The functional outcome after a brachial plexus birth injury (BPBI) is based on changes in the peripheral nerve and in the central nervous system. Most patients with a BPBI recover, but residual deficits in shoulder function are not uncommon. The aim of this study was to determine cerebral activation patterns in patients with BPBI and also residual symptoms from the shoulder. In seven patients (six females and one male, aged 17–23 years) with a BPBI and residual shoulder problems (Mallet score IV or lower), the cerebral response to active movement of the shoulder and elbow of the injured and healthy arm was monitored using functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T. Movements, i.e., shoulder rotation or elbow flexion and extension, of the injured side resulted in a more pronounced and more extended activation of the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex compared to the activation seen after moving the healthy shoulder and elbow. In addition, moving the shoulder or elbow on the injured side resulted in increased activation in ipsilateral primary sensorimotor areas an also increased activation in associated sensorimotor areas, in both hemispheres, located further posterior in the parietal lobe, which are known to be important for integration of motor tasks and spatial aspects of motor control. Thus, in this preliminary study based on a small cohort, patients with BPBI and residual shoulder problems show reorganization in sensorimotor areas in both hemispheres of the brain. The increased activation in ipsilateral sensorimotor areas and in areas that deal with both integration of motor tasks and spatial aspects of motor control in both hemispheres indicates altered dynamics between the hemispheres, which may be a cerebral compensation for the injury.


This paper presents methods and results for representing the complex thermal network of a building envelope and interior in the form of reduced-order state-space equations that can more easily be applied in model-based predictive and other advanced control approaches. The complexities of heat transfer phenomena through glazings and long wavelength exchanges among walls make the representation difficult. The model employs the net radiosity method for long-wave interaction, one-dimensional transient conduction through walls, conductive and convective coupling between zones, etc. Model order reduction is applied to simplify the state-space representation and case study results are presented.


This indispensable guide offers a comprehensive, country-by-country look at the current state of affairs in the most explosive region of the hemisphere. Largely ignored by the American public and often exploited by Washington, Central America became a center of U.S. and world attention in 1979 with the Sandinista revolution in Nicaragua and the continuing guerrilla war in El Salvador. Over the next decade more than $8 billion in U.S. military and economic aid poured into the region as it became an ideological and social battleground.This indispensable guide offers a comprehensive, country-by-country look at the state of affairs in the most explosive region in the hemisphere. Digging from the inside out, Tom Barry provides a trenchant analysis of the region's internal dynamics and international relations, examining in detail each country's government and politics, military, economy, society, and environment, as well as the role played there by the United States.


Deep learning has shown successful application in visual recognition and certain artificial intelligence tasks. Deep learning is also considered as a powerful tool with high flexibility to approximate functions. In the present work, functions with desired properties are devised to approximate the solutions of PDEs. Our approach is based on a posteriori error estimation in which the adjoint problem is solved for the error localization to formulate an error estimator within the framework of neural network. An efficient and easy to implement algorithm is developed to obtain a posteriori error estimate for multiple goal functionals by employing the dual-weighted residual approach, which is followed by the computation of both primal and adjoint solutions using the neural network. The present study shows that such a data-driven model based learning has superior approximation of quantities of interest even with relatively less training data. The novel algorithmic developments are substantiated with numerical test examples. The advantages of using deep neural network over the shallow neural network are demonstrated and the convergence enhancing techniques are also presented


Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health and human rights issue, with millions of children affected worldwide. While several reviews have explored the emotional-behavioural functioning of children exposed to IPV, this review aimed to examine the relationship between children's exposure to IPV and their cognitive development, and to identify associated factors such as aspects of parenting. The databases MEDLINE, PsycInfo, EMBASE, Family and Society Studies Worldwide, CINAHL, and ERIC were searched using key words related to IPV, such as domestic, family, partner, interparental, spousal, marital, violence, abuse, aggression, assault, combined with key words related to cognitive functioning, such as neuropsychological, executive, intelligence, learning, memory, and key words related to children and adolescents. A total of 38 studies met the criteria for review which included reporting an estimate of the relationship between IPV and cognition using direct assessments of cognitive functioning. Approximately 70% of studies found a relationship between IPV and poorer cognitive functioning, with general IQ the most frequently assessed domain of functioning, followed by verbal abilities and academic skills. Most studies assessed skills during early childhood, with fewer studies assessing children during middle childhood and adolescence. Results were consistent across cognitive domains and developmental stages. In terms of factors associated with IPV and cognition, a range of demographic, individual, and family factors were included, with several studies exploring mediating and moderating mechanisms. The findings suggest that IPV in childhood is associated with poorer cognitive skills across a range of domains. Implications for policy, practice and research are discussed.


PURPOSE
Our aim was to investigate the usefulness of multisection dynamic MR imaging using a 3D FLASH technique during breath holding in assessing myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-eight endometrial carcinomas were evaluated with pathologic correlation. Dynamic MR imaging was performed using the 3D FLASH technique during breath holding. We compared accuracy in the assessment of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma between T2-weighted images, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, and dynamic MR images.

RESULTS
The accuracy rates in estimating myometrial invasion with T2-weighted images, contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images, and dynamic MR images were 64.3%, 67.8%, and 85.7%, respectively. Statistically significant differences were seen between dynamic MR images and both T2-weighted images and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images.

CONCLUSION
Multisection dynamic MR imaging using the 3D FLASH technique during breath holding is useful for the evaluation of myometrial invasion by endometrial carcinoma with polypoid growth or an unclear junctional zone on T2-weighted images.


For several generations, intermarriage has been common between indigenous Rotinese Christians and migrant Muslims and their descendants in the Indonesian village of Oelua on Roti Island. Muslims have engaged with the customary institutions upheld by indigenous Rotinese Christians—namely, those associated with marriage proposals and bridewealth. They have also engaged in reciprocal inter-household exchanges to raise the cash to pay for weddings and bridewealth, as well as for other life cycle events such as funeral feasts and gatherings in the post-funeral mourning period. This article argues that intermarriage and inter-household monetary exchanges are important, among other factors, in promoting low conflict relations between the two groups, primarily because of the regular opportunities generated to interact in both public and private spheres. Marriage preferences in Oelua are changing, however, with young Muslim men preferring to marry women who subscribe to the same religion and similar customs. Muslim attitudes are also changing with respect to their involvement in inter-household reciprocal exchanges, with many wanting to engage in different ways, or not at all. The article discusses what these changing attitudes and practices may mean for maintaining congenial inter-group relations between Christians and Muslims in the future.


The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) had in 1990 recommended that civilian aircrew be classified as being occupationally exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation, in view of their increased exposure to cosmic rays at altitude. In 2000, the European Union had gone ahead with legislation which requires all European airlines to monitor cosmic radiation levels during flight and to inform aircrew of the possible health risks. However, the evidence for a causal link between cosmic radiation exposure and health risks remains elusive despite recent findings of increased cancer incidence among airline pilots and cabin crew. The inconclusiveness of the evidence notwithstanding, there are compelling reasons for adopting a prudent and precautionary stance.


Ecologists are often faced with problem of small sample size, correlated and large number of predictors, and high noise-to-signal relationships. This necessitates excluding important variables from the model when applying standard multiple or multivariate regression analyses. In this paper, we present the results of applying PLS to explore relationships among biotic indicators of surface water quality and landscape conditions accounting for the above problems. Available field sampling and remotely sensed data sets for the Savannah Basin are used. We were able to develop models and compare results for the whole basin and for each ecoregion (Blue Ridge, Piedmont, and Coastal Plain) in spite of the data constraints. The amount of variability in surface water biota explained by each model reflects the scale, spatial location, and the composition of contributing landscape metrics. The landscape-biota model developed for the whole basin using PLS explains 43% and 80% of the variation in water biota and landscape data sets, respectively. Models developed for each of the three ecoregions indicate dominance of landscape variables which reflect the geophysical characteristics of that ecoregion.


The modulated crystal structure and modulated magnetic ordering of the multiferroic CaCu(x)Mn(7-x)O(12) is studied by analysing neutron and synchrotron-radiation (SR) powder diffraction data with a model based on the magnetic superspace group R31'(00γ)ts. Both atomic position modulations and magnetic modulations are described with the modulation vector (0, 0, q). The magnetic ordering is a screw-type circular helix where the magnetic moments are perpendicular to the c direction. The temperature dependence of the modulation vector length and the ordered magnetic moments of Mn(3+) and Mn(4+) ions is given between T = 50 K and the Néel temperature T(N) is approximately equal to 90 K. The atomic position modulation length L(p) and the magnetic modulation length L(m) fulfil the relation L(m) = 2L(p) at all temperatures between 50 K and T(N).


Artificial neural networks are universal and highly flexible function approximations first used in the fields of cognitive science and engineering. In recent years, neural network applications in finance for such tasks as pattern recognition, classification, and time series forecasting have dramatically increased. However, the large number of parameters that must be selected to develop a neural network forecasting model have meant that the design process still involves much trial and error.Neural Network is a challenging and daunting task to find out which is more effective and accurate method for stock rate prediction so that a buy or sell signal can be generated for given stocks. Predicting stock index with traditional time series analysis has proven to be difficult an Artificial Neural network may be suitable for the task. A Neural Network has the ability to extract useful information from large set of data. This paper presents an application of Artificial Neural Network for stock market predictions and is very useful for predicting world stock markets.


Contemporary psychodynamic therapists, as contrasted with early ones, are more active and interactive, less dependent on interpretations, and more focused on affects, self-regulation, and interpersonal relations, with a premium placed on the therapeutic alliance. Evidence supports the utility and effectiveness of the psychodynamic paradigm. Two cases are presented that demonstrate how a well-trained psychodynamic therapist is able to effectively apply such an approach to individuals with substance use disorders, in one instance a client in early treatment still immersed in her addictions, and, in the second case a client in early abstinence emerging from a long standing dependency on alcohol and cocaine. The case material highlights the special sensitivities and practices required to address predisposing factors and resulting consequences associated with addictive disorders. Reflections by the therapist and the clients provide a basis to consider the nature of the clients' addictive involvements, a rationale for the therapist's interventions, and how client vulnerabilities are addressed in their attempts to recover from their addictions.


ABSTRACT We describe a new methodology to infer sentiments held toward identities and behaviors from social events that we extract from a large corpus of newspaper text. Our approach draws on affect control theory, a mathematical model of how sentiment is encoded in social events and culturally shared views toward identities and behaviors. While most sentiment analysis approaches evaluate concepts on a single, evaluative dimension, our work extracts a three-dimensional sentiment "profile" for each concept. We can also infer when multiple sentiment profiles for a concept are likely to exist. We provide a case study of a large newspaper corpus on the Arab Spring, which helps to validate our approach.


Bacteriocins are ribosomal synthesized antimicrobial peptides produced by one bacterium that are active against other bacteria, either in the same species (narrow spectrum), or across genera (broad spectrum). Thirty isolates of Lactic acid bacteria obtained from fermented milk and Yoghurt from various locations in Alnajaf were analyzed by PCR to rapid screening of pediocin, plantaricin and enterocin genes that present on the bacterial chromosome or on plasmids Multiplex PCR method was used to detect the presence of bacteriocin gene by using specific primers to amplify a fragment from bacteriocin structural gene. Eighteen strains produced one of the PCR fragments with specific primers. Highest frequency of occurrence 11(61.1%) of isolates produced fragment of 428 bp indicate to presence of plantaricin gene, 5 (27.8%) produced fragment of 332 bp indicate to presence of pediocin gene whereas 2(11.1%) produced fragments of 412 bp indicate to presence of enterocin gene. The agar well diffusion methods was used to detect the selected strains with antibacterial activities against P. aeruginosa . The supernatant of the thirty LAB screened for bacteriocin production, eighteen (60%) were gave inhibition zones (12-20mm) onto the indicator pathogenic strain. Among LAB isolates, strain M5 plantaricin producer the most effective antibacterial compounds against P. aeruginosa. (20 mm as diameter of inhibition). The LAB isolates were: Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus and Enterococcus. L. plantarum had the highest frequency of occurrence 11(61.1%), while, Pediococcus and Enterococcus had 5 (27.8%) and 2(11.1%) respectively.


OBJECTIVE
The application of 2 distinct and simultaneously applied drug-delivery platforms for the treatment of peripheral artery disease (PAD) has not been studied. This study investigated the outcomes of femoropopliteal disease treated with drug-coated balloon (DCB) followed by placement of drug-eluting stent (DES) when a bail-out procedure is required.

METHODS
This was a single-center, retrospective study enrolling 22 consecutive patients (23 limbs) treated with DCB + DES. Bail-out stenting was performed for flow-limiting postangioplasty dissections and/or suboptimal angiographic result, such as residual stenosis. Procedural success (<30% residual stenosis) and the incidence of major adverse limb event (MALE) during an average follow-up of 15.2 months were estimated.

RESULTS
Among the 22 patients (23 limbs), 14 presented with claudication and 8 with critical limb ischemia. The majority of the lesions were Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus class C/D, with a mean lesion length of 321 ± 130 mm. DCB angioplasty was performed with Stellarex (Philips) in 6 cases and In.Pact DCB (Medtronic) in 16 cases. Eluvia DES (Boston Scientific) was used for bail-out stenting in all cases (in 10 limbs for flow-limiting dissection and in 13 limbs for suboptimal angiographic result due to significant residual stenosis and/or recoil). A single Eluvia DES was used in 15 cases, while multiple Eluvia DESs were used in 8 cases. Procedural success was achieved in all but 1 case where persistent recoil occurred in a heavily calcified lesion. During an average follow-up of 15 months, restenosis or reocclusion of the target vessel was observed in 6 cases (26.1%), although only 3 patients required repeat revascularization (13.0%). During follow-up, 1 death and 1 major amputation occurred, both in patients who had originally presented with critical limb ischemia. Additionally, on routine duplex ultrasound, there were no cases of aneurysm formation at the sites of Eluvia stent placement.

CONCLUSION
DCB with provisional DES implantation could be a viable treatment option for cases of suboptimal DCB results, without apparent additional cardiovascular or limb-related risks. Additional studies are needed to determine the risks and benefits of double-dose paclitaxel approach, especially for those patients with significant residual stenosis after DCB.


The emerging tephrostratigraphy of NW Europe spanning the last termination (ca. 15–9 ka) provides the potential for synchronizing marine, ice‐core and terrestrial records, but is currently compromised by stratigraphic complications, geochemical ambiguity and imprecise age estimates for some layers. Here we present new tephrostratigraphic, radiocarbon and chironomid‐based palaeotemperature data from Abernethy Forest, Scotland, that refine the ages and stratigraphic positions of the Borrobol and Penifiler tephras. The Borrobol Tephra (14.14–13.95 cal ka BP) was deposited in a relatively warm period equated with Greenland Interstadial sub‐stage GI‐1e. The younger Penifiler Tephra (14.09–13.65 cal ka BP) is closely associated with a cold oscillation equated with GI‐1d. We also present evidence for a previously undescribed tephra layer that has a major‐element chemical signature identical to the Vedde Ash. It is associated with the warming trend at the end of the Younger Dryas, and dates between 11.79 and 11.20 cal ka BP. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Prescription drug coverage and reduced medication copayments have been shown to increase medication adherence, improve health care outcomes, and reduce racial and ethnic outcome disparities. This is especially true for uninsured patients who face greater obstacles and cost-barriers in obtaining medications than their insured counterparts. For this reason, some free clinics, including our own, provide medications to patients at no out-of-pocket cost. However, the price of supplying pharmaceuticals and medical supplies at reduced or no cost is a significant financial burden to free clinics, particularly those committed to providing care to the chronically ill, a population whose monthly drug costs can be steep. In this article, we present our free clinic's evidence-based, value-conscious approach to providing patients with prescription medications at no charge, and evaluate the cost-savings of this operation. Specifically, we highlight the following three strategies and the associated annual savings: implementation of an evidence-based formulary with drug costs available at the point-of-care; the use of Patient Drug Assistance Programs to obtain expensive, off-formulary medications; and utilization of wholesale vendors to obtain blood glucose testing supplies. We present the opportunities, limitations, and lessons learned from this ongoing effort for free clinics to optimize their own drug and medical supply coverage programs.


In the case of pharmacotherapy, we believe that the nurse need to acquire knowledge and skill about the safety management of drugs, to prevent the occurrence of harmful effect of drugs in the current medical care. In response to the voices of the victim of harmful effect of drugs in Japan, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology have surveyed since 2010 on the education to attain the extermination of the harmful side effect induced by unsuitable using drugs in each school of medicine, dentistry, pharmacy, and nursing. In this study, we analyzed current status and issues of pharmacology education in the education of nursing, from the viewpoint of the education for harmful effect of drugs. In addition, we examined what is the requirement as a nurse to check and prevent the harmful side effect induced by unsuitable using drugs if we could find the suitable education method of harmful effect of drugs because a school hour was tight and limited on the school of nursing. We carried out this study with the approval of the Saitama Prefectural University Ethical Review Board (28095). As a result, 76% of students who obtained informed consent could explain or know thalidomide incident. Only 34% of students could understand the difference between harmful effect and drug abuse, until they took a pharmacology class. On the other hand, it became clear that 84% of students thought that it was possible to prevent or relieve harmful effect of drugs as a nurse. Poster Sessions


Ethical analysis may result in recommendations for legal reform. This article discusses the problem of how academic researchers can go from ethical normative judgments to recommendations for law reform. It develops a methodological framework for what may be called 'ethical transplants': transplanting ethical normative judgments into legislation. It is an inventory of the issues that need to be addressed, but not a substantive normative theory. It may be especially helpful for Ph.D. students and beginning researchers working in interdisciplinary projects combining ethical and legal analysis. I distinguish three stages in the process from ethics to law: translation, transformation, and incorporation. The latter stage can be divided into three clusters of issues, these being legal, empirical, and normative ones. Most of the philosophical literature on the legal enforcement of morals focuses on the normative issues. My aim is to broaden the perspective in two ways. First, I show that this is only one relevant issue and that we should address legal and empirical issues and the processes of translation and transformation as well. Second, I argue that we should pay more attention to pluralism and variation.


The species of this genus already described from North America are as follows: 1. S. rudbeckiœ, Fitch. 2. "ambrosiœ, Thomas. 3. "rosœ, Reaum. A variety of this species I find here on cultivated roses and on the wild Cherokee rose. It differs very considerably from Prof Thomas' description, and may be known as S. floridœ. I submit following description: S. rosœ, var. floridœ, n. s. Wingless female.—Length .07 inch. Elongate ovate; pale shining green; eyes red; beak very pale and short, not reaching to middle coxæ, widening before tip, tip black; antennæ 7-jointed, reaching to base of honey-tubes, annulated with brownish-red at joints; honey-tubes long, reaching beyond tip of abdomen, pale greenish, very slightly infuscated at tip; style short, conical, pale green; legs uniform pale green, feet very slightly infuscated.


The paper presents the recent practice of grid technologies applications in constructing of high performance cluster. Brief description of layered grid architecture is presented. The analysis being implemented of the experience of parallel program (software) development reveal the need in the further progress of parallel computations. Parallel programs structures and process interaction schemes are also presented in the paper. The need for creation of efficient system of resource distribution control is demonstrated. The perspectives and trends of SPIIRAS cluster construction are outlined towards the integration with clusters of the other academic institutions.


AIM: To estimate effects of early 12-month combined rehabilitation treatment on modification of risk factors, cardiorespiratory reserve and physical performance in IHD patients with cardiovascular failure (CVF) initiated 2-4 weeks after surgical revascularization of the myocardium. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 87 IHD patients (mean age 61.3 +/- 8.6 years) of NYHA functional class I-III were divided into 4 groups by K.T. Weber, J.S. Janicki criteria. The tests were made before and 12-week after the rehabilitation. RESULTS: The rehabilitation program proposed by the authors modified risk factors, cardiorespiratory reserve and physical performance. Early multimodality rehabilitation treatment with individually adjusted aerobic exercise in IHD patients with CVF after surgical revascularization of the myocardium raises cardiorespiratory reserve and exercise tolerance. Adaptation reserves enhanced more in patients with the lowest values of the above parameters. The 12-week program of rehabilitation did not reduce overweight significantly. CONCLUSION: Physical exercise is indicated to all the patients after surgical revascularization of the myocardium in individual doses. Modification of the risk factors should be continued.


A suicidal intoxication of a young woman following an overdose of buflomedil is reported. She died in a hospital 17 hours after ingestion. In various body fluids the following buflomedil concentrations were determined: heart blood 24.5 microg/ml, liquor 21.3 microg/ml, bile 39.1 mg/ml and urine 138.6 mg/ml. Additionally the results of autopsy and histology are presented. Anemia of the internal organs was conspicuous; this finding is attributed to the vasodilating effect of buflomedil on the peripheral vessels.


Decisions about admitting a mentally incapacitated person to a nursing home raise a variety of difficult legal, ethical, and public policy issues. A strategy for anticipating and addressing this contingency prospectively, by encouraging execution of formal advance planning directives while the individual is still capable, may mitigate some of the dilemmas associated with these issues. The author discusses the contours and feasibility of such a strategy, analyzing nursing home admission on one's behalf and for refusing such admission, or placing explicit conditions on such admission, in advance of the time that the actual decision must be made.


ABSTRACT: Mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are gradually uncoupled, and the activities of the respiratory enzymes are concomitantly decreased in various human tissues upon aging. An immediate consequence of such gradual impairment of the respiratory function is the increase in the production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals in the mitochondria through the increased electron leak of the electron transport chain. Moreover, the intracellular levels of antioxidants and free radical scavenging enzymes are gradually altered. These two compounding factors lead to an age‐dependent increase in the fraction of the ROS and free radical that may escape the defense mechanism and cause oxidative damage to various biomolecules in tissue cells. A growing body of evidence has established that the levels of ROS and oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are significantly increased with age in animal and human tissues. The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), although not protected by histones or DNA‐binding proteins, is susceptible to oxidative damage by the ever‐increasing levels of ROS and free radicals in the mitochondrial matrix. In the past few years, oxidative modification (formation of 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine) and large‐scale deletion and point mutation of mtDNA have been found to increase exponentially with age in various human tissues. The respiratory enzymes containing the mutant mtDNA‐encoded defective protein subunits inevitably exhibit impaired respiratory function and thereby increase electron leak and ROS production, which in turn elevates the oxidative stress and oxidative damage of the mitochondria. This vicious cycle operates in different tissue cells at different rates and thereby leads to the differential accumulation of mutation and oxidative damage to mtDNA in human aging. This may also play some role in the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases and the age‐dependent progression of the clinical course of mitochondrial diseases.


Design of a detention reservoir The contribution contains the reasons for and the methods of flood protection for villages in small valleys attacked by flash floods, which cause high economic, cultural and social damage. One of the possible solutions is to build a detention reservoir, which has to retain the flood wave and prevent an odd amount of water from flowing out of the river bed. In this paper a model example is given. The aim of the example is to show (according to hydrological data) how to design the dimension parameters of the dam, i.e. the height of the dam, the outlet structure capacity, the spillway capacity, the stilling basin and the necessary river bed lining. Attention is paid to stability problems, as well.


Traditional Information Retrieval (IR) models are based on bag-of-words paradigm, where relevance scores are computed based on exact matching of keywords. Although these models have already achieved good performance, it has been shown that most of dissatisfaction cases in relevance are due to term mismatch between queries and documents. In this paper, we introduce novel method to compute term frequency based on semantic similarities using distributed representations of words in a vector space (Word Embeddings). Our main goal is to allow distinct but semantically related terms to match each other and contribute to the relevance scores. Hence, Arabic documents are retrieved beyond the bag-of-words paradigm based on semantic similarities between word vectors. The results on Arabic standard TREC data sets show significant improvement over the baseline bag-of-words models.


Audio production involves the use of tools such as reverberators, compressors, and equalizers to transform raw audio into a state ready for public consumption. These tools are in wide use by both musicians and expert audio engineers for this purpose. The typical interfaces for these tools use low-level signal parameters as controls for the audio effect. These signal parameters often have unintuitive names such as "feedback" or "low-high" that have little meaning to many people. This makes them difficult to use and learn for many people. Such low-level interfaces are also common throughout audio production interfaces using the Web Audio API. Recent work in bridging the semantic gap between verbal descriptions of audio effects (e.g. "underwater", "warm", "bright") and low-level signal parameters has resulted in provably better interfaces for a population of laypeople. In that work, a vocabulary of hundreds of descriptive terms was crowdsourced, along with their mappings to audio effects settings for reverberation and equalization. In this paper, we present a Web Audio node that lets web developers leverage this vocabulary to easily create web-based audio effects tools that use natural language interfaces. Our Web Audio node and additional documentation can be accessed at https://interactiveaudiolab.github.io/audealize_api.


Objective To assess the effect and safety of quetiapine and haloperidol in the treatment of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia(BPSD).Methods A randomized comparative study was carried out for 40 patients with a course of 12 weeks.BEHAVE-AD,CMAI were used for the pathogenesis analysis of denmentia before and after treatment.Results After 12 weeks′treatment,the scores of BEHAVE-AD of patients in both groups signi ficantly reduced,but there were no significant difference between the two groups(P0.05).Conclusion Quetiapine and haloperidol show good effect for treating BPSD.Quetiapine is better with less adverse reaction.


This chapter provides an overview of the structure of the book. The book is divided into two sections that focus on synthetic approaches to bioactive small molecules (Section 1) and different classes of modified bio(macro)molecules (Section 2). All of the chapters have been designed to be of interest to the chemical biology community as a whole. There is a particular emphasis on how alternative synthetic approaches may be harnessed to reveal new insights into complex biological mechanisms.


Plugging high-permeability zones within oil reservoirs is a straightforward approach to enhance oil recovery by diverting waterflooding fluids through the lower-permeability oil-saturated zones and thereby increase hydrocarbon displacement by improvements in sweep efficiency. Sporosarcina pasteurii (ATCC 11859) is a nitrogen-circulating bacterium capable of precipitating calcium carbonate given a calcium ion source and urea. This microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is able to infill the pore spaces of the porous medium and thus can act as a potential microbial plugging agent for enhancing sweep efficiency. The following explores the microscopic characteristics of MICP-plugging and its effectiveness in permeability reduction. We fabricate artificial rock cores composed of Ottawa sand with three separate grain-size fractions which represent large (40/60 mesh sand), intermediate (60/80 mesh sand), and small (80/120 mesh sand) pore sizes. The results indicate a significant reduction in permeability after only short periods of MICP treatment. Specifically, after eight cycles of microbial treatment (about four days), the permeability for the artificial cores representing large, intermediate, and small pore size maximally drop to 47%, 32%, and 16% of individual initial permeabilities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicates that most of the generated calcium carbonate crystals occur as vaterite with only a small amount of calcite. Imaging by SEM indicates that the pore wall is coated by a calcium carbonate film with crystals of vaterite and calcite scattered on the pore wall and acting to effectively plug the pore space. The distribution pattern and morphology of microbially mediated CaCO3 indicate that MICP has a higher efficiency in plugging pores compared with extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) which are currently the primary microbial plugging agent used to enhance sweep efficiency.


We demonstrate that the electromagnetic properties of a plasmonic metamaterial, composed of a perfectly conducting metal film perforated with an array of holes, can be effectively described by a structureless, three layer film. The enhanced transmission, first observed by Ebbessen, is identified with resonant tunneling in the equivalent three layer system and perfect transmission is shown to be possible below the critical thickness of a metamaterial. The nature of modes mediating perfect transmission is clarified.


AIM
To determine the effects of electrical stimulation of nucleus ambiguus (NA) and dorsal motor nuclei of vagus (DMV) on gastric acid and bicarbonate secretion in rats.

METHODS
NA and DMV in rats were electrically stimulated. Pylorus ligation or esophagus perfusion was used to collect the gastric secretion. The titratable H(+) quantum, H(+) concentration, HCO(3)(-) secretion quantum were measured.

RESULTS
Electrical stimulation of NA had no effects on the volume of gastric juice, titratable acidity and acid concentration, but elicited a pronounced increase in the total bicarbonate. However, electrical stimulation of DMV significantly increased the titratable acidity, the volume of gastric juice and the acid concentration. Similarly, electrical stimulation of either NA or DMV decreased the respiratory frequency and sinus bradycardia.

CONCLUSION
NA in rats can not control the secretion of gastric acid but the secretion of bicarbonate in gastric juice, while DMV controls the secretion of gastric acid.


The use of mechanical vibrations to relieve residual stresses in engineering components is increasing in use. Several vibratory conditioning systems are commercially available. When the technique was considered for treatment of fabricated structures at Larsen and Toubro Limited, residual stress measurements were made to determine the effectiveness of the treatment. A bedplate structure was vibrated by means of a commercially available variable-frequency vibrator. Residual stresses were measured near a weld location in the structure before and after treatment. Stress relief of about 30 to 57 % was noted. During the vibratory treatment, surface strains were monitored; at resonance the applied surface strain amplitude was measured to be about 600 microstrains. Subsequent to machining, the bedplate showed good stability of dimensions. A stainless steel bowl assembly was fabricated with carbon steel cooling jackets. The bowl contained heavy weldments but could not be thermally stress relieved prior to machining. The bowl was treated by vibrations and the close tolerances on the machined dimensions were satisfied. Both the components described have been installed on site and have maintained dimensional stability.


The heating of the solar corona is thought to occur through the dissipation of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) wave energy and/or through energy released during the reconnection of magnetic fields. Observations of emission line fluxes and widths provide constraints that must be satisfied by the proposed heating and dissipation processes. Although observations of the Sun provide the most detailed information, observations of other main-sequence stars lead to trends in coronal parameters with simple indicators of stellar magnetic activity that must also be explained by any successful theory. Observations of the quiet (average) solar transition region and inner corona are broadly consistent with coronal heating by high frequency Alfven waves, which might be generated by magnetic reconnection.


The Jiyang movement was a very important geologic event during the Cenozoic evolution of Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin. It occurred from the late deposition stage of Sha4 member to early Sha3 of the Eogene. The stratigraphic unconformity between these two members can be observed in a broad area. According to the results of paleontologic analysis, the paleotopography in this area is characterized by uplifting of highland and deepening of depression, which suggest that the Jiyang movement have a process of block faulting and tilting with large amplitude The geochemistry of volcanic rocks in Sha4 and Sha3 member indicates a deep background of enhanced stretching extent of lithosphere, enlarged upwelling amplitude of asthenosphere, intensified of magmatism and rising thermal flux during the Jiyang movement, which further suggest an obvious transformation of thermal constitution in lithosphere.Therefore, origin of the Jiyang movement could not be interprated as regional uplifting, and probably is related to deep processes. From the continental geodynamics point of view, the deformation of crust is the response of deep lithosphere process, and the effective elastic thickness (Te) of lithosphere dynamically controls crust deformation. According to the modern observation of continental geophysics, the accretion of Te could minimize the absolute value of lithosphere deformation and makes the spatial topography variation smooth gradually. Similarly, the decrease of Te could enlarge the absolute value of lithosphere deformation and obviously affect the topography. The mechanism is the change of lithosphere deformation style from elastic to plastic, and the response to sediment load changes from flexural to local isostasy, which is the result of smaller Te caused by transformation of thermal constitution in lithosphere. Hence the variation of Te is an important factor for the paleotopography evolution of basins.After theoretical modeling, this paper confirmed the dynamic origin of Jiyang movement is the decrease of Te, and its amplitude should be larger than 8km, which caused an altitude difference about 1 000m. The factors causing the decrease of Te include the continuous heating of thermal abnormality in asthenosphere, flowing of the plastic lower crust and displacement of block faulting, etc.


ABSTRACT This article was stimulated by a review of instruments assessing creative and innovative social environments seventeen years ago. This stands alone as the only published, comprehensive, comparative review of multiple instruments aimed at this conceptual space. Although this review provided an important contribution to the literature, there are a number of critical conceptual issues that should be considered when reviewing assessments of this kind. This article raises these issues and points out their relevance when developing, evaluating, or applying instruments – and applies these issues to the instruments included in the review. Further, the aim was also to provide updated information on the Situational Outlook Questionnaire, as there were a few potential misunderstandings contained within the Mathisen and Einarsen review. Finally, numerous criteria are offered for those creating or choosing to use measures of the work environment, climate, or culture that promotes organizational creativity and innovation.


Survival rates represent one measure of population‐wide progress in cancer control. Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) document that, during the 1970s, survival rates for several cancers improved. For the major gynecologic cancers and breast cancer, improvements are evident for some sites but, areas of decline also are observed. Black women in the US have a poorer survival rate than white women and the trend in recent years suggests that this gap may be widening. Comparisons of survival rates from comprehensive cancer centers and population‐based rates indicate differences in outcomes associated with the treatment setting. Data from the American College of Surgeons (ACS) patterns of care surveys suggest substantial interhospital variability in cancer survival which is largely explained by characteristics of the patient populations served. Recent studies of patterns of care document major shifts in treatment practices in the US and provide insight concerning the rate at which treatment changes are adopted at the community level.


communication involving an array of cell types. These interactions are not well-understood, and the development of novel regenerative therapies for peripheral arterial disease will require new insight into the cellular heterogeneity and intercellular signaling that occurs in the ischemic limb. Macrophages play a role in orchestrating critical events in muscle regeneration; hence we sought to characterize their transcriptional signa-ture and identify candidate signaling pathways in the context of limb ischemia. Methods: We applied single-cell RNA sequencing to skeletal muscle obtained from regenerative (C57BL/6) and nonregenerative (BALB/c) mouse limbs at multiple time points following ligation of the femoral ar- tery. We used CellChat, a computation tool, to predict signaling pathway activity between macrophages and muscle satellite cells (MuSC) based on our single-cell data. Results: We identi fi ed 12 distinct macrophage populations in the regenerative and nonregenerative limb, including strain-speci fi c macrophage clusters associated with the response to ischemia. Regenerative macrophages displayed a proliferative phenotype, while nonregenerative macrophages exhibited a persistent proin fl ammatory phenotype. Addi- tionally, we identi fi ed several candidate signaling interactions between speci fi c macrophage clusters and MuSCs. Notable potential interactions included enhanced FN1 to SDC4 and THBS1 to SDC4 signaling between regenerative macrophage and MuSCs, as well as OPN to CD44 signaling between nonregenerative macrophages and MuSCs. Conclusions: Our study maps the dynamic macrophage response in the ischemic limb at single-cell resolution. This provides a valuable resource to investigate macrophage-mediated mechanisms of skeletal muscle regeneration in response to limb ischemia.


PURPOSE
To describe the clinical expressions, with emphasis on electrophysiological examinations, in two Swedish families with Stargardt's macular dystrophy (STGD1).

METHODS
Two pairs of siblings with STGD1, for whom diagnosis had been confirmed by genetic linkage to the ABCA4 gene region, were examined regarding visual acuity, kinetic perimetry, fundus photography, full-field ERG and multifocal ERG (MERG). Possible disease-causing mutations were screened for by DNA sequencing of selected regions of the ABCA4 gene.

RESULTS
All STGD1 patients had visual acuity 0.07-0.1. The two families presented different fundus appearances, MERGs and implicit times on 30 Hz flicker white light full-field ERGs. Genetic analysis revealed one unique sequence variation in exon 19 of the ABCA4 gene, in one allele from the patients of one of the families. This point mutation causes the amino acid substitution T972N in the ABCR protein.

CONCLUSION
Two pairs of siblings with STGD1 presented two different expressions of the disease regarding the distribution of the retinal dysfunction. One possible molecular explanation to the different clinical expressions may be the T972N substitution present in the ABCR protein in one of the STGD1 families investigated.


A thermodynamic equation of state (EOS) for thermoelectrons is derived which is appropriate for investigating the thermodynamic variations along isobaric paths. By using this EOS and the Wu-Jing (W-J) model, an extended Hugoniot EOS model is developed which can predict the compression behavior of highly porous materials. Theoretical relationships for the shock temperature, bulk sound velocity, and the isentrope are developed. This method has the advantage of being able to model the behavior of porous metals over the full range of applicability of pressure and porosity, whereas methods proposed in the past have been limited in their applicability.


Mapping political party systems to metric policy spaces is one of the major methodological problems in political science. At present, in most political science project this task is performed by domain experts relying on purely qualitative assessments, with all the attendant problems of subjectivity and labor intensiveness. We consider how advances in natural language processing, including large transformer-based language models, can be applied to solve that issue. We apply a number of texts similarity measures to party political programs, analyze how they correlate with each other, and -- in the absence of a satisfactory benchmark -- evaluate them against other measures, including those based on expert surveys, voting records, electoral patterns, and candidate networks. Finally, we consider the prospects of relying on those methods to correct, supplement, and eventually replace expert judgments.


Dutch developments on euthanasia have drawn much attention over the years. Defenders and opponents have been telling very different stories about the practice of euthanasia and the frequency of cases, and the Dutch government has been struggling with the legal and moral problems involved. Concern about the procedures followed by physicians as well as questions on the "real" figures led the government to decide to organize an epidemiological study on the extent and the decision making. The results of the study were published in November 1991 (The End of Life in Medical Practice, 1991). Interpretation of the data may lead to a final settlement of the debate on euthanasia and has inevitably led to a revival of the moral debate of the 1970s. For the moment it has been decided that euthanasia will remain officially illegal under the Penal Code. However, in cases where euthanasia does occur, Attorneys General will continue to check the procedures followed by physicians to ensure no abuses have occurred and to safeguard physicians against prosecution. In this contribution, we discuss the development and intertwinement of legal, medical, and moral aspects of euthanasia in The Netherlands and the effects of the empirical studies of 1991, both on definitions and procedures for medical decisions at the end of life (MDEL).


Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) radar with multicarrier phase-coded waveforms has been recently introduced to achieve high range resolution. The conventional method for obtaining the high resolution range profile (HRRP) is based on matched filters. A method of synthesizing HRRP based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and decoding is proposed. The mathematical expressions of HRRP are derived by assuming an elementary scenario of point-scattering targets. Based on the characteristic of OFDM multicarrier signals, it mainly analyzes the influence on HRRP exerted by several factors, such as velocity compensation errors, the sampling frequency offset, and so on. The conclusions are significant for the design of the OFDM imaging radar. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the validity of the conclusions.


We examined 187 males to evaluate the hypothesis that short-headed persons more often have otitis media than long-headed persons. The subjects were seen as part of routine health screening before attending recreational summer camp. The photographic appearance of each tympanic membrane was judged on two separate occasions by an otolaryngologist who categorized them as "normal", "abnormal", or "cannot determine". The repeatability of the categorizations was fair: kappa = 0.44. Only the tympanic membranes categorized identically twice were used for data analysis. The left-right symmetry of the tympanic membrane categorizations was fair: correlation coefficient phi = 0.42. Subjects categorized as having bilaterally normal tympanic membranes were considered to have not had previous otitis media (N = 95). In contrast, subjects categorized as having at least one abnormal tympanic membrane were considered to have had previous otitis media (N = 13). Head length and width, measured by calipers, and the cephalic index (width divided by length) × 100 were determined for each person. On the average, the cephalic index of the normal subjects was lower than that for the subjects with otitis media (t = 3.06, p < 0.005). These data support the suggestions of Pautow (1925) and Worley et al. (1987): dolichocephalic persons have otitis media less often than do brachycephalic persons. Though this association is not useful in clinical care of the individual patient, it may be considered a weak external manifestation of the different cranial base and eustachian tube anatomy found in persons with otitis media.


A55-year-old man with a history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, hypertension, and stroke presented to the emergency room with the acute onset of shortness of breath. He had previously been prescribed warfarin therapy, which was self-discontinued 3 months before admission. A baseline ECG made 6 months before admission showed normal sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 80, an axis of 215°, and nonspecific T-wave abnormalities (Figure 1A). Physical examination at admission showed a respiratory rate of 35, pulse of 130, and blood pressure of 130/90 mm Hg. The heart had a regular rhythm with a normal S 1, loud P2, 21 right ventricular (RV) heave, and a 2/6 holosystolic murmur at the left lower sternal border. The left calf was enlarged compared with the right, with increased warmth and tenderness. The ECG on presentation depicted sinus tachycardia with a heart rate of 133, a rightward axis shift, the McGinn and White pattern (S 1Q3T3) associated with clockwise rotation of the heart, an incomplete right bundle branch block, and nonspecific ST segment and T-wave abnormalities (Figure 1B). CT of the chest showed multiple bilateral low attenuation filling defects in the lobar and segmental pulmonary arteries, as well as a large fusiform filling defect in the main pulmonary artery bifurcation consistent with pulmonary emboli (Figure 2A). On transthoracic ECG, the RV was severely dilated and dysfunctional (Figure 2B) with diastolic flattening of the interventricular septum consistent with RV pressure overload (Figure 2C, arrowheads). Pulmonary artery pressure was estimated at 50 mm Hg. On short axis view, the main pulmonary artery was visualized with a large thrombus at the bifurcation into the left and right pulmonary arteries (Figure 2D). The patient received intravenous thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator. He tolerated the medication and showed a significant improvement in his cardiopulmonary status. A repeat ECG on the second hospital day revealed normal sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 96, an axis of 25°, and nonspecific T-wave abnormalities (Figure 1C). The incomplete right bundle branch block and the prominent S1Q3T3 pattern were no longer present. A follow-up ECG demonstrated resolution of the RV dilatation and dysfunction and absence of the pulmonary artery clot. The patient was treated with intravenous heparin and discharged on warfarin without complications.


Fees charged by U.S. equity exchanges for services such as non-core market data, connectivity, and co-location have become controversial. Recently, the Securities and Exchange Commission required the exchanges justify hundreds of past fee increases. In their defense, exchanges argue that the fees that they charge are constrained by competition for order flow between the three major exchange families. To the authors' knowledge, no extant work associates fee changes with exchange revenues. We gather fee increases and exchange financial statement information between 2006 and 2016 to examine the relation between fees and revenues. We find that, when statistically significant, revenue increases with fee increases without a consistently strong volume effect, which suggests that any decrease in subscriptions due to fee increases is more than offset by the revenue increase from the remaining subscribers.


We sought to understand the relationship between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) in cardiac myocytes based on the observation of increased ROS production at sites of spontaneously deenergized mitochondria. We devised a new model enabling incremental ROS accumulation in individual mitochondria in isolated cardiac myocytes via photoactivation of tetramethylrhodamine derivatives, which also served to report the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, ΔΨ. This ROS accumulation reproducibly triggered abrupt (and sometimes reversible) mitochondrial depolarization. This phenomenon was ascribed to MPT induction because (a) bongkrekic acid prevented it and (b) mitochondria became permeable for calcein (∼620 daltons) concurrently with depolarization. These photodynamically produced "triggering" ROS caused the MPT induction, as the ROS scavenger Trolox prevented it. The time required for triggering ROS to induce the MPT was dependent on intrinsic cellular ROS-scavenging redox mechanisms, particularly glutathione. MPT induction caused by triggering ROS coincided with a burst of mitochondrial ROS generation, as measured by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence, which we have termed mitochondrial "ROS-induced ROS release" (RIRR). This MPT induction/RIRR phenomenon in cardiac myocytes often occurred synchronously and reversibly among long chains of adjacent mitochondria demonstrating apparent cooperativity. The observed link between MPT and RIRR could be a fundamental phenomenon in mitochondrial and cell biology.


Deregulated cell cycle is a common feature in many human cancers. Overexpression of cyclinD1 oncogene and highly activation of the cyclinD1/Cdk4Cdk6 kinase modulate the tumor initiation, tumor progression and the chemo‐sensitivity of cancer cells. Targeting G1 phase of cell cycle leading cancer cell into senescence or quiescence stage or causing cell death has become a promising approach in cancer treatment. Here, we report the in vitro anti‐tumor functions of the synthetic Cdk4 inhibitor, Naphtho [2, 1‐α] pyrrolo [3, 4‐c] carbazole‐5, 7 (6H, 12H)‐dione (NPCD) in a panel of human breast cancer cell lines. NPCD is able to inhibit cancer cell growth, arrest cancer cells at G1 phase and cause cell death as results of diminished Cdk4Cdk6 phosphorylation of the Rb protein without disrupting the cyclinD1/Cdk4Cdk6 complex formation or affecting G1 phase proteins intracellular localization. The sensitivity to NPCD is associated with the intracellular cyclinD1 and Cdk4 or Cdk6 proteins level. Upon NPCD treatment, the changes in several G1‐S phase proteins levels differ between cell lines which could because different cell lines develop different signaling networks responding to same stimuli. The dramatically decreased p27kip protein is a common feature between cell lines we studied upon NPCD treatment; it could be either a result of NPCD induced G1 arrest and inactivation of cyclinD1/Cdk4Cdk6 or could be an upstream mediator to cause Cdk4Cdk6 inactivation and G1 arrest. In recent years, the functions of p27kip protein have been extended involving in cell cycle regulation, embryonic development, tumor genesis and tumor progression, consequently, pursuing the mechanisms resulting rapidly decreased p27kip protein in responding to NPCD may help us to better understand the function of this protein in deregulated cell cycle system. Citation Information: Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8(12 Suppl):A66.


ABSTRACT DNA arrays were used to investigate the functional role of Rox1 in mediating acclimatization to anaerobic conditions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Multiple growth conditions for wild-type and rox1 null strains were used to identify open reading frames with a statistically robust response to this repressor. These results were compared to those obtained for a wild-type strain in response to oxygen availability. Transcripts of nearly one-sixth of the genome were differentially expressed (P < 0.05) with respect to oxygen availability, the majority (>65%) being down-regulated under anoxia. Of the anaerobically induced genes, about one-third (106) contain putative Rox1-binding sites in their promoters and were significantly (P < 0.05) up-regulated in the rox1 null strains under aerobiosis. Additional promoter searches revealed that nearly one-third of the anaerobically induced genes contain an AR1 site(s) for the Upc2 transcription factor, suggesting that Upc2 and Rox1 regulate the majority of anaerobically induced genes in S. cerevisiae. Functional analyses indicate that a large fraction of the anaerobically induced genes are involved in cell stress (∼1/3), cell wall maintenance (∼1/8), carbohydrate metabolism (∼1/10), and lipid metabolism (∼1/12), with both Rox1 and Upc2 predominating in the regulation of this latter group and Upc2 predominating in cell wall maintenance. Mapping the changes in expression of functional regulons onto metabolic pathways has provided novel insight into the role of Rox1 and other trans-acting factors in mediating the physiological response of S. cerevisiae to anaerobic conditions.


BaMnF4 microsheets have been prepared using a hydrothermal method. Strong room-temperature blue-violet photoluminescence has been observed (an absolute luminescence quantum yield of 67%) with two peaks located at 385 nm and 410 nm. More interestingly, photon self-absorption phenomenon has been observed, leading to an unusual abrupt decrease in the luminescence intensity at a wavelength of 400 nm. To understand the underlying mechanism of such emission, the electronic structure of BaMnF4 has been studied using first principles calculations. The observed two peaks are attributed to electron transitions between the upper-Hubbard bands of the Mn's t2g orbitals and the lower-Hubbard bands of the Mn's eg orbitals. The Mott gap mediated d-d orbital transitions may provide additional degrees of freedom to tune the photon generation and absorption in ferroelectrics.


Various treatments are carried out in order to extend both the shelf life and storage life of fresh fruit and vegetables after harvest and among them non-toxic for humans, environmentally and economically friendly alternative treatments are gained more importance. In the current study, methyl jasmonate (MeJA), cytokinin, and lavender oil which are eco-friendly and safe for human health were applied on apricot fruit. The treated fruit were stored at 0 °C and 90–95% relative humidity for 25 days and catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation of apricots after treatments were studied. According to the findings obtained from the study, it was observed that 5 ppm cytokinin and 1000 ppm lavender oil treatments of apricot fruit gave better APX and CAT enzyme activity, respectively. In addition, better SOD enzyme activity in fruit was obtained with MeJA + lavender oil treatments. As a result, it can be emphasized that the product quality of apricot fruit is preserved as both the eco-friendly application of MeJA, cytokinin, and lavender oil separately from each other and the treatment of combinations between these compounds activate the enzymatic antioxidant defense systems of apricot fruit after harvest.


The control of strongylid infections has become challenging globally for equine practitioners due to the development of anthelmintic resistance. Comprehensive information on anthelmintic resistance in the Czech Republic, however, is still lacking. This study monitored the current efficacy of fenbendazole, pyrantel embonate, ivermectin and moxidectin. Forty-eight of 71 operations met the criteria (≥6 horses with ≥200 eggs per gram), with 969 fecal egg count reduction tests performed. Anthelmintic resistance was evaluated on an operation level based on fecal egg count reduction (FECR) and the lower limit of the 95% credible interval (LLCI) using Bayesian hierarchical models. General anthelmintic efficacy across all operations was assessed by posterior FECRs and the occurrence of sub-zero efficacies. Ivermectin and moxidectin demonstrated excellent efficacy (FECR 99.8–100%; 99.4–100 LLCI) in 45 and 23 operations, respectively, pyrantel embonate demonstrated sufficient efficacy in 15 operations and resistance was suspected in seven operations (FECR 88.1–99.1%; 72.5–98.5 LLCI). Fenbendazole, however, was not effective in a single operation (FECR 19.1–77.8%; 8.1–50.1 LLCI) out of 18. Fenbendazole had the highest probability of sub-zero efficacy (29.1%), i.e., post-treatment fecal egg counts exceeded the pre-treatment counts. Our data indicate an increase in the development of anthelmintic resistance, resulting in total failure of fenbendazole and a reduced efficacy of pyrantel embonate. Introducing advanced approaches of parasite control in the Czech Republic to slow the spread of anthelmintic resistance is thus needed.


Macrocyclic α-helical peptides have emerged as a promising new drug class and within the scope of hydrocarbon-stapled peptides such molecules have advanced into the clinic. The overarching concept of designing proteomimetics of an α-helical 'ligand' which binds its cognate 'target' relative to α-helical interfacing protein-protein interactions has been well-validated and expanded through numerous investigations for a plethora of therapeutic targets oftentimes referred to as "undruggable" with respect to other modalities (e.g., small-molecule or proteins). This chapter highlights the evolution of macrocyclic α-helical peptides in terms of target space, biophysical and computational chemistry, structural diversity and synthesis, drug design and chemical biology. It is noteworthy that hydrocarbon-stapled peptides have successfully risen to the summit of such drug discovery campaigns.


In the field of high-speed electrical drives, the use of SiC MOSFET inverters represents a viable solution since this kind of devices allows an improvement of the converter efficiency. Notwithstanding issues related to the high frequency operation of the SiC MOSFET's, like the failure of the motor winding insulation due to the increased electrical stress and hence a reduced system reliability, are continuously arising. Additionally, SiC MOSFET's are much more expensive compared to equally rated Si IGBT's. A possible solution to keep on using a Si IGBT's based inverter in high-speed electrical drives is based on a particular version of the Space Vector Modulation that requires a regulation of the input DC voltage. The main advantage of such technique is the reduction of the power devices' switching frequency without lowering the motor control frequency. Hence, IGBT's can still be used and consequently it is possible to drastically reduce the stress on the motor winding insulation as well as the overall converter cost. To assess the real benefits of such approach, a detailed theoretical harmonic analysis has been carried out as well as an investigation on the implementation aspects. Finally, experimental results on a laboratory setup have been presented.


In this paper author proposed a unique vibration suppression device that has variable inertia mass using continuously variable transmission (CVT) in order to obtain vibration isolation when a harmonic frequency was coincided with an anti-resonance frequency of 1DOF system. The device complies a ball screw mechanism, a flywheel, servo motors and CVT. The CVT is composed of toroidal wheels and power transmission wheels. The device has a small inertia force when an attitude angle of the power transmission is low by the servo motor as depending on a contact radius between two half toroidal wheels, on the other hand the large inertia force under high angle, so variable inertia force which acts as series inertia mass can be controlled continuously. The trial device was manufactured and the resisting force characteristics were measured. Theory of the variable inertia force was introduced, and compared with the experimental results. In order to confirm vibration control, an optimized inertia mass which always adjusts to anti-resonance frequency was determined in case of 1DOF system with the device, frequency response tests were carried out by using a shaking table, and experimental results were compared with calculated ones. Finally, the theory of resisting force and effects of vibration suppression were confirmed.


In this paper we investigate the decidability and complexity of problems related to braid composition. While all known problems for a class of braids with three strands, $B_3$, have polynomial time solutions we prove that a very natural question for braid composition, the membership problem, is NP-complete for braids with only three strands. The membership problem is decidable in NP for $B_3$, but it becomes harder for a class of braids with more strands. In particular we show that fundamental problems about braid compositions are undecidable for braids with at least five strands, but decidability of these problems for $B_4$ remains open. Finally we show that the freeness problem for semigroups of braids from $B_3$ is also decidable in NP.
The paper introduces a few challenging algorithmic problems about topological braids opening new connections between braid groups, combinatorics on words, complexity theory and provides solutions for some of these problems by application of several techniques from automata theory, matrix semigroups and algorithms.


The purposes of this article is to explain the process and the improvement ability to write a short story using guided exercises at IX A SMP IT Ar Rahmah Pacitan student. This type of research finished by using descriptive method trough four stages in each cycle ie planning, action, observation and reflection. The research data in the form of short stories written tests, interviews, observations and field notes sheet student. Based on the results of the study concluded that the precycle average is 46,11% of the students qualified nearly enough, in cycle 1 is sufficiently increased to 65,29% in cycle 2 and the average value of student learning to write short stories increased to 89,61% with exelent qualifications.


The article presents the analysis of two speeches given by Rory O'Neill, also known as Panti Bliss, who is so far the most recognisable Irish drag queen. Apart from being a drag queen, Rory O'Neill is also a political activist whose performances were part of the campaign before the referendum concerning the 34th Amendment to the Constitution of Ireland. In the analysis both these aspects of the speaker's identity are taken into consideration. Although the analysis is mostly linguistic, it also considers extralinguistic aspects of communication, e.g. the performer's appearance on stage, as contextual elements are essential in sociolinguistic contexts. Thus, the analysis draws from the theoretical background focused on political discourse and the language used by drag queens to a detailed account of the two speeches in order discuss them in relation to the standards of both a drag performance and a political speech.


Purpose
Sorghum is a vital cereal crop and staple food for many peoples around the globe having good nutritional and health-promoting bioactive compounds and recently received great attention as gluten-free food. However, sorghum grains contain low β-glucans contents, dietary fibre polysaccharides with great technological and disease prevention properties, and improving the concentration of these compounds in sorghum is very important. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the physicochemical and starch properties of high β-glucan sorghum inbred line (Tabat-NL) in comparison with two commercial cultivars (Wadakar and Tabat-C).

Design/methodology/approach
Grain samples of sorghum cultivars: white colour and low tannin cultivar (Tabat-C), red colour and high tannin sorghum, and new inbred line of white sorghum cultivar (Tabat-NL) were carefully cleaned, examined for physical properties (colour, hectolitre and 1,000 kernel weights, and endosperm texture), and ground to flour and assessed for chemical composition (moisture, protein, ash, carbohydrate, sugars, fibre and β-glucan contents). The starch was extracted and investigated for morphological characteristics and functional properties.

Findings
The results showed that Tabat-NL grains contain significantly (p=0.05) higher values of 1,000 kernel weight, hectolitre weight, total carbohydrate, amylopectin, dietary fibre and β-glucan compared to Tabat-C and Wadakar. Tabat-NL starch had greater (p=0.05) gelatinization temperature, viscosity, bulk density, and water and oil holding capacities and lower (p=0.05) acidity compared to Tabat-C and Wadakar.

Research limitations/implications
The outcomes of this study demonstrated that Tabat-NL grains had an excellent marketing and milling properties, health-promoting and disease-preventing potentials, and technological features for uses in functional and speciality foods.

Originality/value
To the best of our understating, this is the first study on the evaluation of sorghum cultivar with high β-glucan content and could thus provide the bases for further development and application of this important food grains.


The celebrated amphibolic letter in Christopher Marlowe's Edward II which, left "unpointed", both saves and kills the King is the last of a long list of pieces of writing in the play. This paper will bring into focus the manner in which the final coup de theâtre is prepared by earlier acts of writing, notably by repeated efforts by characters to convince others to "subscribe [their] names" to writs ordering the proscription of perceived enemies of the realm. It first shows how the various references to (acts of) writing in Edward II are the fruit of material peculiarities found in Marlowe's narrative sources (Holinshed, Foxe, Stow), lending the play a semblance of historical verisimilitude. Letters, however, also serve a host of specifically dramatic purposes, contributing to underline key structural elements in the play and serving as props capable of inflicting physical wounds. But if these letters may have a life of their own, producing meaning or provoking pain, they are also the result of an act of writing. Studying the letters' agency helps reflect the shifting allegiances both in and outside of the play, illustrating Marlowe's struggle between the public and private "hand", between policy and passion, belonging and exile, subscription and proscription.


1. A brain stem slice preparation and intracellular techniques were used to examine the cellular properties of neurons within the ventral and ventrolateral region of the nucleus tractus solitarius (v-NTS) in adult and neonatal (3-12 days old) rats. These neurons are believed to be involved in the control of respiratory function. 2. On the basis of their active and passive electrophysiologic properties, cells in the v-NTS of adult rats were categorized into type A and type B neurons. Type A neurons fired spontaneously with rates ranging from 0.5 to 5 spikes/s at resting potential (-59.0 +/- 6 mV, mean +/- SD). When depolarized, type A cells responded with an initial high rate of firing, which rapidly declined to a steady state level. Spike-frequency adaptation (SFA) index (defined as steady state firing divided by peak activity x 100) was 40%, with a time constant for adaptation of 100-280 ms. When depolarized from membrane potentials more negative than resting, these neurons exhibited a silent period (up to 900 ms) before any spiking was observed (delayed excitation). The delay depended on the duration and magnitude of the hyperpolarizing prepulse that preceded depolarization. The action potentials of type A cells had a shoulder on the repolarization phase, measured 2-3 ms at one-half height, and increased in duration during repetitive firing. 3. At resting potential, type B neurons fired three to five times faster than type A. Although both type A and type B neurons showed spike-frequency adaptation, type B neurons adapted at a much faster rate than type A. The time constant for adaptation was 2-14 ms in type B cells. These cells displayed no delayed excitation on depolarization from membrane potentials more negative than rest. Some type B cells exhibited postinhibitory rebound (PIR) and depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs). Both types A and B v-NTS neurons had comparable input resistance and showed inward rectification. 4. Neonatal v-NTS cells, in contrast to adult cells, belonged to a single population of neurons. Their resting membrane potential was -58 +/- 6.3 mV (mean +/- SD). The majority of these cells (30/34) were active (5-10 spikes/s) at rest. When depolarized, they showed an immediate increase in firing rate, which gradually slowed down to reach a steady state. Spike-frequency adaptation index was 59%, with a time constant for adaptation of 300-750 ms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)


The familiar three theorems of R6nyi concerning the record times in an i.i.d. sequence of random variables are extended to the record times and inter-record times of a sequence of dependent, non-identically distributed random variables defined on a finite Markov chain. These theorems are the Central Limit Theorem (C.L.T.), the Strong Law of Large Numbers (S.L.L.N.) and the Law of the Iterated Logarithm (L.I.L.). Similar results are also obtained for mrecord times, inter-m-record times, and for the continuous parameter situation when observations are taken at the epochs of a Poisson process.


The main drivers for the continued decarbonisation of the global energy market are renewable energy sources. Moreover, the leading technological solutions to achieve this are offshore wind turbines. As installed capacity has been increasing rapidly and shallow water near shore sites are exhausted, projects will need to be developed further from shore and often in deeper waters, which will pose greater technical challenges and constrain efforts to reduce costs.
 Current floating platform solutions such as the spar and semi-submersible rely on large amounts of ballast and complex structural designs with active stabilisation systems for stability of the floating offshore wind turbine platform (FOWT).
 The primary focus of this study is to present a design concept and mooring arrangement for an alternative floating platform solution that places emphasis on the mooring system to achieve stability for a FOWT. The tension leg buoy (TLB) is designed to support future 10MW offshore wind turbine generators.
 This paper presents the numerical methodology used for a coupled hydro-elastic analysis of the floater and mooring system under combined wind, wave and current effects.
 A concept TLB design is presented and its platform motion and mooring line tension characteristics are analysed for a three-hour time domain simulation representing operating and survival conditions in the northern North Sea with water depths of 110 metres. The importance of wave drift forces and the other non-linear excitation forces in the concept design stage are evaluated by comparing the motion and tension responses of three different numerical simulation cases with increasing numerical complexity.
 The preliminary TLB system design demonstrated satisfactory motion response for the operation of a FOWT and survival in a 100-year storm condition. The results show that accounting for second-order effect is vital in terms of having a clear understanding of the full behaviour of the system and the detailed response characteristics in operational and survival conditions. Extreme loads are significantly reduced when accounting for the second-order effects. This can be a key aspect to not overdesign the system and consequently achieve significant cost savings.


Nd-Fe-B type powder was sintered using spark plasma sintering method. Fabricated compact sintered at the temperature of 700 °C, is found to be a composite magnet with Nd-Fe-Co-B and α-Fe. The compact sintered at 700 °C shows slightly low coercivity and large remanent magnetization comparing to the compact sintered at 600 °C due to the formation of α-Fe phase, resulting in the large maximum energy product. Maximum energy product tends to decrease with decreasing thickness of sintered compacts below 0.5 mm in thickness.


Methods for preparation of photosensitive structures n ZnSe(Te)- p ZnTe and ZnSe(Te) /p ZnTe- n CdSe are considered. The methods use solid-phase substitution reactions and subsequent epitaxial growth on ZnSe(Te) crystals. It has been shown that maximum e.m.f. value for integrated detectors is 1.2-1.4 V, and their X-ray sensitivity reaches values up to 150-200 nAmin/Rcm 2 . Dynamic linearity range of output characteristics of the detectors was not less than 10 5 , afterglow level after 20 ms - less than 0.05 %, allowing to use them in X-ray tomographs.


Evapotranspiration demands and trends were analysed for Jabalpur region in eastern Madhya Pradesh by assessing reference evapotranspiration (ETo), energy balance and aerodynamic components for 31 years (1983-2013). Analysis indicated multiple trends in annual ET o and annual aerodynamic component of ETo. In the first half of the study period, a clear decreasing trend was seen with 1994 and 1999 years having low ETo values. Later, the ETo started increasing and a high ETo of 1425 mm was observed in the years 2009 and 2010. Energy balance component has shown a negative trendwith the reduction in temperature and sunshine hours.Trends in five-year average ETo values indicated a reduction in kharif season whilethe EToincreased in rabi season. Present study highlights the necessity to understand ETo of the region before planning and management.


Detailed spray measurements for the Engine Combustion Network "Spray G" have been collected while operating at flashing conditions. Time-resolved fuel density was measured through tomographic x-ray radiography for neat iso-octane and a blend of 80% iso-octane with either 20% butanol or 20% ethanol by volume under a flash-boiling condition. Lastly, these same fuels were used during the collection of ultra small angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) measurements to quantify the specific surface area of the spray in the near-nozzle region. Spray density profiles generated through tomographic reconstruction of the radiography measurements reveal the high dispersion of the fuel under the flashing condition. This injection behavior also causes the individual plumes to collapse and interact with each other, which can lead to additional flow field perturbations. These maps also show density discrepancies between the fuel blends caused by their differing vaporization profiles. The spray differences between these fuels are further highlighted through the specific surface area profiles of droplets in the plumes. This combination of radiography and USAXS measurements provide a valuable quantification of the resulting spray morphology.


Benoit Maubrey's work with audio art started in Berlin in 1982 with public sound sculptures, and he eventually turned to performative practices with portable audio embedded in clothes and costumes. His artistic practice currently spans site-specific and non-site-specific sound installations, locational and non-locational performances, as well as performed, interactive and non-interactive sound installations, and a comprehensive description of his artistic trajectory is planned for release in 2019: Benoit Maubrey – Sound Sculptures. His most well-known ensemble is The Audio Ballerinas, wearing tutus with a combination of solar cells, light sensors, samplers, radios, amplifiers and loudspeakers. The ensemble has been performing since its debut in Lille in 1990. Maubrey has developed a huge portfolio of audio ensemble performances on several continents, and an interesting thread of autonomy and critical reflection is running through his oeuvre. The costumes and their technical affordances have changed with new technological developments, and in this interview Maubrey explains these developments, and how he has maintained and extended his artistic focus.


This work was funded under the Project no. 95935 from FONCICYT C002-2008-1/ ALA – 127 249. The authors are grateful to the postdoctoral contract of Ana Sanches Silva in the frame of the Program "Science 2007" funded by "Fundacao para a Ciencia e para a Tecnologia".


Research on the demand side of public transportation systems with the use of time series data frequently shows conflicting results with respect to fare elasticities and the factors affecting it. In this analysis we complement prior research by developing seemingly unrelated regression equation models with monthly data for a city served by three different modes of public transportation. The results indicate that, as expected, urban public transport demand in Athens, Greece, is inelastic with respect to fares but, surprisingly, highly inelastic with respect to automobile fuel cost. Further, different transit modes have significantly different fare elasticities, a finding with important practical implications.


Patient registries for rare diseases enable systematic data collection and can also be used to facilitate postauthorization safety studies (PASS) for orphan drugs. This study evaluates the PASS for betaine anhydrous (Cystadane), conducted as public private partnership (PPP) between the European network and registry for homocystinurias and methylation defects and the marketing authorization holder (MAH). Data were prospectively collected, 2013–2016, in a noninterventional, international, multicenter, registry study. Putative adverse and severe adverse events were reported to the MAH's pharmacovigilance. In total, 130 individuals with vitamin B6 nonresponsive (N = 54) and partially responsive (N = 7) cystathionine beta‐synthase (CBS) deficiency, as well as 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR; N = 21) deficiency and cobalamin C (N = 48) disease were included. Median (range) duration of treatment with betaine anhydrous was 6.8 (0–9.8) years. The prescribed betaine dose exceeded the recommended maximum (6 g/day) in 49% of individuals older than 10 years because of continued dose adaptation to weight; however, with disease‐specific differences (minimum: 31% in B6 nonresponsive CBS deficiency, maximum: 67% in MTHFR deficiency). Despite dose escalation no new or potential risk was identified. Combined disease‐specific treatment decreased mean ± SD total plasma homocysteine concentrations from 203 ± 116 to 81 ± 51 μmol/L (p < 0.0001), except in MTHFR deficiency. Recommendations for betaine anhydrous dosage were revised for individuals ≥ 10 years. PPPs between MAH and international scientific consortia can be considered a reliable model for implementing a PASS, reutilizing well‐established structures and avoiding data duplication and fragmentation.


Introduction A national survey was conducted with United Kingdom (UK) occupational therapists to scope occupational therapy service provision for people with dementia and their family carers in the community. Method This was an online questionnaire with topics on occupational therapists' roles, service provision, referral, assistive technology and assessment tools. Recruitment was through direct invitation, and promotion via occupational therapy networks, websites and newsletters. Results A total of 197 responded. Occupational therapy referrals most commonly came from the multidisciplinary team. Over half primarily undertook profession-specific work, with occupational therapy assessments the most common profession-specific task. Two-thirds of referrals for initial assessments were for people with mild-to-moderate dementia. A median of 2.5 hours for assessment/intervention was spent for each person with dementia. Almost two-thirds used the Model of Human Occupation Screening Tool. Most could prescribe personal activities of daily living equipment and Telecare, with few able to prescribe equipment for reminiscence or leisure. Conclusion This national survey increases knowledge of UK community occupational therapy practice and service provision for people with dementia and their family carers. It informs occupational therapists about national trends within this practice area, and development of the community occupational therapy intervention (COTiD-UK) as part of the Valuing Active Life in Dementia research programme.


Intellectual Property can be defined as the permission to control the use of certain
intangible expression and ideas in a form of entitlement, for an individual. For many
reasons, intellectual property or IP has been playing a major role in many
organizations that promote invention and innovation. The reason of having a good IP
practise is to ensure the idea and work of one particular inventor or innovator will be
secure from infringement and plagiarism. In Malaysia especially, many organizations
still don't have a good IP practise. Those companies tend to neglect the necessity of
having their idea protected and secured.
In order to fulfil the needs of having a simple system that can help organizations to
promote a good IP practise, Intellectual Property Management System or IPMS came
into the picture. The purpose of this system is to act as a hub that can help
organizations to smoothen the procedure of patenting within the premise. Traditional
ways are normally can be related to the use of paper and pen. Inventors and
innovators have to fill a 5-page of form and have to wait for a long period of time
before their idea being approved by the employer. There are many risks when using
the traditional way. The papers went missing, misplaced, tear apart; there are all the
risks that might occur.


A series of 200 cases of endometriosis were treated laparoscopically by Nd: YAG laser and microwave at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. All the operations were performed under local and topical anesthesia follow-up for 10-48 months revealed good results. Of 76 cases with infertility, 46 (60.5%) conceived after treatment. Of 114 cases with ovarian endometriomas, the cysts were no longer found in 81 cases (71.1%), decreased in size in 24 cases (21.0%). Of 180 cases with pain symptoms, 105 patients (58.3%) were achieved complete relief, Partial relief in 61 cases (33.9%). It has been found that laparoscopic surgery is effective to improve fertile rate for the patients with all the stages of endometriosis. The results showed that the microwave and Nd: YAG laser can be achieved with safety and success. The microwave is safer than Nd: YAG laser and is easier to operate and less expensive.


Moolapitham, a clinical entity which is described in yugi vaithiya chinthamani, is taken for the detailed study. In National Institute of Siddha, Out Patient Department, the author have seen 100 patients of moola noigal like Rakthamoolam, Pura moolam , Pavuthiram, Aasana vedippu and Aasanakkatti, and Vireki adithalal. In which most of them having the symptoms like external mass in the anus with out bleeding. These symptoms are more likely to be seen in Moolapitham as per yugi vaithiya chinthamani. So, the researcher has taken 'Moolapitham' for the study.
According to yugi vaithiya chinthamani 'Moolapitham' is classified under the pitha diseases.
Moolapitham has the symptoms of flatulence with diarrhoea, hat' red, excited with over anger, external mass in the anus, cramping pain in the posterior aspect of the thigh, pallor ness, edema, drowsiness, sluggishness and burning sensation in the eyes. Besides most of the parameters being used in siddha aspects.
The study consists of 30 patients between the age group of 30-70 years. Among the 30 cases 20 cases were seen in O.P.D and 10 cases were admitted in I.P.D of AyothiDoss Pandithar Hospital of National Institute of Siddha, Tambaram Sanatorium, Chennai-47.
Among 30 cases 83.3% of cases comes under pitha kaalam i.e.34-66 yrs. 13.3% of cases comes under kabha kaalam i.e. 1-33 yrs. Among the 30 cases 63.3% cases are female, 37.3% of cases are male.
Most of the 93.3% of cases were vegetarians and 6.6% of cases were non- vegetarians.
Among the 30 cases 40% of cases have maapadithal in their tongue and 10% of cases have vedippu in their tongue. The tongue niram of the 93.3% of cases were veluppu i.e. pallorness of the tongue. 86.6% of cases have kaippu taste; only about 13.3% of cases have pulippu taste in their tongue.
The Udal niram of the 40% of cases were Manjal niram i.e. wheatish color and 33.3% of cases have veluppu niram. The mozhi of the 66.6% of cases were Uratthaoli.
Most of the 93.3% of cases have Veluppu nira vizhi i.e. pallorness of the eye.
All the 30 cases have kan erichal.
The Meikuri of the 80% of cases have migu veppa udal nilai and increased viyarvai. All the 30 cases have tenderness in the external anal mass.
The Naadi panbhu of the 100% of cases were puranadai and kalathal character.
The Naadi nadai of the 80% of cases were Azhal vali and 20% of cases have valiazhal naadi.
The Thanami of Malam of 86.6 % of cases were sikkal and siruthal and 13.3% of cases have kalichal thanmai and also 3.3% of cases have kirumi i.e. klebsilla in her motion.
The Neerkuri of the 30 cases are Manjal niram i.e. color of the urine is dark yellow i.e. ++, (or) reddish yellow i.e. +++. 33.3% of cases have reduced nurai of urine i.e. Foam + and all the 30 cases have normal edai, enjal (alavu) of urine output.
The Neikuri of the 80% of cases were Mothirathil aravam and 20% of cases have Aravil mothiram. All the 30 cases show mellena paraval character i.e. slow spread.
Among the uyir thathukkal the deranged vathams were praanan, Abaanan, Samaanan, viyanan, kiruharan and dhevathathan.
The deranged pithams were analam, ranjagam, prasagam and saathagam. The deranged kabams were kilethakabam, pothagam and tharpagam.
The deranged Udal thathukkal were Saarum, Senner, Oon, Kozhuppu followed by enbu and moolai.
The rasi of the 23.3% of cases were viruchigam i.e. Scorpio, 10% of cases were Simma rasi. These rasi patients more prone to Moolapitham.
The Natchathiram of the 13.3% of cases were kettai and 10% of cases have Anusham, 6.6% of cases have pooram and 3.3% of cases have Maham natchathiram.
The degree of Moola mulai of 53.3% of cases were 7 'o' clock position and 16.6% of cases have 3 'o' clock position.
The manikkadai nool of the 40 % of cases were 11½. viral kadai alavu.
Most of the Moolapitham patients were affected in illavenir kaalam and Neithal nilam.
The haemoglobin estimation of the 36.66% of cases were ranging from 10.1-11.0 gms %. 30% of csaes have ranging from 9.1-10 gms%.
The Moolapitham closely correlate with External piles in modern aspect.
CONCLUSION:
Every disease must be identified from the root cause itself. It is the main duty of the physician to bring out the causes of the disease and then the manifestations. Then only, the treatment attain fulfillment, when the primary cause is clarified.
Firstly, the author prepared a protocol for this study work. Then the study was undertaken in 30 selected cases of both male and female in the OPD / IPD of Ayothi Doss Pandithar Hospital of the National Institute of Siddha, Chennai- 47, With the clinical symptoms of flatulence with diarrhea, Hat'red, excited with over anger, external mass in the anus, cramping pain in the posterior aspect of the thigh pallorness, edema, drowsiness, sluggishness and burning sensation in the eyes.
It is one of the study work based on "Moola Pitham" disease explained by yugi vaithiya chinthamani to reveal, the etiology, Envagaithervu, Nilam, Kaalam, Sothidam and Manikkadai nool.
By the out come of the result of this study work "Moolapitham" is a disease caused by predominantly vitiated pitha humour. From this it is clear, to prevent the 'Moola pitham', one should avoid the causes mentioned in the pitha noigal. Neithal nilam is more prone to produce Moola Pitham disease. So, people who are living in neithal nilam should keep the preventing aspects mentioned in this study.
The viruchigam rasi persons were more prone to affect by this disease. So, this rasi persons should take care for their well being. The Pitha kaalam i.e. age group between 34 to 66 yrs are mostly affected. Ilavenir and Mudhuvenir kaalam are more prone to produce this disease. So, people should alert to prevent the disease during this period. The people who suffer from Pitha diseases use the herbs which are grown in their living areas which have got plenty of medicinal values. By using these herbs, the intensity of the diseases is getting reduced and hence they get the best remedies from the medicinal herbs.
Though, there are many medicines in our siddha literature for moola noigal, the internal medicine for MoolaPitham is mentioned only in Thanvandhiri vaithiyam. The author, in her study has "Moolapugai" as a external medicine as per vaithiya chinthamani, shows tremendous results in reducing the pile mass. From this study, the author concludes that Moolapitham can be diagnosed by Envagaithervu, Nilam, Kaalam , Sothidam and clinical symptoms


With tourism carbon dioxide emission efficiency (TCDEE) as an undesired output, this study establishes an index system based on the inputs and outputs of TCDEE and measures the provincial TCDEE of China in 2010–2018, using the epsilon-based measure (EBM). In addition, the impactors of TCDEE were tested by the Tobit model. The main results are as follows: China's TCDEEs had obvious provincial differences. Only six provinces reached the efficient frontier of TCDEE, namely, Beijing, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Guangdong. The other provinces failed to reach this state, leaving a room for improvement. Most eastern provinces had relatively high TCDEEs, while the central and western provinces had relatively low TCDEEs. In the sample period, the TCDEEs in eastern, central, and western parts all changed in the shape of letter N. The TCDEEs of the eastern part were much higher than those of the central and western parts. According to the results of the Tobit model, TCDEE is clearly enhanced by the urbanization level, strongly inhibited by industrial structure, technical progress, opening-up, and environmental regulation, and not significantly affected by the tourism level.


Course outlines for science teachers, designed and developed at 6 universities, were critically analysed and compared with the guidelines for science education set out in the national policy framework known as the Minimum Requirements for Teacher Education Qualifications (MRTEQ) to identify the characteristics of a competent science teacher. Researchers used qualitative means to elicit data from the curriculum documents and in-depth interviews with science teacher educators at the institutions that participated in the study. The analysis of data focused on identifying views and perspectives that informed selection and organisation of curriculum content and pedagogical approaches. The findings that emerged from the data analysis point to both convergence and divergence among science teacher educators in terms of (i) interpretations of the policy on the minimum requirements for teacher qualifications, (ii) conceptualising hybridisation of academic content knowledge from different disciplines in the fields of science, and (iii) conceptualisation of pedagogical content knowledge for integrated approaches to teaching and learning of knowledge. A lack of uniformity in the conceptualised academic content and the conceptual framework to develop pedagogical content knowledge for the interdisciplinary school subject, Natural Sciences, pointed to the challenges facing departments of sciences education to produce competent teachers. Keywords: conceptualisation; curriculum development; knowledge integration; science disciplinary content knowledge