The world of work is changing. A century after moving from an agriculture-centered world to an Industrial one, from self-employed workers to salaried employees, our modern economies are slowly transitioning towards a new model: based on simultaneous collaboration and competition, the boundaries of contemporary organizations are blurring; information technologies are allowing individuals and companies to set base away from cities; shared working spaces are triggering new forms of collaborations between individuals and corporations.
This White Paper aims at diagnosing key institutional tensions related to new work practices in the city, and putting forward questions and general propositions likely to overcome these tensions. The idea is to analyze how new collaborative communities and collaborative logics (of coworkers, hackers, makers, fabbers, and teleworkers) and more traditional collective activity and modes of decision making (of the city and corporations in the city) can jointly contribute to the co-production of harmonious new ways of life and new ways of working. Reinventing joint public policies, corporate strategies and citizenship appear here as a key stake where usual dichotomies between private-public, collaborative-non-collaborative economy, traditional citizens and hacktivists need to be overcome.
We thus identify in this document a set of controversies around four strong political issues both for the city and the field of management, linked to the emergence of collaborative spaces:
o Topic 1. Space, territories, and public policy on collaborative communities in the city;
o Topic 2. Collaborative communities and their roles in education in the city;
o Topic 3. Business models and their communication in the context of collaborative spaces and collaborative communities;
o Topic 4. Collaborative spaces and their roles in innovation and entrepreneurial dynamics at the level of the city

Beyond our controversies, we underline three paradoxes which should be at the heart of new questions for policy-makers, hacktivists, actors of collaborative movements, and citizens (distinctions which may become less and less relevant in the years to come):
o Social versus economic orientations of both the city and the collaborative communities it can host;
o Critical/revolutionary versus more incremental relationships between cities, organizations, societies, collaborative communities, and new work practices;
o Local territory (district/proximate area) grounded versus broader city-oriented or connectivity related issues about collaborative movement and new work practices.
To balance these tensions, we elaborate seven general areas of questions and propositions for all stakeholders:
o The generalization of infra-organization (physical collaborative platforms);
o The emergence of " 'inclusive lab' labels" (elaborated and managed by collaborative communities themselves);
o A renewed academic presence in the city and in the country-side (with more virtual, distributed and 'experiential' logics);
o Ephemeral and mobile labs managed jointly by public, collaborative and private stakeholders;
o "Open open" innovation in public and semi-public spaces of the city;
o Rise of mega-spaces for creativity in the city;
o Development of a global infrastructure for coworkers, mobile workers and teleworkers.
These are directions we see as particularly promising to manage the tensions, paradoxes and stakes explicated by our controversies.
We hope that these questions and propositions will inspire both academics, politicians, hacktivists and entrepreneurs for future collaborations on the study and joint transformation of public policies, corporate strategies, and citizenship.


As both insomnia and lifestyle-related diseases are associated with a variety of underlying factors, they have been considered to occur as a complication of each other. Moreover, evidence has been presented in recent studies that they are closely related to each other as risks of development and exacerbation. As unhealthy lifestyle-habits have long been recognized to increase the risks of lifestyle-related diseases and their worsening, it is natural that sleep, which takes up one third of a person's life, is markedly associated with disorders such as hypertension and diabetes. It is important to provide interventions for insomnia and other sleep disorders based on the same viewpoint as for lifestyle-related diseases, and understand that lifestyle advice, including sleep hygiene, and drug treatment with sleeping pills are also effective for the treatment of lifestyle-related diseases themselves.


Palaeobiogeographical and palaeodiversity patterns of scleractinian reef corals are generally biased due to uncertain taxonomy and a loss of taxonomic characters through dissolution and recrystallization of the skeletal aragonite in shallow marine limestones. Herein, we describe a fossil lobophylliid coral in mouldic preservation from the early middle Miocene Leitha Limestone of the Central Paratethys Sea (Vienna Basin, Austria). By using grey-scale image inversion and silicone rubber casts for the visualization of the original skeletal anatomy and the detection of distinct micromorphological characters (i.e. shape of septal teeth, granulation of septocostae) Parascolymia bracherti has been identified as a new species in spite of the dissolved skeleton. In the recent era, Parascolymia like all Lobophylliidae is restricted to the Indo-Pacific region, where it is represented by a single species. The new species proves the genus also in the Miocene Mediterranean reef coral province. A review of the spatio-temporal relationships of fossil corals related to Parascolymia indicates that the genus was probably rooted in the Eastern Atlantic‒Western Tethys region during the Paleocene to Eocene and reached the Indo-Pacific region not before the Oligocene. The revealed palaeobiogeographical pattern shows an obvious congruence with that of Acropora and tridacnine bivalves reflecting a gradual equatorwards retreat of the marine biodiversity center parallel to the Cenozoic climate deterioration.


Prior studies in women have shown a positive correlation of endogenous estrogen levels with spontaneous and stimulated GH secretion and basal insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels. In postmenopausal women, estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) by the oral route increases basal and GHRH-stimulated GH secretion but decreases basal IGF-I levels. To assess the corresponding effects of transdermal ERT (tERT) on this axis, we administered four 8-week regimens of transdermal 17 beta-estradiol (Estraderm; 0, 50, 100, or 150 micrograms/day) combined with oral medroxyprogesterone acetate (10 mg each day) during weeks 3-4 and 7-8 of each 8-week regimen (except placebo) to 28 healthy nonobese postmenopausal women, aged 45.3-71.8 yr. Basal levels of estradiol (E2), GH, and IGF-I as well as GH responsivity to bolus iv administration of GH-releasing hormone-(1-44) (1 micrograms/kg), were measured before tERT and at weeks 6 and 8 of each regimen; estrone (E1) levels were measured before tERT and at week 6 of each regimen. Before tERT, age was inversely correlated with both the peak GH response to GHRH (r = -0.43; P less than 0.02) and basal IGF-I levels (r = -0.37; P less than 0.05), but not with basal E2, E1, or GH levels. There were progressive increases in plasma E2 and E1 levels with increasing doses of tERT (P = 0.0001), independent of age (P greater than 0.2) and body mass index (P greater than 0.2). Mean basal GH and IGF-I levels were not altered significantly by tERT or medroxyprogesterone acetate. Peak and integrated GH secretory responses to exogenous GHRH decreased with increasing tERT dose (P less than 0.01) in both younger and older postmenopausal women. Our findings suggest that the known effects of tERT on bone and other tissues are not mediated via increases in circulating levels of immunoreactive GH or IGF-I, but do not preclude the possibility of tERT-induced increases in the biological activity or paracrine action of IGF-I.


In this paper we propose a functional of the many-body cumulant of the second-order reduced density matrix within the spin-free formalism of quantum chemistry which quantifies the idea of electron correlation and allows one to detect spin entanglement. Its properties are rigorously stated and discussed for spin-adapted pure states. Numerical determinations are performed for both equilibrium conformations and dissociation processes in molecular systems.


Compressive Sensing (CS) signal recovery has been formulated for signals sparse in a known linear transform domain. We consider the scenario in which the transformation is unknown and the goal is to estimate the transform as well as the sparse signal from just the CS measurements. Specifically, we consider the speech signal as the output of a time-varying AR process, as in the linear system model of speech production, with the excitation being sparse. We propose an iterative algorithm to estimate both the system impulse response and the excitation signal from the CS measurements. We show that the proposed algorithm, in conjunction with a modified iterative hard thresholding, is able to estimate the signal adaptive transform accu-rately, leading to much higher quality signal reconstruction than the codebook based matching pursuit approach. The estimated time-varying transform is better than a 256 size codebook estimated from original speech. Thus, we are able to get near "toll quality" speech reconstruction from sub-Nyquist rate CS measurements.


BACKGROUND Websites for residency and fellowship programs serve as effective educational and recruitment tools. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the accessibility and content of fellowship websites that are commonly used by microsurgery applicants for career development. METHODS A list of one-year microsurgery fellowship websites (MFWs) was compiled by visiting the centralized American Society for Reconstructive Microsurgery (ASRM) website, followed by performing an extensive 'Google' search in October 2015. Accessibility of MFWs was assessed. Website content regarding key recruitment and education variables was also comprehensively reviewed. Website content was correlated with program characteristics using t tests and ANOVA (two-tailed; P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant). RESULTS A list of 53 eligible programs was compiled. Only 15 of 51 (29%) ASRM program links were functional. On average, the combined content from ASRM website and individual MFWs had 2.91 of 6 recruitment variables and 1.32 of 6 education variables, respectively. The majority of programs listed 'eligibility criteria' (87%) and 'general information' (87%). 'Evaluation criteria' were most poorly reported (4%). Recruitment score was higher for United States programs compared with international counterparts (51% versus 33%, respectively; P=0.02). It was also higher in programs that focus on 'extremity' versus 'breast' (58% versus 37%; P=0.0028). Education scores did not differ according to location, program size, subspecialty of focus or participation in the Microsurgery Match process. CONCLUSION Information regarding recruitment and education on most MFWs is scarce. Academic institutions should keep website content up to date and comprehensive to better assist candidates in the application process.


Different students approach tasks in a project differently. Supervisors need to devise ways of accommodating these differences, albeit the difficulties in identifying them. At the start of a project, a student may be a) Independent and need very little supervision, b) Collaborator and seek supervision as required, c) Poser who poses to be independent and may seek help later or the supervisor may need to identify and provide help, d) Dependent on the supervisor They do not however stay in these categories throughout the project. The supervisor must identify and help those students in categories other than (a). We present a novel mix of social software namely: Twitter and Wiki. The aim is to help supervisors in identifying their student's needs thereby making them more flexible in dealing with different students. Students themselves get greater sense of ownership and community support from fellow students doing a project.


Objectives: Local recurrence in head and neck cancer after chemoradiotherapy is associated with poor outcome. The ability to predict such local recurrence could be of clinical value in order to identify patients that may benefit from intensified treatment and/or more frequent follow-up. The objective of this study was to investigate the value of proliferative tumor volumes characterization from 18F-FLT PET images for prognosis of disease free survival (DFS) and prediction of locoregional recurrence. Methods: 45 head and neck cancer patients treated with (chemo)radiotherapy who underwent a pre-treatment 18F-FLT PET were retrospectively included. Proliferative tumor volumes were characterized after automatic delineation with the Fuzzy Locally Adaptive Bayesian algorithm using image analysis providing parameters such as SUV measurements, as well as 3D shape descriptors and textural features. DFS prognostic value was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Locoregional recurrence predictive value was assessed using a random forest (RF) classifier that was subsequently validated using the leave-one-out strategy. Results: Accuracy of the RF classifier in predicting locoregional recurrence using a subset of the most optimal features was 86 %. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that textural features and proliferative volume are prognostic factors of DFS, larger, more heterogeneous proliferative volume being associated with shorter DFS. Conclusions: Our results suggest that 3D shape descriptors and textural features characterizing shape and heterogeneity of head and neck tumors proliferative volumes in baseline 18F-FLT images may help identify subgroups of patients at increased risk of developing a locoregional recurrence after head and neck cancer (chemo)radiotherapy.


Abstract : Currently, the four Services independently fund, field, and operate distinct, in effect, stand-alone C2 systems. However, every operational-level event is Joint. To incorporate their capabilities into Joint operations, the Services have developed distinct C2 systems with various levels of interoperability, but none of them are truly integrated. This creates a dilemma: Do they continue with C2 systems that are merely interoperable, or adopt a different approach? The Services develop interoperability internally between computers and communication equipment as part of their distinct systems. But for these distinct C2 systems to have any functionality among the Services, the Services must develop some degree of external interoperability among their separate computers and communication equipment. The Services also must determine the level of interoperability they want and the particular systems and equipment that will be interoperable. The ability for systems to minimally function together would meet the intent of the definition. However, even the highest level of interoperability will not achieve full integration. This thesis argues that Joint military operations will never be fully integrated as long as the Services have separate C2 systems. If Joint operations are the primary means of employing military forces in the future, the Department of Defense (DoD) must develop a unified C2 system for the Joint Force Commander (JFC) that will integrate land, maritime, air, space, and cyberspace capabilities across the range of military operations. Currently the JFC's only option is to execute C2 through the different C2 systems of the four Services. The optimal solution is a single, Joint C2 system that the JFC, Service component commanders, and functional component commanders all employ uniformly. The thesis also argues that DoD should commit to centralized funding of a Joint C2 system.


We propose an online access panel to support the evaluation process of Interactive Information Retrieval (IIR) systems - called IIRpanel. By maintaining an online access panel with users of IIR systems we assume that the recurring effort to recruit participants for web-based as well as for lab studies can be minimized. We target on using the online access panel not only for our own development processes but to open it for other interested researchers in the field of IIR. In this paper we present the concept of IIRpanel as well as first implementation details.


The paper outlines top down polishing method to reveal ONO (Oxide-Nitride-Oxide) and AA (Active Area) abnormality of memory device. The sample preparation utilizes the advantage of polishing non-uniformity to create rainbow appearance on sample surface. Based on color appears on targets, analyst can anticipate upcoming layer accurately upon subsequent wet de-processing.


Analog components are fundamental blocks of smart systems, as they allow a tight interaction with the environment, in terms of both sensing/actuation and communication. This impacts on the design of the overall system, and mainly on the validation phase, that thus requires the joint simulation of digital and analog aspects. In this scenario, this paper proposes the automatic conversion of analog models to C++-based languages, to remove the overhead of co-simulation with traditional virtual platform tools. The proposed methodology allows to convert a given analog description to either: 1) a fully equivalent description or 2) an abstract representation for faster simulation which models only the aspects of interest. Effectiveness and correctness have been proved on a number of case studies that highlight the effectiveness and potentiality of the proposed methodology.


The measurement of the 238U and 232Th series by γ-spectrometry in the energy range 20-250 kev is considered. Following a description of the NaI (Tl) γ-spectrometer, the physical properties of the nuclides involved are tabulated and measurements of certain standard spectra reported. The technique is illustrated by measurements of the uranium and thorium series, together with 137Cs and 144Ce, present in certain biological samples. The applications of the method are discussed.


Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether subclinical vascular damage improved traditional risk prediction, reclassifying individuals with regard to primary prevention. Methods: Two thousand and fifty-nine healthy individuals aged 41, 51, 61, and 71 years were divided into age, Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), and Framingham risk score (FRS) groups. Subclinical vascular damage was defined as carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity at least 12 m/s, and carotid atherosclerotic plaques or urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) at least 90th percentile of 0.73/1.06 mg/mmol in men/women. The composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, and hospitalization for ischemic heart disease was recorded (n = 229). Results: Both elevated UACR (P = 0.002) and atherosclerotic plaques (P < 0.0001) identified a subgroup of moderate SCORE risk patients and high-intermediate FRS risk patients with high risk (P = 0.04 and P = 0.001, respectively), whereas elevated carotid–femoral pulse wave velocity did not. Elevated UACR or presence of atherosclerotic plaques reclassified patients from moderate to high SCORE risk [net reclassification improvement of 6.4%; P = 0.025), or from high intermediate to high FRS risk (net reclassification improvement 8.8%; P = 0.002). Assuming primary prevention could reduce the relative cardiovascular risk by 24–27%, on the basis of actual levels of blood pressure and cholesterol, one composite endpoint could be avoided by giving primary prevention to 19 or 24 reclassified patients found by screening 52 or 104 patients with high-intermediate FRS or moderate SCORE risk, respectively. Conclusion: Elevated UACR and presence of atherosclerotic plaques could in a potentially cost-effective manner identify patients with moderate SCORE risk or high-intermediate FRS with actual high cardiovascular risk who will benefit from primary prevention.


A novel rate-dependent and self-healing conductive composite with a well-defined shear stiffening (S-ST) effect was facilely fabricated by dispersingmulti-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) into a shear stiffening polymer matrix. The storage modulus (G0) of the multi-functional composite automatically increased 4 orders of magnitude when encountering external shear stimuli and the G0max was over 1 MPa, demonstrating an obvious shear stiffening effect and good safe-guarding performance. It was found that the electrical conductivity changed accordingly when shear stiffening occurred, therefore it can be applied as a force sensor during the attacking process. The rate-dependent piezoresistance effect of the composite was investigated. In quasi-static compression and high rate impact tests, different force signals can be obtained because of the negative and positive piezoresistivity effect. Self-healing tests indicated that the as-prepared composite can maintain its mechanical and electrical properties after destruction and healing treatments. Owing to the shear stiffening performance, the rate dependent conductive composite could both absorb impact energy and sense the attacking forces. Finally, a mechanism was proposed and it was believed that the glass transition induced by B–O interactions and the changes in the microstructure during the external action can be attributed to the S-ST performance and rate dependent electrical conductivity, respectively.


Summary
The mol. wt. of the single-stranded RNA molecules synthesized in a cell-free system on simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase was determined at intervals after the initiation of the reaction. Chain elongation of the RNA, under the experimental conditions used, took place at an average rate of 5 nucleotides/s. Thus single-stranded RNA molecules of 1.5 × 106 mol. wt. resulting from continuous transcription of one turn of the circular SV40 genome did not appear until about 20 min after initiation of the reaction. After 40 to 80 min, molecules with mol. wt. equal to or greater than the mol. wt. of the DNA template strand (⩾ 1.5 × 106) accounted for 25 to 50% of the mass of the RNA population. Up to 25% of the RNA synthesized at that time had mol. wt. equal to or larger than 3 × 106. The results indicate that the cell-free system used does not contain specific factors or signals which would cause the E. coli RNA polymerase to terminate transcription.


Background The current COVID-19 crisis underscores the importance of preprints, as they allow for rapid communication of research results without delay in review. To fully integrate this type of publication into library information systems, we developed preview: a publicly available, central search engine for COVID-19–related preprints, which clearly distinguishes this source from peer-reviewed publications. The relationship between the preprint version and its corresponding journal version should be stored as metadata in both versions so that duplicates can be easily identified and information overload for researchers is reduced. Objective In this work, we investigated the extent to which the relationship information between preprint and corresponding journal publication is present in the published metadata, how it can be further completed, and how it can be used in preVIEW to identify already republished preprints and filter those duplicates in search results. Methods We first analyzed the information content available at the preprint servers themselves and the information that can be retrieved via Crossref. Moreover, we developed the algorithm Pre2Pub to find the corresponding reviewed article for each preprint. We integrated the results of those different resources into our search engine preVIEW, presented the information in the result set overview, and added filter options accordingly. Results Preprints have found their place in publication workflows; however, the link from a preprint to its corresponding journal publication is not completely covered in the metadata of the preprint servers or in Crossref. Our algorithm Pre2Pub is able to find approximately 16% more related journal articles with a precision of 99.27%. We also integrate this information in a transparent way within preVIEW so that researchers can use it in their search. Conclusions Relationships between the preprint version and its journal version is valuable information that can help researchers finding only previously unknown information in preprints. As long as there is no transparent and complete way to store this relationship in metadata, the Pre2Pub algorithm is a suitable extension to retrieve this information.


Salvia insignis Kudr. is a rare local endemic growing on the Babatag ridge of Southern Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, between 600 and 1100 m a.s.l. It is an element of specific original flora of variegated outcrops, a typical flora of mountainous Middle Asia. Described in 1937 from the collections of 1887, it was reported as presented in several localities, and only with very few occurrences. Since then, despite the searches by botanists, there have been no collections of herbarium specimens from those sites mentioned in the literature, most likely due to strong environmental human-induced alterations in the landscape. The obtained new data on the distribution and morphology of this species will allow us to develop strategies for its protection in situ and preservation of the gene pool ex situ.


This paper studies the operational logic in an inter-bay automated material handling system (AMHS) in semiconductor wafer fabrication. This system consists of stockers located in a two-floor layout. Automated moving devices transfer lots between stockers within the same floor (intra-floor lot transfer) or between different floors (inter-floor lot transfer). Intra-floor lot-transferring transports use a two-rail one-directional system, whereas inter-floor lot-transferring transports use lifters. The decision problem consists of selecting rails and lifters that minimize average lot-delivery time. Several operation rules to deliver lots from source stocker to destination stocker are proposed and their performance is evaluated by discrete event simulation.


The possibility of bearing damage caused by inverter-induced bearing currents in modern variable-speed drive systems has been well recognized today. Further research is needed to develop appropriate nonintrusive methods for detection and monitoring of such currents. A radio-frequency-based nondestructive method has been applied to detect discharge bearing currents. The method is understood to work on the energy that is radiated in the electric field during the bearing discharge event. We show that the method is also applicable to high-frequency circulating bearing currents that have so far been associated with ohmic bearing characteristics and no discharges occurring. The analysis and understanding of the applicability of the method to detect such currents also contributes to further understanding of the electric characteristics of the bearing, notably the moment the current conduction begins.


Methadone poisoning has become more common in the pediatric population due to extensive use of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). It is associated with decreased level of consciousness, coma, respiratory distress and cardiac intoxication. The cardiac complications have been reported to be QT prolongation, torsade de pointes, coronary artery disease, arrhythmia, stress cardiomyopathy and death. We herein report two pediatric patients with accidental methadone poisoning who developed stress cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure. The first case was a 4-yaer-old girl and the second one was an 18-month-old girl both being accidentally poisoned with methadone syrup and were brought with decreased level of consciousness. Both were diagnosed to suffer from congestive heart failure based on echocardiography. However, the first case passed away despite appropriate treatment, while the second one survived the condition and was discharged with good condition and was symptom free at 6-month follow-up.


Graph Neural Networks usually rely on the assumption that the graph topology is available to the network as well as optimal for the downstream task. Latent graph inference allows models to dynamically learn the intrinsic graph structure of problems where the connectivity patterns of data may not be directly accessible. In this work, we generalize the discrete Differentiable Graph Module (dDGM) for latent graph learning. The original dDGM architecture used the Euclidean plane to encode latent features based on which the latent graphs were generated. By incorporating Riemannian geometry into the model and generating more complex embedding spaces, we can improve the performance of the latent graph inference system. In particular, we propose a computationally tractable approach to produce product manifolds of constant curvature model spaces that can encode latent features of varying structure. The latent representations mapped onto the inferred product manifold are used to compute richer similarity measures that are leveraged by the latent graph learning model to obtain optimized latent graphs. Moreover, the curvature of the product manifold is learned during training alongside the rest of the network parameters and based on the downstream task, rather than it being a static embedding space. Our novel approach is tested on a wide range of datasets, and outperforms the original dDGM model.


High-efficiency speakers significantly improve electrical to sound power conversion efficiency by reducing the power dissipation over the speaker coil. However, they require some equalization of the input signal. In this paper, a new driving technique based on a pulsewidth-modulation switching amplifier is presented. This exploits a double voltage/current feedback to obtain automatic equalization. Furthermore, the double feedback allows the output resonant filter to be included in the feedback path, compensating for its nonlinearity. Finally, the mixed feedback acts as intrinsic current limiter. Both theoretical analysis and simulations demonstrate that this system is feasible. The results were also confirmed by measurements using a prototype


A model based on intersections of stochastic context free grammars is presented to allow for the modeling of RNA pseudoknot structures. The model runs relatively fast, having the same order running time as stochastic context free grammar parsers. The model is shown to be able to perform database searches and find RNA sequences which resemble RNA pseudoknots which bind biotin. The problem domain of RNA biotin binders has significance in the support of the RNA world model of early life on earth.


Background: Heavy drinking is responsible for major health and social problems. Slovenia has few epidemiological studies about drinking, none of them have used the AUDIT questionnaire. Pilot studies have indicated that a Webbased screening is likely to be acceptable to young heavy drinkers.
Methods: Cross sectional study. Visitors of a free website, older then 10 years, were offered screening with the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). Their demographic data and information about their drinking habits were collected. All users who completed the questionnaire received a specially prepared feed-back message with an evaluation of their drinking. Data from the database for the first four months were collected for analysis on February 1, 2009.
Results: In four months 3329 users filled in the questionnaire, 69.2 % completed it and 1790 participans completed it for themselves. Their mean age was 28.9 years, 62.7 % were between 19 and 34 years. 41 % were single, 49.4 % had finnished the secondary school. 0.1 % of men did not drink alcohol at all, 57.7 % drank hazardous or harmful amounts of alcohol. 50.6 % of women did not have risky drinking habits. Mean baseline AUDIT scores were 8.8 ± 1.3, 9.79 ± 2.1 for men and 7.68 ± 4.7 for women.
Conclusions: The alcohol screening website was widely used, especially by young people. The percentage of hazardous male drinkers accessing the site was high. The website seems to be an accessible and useful tool for young people and it could contribute to health promotion and constitute an easier alternative to screening for hazardous and harmful drinking.


With area detector X-ray diffraction system, the orientation of superconductor films and their relationships with substrates can be easily examined. For YBCO high temperature superconductor films having complex crystalline orientation relationship fore and after melting process, 2-dimesional X-ray diffraction provides us much more information than common X-ray diffraction. This is very helpful for understanding the peritectic reaction during melting process because the growth mechanism of Y211 crystalline can be explained from its orientation information. Y211 phrase in the film and its orientation relationship with YBCO phase and MgO substrate have been analyzed at first. It is found that Y211 crystalline is well match with both MgO substrate and YBCO parent phase. Then the melting process of YBCO has been discussed from the view of the orientation relationship between each phase.


Very soon after coagulation has occurred in blood withdrawn from the vessels, serum begins to be expressed. The amount, at first small, increases rapidly, and in a few hours, at room temperature, contraction of the clot is practically complete. Some observations made in the course of other work suggested that the composition of the serum first yielded differs from that of the serum expressed later, and a special investigation of the point led to the results recorded in this paper. The serum given off from the clot at varying intervals of time after bleeding was tested for its content in haemolytic complement. This body was selected for examination, not only because it can conveniently be studied in the test-tube, but also because much greater quantitative accuracy of result can be obtained with it than with, for example, a bactericidal complement. In most of the experiments, the serum of rabbits was tested against the red blood-corpuscles of the ox, and the necessary immune-body was derived from the serum of rabbits immunised by repeated injections of these corpuscles. In some instances other combinations were used, as is stated later, but in every case the red cells used for injection and for examination were fresh, and had been freed from serum by being washed thrice in many times their bulk of isotomic salt solution. The experiments fall into two groups, according as the serum examined was from a normal animal or from an animal that had been previously immunised. 1. Normal Serum. The method adopted was as follows:—A rabbit was treated with injections of ox red blood-corpuscles, and when its serum had reached a sufficiently high titre, its blood was withdrawn and the serum obtained. This was then heated for half an hour at 56° C. to destroy the contained complement, and served as a stock of "immune-body" (by which name I shall refer to it in the rest of this paper). The neck of a normal rabbit having been shaved and sterilised, the large vessels of the neck were cut, and the issuing blood was caught in a sterile flask. As soon as coagulation had occurred, the clot was loosened from the sides of the flask by a sterile glass-rod. At varying intervals of time, samples of the separating serum were taken and rapidly centrifuged to free them from cells, and the supernatant fluid was then tested. Each sample was examined separately as soon as it was obtained, instead of waiting for the last sample and examining them all together. The latter method was used as a control in a few cases, but the interval between the taking of the first and last samples extended over several hours, during which time spontaneous deterioration or other change of the complement might easily occur in the earlier samples. Such a change does, in fact, occur, as will be shown later, and it was necessary to avoid this source of error.


We describe a cluster of cowpox virus (CPXV) infections in humans that occurred near Munich, Germany, around the beginning of 2009. Previously, only sporadic reports of CPXV infections in humans after direct contact with various animals had been published. This outbreak involved pet rats from the same litter.


The content of pectin decreased from 2.0 to 0.7% fresh weight (FW) and there was a concomitant increase in free galacturonic acid from 36 to 168 mg% FW during ripening of mango. Ion exchange chromatography on DEAE/cellulose resolved the pectic fraction into seven distinct peaks, with all of them showing a drastic decrease in pectin content and molecular weight as fruit ripening progressed, which indicated significant depolymerisation in vivo. Fraction I appeared to be an arabinogalactan-type polymer, while fractions II and III were heterogalacturonans containing more than 60% galacturonic acid. Hydrolases implicated in pectin depolymerisation were polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methyl esterase (PME), galactanase, arabinanase and β-galactosidase. They all showed a climacteric peak in activity during ripening, except for PME which showed a continuous decrease in activity after an initial increase. These results are discussed in the light of fruit softening during ripening. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry


The central nervous system function of time-form entities are examined. The term Logogenesis is introduced as a concept to denote genetically programmed development of mental concepts and time form-entities, as a counterpart to morphogenesis which concerns development of structure. Special attention is given to the time-form logogenesis of natural language entities of emotion communication, and their natural syntax. How time-forms are used in music to generate living, meaningful performances from written scores is described and proved with computer generated classical music, in the context of four modes of time experience, t1, t2, t3, and t4. The modes apply to different time scales and use different natural data processing properties. Models of appropriate peptide dynamics are suggested for some of these amygda-related processes. Some properties of modified time consciousness in relation to these modes are also discussed.


We summarize how future measurements of electromagnetic (e.m.) probes at the Rela-tivistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), in connection with theoretical analysis, can advance our understanding of strongly interacting matter at high energy densities and temperatures. After a brief survey of the important role that e.m. probes data have played at the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS, CERN) and RHIC to date, we identify key physics objectives and observables that remain to be addressed to characterize the (strongly interacting) Quark-Gluon Plasma (sQGP) and associated transition properties at RHIC. These include medium modifications of vector mesons via low-mass dileptons, a temperature measurement of the hot phases via continuum radiation, as well as γ-γ correlations to characterize early source sizes. We outline strategies to establish microscopic matter and transition properties such as the number of degrees of freedom in the sQGP, the origin of hadron masses and manifestations of chiral symmetry restoration, which will require accompanying but rather well-defined advances in theory. Increased experimental precision, order of magnitude higher statistics than currently achievable, as well as a detailed scan of colliding species and energies are then mandatory to achieve sufficient discrimination power in theoretical interpretations. This can be achieved with hardware upgrades to the large RHIC detectors (PHENIX, STAR) as well as an increase in luminosity by at least a factor of 10 over the next few years as envisioned in the process leading to RHIC-II.


Privatization is the process that transfers the ownership of an enterprise ,service agency or public asset to the private sector,from which ,essentisal positive.effects in the capital markets, financial assets and working groups, are expected. It affects the interests of different groups of the population and includes 80% of all the economic activities including the fields of energy, oil and gas, telecommunications, forests and waterways, roads and railways, ports and airports, rail and inland waterway. Over the past ten years a large amount of privatizations has been accomplished in Albania, indeed, many companies, institutions, societies, mines, which previously had been owned by the state, have now become private property.But does it affect the national economy in a positive or a negative way? Had the privatizations in our country been done in the right extent? in the process of economy's transformation, the emphasis is found in the structural reform, where one of the pillars that support these reforms is the process of privatization. This article will provide a detailed and an accurate situation of the development of this process in Albania, based on the assumption that "the privatization affects positively the state economy", what went right and what did not work properly, how can we take action in order to achieve an improvement? What are the costs and the benefits of the process of privatization in terms of macroeconomic, microeconomic and social aspects in Albania?


The highly threatened unionid mussels are obligate parasites on fish. This study investigated larval encapsulation of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) on its sympatric and three allopatric brown trout (Salmo trutta) strains.
Encystment abundance differed between the brown trout strains shortly after encapsulation. Encystment abundance then decreased at different rates and resulted in a changed relationship in encystment abundance between the brown trout strains when the experiment was terminated. One of the allopatric brown trout strains had higher encystment abundance than the other brown trout strains.
The larvae grew at different rates, and the allopatric brown trout strain with the highest encystment abundance had the largest larvae at the end of the experiment. There was a significant positive relationship between the mean condition factor and shell length of the brown trout strains.
The experiment showed that the potential numbers of juvenile mussels may be restricted at the parasitic life-stage on sympatric brown trout strains. Innate differences in energy resources and immune defence between brown trout strains may be important for parasitic growth, because the condition factor of brown trout strains may be positively related to energy resources for the larvae, and negatively related to host fish immune defence.
The present experiment showed that it may be important to investigate and manage unionid mussels' parasitic larval stage on host fish. Infestation experiments, like the one presented here, may inform managers if the parasitic stage is functioning properly. They can also evaluate host fish strains used for introductions in streams where natural fish strains have disappeared, but mussels persist. Such experiments have applications in breeding programmes for mussels, as this is an increasing management measure in threatened mussel populations.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Protective netting and evaporative cooling are commonly used for sunburn protection in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in semiarid environments such as central Washington state. Sunburn is caused by a combination of solar radiation and heat, which can cause significant economic losses. Although protective netting and evaporative cooling can be effective for preventing apple sunburn, netting can also introduce new risks, including red color development on the fruit surface. This study evaluated whether retracting netting before harvest improves red color development and/or changes sunburn risk compared with leaving netting in place until after harvest. An experiment was conducted that compared three netting treatments: 1) netting from June until harvest, 2) netting retracted 10 d before harvest, and 3) no netting all season combined with the presence or absence of evaporative cooling. Fruit was harvested and assessed for sunburn incidence and external quality characteristics immediately after harvest. In retracted netting treatments, red color was higher when netting was retracted compared with the nonretracted controls, and sunburn risk did not increase with netting retraction. Evaporative cooling reduced sunburn incidence. Retractable netting can be used to minimize the loss of fruit to sunburn while allowing a full light environment that promotes red color near harvest. There is no inherent increase in sunburn risk from netting retraction, and the proportion of fruit with red color improved.


In January, 1857, a paper by Mr. Kirkby was read before the Geological Society*, on "some Permian Fossils from Durham," in which a few fragments were described as the remains of an extinct Crustacean. Some drawings of these were kindly submitted to me previously to their publication. One series I regarded† as being probably from the anterior portion of an Isopod; and the remainder I considered as not belonging to the same animal, but as parts of an Amphipod. I have recently (since the reading of this paper) been allowed, through the kindness of Mr. Kirkby (to whom I applied in accordance with a suggestion from the Council of the Geological Society), the advantage of examining the original specimens of Prosoponiscus problematicus, together with others that have been discovered since the publication of his paper. Having thus a favourable opportunity of reconsidering an opinion which was given from an examination of drawings only, I have been enabled to make out some points not portrayed in the drawings, which enable me to arrive at a more satisfactory conclusion. The specimens are the anterior and middle parts of an Amphipod; and none belong to an Isopod, as I at first informed Mr. Kirkby‡. To show with any amount of certainty the correctness of this hypothesis, it is necessary that I should demonstrate, in recent Crustacea, an approximation of structure to that of the fossil. Assuming that, if certain known parts of an unknown animal agree in character with those homologically the sae


The normal distribution is one of the most popular probability distributions with applications to real life data. In this research paper, an extension of this distribution together with Weibull distribution called the Weimal distribution which is believed to provide greater flexibility to model scenarios involving skewed data was proposed. The probability density function and cumulative distribution function of the new distribution can be represented as a linear combination of exponential normal density functions. Analytical expressions for some mathematical quantities comprising of moments, moment generating function, characteristic function and order statistics were presented. The estimation of the proposed distribution's parameters was undertaken using the method of maximum likelihood estimation. Two data sets were used for illustration and performance evaluation of the proposed model. The results of the comparative analysis to other baseline models show that the proposed distribution would be more appropriate when dealing with skewed data.


Your skin! From the top of your head to the soles of your feet, you are all wrapped up in skin. Your skin protects your body from germs and dirt. But it is also very sensitive and sometimes needs protection itself. Read and find out about your amazing, strong, and delicate skin.


The great value of this timely, important book is that it provides an integrated picture of the customer-driven company of the future. We have begun to learn about lean production technology, stripped-down management, worker empowerment, flexible customized manufacturing, and other modern strategies, but Davidow and Malone show for the first time how these ideas are fitting together to create a new kind of corporation and a worldwide business revolution. Their research is fascinating. The authors provide illuminating case studies of American, Japanese, and European companies that have discovered the keys to improved competitiveness, redesigned their businesses and their business relationships, and made extraordinary gains. They also write bluntly and critically about a number of American corporations that are losing market share by clinging to outmoded thinking. Business success in the global marketplace of the future is going to depend upon corporations producing "virtual" products high in added value, rich in variety, and available instantly in response to customer needs. At the heart of this revolution will be fast new information technologies; increased emphasis on quality; accelerated product development; changing management practices, including new alignments between management and labor; and new linkages between company, supplier, and consumer, and between industry and government. The Virtual Corporation is an important cutting-edge book that offers a creative synthesis of the most influential ideas in modern business theory. It has already fired excitement and debate in industry, academia, and government, and it is essential reading for anyone involved in the leadership of America's business and the shaping of America's economic future.


Abstract This paper addresses an Australian Textile project, The Daily Diminish, devised with feminist philosophies of art for social change. Initiated by artists Sarah McEwan (CAD Factory) and Julie Montgarrett (Charles Sturt University), the project documents the ubiquitous forms of sexist language that Australian women from diverse backgrounds experience daily. Consisting of multiple black calico panels that refer to domestic scale textiles such as quilts and pillows, each panel carries a single quotation hand-written in bleach and embroidered in red text, to record each woman's feelings when encountering the words. Through public display, the work aims to highlight the overt and subtle ways in which sexist commonplace social commentaries and denigration work to undermine women's individual agency, ambition, and confidence for self-determination. Aiming to curb women's behaviors through repeated reminders of the expected observance of gendered roles, this language attempts to enforce compliance to ensure obedience to stereotypical cultural norms. Locating the work in the public spaces of a conservative regional city with entrenched, patriarchal values was an intentionally subversive, self-conscious disruption of the status quo and has revealed initially unrecognized potential for developing new strategies of making as part of on-going public displays in other regional settings.


The electronic and atomic properties of the interface determine to a large degree the adhesion quality of thin coatings on a material. Since adhesion is promoted by compound formation and atomic intermixing in the interfacial layer, the absence of a stable germanium carbide compound surmises a poor adhesion of a-C:H films on Ge substrates. In contrast, we found a good adhesion of our a-C:H films of Ge which stimulated us to investigate the properties of the interface with photoelectron spectroscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and ion channeling techniques. We found the formation of a metastable phase and the existence of atomic intermixing in the interfacial layer which clearly demonstrate the reactive nature of the a-C:H/Ge interface


Musa acuminata cv. Berangan (AAA) is a type of banana locally grown in Malaysia. These bananas as well as Musa acuminata cv. Cavendish (AAA) are also facing a major threat from a typical soil borne fungus identified as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (FocR4). Its characteristics as a complex pathogen manifesting as subtypes or races are the main reasons it is difficult to control its infections. Genome sequence availability of the double haploid Musa acuminata originating from Pahang has become very useful to analyse RNA-seq reads and also to identify the transcriptome profile of the host response between different groups. High throughput sequencing was accomplished using RNA-Seq technology based on the Illumina HiSeqTm 2000 platform. Three sets of libraries derived from infected and mock infected plants (experimental groups) between different time points (0, 48, 96 h) shows over forty million reads were generated, each corresponding to coverage of >4,000,000,000 to <8,000,000,000 bases. About 0.10-66% reads were mapped to Musa acuminata DH Pahang genome sequence. This study provides the statistical analysis of the sequence reads. Based on this information, further analysis on gene expression patterns influenced by Foc race infection within the tested groups and time points will help in the understanding of the host pathogenic responses. In future, excessive transcriptomic data will promise a discovery of many new genes for plant infection diagnosis.


A 15 yr old girl presented with distension of abdomen & anorexia of 6months duration. On examination there was massive distension of abdomen, and a vague cystic mass with fluid thrill. A diagnosis of ascites / ovarian mass was made. Ultra sound scan abdomen revealed a well encapsulated large cystic mass with bowel loops around. With a possibility of ovarian cyst, laparotomy was done after improving the general condition of the patient, which revealed a massive cyst in between the two leaves of greater omentum, extending from greater curvature of stomach up to the pelvic brim. Excision of the cyst was done. Post-operative period was uneventful.


ABSTRACT We have demonstrated that rpsL, encoding the S12 protein of the small ribosomal subunit, can be used as a counterselectable marker in Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Mutations in rpsL confer streptomycin resistance. Streptomycin susceptibility is dominant in an rpsL merodiploid, and streptomycin selects for the loss of wild-type rpsL carried in trans. This is the first description of a counterselectable marker in B. burgdorferi.


A literature review of contaminants; cadmium, methylmercury, dioxins, and PCB, for eleven different fish species (Greenland halibut, gilt headed bream, sea bass, wolffish, hoki, ocean perch, angler, Nile perch, pangasius, red snapper and tilapia) that were selected in concurrence with the National Food Administration. The result can be used by the National Food Administration to gain further knowledge about the different fish species to be able to continue to give advice to varied risk category and the public. The gilt headed bream and sea bass were the only fishes whose values for mercury exceeded the limit of 0,5 mg/kg (EU Reg. 1881/2006). In the angler, Nile perch and pangasius the mean value of mercury didn't exceed the limit, however in some individuals the mercury content did exceed what is allowed. Regarding Greenland halibut and red snapper insufficient data was found to draw any conclusions. For the ocean perch no data was found.


Water level indicator is widely used in many industries and houses .In this paper a programmed microcontroller is the basic component for the water level indicator. ATmega 32A microcontroller is helps to indicate the level of water or any other conducting liquid. With the help of an lcd display we can see all the level of the water contained in a tank or in any other vessels. A liquid level sensor (transistor circuit) detects the present level of the liquid in the tank in terms of the voltage across transistor and feeds it to the microcontroller and the microcontroller generates a corresponding output text which in then displayed in the LCD. If the water level is full, then the circuits beeps through the buzzer notifying that the water level is full.


This qualitative paper investigates a new method of architectural education in architecture studio monitoring in the field of brick tilling. It covered a background to the related fields based on art and design methods, which have been used in Iran dating back thousands of years until present. As a research methodology, a deep observation on conventional method of carpet-weaving workshops, shaped the first steps of this article. In this method, the overall plan that includes a floral carpet to ranges of square pixels and color finds their own characteristics as paint, rows and columns. In these studios, someone took the coded map and sang respectively, row after row to be applied by others. This paper aimed to apply similar mix methods of coding by using songs for tiling the bricks. Iranian architecture students covered the scope of study in three different phases. The method of "Ava Chideman" is derived from the weaving technique and the combination of sounds and installation of tile works, which its results have been analyzed in this paper. Researcher believed this paper would help current and future designers and researchers. Additionally, this methodology aims to minimize the expert's role to produce safe and vernacular built forms and economical housing, while trying not to compromise on quality and freedom of local needs.


The routine injection of diphtheria toxoid during the latter part of the first year of life has almost completely eliminated diphtheria in most localities; and, during the time that infants after the age of 7 months have been injected with potent pertussis vaccine, whooping cough morbidity and mortality have decreased at an encouraging rate. Because diphtheria and whooping cough are most prevalent and serious in the first years of life, it seemed logical that immunization against the two diseases should be attempted at the same time by the injection of mixtures of diphtheria toxoid and potent pertussis vaccine. When this investigation was begun in 1938 only Bordet 1 had published a brief report on the use of a mixture; but he gave no data on immunity tests for either disease nor did he report clinical evidence of protection. A satisfactory mixture of these antigens when injected subcutaneously should not be


Dilute solutions of Barium Chloride have been tested on frog's isolated muscle spindles with the aim of clarifying the processes leading to the afferent discharge. In the presence of Ba++ the spindle properties are modified as follows: 1. The discharge of slack spindles increases and becomes extremely regular. 2. The phasic response to stretching is enhanced, the tonic responses being on the contrary virtually suppressed. Under Ba-treatment therefore the spindle changes from a phasic-tonic receptor to a merely phasic receptor. 3. The "silent period" following every propagated spike is prolonged while the safety margin of the "abortive" into propagated spike conversion becomes maximal under Ba-treatment. Additionally, this analysis showed that, when a "true" action potential arises in the spindle, it propagates not only to the stem fibre, but also to all the sensory endings in the spindle intracapsular network. Comparison between the effects of Ba++ and those produced by TEA and ouabain indicates that the action of Ba++ on muscle spindles results from conjunction of two factors : a) reduction of K permeability, and b) enhanced efficiency of an electrogenic Na/K-pump in spindle nerve membranes.


Traditional blind additive SS (spread spectrum) watermarking systems have such features: high robustness, low detection value and small capacity. The main reason leading to low detection value is the host signal's interference. Based on the Gaussian signal detection principle under Gaussian noise, the correlation detection is analyzed in theory. In addition, the using condition of correlation detector and the relationship between the normalized correlation detector and SNR (signal noise ratio) are discussed in this paper. Based on these analyses, an improved blind additive watermarking algorithm is designed. Experimental results show that the algorithm effectively holds back the interference of host signal and the performance of detection has been greatly improved. Furthermore, it has greater robustness and imperceptibility.


Human beings respond to injury in three ways. Autonomous responses are the most important ones in healing, and involve all those processes which the organism can invoke to regain health or equilibrium, including the various immunological and related systems. A cut finger rarely needs much more than to be rinsed in water (or licked clean), and it will heal "by itself." Specific responses are those of the body to the content of medical treatment - to the salicylates in willow bark tea, or to the antibiotic quality of penicillin. The direct pressure of a bandage on a cut finger might facilitate its healing. Meaning responses follow from the interaction with the context in which healing occurs - with the "power" of the laser in surgery, or with the red color of the pill that contains stimulating medication. Sometimes, a bandage on a cut finger works better if it has a picture of Snoopy on it. These three sorts of factors all work together to enhance the sick individual's return to health. Pain relief with "Trivaricane" and saline solution To illustrate this threesome, I will describe the results of some research involving pain. Now pain is a tricky thing to deal with. I can't see or measure pain; I can only listen to what you say about it. And asking you about your pain is likely to change its intensity.


Abstract Since mediaeval times the joker, jester, fool, or clown has been a privileged individual able to comment upon social structure, and parody rules, and authority while remaining immune from repercussions. Similar functions are fulfilled by their modern counterparts, and a study of workplace humor functions revealed the existence of jokers who created and instigated many of the humor 'events' in the studied companies. The joker expresses alternative possibilities and can question authority without subverting it. Although not officially appointed to the role, the modern organizational joker negotiates within his workgroup in order to assume this social position. The role evolves through the joker's involvement and participation in a community of practice using shared history and practices. The jokers were considered to be important organizational members by both their peers and managers, and their joking skills were highly valued. Although instances of humor are often multifunctional, the jokers use humor to fulfill some key functions in their workplaces. Four key functions of the jokers were identified and discussed and form the focus of this paper: challenging management; pushing the boundaries; developing the culture; and providing relief. The functions are explored using the community of practice framework (Wenger 1998) and also drawing on both organizational and humor literature.


In the last decade, business incubation has been an important strategy for promoting business and entrepreneurship development, both in developing countries and the EU. According to the United Nations Creative Economy Report 2010, there are a number of features indicating that in 2008–2009, the world economy faced its most severe recession in 70 years, which largely undermined growth, employment and quality of life. In this context, while traditional businesses and manufacturing were seriously hit, the knowledge-based creative sectors were more resistant to this world crisis. This paper addresses the issue of experts' motivation and contributions to university New Product Development (NPD) projects through a specific methodology. A case study developed at the College of Arts, Media and Technology (CAMT), Chiang Mai University (CMU) is provided to validate the proposed methodology. An individual case study was employed to analyze the results and outcomes of the project. Findings reveal that to ensure long-term success of the university NPD project and University Business Incubation (UBI) center, a spiral of knowledge (SECI model) is essential to reach higher levels of knowledge. This spiral of knowledge can be achieved by raising experts' motivation and contribution towards the university by continuous contribution from experts and/or an expansion of the expert network.


The variation of Al XII resonance line intensities with the electron density has been measured in a recombining, laser-produced plasma. A detailed, quasi-steady-state model of the population kinetics for these ions is used to successfully describe the measured X-ray spectra. The collisional transfer of population between excited states must be included in detail to account for the observed line intensity dependence for late-time, recombining coronal plasmas.


Fulfilling the new grid codes constitutes one of the main challenges for the wind power industry, that is specially concerned about the new fault-ride-through requirements. Enhancing the operation of wind-turbines in front of grid faults is not only an important issue for new wind farms, but also for the existing ones, as, at the present time, the classical squirrel cage induction generatorpsilas wind turbines still represent a 30% of the wind power production. Reinforcing the operation of such facilities can be performed taking advantage of the increasing number of modern power systems that are linked to the grid by means of power processors. In order to analyse the feasibility of this proposal, this paper test different control strategies to be implemented in a modern variable speed wind turbine, equipped with a synchronous generator and linked to the grid through a full power converter, that permits improving the fault-ride-through capability of a classical fixed speed wind turbine, based on a squirrel cage induction generator, installed in its neighborhood.


The first enantioselective total syntheses of (-)-secologanin (1), (-)-5-carboxystrictosidine (2), and (-)-rubenine (3) were accomplished in 10, 9, and 14 steps, respectively. The key transformation in the synthesis of 1 was a sequential anti-selective organocatalytic Michael reaction/Fukuyama reduction/spontaneous cyclization to form an optically active dihydropyran ring. In addition, the secologanin tetraacetate (16), which is a potential key intermediate for the bioinspired divergent syntheses of monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, was prepared in gram-scale in seven steps. The total syntheses of 2 and 3, which are classified as glycosylated monoterpenoid indole alkaloids, were achieved through bioinspired transformations such as a diastereoselective Pictet-Spengler reaction, a site- and stereoselective epoxidation, and a site-selective epoxide ring-opening followed by a lactonization reaction.


Abstract The vertical structure of the dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy was observed in the nearshore region (3.2-m mean water depth) with a tripod of three acoustic Doppler current meters off a sandy ocean beach. Surface and bottom boundary layer dissipation scaling concepts overlap in this region. No depth-limited wave breaking occurred at the tripod, but wind-induced whitecapping wave breaking did occur. Dissipation is maximum near the surface and minimum at middepth, with a secondary maximum near the bed. The observed dissipation does not follow a surfzone scaling, nor does it follow a "log layer" surface or bottom boundary layer scaling. At the upper two current meters, dissipation follows a modified deep-water breaking-wave scaling. Vertical shear in the mean currents is negligible and shear production magnitude is much less than dissipation, implying that the vertical diffusion of turbulence is important. The increased near-bed secondary dissipation maximum results from a decrease in the tu...


In this paper life cycle assessment of stand-alone solar PV power systems is studied to test their feasibility in regions of Bangladesh which do not have access to grid electricity. Economic performance of renewable power sources and non-renewable fossil fuel supplied generators is investigated and compared in terms of net present value analysis. The analysis suggest that solar PV systems are better both economically and environmentally from the context of a developing country like Bangladesh. Moreover, the results establish the finding that the choice between renewable or traditional power sources from an economic point of view depends on the load demand of the customers and the power rating of the generators.


In this study, we developed a one-dimensional Timoshenko beam model, embedded in a 3D space for static and dynamic analyses of beam-like structures. These are grid cylinders, that is, micro-structured bodies, made of a periodic and specifically designed three-dimensional assembly of beams. Derivation is performed in the framework of the direct 1D approach, while the constitutive law is determined by a homogenization procedure based on an energy equivalence between a cell of the periodic model and a segment of the solid beam. Warping of the cross-section, caused by shear and torsion, is approximatively taken into account by the concept of a shear factor, namely, a corrective factor for the constitutive coefficients of the equivalent beam. The inertial properties of the Timoshenko model are analytically identified under the hypothesis, and the masses are lumped at the joints. Linear static and dynamic responses of some micro-structured beams, taken as case studies, are analyzed, and a comparison between the results given by the Timoshenko model and those obtained by Finite-Element analyses on 3D frames is made. In this framework, the effectiveness of the equivalent model and its limits of applicability are highlighted.


The corporate failures and other related downfalls which occurred around the globe and Nigeria have raised fears about confidence in financial reporting practices by the listed firm in Nigeria. In recent times, financial crime has become more pervasive, and the probability of corporate fraud occurring in Nigeria has become more severe. These aspects of business failure have put greater responsibility on financial experts particularly auditors. Therefore, this study evaluated the attributes of internal audit practice and its influence on reporting quality of selected firms. Secondary data of nine (9) years range (2010 to 2019) were obtained from the financial reports of (4) four food and beverages firms purposively selected out of the twenty-three (23) listed on the Nigeria Stock Exchange as of December 2020. The internal Audit practice is the independent variable in this study and it is measured by three factors (Internal Audit fee, Technical Proficiency of internal auditor, and Firm Size). The dependent variable is the financial reporting quality. Mean ranking analysis was used to evaluate determinants of Internal Audit attributes in the selected firms while regression analysis was employed to measure the influence of internal audit quality on the financial reporting quality of sampled firms at 95% confidence level. The overall results (R2 0.8481; F-values = 21.51= and P-Value = 0.000) revealed that all the identified internal quality attributes (Internal Audit fee, Technical Training Proficiency, and Firm Size) were significantly related to internal audit practice and positively influence the financial reporting quality and performance of selected sampled food and beverages firms in Nigeria.


This paper presents study of a 6.78 MHz RF source with impedance matching network based inductively coupled plasma generator ignition system for an Hion source. Two types of 10 turn RF antenna (solenoid coil) were developed, to couple the RF power to the ignition plasma chamber. The antenna's electric parameters were measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). A copper conductor of 3 x 4 mm size with 10 turn solenoid coil was selected for simulation and experimental prototype antenna. Two L-types of (CCL and LCL C-capacitor and Linductor) matching network were selected for impedance matching network for RF antenna. Initial simulations are carried out using ELSIE and LT-spice for frequency range from 5 to 8MHz. The matching network along with RF antenna was matched to ~ 50 Ωimpedance at 6.78 MHz with capacitive nature. An experimental prototype RF power source, 10 turn antenna (coil) and a matching network was developed to validate the simulation results. The prototype ignition system along with impedance matching network L-type with CCL was tested for inductively coupled hydrogen plasma generation and experimental results presented. Hydrogen plasma generation starts at minimum antenna coupled RF power of 150 watts, once initiated hydrogen plasma maintains to a minimum RF power of 10 watts.


This paper introduces Cointegration Theory to address the problem of adaptive target detection in hyperspectral imagery. Cointegration Theory aims at mining a long-term equilibrium relationship, which refers to the condition that an appropriate linear combination of several non-stationary series can be stationary as long as they have similar or related drift. Hyperspectral response sequences, which are highly non-stationary, have similar patterns among the same materials. To be treated as a time series, each given hyperspectral curve is matched with the reference spectrum via the Johansen Cointegration Test. The statistic of the test is then used for target detection. Experimental results indicate that our proposed method is effective and has a strong capacity to identify interesting objects from their background.


This article reports a new marine fungus, Lanspora dorisauae (Phomatosporales, Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota), on trapped wood collected in coastal sites of Taiwan. This new fungus was subjected to a morphological examination and a phylogenetic study based on a combined analysis of the 18S, 28S, ITS rDNA, TEF1-α and RPB2 genes. Lanspora dorisauae is characterized by dark-coloured ascomata with a short neck, periphysate ostioles, subclavate, deliquescing asci without an apical ring, presence of wide paraphyses, striated wall ascospores with crown-like appendages on one pole of the ascospores. Phylogenetically, L. dorisauae grouped with Lanspora coronata (type species) with strong support. Lanspora coronata lacks paraphyses and appendages occur on both ends of the ascospores, while paraphyses are present and ascospore appendage is unipolar in L. dorisauae. Lanspora cylindrospora formed a sister clade with L. coronata and L. dorisauae, but it significantly differs in morphology with the latter two species in having cylindrical asci with an apical J- ring, smooth ascospore wall and no ascospore appendages, and may be better referred to a new genus. Lanspora, together with Phomatospora and Tenuimurus, belong to the Phomatosporaceae, Phomatosporales. Phomatospora berkeleyi should be sequenced to test the validity of the order Phomatosporales and the family Phomatosporaceae.


The article presents data from an original study on the implementation and empirical verification of the effectiveness of the developed therapeutic complex aimed at improving the intensive treatment of the nosological association «unstable angina pectoris (as the underlying disease) + type 2 diabetes mellitus (as a background pathology) + hyperventilation syndrome (as a concomitant state)». The author's therapeutic complex is based on a controlled change in auxiliary respiratory oxygenation «downward», provided that basic pharmacotherapy must be supplemented with a balanced combination of antihypoxic drugs and antiaggregant of new generation . A comparative study of two groups of thematic patients was carried out - using the developed complex and using the «traditional approach». The complex key parameters of the outcomes of the underlying disease in patients were studied using clinical assessment of functional classes of angina pectoris and veloergometric assessment of exercise tolerance. When using the developed therapeutic complex in comparison with the «traditional approach», a fundamental improvement in the outcomes of angina pectoris was established, which was confirmed by both the ratio of functional classes and the results of bicycle ergometry. The obtained data of intergroup differences have a high level of statistical significance. This proved the significant actual effectiveness of the developed therapeutic complex. The data presented in the article are distinguished by novelty and practical applicability, which makes it possible to recommend them for further implementation in the practice of the clinic of internal diseases.


We have analysed the implications of a phenomenological model of a built-in cosmological constant of Rastall and Al-Rawaf–Taha type. We have produced the presently observed cosmic acceleration with the aid of introducing a positive cosmological constant. We have shown that the cosmological models of the type , or are equivalent to a built-in cosmological constant model of Al-Rawaf and Taha type. Such models are compatible with the recent observational data and do not suffer from fine tuning problems. We predict a higher lensing probability than in Einstein–de Sitter and Abdel Rahman models. We also predict higher values for the luminosity and angular diameter distances than those of Abdel Rahman model. The lens distribution peaks at relatively smaller values of the lens red-shift and occurs at higher red-shift.


This paper presents a novel method for automatically classifying consumer video clips based on their soundtracks. We use a set of 25 overlapping semantic classes, chosen for their usefulness to users, viability of automatic detection and of annotator labeling, and sufficiency of representation in available video collections. A set of 1873 videos from real users has been annotated with these concepts. Starting with a basic representation of each video clip as a sequence of mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) frames, we experiment with three clip-level representations: single Gaussian modeling, Gaussian mixture modeling, and probabilistic latent semantic analysis of a Gaussian component histogram. Using such summary features, we produce support vector machine (SVM) classifiers based on the Kullback-Leibler, Bhattacharyya, or Mahalanobis distance measures. Quantitative evaluation shows that our approaches are effective for detecting interesting concepts in a large collection of real-world consumer video clips.


American and European technology is being used to demonstrate the suitability of neat methanol as a fuel for transit buses. The project is sponsored by the California Energy Commission (CEC), and transit buses are being operated by the Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District (GGTD). Project management and bus testing are performed by Acurex Corporation. Test data are being obtained on performance, fuel consumption, exhaust emissions, noise levels, and operational suitability. One of the coaches was obtained from General Motors Corporation and the other from M.A.N. in Germany. The GM coach employs a Detroit Diesel Allison 6V-92TA two-stroke-cycle engine, which burns methanol by compression ignition. The M.A.N. engine is a spark-assisted diesel, operating on a four-stroke cycle. Both buses are being tested in parallel with diesel-powered counterparts. In comparing diesel with methanol fuel, road performance is nearly identical for each pair of buses. Fuel consumption is similar on an energy basis. The methanol buses have a cleaner exhaust, with smoke and odor eliminated. Oxides of nitrogen and particulates are also considerably lower with methanol.


This paper develops and tests a new model of asymmetric information in the labour market involving employer learning. In the model, I provide theoretical conditions for the identification – based on the experience and tenure profiles of estimated returns to ability and education – of employer learning about unobserved worker's productivity and statistical discrimination based on years of schooling. Using data from two British birth cohorts, estimates based on this model support the hypothesis that British employers have limited information about their workers, make inferences based on their education levels, and progressively learn about their true ability. Moreover, this learning process – particularly among blue-collar workers– favours incumbent employers relative to potential competitors (asymmetric learning). This informational advantage implies an additional distortion in the functioning of the labour market and policy evaluation rarely takes into account the informational impact of interventions and its implications for individual behaviour.


The Irish Minister for Business, Enterprise and Innovation signed the Competition Act 2002 (Section 27) Order 2018 (the Order) on 2 October.1 The Order was subsequently confirmed by the houses of the Irish parliament (ie, theDáil and the Seanad) on 16 October 2018. The Order has the effect of increasing the financial thresholds for mandatory notification of a merger or acquisition to the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC) in Ireland and will come into effect as and from 1 January 2019. This is the first time that a Minister has used his or her powers under section 27 of the Competition Acts 2002 to 2017 (the Competition Act) to increase the financial thresholds for deal reporting since the introduction of the current thresholds on 31 October 2014.


There is a growing demand on educational institutions to use ICT to teach the skills and knowledge students need for the digital age. The integration of ICT into education provides opportunities for teachers and students to work better in a globalized digital age, particularly in teaching and learning environment, where teaching and learning can take place anytime and anywhere, 24-hours seven days a week. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors that influence teachers' decision to integrate ICT in teaching and learning. The study is chosen because of the strategic importance of ICT in education and particularly, its immense potential, to transform the ways in which teaching is carried out in the classroom. There are a lot of studies in the area, but very little empirical research has been conducted to examine this phenomenon from the teachers perceptive. The present article aims to fill this gap by using in-depth case studies, conceptualized within the grounded theory method to develop a model that will explain and enhance the understanding of the factors influencing teachers' integration of ICT in teaching and learning. The diffusion theory will provide the theoretical foundation for this study.


SIR,-I was interested to read Drs Elspeth M Williamson and R Jane Berry's letter "Defects in copper winding of intrauterine devices" (5 May, p 1215) as the previous day I had removed one of these devices wnich had no copper on it at all. There was a small black speck attached to the lower end of the stem where the copper winding usually begins and a few more in the mucus surrounding it, but these were washed away by the nurse and are not available for analysis. This IUCD had been fitted by a colleague in the same clinic on 24 April 1974 and the patient, who had been abroad, had not returned for examination since six weeks after the device was fitted. She had no complaints but thought that it was time that she had a check-up. She was refitted with a new Copper 7. It seems to me that this loss of copper was not due to any defect in winding but that it had been dissolved away during the length of time that it had remained in the uterus. The Gravigard is a small plastic device with 32 Lm of copper wire 0 2 mm in diameter wound round its stem giving a surface area of 200 sq mm, its original weight being 95 mg.' This makes it 7-10 times as effective as a similar plastic device without copper.2 3 The increased contraceptive effect appears to be due to the presence of dissolved copper in the uterus. The initial rate of copper elution is 60 ,ug/day, which decreases to 12 ,ug by the end of the first year and to less than 10 ,ug daily during the second and third year.4 The amount of copper diffusion may be affected by the deposit of calcium on the device.' Contraceptive effectiveness may therefore be diminished by loss of copper or by its being covered with calcium. Even so, the Copper 7 appears to remain effective for longer than the two years recommended by the manufacturer as the pregnancy rates continue to fall from 16 per 100 women in the first year of use to 0-8 in the fourth year (Searle Laboratories, personal communication); Zipper et all found a similar fall from 2 3 to 0 9. Rates for expulsion and removal of the device for bleeding or pain were diminished after the first year. Although changing of the Copper 7 is recommended after two years, it has been my experience that many of the problems following the first fitting recur after reinsertion of a device and it does not seem good clinical practice to remove and reinsert an IUCD as a routine when a patient has no complaints. However, in view of the findings of Drs Williamson and Berry and my experience it would seem prudent to renew Copper 7s after about three years of use until more is known about the factors governing the length of their effectiveness in individual patients.


AIMS
To assess attitudes towards environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and health-risk awareness regarding the potential hazards of ETS for children among parents of young children in the Nordic countries. Also to investigate to what extent these factors are related to ETS exposure of the children.

DESIGN
A cross-sectional community-based survey using an anonymous mailed questionnaire.

PARTICIPANTS
Parents of children aged 3 years at the time of selection from a random sample of 5500 households in the Nordic countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland and Finland).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Smoking status of parents, weekly ETS exposure of children within and outside the home, health-risk awareness and attitudes regarding the potential hazards of passive smoking.

FINDINGS
Two in three parents who smoked did not recognize the increased risk for an inner ear infection and approximately 50% were not aware of the role of parental smoking in recruiting smokers. One in two smokers tended to agree or agreed that an act should be passed which forbids all indoor smoking in the vicinity of children. After adjustment for covariates, the level of health-risk awareness about ETS was significantly related to no ETS exposure within and outside the home.

CONCLUSION
The main findings indicate that educating parents about the established health risks of ETS for their children may significantly reduce children's exposure to ETS. An increased effort is needed to educate parents who smoke on the potential health risks of ETS for their children.


The phytochrome holoprotein of plants requires a covalently bound linear tetrapyrrole (bilin) prosthetic group for its photoreceptor function. Here we show that synthetic phytochrome apoprotein prepared by transcription and translation of an Avena phytochrome cDNA construct combines in vitro with phycocyanobilin, an analog of the natural chromophore, to produce a photoactive holoprotein. These results indicate that holoprotein assembly is an "autocatalytic" process.


One of the main concerns of artificial intelligence is to produce melody for helping new composers. This article aims to produce melody automatically by using a fuzzy inference system-based melody production tool (FIS-MPT). FIS-MPT contains three principal modules, a module for definition of fuzzy rules, a module for choosing the type of cadence in order to end the musical sentences, and a module for determination of the sentence pattern. By using FIS-MPT, a number of infinite melodies can be produced in different classes tailored to the users' tastes by changing the fuzzy inference engine, the type of cadence, and the pattern of sentences. In this regard, a software with graphical user interface is developed to produce different melodies by using Java programming environment which contains JFuzzy and JFugue libraries. Users can determine two initial notes and a tempo number. After that, the melody is automatically produced based on a default setting by using 36 fuzzy rules and authentic cadence.


This study assesses how characteristics of agritourism operations may influence future expansion plans. Differences in barriers which agritourism operations face, as well as types of promotion methods used are examined for expansion-minded agritourism operators. This information will be useful to agritourism operators, as they look for contributors to future growth.


Indian economy is currently going through a difficult period. However, the problems are not unique to India. Growth has slowed down in many other emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs). This book entitled: The Emerging Big Picture: Making Sense of India's Economy , in two volumes, comprising the writings of eminent economists, policy makers, distinguished scholars and subject experts, throws light on various reasons attributed to the growth slowdown and collectively provide roadmap for not only accelerating economic growth but also sustainable and regionally more inclusive growth. Contributors: Shankar Acharya, K.C. Chakrabarty, P. Chidambaram, Bibek Debroy, G. Gopalakrishna, Ashok Gulati, Anwarul Hoda, Harun R. Khan, Deepali Pant Joshi, Deepak Mohanty, N.A. Mujumdar, Pranab Mukherjee, Raghuram Rajan, Indira Rajaraman, C. Rangarajan, Shweta Saini, Manmohan Singh, Anand Sinha, Duvvuri Subbarao, Arvind Subramanian, V.S. Vyas.


Electrodeposited nickel-tungsten alloys are being considered as a candidate material for components for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) fabricated by the LIGA (German acronym for lithography, electrodeposition, and forming) technology. In spite of having a useful range of properties including; hardness and strength, better tribological and chemical resistance and improved high temperature resistance as compared with the conventionally used electrodeposited Ni, these alloys possess certain brittleness. In this study, the fracture toughness of Ni-17.5 at%W alloy microcantilever beams (dimension: 60μm x 20μm x 14μm) fabricated by UV lithography and electrodeposition and notched by focused ion beam machining is investigated. Load was applied to the beams using a nanoindenter, which also allowed accurate positioning of the sample. Fracture toughness was calculated from the fracture load assuming a linear elastic behaviour. The Ni-W alloy beams were found to possess a mean fracture toughness of 2.97 MPa √m. The fracture toughness of Ni-W alloy is found to be higher than that of Si – another important MEMS material, but considerably lower than that of electrodeposited nickel and nickel base alloys.


BACKGROUND
Infants born very preterm often receive multiple red blood cell (RBC) transfusions during their initial hospitalisation. However, there is an increasing awareness of potential adverse effects of RBC transfusions in this vulnerable patient population. Modification of RBCs prior to transfusion, through washing with 0.9% saline, may reduce these adverse effects and reduce the rate of significant morbidity and mortality for preterm infants and improve outcomes for this high-risk group.

OBJECTIVES
To determine whether pre-transfusion washing of RBCs prevents morbidity and mortality in preterm infants.

SEARCH METHODS
We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 7), MEDLINE via PubMed (31 July 2015), EMBASE (31 July 2015), and CINAHL (31 July 2015). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA
Randomised, cluster randomised, and quasi-randomised controlled trials including preterm infants (less than 32 weeks gestation) or very low birth weight infants (less than 1500 g), or both, who received one or more washed packed RBC transfusions.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two review authors independently assessed the eligibility of the trials. We identified four studies from the initial search. After further review of the full-text studies, we found one study meeting the selection criteria.

MAIN RESULTS
We included a single study enrolling a total of 21 infants for analysis in this review and reported on all-cause mortality during hospital stay, length of initial neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) stay (days), and duration of mechanical ventilation (days). There was no significant difference in mortality between the washed versus the unwashed RBCs for transfusion groups (risk ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28 to 9.36; risk difference 0.10, 95% CI -0.26 to 0.45). There was no significant difference in the length of initial NICU stay between the washed versus the unwashed RBCs for transfusion groups (mean difference (MD) 25 days, 95% CI -21.15 to 71.15) or the duration of mechanical ventilation between the washed versus the unwashed RBCs for transfusion groups (MD 9.60 days, 95% CI -1.90 to 21.10).

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
We identified a single small study. The results from this study show a high level of uncertainty, as the confidence intervals are consistent with both a large improvement or a serious harm caused by the intervention. Consequently, there is insufficient evidence to support or refute the use of washed RBCs to prevent the development of significant neonatal morbidities or mortality. Further clinical trials are required to assess the potential effects of pre-transfusion washing of RBCs for preterm or very low birth weight infants, or both, on short- and long-term outcomes.


Like Caesarius of Heisterbach's Dialogus Miraculorum, Sefer H. asidim is a speculum of the society in which it originated. It contains allusions to knights and demons, princes and prices, grain profiteering, monastic practices, tensions in communal politics, Jewish-Christian debates, conversion in both directions, coin clipping, sexual promiscuity, local customs, women's occupations in weaving and money lending, and a variety of other facts of medieval culture and life in medieval Germany.2


The article argues that the corporate alternative minimum tax ("AMT") should be repealed. The article notes that recent events involving Enron, Worldcom, Global Crossing, and Qwest have demonstrated that Congress' justification for enacting the corporate AMT in 1986 has been undercut because book income, like taxable income, can also be subject to wholesale manipulation. The article argues that the corporate AMT raises minimal revenue, distorts investment incentives, and imposes substantial compliance costs. In addition, the article argues that the corporate AMT does not increase efficiency or equity and does not prevent corporate tax shelters. In lieu of the corporate AMT, the article proposes reducing tax preferences and requiring greater public disclosure of the tax information of public companies.


This article analyzes the attitude of old people to education and learning in old age. The different factors influencing attitude systems are investigated. Moreover, this study investigates the types of association elderly people make with the terms "education" and "learning". The analysis revealed that old people regard learning as an important component of life. "Learning" not only comprises acquisition of knowledge, but is also seen as an increase in the ability to judge and criticize.


Frequency of public harm that associated with hazardous chemicals has been increasing in the last several years. These incidents involve nerve gas attacks on Matsumoto-city and on the subways in central Tokyo, doping in sports, amphetamines abuse problem among adolescent boys and girls, potential health risks due to a contamination of environment by endocrine disrupters, and scheduled contamination of foods and drinks by several toxic compounds. US government has learnt from unexpected Sarin-affairs in Japan, and fast-track defensive action has been taken in the USA for a better safe of general public. The Japanese system for forensic analyses consists of a number of in-organizational laboratories that founded in each individual universities, hospitals and police offices etc. Such system allows laboratories to fit regional requirements and to achieve highly professional outcome on a specific area depending on their scientific interests. On the other hand, such situation sometime can cause difficulty in timely identification of certain compounds, which are not frequently analyzed in their laboratories. This paper refers to the possible bottlenecks, critical points and key success factors for a rapid identification of toxins. Two stage testing systems, namely, a) simple rapid examination such as one-step specific immunoassays for on-site emergency testing, and b) following conclusive identification of the compounds in the nearest expert laboratories seemed to be effective and practical corrective measures for the problems that were focused in the recent crises. Documentation of the course of action to be taken in case of emergency, improved supply system of reference standards, circulation of information through the Internet mailing list or other communication infrastructures, use of quality control program, and financial supporting of other educational programs for analyses, may improve the situation.