Antibiotics are robust medicines that are widely used from centuries together to treat bacterial infections such as UTI, Typhoid, and Cholera etc. The similarity between viral and bacterial infection has resulted in the misuse of these antibiotics, the result of which is the development of resistant strains. Such indiscriminate drug usage has been increasing in a vulnerable geriatric and pediatric population. The increase in per capita health expenditure has enhanced the global market of these class of drugs, and the scope is likely to shoot up in the coming years, paving the way for young investors to emerging. The Global market for antibiotics is highly competitive and has a large number of significant players dominating the market share. During the forecast period experts in the field have evaluated and segment to dominate in LAMEA (Latin America, Middle East and Africa) holding the majority of the Market share. However, Asia Pacific was found to be the highest region for contributing more revenues. Detailed market analysis for / was conducted by doing secondary research where the market segments were compared for antibiotics. The paper discusses several issues related to the area of medicines.


Improved realism in virtual endoscopy may be achieved by using volume rather than surface rendering, which preserves grayscale information and fine detail from the original CT dataset. Since volume rendering is computationally intensive, parallelization of the calculations is attractive. A distributed parallel rendering algorithm has been applied to calculation of volume rendered cine sequences in a few seconds per frame when using a modest number of readily available workstations.


Abstract High throughput sequencing allowed the discovery of many new viruses and viral organizations increasing our comprehension of virus origin and evolution. Most RNA viruses are currently characterized through similarity searches of annotated virus databases. This approach limits the possibility to detect completely new virus-encoded proteins with no detectable similarities to existing ones, i.e. ORFan proteins. A strong indication of the ORFan viral origin in a metatranscriptome is the lack of DNA corresponding to an assembled RNA sequence in the biological sample. Furthermore, sequence homology among ORFans and evidence of co-occurrence of these ORFans in specific host individuals provides further indication of a viral origin. Here, we use this theoretical framework to report the finding of three conserved clades of protein-coding RNA segments without a corresponding DNA in fungi. Protein sequence and structural alignment suggest these proteins are distantly related to viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRP). In these new putative viral RdRP clades, no GDD catalytic triad is present, but the most common putative catalytic triad is NDD and a clade with GDQ, a triad previously unreported at that site. SDD, HDD, and ADD are also represented. For most members of these three clades, we were able to associate a second genomic segment, coding for a protein of unknown function. We provisionally named this new group of viruses ormycovirus. Interestingly, all the members of one of these sub-clades (gammaormycovirus) accumulate more minus sense RNA than plus sense RNA during infection.


Synchronous design is generally used in SFQ digital systems at present. In large-scale SFQ digital systems, however, the introduction of asynchronous design is required due to the large clock skew in the clock distribution network and complexity in the timing design at high clock rate. We have proposed a hierarchical design approach using asynchronous SFQ circuits with handshaking protocol for asynchronous data transfer. In our asynchronous approach, each circuit module is designed based on a data driven self-timed (DDST) architecture. A handshaking protocol is also used to ensure the logical ordering in data communication between the modules, where we have adopted bit-serial architecture to reduce the communication costs in handshaking. One issues in the bit-serial handshaking (BSHS) system is the synchronization of the input data when the module has multiple input ports. In this study, we have designed an SFQ BSHS system with multiple input ports, where Muller C-elements is used to synchronize the multiple input data. We have designed and implemented a BSHS half adder using NEC 2.5 kA/cm/sup 2/ Nb standard process to demonstrate asynchronous addition of two input data at high speed. We have successfully confirmed its correct operation at about 20 GHz.


Regional foliations resulting from two main phases of deformation within the Archean Hackett River greenstone belt are generally steeply inclined, except near some granitoid plutons where one or both structures are shallow dipping. Inclinations decrease near the plutons with little deviation in regional strike. Near other plutons all structures are steep; in some cases steep second phase foliation passes into the granitoid rock. It is suggested that the shallow dips reflect modifications of regional strain induced solely by those plutons that were rising during the phases of regional deformation. From changes in the structural arrangement along the belt it can be inferred that plutons rose into higher grade metamorphic rocks earlier than into lower grade rocks.A domal structure in basal gneiss could have formed during a late stage of the second deformation. Shallow dipping foliation within the gneiss may, however, reflect not only strain modification during regional deformation and buoyant uplift, but als...


Aryl-substituted polycarboxylic acids and aryl-substituted
phosphonocarboxylic acids (including polyphosphono/polycarboxylic acids) were synthesised using new and known
techniques. These acids were prepared for evaluation as
potential collectors and have been assessed by Aberfoyle
Resources Pty. Ltd., for use in the flotation of cassiterite and
other metal oxides. The acids represent a new structural group
of collectors for use in this field. The structural
chemical-physical features of the acids have been correlated
with the flotation results obtained to optimise collector
design.
Synthesis of the aryl-substituted polycarboxylic acids was
carried out via established methodology to obtain thirty seven
such acids, containing from one to four carboxylic acid
functionalities per molecule. Various para-substituents were
included to investigate the effect of both the hydrophilic and
hydrophobic entities within the compounds on collector
efficiency based on grade and net recovery of cassiterite. Some
of these acids, notably some of the
2-(4-substitutedphenyl)propane-1,1,3-tricarboxylic acids, had
not been reported previously in the literature.
The aryl-substituted phosphonocarboxylic acids prepared
possessed similar structural characteristics to the acids above,
with one or more of the carboxylic acid groups being replaced by
phosphonic acid functionalities. Previously prepared acids of
this class were, in general, poorly characterised prior to this
work or not found in the literature. In this work particular use has been made of N.M.R. spectroscopy ( P31, C13, H 1) to elucidate
and confirm the structure of the proposed collectors.
The flotation results for the two classes of collectors have been compared and contrasted, and some structure-collector
property relationships proposed. In general the new classes of
collectors were found to be far superior to those collectors in
current commercial use.


This paper discusses the use of networks-on-chip (NoCs) consisting of multiple voltage-frequency islands to cope with power consumption, clock distribution and parameter variation problems in future multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoCs). In this architecture, communication within each island is synchronous, while communication across different islands is achieved via mixed-clock mixed-voltage queues. In order to dynamically control the speed of each domain in the presence of parameter and workload variations, we propose a robust feedback control methodology. Towards this end, we first develop a state-space model based on the utilization of the inter-domain queues. Then, we identify the theoretical conditions under which the network is controllable. Finally, we synthesize state feedback controllers to cope with workload variations and minimize power consumption. Experimental results demonstrate robustness to parameter variations and more than 40% energy savings by exploiting workload variations through dynamic voltage-frequency scaling (DVFS) for a hardware MPEG-2 encoder design.


As an efficient alternative to partial differential equations, cellular automata have been proposed for the simulation of excitable media. However, the automata proposed so far are anisotropic since the shapes of the propagating waves are related to the shapes of the cells (e.g. squares or hexagons). This problem is solved in the present work by automata based on a random distribution of excitable elements. The following results were obtained using a (minimal) model with only three parameters: a) Target patterns (concentric circular waves) and spirals in two dimensions in agreement with measurements in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ) reagent and in heart muscle during ventricular fibrillation. b) Waves rotating around a hole in agreement with observations on the cerebral cortex. c) A linear eikonal equation relating the normal velocity to the curvature of the wavefront in agreement with measurements in the BZ reagent and in the aggregating slime mold D. discoideum. d) Turbulences similar to those observed in experiments. e) Three-dimensional waves (scroll waves), some of which have been observed in thick heart muscle and in the BZ reagent. An extension of the model including two more parameters yields a dispersion relation comparable to that obtained from measurements and from an analysis of the relevant partial differential equations.


Gel is considered to have an interesting potential for water shut off applications, especially in fields having natural shale barriers and large permeability variations and/or where reduction in tubing/ casing diameter is not wanted. This paper describes a case study from the Statfjord Field where polymer silicate gel was used to build up experience for water shut off applications of the lower producing interval in a well that produced from two intervals. The intervals where separated by 5m in 9 5/8 casing and located at approximately 3100 m. The primary objective was to shut off water and secondly to evaluate gel technology. Mechanical techniques and gel technology were considered as means of achieving the objectives. Both required the use of 2 coiled tubing in a live well (Fig. 14). Gel technology was selected since diameter restriction in the casing was not wanted due to potential later perforations deeper into the well combined with desire of qualifying the technology and related techniques. This paper reports some of the results achieved in the laboratory-. and give references to papers where the laboratory techniques and results are given, refs. I through 5. The pre planning and the laboratory testing for finding a suitable gel formulation was also performed in collaboration with a service company. Therefore this paper focuses mostly on the well performance, placement of plugs in the well by wireline and coiled tubing. pumping of the gel solution through the coiled tubing and into the lower perforation interval and evaluation of results. The operation has been an economical success. After water isolation from the lower interval. the well has produced oil with a gross value of 15 mill. U.S.$ in 6 months and the operation had a pay back time of 50 days.


Despite an emphasis on self-care to avoid burnout and increase compassion satisfaction within the counseling profession, there is a dearth of research on the developmental experiences of counselors that may increase the likelihood of burnout. We examined the impact of mental health counselors' ( N = 140) experiences of adverse childhood experiences and positive childhood experiences on their present rates of compassion satisfaction, burnout, and secondary traumatic stress. We used a cross-sectional, non-experimental correlational design and reported descriptive statistics as well as results of multiple regression models. Results indicated significant relationships among counselors' rates of adverse childhood experiences, positive childhood experiences, and compassion satisfaction and burnout. We include implications for the use of both the adverse and positive childhood experiences assessments in the training of counseling students and supervisees.


Background The relatively young and inexperienced healthcare professionals in Mongolia faced with an unprecedent service demand in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the small size of the healthcare workforce the Mongolian Health Ministry had no choice but to mandate continuous and long workhours from the healthcare workforce. Many of the healthcare professionals exhibited signs and symptoms of mental health disorders. This study aimed to discern the prevalence various mental health concerns, i.e., depression, anxiety and stress, insomnia, and to discern the factors that increased susceptibility to mental health disorders among frontline healthcare professionals providing healthcare services for COVID-19 patients in Mongolia. Methods A Cross-sectional research design was implemented. We collected data from 965 healthcare professional, randomly selected from 18 government hospitals, in four regions of Mongolia. Data were collected using the Depression Anxiety Stress-21, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Insomnia Severity Index instruments. We constructed the scale of Pandemic Response Symptoms (PaReSy) which captured stress, depression, and anxiety. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Kruskal–Wallis statistical test and multinominal logistic regression analysis. Results Prevalence of depression (52.3%, CI 95%: 49.1–55.5%), anxiety (70.2%, CI 95%: 67.2–73.0%), and stress (35.8%, CI 95%: 32.7–38.9%) was documented among Mongolian healthcare professionals. Perception of self-efficacy reduced susceptibility to PaReSy either at mild/moderate (OR = 0.948, 95% CI = 0.911–0.988, P = 0.011) or severe/extremely severe level (OR = 0.911, 95% CI = 0.861–0.963, P = 0.001). Within each stratum of insomnia, the risk of experiencing PaReSy increased almost linearly both in the category of mild/moderate PaReSy and in the category of severe/extremely severe PaReSy. Conclusion Improving self-efficacy and sleeping quality can assist healthcare workers to manage depression, anxiety, and stress. Findings provide important evidence to implement measures and strategies to assist healthcare professionals in low- and middle-income countries to constructively address their mental health concerns and needs.


The purpose of this research is to identify the factors that drive motivation, as well as the role of motivation in teaching and learning. This is a qualitative study conducted using library research methods. Work motivation is a driving force and source of encouragement that can elicit a sense of zeal, as well as modify human or individual behavior to lead to improved outcomes. Motivation is defined as the overarching driving force within the instructor that initiates and directs instructional actions in order to attain the objectives set forth by the teaching subject. So that every teacher is diligent in completing assignments, tenacious in overcoming obstacles (not easily discouraged), shows interest in a variety of problems, prefers to work independently, is not easily bored with routine tasks, is able to defend his or her point of view, and enjoys finding and solving problems.


This paper explores the creative constructs utilized by translators in the reformulation of texts. As translation studies realigns the definition of translation vis-a-vis the original, a number of factors inform translations: the agency and subjectivity of the translator, as well as questions of form, and the more obvious social factors. This discussion addresses the articulation of creativity as a response to specific cases and repositions translation as part of a greater creative project.


Access to public sanitation in the tidal area in Indonesia is limited. The people in the tidal area tend to dispose of their domestic wastewater to the water body directly without treating it first. The lack of wastewater infrastructure provision in the tidal area could cause water body pollution that degrades its carrying capacity and destructs aquatic ecosystems. Eco-friendly technology could be used to treat the wastewater in the tidal area as the solution to improve water quality. In this research, the eco-friendly wastewater treatment technology was chosen to observe the effluent quality of individual scale biofilter-phytoremediation. Performance test of wastewater treatment technology was done by measuring the effluent quality. The effluent quality of the biofilter-phytoremediation system was compared to the effluent quality standard that stated in Ministry Regulation of Environment and Forestry No. P.68/Menlhk/Setjen/Kum.1/8/2016. The study showed the following results such as the average concentration of TSS was 7,63 mg/L, pH 6,70, ammonia was 1,78 mg/L, COD was 18,16 mg/L, and BOD was 9,38 mg/L. These results indicated that in general, the effluent quality of biofilter-phytoremediation system had met the above standard.


This article describes the cooperation and relationship between the Swedish author August Strindberg and two of his translators, Mathilde Prager and the Baltic-German Laura Marholm. Both women were of utter importance to Strindberg's introduction to the German speaking countries as well as German literary circles. They excelled not only as translators, but acted as well as literary agents supported him enormously in situations of personal crisis. Even though their cooperation records great successes and put Strindberg on the map, they both ended less than amicable. Where money issues played a role in both cases there were significant differences in how the relationships ended. In Prager's case the feminist's reluctance to translate some of Strindberg's more directly misogynist plays led to amongst others to the Authors decision to grant his sole authorisation to a younger German translator. In case of Laura Marholm the friendly relationship turned in a big disappointment for her and even into deep hatred on Strindberg's side. Marholm herself was a very extrovert and energetic woman used to handle all her husband's affairs. So when she tried to help Strindberg in the same way the paranoid author considered it ill-willing and dominating meddling and broke all relations to her.


Two epileptic patients developed an infectious mononucleosis‐like illness which subsequently proved to be a carbamazepine‐induced anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome. Patch testing to carbamazepine 3 years later was positive in the one patient tested and negative in normal controls. The second patient died a few weeks after the illness, secondary to long‐standing cardiac disease without having undergone patch testing. A skin biopsy was, however, consistent with an immune complex mediated drug reaction. Patch testing for systemically administered drugs is generally believed to be of little value in diagnosing drug allergies. However, we reinforce a previous suggestion that this investigation may be helpful in some cases of anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome caused by carbamazepine.1 The pathogenic role of type 3 and 4 hypersensitivity is also discussed.


In this paper the scalar quasi-static magnetic hysteresis is described by means of a new model based on a sequential algorithm, which appears to he a possible alternative to the classical Preisach model. A procedure leading to the identification of the model parameters is described. The hysteretic behavior obtained by using the new model is in good agreement with experimental measurements as well as with the predictions of the Preisach model. Finally, both models have been applied to study the dynamics of a circuit with an hysteretic inductor, driven by a sinusoidal voltage source. Good agreement between the two simulations was found, but our model appears computationally less cumbersome than that of Preisach. >


In this paper, we will illustrate our proposal for a methodology of academical teaching, based on cooperative learning paradigm, which also relies on cutting edge e-learning techniques. We use Web 2.0 resources to fulfill requirements coming from our vision of an interactive-constructivistic "learning space", where blended-teaching paradigm may be proficiently applied. We propose our plan for extending an existing free/open source software learning management system, to create a cooperative and community-based learning space adherent to our proposal.


Cultured human lymphoblastoid cells derived from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma or infectious mononucleosis have been shown to activate the alternative complement pathway by an antibody-independent mechanism. Lymphocytes from normal or leukemic patients do not have this activity.
 All lymphoblastoid cells and most lymphoma lines derived from patients with Burkitt's lymphoma carry Epstein-Barr virus DNA in their genome. Recently, EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma lines have been established and these can be converted to EBV-positive sublines by superinfection in vitro with EBV. The existence of these lines allows us to test the hypothesis that transformation of cells with EBV confers on them the property of activating the alternative pathway.
 Two EBV-negative lines and eight EBV converted sublines were tested for their ability to activate the alternative pathway in hypogammaglobulinaemic and normal human serum. Activation was assayed by demonstrating bound C3 on the membrane by immunofluorescence; by measuring C3 conversion in the serum by the Laurell technique; and consumption of total alternative pathway activity in serum by using a hemolytic assay.


The popularization of mobile data services such as SMS (shortmessagingservice) has prompted the development of mobile marketing. The deployment of SMS based marketing campaigns has been noted as a very successful mean of reaching consumers. The available literature on mobile marketing has a strong emphasis on consumer perceptions towards SMS based campaigns. However, there is a clear lack of knowledge regarding the experiences obtained by companies that deploy SMS based campaigns as a marketing tool. This paper explores the critical success factors of SMS based campaigns from a managerial perspective. Four case studies were conducted with organizations based in New Zealand. The findings indicate that content, permission, acceptance, interactivity, entertainment, as well as a multi-channel approach are critical to insure the success of SMS based campaigns. The paper concludes with recommendations for future practice and research.


Deforestation of flooded (varzea) and non-flooded (terra firme) forests caused by firewood consumption at tile factories (olaria) was investigated in Abaetetuba Island at the Amazon estuary. Varzea is spatially limited, the area is only 3% of the whole Amazon, however, it is heavily influenced by human activities, especially by the cultivation of acai palm (Euterpe oleracea Mart.). The trees are cut down for the olarias. The number of tree species are small, and they have less wood density than terra firme tree species because the varzea is flooded twice a day throughout the year. Terra firme forests, which are also secondary forests, receive less human impact, and have more tree species and more individual trees with a growth extension that exceeds the species in the varzea forests. The deforestation was examined by comparing forest biomass in a unit area to firewood consumption at olarias. The annual area of deforestation was estimated by using the combination of tree species in the firewood and human impact in the varzea forests. Then the estimation was extended to the whole island, assuming that the forests were rotatively cleared every 25 to 30 years. The results indicated that the area of deforestation was 6,870ha/25 years to 8,337ha/30 years, and that it was smaller than the island. However, logging is not only for fuel at olarias. If Belem's economic influence becomes stronger, and electric energy is not diffused throughout the island, the lumber consumption will accelerate and the increase might make the forest disappear faster than estimated.


Liposomes are colloidal structures formed by the self-assembly of lipid molecules in solution into spherical, self-closed structures through their amphiphilic properties. All liposome preparation protocols reported consist of several steps of preparation, homogenization, and purification, which are labor-intensive, arduous, and lengthy to execute. In this work, a new procedure has been developed to reduce the time of the postrehydration sizing of liposomes from multilamellar vesicles, while improving the uniformity of the resulting liposomes produced and achieving high encapsulation efficiencies. For the homogenization step, the typically used method of filter extrusion was substituted by centrifugation. Purification of liposomes to eliminate nonencapsulated molecules and lipids is routinely carried out via gel permeation chromatography, an extremely lengthy procedure, and in the method we report, this lengthy step was replaced by the use of molecular-weight cut-off filters. Using this novel method, large unilamellar vesicles were produced and the time required, postrehydration, was dramatically reduced from almost 48 to less than 2 hours, with a highly uniformly sized population of liposomes being produced—the homogeneity of the liposome population achieved using our method was 99%, as compared to 88% attained by using the traditional method of production. We have used this approach to encapsulate fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), and 160,000 FITC molecules were encapsulated and the liposomes were demonstrated to be stable for at least 10 weeks at 4°C.


We initiate the study of incentive-compatible forecasting competitions in which multiple forecasters make predictions about one or more events and compete for a single prize. We have two objectives: (1) to incentivize forecasters to report truthfully and (2) to award the prize to the most accurate forecaster. Proper scoring rules incentivize truthful reporting if all forecasters are paid according to their scores. However, incentives become distorted if only the best-scoring forecaster wins a prize, since forecasters can often increase their probability of having the highest score by reporting more extreme beliefs. In this paper, we introduce two novel forecasting competition mechanisms. Our first mechanism is incentive compatible and guaranteed to select the most accurate forecaster with probability higher than any other forecaster. Moreover, we show that in the standard single-event, two-forecaster setting and under mild technical conditions, no other incentive-compatible mechanism selects the most accurate forecaster with higher probability. Our second mechanism is incentive compatible when forecasters' beliefs are such that information about one event does not lead to belief updates on other events, and it selects the best forecaster with probability approaching one as the number of events grows. Our notion of incentive compatibility is more general than previous definitions of dominant strategy incentive compatibility in that it allows for reports to be correlated with the event outcomes. Moreover, our mechanisms are easy to implement and can be generalized to the related problems of outputting a ranking over forecasters and hiring a forecaster with high accuracy on future events. This paper was accepted by Yan Chen, behavioral economics and decision analysis.


A striking feature of the traditional armchair method of philosophy is the use of imaginary examples: for instance, of Gettier cases as counterexamples to the justified true belief analysis of knowledge. The use of such examples is often thought to involve some sort of a priori rational intuition, which crude rationalists regard as a virtue and crude empiricists as a vice. It is argued here that, on the contrary, what is involved is simply an application of our general cognitive capacity to handle counterfactual conditionals, which is not exclusively a priori and is not usefully conceived as a form of rational intuition. It is explained how questions of metaphysical possibility and necessity are equivalent to questions about counterfactuals, and the epistemology of the former (in particular, the role of conceiving or imagining) is a special case of the epistemology of the latter. A non-imaginary Gettier case is presented in order to show how little difference it makes.


There has been a growing demand to increase the throughput of computer systems. To meet this demand, we have been considering a massive parallel processing computer using a space division multiplex optical bus. In this scheme, optical signal data are transmitted from one board to another without E/O and O/E repeaters. Such a parallel optical bus system requires laser amplifiers for the vertical input/output beams in order to compensate for tapped powers. Accordingly we focus on a new structure for a vertical transmission optical amplifier' as a key device in order to realize the parallel optical bus for massive parallel processing computers. There are two different types of vertical transmission laser amplifiers, a resonant type and a traveling wave type optical amplifier. Both of them suffer from different types of disadvanta es In the traveling wave configuration! it' is necessary to thicken the active layer to obtain sufficient gain. To extend the active region thickness, we propose a multiple active layer structure that consists of a number of active layers, each of which is thinner than the carrier diffusion length. Each active layer is embedded between wider band gap layers to form double heterostructures, which results in achieving a high density carrier concentration in the active layer. In addition, carriers are laterally injected into the active layer through the cladding layers that work as carrier guide layers, which were evaluated by a 2 dimensional analysis employing Poission's equation and current continuity equations. Figure 1 shows the


Competition is among the pivotal features and it considered as one of he international interaction movement. Generally, relationships between all countries, such as relations between individuals, no matter how close and cooperative they face, are not without manifestations of competition and conflict that may take a peaceful structure, and even take the method of violence that sometimes reaches the degree of physical confrontation. Since the end of the Cold War, international competition has become an inevitable phenomenon that characterizes international relations due to the absence of an ideological counterfactual, and as a result of many of these forces owe the same ideology as the strongest powers on the international scene. It can be noticed that they are competing forces rather than conflicting forces. Characterized by the rules of management of international relationships between these most powerful features is competition feature , not the conflict. Accordingly, the phenomenon of international competition is an aspect of international dealings. In addition it is a dominant characteristic of most international transactions between several states, especially when it comes to the economic aspect, as the conflict of interests between states necessitates the supremacy of competition in international relations. The US-European relations are stated as other manifestations of interaction between countries and do not differ too much from other international relationships, as they have cases of competition despite the manifestations of cooperation and understanding between them in many life aspects towards various international issues, but the competition between them has its nature and specifics. This topic aims to identify the nature of competition in relations between the United States of America and the European Union countries in several vital regions of the world, most notably the Middle East and the African continent. Keywords: International Competition, International Relations, International Conflict, The Middle East.


In Permendikbud No. 3 of 2020 concerning Standards for Learning facilities and infrastructure are the minimum criteria regarding facilities and infrastructure in accordance with the needs of the content and learning process in the framework of fulfilling graduate learning outcomes. In general, this study aims to evaluate the implementation of learning-based library management organized by SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. Based on its purpose, this research was designed as a qualitative research. In this case the population in this study are students, teachers, foundation owners, and school principals. The research subjects were a portion of the population at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik. The results obtained in this study are expected to provide an explanation of how learning-based library management is implemented in terms of learning process standards. The results showed that the maintenance of learning-based library facilities at SMA Muhammadiyah 1 Gresik was carried out in the context of efficiency and effectiveness. Continuous (regular, routine) maintenance is carried out in this school library. Library maintenance involves teachers, librarians, and student


The so-called dye-linked dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidation of various biomolecules in the presence of an artificial electron acceptor, in which several unique compounds related to plants as substrates such as opine(s) and L-hydroxyproline are contained. Opines including nopaline and octopine are produced from nutrients of plant by pathogenic agrobacteria species in a crown gall tumor and subsequently degraded for their nutrients by (hypothetical) opine dehydrogenase(s) (OpnDH). The homologous proteins of Pseudomonas putida and Bradyrhizobium japonicum (isozymes 1 and 2) function as nopalineand octopine-specific dye-linked dehydrogenases, to yield α-ketoglutarate + L-arginine and pyruvate + L-arginine, respectively. L-Hydroxyproline is detected in such hydroxyproline-rich glycoprotein of plant cell walls. In the degradation pathway of bacteria, D-hydroxyproline dehydrogenase (HypDH) catalyzes the dehydrogenation reaction of cis-4-hydroxy-D-proline, and is classified into two types: homomeric and heteromeric enzymes. Both OpnDH and heteromeric HypDH commonly consist of three different subunits (αβγ), in which 2 FAD, 1 FMN, [2Fe-2S] and [4Fe-4S] clusters are contained as prosthetic groups. In D-amino acid dehydrogenase superfamily, these enzymes are physiologically related to L-proline dehydrogenase from archaea and hydrogen cyanide synthase from bacteria, whereas isozyme 2 of OpnDH from B. japonicum and other OpnDHs had appeared by convergent evolution.


The age of the majority of power transformers applied in the western electricity network varies between 25 and 50 years. Depending on the load history and time of operation, replacement on short term is imminent. A technically sound policy concerning the replacement of these assets must be based on knowledge of (i) the life expectancy or reliability of individual components, (ii) how these failure probabilities cumulate to a replacement wave, and (iii) how to manage an expected replacement wave. The population reliability is obtained from individual transformer reliabilities using Arrhenius based modelling of paper insulation degradation. This modelling technique includes measures to cope with inherent uncertainties in available data. Population reliability figures are obtained using an adapted k-out-of-N failure model. The modelling method is applied to existing populations of power transformers in The Netherlands, to evaluate their expected replacement wave.


The article analyzes the relation between system voltage level and reactive power balance in detail. It presents that the reactive power demand of load is mainly balanced by grid capacitive reactive power in light flow for modern power systems. The authors analyze the different effect on system voltage level and reactive power balance between single generator leading power factor operation and many generators leading power factor operation. The viewpoint and thought is verified through the practical power system of Hubei Province.


Stanis³aw G³¹binski (1862–1941), economist and politician, and one of the main representatives of the historical trend, sought to develop the national school in the Polish economy. The nation and national idea were to become its starting point. By 'people' he meant the population in the political sense, i.e. the whole of society within the state, including the factions and national minorities. The subject of national economics is the national or social economy. It is the total unit of a higher order, including all the households in the country linked by ties of mutual dependence, both material and spiritual. Its purpose and subject is the society, the nation. Therefore, national economics is a social science. Production is characterized by a social dimension, its size determined by both economic and non-economic factors as well as moral and ethical ones. These two aspects are characteristic of the two categories associated with it, i.e. the social resources and factors of production. The category of social resources is similar to Frederick List's concept of productive forces, meaning the production capacity of the nation, the power of producing wealth. G³¹binski divides them into moral and material resources, attaching more importance to the moral resources. They are the fullest expression of the nation's culture condition, the nation's moral level and they also provide stable social bonds. The concept of moral resources involves two production factors: entrepreneurship as well as knowledge and work. The material resources represent the earth (nature) and capital.


It is well known in the literature that myocardial tissue is present in different degrees in pulmonary veins, but the eventual role of this myocardial tissue in pulmonary veins is not very clear at this moment. We presumed that one of the compensatory mechanisms in heart failure could be represented by the development of this myocardial tissue in the pulmonary veins. We studied the extension of this myocardial tissue in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We performed a histologic examination of the myocardial tissue from the pulmonary veins, in patients with heart failure in advanced stages. These patients died in the hospital and we obtained the pulmonary tissue for examinations during the autopsy. At the border between the media and the adventitia of the pulmonary vein, the myocardial tissue is present and is well developed. Some of the fibers have a sinuous course, others present a longitudinal aspect, especially in the external layers. In some sections bundles and bands of muscle fibers are present. In the sections where no myocardial tissue was shown, the smooth muscular fibers were very numerous. The necroptic histologic studies showed different degrees of hypertrophy of the myocardial tissue in the pulmonary veins, in the patients with heart failure in advanced stages. We observed that dilatation degree of cardiac cavities and decrease of the ejection fraction correlates with hypertrophy degree of the myocardial tissue in the pulmonary veins. This can be an argument for the compensatory role of this hypertrophy.


Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) is an emerging virus associated with high fish mortality and economic losses. This study investigates the virucidal effects of the following disinfectants (active ingredients) on TiLV: 2.5 ppm iodine, 10 ppm sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 300 ppm hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), 80 ppm formalin and 5,000 ppm (0.5%) Virkon® . Factors that affect the disinfectants' efficacy, including temperature, contact time and soiling (organic matter) interference, were examined under conditions mimicking natural aquaculture practices. TiLV inactivation of higher than 5 log10 TCID50  ml-1 was achieved after 10 min and at 28°C for all disinfectants except formalin; similar inactivation levels were reached by NaOCl and Virkon® at 10 min and 4°C. Extended exposure to formalin from 10 to 60 min at 28°C rendered more than 5 log10 inactivation. Increasing synthetic organic matter in the water to mimic soiling interference reduced the efficacy of NaOCl, iodine and H2 O2 when tested at 10 min and 28°C; however, Virkon® still achieved more than 5 log10 inactivation. This study demonstrates that most common disinfectants effectively reduced viral loads to minimum levels. To limit the spread of TiLV in aquaculture farms and related facilities, the appropriate use of such disinfectants should therefore be promoted and implemented.


In this paper, we study the feasibility of sending drones to deliver goods from a depot to a customer by solving what we call the Mission-Feasibility Problem (MFP). Due to payload constraints, the drone can serve only one customer at a time. To this end, we propose a novel framework based on time-dependent cost graphs to properly model the MFP and tackle the delivery dynamics. When the drone moves in the delivery area, the global wind may change thereby affecting the drone's energy consumption, which in turn can increase or decrease. This issue is addressed by designing three algorithms, namely: (i) compute the route of minimum energy once, at the beginning of the mission, (ii) dynamically reconsider the most convenient trip towards the destination, and (iii) dynamically select only the best local choice. We evaluate the performance of our algorithms on both synthetic and real-world data. The changes in the drone's energy consumption are reflected by changes in the cost of the edges of the graphs. The algorithms receive the new costs every time the drone flies over a new vertex, and they have no full knowledge in advance of the weights. We compare them in terms of the percentage of missions that are completed with success (the drone delivers the goods and comes back to the depot), with delivered (the drone delivers the goods but cannot come back to the depot), and with failure (the drone neither delivers the goods nor comes back to the depot).


The proliferation of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and their interaction with certain social systems, led to the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization. Globalization lays on a technological infrastructure that makes it possible, by minimizing the time needed for communication and inter-systemic interactions. This also, has led to a strong support of the global financial system to the ICT industry, so that the latter can provide faster applications at any level of networking, thus putting both globalization and the ICT industry in an accelerating mutual development. This paper, examines the problems certain social systems face into this new environment, due to the structural coupling of those systems with a technological backbone that functions as a system of inclusion (and thus exclusion as well) of those social systems which do not conceive of the ICT as a prerequisite for their own continuation. That situation is challenging the political subsystems, as to their ability to govern the social systems through their way towards a global society. The paper initially presents the state of globalization in a brief way and next introduces some of the basic concepts of contemporary systems theory. At the rest parts, we examine the problems posed to the basic social system-reconstituting functions by the "real-time" communications global network and finally we introduce some preliminary thoughts about the ways the political system (or any other management system for the matter) can try to solve those problems.


This paper proposes a detection method of fetal breathing movement (FBM) as an important data of fetal well-being. To analyze the chaotic nature of the individual episodes, the frequency band has been split into single test frequencies in order to find its starting point (SP) as a signal free (quiet) zone. Computing some features of the signal the sound will be distinguishable from the disturbing signals as hiccups, body's rotation and limb movements or even additional noises of maternal heart beats. The SPs of the episodes are characterized by an approximation process in order to select the real ones.Clinical relevance— The method is an irradiation free measurement, carried out on the maternal abdomen. Furthermore, connected with the fetal phonocardiographic (fPCG) monitoring the method offers a non-invasive way for FBM detection applicable also at home. More than 50 pregnancies were examined with the proposed method for at least for 20-min with synchronous measurements by the proposed phonographic device and a 3D ultrasound machine in the third trimester.


The ten published cases of septic arthritis due to Campylobacter fetus and two more recent cases, one of which was a delayed septic complication of a total hip replacement, are discussed. In 83% of cases, febrile monoarthritis occurred which in 7 out of the 12 cases involved an already diseased joint in a subject over 70 years of age (half of the patients), who was frequently alcoholic and presented either cancer or hepatic cirrhosis and/or diabetes. Hyperleukocytosis of the blood was variable (55% of cases). The joint fluid, which contained a high level of deteriorated polynuclear cells, was routinely cultured on an enriched medium in an anaerobic or microerophilic atmosphere and in 10 out of 12 cases Campylobacter fetus was isolated within 15 days, even in the absence of previous antibiotic therapy. The arthritis, which showed little sign radiographically of destructiveness, was cured, leaving no sequellae in most cases. Treatment usually involved ampicillin or the tetracyclines, either alone or in association with the aminoglycosides.


PurposeLiterature about transparency in public-sector organizations has been attracting the attention of scholars for the last two decades. This study reviews the existing literature with the intention of creating a description of the state of the art, categorized by geographical areas, levels of government, topics, and methodologies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors have developed a structured literature review following a rigorous protocol. The initial search was launched on 25 April 2022 on Scopus and Web of Science, resulting in 3,217 articles. After removing duplicates and studies that did not meet all the inclusion criteria specified in the review protocol, the final sample includes 956 articles from 1991 to 2021.FindingsThe analyses show a considerable increase in studies since 2005, especially in the last two years, when 30% of the publications have been produced. Most of the studies analyze the national/central level of government. Many authors compare different countries, while other scholars focus on specific countries, overall, the USA and the UK. The local level of government has also been widely studied, especially in the Spanish and Chinese contexts. The most frequently used methodologies are quantitative and empirical techniques, and the most common topics are those associated with accountability.Originality/valueThis study uses a huge sample (956 articles over the period 1991–2021), which has never been used before, to examine the literature on transparency. The structured literature review facilitates the identification of gaps that can be filled by future studies. These include analyzing transparency in specific geographical areas like Africa, Asia, and Latin America, studying transparency at different levels of government, especially at the regional and federal levels, and providing comparative studies and case study collections.


Background One of the objectives of medicine is to relieve patients' suffering. As a consequence, it is important to understand patients' perspectives of suffering and their ability to cope. However, there is poor insight into what determines their suffering and their ability to bear it. Purpose To explore the constituent elements of suffering of patients who explicitly request euthanasia or physician-assisted suicide (EAS) and to better understand unbearable suffering from the patients' perspective. Patients and methods A qualitative study using in-depth face-to-face interviews was conducted with 31 patients who had requested EAS. The grounded theory approach was used to analyse the data. Results Medical, psycho-emotional, socio-environmental and existential themes contributed to suffering. Especially fatigue, pain, decline, negative feelings, loss of self, fear of future suffering, dependency, loss of autonomy, being worn out, being a burden, loneliness, loss of all that makes life worth living, hopelessness, pointlessness and being tired of living were constituent elements of unbearable suffering. Only patients with a psychiatric (co)diagnosis suffered unbearably all the time. Conclusions Unbearable suffering is the outcome of an intensive process that originates in the symptoms of illness and/or ageing. According to patients, hopelessness is an essential element of unbearable suffering. Medical and social elements may cause suffering, but especially when accompanied by psycho-emotional and existential problems suffering will become 'unbearable'. Personality characteristics and biographical aspects greatly influence the burden of suffering. Unbearable suffering can only be understood in the continuum of the patients' perspectives of the past, the present and expectations of the future.


Prolonging life at any cost was once considered the paramount goal of health care, but attitudes are changing. Practitioners understand that improving the quality of life as it draws to a close is a humane and honorable aim. The AHA's Circle of Life Award recognizes innovative end-of-life programs that bring together organizational, community and professional resources to enhance the care of dying patients and their families.


Background: Stroke is a medical emergency and can cause permanent neurological damage, complications, and death. This trial was conducted to study the risk factors for stroke in our set up.
 Material & Methods: This observational study was conducted in Department of Medicine, Saidu Teaching Hospital Swat, from January 2006 to December 2006. Eighty-eight patients, 62 males and 26 females with stroke were included in the study. History, general physical and neurological examination was recorded. Relevant investigations were performed, risk factors noted and the outcome studied after one week.
 Results: Out of 88 patients, 62 were males and 26 females with age range of 45-95 years (Mean 65.9+9.15). Cerebral infarction constituted 50%, intra-cerebral hemorrhage 29.5% and subarachnoid hemorrhage 11.3%. Hypertension was the most common risk factor 68 (75%) followed by diabetes mellitus 48 (54.5%), ischemic heart disease 32 (36.3%), hyperlipidaemia 12 (13.6%), smoking (13.6%) and valvular heart disease 6 (6.8%). Most of these patients on presentation were semi-comatosed (50%), few were comatosed (29.5%) or alert (20.5%) at presentation. The outcome of these patients was recorded after a week of presentation and it showed mortality in 24 (27.2%). There was no improvement in 22 (25%), 30 (34%) partially improved while complete recovery occurred in 12 (13.6%).
 Conclusion: Mortality rate in stroke is 27.2% in our set up. The main risk factors for stroke are hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, hyperlipidaemia and smoking. These can be modified by proper health education.


Phase selection in undercooled melts of Cu-14.8Ge and Cu-18Ge compositions was investigated using the electromagnetic levitation technique in combination with substrate quenching and a drop tube. The results showed that the levitated and gas-cooled samples were all solidified into a microstructure consisting of primary -Cu plus peritectic -Cu5Ge. However, the samples quenched onto a copper substrate showed a segregation-free microstructure in the chilled zone, suggesting direct crystallization of the peritectic -Cu5Ge phase from a highly undercooled liquid. The Cu-18Ge samples quenched onto a glass substrate as well as those solidified in the drop tube also showed a segregation-free microstructure. An analysis of the nucleation kinetics revealed that the -Cu5Ge phase had a larger nucleation barrier than that of -Cu for all accessible undercoolings. It was suggested that phase selection in the undercooled Cu-Ge liquid might be controlled by transient nucleation kinetics.


All food businesses inspected by Food Safety Officers are given a rating based on their compliance with the legal requirements for hygiene, structural condition and confidence in the management.


Morbilliviruses pose a threat to global health given their high infectivity. The morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) severely affects small-ruminant-productivity and leads to important economic losses in communities that rely on these animals for subsistence. ABSTRACT Viruses have evolved numerous strategies to impair immunity so that they can replicate more efficiently. Among those, the immunosuppressive effects of morbillivirus infection can be particularly problematic, as they allow secondary infections to take hold in the host, worsening disease prognosis. In the present work, we hypothesized that the highly contagious morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) could target monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) to contribute to the immunosuppressive effects produced by the infection. Monocytes isolated from healthy sheep, a natural host of the disease, were able be infected by PPRV and this impaired the differentiation and phagocytic ability of immature monocyte-derived DC (MoDC). We also assessed PPRV capacity to infect differentiated MoDC. Ovine MoDC could be productively infected by PPRV, and this drastically reduced MoDC capacity to activate allogeneic T cell responses. Transcriptomic analysis of infected MoDC indicated that several tolerogenic DC signature genes were upregulated upon PPRV infection. Furthermore, PPRV-infected MoDC could impair the proliferative response of autologous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell to the mitogen concanavalin A (ConA), which indicated that DC targeting by the virus could promote immunosuppression. These results shed new light on the mechanisms employed by morbillivirus to suppress the host immune responses. IMPORTANCE Morbilliviruses pose a threat to global health given their high infectivity. The morbillivirus peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) severely affects small-ruminant-productivity and leads to important economic losses in communities that rely on these animals for subsistence. PPRV produces in the infected host a period of severe immunosuppression that opportunistic pathogens exploit, which worsens the course of the infection. The mechanisms of PPRV immunosuppression are not fully understood. In the present work, we demonstrate that PPRV can infect professional antigen-presenting cells called dendritic cells (DC) and disrupt their capacity to elicit an immune response. PPRV infection promoted a DC activation profile that favored the induction of tolerance instead of the activation of an antiviral immune response. These results shed new light on the mechanisms employed by morbilliviruses to suppress the immune responses.


For secondary prevention of acute coronary syndrome, guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and a P2Y12 receptor antagonist such as clopidogrel, prasugrel or ticagrelor for a period of 12 months. Premature discontinuation of dual antiplatelet therapy is associated with an increased risk of ischaemic events. However, antiplatelet therapy is also associated with an increased risk of bleeding that should not be under- or overestimated. To ensure an optimal care of patients receiving dual antiplatelet therapy after an acute coronary syndrome, an interdisciplinary group of experienced experts in the fields of cardiology, cardiac surgery, gastroenterology, anaesthesiology, intensive care and haemostaseology gathered bleeding-related information and developed recommendations relevant to daily clinical practice. These include the significance of bleeding events in the course of treatment, measures for bleeding prevention and the adequate care of patients with bleedings.


Jets of hadrons produced at high-energy colliders provide experimental access to the dynamics of asymptotically free quarks and gluons and their confinement into hadrons. In this Letter, we show that the high energies of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), together with the exceptional resolution of its detectors, allow multipoint correlation functions of energy flow operators to be directly measured within jets for the first time. Using Open Data from the CMS experiment, we show that reformulating jet substructure in terms of these correlators provides new ways of probing the dynamics of QCD jets, which enables direct imaging of the confining transition to free hadrons as well as precision measurements of the scaling properties and interactions of quarks and gluons. This opens a new era in our understanding of jet substructure and illustrates the immense unexploited potential of high-quality LHC data sets for elucidating the dynamics of QCD.


This paper compares the performance of angle and frequency droops in an autonomous microgrid that only contains voltage source converter (VSC) interfaced distributed generators (DGs). As a VSC can instantaneously change output voltage waveform, power sharing in a microgrid is possible by controlling the output voltage angle of the DGs through droop. The angle droop is able to provide proper load sharing among the DGs without a significant steady state frequency drop in the system. It is shown that the frequency variation with the frequency droop controller is significantly higher than that with the angle droop controller. The angle droop controller is derived from DC load flow. Both the angle and frequency droop controllers are designed through eigenvalue analysis. The performance of these two controllers is then performed through PSCAD simulations.


The appearance and the mechanism of a kink effect (a sudden rise in the drain current) in the output I(V) characteristics of depletion-mode conventional AlGaAs/GaAs and pseudomorphic AlGaAs/GalnAs high-electron-mobility transistors is reported for the first time. The kink is postulated to arise from impact ionisation in the 2-DEG. The generated electrons drift towards the drain, while generated holes are prevented from entering the AlGaAs layer by the heterojunction barrier, and are injected into the GaAs buffer layer. These holes subsequently combine with electrons on the source side of the channel.


A 38 year old Caucasian woman whose father and two brothers had been diagnosed with hereditary haemochromatosis was found to have chronic fatigue and a serum ferritin of 1490 μg/l. Her transferrin saturation was 32% and her full blood count, liver biochemistry, international normalised ratio and C-reactive protein were all normal. She had regular menstrual periods and no other medical history of note. She had no specific risk factors for chronic liver disease, her alcohol consumption was less than 5 units a week and there was no history of receipt of blood transfusion. Clinical examination …


Background It has been hypothesized (i) that pain and low vitality lead to an increase in avoidance of activities in persons with early symptomatic knee osteoarthritis (OA), and (ii) that avoidance of activities leads to an increase in activity limitations. Objectives The present study aimed to evaluate these hypotheses in a cross-sectional and longitudinal design. Methods Baseline, 2-year and 5-year follow-up data of 828 participants from the Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee (CHECK) study with early symptomatic knee OA were used. Knee pain, vitality, avoidance of activities and activity limitations were measured with reliable and validated instruments. Regression and autoregressive generalized estimating equations (GEE) models analyzed the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between pain, vitality, avoidance of activities and activity limitations. The models were adjusted for age, gender, education level, body-mass index, comorbidity, and radiographic severity. Results (i) In cross-sectional analyses, greater knee pain and lower vitality were associated with higher levels of avoidance of activities. In longitudinal analyses, pain and vitality predicted a subsequent increase in avoidance of activities. (ii) In cross-sectional analyses, a higher level of avoidance of activities was associated with greater activity limitations. In longitudinal analyses, this relationship was marginally significant. Conclusions Knee pain and low vitality lead to a subsequent increase in avoidance of activities, already at an early stage of knee OA. Avoidance of activities is related to activity limitations: alternative measurement instruments and a longer follow-up may be required to establish the longitudinal relationship. Disclosure of Interest None declared DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-eular.1194


This paper describes the work done trying to diminish the noise present in the signal from an IR-detector. The project was aiming towards two different kinds of applications; heat protection and presence detection. The hypothesis was that the signal-noise ratio would decrease if a filter and a proper installation were used for the detector. Some experiments were executed to determine what kind of filter were the most suitable for each application and how these could be installed. After executing the experiments and evaluate the results we recommend to use a specific filter for each application. To install the filter over the detector we evaluated which one of gluing and taping was the best and found that tape is better to use when small amounts are desirable and gluing with silicon is better if large-scale are desired.


The representation of female gender on the modern theatre differs in accordance with the style of the show and its context. With discussions surrounding gender continuously at the forefront of cultural debate, the aim of this dissertation is to research into the contemporary portrayal of the female gender on the modem British stage; to interrogate whether cross-gender casting in performance offers a challenge to preconceived ideas towards gender. Through contextual research, the current use of cross-gender casting and the impact the 1980s had on the economy of British theatre, particularly its female playwrights is explored and applied to Sarah Daniels's The Gut Girls (1988). A rare play with the majority of its characters female, all of whom are subject to the oppression of a patriarchal system this play forms as the focal case study for this research project Taking influence from the contextual research, an original practice-as-research workshop as orchestrated to practically explore the performance of such well-established female characters with a male body. Based on the text from Daniels's play the participants were, invited to share their own views on gender and apply their own assumptions of gender to female characters. The data collected throughout this research project revealed a direct challenge to preconceived ideas of gender to be problematic due to historical and contemporary associations with cross-gender casting and the portrayal of female gender within the theatrical sphere.


Working in the Educational Programs Office, my task this summer is to model a 3D habitat that will be part of a future Mars base. With the President's charge to further explore mars by way of robotic-led and human-led missions, there has been a surge in the activity regarding the "red planet". Since all present designs are merely conjecture, I have some creative freedom in deciding what the habitat will look like. To get ideas for what a Mars habitat might be like, I looked at several references including websites and NASA documents. One of these was a NASA Technical Memorandum about Space Transportation Systems that I looked at to get insight on spaceship design. Information about the planet's environment, such as the gravity and the weather, is useful as well when designing the structure. The main software that I am using is Lightwave 3D and Modeler 7.5 that comes along with it. Lightwave is very complex in that it lets you model, surface, and animate so there was a lot to learn. To learn the software I watched a series of instructional videos, looked at online tutorials, and referenced several books. Modeling is like shaping clay with a computer. Every item modeled is made of smaller shapes called polygons. For example, each side of a box would be a different polygon. Modelers must be careful to design with users' systems in mind. Having a model made with too many polygons can slow down a walk-through, but it usually improves the small details on a model. Getting speed and quality proved tricky. An important thing for me to remember when modeling the habitat was to save space. Also, I must consider that technology in the future will be much different than now, so I must be especially creative. My project will be used in an educational walkthough simulation in which users can interact with the environment. I worked closely with intern Stephen Henke who built a Mars Rover, terrain and programmed code for the simulation. This summer's project will help me with future aspirations in computer graphics. Modeling is a valuable skill that I appreciate having the chance to learn and practice.


A series of [2]rotaxane materials, in which [60]fullerene is linked to a macrocycle and ferrocene (Fc) moieties are placed at the termini of a thread, both of which possess a central Cu(I)-1,10-phenanthroline [Cu(phen)(2)](+) complex, were synthesized by self-assembly using Sauvage metal template methodology. Two types of threads were constructed, one with terminal ester linkages, and a second with terminal 1,2,3-triazole linkages derived from Cu(I)-catalyzed "click" 1,3-cycloaddition reactions. Model compounds lacking the fullerene moiety were prepared in an analogous manner. The ability of the interlocked Fc-[Cu(phen)(2)](+)-C(60) hybrids to undergo electron transfer upon photoexcitation in benzonitrile, dichloromethane, and ortho-dichlorobenzene was investigated by means of time-resolved fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy, using excitation wavelengths directed at the fullerene and [Cu(phen)(2)](+) subunits. The energies of the electronic excited states and charge separated (CS) states that might be formed upon photoexcitation were determined from spectroscopic and electrochemical data. These studies showed that MLCT excited states of the copper complex in the fullerenerotaxanes were quenched by electron transfer to the fullerene in benzonitrile, resulting in charge separated states with oxidized copper and reduced fullerene moieties, (Fc)(2)-[Cu(phen)(2)](2+)-C(60)(•-). Even though electron transfer from Fc to the oxidized copper complex is predicted to be exergonic by 0.16 to 0.20 eV, no unequivocal evidence in support of such a process was obtained. The conclusion that Fc plays no role in the photoinduced processes in our systems rests on the lack of enhancement of the lifetime of the charge separated state, as measured by decay of C(60)(•-) at ∼1000 nm, since one-electron oxidized Fc is very difficult to detect spectroscopically in the 500-800 nm spectral region.


A simple technique is described for scan time reductions in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the human brain. Scan time is reduced by approximately 35% while preserving spatial resolution by reducing the field of view (FOV) and number of phase‐encoding steps in the transverse direction of the brain. A multislice MRSI of the brain is demonstrated which takes approximately 20 min with a square FOV, and 13 min with a reduced FOV. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in the reduced FOV scan was measured to be 15% lower than that of the full FOV scan, which is close to the expected theoretical value of 19% based on the square root of the scan time. The method can be applied with any sequence, and requires minimal software and no hardware modifications. Scan time in MRSI is minimized in this method by using FOVs no larger than the dimensions of the object to be imaged. The method may also be combined with other fast MRSI techniques to provide further scan time reductions. Magn Reson Med 47:384–387, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


OBJECTIVE
To examine factors affecting the outcome of the endometrial scratch in women with recurrent implantation failure.

STUDY DESIGN
A total of 57 eligible patients with a history of recurrent implantation failure underwent an endometrial biopsy in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in the month immediately preceding the embryo transfer cycle. The comparative group consisted of a retrospective cohort of 66 women with recurrent implantation failure but without endometrial biopsy. There were no significant differences between the intervention and control groups in terms of age, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), free androgen index, anti-Müllerian hormone, body mass index, the number of embryos transferred, and the number of embryo transfer cycles.

RESULTS
The clinical pregnancy rate in the intervention group (53%) was significantly (p < 0.001) higher than that of the control group (15%). The only predictive factor was FSH. Women with FSH < or =10 IU/L had a pregnancy rate of 57.8%, significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that (20%) of women with FSH >10 IU/L.

CONCLUSION
Women with a normal FSH are more likely to derive benefit from endometrial scratch.


The role of white servitude evolved in a similar way during the American colonial period in those West Indian and southern mainland colonies where slavery became quantitatively important. The change from primary reliance on bound white labor to the use of slaves occurred in two steps, with an initial transition from servants to slaves in unskilled field work, followed some time later by widespread training of blacks and substitution of slaves for servants in skilled occupations. The timing of the two steps can be explained as a function of the changing relative costs of indentured and slave labor in the markets for unskilled and skilled labor.


Objective: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) has been shown to be effective in fullterm neonates with severe but reversible lung disease within the context of randomized controlled trial. Since this trial, ECMO has been open to a wider population of infants in the UK and other treatments have become available. The population referred for ECMO has therefore changed. The aims of this study were (i) to compare respiratory outcomes of infants receiving ECMO in recent years with those from ten years ago, and (ii) to see if respiratory outcome varied with diagnostic group. Methods: All infants referred to a single ECMO centre below the age of 12 months over a 7-year period were eligible. They attended the laboratory one year after ECMO for measurements of lung volume, airways conductance, maximum expiratory flow, and indices of tidal breathing. Results: One hundred and six (77% of those eligible) were tested and results compared with 51 infants referred for ECMO as part of the original UK ECMO trial. The groups were of comparable weight and length. Lung volume was not different but there was a strong trend for the infants seen in more recent years to have better forced expiratory flow and specific airway conductance. Restricting analysis to the major sub-group (Meconium Aspiration) confirmed these findings. When divided into diagnostic subgroups, those infants requiring ECMO for respiratory distress syndrome or who were over 2 weeks when commencing ECMO had a poorer respiratory outcome than others. Conclusions: The respiratory outcome of infants treated beyond the tightly-regulated criteria of the UK trial remains good and even shows a trend towards improvement. Certain subgroups require ECMO for longer and have poorer pulmonary function when followed up. This is important when providing information to parents and may have implications for workload planning of ECMO units and future healthcare provision.


This paper estimates the cost of effluent discharge regulations for firms located in the lower Kelani River catchment in Sri Lanka. The river provides water for many economic purposes including drinking water to the capital city, Colombo and a variety of ecosystem services. Employing multi-input and multi-output translog production technology, we estimate shadow prices of effluents and technical efficiency of firms belonging to eight industries. With the given level of compliance, we extend our analysis to compute total abatement cost for firms under different policy scenarios, related to simultaneous reduction in concentration of three water pollutants including current regulatory standards. The evidence on of poor compliance and wide variations in firm and industry specific shadow prices (marginal abatement costs) provide a strong case for a comprehensive redesign of environmental policy to control water pollution by industries in the heavily industrialized river catchment.


Software¿s ability to adapt is typically performed at two different stages: modifiability during development, and adaptation during execution. The first type of adaptation is concerned with design-time, or compile-time, techniques that permit the modification of the structure and function of a software representation in order to address changing stakeholder requirements. The second type of adaptation occurs at run-time during the execution of the program. This type of adaptation refers to a system¿s ability to modify itself and to respond to changing conditions in its external environment.


The transition matrix elements and differential scattering cross sections for stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) from excited states of H2 are calculated by means of the group theory approach. Some related experiment results are discussed.


A lively and engaging history of "the beautiful game". Tells the story of football, from its beginnings in the Roman Army to the modern day premiership including how both American Football and Rugby were born. Usborne Young Reading has been developed in conjunction with reading experts from Roehampton University.


Drought is a main meteorological disaster leading to significant environmental, social and economic consequences due to its high frequency and large influence. Traditional methods of drought monitoring are to simplify drought into drought indices derived from weather station data. With the development of remote sensing, It is necessary to assess the potential of such indices derived from a specific sensor for drought monitoring in a particular region before we apply this remote-sensed measure in large area. This study assesses the SPIs in different time scales and their performance in identifying drought, as well as the potential of MODIS-derived spectral indices in drought monitoring in Hebei, an arid and semi-arid areas of Northern China. Reveal the relationship between different MODIS data and meteorological SPI in different time scales, so as to identify their feasibility for drought monitoring.


elements. We do not agree, however, that instruments that assess ADLs and IADLs in those with dementia (or in the general older population) should be limited primarily to the cognitive aspects of performing these activities. Physical disability often coexists with cognitive impairment and should be assessed independently in those with dementia. In the instrument developed by Skurla and colleagues, four performance tasks were selected which contain a number of subtasks, most of which are cognitive in nature. It should be recognized that the instrument they present, at least in these cognitive subtasks, would more likely differentiate cognitive abilities than physical abilities. Its use of performance is no different than other cognitive assessments; it simply focuses its performance assessments on self-maintenance activities rather than other types of cognitive tasks. As such, it would perhaps be clearer to use the cognitive elements from this instrument to create what might be thought of as a scale of "cognitive functioning necessary for self-maintenance activities." To complete the evaluation, physical functioning should be measured using instruments which do well at assessing less cognitively-dependent elements of functioning and disability. As in cognitive functioning, this can also be done using objective performance measures. Those which minimize the cognitive abilities necessary for a valid assessment include such measures as grip strength, the Performance Activities of Daily Living' and the gait and balance measures proposed by TinettL5 Knowing full well that cognitive and physical functioning can never be completely separated, it would nevertheless seem a constructive goal to develop measures which allow us to distinguish between functional abilities in these two important domains to the greatest extent possible.


This paper studies several magnetic design aspects of the trans-rotary magnetic gear (TROMAG). The TROMAG is a magnetic device that converts linear motion to rotation, and vice versa, through magnetic field while doing a gearing action. This means that a high-force, low-speed translation can be converted to a high-speed low-torque rotation. Once coupled with a conventional rotary machine, the resultant system may be used as a compact electromechanical motion system for high-force linear-motion applications, such as wave energy conversion. The paper investigates the magnetic design of the TROMAG by means of either two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis (FEA), or an accurate analytical model. The impact of nonideal discretized helix and dimensions of magnets and air gap are investigated, as well as scaling rules of the TROMAG and the possibility of demagnetization. Experimental results obtained from a lab prototype are also presented to verify the concept and analysis.


PurposeThe proliferation of information technology (IT) and IT-enabled devices has brought various challenges for modern organizations. These challenges are aggravated by the fact that the employees of different generations have a varying degree of expertise and ethical orientation regarding technology. This study has two primary objectives to have an in-depth understanding of technology-related ethical behavior of a diverse workforce. First, it aims to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure technology-oriented ethical behavior. Second, it investigates variations in technology-oriented ethical behavior among Generation X (pre-millennial), Generation Y (millennial) and Generation Z (post-millennial) using the scale.Design/methodology/approachThe study is conducted in two steps. The first step, a techno-ethical scale, is developed with the help of the six steps of scale development proposed by Churchill (1979). These steps include exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), reliability analysis (composite reliability) and validity analysis (convergent and divergent validity). In the second step, intergenerational variation in different factors of technology-oriented ethical behavior among generation X, Y and Z employees is explored with the help of ANOVA and mean plots.FindingsThe study suggests a four-dimensional techno-ethical scale comprising fourteen statements. These four dimensions of the scale are the invasion of the right of privacy, defamation, self-enrichment and loafing during office hours. The scale is reported to have adequate reliability and validity estimates. Results also recommend statistically significant variations in all four dimensions of technology-oriented ethical behavior among pre-millennial, millennial and post-millennial. Also, except for self-enrichment, the mean values progressively increase from pre-millennial to post-millennial. Even for self-enrichment, the mean value is highest for post-millennial.Originality/valueThis study is one of the pioneer studies that explore ethical orientation towards technology usage of three generations of employees.


(E)-α-Aryltellurenylvinylstannanes have been synthesized stereoselectively via the hydrozirconation of alkynylstannanes, followed by the reactions with aryltellurenyl iodides. (E)-α-Aryltellurenylvinylstannanes can undergo sequential cross coupling reactions with both electrophiles and nucleophiles in the presence of transition metal complexes to form two carbon-carbon bonds in the same olefinic carbon leading to trisubstituted alkenes stereoselectively.


The whole process of the CFRP-confined concrete square columns under axial loading was simulated and analyzed by using the FEM method through the ANSYS program.Based on the calculation results of ANSYS,the strain-stress analysis were carried out.The results indicated that the numerical results agree well with the test results.The FEM analysis can accurately simulate the behavior of the concrete square columns confined with CFRP.The ultimate strength and strain of CFRP confined concrete increase with the increase of CFRP layers.The confinement effect of CFRP on concrete has obviously improved.The results can be used as a reference for simulating the mechanic capability of reinforced concrete.


Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is multi-causal disease associated to high morbidity and mortality due to complications, especially from pulmonary embolism. New factors of relevance on the DVT pathophysiology enhance our understanding of disease mechanisms and can be translated into improved management of patients, prevention of recurrence and development of new therapies. In this context, the precise role of platelets in the pathogenesis of DVT is not completely understood. Our objectives were to acquire and to analyze the whole platelet protein profile of samples from 3 DVT patients and to compare them to results obtained from 1 sibling and 1 neighbor from each patient (in order to minimize genetic and environmental interferences). These patients presented unprovoked and recurrent episodes of proximal DVT as well as a family history of DVT. Platelets were washed, lysed, and the proteins were hydrolyzed by trypsin. Peptides were first separated by HPLC and peptide fractions were further detected by LC-MS/MS. Five proteins was present on patients and absent in all the controls: Apolipoprotein A1 Binding-Protein, Coatomer (zeta1 sub-unit), 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type XI, Leukotriene A-4 Hydrolase and Sorbitol Dehydrogenase. The analysis identified proteins that currently are not related to the pathophysiology of DVT, and the persistence of these inflammatory and lipid transportation-related proteins emphasize the relevance of these phenomena on DVT.


Since its earliest performances, The Merchant of Venice garnered attention for its depiction of Shylock, the greedy Jewish moneylender who takes the protagonist of the play to court, demanding a pound of flesh. Over the centuries, depictions of this character have varied as much as the critical and popular reception to him. In the hands of each actor who newly embodies the character, Shylock can take the shape of a grotesque antisemitic caricature or a sympathetic anti-hero speaking truth to power. While Shylock began as a comic villain whose defeat allows the comedic resolution, almost all modern directors, actors, and audiences are forced to reckon with the cruel antisemitism voiced by the play's protagonists. In tracing the performance history of this character from the turn of the 17th century, to the Third Reich, to his most recent incarnations, this research resists reducing Shylock to any single interpretation. Instead, this essay argues that Shylock serves as a reflection of the place and time in which he is performed, both an indicator of cultural attitudes and a potential instigator of cultural action towards oppression, justice, and representation of those deemed outsiders.


Abstract : Matched-field methods concern estimation of source location and/or ocean environmental parameters by exploiting full wave modeling of acoustic waveguide propagation. Typical estimation performance demonstrates two fundamental limitations. First, sidelobe ambiguities dominate the estimation at low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), leading to a threshold performance behavior. Second, most matched-field algorithms show a strong sensitivity to environmental/system mismatch, introducing some biased estimates at high SNR. In this thesis, a quantitative approach for ambiguity analysis is developed so that different mainlobe and sidelobe error contributions can be compared at different SNR levels. Two large-error performance bounds, the Weiss-Weinstein bound (WWB) and Ziv-Zakai bound (ZZB), are derived for the attainable accuracy of matched-field methods. To include mismatch effects, a modified version of the ZZB is proposed. Performance analyses are implemented for source localization under a typical shallow water environment chosen from the Shallow Water Evaluation Cell Experiments (SWellEX). The performance predictions describe the simulations of the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) well, including the mean square error in all SNR regions as well as the bias at high SNR. The threshold SNR and bias predictions are also verified by the SWellEX experimental data processing. These developments provide tools to better understand some fundamental behaviors in matched-field performance and provide benchmarks to which various ad hoc algorithms can be compared.


Prevailed IEEE 802.11 WLAN has been applied widely to wireless multihop networks, but its performance degraded severely from well-known hidden node problem. This paper proposes a novel analysis based on simple mathematical model for the hidden node problem which is classified as two typical cases, this is, the situations within or out of carrier sense ranges among hidden nodes. Our model is, our model is quite simple against existing complex models, but is well matched as the simulation results using NS2 for the performance evaluation.


Abstract. Forty‐one patients with hyperprolactinaemia and suspected prolactinomas were studied. Growth hormone (GH) and thyrotropin (TSH) secretory patterns after thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) were affected in the majority of patients. The disturbances were observed regardless of tumour size as indicated by the radiological sella size. In patients with hyperprolactinaemia and normal‐sized sella turcica, an abnormal GH and TSH response to TRH can be helpful in the diagnosis of a microadenoma. The hyperprolactinaemia per se and its effect on dopaminergic hypothalamic neurones may be the cause of the GH and TSH response. By contrast, many patients with macroprolactinomas showed insufficient GH secretory capacity.


UNLABELLED
Tumoral calcinosis (TC) is a rare familial disease characterized by abnormal peri-articular calcification in affected joints, without any associated renal, metabolic or collagen vascular disease. It is characterized by usual hyperphosphataemia with normal serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase values. There are only a few reported cases ofTC patients with dental findings. This article reviews the dental literature and describes progressive gingival, alveolar and mandibular tori enlargement in a 41-year-old female from Zimbabwe with tumoral calcinosis.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Tumoral calcinosis is a rare disorder of mineral metabolism with oral manifestations.


Depression is highly prevalent in patients with advanced cancer, commonly affecting quality of life. Considering the response delay with conventional antidepressants and the short life expectancy for these patients, treatments for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with faster onset of action are desirable. In this case report, a female patient with metastatic ovarian cancer reported rapid and sustained response to intramuscular (IM) injections of ketamine (1mg/kg). Over a course of six treatments, her mood response was identical on each occasion and provided remission of her depressive symptoms. Pain was also improved, although for a shorter duration. These findings support the use of IM ketamine as a possible antidepressant option for this population.


We introduce and experimentally demonstrate the concept of all-optical beam switching in graded-index multimode optical fibers. Nonlinear coupling between orthogonally polarized seed and signal beams permits to control the spatial beam quality at the fiber output. Remarkably, we show that even a few-mode control beam whose power is about ten times lower than that of the total beam may substantially enhance the quality of an intense, highly multimode signal beam. We propose a simple geometrical representation of the beam switching operation, whose validity is quantitatively confirmed by the experimental mode decomposition of the output beam. All-optical switching of multimode beams may find important applications in high-power beam delivery and fiber lasers.


The European Early Childhood Education Research Journal (EECERJ) is a twice yearly publication of the European Early Childhood Education Research Association. It has been successfully providing a forum for the dissemination of research papers since 1993. As part of the Association's continual aim to raise the status, visibility and impact of early childhood research EECERJ has a book review section. This will provide the readers with a succinct critical appraisal of a selection of current academic and professional manuscripts. It is hoped that the clearly articulated reviews will facilitate an up to date awareness of early years research, theory, policy and practice through its focus on recently published texts. Publishers, editors and others are invited to submit books to the Book Review Editor.


This work is carried out by analysing the retrograde and transneuronal retrograde degenerations appeared following a total or partial unilateral removal of the optical lobe, in Coturnix coturnix japonica newborn and adult specimens. By means of this technique we are able to contribute new information on the so far unknown nervous relationships between several mesencephalic (IO, SP+IPS, TP, PT and SpL) and diencephalic (SPC, DSOD, Rt, GLv, DLAmc and LA) nuclei and the optical tectum; we also give information, when it is possible, about the preferential target field on the optical tectum, and about the significance of the different degenerational behaviours of the thalamic GLv and DLAmc nuclei in newborn and adult subjects.


We studied interaction of CEL-III with cultured human leukemic cell lines and lymphocytes from normal adults by evaluating the extent of cytotoxicity and cytoagglutination. Among acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cell lines, CEL-III displayed increased toxicity against different acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines as a function of increasing differentiation stage. In the case of acute B lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) cell lines, CEL-III showed strong cytotoxicity against relatively immature cell lines. We found that CEL-III was more toxic for ALL cell lines than leukocytes obtained from peripheral blood of healthy adults. Strong influence of the additional amount of calcium ion on the extent of cytotoxicity was observed. In addition, we describe a new way to evaluate the extent of cytoagglutination in "% of agglutinated cells". These findings make CEL-III a promising candidate in research for lectins which bind to and destroy only the targeted leukemic cells.


There is no generally accepted treatment protocol for dislocations of single articular processes of the cervical spine. However, the data in our own series and a survey of the literature show that in this type of injury the primary diagnosis rate is low (around 50%), that closed reduction maneuvers can be neurologically hazardous, and that operative fusion prevents certain complications. Among the 20 patients treated at the authors' institution the injury was located in the lower cervical spine in all but one patients and it was caused by a high-speed traffic accident in 14 patients. Four patients had no therapy at all; the others were fused by an anterior approach in 8, a dorsal approach in 6, and a combined method in 2 patients. There was one death due to intimal tearing of a vertebral artery. Closed reduction caused a transient neurological lesion in 2 patients. In 6 patients whose dislocation was neither reduced nor fused, 3 developed chronic instability. In our new treatment protocol dislocation of a single articular process is only reduced after a diskectomy to prevent extrusion of the disc. If reduction from the anterior approach fails or if it cannot be achieved due delayed treatment, the entrapped nerve root is decompressed. Fusion of the injured segments is carried out by bone blocks and plates or hooks.


Glaucoma is one of the ophthalmic diseases that may cause blindness, for which early detection and treatment are very important. Fundus images and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images are both widely-used modalities in diagnosing glaucoma. However, existing glaucoma grading approaches mainly utilize a single modality, ignoring the complementary information between fundus and OCT. In this paper, we propose an efficient multi-modality supervised contrastive learning framework, named COROLLA, for glaucoma grading. Through layer segmentation as well as thickness calculation and projection, retinal thickness maps are extracted from the original OCT volumes and used as a replacing modality, resulting in more efficient calculations with less memory usage. Given the high structure and distribution similarities across medical image samples, we employ supervised contrastive learning to increase our models' discriminative power with better convergence. Moreover, feature-level fusion of paired fundus image and thickness map is conducted for enhanced diagnosis accuracy. On the GAMMA dataset, our COROLLA framework achieves overwhelming glaucoma grading performance compared to state-of-the-art methods.


Small and Medium Size Enterprises (SMEs) play an important role in the economic development of a country. However, existing research in Kenya indicate that their survival rate is low. To help address the constraints of SMEs performance, most practitioners and scholars have used innovation, technology and intellectual capital to increase performance among other variables with little emphasis on social network. Indeed, there is little research on how social network can improve the performance of SMEs. Further, the moderating role of charismatic leadership in this relationship remains largely unexplored. The study employed explanatory research design and targeted a population of 2000 respondents (top managers and employees) from the 1000 SMEs in the four counties of Western Kenya. Stratified sampling technique was used to determine the sample size of SMEs from both service and manufacturing sectors and then simple random sampling was done to select the SMEs and respondents that participated in the study. A sample size of 150 SMEs corresponding to 300 respondents was drawn and participated in the study. Factor analysis was done to ensure content, construct and discriminant validity. Hierarchical multiple regression model was used to test the hypotheses. Results of our study support a direct positive effect of social network on performance of SMEs. Additional analyses revealed that charismatic leadership moderates the relationship between social network and SME performance. To improve SMEs performance, SME managers should thus ensure that they maintain strong network ties with customers, suppliers, commercial banks and government agencies. so as to establish strong business networks.


OBJECTIVE To compare circulating concentrations of N terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (N-BNP) and cardiotrophin 1 in stable and unstable angina. DESIGN AND SETTING Observational study in a teaching hospital. PATIENTS 15 patients with unstable angina, 10 patients with stable angina, and 15 controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Resting plasma N-BNP and cardiotrophin 1 concentrations. RESULTS N-BNP concentration (median (range)) was 714 fmol/ml (177–3217 fmol/ml) in unstable angina, 169.5 fmol/ml (105.7–399.5 fmol/ml) in stable angina (p = 0.005v unstable angina), and 150.5 fmol/ml (104.7–236.9 fmol/ml) in controls (p < 0.0001v unstable angina; NSv stable angina). Cardiotrophin 1 concentration was 142.5 fmol/ml (42.2–527.4 fmol/ml) in unstable angina, 73.2 fmol/ml (41.5–102.1 fmol/ml) in stable angina (p < 0.05 v unstable angina), and 27 fmol/ml (6.9–54.1 fmol/ml) in controls (p < 0.0005v stable angina; p < 0.0001v unstable angina). Log cardiotrophin 1 correlated with log N-BNP in unstable angina (r = 0.93, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Both circulating N-BNP and cardiotrophin 1 are raised in unstable angina, while cardiotrophin 1 alone is raised in stable angina. The role of cardiotrophin 1 and the relation between cardiotrophin 1 and N-BNP in myocardial ischaemia remain to be defined.


Looking away from an interlocutor's face during demanding cognitive activity can help adults answer challenging arithmetic and verbal-reasoning questions (Glenberg, Schroeder, & Robertson, 1998). However, such `gaze aversion' (GA) is poorly applied by 5-year-old school children (Doherty-Sneddon, Bruce, Bonner, Longbotham, & Doyle, 2002). In Experiment 1 we trained ten 5-year-old children to use GA while thinking about answers to questions. This trained group performed significantly better on challenging questions compared with 10 controls given no GA training. In Experiment 2 we found significant and monotonic age-related increments in spontaneous use of GA across three cohorts of ten 5-year-old school children (mean ages: 5;02, 5;06 and 5;08). Teaching and encouraging GA during challenging cognitive activity promises to be invaluable in promoting learning, particularly during early primary years.


: Differential calorimetry is suggested for quantitative estimation of antiischemic activity of the drugs by determining total energy losses, the critical level of energy losses and permissible times of ischemia of isolated organs. The method allows the unraveling of the mechanisms by which antiischemic resistance of cells and organs is formed with pharmacological means.