D uring the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, as well as for at least half of the nineteenth century, American craftsmen depended upon English manufacturers for most of their tools. Without them, the American artisan would have been severely limited in his production. It might appear that exports by the English tool industry restricted the American market of other manufacturers; a market existed, however, for all goods in the expanding economy of the New World. There was ample demand for articles produced abroad, as well as in America, and export of such finished goods as tools was consistent with English mercantile theory and practice. There were, of course, craftsmen working in America whose specialty was making tools for artisans. Although they were never great in number, their products must be considered in order to place in perspective both the importation of English tools and examples from this trade at Winterthur which were used by the Dominy family. Toolmakers working in America usually were immigrants who had learned their craft in England. When Samuel Bissel, an anvilsmith, placed an advertisement in the Boston Gazette, March 4, 1717, he thought it important to note that he was "lately come from England." Bissel's notice that he was making "all sorts of Black-smiths and Gold-smith's anvils, Brick irons and stakes," as well as putting "new Faces" on old ones at his shop in Newport, Rhode Island, is among the earliest references to the production of tools on these shores.' New York City in particular attracted a number of toolmakers during the eighteenth century for reasons as yet unknown. Perhaps an important factor was the convenience of iron and steel from furnaces in the city. Newspapers of the eighteenth century reveal the extent of tool manufacturing. In 1748 George Appleby, a blacksmith, advertised the making of axes "after the best Fashion" as well as "all Sorts of Edge Tools." Thomas Yates, "Brass Founder, and Copper-Plate Printer, from Birmingham," noted in 1759 that he made "small steel and Iron Tools for CabinetMakers, Carvers, Silver Smiths and Engravers." In 1771, Lucas and Shepard, the partnership of a whitesmith and a cutler from Birmingham and Sheffield, maintained a shop "at the Fly-market, near the Ferry Stairs." Guaranteeing that their tools were all made in New York, they advertised, ' GEORGE FRANCIS DOW, The Arts & Crafts in New England, 1704-1775 (Topsfield, Mass.: The Wayside Press, 1927), p. 252. See also the advertisement of William Bryant, a Boston blacksmith, pp. 256-257.


The effect of the beta-adrenoceptor antagonist metipranolol given twice daily in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg body weight for 3 days on respiration, respiratory control index of mitochondria and oxidative phosphorylation was measured in the heart muscle of anesthetized dogs after 60 min of induced ischemia. In control animals pretreated with saline, all measured variables with the exception of the coefficient of oxidative phosphorylation were significantly decreased. In contrast, pretreatment with metipranolol significantly improved all measured myocardial metabolic variables. The effect of metipranolol on the oxidative phosphorylating processes was more pronounced when the metabolic substrate was glutamate than when it was pyruvate.


A new multidisciplinary research collaboration to study the western Hudson Highlands, New York, has unraveled a complex Rodinian tectonic history that will be illustrated by visiting key locations on this trip. New sensitive high-resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) data demonstrates a cryptic suture between a ca. 1.2–1.1 Ga island arc and sedimentary rocks from a deeply incised craton (Amazonia?). The 1.05 Ga collision between these two terranes produced westward-directed fold nappes, granulite facies metamorphism and the dominant subhorizontal gneissic foliation. Tectonic surge granite sheets were emplaced into the nappes. Bimodal (diorite and granite) plutons intruded the area prior to the onset of a steeply SE-dipping 35-kmwide dextral shear system that resulted from tectonic escape. Extensive iron remobilization and mineralization accompanied the shearing and post-kinematic pegmatite plutons mark the end of activity at ca. 980 Ma.


Gold to Gold Interconnection (GGI) flip chip bonding technology has been developed to bond the driver IC chip on the integrated circuit suspension used in hard disk drives (HDDs). GGI is a lead free process where the Au bumps and Au bond pads are joined together by heat and ultrasonic power under a pressure head.


In order to realize the value of packaging waste through recycling, detection, classi"cation, maintenance, and reprocessing, the model construction and simulation study of logistics packaging recycling and utilization were put forward. is paper takes logistics companies as the research object, aiming at the business model of logistics companies, uses the Internet of things recycling machine for packaging recycling, and establishes a dual channel packaging recycling model. is model is intended to compare and analyze the di…erence between traditional packaging waste recycling channel and intelligent recycling machine of the internet of things in terms of recycling cost, pro"t, recovery rate, waste incineration rate, and other aspects. It is assumed that the recycling proportion of the two channels accounts for half of the packaging waste. e results of simulation analysis on recycling and utilization of dual-channel packaging waste show that in the simulated time period, the recycling rate of the intelligent recycling machine using the internet of things is higher than that of the traditional dispersed recycling vendors. Assume that when the recycling frequency 2, when the recycling frequency is increased to 2 times a day, the recycling time of the internet of things recycling machine is further shortened, and the recycling eˆciency is improved. At the same time, due to the improvement of the recycling rate of the internet of things recycling machine, the amount of waste packaging decreases, so the recycling rate of the dispersed recycling vendors decreases accordingly. e recycling revenue and net pro"t generated by channel 2 (internet of things recycling machine) are higher than those generated by channel 1 (decentralized recycling vendor responsible for recycling). e average pro"t of channel 2 is about 28,163.69 yuan, while the average pro"t of channel 1 is only 9,395.89 yuan. e waste recovered through channel 2 is lower than that in channel 1; the average for channel 1 is 15.58 tons. However, the average value of channel 2 is 14.58 tons. Comprehensive analysis shows that channel 2 has obvious advantages in reducing waste discharge. However, it is necessary to strengthen the research and development of recycling technology, improve the reuse eˆciency, and reduce the incineration of nonreusable waste as much as possible to the minimum, which proves the robustness of this paper to the logistics packaging recycling model construction. It is proved that the robustness of this paper for logistics packaging recycling model construction provides strong support for the analysis of waste pallets and packaging recyclingrelated issues.


Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common chronic autoimmune disease of the joints affecting close to 0.5–1.0% of the general population. Although the etiopathogenesis of RA remains elusive, the involvement of dendritic cells and type 17 T‐helper cells appears to be pivotal in maintaining a state of chronic inflammation. RA is generally characterized by small joint involvement. A chronic inflammatory process leads to joint destruction and to tendon and ligament laxity and disintegration. These processes result in an imbalance of forces acting on the joints causing joint deformities including swan neck deformity, boutonniere deformity of the hands, flexion deformity of the wrist, lesser toe deformities, and others. In some instances, bony erosions subsequent to the RA disease process can result in life‐threatening events including, for example, atlanto‐axial subluxation, which can cause myelopathy and paralysis; and basilar invagination, which can cause brain stem injury and imminent death. Although less commonly involved, larger joints are not spared, as evidenced by the involvement of the elbow, hip, and shoulder joints in a sizable proportion of RA patients. The progression and prognosis of this disease entity are variable, guarded and dependent on the efficacy and response to treatment modalities employed. Inadequate management results in disease progression, which ultimately leads to joint erosion, destruction, deformities and substantial decrease in the functional quality of life. Clin. Anat. 31:216–223, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This paper has anticipated a new distributed and parallel computing paradigm commonly deployed for an authentication solution in MapReduce model used by Hadoop to process BigData. This paper describes the Pseudo Identity based Authentication Framework (PIAF) which includes PRID generation, Group Session Key (GSK) generation and novel authentication mechanism of Client can be done by using Lagrange interpolation based on ZKP so that the data transferred is not understandable for the third-party who observers the channel. Resource manager is authenticated by comparing its own polynomial with the polynomial generated by the client. The polynomial or key at which both the polynomials are mapped is the secret key used to encrypt or decrypt the data at Resource manager and client respectively. This paper provides a new approach which uses MR model in deployment and security designs of Hadoop. The protocols are executed between a Client in a cloud (Prover) and a Resource manager (Verifier).


Seven, adult, female beagles were inoculated with a Swedish granulocytic Ehrlichia organism closely related to Ehrlichia equi and E. phagocytophila. Blood and bone marrow changes were evaluated throughout the acute phase of infection. All dogs developed moderate to severe thrombocytopenia during the parasitemic period. The mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width increased, and large platelets were seen on blood smears when platelet numbers were low. In bone marrow, absolute numbers of megakaryocytes and immature megakaryocytes were increased. These results suggested the thrombocytopenia was caused by increased platelet destruction. The dogs also developed mild, normocytic, normochromic anemia, with simultaneous decreases in serum iron concentration and total iron-binding capacity that resembled the anemia of inflammation. In bone marrow, there was a slight increase in immature erythroid cells and no erythroid hypoplasia; iron stores were normal to increased. Myeloid hyperplasia was seen in all infected dogs, despite neutropenia in peripheral blood. Lymphopenia occurred early in the parasitemic period, but lymphocytes responded strongly and numbers increased above baseline levels by the end of parasitemia. Blast-transformed lymphocytes (5% to 20%) were seen in peripheral blood for a few days. Experimentally-induced canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis caused cytopenias of short duration, coincident with the appearance of ehrlichial inclusions in neutrophils.


Training and instilling independence in early childhood is not easy. It requires cooperation with various parties. One of them is the teacher at a school. Aside from being a second parent, a teacher is a role model for children. Teachers' experience in teaching and training children's independence is needed by parents as reference material. Unfortunately, related research is still very limited. By using a explorative qualitative method, this research aimed to explore the experiences of early childhood education teachers in teaching and training children's independence at school. Data collection was carried out by in-depth and open interviews involving 15 early childhood education teachers. From this research, we found four main points of teacher experience in the form of: (1) identification: characteristics of early childhood independence; (2) methods: the way the teacher teaches and trains early childhood independence; and (3) barriers: barriers experienced by teachers in teaching and training early childhood independence. Identification of independence include: children dare to be left by their parents at school, are able to do the task independently, and able to do daily habituation. The methods of teaching and practicing independence were done by the teacher through habituation, example, and storytelling. As for the obstacles experienced by the teacher were parents still spoil children, children are very quiet, lack of media, and the absence of cooperation between schools and parents.


There is a propensity in many languages for elements that represent backgrounded and/or given information to show up in the middle field, a tendency that I term SHIFT. In this paper I argue that Object Shift and the raising of certain adverbials to the middle field in Swedish is due to this general propensity. SHIFT applies across the board, but language-specific principles, such as Constituent Order Rules, may block its application. An example of a reordering restriction is that an operation must not result in a constituent order for which the phonological module cannot supply a prosodic pattern, for example an OV pattern in a VO language. Another restriction is that a reordering operation must not result in a violation of the Case filter. Holmberg's generalization (cf. Holmberg 1999) does not describe a restriction on Object Shift per se, but is a consequence of a more general rule which states that VO-languages (such as the Scandinavian languages) do not allow an OV constituent order in the IP-VP domain. (Less)


The use of prophylactic antibiotics in surgery has been debated for numerous years. Although their indications have been elucidated in the general surgery literature, their role in plastic surgery has yet to be clearly defined. Although the incidence of surgical site infections in clean, elective plastic surgery procedures has been reported to be as low as 1.1%, the use of antibiotics has surged over the past 20 years. Much of the increased use has been attributed to common surgical practice and fear of legal ramifications rather than empirically based data. In contrast, there remain numerous physicians who argue against routine antibiotic use in plastic surgery. This article summarizes the recent literature on infection prophylaxis and advises physicians to consider relative risks and benefits when deciding which patients should receive prophylactic antibiotics.


Primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH) may have an autoimmune basis that is influenced by host immunogenetics. The pathogenesis of primary pulmonary hypertension in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine whether patients with PPH and HIV infection have distinctive immunogenetic profiles. Ten racially mixed HIV-infected patients with PPH were typed for human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II (DRB1, 3, 4, 5 and DQB1) by DNA-PCR sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Results were compared with two control groups: 128 HIV-negative Caucasians and a previously reported group of 97 HIV-positive, racially mixed control subjects. In those with PPH, there was a significantly increased frequency of HLA-DR6 (-DRB1*1301/2 subtypes) and of HLA-DR52 (DRB3*0301 subtype). These findings suggest that HIV-associated PPH reflects a host response to HIV-1 determined by one or more HLA-DR alleles located within the major histocompatibility complex. The same HLA-DR6 subtype found at increased frequency in our patients has previously been associated with the development of a CD8 lymphocytic host response to HIV-1, termed diffuse infiltrative lymphocytosis syndrome (DILS), which resembles autoimmune Sjogren's disease and is associated with prolonged survival. Together, these findings suggest that HIV-positive PPH may represent a clinical outcome that has similarities with that resulting from the immunogenetically determined host response present in DILS.


A compression tool can provide security to some degree, if the algorithm itself is kept secret. Whenever the algorithm is known, as is the case for conventional compression, we cannot expect secrecy out of the tool. If security is needed as well, compression can be combined with encryption. To employ a system that would afford security while compressing, a novel technique (named as secure compression -SeCom) has been designed and implemented. We present the experimental results obtained by applying this scheme on texts from English and Turkish corpora. The results are promising in terms of compression quality and throughput, measured in bpc and MB/min, respectively.


Fast commodity network-connected PC or workstation clusters are becoming more and more popular. This popularity can be attributed to their ability to provide highperformance parallel computing on a relatively inexpensive platform. An accurate global clock is invaluable for these systems, both for measuring network performance and coordinating distributed applications. Typically, however, these systems do not include dedicated clock synchronization sup port. Previous clock synchronization methods are not suitable here in general, either because of extra, non-commodity hardware requirements or insufficient synchronized clock accuracy. In this paper we present and evaluate an adaptive clock synchronization algorithm. We have implemented and tested the algorithm on our Myrinet-based PC cluster. It is regularly used as part of a parallel performance tool running on the cluster. The algorithm has several important features. First, it does not require any extra hardware support. Second, we show that this algorithm imposes very low overhead on the system and has microsecond-level accuracy. Finally, our results indicate that adding the ability to adaptively adjust the clock's re-synchronization period causes almost no extra overhead while achieving a much better global clock accuracy.


Simulations have been made to analyze the use of molecular resonant tunneling diodes for local refresh of DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory) cells. Local refresh can be provided by a latch consisting of a pair of resonant tunneling diodes connected to the storage capacitor of the cell. Such a solution would significantly reduce the standby power consumption of the DRAM cell. We have compared the requirements on the resonant tunneling diodes for proper refresh operation with the electrical properties of published molecules with resonant IV-curves. The simulations show that no molecules with resonant electrical properties published so far in the literature have properties making them useful for this particular application. This is true also for low temperature operation. The issues of maximum tolerable series resistance and of maximum tolerable fluctuations in the number of attached molecules have also been addressed. Our results show that the focus for development of molecules with resonant electrical properties should be to find molecules with resonance for lower applied voltages and lower current levels than the molecules published so far. If the synthesis of new molecules with attractive properties is successful the merging of silicon technology and molecular electronics, for instance for new generations of DRAM cells, is a realistic future path of microelectronics.


The asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of electron-rich N-containing heterocycles with nitroalkenes under catalysis of diphenylamine-tethered bis(oxazoline) and bis(thiazoline)-Zn(II) complexes was investigated. In the reaction of indole derivatives, the complex of ligand 4 f with trans-diphenyl substitutions afforded better results than previously published ligand 4 e with cis-diphenyl substitutions. Excellent yields (up to greater than 99 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 97 %) were achieved in most cases. The complex of ligand 4 d bearing tert-butyl groups gave the best results in the reactions of pyrrole. Moderate to good yields (up to 91 %) and enantioselectivities (up to 91 %) were achieved in most cases. The origin of the enantioselectivity was attributed to the NH-pi interaction between the catalyst and the incoming aromatic system in the transition state. Such an interaction was confirmed through comparison of the enantioselectivity and the absolute configuration of the products in the reactions catalyzed by designed ligands.


of CRADA Work: Altergy's fuel cell cost is highly dependent on expensive purchased membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs), which amount to $0.42/watt in a 5kW system. In order to better compete with other power solutions, the company has identified an MEA breakthrough cost of $0.20/watt to unlock new, major markets for its fuel cell products. Since Altergy presently does not have an accurate cost model for the real costs of these MEAs, it is difficult to know whether the company goal is achievable. Altergy seeks to leverage NREL expertise to reduce cost and improve performance for Altergy's fuel cell products. The objective of this Small Business Voucher (SBV) project therefore will be for NREL and Altergy to work together in three major task areas: 1) demonstrating the fabrication of MEAs at NREL using NREL non-proprietary methods, to the intent of potentially fabricating MEAs at Altergy to reduce product costs; and, 2) creating a cost model to assist Altergy in manufacturing decisions.


Drafting Copyright Exceptions: From the Law in Books to the Law in Action by Emily Hudson is essential reading for anyone responsible for managing copyright in libraries and educational and research institutions. Hudson's monograph presents insights from thousands of hours of empirical research with hundreds of copyright practitioners in the cultural heritage sector. It reveals important findings about the way that copyright exceptions are interpreted in practice and the implications this has for the formation of norms and the drafting of copyright exceptions.


We study the equation of motion appropriate to an inspiraling binary star system whose constituent stars have strong internal gravity. We use the post-Newtonian approximation with the strong field point particle limit by which we can introduce into general relativity a notion of a pointlike particle with strong internal gravity without using the Dirac delta distribution. In addition to this limit, to deal with strong internal gravity we express the equation of motion in surface integral forms and calculate these integrals explicitly. As a result we obtain the equation of motion for a binary of compact bodies accurate through the second and half post-Newtonian (2.5 PN) order. This equation is derived in the harmonic coordinate. Our resulting equation perfectly agrees with the Damour-Deruelle 2.5 PN equation of motion. Hence it is found that the 2.5 PN equation of motion is applicable to a relativistic compact binary.


Photocopy of a letter from Nancy Cason, Project Coordinator, to Sue Pacey, Executive Director of Young Audiences. In regards to the performance and artistic quality of the Young Audiences programs and NTIEVA's continued involvement with it. Cason gives Pacey details about an upcoming banquet to be held on June 29th at the UNT Union and the selection of one performer from the YA program to be involved


This study presents the results of the cementation and tortuosity factors for sandstones from Girei, part of the Yola arm of the Upper Benue Trough. It also presents the cementation factor for the individual/single rock samples using an experimentally determined value of the tortuosity factor. The cementation factor values were then compared with that obtained using an assumed value, in order to test the reliability or otherwise of using an assumed value of the tortuosity factor for cementation factor calculation irrespective of the formation of interest. Results of the cementation exponent and tortuosity factor for fourteen representative surface rock samples from the Girei sandstones were 3.73 and 1.39 respectively, indicating that the rocks are highly cemented and may contain clay which increases the value of the cementation factor. The cementation factor for each rock sample varied between 2.77± 25.74% and 5.42 ± 45.31% with an average of 3.96 ± 6.17% when the tortuosity factor is obtained from experiment and 2.94 ± 21.18% - 6.78 ± 54.96% with an average of 4.01 ± 7.51% when obtained with an assumed tortuosity factor of 1.0. The average value of the cementation factor calculated when the toruosity factor was obtained from experiment agrees more with the experimentally determined value. This showed that whenever the value of the cementation factor for each sample is required, an experimentally determined value of the tortuosity factor should be used rather than an assumed value.

Keywords: Cementation factor, Tortuosity factor, Formation factor, Resistivity, Porosity.


The performances of the Akaike (1974) information criterion and the minimum descriptive length criterion methods are examined. The events which lead to erroneous decisions are considered, and, on the basis of these events, the probabilities of error for the two criteria are derived. The probabilities of the first two events are derived based on the asymptotic distribution of the sample eigenvalues of an estimated Hermitian matrix. It is further shown that the probabilities of missing and false alarm for these two criteria can be evaluated to a close approximation. Although the derivation of the probabilities of error is based on an asymptotic analysis, the results are confirmed to be in very close agreement with computer simulation results. >


ABSTRACT This article critically investigates the impact of a program of professional learning for education-focused academics (EFAs) in an Australian university, focused on developing their education research capability. The 'Higher Education Research' (HER) program employed a three-pronged strategy: skills development workshops; sustained small group mentoring; and a small-scale education research study. The aim of the program was to support the university to improve the quality of education by fostering the scholarship of teaching and learning (SoTL). The program was completed by two cohorts of EFAs, in 2014 and 2017. The design of the program was informed by literature showing the value of SoTL in developing the quality of university teaching and the importance of collaborative peer learning structures in supporting SoTL activities. Using Engeström's activity theory and Lave and Wenger's conception of peripheral participation in communities of practice, the study analysed quantitative and qualitative data collected immediately after the HER program and focus group interview data collected at least two years later, to examine the impact over time of the HER program on the participants' careers and identities. This article focuses on five major themes that emerged from the data: struggle – personal-professional struggles experienced by academics in negotiating a shift from their cognate discipline to education as a discipline; identity – changes in identity that academics experienced through participating in the HER program; social relations – factors that contributed to the social experience of learning and developing as a researcher in a complex socio-cultural context; leadership – ways in which the HER program helped participants to develop as leaders; and criticality in educational practice – ways in which academics came to see their work as university educators in more critical terms. The article concludes with recommendations for cross-faculty programs that build higher education educators' skills and knowledge through researching teaching and learning.


After the severe seismic disaster, to investigate the damage states of buildings, the experts go to the disaster area, however, they encounter some difficulties. To solve the above problems, this study suggests a damage evaluation system for steel structures, which adopts the concept of Internet of Things (IoT). This system makes it possible for us to hold on damage of a building without going there after an earthquake. It has been recognized that the temperature change occurs on steel materials during inelastic behavior. In other study, the effectiveness of the damage evaluation method was confirmed by using the heat generation of steel at unsteady plastic amplitude. Here, the experimental study and discuss is performed to investigate the effectivity of evaluation method with the history of voltage by thermoelectric devices measured by a microcomputer when subjected to seismic response behavior. The cumulative plastic strain can be estimated from the relationship between temperature and strain of steel using the inverse heat conduction analysis. By dividing the cumulative plastic strain into half cycles, the strain amplitude per half cycle can be estimated, and the degree of damage can be calculated from the strain amplitude. By conducting the above analysis, we could predict damage level of the steel from the history of voltage by thermoelectric devices under the seismic response behavior. In addition, it was also shown that the microcomputer can be used to track the temperature rise of plastic heating in steel.


This article examines trade patterns for seven East Asian economies: Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Korea and Hong Kong, with partners in other Asian countries and the West. East Asia as a dynamically growing region has gained manufacturing competitiveness as it converges towards income levels in the West. The article focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on intra-industr y trade ( IIT) . Measures of IIT provide clues as to the nature of trade-induced adjustments on the economy. East Asian economies do appear to have gained in manufacturing competitiveness, a trend which is not just conŽ ned to unskilled labourintensive goods.


The use of a vertical sampling pole that delineates known volumes and position is illustrated and demonstrated for counting egg clusters of N. sertifer. The pole can also be used to estimate vertical and horizontal coverage, distribution or damage of vegetation or foliage.


We have constructed a low cost isostatic press for operation at 150 MPa (1500 bar) that can also perform considerable work on the volume of the sample. It consists of two stainless steel cylinders filled with water. Pressure is created by cooling the water below C using the fact that when ice forms the pressure rises since the solid phase has a larger volume than the liquid phase. Using this press we have fabricated rods of 60% theoretical density.


approved: . Larry L. Larson Douglas E. Johnson One second GPS collars were deployed on cattle in three different pastures at three separate times during the year. In each riparian pasture the vegetative communities and stream bank edge were digitally mapped using low elevation aerial photographs and checked in the field for accuracy. A 5 m buffer zone was established on the outside of both stream banks to analyze steam bank edge. The Animal Movement Classification Tool (Johnson et al. 2009) was used to split the one second data into 24 hour periods and movement was determined by pre determined settings. The herd day (5 cattle) one second point files were overlaid with this map and amount of time spent was determined for each community or zone. Analysis was done to determine the type of movement done in each community (moving vs. stationary and 1 st half vs 2 nd half of trial). One typical day for each pasture was analyzed to show the movement of a cow for that day. Other descriptive analyses were used to explain cattle crossings. In all three pastures the cattle did not move evenly throughout the pastures. Cattle always preferred to rest in areas that were dry and open. Cattle were stationary for more than 50% of the time in each pasture and had a consistent resting period from about dark until 4:00 a.m. Stationary locations (stationary > 10 minutes) were found to be relatively well distributed within these areas. Interaction with the stream was found to be 1-2% of total occupancy. Cattle were either neutral in preference or avoided these areas relative to their acreage and a majority of the time spent in these areas was spent moving not resting. Cattle did not prefer to be in the stream bank zone in any pasture relative to their acreage. The stream bank zone was used as a travel corridor to get to and from the stream to drink or cross.


Introduction: The construction sector contributes the largest number of accident cases in Indonesia with an average incidence percentage of 32% each year. PT. WIKA Beton PPB Pasuruan uses sophisticated equipment to produce its products. To control the risk of mechanical hazards, the company has work instructions for each stage of the production process. This research aimed to provide an overview of how the work instructions are an effort to control the risk of mechanical hazards in the box pile production process at PT. WIKA Beton PPB Pasuruan. Method: This research was a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The data collection technique used secondary data. The data used came from the company documents that included the IBPR-P document, Procedure document, and Work Instructions. Result: The mechanical hazards found in the production process of the box piles included being hit by a mold/product due to a broken sling, a PC Strand breaking during stressing, PC Strand punctured limbs, and the pile of products collapsing. The control of these four mechanical hazards was found in the Long Line Non-Turning Production Reinforcement Assembly Work Instructions, the Long Line Non-Turning Production Prestress Iron Drawing Work Instructions, and the Long Line Non-Rotating Production Product Stacking Work Instructions. Conclusion: In the work instruction documents, there were specific explanations of the work stages that relate the risk of mechanical hazards in the box pile production process. Implementing Work Instructions as a form of mechanical hazard control can reduce the level of potential hazard to a low risk level.


Revision with unchanged content. In order to realize Urban Virtual Environments (UVEs), an enormous amount of time and money must be invested. Although large-scale UVEs can be created using commercial software, these models focus only on the exterior shapes of buildings and do not include all the details necessary in engineering applications. Therefore, a practical and economic data integration method for creating UVEs is needed. In addition, users of these applications may encounter insuperable problems when exploring and navigating the large virtual environments while attempting to accomplish specific tasks. Properly designed interfaces for navigation, however, can make that experience more userfriendly. In this book, a data integration method is introduced that will generate UVEs automatically by integrating Geographic Information System (GIS) maps, Computer Assisted Design (CAD) models, images, and databases of information related to each infrastructure. A framework is proposed for using these models to suit the requirements of mobile infrastructure management systems. In addition, a new taxonomy of navigation methods and support tools suitable for engineering applications in UVEs is addressed. Also, a novel GIS-based approach for usability testing of these methods and tools is proposed in which user behavior is analyzed while they navigate UVEs.


Background. The majority of developed prediction models for future exacerbations included smoking patients with COPD, but they may be not representative for non-smoking COPD patient population. Aim. The aim of the study was to evaluate the significance of measuring the levels of cytokines, immunoglobulins, the percentages of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood as well as clinical parameters in order to assess the risk of future exacerbations in both non-smoking and smoking COPD patients. Methods. Twenty eight inflammatory biomarkers in peripheral blood and eight clinical parameters were quantified in 37 COPD patients and 41 healthy controls. The validation cohort consisted of 31 patients with COPD. Both groups of COPD patients and healthy subjects included both smokers and non-smokers. Patients with infrequent exacerbations were defined as those who had no or one exacerbation in a year. We determined frequent exacerbations as two or more exacerbations. Logistic regression analysis was used to develop the prediction model. Results. The final model to predict frequent exacerbations within a year included four variables: VEGF, C-reactive protein, number of exacerbations in the previous year and CAT score, with sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity of 80.0%, and a C-statistics of 0.85. Conclusion. Our newly developed prediction model can help clinicians to predict the risk of future exacerbations in individual non-smoking and smoking patients with COPD.


Volume graphics have received a lot of attention as a medical image analysis tool nowadays. In the visualization based on volume graphics, there is a process called voxelization which transforms the geometrically defined objects into the volumetric objects. It enables us to volume render the geometrically defined data with sampling data. This paper suggests a voxeliration method using the cutting surfaces of cubes, implements the method on a PC, and evaluates it with simple geometric modeling data to explore propriety of the method. This method features the ability of calculating the exact normal vector from a voxel, having no hole among voxels, having multi-resolution representation.


Metrology is the science of measurement, involving many aspects, including the traceability and comparability of nucleic-acid-based measurements. Food safety, authenticity and nutrition are key aspects requiring traceable results that are comparable between laboratories on a worldwide basis. In order to fulfil these requirements, National Metrology Institutes (NMIs) and Designated Institutes (DIs) are developing appropriate metrological infrastructures and capacities that are tested through key comparison studies and investigating potential sources of variability between measurements and other factors influencing the measurement uncertainties. It is expected that the role of metrology in nucleic acid detection, identification and quantification will further strengthen and develop in the future.


Subject
 Capital outflows from Russia.

 Significance
 Russia has been a net exporter of capital since 1991, and annual private capital inflows have exceeded outflows only twice, in 2006 and 2007. Attention often focuses on the use of tax havens, money laundering and acquisitions of expensive properties in European capitals, but this is far from the whole story concerning movement of assets abroad on a temporary or permanent basis.

 Impacts
 The exodus of Russian money from Cyprus will benefit other jurisdictions.
 The ongoing domestic capital amnesty is unlikely to lead to significant repatriation of funds.
 Russia's new domestic 'offshore' will be most attractive to companies at risk from new sanctions.
 Mispricing exports and imports will apply more to services than to goods, which are easier to track.


ABSTRACT Knee osteoarthritis is a common medical condition in adults, especially among older adults. The incidence and prevalence of knee osteoarthritis are increasing, and many healthcare providers manage patients with symptomatic presentations. This article reviews the most common nonsurgical and surgical treatment options for knee osteoarthritis, emphasizing evidence-based and practical therapies.


Halophytes are the category of plants growing under harsh conditions of super-salinity, and are wide-spread in the coastal Mediterranean climatic conditions and desert oasis. They are adept at surviving through maintaining excessive production of enzymatic, and non-enzymatic secondary metabolites, especially phenolics and flavonoids that primarily work as anti-oxidants and phytoalexins. Five major halophyte species growing in the kingdom's Qassim's high-salted desert regions were investigated for confirming their traditionally used biological activity of sugar-control and anti-infectious properties. In this context, the comparative presence of phenolics, and flavonoids together with anti-microbial, anti-oxidants, and the anti-diabetic potentials of the plants' extracts were investigated through the α-amylase inhibition method. The highest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola imbricata (360 mg/g of the extract as Gallic-Acid-Equivalents/GAE, and 70.5 mg/g of the extract as Rutin-Equivalents/RE). In contrast, the lowest concentrations of phenolics and flavonoids were detected in Salsola cyclophylla (126.6 mg/g GAE, and 20.5 mg/g RE). The halophytes were found rich in trace elements, a factor for water-retention in high-salinity plants, wherein iron and zinc elements were found comparatively in higher concentrations in Aeluropus lagopoides (4113 µg/kg, and 40.1 µg/kg, respectively), while the copper was detected in higher concentration (11.1 µg/kg) in S. imbricata, analyzed through Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis. The anti-oxidant potentials and α-amylase enzyme inhibition-based anti-diabetic activity of S. imbricata was significantly higher than the other halophytes under study, wherein S. cyclophylla exhibited the lowest level of α-amylase inhibition. The maximum DPPH radicals' (52.47 mg/mL), and α-amylase inhibitions (IC50 22.98 µg/mL) were detected in A. lagopoides. The anti-microbial activity against the Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus was strongly exhibited by Zygophyllum simplex (33 mm Inhibition Zone-Diameter, 50 µg/mL Minimum-Inhibitory-Concentration), while Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans growths were moderately inhibited by Tamarix aphylla. The current findings exhibited significant differences among the locally distributed halophytic plants species with regards to their bioactivity levels, anti-oxidant potentials, and the presence of trace elements. The ongoing data corroborated the plants' traditional uses in infections and diabetic conditions. The enhanced local distribution of the plants' diaspora and higher density of occurrence of these plants species in this region, in comparison to their normal climatic condition's counterparts, seemed to be affected by humans' use of the species as part of the traditional and alternative medicine over a period of long time.


The dynamics of two non-coupled qubits independently interacting with their reservoirs is solved by the time convolutionless projection operator method. We study two-qubit quantum correlation dynamics for two different types of spectral densities, which are a Lorentzian distribution and an Ohmic spectral density with a Lorentzian—Drude cutoff function. For two qubits initially prepared in the initial Bell state, quantum discord can keep longer time and reach larger values in non-Markovian reservoirs for the first spectral distribution or by reducing the cutoff frequency for the second case. For the initial Bell-like state, the dynamic behaviors of quantum discord and entanglement are compared. The results show that a long time of quantum correlation can be obtained by adjusting some parameters in experiment and further confirm that the discord can capture quantum correlation in addition to entanglement.


Teilhard's The Phenomenon of Man was posthumously published and has been retranslated as The Human Phenomenon . It presents humankind in unity with an evolving world, locates parts in relation to the whole, and balances the perspectives of the outside and the inside. Key aspects include the tangential–radial energy distinction, axes of evolution, the noosphere and personalization. Although Teilhard regarded it as a scientific work, he leaves space for the theological notions of ensoulment, monogenism and the supernatural, and derives his hypothesis that Omega is a point of evolutionary convergence from scripture. Today, Teilhard's cosmic vision appeals to some and the global context he defines is ecologically significant, but his dense theorizing may obscure or detract from basic elements of Christian belief.


We have previously shown that injury induced by irradiation to murine marrow can be partially or completely reversed by exposure to human or murine mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Investigation of the biodistribution of EVs in vivo is essential for understanding EV biology. In this study, we evaluated the DiD lipid dye labeled MSC-EV biodistribution in mice under different conditions, including different MSC-EV doses and injection schedules, time post MSC-EV injection, and doses of radiation. DiD-labeled MSC-EVs appeared highest in the liver and spleen; lower in bone marrow of the tibia, femur, and spine; and were undetectable in the heart, kidney and lung, while a predominant EV accumulation was detected in the lung of mice infused with human lung fibroblast cell derived EVs. There was significantly increased MSC-EV accumulation in the spleen and bone marrow (tibia and femur) post radiation appearing with an increase of MSC-EV uptake by CD11b+ and F4/80+ cells, but not by B220 cells, compared to those organs from non-irradiated mice. We further demonstrated that increasing levels of irradiation caused a selective increase in vesicle homing to marrow. This accumulation of MSC-EVs at the site of injured bone marrow could be detected as early as 1 h after MSC- EV injection and was not significantly different between 2 and 24 h post MSC-EV injection. Our study indicates that irradiation damage to hematopoietic tissue in the spleen and marrow targets MSC-EVs to these tissues.


MADAM, In the review on lichen aureus by Price et al. {British Journal of Dermatology, 1985, 112, 307) it was asserted that this dermatosis is limited to one or two sites. Although most previous reports have emphasized this localization, Farrington (1970) documented two cases of lichen aureas with multiple lesions on both thighs, chest and the right arm. In addition, we have encountered two patients where the characteristic lesions of lichen aureus were widespread.


Construction industry clients and regulators repeatedly call for the industry to reduce the cost of construction projects. Real cost reduction requires improvement in site operations. However, much of the industry expends effort in merely buying more cheaply. If a main contractor is looking to a subcontractor to undertake improvement for the sake of the supply chain, they need to be able to assess this and motivate it by a payment process that passes on the reward. Research is described that explores whether current costing methods could account for improvements in work processes. It considers cost as information and explores how contractors derive and use it. A case study of a major main contractor and two subcontractors is described that involved semi-structured interviews and document reviews. The results show that firms recognised that the costing practices they were using had unintended negative strategic and operational consequences. The research concludes that information about cost, that would be useful in a programme that seeks to improve site operations, is hidden in layers of commercial assumptions and lost when it does not cross the boundaries between organisations. A key finding is that automation of current cost management methods in BIM will not improve construction site operations. It will only produce more convoluted details that do not reflect what people actually do.


Protein phosphorylation is an early event that follows the interaction of erythropoietin (Epo) with its receptor, even though this receptor lacks a kinase domain. To further define the role of protein kinases in Epo-mediated signal transduction, the effect of Epo on serine-threonine kinase activity was examined in the Epo-dependent cell line, HCD-57, using a kinase renaturation assay. In HCD-57 cells synchronized in G0 phase by centrifugal elutriation, multiple serine-threonine kinases were constitutively active, and exposure to Epo was associated with an increase in the activity of kinases with apparent molecular masses of 170, 120, and 90-95 kD. Phosphoamino acid analysis established the covalent incorporation of 32P into serine and threonine for constitutively active kinases and into serine alone for the 90-95 kD kinase. Reelectrophoresis experiments established that 32P incorporation represented kinase autophosphorylation as opposed to protein substrate phosphorylation. Epo-associated serine kinase autophosphorylation was both hormone concentration and time dependent as well as restricted to the G0, G1, and S phases of the cell cycle. Cell fractionation studies localized the activity of the 90-95 kD serine kinase to the plasma membrane.


Abstract The suitability of the cyanolichen Peltigera praetextata (Sommerf.) Zopf as indicator of the effects of air pollution around a cement industry was investigated. For this purpose, lichen samples taken from an unpolluted site were exposed for 1–6 months at selected sites (a cement mill, two quarries, inhabited and agricultural sites) in SW Slovakia: physiological parameters and ultrastructural features were examined prior and after exposure. The responses of P. praetextata were then compared with those of the green-algal lichens Evernia prunastri and Xanthoria parietina co-located at the same sites. The performance of the cyanobacterial photobiont of P. praetextata (as reflected by the maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry FV/FM and by the performance index PIABS) was negatively influenced mainly by the length of exposure in the urban and agricultural sites and less by dust pollution around the cement mill and the quarries. A significant increase in membrane lipid peroxidation products reflected the effects of oxidative stresses in all sites. The alteration of the content of water soluble proteins was detected in the samples exposed around the cement mill, while dehydrogenase activity did not show any significant pattern. Similarly to green algal lichens, ultrastructural alterations featured lipid droplets increase, swelling of cellular components, thylakoid degeneration and sometimes plasmolysis, which on the whole gave the cells an aged appearance, especially in the urban and agricultural sites. On the whole, E. prunastri confirmed to be the most sensitive to dust pollution, P. praetextata was likely influenced by microclimatic conditions and habitat eutrophication and X. parietina was the most resistant. When compared with green-algal lichens, P. praetextata was not the best indicator of the effects of cement dust pollution.


This study evaluated extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy in elderly patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) according to baseline levels of anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain. Post-hoc analyses of data from an 11-week (9-week randomized-treatment, 2-week post-treatment phase), double-blind, placebo-controlled study of quetiapine XR (50–300 mg/day) monotherapy in elderly (≥66 years) patients (n=338) with MDD were carried out. Outcomes included randomization to week 9 change in Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score and week 9 response (≥50% MADRS score reduction) rates. Post-hoc analyses were carried out to assess subgroups of patients with MDD according to baseline levels in terms of the following: higher or lower anxiety (Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety total score≥20 or < 20, respectively); high or low sleep disturbance [Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression sleep disturbance factor (items 4+5+6) score≥5 or <5, respectively]; and pain visual analog scale total score 40 mm or higher or less than 40 mm. At week 9, quetiapine XR reduced the MADRS total score compared with placebo in the higher anxiety (least squares mean change −17.8 vs. −8.5; P<0.001) and lower anxiety (−14.8 vs. −8.8; P<0.001) subgroups. MADRS total score was also reduced with quetiapine XR compared with placebo in the high (−17.6 vs. −8.7; P<0.001) and low (−14.4 vs. −9.2; P<0.001) sleep disturbance subgroups, as well as in the pain visual analog scale subgroups [≥40 mm (−16.6 vs. −8.9; P<0.001) and <40 mm (−15.7 vs. −8.7; P<0.001)]. Quetiapine XR response rates were higher than those of placebo in all subgroups analyzed. In this study, quetiapine XR (50–300 mg/day) monotherapy was shown to be effective against depressive symptoms in elderly patients with MDD, irrespective of baseline levels of anxiety, sleep disturbance, and pain.


HVIMs consists of simulated driver models implemented with series of mathematical functions and computerized vehicle dynamic models. To effectively model the perception process, as a part of driver models, psychophysical nonlinearity should be considered not only for the single-modal stimulus but for the stimulus of multiple modalities and interactions among them. A series of human factors experiments were conducted using the primary sensory of visual and auditory modalities to find out the effects of auditory cues in visual velocity estimation tasks. The variations of auditory cues were found to enhance/reduce the perceived intensity of velocity as the level changed. These results indicate that the conventional psychophysical power functions could not applied for the perception process of the HVIMs with multi-modal stimuli. 'Ruled surfaces' in a 3-D coordinate system(with the intensities of both kinds of stimuli and the ratio of enhancement, respectively for each coordinate) were suggested to model the realistic perception process of multi-modal HVIMs.


Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the effects of written instructions (WIs) versus physiotherapist-supervised rehabilitation on patient-rated ankle function, satisfaction and physical activity ability after an acute ankle sprain. Thirty-nine patients with an acute ankle sprain, recruited from an emergency department, received WIs on functional rehabilitation (WI group). The patients were evaluated six weeks and three months after their injury with the disease-specific Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS). The patients also rated how satisfied they were with their ankle and physical activity ability using visual analogue scales. The results from the WI group were compared with a group of patients (n = 33) who received physiotherapist-supervised rehabilitation in a previous study (PT group). We found that compared with the PT group, the WI group had significantly worse scores in all of the FAOS subscales six weeks after the injury, and in three of five subscales three months after the injury. They also rated significantly lower satisfaction and significantly lower physical activity ability at both follow-ups. In conclusion, physiotherapist-supervised rehabilitation was more effective than WIs on improving patient-rated ankle function, satisfaction and physical activity ability after an acute ankle sprain.


One-electron capture involving either simple charge transfer or transfer ionization leading to the formation of Cuq+ ions for q=1-5 has been studied for H+-Cu collisions in the energy range 70-720 keV amu-1. Both one- and two-electron capture by He2+ ions leading to Cuq+ ions for q=1-7 and q=2-5 in the ranges 35-360 keV amu-1 and 35-150 keV amu-1 respectively have been determined. A crossed beam coincidence counting technique has been used to measure cross sections for each of these processes corresponding to particular values of q. In the case of H+-Cu collisions, measured fractions of Cuq+ ions formed in particular states of q have also been satisfactorily described in terms of an independent electron model with electron removal from either the 4s or 3d subshells. Comparisons between the present cross sections for H+ and He2+ impact have also been made with the corresponding values previously measured for iron.


ROC analysis has been an important tool for system evaluation and optimization in medical imaging. Despite its success in evaluating binary classification tasks, ROC analysis does not provide a direct way for evaluating performance on classification tasks that involve more than two diagnostic alternatives. We have previously developed a three-class ROC analysis method that provides a practical way to evaluate three-class task performance. Based on two-class ROC analysis and the proposed three-class ROC analysis method, this work proposes two frameworks, the optimal observer framework and the categorization observer framework, for three-class ROC analysis. The optimal observer framework seeks three-class decision rules and decision variables based on a formal decision strategy; it provides a ROC surface for system comparison on the basis of optimal performance with respect to this strategy. A categorization procedure is the generalization to 3-D of a 2-alternative forced choice procedure and is an important concept in the categorization observer framework. The categorization observer framework seeks three-class decision rules, decision variables and ROC surface such that task performance as measured by volume under the ROC surface (VUS) and the percent correct on the categorization procedure are equal. We then show that how our previously-proposed three-class ROC method fits into both frameworks.


Introduction Monoclonal antibody (MAB) infusion is the first treatment to manage coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in an outpatient setting. Yet increased risk of severe COVID-19 illness may occur from inequities in social determinants of health including access to quality healthcare. Given the safety-net nature of emergency departments (ED), a model that puts them at the center of MAB infusion may better reach underserved patients than models that require physician referral and distribute MAB at outpatient infusion centers. We examined characteristics of two groups of patients who received MAB infusion in the Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital (RWJUH) ED in New Brunswick, New Jersey: 1) patients who tested positive for COVID-19 in the ED and received ED infusion; and 2) patients who tested positive elsewhere and were referred to the ED for infusion. The process for the latter group was similar to the more common national model of patients testing COVID-19 positive in the community and then being referred to an infusion center for MAB therapy. Methods We performed a cross-sectional retrospective health record review of all adult patients presenting to the ED from November 20, 2020–March 15, 2021 who received MAB infusion at RWJUH ED (N = 486). Patients were identified through the electronic health record system by an administrative query, with manual chart review for any additional characteristics not available through the query. We compared the two groups using chi-squared tests for categorical variables and t-tests for continuous variables. Results We found higher proportions of Black (18% vs 6% P < 0.001, statistically significant), Hispanic (19% vs 11% P = 0.02), Medicaid (12% vs 9% P = 0.01), and uninsured (17% vs 8% P = 0.01) patients who tested positive for COVID-19 in their ED visit and then received MAB therapy during their visit than patients tested elsewhere in the community and referred to the ED for MAB therapy. Conclusion These findings suggest that providing MAB infusion in the ED allows increased access for patients traditionally marginalized from the healthcare system, who may be at risk of longer disease duration and complications from COVID-19.


In recent times the concept of smart cities has gained great popularity. The chairs swinging into action, self-guiding to  finally park at a table in response to a person. They can also reverse and turn. The goal is emulate the visual system of humans and allow intelligent machines to be developed. The self parking chair one kind of parking units that follow various working area. It works just like a robot as it able to sense and  response to environment. This concept aims at increasing knowledge around latest technology adopted by Nissan vehicles, while showing how this changing our daily lives.


Hebb proposed that synaptic change underlies behavioural and cognitive plasticity. When applied to recovery from brain injury, the general hypothesis is that if there is recovery following brain injury, then there ought to be a correlated synaptic change, which is presumed to be responsible for recovery. In contrast, if recovery fails to occur, or expected recovery is blocked in some manner, then the synaptic change will likely not be present. Systematic study of functional recovery and synaptic change following brain injury at different ages supports these predictions. Good recovery is always correlated with enhanced connectivity whereas poor recovery is always correlated with an absence of reorganized connectivity. Furthermore, factors that stimulate recovery, such as neurotrophins or experience, stimulate synaptic change and functional recovery. Factors that retard recovery, such as depletion of neuromodulators, also block synaptic change. These results thus support Hebb's general idea that synaptic plasticity is related to behavioural change.


The European Space Agency (ESA) released a Call for Proposals for the next Earth Explorer Core Mission in March 2005, with the aim to select the 7th Earth Explorer (EE-7) mission for launch in the next decade [1]. Twenty-four proposals were received and subject to scientific and technical assessment. Six candidate missions were selected and further investigated in the preliminary feasibility studies (Phase 0). A further down-selection was made after the User Consultation Meeting held in Lisbon, Portugal in January 2009. Three candidate missions were selected for further feasibility investigations (phase A). Each of the candidate missions is now being defined in detail through two parallel and competing industrial studies and many complementary science and technology studies, aiming to the final down-selection in 2011/12, followed by the mission implementation with a planned launch in the 2016/17 timeframe.


The fundamental computation equations for dip shooting are reviewed. From a consideration of the curvature of the wave front of the reflected wave an expression is derived for the angle of arrival in terms of the reflection time difference over a finite spread. The effect of curvature of the reflecting bed is discussed. An outline is given of a rigorous computational procedure which takes full consideration of the three dimensional aspect of seismic interpretation and which is based on the use of time cross‐sections and maps. Since this procedure is presented on the basis of a velocity equation which is a function only of depth, it is indicated that a modification must often be made to account for the deviation of the direction of velocity gradient from the vertical.


Intussusception is a rare cause of adult intestinal obstruction and can sometimes be a surprise finding at laparotomy. We describe five cases of adult intussusception with interesting clinical and radiological findings. We also provide a review of the current literature with respect to presentation, diagnosis and management.


IZA DP No. 16358 JULY 2023 Activating Change: The Role of Information and Beliefs in Social Activism* What motivates individuals to participate in social activism? Do awareness campaigns and information about others' willingness to act play a role? We conduct an online experiment within a survey of nearly 2000 Indian men, focusing on activism to combat health sector fraud during the COVID-19 pandemic. In different treatment groups, we either provide information about the social problem, correct misaligned beliefs about others' willingness to act, or both. Participants are then cross-randomized to engage in one of three forms of activism: signing a petition, making a donation to an NGO fighting for the cause, or watching a video on ways to support the cause. We also experimentally examine the impact of allowing subjects to choose between the three forms of activism. Providing information and correcting downward biased beliefs about others increases petition signing, but has no impact on donations and video viewing. Giving participants a choice of actions decreases the probability of any single action being taken up. Our comprehensive examination of the factors influencing engagement in different forms of activism within a unified framework generates insights on the motivations behind participation in collective efforts for social change. JEL Classification: D73, D83, I15, P0


According to WHO, health is a state where not only physically perfect but mentally and socially free from any disease or disability. WHO also explains that mental health in the world affects around 24 million people, and this is more common in adolescents around their 20s. Adolescent boys are the ones who tend to experience these mental health. Meanwhile, according to the Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) in 2018, it was stated that the population aged > 15 years experienced mental and emotional disorders as many as 19 million people and also experienced depression as many as 12 million people. The writing of this literature review was conducted to find out about the notion of mental health, whether there is a relationship between listening to the Murottal Al-Qur'an and improving health in adolescents, and to find out what the effects are after listening to the Murottal Al-Qur'an. The method used is analysis through several pieces of literature. 8 articles are used as references which are considered to represent the entire scientific article. The literature used is in the form of research journals or scientific articles with a span of 2017-2021. From several literature reviews, with various methods used by researchers, such as the pretest-posttest method, pre-experimental design, case studies, etc. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between listening to murottal Al-Qur'an and improving mental health in adolescents


The endomembrane system in mammalian cells has evolved over the past two billion years from a simple endocytic pathway in a single-celled primordial ancestor to complex networks supporting multicellular structures that form metazoan tissue and organ systems. The increased organellar complexity of metazoan cells requires additional trafficking machinery absent in yeast or other unicellular organisms to maintain organ homoeostasis and to process the signals that control proliferation, differentiation or the execution of cell death programmes. The PACS (phosphofurin acidic cluster sorting) proteins are one such family of multifunctional membrane traffic regulators that mediate organ homoeostasis and have important roles in diverse pathologies and disease states. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the PACS proteins, including their structure and regulation in cargo binding, their genetics, their roles in secretory and endocytic pathway traffic, interorganellar communication and how cell-death signals reprogramme the PACS proteins to regulate apoptosis. We also summarize our current understanding of how PACS genes are dysregulated in cancer and how viral pathogens ranging from HIV-1 to herpesviruses have evolved to usurp the PACS sorting machinery to promote virus assembly, viral spread and immunoevasion.


Protein trafficking is achieved by a bidirectional vesicle flow between the various compartments of the eukaryotic cell. COPII coated vesicles mediate anterograde protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, whereas retrograde Golgi-to-endoplasmic reticulum vesicles use the COPI coat. Inactivation of COPI vesicle formation in conditional sec21 (gamma-COP) mutants rapidly blocks transport of certain proteins along the early secretory pathway. We have identified the integral membrane protein Mst27p as a strong suppressor of sec21-3 and ret1-1 mutants. A C-terminal KKXX motif of Mst27p that allows direct binding to the COPI complex is crucial for its suppression ability. Mst27p and its homolog Yar033w (Mst28p) are part of the same complex. Both proteins contain cytoplasmic exposed C termini that have the ability to interact directly with COPI and COPII coat complexes. Site-specific mutations of the COPI binding domain abolished suppression of the sec21 mutants. Our results indicate that overexpression of MST27 provides an increased number of coat binding sites on membranes of the early secretory pathway and thereby promotes vesicle formation. As a consequence, the amount of cargo that can bind COPI might be important for the regulation of the vesicle flow in the early secretory pathway.


Thermal injury causes severe structural and metabolic disturbances not only of the skin itself, but also of all organs and systems of the affected organism, is a manifestation of a complex symptom complex - a burn disease. Of particular importance in patients with burns are changes in the endocrine system. The aim of the study was to establish the microscopic and electron-microscopic reorganization of the components of the thyroid gland of animals after thermal damage on 14 day after experimental thermal injury. A III degree burn was applied under ketamine anesthesia with copper plates heated in boiled water to a temperature of 97-100°C. The size of the lesion area was 18-20% of the epilated surface of the body of rats. An experimental study of the structural components of the thyroid gland after a burn injury was performed on laboratory white male rats weighing 160-180 g. Rats euthanasia was performed after ketamine anesthesia by decapitation. In the experiment, the study of the microscopic and submicroscopic state of the follicles and hemocapillaries of the thyroid gland after thermal injury of the III degree. It has been established that in the toxemia stage after the application of the burn injury on 14 day (late toxemia stage), significant destructive and degenerative changes are found in the thyrocytes of the wall of the follicles and hemocapillaries, the organ acquires a macrofollicular structure. The height of thyrocytes decreases, the nuclei and organelles of cytoplasm are significantly damaged, the number and height of microvilli on their apical surface decreases, which negatively affects the cell's secretory cycle and transcapillary organ metabolic processes. The established destructive changes in the blood capillaries and thyrocytes of the follicles are the morphological manifestation of the suppression of the secretory activity of the thyroid gland during thermal injury and corresponds to the hypofunctional state of the organ.


ABSTRACT This study aimed to determine the effect of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate to purchasing power in West Kalimantan. The purchasing power of the public or the purchasing power per capita expenditure level views of the population from year to year. The data used in this study is the data from 2002 to 2011 were obtained from BPS publications province of West Kalimantan. Data analysis techniques used in this study is a quantitative technique for the purpose to see whether there is influence of the unemployment rate and the inflation rate to purchasing power of West Kalimantan. Quantitative data were analyzed using linear regression Regression.. The study results showed that the unemployment rate negatively siqnifikan partially (people) to the people's purchasing power. This suggests that if a person is not employed or unemployed it will affect the earnings. Inflation rate of significant negative effect partially (people) to the people's purchasing power. This suggests that if inflation rises then it will reduce the purchasing power but the effect is not siqnifikan. Simultaneously (together) a significant difference between the unemployment rate and the inflation rate of the purchasing power in est Kalimantan. Keywords : Purchasing Power Society, Unemployment Rate, Inflation Rate. .


In the 80s and 90s of the 20th century Gunter Grass treated the various chances of a sudden extinction of mankind for instance the decline by overpopulation and nuclear destruction. So the study deals with five main aspects to show Grass' own criticism of civilisation. The thesis at hand shall be a contribution to describe the significance of these various topics concerning Grass' prose, essayistic works and statements during the last 25 years.


V79 Chinese hamster cells are being genetically engineered to express human mitochondrial cytochromes P450 as an analytical tool for studying adrenal steroid synthesis. Here, a V79 derived cell line is presented expressing the enzymatically active human cytochrome P45011B1 (CYP11B1) in a stable and constitutive manner. Full length CYP11B1 cDNA was obtained from surgically removed normal adrenal gland by polymerase chain reaction. The cDNA was recombined with a SV40 early promoter containing plasmid for stable integration and expression in V79 cells upon gene transfer. The presence of the human CYP11B1 cDNA in the genome of the transfected cells was confirmed by Southern analysis. CYP11B1 cDNA directed expression was detected by Northern analysis. CYP11B1 dependent hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone and 11-deoxycortisol was measured by HPLC analysis. Interestingly, the nonsteroidogenic lung fibroblast derived V79 Chinese hamster cell line was able to support human CYP11B1 mediated steroid hydroxylation without simultaneous heterologous expression of the human electron transfer system, adrenodoxin, and adrenodoxin reductase. CYP11B1 inhibitory potency of metyrapone, spironolactone, and the azole derivatives ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole, and fluconazole was measured using the newly established V79MZh11B1 cell line. Thus, beside steroid metabolism studies in general, this cell line may also serve as an in vitro tool for monitoring the interference of drugs with 11 beta-hydroxylase activity.


The quantum interference effects of one-dimensional (1D) parallel arrays of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) SQUIDs were investigated experimentally and theoretically via the voltage–magnetic field responses for 4–81 Josephson junctions. The sensitivity of the arrays generally decreased as the number of junctions (and SQUIDs) in parallel increased, contrary to the predictions of models in the low (zero) inductance limit. A full theoretical description was developed to describe 1D parallel HTS SQUID arrays with finite inductances in an applied magnetic field, by extending the model for a single DC SQUID to multiple loops in parallel and including the flux generated by currents circulating through all loops in the array. Calculations were extended from SQUID arrays with equal loop areas to arrays with a distribution of loop areas, otherwise known as superconducting quantum interference filters. The model uses parameters relevant to HTS arrays, including typical variations (up to 30%) in HTS Josephson junction parameters, such as critical current and normal resistance. The effect of the location of the current biasing leads was also explored through the calculations. This model shows good agreement with experimentally measured 1D arrays of different lengths and highlights the importance of the geometry of the current biasing leads to the arrays when optimizing the array response.


A coarse to fine approach for fast stereo matching is presented. In this approach, a dynamic programming (DP) based algorithm at the top of the pyramid is applied to obtain an initial coarse dense disparity map of high quality and to reduce computational cost. In each finer layer, a new dense disparity map is inherited from the coarser layer by interpolation. The new dense disparity map will be updated only in selected areas, instead of the whole map, according to the local matching cost and the depth difference among neighbouring areas. In this way, the proposed approach is able to obtain a smooth dense disparity map and to preserve discontinuity as well. The approach is evaluated using rectified stereo images and good results are achieved in terms of quality and running speed.


There is no human endeavor or organization in which perfection is achieved even when it is assiduously sought. More than most, the medical profession, because of its unique role and the consequences of base behavior, has traditionally striven to instill in its practitioners a strong sense of duty and professionalism, but it would be foolhardy to assume that all physicians are ethical, honest, or competent. It is always easy to spotlight anecdotal cases of deviant behavior: good news doesn't sell newspapers! So, we are bombarded with accounts of gross incompetence, greed, and fraud against both patients and institutions. Attempts to quantify the extent of such behavior, although frequently attempted by extrapolation, are nonetheless fraught with so many difficulties that they probably cannot be successful. Obviously, the medical profession would like to assume that the numbers are minimal. That assumption, however, begs the question. If physicians are


To the Editor I read the recent article entitled, ''Aneurysm Formation in Arteriovenous Grafts: Associations and Clinical Significance'' by Dr. Siedlecki et al. with great interest (1). Although I applaud their reporting of these important clinical data, I find fault with their terminology. Throughout the manuscript the author uses the word ''aneurysm'' to denote the focal, degenerative enlargement of a prosthetic hemodialysis graft. I contend that the correct term for this anatomic abnormality is pseudoaneurysm. Pathologically, a true aneurysm contains all three layers of a vascular wall: the intima, media, and adventitia. Such is the case with congenital aneurysms, atherosclerotic aneurysms, and aneurysms associated with vasculitis and collagen vascular diseases. The focal dilatations arising from the hemodialysis grafts described in the report by Dr. Siedlecki et al. do not contain all three layers of a vascular wall. These focal abnormalities are confined by neointimal and fibrous tissue. Therefore, the correct term is pseudoaneurysm. Of important note, a focal dilatation arising from an autogenous radial–cephalic access or autogenous brachial–cephalic access could be either a true aneurysm or a pseudoaneurysm depending upon the specific etiology. If the focal dilatation of the native vein was secondary to increased intraluminal pressure, due to the presence of a distal stenosis, then the abnormality may be a true venous aneurysm. However, if the etiology was due to degeneration of the vein wall, from repeated cannulation trauma, then the abnormality would likely be a pseudoaneurysm. The author also uses the term ''arteriovenous graft'' in the title and manuscript. Although this is a wellknown term, it is now a colloquial one which should not be used in a scientific publication. As described in the ''Recommended Standards for Reports Dealing with Arteriovenous Hemodialysis Access,'' the more appropriate term is ''prosthetic graft'' (2). Ideally, the term ''prosthetic graft'' should be preceded by the specific location of the vascular access. One final comment, in this article the author states, ''Because there is no standardized definition of an aneurysm in the medical literature, we attempted to derive a practical definition that would be clinically relevant.'' In fact, there are multiple scientific publications which provide excellent definitions of an aneurysm. The most recognized publication is entitled, ''Suggested Standards forReporting of Arterial Aneurysms'' which is a consensus document from the Society of Vascular Surgery (3). In general, a specific type of aneurysm (i.e., renal, iliac, aortic) is defined by the diameter at which it becomes appropriate for surgical repair (i.e., clinically significant). For example, an aneurysm of the renal artery is deemed significant if it is 2 cm or larger, at which point it should be surgically repaired. Similarly, the 2005 K ⁄DOQI Clinical Guidelines for Vascular Access state, ''Pseudoaneurysms that exceed twice the diameter of the graft, or those that are increasing in size, should be surgically corrected due to their increased risk of rupture.'' Although the authors of this report have attempted to derive a practical definition that would be clinically relevant, it is my contention that such a definition already exists. In summary, as nephrologists move into the operating rooms and angiography suites, it would be prudent for them to become knowledgeable of the pre-existing nomenclature and standards of reporting that are utilized by their surgical and radiological colleagues.


In situ electron density measurements from the CHAMP satellite and global positioning system total electron content (TEC) observations are used to illustrate how quasi‐16‐day planetary wave activity influences the structure of the low‐latitude ionosphere. SABER temperature measurements reveal that quasi‐16‐day oscillations in the dynamo region (110 km) during the time interval of 1 December 2005 to 1 March 2006 are most dominant in the zonal mean. Enhancements in equatorial zonal mean temperatures in the E‐region are connected with enhancements at ±10–20° magnetic latitude in zonal mean CHAMP electron densities and TEC. At a near‐constant altitude of 350 km, the oscillations in daytime electron densities are greater than 40 percent of background levels. A local time effect is also observed in the planetary wave influence on the F‐region electron densities. These results demonstrate that vertically propagating planetary waves induce significant variability in the low‐latitude F‐region ionosphere and that these effects are seen at all longitudes.


BACKGROUND
Cancer is the leading cause of death in the current decade. With the advancement in scientific technologies various treatments had been introduced but they suffer from numerous side effects. The root cause of cancer is alteration in the cell cycle which generates cancerous cells. Development of new lead which specifically target cancerous cells is needed to reduce the side effect and to overcome multidrug resistance.

OBJECTIVE
Design and development of anticancer leads targeting colchicine site of microtubules using structurally screened phytofragments is the primary objective of this work.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
Bioactive fragments of phytoconstituents were identified from a large dataset of phytochemicals. The identified phytofragments were used to design structures which were screened for virtual interactions with colchicine site of microtubules. Selected set of designed molecules was further screened for drug like properties and toxicity. The designed molecules which surpassed virtual filters were then synthesized, characterized and further screened for anticancer potential against HEPG2 liver cancer cellline.

RESULT
A novel series of chalcones was designed by phytofragment based drug design. The synthesized compounds showed profound anticancer activity comparable to standard, 5-fluoro uracil. In the present communication, rational development of anticancer leads targeting colchicine site of microtubules has been done by integrating pocket modeling and virtual screening with synthesis and biological screening.

CONCLUSION
In this present work, we found that compound S4 and S3 showed specific interaction with colchicine site of microtubules and desirable anticancer activity. Further optimization of the lead could yield drug like candidate with reduced side effects and may overcome multidrug resistance.


Received: Revised: Accepted: February 27, 2014 July 03, 2014 July 08, 2014 The pharmacokinetics (PK) of a long acting 20% solution of azithromycin (AZ-LA) in pigs after a single peri-caudal injection at 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight was determined, using an aqueous formulation of the drug administered IV as reference, HPLC was used as analytical method. Cmax was 1.4 and 2.5 μg/mL, and Tmax was 3.1 and 3.4 h, respectively for 10 and 20 mg/kg. Both preparations had 99.5% purity. Values for MRT were longer in the 10 mg/kg dose group (18.2 h) as compared to the 20 mg/kg group (16.5 h). Yet T1⁄2β was comparable between both dose levels (8.5 h vs. 7.2 h, for 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively). No linear increments linked to dose were found in variables such as relative bioavailability, Cmax and apparent volume of distribution. Values for relative bioavailability (Fr) of the higher dose as compared to the lower were 86.81% and absolute bioavailability (F) was 110.5 for the lower dose and 115.9% for the higher. Best PK/PD ratios for clinical efficacy of azithromycin describe this antibacterial drug as time-dependent. Considering pig's serum concentrations of the AZ-LA preparation here studied after its peri-caudal injection and based on a theoretical minimal therapeutic concentration in plasma of 0.1 μg/mL based on bacteriological testing, a doseinterval of up to 48 h can be achieved. The suitability of this preparation to treat pig respiratory diseases is addressed. ©2014 PVJ. All rights reserved


Although a robust inflammatory response is needed to combat infection, this response must ultimately be terminated to prevent chronic inflammation. One mechanism that terminates inflammatory signaling is the production of alternative mRNA splice forms in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Whereas most genes in the TLR pathway encode positive mediators of inflammatory signaling, several, including that encoding the MyD88 signaling adaptor, also produce alternative spliced mRNA isoforms that encode dominant-negative inhibitors of the response. Production of these negatively acting alternatively spliced isoforms is induced by stimulation with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS); thus, this alternative pre-mRNA splicing represents a negative feedback loop that terminates TLR signaling and prevents chronic inflammation. In the current study, we investigated the mechanisms regulating the LPS-induced alternative pre-mRNA splicing of the MyD88 transcript in murine macrophages. We found that 1) the induction of the alternatively spliced MyD88 form is due to alternative pre-mRNA splicing and not caused by another RNA regulatory mechanism, 2) MyD88 splicing is regulated by both the MyD88- and TRIF-dependent arms of the TLR signaling pathway, 3) MyD88 splicing is regulated by the NF-κB transcription factor, and 4) NF-κB likely regulates MyD88 alternative pre-mRNA splicing per se rather than regulating splicing indirectly by altering MyD88 transcription. We conclude that alternative splicing of MyD88 may provide a sensitive mechanism that ensures robust termination of inflammation for tissue repair and restoration of normal tissue homeostasis once an infection is controlled.


TGF-P1 plays a critical role in inflammatory and repair processes due in part to its ability to provide a potent chemotactic stimulus for inflammatory cells such as neutrophils and monocytes and for fibroblasts which initiate the fibrogenic response. In the present study, we have used synthetic oligopeptides representing the amino acid sequence of the 12.1 kDa monomer of human TGF-P1 in an effort to identify a chemotactic epitope on the molecule. A seven residue peptide containing residues 368-374, Val Tyr Tyr Val Gly Arg Lys, was demonstrated to be capable of inducing chemotactic migration of human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, monocyte leukemia cell line THP-1, and infant foreskin fibroblasts. Furthermore, larger peptides from the carboxy-terminal portion of TGF-P 1 that contained residues 368-374 also induced migration of these cell types. None of the peptides representing the complete amino acid of TGF-P1 monomer were able to compete with [ 1 L 5 1 ] hrTGF-Pl for binding to TGF-P cell surface receptors or fibroblasts or THP-1 cells. Implications of these observations are discussed.


The authors present a review of the epidemiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis in the child. Their studies on the favoring factors in cutaneous forms as well as their experiences in pulmonary forms are emphasized.


In many cases, the dynamic correlation can be calculated quite accurately and at a fairly low computational cost in Kohn-Sham density-functional theory (KS-DFT), using current standard approximate functionals. However, in general, KS-DFT does not treat static correlation effects (near degeneracy) adequately which, on the other hand, can be described in wave-function theory (WFT), for example, with a multiconfigurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) model. It is therefore of high interest to develop a hybrid model which combines the best of both WFT and DFT approaches. The merge of WFT and DFT can be achieved by splitting the two-electron interaction into long-range and short-range parts. The long-range part is then treated by WFT and the short-range part by DFT. In this work the authors consider the so-called "erf" long-range interaction erf(micror12)/r12, which is based on the standard error function, and where mu is a free parameter which controls the range of the long-/short-range decomposition. In order to formulate a general method, they propose a recipe for the definition of an optimal microopt parameter, which is independent of the approximate short-range functional and the approximate wave function, and they discuss its universality. Calculations on a test set consisting of He, Be, Ne, Mg, H2, N2, and H2O yield microopt approximately 0.4 a.u.. A similar analysis on other types of test systems such as actinide compounds is currently in progress. Using the value of 0.4 a.u. for micro, encouraging results are obtained with the hybrid MCSCF-DFT method for the dissociation energies of H2, N2, and H2O, with both short-range local-density approximation and PBE-type functionals.


Proteolysis plays a fundamental role in many processes that occur within the cellular membrane including protein quality control, protein export, cell signaling, biogenesis of the cell envelope among others. Archaea are a distinct and physiologically diverse group of prokaryotes found in all kinds of habitats, from the human and plant microbiomes to those with extreme salt concentration, pH and/or temperatures. Thus, these organisms provide an excellent opportunity to extend our current understanding on the biological functions that proteases exert in cell physiology including the adaptation to hostile environments. This revision describes the advances that were made on archaeal membrane proteases with regard to their biological function and potential natural targets focusing on the model haloarchaeon Haloferax volcanii.


Uncertainty in the duration of surgical procedures can cause long patient wait times, poor utilization of resources, and high overtime costs. We compare several heuristics for scheduling an Outpatient Procedure Center. First, a discrete event simulation model is used to evaluate how 12 different sequencing and patient appointment time-setting heuristics perform with respect to the competing criteria of expected patient waiting time and expected surgical suite overtime for a single day compared with current practice. Second, a bi-criteria genetic algorithm (GA) is used to determine if better solutions can be obtained for this single day scheduling problem. Third, we investigate the efficacy of the bi-criteria GA when surgeries are allowed to be moved to other days. We present numerical experiments based on real data from a large health care provider. Our analysis provides insight into the best scheduling heuristics, and the trade-off between patient and health care provider-based criteria. Finally, we summarize several important managerial insights based on our findings.


Fidelity is a fundamental concept for crucial decision-making processes during engineering design, test and evaluation of aircraft and rotorcraft. Fidelity, as applied to rotorcraft, proves to be a prerequisite for most human factors research and simulator development programs. This paper reviews the concept of fidelity, its metrics and methods concentrating on rotorcraft applications. The paper stems from the Applied Vehicle Technology (AVT) Panel of the NATO Science and Technology Organization (STO) work of NATO AV-296 concentrating on recent advancements on rotorcraft flight simulation model fidelity prediction and assessment. Starting from the question of what is meant with the term simulation fidelity, the paper will demonstrate that even though the term fidelity can be loosely translated as simulation goodness or faithfulness to reality, when it comes to fidelity assessment, this concept has a multidimensional and multifaceted character depending on the configuration considered. A key message of the paper is that simulation fidelity should be decomposed in different dimensions and attributes with their own metrics. Using multiple fidelity metrics is therefore meaningful for assessing simulation fidelity in general and in particular for the case of rotorcraft.


Objective A previous study reported a three-fold rise in the incidence of juvenile-onset Crohn's disease in Scottish children and a marginal fall in ulcerative colitis between 1968 and 1983. The present study aimed to document the incidence of juvenile-onset inflammatory bowel disease between 1981 and 1995 and examine temporal trends between 1968 and 1995 in Scotland. Setting Scotland (latitude 55–60°N) has a total area of 77 837 km2 (30 405 square miles) and includes four urban centres each with a population of over 100 000. Participants The Scottish hospital discharges linked database was used to identify 1002 patients less than 19 years old who were coded as having inflammatory bowel disease between 1981 and 1997. All case notes were reviewed and diagnoses verified. Incident cases were defined as those with symptom onset before or at 16 years of age between 1 January 1981 and 31 December 1995. Results During the 15 year period 1981–1995, 438 incident cases of Crohn's disease and 227 of ulcerative colitis were identified, giving standardized incidences of 2.5 cases and 1.3 cases per 100 000 population per year for Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis respectively. On 31 December 1995 there were 150 children ⩽ 16 years of age with Crohn's disease and 101 with ulcerative colitis, giving crude prevalences of 13.7 cases per 100 000 population for Crohn's disease and 9.2 for ulcerative colitis. The continuing rise in Crohn's disease incidence between 1981 and 1995 fits that predicted by linear trend analysis of the 1968–1983 data. The incidence of Crohn's disease in the 12–16 age range almost doubled between 1981 and 1995 and was greater for males than females. Ulcerative colitis incidence was thought to show a slight fall in the 1968–1983 data, but this is reversed in the 1981–1995 data. Conclusion The incidence of juvenile-onset Crohn's disease continues to rise in Scotland and the prevalence has increased by 30% since 1983. Unlike the previous report from Scotland, the incidence of juvenile-onset ulcerative colitis also is apparently rising. Whether this represents a real rise in incidence, or merely the inclusion of milder cases which were not previously hospitalized remains uncertain.


Abstract Liquids in the system CaO-Na2O-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 which crystallize plagioclase and forsterite, often with diopside and sometimes with spinel, were studied. The movement of the plagioclase-forsterite saturation surface to higher plagioclase contents as albite replaces anorthite, and the concurrent expansion of the forsterite and diopside primary fields, are documented. The maximum temperature of the liquid in equilibrium with plagioclase, diopside, and forsterite decreases as the anorthite to albite ratio decreases and as enstatite is added, and was experimentally determined over part of its range from 1278 to 113°C The decrease was not linear, being generally small even when 67 mole% albite was present, and thereafter, it must decrease rapidly to reach the values reported for the system albite-diopside-forsterite.


Three different types of aggregates of submicron alumina particles were produced utilising either polymer, high salt (1.0 M), or low salt (0.075 M) aggregation conditions. All three types of aggregates had similar structural properties (mass fractal dimension = 2.0). The typical size (d[4,3]) of the polymer aggregates was 125 microns, the high salt aggregates 12 microns and the low salt aggregates 4 microns. It was found that smaller aggregates produced higher gel points and higher apparent maximum packing fractions. Larger aggregates produced higher shear and compressive yield stresses at all volume fractions. The relative effect that aggregate size and inter-particle attraction has on the sediment yield stresses was investigated in the salt system. The salt concentration was adjusted so as to produce different size aggregates with the same final salt concentration and thus same level of inter-particle attraction. The size of the aggregates and the magnitude of the inter-particle attraction were found to have similar contributions to the compressive yield stress over the range of size and attraction investigated.


Risk of locoregional recurrence after sarcoma resection is high, increasing both morbidity and mortality. Intraoperative implantation of paclitaxel (PTX)-eluting polymer films locally delivers sustained, supratherapeutic PTX concentrations to the tumor bed that are not clinically feasible with systemic therapy, thereby reducing recurrence and improving survival in a murine model of recurrent sarcoma. However, the biology underlying increased efficacy of PTX-eluting films are unknown and provide the impetus for this work. In vitro PTX efficacy is time- and dose-dependent with prolonged exposure significantly decreasing PTX IC50 values for human chondrosarcoma (CS-1) cells (153.9 nM at 4 h vs. 14.2 nM at 30 h, p = 0.0001). High dose PTX significantly inhibits proliferation with in vivo PTX-films delivering a dose >130 μM directly to the tumor thereby irreversibly arresting cell cycle and inducing apoptosis in CS-1 as well as patient-derived liposarcoma (LP6) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS20). Supratherapeutic PTX upregulates the expression of p21 in G2/M arrested cells, and irreversibly induces apoptosis followed by cell death, within 4 h of exposure. Microarray analyses corroborate the finding of poor DNA integrity commonly observed as a final step of apoptosis in CS-1 cells and tumor. Unlike low PTX concentrations at the tumor bed during systemic delivery, supratherapeutic concentrations achieved with PTX-eluting films markedly decrease sarcoma lethality in vivo and offer an alternative paradigm to prevent recurrence.