure discrete serialized representations of phones and to explore the complexity of these sound structures across genres of creative language arts. The present exploratory analysis has two main objectives. First, our aim is to broaden the scope of cognitive processes and data that are considered in statistical learning approaches to phonological learning and language acquisition. Second, we hope to to provide a basis for more targeted computational and phonological investigations of these patterns. We compare the conditional entropy of sequences of phonological patterns in lyrics and find that, in general, Battle Rap and Sonnets maintain noticeably lower entropy than other genres across sequence sizes, while lyrics from Electronic music and Hip-Hop display relatively high entropy.


suffered from poor translation or is a poorly conceived piece of work. Use of phrases like "to cure chronic psychotics" without elaboration is not appropriate. Clinical descriptions are equally vague. The book also attempts to deal with the use of neuroleptics, antidepressants, lithium and anxiolytics. Some of these chapters deal with various clinical problems; for example, guidelines for prophylaxis of affective illnesses, treatment of the chronic depressive, and a chapter by Schou on the practical problems of lithium treatment. In a book of this title one would expect more on the chronic use oflithium. Dr. Schou refers to one aspect ofthis problem and that is the relative merit of sustained-release lithium over the regular-release preparation. The rationale is that renal effects are minimized by eliminating the sharp peaks in plasma levels of lithium when the sustained-release preparation is used. In spite of its shortcomings this book contains some excellent material and will be found useful by both the clinician and the scientist.


We find necessary and sufficient conditions for convergences of series of weighted probabilities of large deviations for combinatorial sums i Xniπn(i), where Xnij is a matrix of order n of independent random variables and (πn(1), πn(2), . . . , πn(n)) is a random permutation with the uniform distribution on the set of permutations of numbers 1, 2, . . . , n, independent with Xnij. We obtain combinatorial variants of results on convergence rates in the strong law of large numbers and the law of the iterated logarithm under conditions closed to optimal ones. We discuss applications to rank statistics.


The evolution of the society continues affecting all sector and market players, marketing is changing over time, giving value not only to customer satisfaction but also to environmental heritage, for a sustainable development. The concept of green marketing is raising momentum, providing evidence of a need for additional efforts in the strategic management field, in order to investigate the consumer's perspective towards sustainability and, among the others, the so-called eco-friendly products. Within this context, the influence of green advertising on attitudes and behaviours has long been discussed. The main intention to write this paper is to determine the effect of green advertising, eco-literacy and environmental concern on customer attitude and purchase behaviour. This study using a self-administered questionnaire. The sample consisted of 321 respondents. The target respondents were graduate, graduate and postgraduate business students. Specifically, Business students are chosen as there is a general observation among people that these students are more knowledgeable and concerned about the green marketing than students belong to other disciplines. The data were collected via the distribution of self-administered questionnaires through online method (e-mail) and offline method (hand delivery). It should be noted that the questionnaire survey for this study was adopted from established questionnaires from previous studies. The results demonstrate that, it seems appropriate to remind companies already making environmental friendly products and/or green production processes to continue along this path innovation and convey green advertising. Conversely, business firms that still do not understand the change of course of society and the future changes in consumer's purchasing, should divert their efforts and their expertise in this orientation, not to be left out of the games.


The authors describe their experience with the endoscopic technique of upper thoracic sympathectomy. They evaluate it as an easily performed and safe method which gives great comfort to the patient as well as excellent functional and cosmetic results and involves a minimal burden and ensures rapid convalescence. It enables the surgeon to obtain a perfect orientation in the surgical field as well as safe and perfect preparation of the thoracic portion of the sympathetic nerve. The low cost is also important.


Estimation of the potential degree of risk for tank failure during an earthquake is very difficult to quantify since the liquid-tank system possesses many different nonlinear behaviour mechanisms which may be triggered simultaneously or separately depending on the characteristics of earthquake, contained liquid properties, fluid depth, dimensions of the tank, roof type, material properties, supporting conditions and stiffness of underlying soil medium. These nonlinear behaviour mechanisms can emerge in the form of elephant foot and diamond shape buckling at the tank wall, rupture at the junction between tank wall and base, buckling at the top of tank and roof, settlement at tank support system and foundation and large amplitude deformations at the base plate. For the case of unanchored tank, in addition to these mechanisms, uplift of tank base, sliding of the tank and successive contact and separation between base plate and foundation can be observed when tank subjects to seismic loadings. The analysis tool used to quantify the tank behaviour has to take into account the effects of all aforementioned factors. Since LS-DYNA is capable of handling complexities associated with the nonlinear transient seismic response of unanchored tanks it is utilized in this study. ALE technique and contact algorithms of LS-DYNA are used to model the coupling of tank and fluid and the interaction between tank base and soil, respectively. The results are compared with the provisions given in tank seismic design codes used in the current practice.


Abstract. Aiman WM, Yusoff FM, Arshad A, Kamal AHM, Ismail J, Idris MH, Karim NU, Asif AA. 2020. Distribution of zooplankton community in Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) habitats, Sarawak, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 21: 4022-4033. The river ecosystems of Sarawak has been identified as important-spawning ground for economically important Toli shad (Tenualosa toli) fisheries. In these river ecosystems, zooplankton serves as a secondary producer to the different types of fish larvae including Toli shad. The productivity and biomass of zooplankton are important factors to control the production of higher trophic level organisms like fish larvae and fishes in different stages including T. toli larvae. In this viewpoint, the composition and abundance of zooplankton were investigated at 5 (five) sampling stations (considered to be spawning and nursing areas of Toli shad) at Batang Lupar and Batang Sadong estuaries from July 2016 to June 2017. A total of 29 zooplankton taxa were recorded that belong to 14 major groups comprised of Copepoda (Arthropoda), Crustacean nauplii (Arthropoda), Fish larvae (Chordata), Mollusca (Mollusca), Luciferidae (Arthropoda), Cnidaria (Cnidaria), Ostracoda (Arthropoda), Cirripedia (Arthropoda), Polychaete larvae (Annelida), Chaetognatha (Chaetognatha), Appendicularia (Chordata), Amphipoda (Arthropoda), Echinodermata larvae (Echinodermata) and Cladoceran (Arthropoda). Copepod was dominant group of zooplankton (82.40-94.41%) at all stations, contributing 477.37-25921.89 ind/m3 and 88.38% of total abundance. The second highest was crustacean larvae (2.45-9.38%) in all stations, contributing 0-2391.7 ind/m3 and 5.88% of total abundance. Zooplankton abundance was higher at downstream station 1 (8460.72 ind/m³) followed by station 2 (5479.80 indi/m³), station 3 (4571.95 ind/m³), station 4 (4394.20 ind/m³) and upstream station 5 (4156.73 ind/m³). Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed that the abundance of copepods was highly influenced by total turbidity and nitrate in the riverine and estuarine ecosystems. Abundance of zooplankton was relatively higher (9549.31 ind/m³) during the post-monsoon and lower (3534.56 ind/m³) during the southwest monsoon.


The commercial processing of various biomaterials extensively uses azo dyes (including reactive, direct, acidic, and basic dyes). These industrial applications produce wastewater containing a large volume of solubilized azo dye and hydrolyzed by-products. The treatment of such wastewater is primarily carried out by chemical and, to an extent, physical methods, which lack selectivity and efficiency. Notably, the chemical methods employ free radicals and oxidizing agents that further increase the chemical waste and produce non-biodegradable side-products. Therefore, there is an increasing trend of using microbial-assisted methods. The current study identified a specific Agrobacterium strain (JAS1) that degraded the three structurally distinct azo dyes (Reactive Black 5, Methyl Orange, Congo Red). JAS1 can tolerate high concentrations and be used to perform the in-solution degradation of azo dyes, respectively: Methyl Orange (5.5 g/L and 5.0 g/L), Congo Red (0.50 g/L and 0.40 g/L), and Reactive Black 5 (0.45 g/L and 0.40 g/L). Our study elucidated the molecular mechanisms (primarily enzymatic degradation and adsorption) responsible for the JAS-1-assisted decoloration of azo dyes. The JAS-1-assisted degraded products from these azo dyes were found biodegradable as the germination and seedling growth of wheat seeds were observed. To enhance the scope of the study, JAS1-assisted decolorization was studied for cellulosic materials, indicating a potential application in de-inking and de-dyeing process in recycling industries.


Abstract. The Nearctic psyllid Bactericera maculipennis (Crawford) (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Triozidae) is one of only five known species of Psylloidea worldwide whose host plants include species of Convolvulaceae (Solanales). Current checklists of North American Psylloidea report B. maculipennis only from California and Utah. Our surveys of field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), an Old World plant introduced into North America, show that B. maculipennis is considerably more widespread than indicated by historical accounts. We update the psyllid's geographic range to include four states (Washington, Idaho, Oregon, Montana) not previously included in contemporary checklists. The egg and fifth instar nymph are described. We provide characters of the egg and nymph that distinguish this species from a congeneric species, Bactericera cockerelli (Šulc), occasionally found on field bindweed. Photographs of the male and female terminalia are provided. Bactericera maculipennis developed successfully on field bindweed and on several species of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) in laboratory assays. Overwintering females collected from leaf litter and dead or dormant stems of C. arvensis at locations in Central Washington mated and began to oviposit within 7 days of removal from the field, suggesting that B. maculipennis overwinters in a temperature-controlled quiescence rather than in a true reproductive diapause. Eggs and nymphs of B. maculipennis were found on stems of C. arvensis well into November in Central Washington, suggesting that this psyllid also may overwinter in pre-adult stages, as indicated by literature accounts from the 1940s and 1950s. Lastly, we propose that successful colonization of the invasive and exotic weed C. arvensis by B. maculipennis has allowed the psyllid to expand its geographic range well beyond historical boundaries. This conclusion is based upon the scarcity of native Convolvulaceae within regions in which the psyllid is newly recorded, combined with the now extensive distribution of the invasive C. arvensis in North America.


The polymeric architecture greatly influences the properties of polymer drug carriers. In this study, copolymers of poly(e-caprolactone)-b-poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylate)-r-poly(N-(3-sulfopropyl)-N-methacryloxyethy-N,N-diethylammoniumbetaine) with linear (L-PCL-PDEASB) and four-armed star-shape (4s-PCL-PDEASB) were designed and prepared to explore the relationship between the architecture/composition and the micelle properties. The structures of these copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatograph (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The results showed that the copolymer composition/structure affects the thermal properties, hydrophilicity, micelle properties, pH sensitivity and drug releasing performance. In cytotoxicity experiment the micelles of star-shaped copolymer displayed lower cell toxicity than those of the linear copolymer with the same composition. The drug release rate of the curcumin-loaded micelles was related to the sulfobetaine units and was very different for different copolymer micelles. The curcumin-loaded micelles of star-shaped copolymer prolonged the retention time of curcumin in blood circulation in pharmacokinetic experiments and accumulated more in tumor sites than the free curcumin in breast carcinoma bearing mice in drug distribution experiments. The tissue section images illustrated that the curcumin-loaded micelles could reduce curcumin damage to the liver and lungs. Therefore, the pH sensitive micelles of star-shaped copolymer containing sulfobetaines with suitable composition are promising carriers.


The unique properties and numerous applications of nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) are stimulating research on improving the existing and developing new titanium dioxide synthesis methods. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time the possibilities of the extraction–pyrolytic method (EPM) for the production of nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. A titanium-containing precursor (extract) was prepared by liquid–liquid extraction using valeric acid C4H9COOH without diluent as an extractant. Simultaneous thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (TGA–DSC), as well as the Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to determine the temperature conditions to fabricate TiO2 powders free of organic impurities. The produced materials were also characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed the possibility of the fabrication of storage-stable liquid titanium (IV)-containing precursor, which provided nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. It was established that the EPM permits the production of both monophase (anatase polymorph or rutile polymorph) and biphase (mixed anatase–rutile polymorphs), impurity-free nanocrystalline TiO2 powders. For comparison, TiO2 powders were also produced by the precipitation method. The results presented in this study could serve as a solid basis for further developing the EPM for the cheap and simple production of nanocrystalline TiO2-based materials in the form of doped nanocrystalline powders, thin films, and composite materials.


To the Editor:

Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukaemia, accounting for 40% of all cases in individuals >65 years of age. Thoracic complications of CLL can be classified into three groups: 1) infectious complications, which are by far the most frequent and are directly related to the severity of immunodeficiency secondary either to leukaemia or therapy; 2) pleural effusions that are either in CLL localisation or related to venous or lymphatic compression caused by a mass or lymph node, and 3) specific bronchopulmonary involvement secondary to lymphocytic infiltration.

Specific bronchopulmonary involvement due to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (or pathologic leukaemic bronchopulmonary infiltration (LBPI)) is rare and there are few reports in the literature. We report the cases of six patients with CLL and bronchopulmonary leukaemic infiltrates who needed specific treatment due to the severity of respiratory symptoms.

The patients' characteristics are summarised in table S1 in the online supplementary material. All patients gave their written informed consent for inclusion in this report. The six patients were all males. Mean age was 70 years (range 64–74 years). Patient 1 was a current smoker (40 pack-years) and patients 4 and 6 were former smokers (10 PA). CLL had been diagnosed in all patients through a combination of blood hyperlymphocytosis, characteristic lymphocyte morphology and immunophenotyping carried out in the Haematology Department (Tours university Hospital, Tours, France), an average of 6.2 years previously (range 3–14 years). At diagnosis, none of the patients presented with respiratory symptoms or computed tomography (CT) scan abnormalities indicative of LBPI. Patients 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 had a previous pulmonary history of infectious pneumonia. Only patient 1 had never received specific CLL treatment. All …


Professionally competent  teachers are the  nation builders in true sense. Such teachers not only impart the knowledge in the effective way but also inculcate cultural heritage, social norms and above all the  national harmony. National  professional standards were formulated by the Government of Pakistan in 2009 to make the teachers aware of their professional responsibilities  and to check the  level of  their professional  development. The present study is an effort to develop a scale to assess teachers' professional knowledge in the light of the specified  standards. Therefore, a scale was developed  in  the light  of  national professional standards and validated through expert opinion. The scale consisted of 26 items with three sub-scales namely teaching learning, classroom management and assessment. After incorporating the changes suggested by experts the scale was launched to collect data from the prospective teachers. The results of the study revealed that the scale was reliable for application in future.


To study the structure of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐1 drug resistance (DR) in patients with newly diagnosed infection. Residents of the Republic of Guinea (N = 2168) were tested for HIV using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Individuals with a positive result were further examined for the presence of viral load in blood plasma. HIV was analyzed using Sanger sequencing. The obtained sequences were genotyped using REGA (version 3.0) and analyzed in MEGA 7. Analysis for the presence of DR mutations was performed using the Stanford University HIV DR Database. Serological markers of HIV were detected in 239 people, which represents 11.02% of the entire sample. HIV RNA was detected in 58 people. The following subtypes were seen: HIV CRF02_AG (41.9%); A1 (29.1%); A3 (12.9%); URF A1_G (12.9%); and G (3.2%). In 25% of patients, at least one significant mutation was encountered leading directly to HIV DR. The mutations encountered cause resistance to NRTI and NNRTI; one case of multiple resistance was identified. Major resistance to protease inhibitor was not seen. The detection of HIV‐1 mutations associated with DR, in individuals who have never received antiretroviral therapy, is a cause for concern. It suggests that: new infections are occurring with strains that already have resistance; and the expansion of resistance is not always directly associated with selective drug pressure. Among the likely reasons for the high prevalence of primary HIV DR in the Republic of Guinea, drug availability is probably the key. The consequence of this is the lack of adherence of patients to treatment, the formation and transmission of resistant variants of the virus in the population. These findings suggest the need to test patients for resistant virus variants before initiating treatment.


A Frequent association of side effects has been a long-standing dilemma in clinical glucocorticoid therapy. Recent progress in molecular biology of glucocorticoid hormone action, however, has prompted researchers to tackle the dissociation of side effects and therapeutic effects based on the assumption that selective modulation of its receptor function could be achieved by as yet unknown compounds. Already a number of selective modulators of the glucocorticoid receptor (SGRMs) have been reported, and certain compounds have dissociating characteristics in vivo. We have addressed ligand-dependent modular recruitment of AF-1 function using a phenylpyrazologlucocorticoid cortivazol, suggesting the possibility of developing tissue-specific SGRMs. It should also be emphasized that SGRMs do not always have a steroid structure.


Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) cacti attmt millions of visitors to the Tonto National Forest (RIF), Arizona each year. Unfortunately fires occurring during the last few decades bumed large portions of mature saguaro habitat-landscapes now devoid of centuries old behemoth cacti. Based on a developing understanding of disturbance effects on saguaro, TNF is modifying grazing and fire policy on its desert rangeland. They have placed a greater emphasis on the protection. maintenance and recovery of this valuable resource, yet little is known about long-term consequences of historical range pnctices. The arson-set ignitions known as the Vista View Fire bumed saguaro habitat near Four Peaks. Mesa District, TNF during mild fire-weather conditions in May 1993. A 1994 post-fire study evaluating fire effects on saguaro and associated vegetation compared unbumed and burned habitat. Survival and mortality of saguaro and associated vegetation was measured using point quarter techniques along four 350 m transects. Initial saguaro mortality was recorded at 19 percent in the burned a m s yet long-term mortality was expected to increase based on the 90 percent injury recorded. Delayed saguaro mortality from other fires had been documented for up to 5 years after injury. Preliminary analysis now shows that after 10 years saguaro mortality attributable to the Vista View fire has increased to almost 30 percent. Similarly, some of the associated vegetation that had sprouted after the fire eventually died. Although many obviously fire injured saguaro continued to grow in height and produce , additional arms evident deterioration and partial decay suggest more will eventually die from injury suffered during the 1993 fire. Higher numbers of juvenile saguaro were observed in unbumed when compared to burned arras. Further comparisons between burned and unburned vegetation will elucidate how the extended drought during the last decade influenced mortality of saguaro and associated vegetation. Another decade or two may be necessary to determine the full impact of the Vista View fire on this saguaro population.