According to the Global Muslim Travel Index report, the market share of Muslim travelers is increasing. It is expected to increase to USD 220 billion by 2020 and is expected to increase by USD 80 billion to USD 300 billion by 2026. The Muslim consumer market has been recognized as another important segment for cross-sectoral businesses. With this increasing interest, researchers are starting to focus on halal tourism. This study aims to identify and map research related to the development of halal tourism in the world of research for the last 14 years, from 2009 to 2022. The method used is a qualitative analysis of secondary data in the form of metadata from 287 Scopus-indexed publications, then processed using NVivo software. 12 Plus. The results of the study show that the number of publications on the development of halal tourism continues to increase. From the results of the exploration and visualization review of the halal tourism pattern, it was found that there are 4 research lines related to this topic including satisfaction with halal tourism, the role of government policies in halal tourism, innovative business opportunities for the halal tourism industry, the Muslim tourism market sector and players in the halal tourism sector. In addition, this study found that the halal tourism management system was still poorly organized. Therefore, the contribution of this research is very important for tourism operators, managers, and marketers of tourism destinations who have direct and indirect leadership in improving the halal tourism management system.


Spatter particles, created during laser powder-bed-fusion (L-PBF) additive manufacturing process of 316L stainless steel, solidified as single-crystal, non-equilibrium, body-centered cubic (BCC) ferrite, which has not been reported before. This phenomenon is unusual considering that the composition of stainless steel 316L typically ensures primarily austenitic (face-centered-cubic, FCC) solidification. These particles were analyzed with multi-length scale microscopy and diffraction methods. Mechanisms for the competition between BCC and FCC phases were evaluated with computational thermodynamic and interface response function theories, as a function of thermal boundary conditions. These results indicate that the particles solidify at rapid rates and/or that conditions exist during solidification that allow for the nucleation and growth of the BCC phase that outcompete the FCC phase. The novelties of the work pertain to three aspects (i) discovery of fully single crystal BCC particles residing within spatter, (ii) rationalization of the mechanisms for this phenomenon with suites of characterization and modeling tools, as well as, (iii) the suggestion that L-PBF and associated spattering processes can be used as a synthesis route to produce metastable, single-crystal structures.


In the last four decades something radical has happened in the United States consumer economy: the ordinary, middle class homeowner has gained a new means for borrowing thousands of dollars. While consumers have long had the option of using their homes as collateral for loans, they can now use credit cards to borrow large sums without any security for those loans. This article explains the legal shift that accompanied this new type of loan transaction and explores changes in the credit relationship. While careful and extensive legal scholarship draws attention to the dramatic changes the credit card has made to the landscape of consumer credit, the focus has been on explaining the lure of credit cards to consumers and the key legal moments that promoted the credit card. The effect of credit cards on borrowers' legal rights has remained largely unexamined. This article seeks to fill that gap. Using mortgage lending as the historical paradigm, I claim that credit card lending creates a new legal paradigm of an individual borrower. Whereas mortgage law crafted non-waivable property rules to protect the ignorant borrower from exploitation by the lender, credit card law relies on largely waivable contract rules to afford the enlightened borrower greater access to credit. Mortgage law traditionally protected ignorant borrowers' ownership rights in their collateral. Credit card law regulated the disclosures made to enlightened borrowers to ensure that they have enough information to make good bargains. This switch in borrower paradigms elicits drastically different results and less favorable treatment of the typical, middle class consumer.


Pre-arrival integration tests used by European countries suggest discriminatory measures subtly persist in immigration laws. This paper draws on a comparison across the Americas and Europe to identify and explain historical continuities and discontinuities in 'assimilability' admissions requirements. We attribute legal shifts at the turn of the twenty-first century to the institutionalised delegitimisation of biological racism and the rise of permanent settlement immigration to Europe. Efforts to reduce Muslim immigration largely motivate contemporary European policies, but these policies test putative individual capacity to integrate rather than inferring it from a racial group categorisation, as did historical precedents in the Americas. ARTICLE HISTORY Received 19 December 2016 Accepted 27 March 2017


Spatial aspects, including remoteness as one of the most important characteristics, signifi-cantly affect the socio-economic development of regions, in particular, the introduction of innovations by business. The present study aims to analyse the impact of distance to large cities and regional centres on the use of robotics in agriculture. At the first stage, the Google Maps application was used to determine the distances between robot farms and district and regional centres; at the second stage, a cluster analy-sis of the obtained data was performed. The study involved 81 farms located in 32 Russian regions, which use 371 robot units (85.2 % of their total number in the country). The greatest distance from the robot farm to the regional centre is 470 km, to the district centre — 73 km. The cluster analysis revealed an in-verse correlation between distances to regional centres and the average number of robots on farms. On average, there are 32.5 robots in a cluster with an average distance of 35.0 km between a farm and a re-gional centre, 3.6 robots in a cluster with a distance of 114.7 km, and 3.0 robots in a cluster of extremely remote farms with a distance of 227.5 km. Farms with the largest number of robots are located near ma-jor urban agglomerations. Accordingly, the introduction of robotics in remote areas will be slower due to underdeveloped transport and other infrastructure. At the same time, rural population commuting to large cities additionally stimulates the robotisation of agriculture. To reduce the technological backward-ness of remote rural areas, it is proposed to implement measures of innovation stimulation, including ag-ricultural growth corridors, agriculture clusters, agro-industrial parks, special economic zones and agri-business incubators.


Current validation and verification (V&V) activities in aerospace industry mostly rely on time-consuming simulationbased tools. These classical Monte-Carlo approaches have been widely used for decades to assess performance of AOCS/GNC systems containing multiple uncertain parameters. They are able to quantify the probability of sufficiently frequent phenomena, but they may fail in detecting rare but critical combinations of parameters. As the complexity of modern space systems increases, this limitation plays an ever-increasing role. In recent years, model-based worst-case analysis methods have reached a good level of maturity. Without the need of simulations, these tools can fully explore the space of all possible combinations of uncertain parameters and provide guaranteed mathematical bounds on robust stability margins and worst-case performance levels. Problematic parameter configurations, identified using these methods, can be used to guide the final Monte-Carlo campaigns, thereby drastically shortening the standard V&V process. A limitation of classical model-based worst-case analysis methods is that they assume the uncertain parameters can take any value within a given range with equal probability. The probability of occurrence of a worst-case parameter combination is thus not measured. A system design can therefore be rejected based on a very rare and extremely unlikely scenario. The proposed idea aims to fill this gap by considering a richer set of probability distributions in the uncertain parameters and measuring the likelihood that a given problematic scenario will occur. It will also demonstrate on a realistic benchmark problem how to integrate the resulting tools in a typical aerospace V&V scenario and to significantly accelerate the system design. The objective is to provide the end user with a deep understanding of the way uncertainty at component level can propagate to a probabilistic outcome at system level.


The use of two truly two-dimensional gapless semiconductors, monolayer and bilayer graphene, as current-carrying components in field-effect transistors (FET) gives access to new types of nanoelectronic devices. Here, we report on the development of graphene-based FETs containing two decoupled graphene monolayers manufactured from a single one folded during the exfoliation process. The transport characteristics of these newly-developed devices differ markedly from those manufactured from a single-crystal bilayer. By analyzing Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations, we demonstrate the possibility to independently control the carrier densities in both layers using top and bottom gates, despite there being only a nano-meter scale separation between them.


Background New York's statewide "Get Screened, No Excuses" campaign has been one of the nation's most aggressive actions to improve access to breast cancer screening. Inner city and suburban county medical centers' initiatives were studied to compare outcomes of breast cancer screening and factors that influence access to care. Methods Women delinquent in breast cancer screening one year or greater were offered patient navigator services to aid in timely breast cancer screening. Time-to-event completion rates among different stages of breast cancer screening stages in City and County women were compared. Time-to-event completion rates among different stages of breast cancer screening stages. Results 2505 women aged ≥40 years accepted PN services. Mean (SD) age of patients was 56.2 (10) years. The mean (SD) age of those who completed breast screening vs. those who did not was 56.8 (10) and 52.5 (.9) years, respectively (P < .01). The rates of screening completion during physical examination, mammography and biopsy stages were 74%, 78% and 100% in City vs. 98%, 85% and 100% in County, respectively (P < .001). Screening phase was the significant predictor of time to completion for breast cancer screening in Cox regression analysis. Over 85% of women completed the breast cancer screening, 74% in City and 97.6% in County (P < .001). Discussion Screening phase is an important predictor of time-to complete breast cancer screening. Center location served as the effect modifier of the relationship. The rate of completing the screening was significantly higher and faster among Suburban County compared to Inner City women.


Ilicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs is carried out by international networks operating in several countries. Ilicit traffic in narcotic drugs results in huge financial and wealth gains that enable transnational crime organizations to penetrate, pollute and undermine the structure of government, legitimate commercial and financial business, and society at all levels. In dealing with this situation, Indonesia harmonizes the law through mutual legal assistance arrangements. In this study two issues will be discussed namely legal reform through mutual legal assistance and mutual legal assistance in narcotics crimes. Legal reform is a policy carried out by a country to deal with the situation that occurs in the country. The development of transnational crime was responded by the state through a policy of mutual legal assistance as outlined in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2006 concerning Reciprocal Assistance in Criminal Matters. Cooperation between countries in the process of law enforcement needs to be done to tackle the crime of trafficking in narcotics. Ilicit traffic in narcotic drugs is carried out by involving several countries. Reciprocal legal assistance in narcotics crimes can be implemented in three ways, namely diplomatic channels, through central authorities and through direct cooperation between law enforcement agencies. Keywords : Mutual legal assistance, Ilicit Traffic, Narcotic Drugs


Intoduction The rapid access chest pain (RACP) service model aims to fast-track the diagnostic evaluation of suspected cardiac chest pain with the aid of exercise electrocardiography (ECG). However, approximately 25–30% of patients are either unable to exercise or have an equivocal exercise ECG and it is unclear how this might affect the long-term clinical outcome. Aim The aim of this study was to determine the independent predictors of all-cause death in patients attending the RACP service from January 2004 to December 2006. Methods A total of 2199 patients attended the RACP clinic during the study period. Of these, 316 patients were inappropriate referrals and were therefore excluded from the analysis. The study cohort consisted of 1883 patients who were considered eligible for ischaemia testing. The parameters analysed included age, sex, ethnicity, diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, smoking, previous coronary artery disease (CAD) and exercise ECG findings (diagnostic test vs inconclusive test or inability to exercise). Pretest probabilities were low in 19%, intermediate in 62% and high in 19% of the patients. Results A total of 66 all-cause deaths were recorded during a mean follow-up period of 39.4 ± 9.9 months. Comparison of the demographic data and the management plans of the patients who died versus those who survived are shown in tables 1 and 2. Those who died were significantly older, had higher prevalences of smoking, diabetes and hypertension, reflecting higher pretest probabilities of CAD. These patients were also more likely to have a non-diagnostic exercise ECG (inconclusive test or inability to exercise) and had a higher referral rate for pharmacological stress imaging, with a median waiting time of approximately 5 months. Multivariate analysis showed that age (p = 0.001), diabetes (p = 0.006) and a non-diagnostic exercise ECG (p = 0.04) were the independent predictors of all-cause death. Conclusion Patients leaving the RACP clinic without a diagnostic exercise ECG due to an inconclusive result or inability to exercise are at higher risk of death than those with a diagnostic exercise ECG. These patients are not adequately well served by the RACP service model based on the exercise ECG. Future models of care need to incorporate early and increased access to pharmacological stress imaging with appropriate funding and resource allocation to meet the 18 weeks target.


The radio interference from high voltage transmission lines is generally measured using either the CISPR or the ANSI type of instrument to give the quasipeak value and in some cases also the peak and average values, of the interference. However, because of the random and uncorrelated nature of corona generation on the transmission lines, the analysis of radio interference propagation can be made only in terms of rms quantities. In order to resolve this apparent inconsistency between the measurement and analysis of radio interference, the response of the conventional radio noise meters to random pulses is investigated using digital computer simulation. Some results are verified using a hybrid computer simulation, which represents more closely the detector output circuit of a radio noise meter. The results show that as the degree of randomness, both in amplitudes and separation intervals, of the pulses increases, the quasi-peak value becomes roughly proportional to the rms value. It is also shown that it is possible to predict, even with greater accuracy, the rms response of the radio noise meter from the measured quasi-peak and average responses.


The Department of Energy (DOE) prepared this environmental assessment (EA) to analyze the potential environmental and safety impacts of DOE planning to allow asset reuse of the TNX Area at the Savannah River Site (SRS) located near Aiken, South Carolina. The proposed action would include providing for a location for the Centers of Excellence at or adjacent to SRS and entering into a cooperative agreement with a non-profit management and operations (management firm) contractor to operate and market the TNX facilities and equipment. The area (formerly TNX) would be called a Multi-Purpose Pilot Plant Campus (MPPC) and would be used: (1) as location for technology research, development, demonstration, and commercial operations; (2) to establish partnerships with industry to develop applied technologies for commercialization; and (3) serve as administrative headquarters for Centers of Excellence in the program areas of soil remediation, radioecology, groundwater contamination, and municipal solid waste minimization.


The solar vector, which defines the angle between the satellite and the Sun, is an important parameter for attitude control of a nanosatellite. It is highly desirable to enable accurate attitude control of a nanosatellite without increasing size and mass. To solve this issue, this study presents a novel sun sensor based on solar panel time-division multiplexing. The mathematical relationship between the short-circuit current of the solar panel and the solar vector is derived, and a mathematical model of the time-division multiplexing for the sensor is introduced. A sample of the sensor is built and an experiment is conducted to obtain the short-circuit current data for different angles. The output of the sensor is included in the mathematical model to obtain the solar vector. The relevant measurement errors of the sensor is also derived. The results show that the sensor is capable of measuring across the 0–180° range with a maximum absolute error of measurement of 4.531° and a relative error of 2.517%.


Introduction Visually impaired students (that is, those who are blind or have low vision) have difficulty accessing curricular material in mathematical textbooks because many mathematics texts have visual images that contain important content information that are not transcribed or described in digital versions of the texts. However, little is known about the extent to which this issue exists within texts and what sort of information is contained in visual material in mathematics texts. This article describes a process undertaken to classify images in a selection of math textbooks that are currently being used in grades 5,8, and 11. Methods Representative textbooks were chosen that aligned with Common Core Standards. An exhaustive and mutually exclusive set of image categories was developed, researchers became reliable on coding procedures, and then all images in the representative texts were coded. Results The most common images involved student interest, motivation, and organization, but contained little or no math content. The second most common area of image categories often contained large amounts of math content but were difficult to describe succinctly or might have been described without including important mathematical information. This grouping included tables, line graphs, and images specifically related to a single question. The final group of less frequently appearing images included ray or line diagrams, number lines, pie charts, bar graphs, and maps. Discussion To improve access to visual math content, the focus should be on images that appear frequently and contain math content such as tables, scatter or line graphs, shapes, equations, and images specifically related to a single question. Less common image categories such as models, line diagrams, pictures of calculator keys, and number lines lend themselves easily to description. Implications for practitioners Optimization of limited instructional time would be accomplished by having teachers focus on students' understanding of the most common types of images, such as tables and line graphs.


This article investigates how emotions of avoidance affect curriculum choice in a science classroom and also evaluates a research-based social form of learning for changing emotions of avoidance towards a specific science topic (arachnids) for a population of preservice teachers. It was found that there is a strong invariant structural relationship between emotions of avoidance and beliefs about incorporation of science concepts about arachnids. However, participation in the arachnid learning activities decreased emotions of avoidance and increased beliefs about incorporation into a science classroom. The implications of these findings are that social forms of learning can change avoidance emotions and beliefs of teachers and may even be effective for addressing other classroom topics that are socially sensitive, such as biological evolution or climate change.


Clinical examination, phonocardiography and echocardiography were performed on 49 elderly patients with systolic murmurs. Patients with mitral murmurs had increased left atrial and left ventricular diameters, increased mitral valve closure rate and excursion with a higher frequency of previous congestive cardiac failure. There was no difference in aortic root diameter or aortic valve excursion between the two groups. Patients with mitral murmurs were more likely to have an abnormal echocardiogram and abnormalities of mitral valve leaflet function were most commonly observed.


ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) is the most common opportunistic disease and a potentially fatal complication among immunocompromised individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Effective vaccination against TB in persons with HIV has been considered unlikely because of the central role that CD4 cells play in controlling tuberculous infections. Here we show that the vaccination of CD8−/− mice with a TB DNA vaccine cocktail did not significantly enhance protective responses to a Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. In contrast, immunization with a DNA vaccine cocktail or with the current TB vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, induced considerable antituberculosis protective immunity in immune-deficient mice lacking CD4 cells. In vaccinated CD4−/− animals, substantially reduced bacterial burdens in organs and much improved lung pathology were seen 1 month after an aerogenic M. tuberculosis challenge. Importantly, the postchallenge mean times to death of vaccinated CD4−/− mice were significantly extended (mean with DNA cocktail, 172 ± 7 days; mean with BCG, 156 ± 22 days) compared to that of naïve CD4−/− mice (33 ± 6 days). Furthermore, the treatment of DNA-vaccinated CD4−/− mice with an anti-CD8 or anti-gamma interferon (IFN-γ) antibody significantly reduced the effect of immunization, and neither IFN-γ−/− nor tumor necrosis factor receptor-deficient mice were protected by DNA immunization; therefore, the primary vaccine-induced protective mechanism in these immune-deficient mice likely involves the secretion of cytokines from activated CD8 cells. The substantial CD8-mediated protective immunity that was generated in the absence of CD4 cells suggests that it may be possible to develop effective TB vaccines for use in HIV-infected populations.


The band gap transitions in boron nitride/phosphorene (h-BN/P) heterostructures are investigated by single-atom-embedding via first principles calculations. In particular, single-atom-embedded heterostructures are designed by embedding 10 different single atoms between the h-BN/P bilayers to compare the transition of properties against the pure h-BN/P heterostructure. Thermodynamic evaluation reveals that the embedded atom plays an important role in the stability of heterostructure formation; as a result, Na, Pd and Pt embedded heterostructures are energetically stable. The stable Na, Pd and Pt embedded h-BN(BN)/P heterostructures are subsequently evaluated in terms of their electronic structures for comparison with the pure h-BN(BN)/P heterostructure. The band gaps of the Na, Pd and Pt embedded heterostructures are revealed to be lower (1.5–1.8 eV) than the wide band gap of the pure h-BN/P heterostructure (= 2.425 eV) by GLLB-sc functional calculations. Novel band gap engineering of h-BN/P heterostructures is revealed through single atom doping, transforming them into promising photoelectric materials for solar energy conversion devices.


With the proliferation of mobile devices and wireless technologies, mobile social network systems are increasingly available. A mobile social network plays an essential role as the spread of information and influence in the form of "word-of-mouth". It is a fundamental issue to find a subset of influential individuals in a mobile social network such that targeting them initially (e.g., to adopt a new product) will maximize the spread of the influence (further adoptions of the new product). The problem of finding the most influential nodes is unfortunately NP-hard. It has been shown that a Greedy algorithm with provable approximation guarantees can give good approximation; However, it is computationally expensive, if not prohibitive, to run the greedy algorithm on a large mobile social network. In this paper, a divide-and-conquer strategy with parallel computing mechanism has been adopted. We first propose an algorithm called Community-based Greedy algorithm for mining top-K influential nodes. It encompasses two components: dividing the large-scale mobile social network into several communities by taking into account information diffusion and selecting communities to find influential nodes by a dynamic programming. Then, to further improve the performance, we parallelize the influence propagation based on communities and consider the influence propagation crossing communities. Also, we give precision analysis to show approximation guarantees of our models. Experiments on real large-scale mobile social networks show that the proposed methods are much faster than previous algorithms, meanwhile, with high accuracy.


It has taken a long time but we're nearly there. As we enter the final furlong of probably the longest election campaign in British political history, the polls still have the major protagonists neck and neck. But while uncertainty exists on whether the Conservatives or Labour will gain the most seats, there is notable polling trends on which a broad consensus has emerged.


The results of studies on the use of magnesium alloy in modern Tundish + Cored Wire injection method for production of vermicular graphite cast irons were described. The injection of Mg Cored Wire length is a treatment method which can be used to process iron melted in an electric induction furnace. This paper describes the results of using a high-magnesium ferrosilicon alloy in cored wire for the production of vermicular graphite cast irons at the; Tundish + Cored Wire to be injected methods (PE) for pearlitic-ferritic matrix GJV with about 25 %ferrite content. The results of calculations and experiments have indicated the length of the Cored Wire to be injected basing on the initial sulfur content and weight of the treated melt. The paper presents a microstructure matrix and vermicular graphite in standard sample and different walled castings. The results of numerous trials have shown that the magnesium Tundish + PE Method process can produce high quality vermicular graphite irons under the specific industrial conditions of the above mentioned foundries.


Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of cytokines in the vitreous, and their correlation with the density of inflammatory cells in fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) to evaluate intraocular inflammatory conditions with regard to disease activity. Methods Thirty-three patients (33 eyes) with PDR requiring vitreoretinal surgery because of FVMs and tractional detachment were enrolled in the study, and compared with 20 patients (20 eyes) with macular hole (MH; control group). All patients underwent complete ophthalmological examinations before surgery. The activity of the disease was noted in patients with PDR. Samples of vitreous and blood were taken, and cytokine (MCP-1, IL-8, IL-6, VEGF, IL-1β, TNF-α, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-10, and IL-12) levels were measured using cytometric bead array (CBA). Samples of FVMs were analyzed with immunohistochemical methods for the presence of inflammatory cells (CD45+, CD14+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells), and the numerical areal density was calculated (NA). Spearman's correlation was used to assess the association between variables. The Mann–Whitney test was used to assess the differences between independent groups. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for assessing differences between two related groups. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results Patients with active PDR had statistically significantly higher levels of MCP-1 (p = 0.003), VEGF (p = 0.009), and IL-8 (p = 0.02) in the vitreous in comparison with those with inactive PDR. CD45+, CD14+, CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD19+ cells were identified in FVMs for patients with PDR. Statistically significantly higher numerical areal density of T lymphocytes (CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) was demonstrated in patients with active PDR in comparison with patients with inactive PDR. Moderate to strong correlations were found between either MCP-1 or IL-8 in the vitreous, and the numerical areal density of cells (CD45+, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+) in the FVMs, and weaker between either MCP-1 or IL-8 in the vitreous and the numerical areal density of CD14+ cells in the FVMs. Conclusions The correlation of cytokine (MCP-1 and IL-8) vitreous levels with the density of inflammatory cells in FVMs, and differences in cytokine levels in the vitreous between patients with active and inactive PDR, and between the vitreous and serum in PDR indicate the importance of local intraocular inflammation in patients with PDR.


The adsorption kinetics process of hydrophobic ligand (triphenylphosphine, PPh3) and hydrophilic ligand (tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine oxide, THPO) on the surface of gold electrode were estimated by using electrical double layer capacitance (EDLC). Results showed that the adsorption process of both ligands included fast and slow adsorption processes, and the fast adsorption process could fit the first order kinetic equation of Langmuir adsorption isotherm. During the slow adsorption process, the surface coverage (θ) of PPh3 was higher than that of THPO due to the larger adsorption kinetic constant of PPh3 than that of THPO, which implied that PPh3 could replace THPO on the gold electrode. The exchange process of both ligands on the surface of gold electrode proved that PPh3 take the place of THPO by testing the variation of EDLC which promote the preparation of Janus gold, and the theoretic simulation explained the reason of ligands exchange from the respect of energy..


Inference of the equation-of-state (EoS) of dense nuclear matter in neutron-star cores is a principal science goal of X-ray and gravitational-wave observations of neutron stars. In particular, gravitational-wave observations provide an independent probe of the properties of bulk matter in neutron star cores that can then be used to compare with theoretically derived equations of state. In this paper, we quantify the systematic errors arising from the application of EoS-independent \emph{quasi-universal relations} in the estimation of neutron star tidal deformabilities and radii from gravitational-wave measurements and introduce a strategy to correct for the systematic biases in the inferred radii. We apply this method to a simulated population of events expected to be observed by future upgrades of current detectors and the next-generation of ground-based observatories. We show that our approach can accurately correct for the systematic biases arising from approximate universal relations in the mass-radius curves of neutron stars. Using the posterior distributions of the mass and radius for the simulated population we infer the underlying EoS with a good degree of precision. Our method revives the possibility of using the universal relations for rapid Bayesian model selection of dense matter EoS in gravitational-wave observations.


In recent years, the use of multi-modal camera rigs consisting of an RGB sensor and an infrared (IR) sensor have become increasingly popular for use in surveillance and robotics applications. The advantages of using multi-modal camera rigs include improved foreground/background segmentation, wider range of lighting conditions under which the system works, and richer information (e.g. visible light and heat signature) for target identification. However, the traditional computer vision method of mapping pairs of images using pixel intensities or image features is often not possible with an RGB/IR image pair. We introduce a novel method to overcome the lack of common features in RGB/IR image pairs by using a variational methods optimization algorithm to map the optical flow fields computed from different wavelength images. This results in the alignment of the flow fields, which in turn produce correspondences similar to those found in a stereo RGB/RGB camera rig using pixel intensities or image features. In addition to aligning the different wavelength images, these correspondences are used to generate dense disparity and depth maps. We obtain accuracies similar to other multi-modal image alignment methodologies as long as the scene contains sufficient depth variations, although a direct comparison is not possible because of the lack of standard image sets from moving multi-modal camera rigs. We test our method on synthetic optical flow fields and on real image sequences that we created with a multi-modal binocular stereo RGB/IR camera rig. We determine our method's accuracy by comparing against a ground truth.


The GLI3 protein is a zinc finger transcription factor, expressed early in development. The GLI3 gene exhibits allelic heterogeneity as mutations in this gene are associated with several developmental syndromic and non‐syndromic polydactyly. The present study reports two cases: first, a familial case of Greig Cephalopolysyndactyly Syndrome (GCPS); the second is a sporadic case with both postaxial polydactyly (PAP) type A and B. Resequencing of GLI3 gene reveals a previously reported nonsense truncation mutation g.42007251G > A (p.R792X; rs121917714) in the GCPS family and a novel single nucleotide insertion g.42004239_42004240insA (p.E1478X) in the sporadic case of postaxial polydactyly (PAP). Both nonsense truncation mutations; p.R792X (GCPS) and p.E1478X (PAP) introduce a premature stop codon leading to loss of C‐terminal domains.


The conference was structured to address three major issues in TSM planning and implementation--the identification of organizational roles in TSM planning, programming, and implementation, including the roles of the private sector and the professional disciplines; an understanding of why certain high-achievement TSM actions have been neglected; and the relationship of TSM to major national goals and to the comprehensive transportation planning process in metropolitan areas. Each of these issues was assigned to a workshop where the participants discusses, debated, and produced a position paper presenting specific recommendations. Because these issues could not be addressed independently of each other, the workshop chairpersons presented the latest findings of the workshops in conference plenary sessions so that every participant was aware of the direction that each group was taking. These plenary sessions proved most useful in finding and establishing the themes that were common in all workshop discussions and in highlighting those areas where substantive agreement on underlying issues could not be obtained. The organization of this report reflects the structure of the conference. The paper presented at the opening session, whhich provided background information on TSM, established a common point of departure for the workshop discussions, and identified topics in TSM that merit further attention, are found in the first section of this report. The next three sections are devoted to the activities of the three workshops, each includes the resource papers prepared by the workshop participants and a workshop summary. The conference summary presents the major conclusions and recommendations of each workshop (although the workshop summaries will provide the interested reader with a better sense of how these conclusions were reached). (Author)


Abstract Liberal debates on religious accommodation have so far focused on the nature of the interest upon which the right to freedom of religion is based. Liberals who oppose religious accommodation argue that there is nothing special about religious belief. Those who defend accommodation on the other hand seek to identify some property (such as conscience or deep commitments) that both religious and non-religious beliefs can share. The article seeks to develop an argument in favor of certain types of religious accommodation that is agnostic about the nature of religious belief and whether it is special in any sense. It argues that it is a mistake to think that the question of religious accommodation, as it arises in law, must necessarily turn on arguments about freedom of religion. The principle of fairness can justify legal duties to accommodate religious (and non-religious) practices, without the need to assess the character of the practice in question or the reasons for engaging in it. The article argues further that the principle of fairness can better explain why human rights courts uphold some claims for religious accommodation as reasonable, and not others.


THE treatment of cancer of the breast is a formidable problem at the present time; how much more so, therefore, is the case in which hard nodules are found in one axilla without any other evidence of disease elsewhere in the body. That these are axillary metastases from the adjoining breast is most likely if a thorough search of every organ in the body by clinical and radiological examination fails to reveal a primary lesion.


Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is a hereditary ocular disorder characterized by incomplete vascularization/abnormality of peripheral retina. Four of the identified disease-causing genes of FEVR were NDP, FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12, the protein coded by which were the components of the Norrin/β-catenin signal pathway. In this review, we summarized and discussed the spectrum of mutations involving these four genes. By the end of 2017, the number of FEVR causing mutations reported for NDP, FZD4, LRP5, and TSPAN12 was, respectively, 26, 121, 58, and 40. Three most frequently reported mutations were c. 362G > A (p.R121Q) of NDP, c. 313A > G (p.M105V), and c.1282_1285delGACA (p.D428SfsX2) of FZD4. Mutations have a tendency to cluster in some "hotspots" domains which may be responsible for protein interactions.


This study investigates the implications of hedonic pricing for price dynamics of differentiated commodities. A conceptual model of hedonic pricing is developed under a Leontief technology, showing how commodity prices reflect the underlying value of their components. Implications for the existence of cointegration relationships among commodity prices are derived. An application to the pricing and dynamics of selected US dairy commodities is presented. It provides evidence on the role of component valuation in the dynamics of dairy commodity prices in the short run as well as in the long run. Distinguishing between market regime and government regime (when the government price support is active), the analysis finds significant differences in dairy price dynamics between the two regimes.


Objective: To examine the Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MS) as a screen for dementia. Method: A group of 1092 elderly Edmonton community residents completed the 3MS and the Geriatric Mental State Examination (GMS). 3MS sensitivity and specificity were determined by comparing positive 3MS screens (score ≤77) with those classified as GMS "organic" (severity level 3, equivalent to a clinical diagnosis). In the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA), 2914 subjects received the 3MS and a clinical examination. A group described as having "cognitive impairment but no dementia (CIND)" was identified. Results: In Edmonton, the 3MS showed 88% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 29% positive predictive value (PPV), and 99% negative predictive value (NPV). In the CSHA, 30% of subjects receiving both the 3MS and a clinical examination were classified as CIND. One-half of these were classified as having "age associated memory impairment (AAMI)" or as "unspecified." Conclusions: The 3MS with a cutting score of 77/78 proved a reasonable screening instrument; 1 case in 3 screening "positive" has dementia, but few (0.64%) will be missed by screening "negative." CIND, accounting for 2 out of 3 cases screened positive by the 3MS in the Edmonton study, is a substantial, heterogeneous group that is not necessarily "predementia" but that in many cases merits further investigation.


High Resolution particles distinguishing processing and separation system which provides enhanced resolution of particles according to the characteristics of the selected particle. Specifically, the resolution enhancement system may include a flow cytometer. In one embodiment, the present invention may comprise at least one fluid supply conduit (24), which can be fluid source (24) at an angle resolution enhancement introduced into a nozzle (25), the angle sensing system by cells (13) that the resolution enhancement particles.


This volume is one of a series of re cent books by the prolific Sergiovanni (Value-Add ed Leadership, The Prin cipalship: A Reflective Practice Per spective, Moral Leadership) . His in tent expressed in the Preface of the book is that the book would be useful to principals, teachers, and superinten dents. Later Sergiovanni notes that he also directs his arguments to organiza tional theorists who he challenges to reconsider how they conceptualize what goes on in schools to focus on community building. In this book, Sergiovanni defines community as, "the tie that binds stu dents and teachers together in special ways, to something more significant than themselves: shared values and ideals" (p. xii) . And he sees com munity building as, "the secret weapon that can help domesticate the wild cul tures that now seem so omnipresent in our schools" (p. xiv) . Communities are characterized in his view by a particu lar kind of attitude: "relationships in communities are characterized by the kinds of emotions -personalization, authenticity, caring, and unconditional acceptance-found in families, ex tended families, neighborhoods, and other social organizations" (p. xvi) . His unequivocal advocacy for mount ing a strong effort to build this type of community in schools is evident throughout the book. The writing style and organization of the book will make it easily accessible to practitioners and students of educa tion. The book also provides a sum mary of research and descriptions of schools that promote ideas of com munity : (a) report of the research of the Institute for Education and Transformation from Claremont Grad uate School, Voices from the Inside: A Report on Schooling from Inside the Classroom; (b) descriptions of pro grams at New York's Central Park East Secondary School, Koln-Holweide School in Germany, Denali School in Alaska, and the Jackson-Keller School in San Antonio. The research dis cussed and the descriptions of these schools make use of qualitative data which may be of interest in illustrating this type of research for university stu dents, though the presentation of the actual data is very limited due to the number of examples used and the length of the book. There is much in this book that I find resonates with my own desires to live in a community with a greater sense of purpose. A quote by George Bernard Shaw hangs over my desk: "I am of the opinion that my life belongs to the whole community, as long as I live it is my privilege to do for it whatever I can." A recent article by Brownstein (1994) describes, ''America's Anxiety Attack:' and points out that four con verging trends have unsettled our na tional sense of purpose or direction: the restructuring of the economy, global migration of workers from poorer to richer countries, erosion of the traditional family, and the end of the Cold War. He says that president Clinton, "Increasingly seems to define his job as helping people make sense of the times. 'I do believe that a major part of the President's job in a time of profound change is getting people to first of all think about themselves as a community . . . and then to imagine the future in a good way, meaning both realistic and hopeful" (p. 20) . This is the same effort that Sergiovanni makes in Building Community in Schools.


Retransmission is the basic method to improve network reliability. Since the broadcasting character and unreliability of wireless links, we could apply the network coding to broadcast retransmission algorithm to improve the efficiency of retransmission. This article does a quantitative analysis for the performance of the wireless broadcast algorithm based on network coding from the delay perspective. Using queue theory to calculate the delay of M/G/1 model, with the input could be saw as Poisson stream and the output as a general process. The simulation results show that the delay calculated through analysis is consistent with the simulation results.


The aim of this study was to see if temporal variation can be considered a robust cue in the discourse structuring process. If so, at what level (s) of the discursive structure does it operate? In a bottom-up corpus-based approach, we analyze a 58-minute corpus of 60 natural French speech narratives. First, the corpus was segmented at the phonemic, syllabic, lexical and inter-pausal unit levels. Second, a narrative segmentation was applied using the criteria of Labov's evaluative model, which is based on semantic and informational criteria. Duration data was then extracted automatically at each level of granularity. The mapping of discourse segmentation to acoustic-phonetic analyses was made on two structural levels: micro and macro. A positive effect of local temporal variation in discourse structuring was not found, however, the existence of a link between the narrative internal segmentation and speech rate variation was identified. This variation is long-term, progressive, and gradual which suggests a manipulation of this feature. In relation to the content, temporal values can be seen as contextual cues: relevant information is presented with a slower speech rate; while minor content is presented with a faster speech rate.


laboratory experiment was conducted in the laboratory of Soil Science and Water Resources Department, and field experiment in the field of the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad. Site Jadiriya to study the effect of mineral fertilization and soil amendments and methods of fertilizer application on reducing ammonia volatilization. The laboratory experiment was carried out according to the completely randomized design (C.R.D) and the field experiment according to randomized completely block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. The laboratory experiment included adding ammonium molybdate with (phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, both, rock phosphate, agricultural sulfur, plant ash, adding at 5cm depth) using sandy loam soil. The field experiment included eight treatments including nitrogen fertilizer application methods to cabbage crop T0: control (no nitrogen fertilizer added), T1: addition with grooves or cracks of plant side at a distance of 5 cm, T2: addition fertilizer on the surface, T3: addition with irrigation water, T4 : 5 cm depth, T5: 8 cm depth, T6: 10 cm depth, T7: mixing with soil in one batch when starting fertilization, Urea was added in three batches, 15 days after planting, 30 days after planting and 45 days after planting. The results of the laboratory experiment showed an increase in volatilization of ammonia by increasing phosphate rock levels, while the amount of volatile ammonia decreased in the presence of phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and the two together, agricultural sulfur and plant ash and adding at 5 cm depth. The results of the statistical analysis of the field experiment showed that the treatment T1 gave the highest rate of total yield and weight of the cabbage head and external leaves at 74.3, 51.4 and 23.12 Mg ha-1 , respectively, The same treatment gave the highest dry weight rate for the above mentioned indicators except for non-eaten leaves (9.43 and 5.63 Mg ha-1 ) while treatment T5 gave the highest dry weight rate for external leaves.


Studying the dynamics of the palaeoclimate is a challenging problem. Part of the challenge lies in the fact that our understanding must be based on only a single realisation of the climate system. With only one climate history, it is essential that palaeoclimate data are used to their full extent, and that uncertainties arising from both data and modelling are well characterised. This is the motivation behind this thesis, which explores approaches for uncertainty quantification in problems related to palaeoclimate reconstruction.

We focus on uncertainty quantification problems for the glacial-interglacial cycle, namely parameter estimation, model comparison, and age estimation of palaeoclimate observations. We develop principled data assimilation schemes that allow us to assimilate palaeoclimate data into phenomenological models of the glacial-interglacial cycle. The statistical and modelling approaches we take in this thesis means that this amounts to the task of performing Bayesian inference for multivariate stochastic differential equations that are only partially observed.

One contribution of this thesis is the synthesis of recent methodological advances in approximate Bayesian computation and particle filter methods. We provide an up-to-date overview that relates the different approaches and provides new insights into their performance. Through simulation studies we compare these approaches using a common benchmark, and in doing so we highlight the relative strengths and weaknesses of each method.

There are two main scientific contributions in this thesis. The first is that by using inference methods to jointly perform parameter estimation and model comparison, we demonstrate that the current two-stage practice of first estimating observation times, and then treating them as fixed for subsequent analysis, leads to conclusions that are not robust to the methods used for estimating the observation times. The second main contribution is the development of a novel age model based on a linear sediment accumulation model. By extending the target of the particle filter we are able to jointly perform parameter estimation, model comparison, and observation age estimation. In doing so, we are able to perform palaeoclimate reconstruction using sediment core data that takes age uncertainty in the data into account, thus solving the problem of dating uncertainty highlighted above.


Background and aims In France, the department of paediatrics is expected to admit every patient up to 18 years. However, admission age is occasionally limited to 16, even 15, without any medical reason. In our opinion, patient overload is increasing in adult intensive care units (ICU), therefore the admission of adolescents should be PICU responsibility. We conducted a study evaluating PICU policies toward patients over the age of 15 years. Methods A survey was conducted from July 25th to December 31st 2012. The PICUs listed in the GFRUP (Groupe Francophone de Réanimation et d'Urgence Pédiatrique) were asked to complete an on-line form about their unit, training level of the physicians and their unit policies concerning age limits for admission. Results 22 units completed the form (55%). Each PICU team was composed of at least one paediatrician and one physician trained in intensive care. 46% of PICUs occasionally admitted patients over 18 years of age. 96% admitted patients up-to 18 years, however among them only 33% consistently admitted them without restriction. One unit admitted to never admitting patients over 15,25 years old, considering this age as the limit of paediatric practice. Conclusion The PICUs were all equipped with adequately trained physicians to care for paediatric patients. The vast majority of PICUs admitted patients up to 18 years of age, but only a few considered this standard of care. They assume responsibility for problems related to long standing paediatric medical background or classic paediatric condition, regardless of patient age.


The procedure for testing the prismatic steel specimens of heavy constructions to build the kinetic diagrams of fatigue fracture is described in the paper. The kinetic diagrams obtained have been approximated by analytical dependences with unknown parameters, which were found using least squares method.


We study the throughput-delay performance trade-off in large-scale wireless ad hoc networks. It has been shown that the per source-destination pair throughput can be improved from Θ(1/√n log n) to Θ(1) if nodes are allowed to move and a 2-hop relay scheme is employed. The price paid for such an improvement on throughput is large delay. Indeed, the delay scaling of the 2-hop relay scheme is Θ(n log n) under the random walk mobility model. In this paper, we employ coding techniques to improve the throughput-delay trade-off for mobile wireless networks. For the random walk mobility model, we improve the delay from Θ(n log n) to Θ(n) by employing Reed-Solomon (RS) codes. Our approach maintains the diversity gained by mobility while decreasing the delay.


BACKGROUND
Hepatitis viruses have become one of the main infectious problems in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. The aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the incidence of de novo hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a haemodialysis unit and to identify factors currently involved in HCV transmission to haemodialysis patients.

METHODS
One hundred and fourteen anti-HCV negative and HCV-RNA negative patients who started long-term haemodialysis were followed for a mean period of 36 months (range 18-56). Liver tests and anti-HCV were performed at 6-month intervals. Factors that might be implicated in HCV transmission, such as blood transfusions, sexual habits, surgery and other invasive procedures, were recorded. HCV markers were re-examined in transfused blood and the HCV genotype was investigated in seroconverters to anti-HCV and in patients with previous HCV infection who were treated in the vicinity of those who seroconverted.

RESULTS
Eight patients (7%) seroconverted to anti-HCV and seven of them became HCV-RNA positive. HCV markers, including HCV-RNA, were negative in the blood transfused to seroconverters. No differences between seroconverters and non-seroconverters. No differences found in other risk factors not directly related to haemodialysis. The investigation of HCV genotype suggested that HCV transmission was not restricted to patients treated in the vicinity of previously HCV infected patients. Occasional failure to observe strict measures of asepsis was detected in the haemodialysis unit and this was the only factor that might be incriminating.

CONCLUSIONS
HCV acquisition in patients on haemodialysis is currently not related to blood transfusion, and nosocomial transmission within the haemodialysis unit seems to be the main mechanism of HCV infection. Extremely careful observation of preventive measures seems essential to eradicate HCV transmission in haemodialysis units.


Nowadays, neural vocoders can generate very high-fidelity speech when a bunch of training data is available. Although a speaker-dependent (SD) vocoder usually outperforms a speaker-independent (SI) vocoder, it is impractical to collect a large amount of data of a specific target speaker for most real-world applications. To tackle the problem of limited target data, a data augmentation method based on speaker representation and similarity measurement of speaker verification is proposed in this paper. The proposed method selects utterances that have similar speaker identity to the target speaker from an external corpus, and then combines the selected utterances with the limited target data for SD vocoder adaptation. The evaluation results show that, compared with the vocoder adapted using only limited target data, the vocoder adapted using augmented data improves both the quality and similarity of synthesized speech.


Creativity is an essential part of being an occupational therapist. During the fabrication of a splint, creativity is used to increase the co-operation of the patient by making funny and/or aesthetic splints. Limited resources within occupational therapy departments can force us to be extra creative in the choice of materials used during the fabrication of splints. The purpose of this article is to describe and discuss the potential use of materials that can be used during splint making.


We propose a distributed-feedback laser design that takes advantage of Bragg contradirectional coupling between a III-V stack and a silicon-on-insulator corrugated waveguide. This particular coupling scheme enables an equal share of the optical field between the III-V stack and the silicon waveguide, therefore providing an optimum tradeoff between modal gain and coupling efficiency. Numerical simulations indicate that a coupling constant of the order of 12 mm-1 could be achieved for a 200-nm III-V stack-waveguide spacing, relaxing the constraints toward the integration technology.


We present a novel encoding of modal satisfiability problems as Constraint Satisfaction Problems. We allow the domains of the resulting constraints to contain other values than just the Boolean 0 or 1, and add various constraints to reason about these values. This modelling is pivotal to speeding up the performance of our constraint-based procedure for checking modal satisfiability in Constraint Logic Programming. Our encoding results in a correct solver that attempts to minimize the size of the tree model that it is implicitly trying to generate. An important advantage of our modelling is that we do not need to change the underlying CSP algorithms, and can use them "as is".


BACKGROUND
The aim of this study is to investigate whether experience of meaning at work (MAW) and affective organizational commitment (AOC) predict risk of disability pensioning in four occupational groups.

METHODS
Survey data from 40,554 individuals were fitted to a national register (DREAM) containing information on payments of disability pension. Using multi-adjusted Cox-regression, observations were followed in the DREAM-register to assess risk of disability pensioning.

RESULTS
Low levels of MAW significantly increased risk of disability pensioning during follow-up referencing high levels of MAW. Respondents with medium levels of AOC had a significantly reduced risk of disability pensioning, when compared to respondents with high levels of AOC. Furthermore, results indicate an interaction effect between AOC and MAW in predicting risk of disability pension.

CONCLUSIONS
AOC and MAW are significantly associated with risk of disability pensioning. Promoting MAW and managing AOC in contemporary workplaces may contribute towards reducing risk of disability pensioning.


Surface defects of autobody panels have the greatest impact on the surface quality of the automobile body, but many enterprises lack a scientific and reasonable evaluation method of surface quality, relying solely on the subjective judgment of decision makers which will lead to an increase in the probability of misjudgment. In this paper, the subjective weight is determined by the genetic algorithm based on optimization, and the objective weight is determined by the improved deviation maximization method. Combining the hesitant fuzzy set theory, the hesitant fuzzy mixed weighted arithmetic average operator (HFHWA), and the score function, the surface defect information of the panel is quantified. On this basis, a complete set of hesitant fuzzy multiattribute evaluation model of surface defect information is proposed. Taking a batch of inner panels of the automobile door produced by A automobile enterprise as an example, five common defects including hidden pit, bump and scratch, rust, indentation pockmark, and ripple are selected as evaluation attributes to evaluate their surface quality, which verifies the validity and practicability of the model.


Abstract Nature-based tourism has been widely addressed, yet research on nature-based science tourism, founded on science, scientific knowledge, and/or engagement in scientific research, is still scarce. Drawing on tourist motivation, nature-based tourism, special interest tourism, and science tourism, a novel theoretical conceptualization of nature-based science tourism was developed. The framework identified three categories of science tourism with intensifying levels of tourists' interest in scientific knowledge and tourist engagement: tourism based on scientific knowledge, tourism with scientific adventure or volunteering, and scientific research tourism. In the empirical part, the framework was applied to Seili Island, Finland, and tourist motivation to nature-based science tourism was examined through a survey (n = 518). According to the results, tourists were interested in science and nature-based science tourism products, especially guided tours involving scientific interpretation, but also in intensive scientific excursions. Learning was a dominant motivation, but enjoying nature and escape and relaxation were also significant. When moving from guided tours to more intensive scientific excursions, motivations diversified; besides learning, other tourist motivations also need to be addressed in developing nature-based science tourism experiences. The study contributes to nature-based tourism and underresearched science tourism literature and provides practical implications for developing nature-based tourism.


Abstract. This article examines the adequacy of the EU's tool kit and overall strategy for the promotion of democracy in Central Asia by drawing on two generic social mechanisms: strategic calculation and normative suasion. First, the analysis will show that several interrelated conditions, above all cultural idiosyncrasies, properties of interaction between socializees and socializing agents, as well as the nature of the political system, are not sufficiently allowed for by the EU's policy approach, rendering bleak the prospects for moving the region towards a democratic trajectory. Second, building on identified problems in the EU's socialization efforts, the paper presents policy recommendations on how to improve the EU's democratizing impact.


Online load tracking is the problem of monitoring an individual electrical load's energy usage by analyzing a building's smart meter data. The problem is important, since many energy optimizations require fine-grained, per-load energy data in real time; it also differs from the well-studied problem of load disaggregation in that it emphasizes efficient, online operation and per-load accuracy, rather than accurate disaggregation of every building load via offline analysis. In essence, tracking a particular load creates a virtual power meter for it, which mimics having a networked-connected power meter attached to it. To enable high performance, we take a model-driven approach that focuses on efficiently detecting a small number of identifiable load features in smart meter data. Our results demonstrate that our system, called PowerPlay, i) enables efficient online tracking on low-power embedded platforms, ii) scales to thousands of loads (across many buildings) on server platforms, and iii) improves per-load accuracy by more than a factor of two compared to a state-of-the-art load disaggregation algorithm.


Purpose To report the usefulness of indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) to depict the retinal vascular anomalies associated with distant branch retinal vein occlusion resulting in serous retinal detachment at the macula. Methods This was a retrospective, case series of 6 patients (6 eyes) with serous retinal detachments. Fluorescein angiography and ICGA showed that those 6 eyes had a distant branch retinal vein occlusion. The characteristics in ophthalmic examinations such as fundus appearance, fluorescein angiography, ICGA, optical coherence tomography, and clinical courses were evaluated. Results In addition to serous retinal detachments, five eyes exhibited hard exudates around the macula. Fluorescein angiography and ICGA clearly showed the vessel occlusion; however, no apparent abnormalities appeared in the macular area in any of the eyes. In four eyes, early-phase ICGA depicted the retinal vascular anomalies within the area of venous occlusion and those were seen as hyperfluorescent patches on late-phase ICGA. In two eyes, punctate hyperfluorescent spots were seen in the area of venous occlusion on late-phase ICGA. Optical coherence tomography depicted a serous retinal detachment at the macula and retinal swelling in the outer nuclear layer from the macula to the hyperfluorescent abnormalities on ICGA. The macular serous retinal detachments were resolved within 3 months after laser photocoagulation was applied to the hyperfluorescent areas on ICGA. Conclusion Leakage from subsequent vascular anomalies after branch retinal vein occlusion can cause submacular fluid. Indocyanine green angiography is useful for detecting the causative vascular regions of the fluid.


It is a very common phenomenon to have ankle injuries during sports. Therefore, the detection of ankle injuries has become a concern theme of scholars. It is of great significance to realize the ankle apparent strain measurement quickly in colleges and universities. In this paper, a data mining algorithm-based approach to measuring the apparent strain of the ankle joint in football sports is proposed. This paper first analyzes and integrates the research results of scholars and then expounds from the two aspects of data mining and ankle apparent strain measurement. The method is introduced in detail, and the principle of apparent strain measurement is explained by the formula. The feasibility and robustness of the research scheme are then demonstrated through specific experimental data. The data showed that there was a difference between the boy group and the girl group in the time of jumping, kicking, and reaching the ground (significant level

 P
 =
 0.026

 ).


Test-system using index of phagocytosis of noncapsulated mutant loaded by one of the several capsular antigenic complexes was developed and used for screening for both immunogenic and protective capsular antigens of B. mallei. Direct correlation between index of phagocytosis, level of delayed-type hypersensivity, and protective effect of capsular antigens has been shown on the model of experimental melioidosis in susceptible white mice, guinea pigs and white rats. Obtained results let to use the developed test-system for initial selection of B. mallei protective capsular antigens and their further study as potential components of preparations for specific prophylaxis of glanders and melioidosis.


OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to examine the performance of the Global Trigger Tool and to investigate characteristics associated with the occurrence of adverse events (AEs).

STUDY DESIGN
Retrospective medical record review.

SETTING
A tertiary teaching hospital, Korea.

METHOD
We employed two-stage review of a random sample of 630 charts for patients discharged between January and June 2011. Two quality improvement specialists reviewed the presence of AEs using 53 triggers developed by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement. Two physicians reviewed and validated the findings of adverse events. Positive predictive values for individual triggers were calculated. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with AEs.

RESULTS
Of 629 patients, 45 (7%) experienced at least one AE during their hospitalization. Among the observed AEs, 61% were preventable. The frequent types of AEs were 'procedure-related' and 'medication-related'. Six triggers had positive predictive values of greater than 50.0%: 'health care-associated infection', 'any procedure complication', 'medication: other', 'return to surgery', 'occurrence of any operative complication' and 'intubation/reintubation'. Significant factors associated with the occurrence of AEs were length of stay (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.20) and the number of triggers (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.98).

CONCLUSION
The Global Trigger Tool was useful for the detection of adverse events in a Korean hospital setting. Triggers with high positive predictive values should have priority for incorporation into routine screening systems. Furthermore, patients who stay longer in the hospital need to be closely monitored using triggers to improve patient safety.


For many years the fatigue behavior of welds and weldments has been studied in terms of the geometry of the members, the stresses to which they are subjected, and the materials of which they are fabricated. Numerous laboratory tests have been conducted and have served as a basis for the development of current fatigue design specifications. More recently, research on crack initiation and propagation, expanded data on loadings, and the development of new concepts of structural reliability have provided information that should help to make possible in the future greatly improved fatigue design specifications for welded structures. However, to achieve this goal, extensive further detailed research and study are necessary.


Maternal diabetes is associated with pregnancy complications and poses a serious health risk to both mother and child. Growing evidence suggests that pregnancy complications are more frequent and severe in pregnant women with pregestational type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) compared to women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the different types of maternal diabetes may lead to targeted strategies to prevent or reduce pregnancy complications. In recent years, microRNAs (miRNAs), one of the most common epigenetic mechanisms, have emerged as key players in the pathophysiology of pregnancy-related disorders including diabetes. This review aims to provide an update on the status of miRNA profiling in pregnancies complicated by maternal diabetes. Four databases, Pubmed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, and Scopus were searched to identify studies that profiled miRNAs during maternal diabetes. A total of 1800 articles were identified, of which 53 are included in this review. All studies profiled miRNAs during GDM, with no studies on miRNA profiling during pregestational T1DM and T2DM identified. Studies on GDM were mainly focused on the potential of miRNAs to serve as predictive or diagnostic biomarkers. This review highlights the lack of miRNA profiling in pregnancies complicated by T1DM and T2DM and identifies the need for miRNA profiling in all types of maternal diabetes. Such studies could contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that link maternal diabetes type with pregnancy complications.


Much of contemporary union organizing is done among workers with minimal citizenship rights, making them particularly vulnerable to threats and intimidation by employers. This occurs in the context of the dismantling of federal regulations that once structured union organizing campaigns. In response to these conditions, new forms of community/labor collaborations have emerged. This paper will explore the tremendous growth or religiously constructed labor support groups that are able to lend moral credibility to these union organizing campaigns, mobilize religious activists in support of low wage workers, and rebuild support for low wage workers within local religious communities. The paper will have a particular focus on the work of Clergy and Laity United for Economic Justice (CLUE) which is active in California. I will argue that where they have been successful, these collaborations are creating new citizenship rights from below.


The implementation of telenursing within home healthcare of leg wounds is an innovative development initiative that focuses on patients and to some extent next-of-kin in collaboration with nurses. Eleven patients and nine nurses participated in the study. The methods for data collection were surveys, field-notes descriptions, and care charts, as well as digital photos of leg wounds and videotaped observations. The results show that the utility of virtual concept is that continual learning takes place for both patients and nurses. The patients felt positively about being able to via videophone see the staff caring for them, and seeing a face inspired a sense of security, which had a calming effect. The learning for nurses lay in the everyday work with leg wounds and their care as experiences were taken advantage of with the assistance of the interactive technique. The nurses felt that their time at work was better utilized and that the virtual communication between patients and nurses constituted a humane complement in home healthcare.


Epileptic is a neurological condition that affects approximately 50 million people worldwide. Epileptic seizure prediction lowers the risk of a patient's life being endangered by a seizure that occurs unexpectedly. The latest seizure prediction methods are computationally intensive due to the complicated hand-crafted features they extract, and they take a lot of memory to store their parameters, which makes them Inappropriate for IoT and connected systems with limited capabilities. In this paper, a deep learning-based IoT framework for accurate epileptic seizure prediction is presented. The proposed method combines the feature extraction and classification stages into a single integrated system in which raw data heartbeat and temperature signals are implemented without any pre-processing, reducing computing complexity even further. A machine learning based prediction model is proposed that extracts the relevant information from the temperature, heartbeat and haemoglobin value using of machine learning algorithm The health condition of patient or person can be found and give some analysis result like normal or abnormal condition. If abnormal condition is observed then the system predicts some medicine or dosage based on health condition and also send alert message using of GSM. In this work, a location tracking of patient is also included and alert is sent to authorized person when the patient fall down or patient get panic or abnormal health


We compared outpatients transported to the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) while breathing room air to 2–4 L/min nasal cannula oxygen (O2) to test the hypothesis that routine supplemental O2 during transport is not required after general anesthesia in an ambulatory surgery center. We also examined whether the arbitrary arrival PACU O2 saturations of >92% may be used to predict an infrequent incidence of subsequent significant desaturations (<90%) in the PACU. One-hundred-ninety patients were randomized to receive either room air or 2–4 L/min nasal cannula for transport to PACU after receiving general anesthesia. O2 saturations were recorded before surgery, just before leaving the operating room, and upon arrival in the PACU. The lowest O2 saturation occurring in the PACU was also recorded. The mean arrival PACU O2 saturation was 95.0 in the Room Air group, compared with 97.2 for the Nasal Cannula (NC) group, a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). In the Room Air group, 20% had arrival O2 saturations ≤92%, and half of these (10%) had O2 saturations <90%. In the NC group, 6% had O2 saturations ≤92%, of which one third (2%) were <90% on arrival in the PACU. All of these initial desaturations were easily corrected with face-tent O2 administration, deep breathing, or both. Subgroup analysis revealed that patients whose ages were 60 yr or older or those weighing 100 kg or more had lower arrival room air saturations than their younger or slimmer counterparts. In the Room Air group, only three (3.9%) of the patients that arrived in PACU with O2 saturations >92% had subsequent desaturations <90%, compared with seven (7.9%) in the NC group. We conclude that most adult patients undergoing ambulatory surgery can be transported safely to the PACU breathing room air after general anesthesia. However, patients whose age was ≥60 yr or weight was ≥100 kg, or for whom transient O2 desaturation on transport may be harmful, should be transported while breathing nasal O2 via nasal cannula.


Abstract. Hydrological models are the basis of operational flood-forecasting systems. The accuracy of these models is strongly dependent on the quality and quantity of the input information represented by rainfall height. Finer space-time rainfall resolution results in more accurate hazard forecasting. In this framework, an optimum raingauge network is essential in predicting flood events. This paper develops an entropy-based approach to evaluate the maximum information content achievable by a rainfall network for different sampling time intervals. The procedure is based on the determination of the coefficients of transferred and nontransferred information and on the relative isoinformation contours. The nontransferred information value achieved by the whole network is strictly dependent on the sampling time intervals considered. An empirical curve is defined, to assess the objective of the research: the nontransferred information value is plotted versus the associated sampling time on a semi-log scale. The curve has a linear trend. In this paper, the methodology is applied to the high-density raingauge network of the urban area of Rome.


In GPS measurement, we try to model not just the deterministic part of the measurement but also try to account for their stochastic behavior using the measurement variance-covariance matrix. The variance-covariance matrices are computed as part of a least squares adjustment. In this study, the results of GPS survey by differential GPS technique were analyzed using the variance – covariance matrix of the adjusted unknown (coordinates). The GPS derived data were processed using Double Differencing (DD) technique and this enabled the removal of most of the errors in the GPS measurement. The variance – covariance matrix for three GPS receivers observing the four satellites for single difference and double difference wereformulated. Using the model for 3-D differential observation, the variance-covariance of the 20baselines in the Dam deformation monitoring network at Ikpoba Dam were computed as part of a least square solution of the observation equation using the Leica Ski pro and Move 3 software. Standard derivation in Northings, Eastings and Elevation were computed for each observation station in the network. The computed standard deviations along with the baseline length were used to determine linear accuracy and accuracy of the baselines in parts per Million PPM. The results revealed that the maximum standard deviation in Northings Eastings and Elevation were 1.42mm, 0.86mm and 0.57mm respectively. All the adjusted baselines satisfied 1st order class I accuracy standard which is the standard required for high precision measurements such as in Dam deformation monitoring. Keywords : Differential GPS, Pseudo range, Carrier phase, Doppler frequency, Stochastic model.


After studying scholarly literature, we provide in this graduation thesis a detailed insight into the anatomy of the orofacial area and possible specifics among children with mental disorders, especially those with chromosomal malformations, such as Prader-Willi syndrome or Down syndrome. We also presented the role of a speech therapist in treatment of children with mental disorders who have a specific anatomy of the orofacial area, and describe a series of speech therapeutic exercises that can be carried out during the orofacial treatment and articulation therapy. Our research included a medium-sized sample of 54 children aged from 6 to 15 years. The children come from different educational institutions – Roje Primary School in Domžale, dr. Slavko Grum Primary School in Zagorje ob Savi, Special Education Centre Janez Levec (primary school unit located on Levstikov trg in Ljubljana). The children were categorised into groups of mild, moderate, severe and profound mental disorders. In addition, 10 children with Down syndrome were included. Data was collected through our own questionnaire containing questions about the child's specifics which was handed to the parents along with a letter and an agreement. An orofacial examination was performed using methods specified in scholarly literature. After all the agreements were signed, orofacial area and articulation examinations were executed. The results based on our sample of children with mental disorders showed prevalence of at least one or more anatomical and functional specifics in the orofacial area in 36 cases. We established that the most common anatomical and functional specifics in the examined children were the following: limited soft palate mobility, mouth openness, limited nasal passage, velopharyngeal insufficiency, abnormally highly arched palate, incisal edge, and a too short sublingual bond. The observation of anatomical and functional specifics of the orofacial area did not indicate any correlations with the level of mental retardation. The empirical part of the thesis contains observations of anatomical and functional specifics of the orofacial area in children with mental disorders, observations of the occurrence of those specifics, and findings about the rate of mental development and its connection to orofacial specifics. The most frequent characteristic is limited soft palate mobility, which was present in 21 cases. Our study clearly shows that all children with Down syndrome have at least one of the anatomical or functional specifics of the orofacial area – these are not as common among children without Down syndrome. However, we did not confirm a statistically important difference in nasal resonance between the two groups. Moreover, we did not confirm the connection between mouth breathing and limited nasal passage, mouth openness and hyponasality. Articulation disorders were more frequent among children with Down syndrome. The research showed that 44 of the children involved attended speech therapies. As for speech therapies, there was no significant difference between children with or without Down syndrome, which indicates that speech therapy is equally available to all categories of mental disorders. We also found out that articulation difficulties occur more often to children with sucking, chewing and swallowing problems. Our research could not determine that the development of sucking, chewing and swallowing varies according to the level of mental retardation. The results showed that there are statistically important differences in motor skills of the articulation apparatus with regard to mental retardation; by means of these outcomes we assume that more severe the mental retardation, the weaker the skills of the articulation apparatus. The thesis includes a comparison of anamnestic data obtained through the questionnaire for parents, the attributes observed during orofacial examinations, and articulation disorders among different groups of mental disorders.


This study aims to find out how the teacher strategies of the subjects Akidah Akhlak in improving student learning discipline and how the state of student learning discipline in SDIT Rabbi Radhiyyah 01 rejang lebong district. This research uses qualitative approach with field research type. Observation data collection techniques, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, verification/drawing conclusions. The results showed; First, the teacher's strategy of morality in improving student learning discipline by briefing students on the importance of enforcing discipline, teachers setting an example for students in good manners, teachers advising students to be good and teachers to sanction students who violate discipline;  Second, the student's learning discipline situation is informed if the student's low interest in learning is due to students lacking introspection, weak student punishment and low support from some parents. In conclusion, the strategies implemented by teachers in improving student discipline by providing examples, advice to be good, as well as weak student discipline conditions caused by students lacking self-introspection, weak student punishment and low support of some parents.
Keywords: Teacher Strategy, Moral Code Teachers, Learning Discipline


Arrays of periodic one-dimensional nanomaterials offer tunable optical properties in terms of light-matter interaction which are attractive for designing efficient optoelectronic devices. This paper presents a fabrication of bottom-up grown nanopillar (NP) array solar cells based on n-i-p thin-film amorphous silicon using scaffolds of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) array. The effects of varying the CNT spacing over the range from 800 to 2000 nm on optical and electrical properties of the solar cells were investigated. The NP solar cell with CNT spacing of 800 nm exhibited `moth-eye' broadband antireflection behavior, showing an average reflectance value lower than 10%. The enhanced optical absorption translated to significant enhancements in photocurrent and quantum efficiency compared to a conventional planar solar cell under low light condition. The open-circuit voltage (Voc) of the NP solar cell was found systematically correlated with the CNT spacing and the illumination condition. The results presented here is of importance for developing high efficiency one-dimensional nanostructured solar cells.


ABSTRACT The employment "at will" doctrine means that an employee who does not have an employment contract for a specific duration can be discharged for any reason or no reason at all. "At will" is justified as a two way street. It permits either the employee or the employer to sever the employment relationship without incurring liability. Many employers use employee handbooks to communicate policy. In circumstances where the handbook specifies discipline and discharge processes the handbook may be deemed an enforceable contract and modify the "at will" doctrine. The language in the handbook is key. If the terms of the handbook are unequivocal and manifest to a reasonable person that the employer intends to be bound then the handbook may be an enforceable contract. In order to avoid this interpretation, many employers include a handbook disclaimer that disavows contractual intent. A clear and forthright disclaimer will prevent a handbook from being ruled an enforceable contract. Disclaimers, however, must meet certain criteria in order to be effective. The purpose of this paper is to identify the circumstances under which a handbook may be held to constitute an enforceable contract and to discuss the requirements necessary to effectively disclaim contractual intent. INTRODUCTION. On November 1, 1989, Wayne D. Norton, an "at will" employee, was discharged by his employer. Before his termination, Norton had been general manager of the Minneapolis office of Caremark, Inc., a pharmaceutical services company. In Minnesota, employment for an indefinite term is considered "at will" and terminable by either party for no reason without legal liability. Mr. Norton's vice-president said Norton was fired for poor performance. Norton sued his employer over the discharge and won. A jury awarded him $305,000 in back pay. How could this happen in a state that recognizes that an employer is free fire an employee at will and for no reason without legal consequences? The answer lies in the treatment afforded the company handbook. In Mr. Norton's case, Caremark promulgated a document entitled Disciplinary Action Guidelines and distributed and explained the policy to him. The Guidelines set forth a process for discharging an employee. Norton's supervisor failed to follow the Guidelines or the discharge process. The court held that the Guidelines were an enforceable contract between the company and Norton and that the company had breached its promise. As a result, Caremark was liable for damages (Norton v. Caremark, Inc., 1994). The issue to be discussed in this article is when the provisions of an employee handbook that is disseminated to employees may modify the "at will" employment doctrine and create duties upon an employer that are not present in an ordinary "at will" employment relationship. THE "AT WILL" EMPLOYMENT DOCTRINE. Under the employment at will doctrine an employer may fire an employee for good reason, bad reason, or no reason at all unless prohibited by law or public policy (Monaco v. American General Assurance Company, 2004). Employment for an indefinite term with no specific duration is considered to be "at will" and terminable at the discretion of the employee or the employer without legal consequences (Wojcik v. Commonwealth Mortgage Corporation, 1990). The "at will" employment doctrine is settled law in most states and in the District of Columbia (Autor, 2006). The "at will" employment doctrine is often justified as being a two way street. The rationale is that it permits either the employee or the employer to terminate the employment relationship for any reason without liability to the other (Mizell v. Sara Lee Corporation, 2005). The result of this doctrine is to allow an employer to terminate an employee without fear of a successful wrongful discharge lawsuit (Eckhardt v. Yerkes Regional Primate Center, 2002). THE EMPLOYEE HANDBOOK. Over the past two decades many courts have modified the traditional "at will" employment rule when an employer's handbook or policy manual contains language that provides that discharge will occur for cause or only after certain conditions have been met (Meier v. …


Ever since India's independence from Britain in 1947 and the tragic death toll resulting from the partition creating Pakistan, the sub-continent has been marked by religious conflict. Over the last twenty years, this has taken especially bloody turns. This article examines the political roots of the rioting that has ensued. The analysis is anchored in two fundamental distinctions: one between democratic "citizens" and communal "people," and the other between the dynamics of hegemonic "majoritarianism" and the consequences of minority "marginalization." The relationship between the two is explored with special reference to Hindu-Sikh violence in the state of Punjab and the long standing Hindu-Muslim violence generally initiated and sustained by Shiv Sena and other movements of the Hindutva cause, as occurred most recently in the state of Gujarat in 2002. India offers a cautionary tale in which both democracy and religious freedom hang in the balance.


This paper discusses a new class of problem related to mathematical programming but with two separate decision makers in hierarchical relationship, each with his own objective function and control over distinct but interacting variables. The relationship of this problem to agricultural (energy and environmental) policy problems is developed, together with the relationship of this new problem structure to mathematical programming, game theory, control theory, and principal agent theory. Suggested computational approaches are reviewed, along with the solution to two illustrative examples of the use of the technique.


A painters' means of expression can never be dictated by any theory or set criteria. Working from personal needs, he is free to make use of any feasible entry in the pursuit of his desired expression. The early paintings or this thesis are essentially, compositions of pure color and form, free of intellectual connotations. In the course of time, however, there arose a need to incorporate elements of a stronger reality potential. The paintings represented here bear evidence to an evolution from the use of pure color-form to the inclusion of real materials, rendered objects of recognition, and photographic images as additional components of expression. Regarding the total, abstract, pulse of the painting as the primary concern, the new images and materials have not been used as central points of interest. They are hopefully, integral parts of the whole structure, working with the color-form attributes to complete the full drama. These entities sometimes appear intellectual or conceptual in character, but when used in the painting they become building blocks in the non-intellectual story of plastic form. Thus, the use of the image is similar to that of color. It is dictated by "felt" or intuitive needs, not intellectual decisions.


esearch evidence revealed that the quality of graduates in Nigeria is on a rapid R decline especially in the area of valuable and complementary life skills. Also, researchers have established that subject-specific knowledge and skills alone are unlikely to secure a graduate occupation in which they can be both successful and satisfied. Hence, this study evaluated the extent to which university undergraduates in North West Nigeria possessed employability skills. This study employed a survey research design. The population comprises all 2018/2019 final year university undergraduates in North West Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling approach using Simple Random and Proportional Sampling technique was employed to select 697 respondents from Usmanu Danfodiyo University, 350 respondents from Federal University Gusau and 330 respondents from Federal University Birnin Kebbi. The research instrument was a researcher-developed questionnaire entitled "Employability Indices Questionnaire". The research instrument was validated by seven experts. The instrument was trial tested on a population that is similar but not among the sampled population; and Cronbach's Alpha was used to estimate a reliability coefficient of 0.82 and 0.96 for Employability Perception Scale and Employability Skills Scale respectively. Three research questions guided the study; while data collected were analyzed using summated scale. The major findings of the study revealed that majority of university undergraduates in North West Nigeria perceived themselves to have high knowledge of employability, yet further finding revealed that majority of the respondents perceived themselves to have high need of Life-long Learning Skill and Team-work Skills. This implies that the respondents have low level of Life-long Learning and Team-work Skills. As such, it was recommended that University Management should improve standard by making Employability Skills a development priority area for its undergraduates before their graduation. Both instruction and assessment of undergraduates should challenge and develop students' Life-long learning skill, Team-work skills and other relevant skills before their graduation. University Management should encourage her students to develop and demonstrate employability skills like Life-long learning skill, Team-work skills, information and communication technology knowledge, numeracy skill


The popular perception of the First World War has remained an inherently white mythic space in which white men fight against other white men and where minorities, when and if they are featured, are given an anonymous secondary role and are subject to the will and motivation of their white heroic leaders. This article will be considering the white mythic space of the First World War by focusing on the video game Battlefield 1 (2016) and investigating the backlash by players on online message boards against the inclusion of soldiers of color in the game's multiplayer features. In the online discourse, these players diminish the role that minorities played in the First World War and although the presence of minorities in the historical First World War is to a minor extent acknowledged, their space in the video game is nonetheless denied. I argue that this backlash is based on a rejection of the inclusive collective memory as portrayed in Battlefield 1, supported by racist arguments against the backdrop of the white mythic space of the First World War and that their rejection of the presence of minorities in Battlefield 1 can be constructed as a continuation of the denial of agency for soldiers of color by white individuals that took place during the First World War and the postwar period.


The Chinese environmental satellites HJ1 A and B can play a significant role in the aerosol retrieval due to their high spatial and temporal resolution. The current Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieval methods from HJ1-CCD are almost based on the LUT (Look-Up Table), by selecting the best fitting result to determine the AOD. However, aerosol model selection has an important impact on the retrieval results when creating the lookup table; inappropriate choice of aerosol model will significantly affect the accuracy and applicability of the method. This paper determined the local aerosol physical properties (such as complex refractive index, and size distribution) based on the observational data, thus we defined the aerosol type and retrieved the AOD of the local aerosol. Furthermore we compared the results retrieved from the measurement aerosol model with those retrieved from the inherent aerosol model in the radiative transfer model and then evaluate its effect on the aerosol type.