BACKGROUND
In ACL reconstruction, the relationship of the femoral tunnel outlet to the anatomy of the lateral knee is clinically important, but whether that relationship is influenced by knee flexion using a transportal technique is unclear.

QUESTIONS/PURPOSES
The purposes of this study were to (1) to describe the relationship between the outlet of the femoral tunnel and the lateral anatomic structures of the femur, including the lateral epicondyle, lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and lateral head of the gastrocnemius, as a function of knee flexion angle when the tunnel was created; and (2) to determine the knee flexion range of angles that best limits the risk of damage to these structures as the femoral tunnel is created during anatomic single-bundle ACL reconstruction using the transportal technique.

METHODS
Between January 2017 and June 2018, 113 patients underwent ACL reconstruction, of which 62 (55%) who had a primary single-bundle ACL reconstruction with transportal technique using autogenous quadruple hamstring graft were included. Patients who were treated with grafts other than autogenous quadruple hamstring tendon, and had concomitant ligamentous injury, revisional ACL reconstruction, previous operative history of the affected knee, osseous deformity and osteoarthritis were excluded. Included patients were divided into three groups according to their knee flexion angles as the femoral tunnel was created. The femoral tunnel was created with rigid straight reamer with the knee flexed as much as possible in figure-of-four position and the flexion angle was measured with a sterile 12-inch goniometer intraoperatively for all patients. Fourteen patients (23%) had the femoral tunnel created with the knee in < 120° of flexion, 23 (37%) had the tunnel created in 120° to 129° of flexion, and 25 (40%) had the tunnel created in ≥ 130° of flexion. The femoral tunnel's outlet and the lateral anatomic structures of the femur, including the femoral origins of the lateral epicondyle, lateral collateral ligament, popliteus tendon, and lateral head of the gastrocnemius, were identified on a three-dimensional model that was reconstructed using CT images taken on postoperative day 1. The shortest distances from the femoral tunnel's outlet to these lateral anatomic structures were measured by two observers and interobserver reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.75). The distances were compared among the groups, and a correlation analysis of the measured distances regarding the knee flexion angle during creation of the femoral tunnel was performed. The safe distance was set as 12 mm between the centers of the femoral tunnel's outlet and the lateral structures considering the footprint of the lateral structures, diameter of the femoral tunnel, and femoral tunnel widening. Any anatomic structures that were closer to the femoral tunnel than the safe distance were noted, and the cutoff point of knee flexion for injury to the lateral anatomic structures was determined with a receiver operating characteristic curve.

RESULTS
As knee flexion angle increased, the distance from the femoral tunnel to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius increased (r = 0.657, p < 0.001), and the distance to the lateral epicondyle decreased (r = -0.627, p < 0.001), as did the distance of the tunnel to the lateral collateral ligament (r = -0.443, p < 0.001) and the popliteus tendon (r = -0.653, p < 0.001). The cutoff point of the knee flexion angle associated with structural injury was 131° (sensitivity, 70%; specificity, 73%) for the lateral collateral ligament and 121° (sensitivity, 86%; specificity, 67%) for the lateral head of the gastrocnemius.

CONCLUSIONS
As knee flexion increased, the femoral tunnel's outlet tended to move more anteriorly and distally. Consequently, the safe distance to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius increased and the distances to the lateral epicondyle, lateral collateral ligament, and popliteus tendon decreased with increased knee flexion. To avoid possible damage to the lateral anatomic structures and obtain stable fixation in ACL reconstruction using the transportal technique, we recommend creating a femoral tunnel within 121° and 131° of knee flexion.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III, therapeutic study.


Some companies can't change in response to market disruptions. Those companies die. Other companies do respond, but only after the fact. They survive, but they see their profits squeezed, their growth flatten. Then, there are the long-term winners: companies that create their own market disruptions and thrive on the change. In Create Marketplace Disruption, Adam Hartung shows how to become one of those rare companies, creating lasting growth and lasting profits. Hartung reveals why so many companies behave in ways that are utterly incompatible with long-term success... and why even "good to great" companies are struggling for air. You'll discover how to reposition your organization away from the "flats and swamps" of traditional "Defend and Extend Management" and back into the "rapids" of accelerated growth. Hartung uncovers the deep implications of today's dynamic markets and shorter cycle times, and shows how to make planning an "outside-in" activity (or, in his words, "Don't try to think outside the box. Get outside the box. Then, think." Next, he demonstrates how to attack competitors' "lock-ins," make their success formulas obsolete, and create the "white space" you need to invent your own new formulas for success. This book offers the first start-to-finish process for disrupting markets and reaping the benefits: a process that executives and strategists can reproduce over and over again.


Energy management system is the most challenging job in the world. Various factors have an effect on energy management, such as financial, climate. This will limit provisional decision-making. A road map can be obtained from the energy management system for organization, efficiency, sustainability and profitability. Reducing energy losses and saving fuel are some of the energy management system's advantages. In thermal power plant, till date Auxiliary consumption value can be observed and recorded only after 24 hours. By using this project we can obtain Auxiliary consumption value in real time and unnecessary energy consumption can be precisely located and reduced. For this hardware components such as PZEM-004T, Rpi 3b+ and ESP8266 are used. NODE –RED software is used.


This paper develops a novel framework for efficient large-scale video retrieval. We aim to find video according to higher level similarities, which is beyond the scope of traditional near duplicate search. Following the popular hashing technique we employ compact binary codes to facilitate nearest neighbor search. Unlike the previous methods which capitalize on only one type of hash code for retrieval, this paper combines heterogeneous hash codes to effectively describe the diverse and multi-scale visual contents in videos. Our method integrates feature pooling and hashing in a single framework. In the pooling stage, we cast video frames into a set of pre-specified components, which capture a variety of semantics of video contents. In the hashing stage, we represent each video component as a compact hash code, and combine multiple hash codes into hash tables for effective search. To speed up the retrieval while retaining most informative codes, we propose a graph-based influence maximization method to bridge the pooling and hashing stages. We show that the influence maximization problem is submodular, which allows a greedy optimization method to achieve a nearly optimal solution. Our method works very efficiently, retrieving thousands of video clips from TRECVID dataset in about 0.001 second. For a larger scale synthetic dataset with 1M samples, it uses less than 1 second in response to 100 queries. Our method is extensively evaluated in both unsupervised and supervised scenarios, and the results on TRECVID Multimedia Event Detection and Columbia Consumer Video datasets demonstrate the success of our proposed technique.


This is a report of a qualitative, content analysis of 100 "Lost Pet" notices. The aim of the study was to identify what literary techniques people employed to express their loss given a highly diverse public that may, or many not, be sympathetic to expressions of grief over pets. Four notice types were identified: The simple public notice [impersonal] (20%); the simple public notice [personalized] (55%); the personal appeal notice (21%) and; the owner's story notice (4%). The relationship between these styles of writing and public sanctions against open grief are discussed. Directions for future research are identified.


Squid axons appear in a steady state with respect to ionized Ca when [Ca]o is ca. 3 mM and [Ca]i is ca. 30 nM. A membrane pump energized by the Na gradient across the membrane is capable of maintaining this ratio of ionized Ca if four Na enter per Ca extruded. Empirically, it is noted that if the difference between the electrochemical gradient for Na+ and that for Ca2+ is large and positive, Ca efflux is large; for a large but negative difference in the gradient, Ca influx is large. Net fluxes of Ca into the fiber are induced by Na-free solutions or stimulation. These are buffered in axoplasm principally by a high affinity Ca buffer. Mitochondria apparently do not contain large amounts of stored Ca as CN poisoning does not increase ionized Ca in axoplasm if the seawater is Ca-free.


Seafood, such as fish, crustacean and molluscan shellfish, and echinoderms, provides in the edible part (e. g., filet, abdominal muscle) many nutritional components beneficial for the human diet like n-3 polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids (PUFAs), namely eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), essential elements such as selenium and iodine, high potassium and low sodium concentrations, and the vitamins D, A, E, and B(12), as well as taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) among others. Its protein is highly digestible due to low connective tissue content, and cholesterol content is also low in fish. Lean fish species are extremely low in fat content (<1 %), while fatty species are extremely rich in PUFAs. However, being subject to environmental influences from its habitat, seafood also entails water-borne health risks such as organic pollutants, toxins, parasites, and heavy metals. Nevertheless, the vast majority of experimental and epidemiological studies have proven that the benefits of fish intake exceed the potential risks even for vulnerable consumer groups.


The limited bandwidth of sensor-based feedback control restricts the execution speed of a force controlled planar contour following task, if the shape of the workpiece is unknown. This paper shows how appropriate feedforward control of the task frame orientation, calculated online from an eye-in-hand camera image, results in a higher quality (i.e. faster and/or more accurate) task execution. However, keeping the contour in the camera held of view in addition to maintaining a force controlled contact, imposes additional requirements on the controller. This double control problem is specified in the task frame formalism and executed in a hybrid position/force control environment. It is solved using the redundancy for the rotation in the plane, which exists for rotational symmetric tools. The key in this solution is (continuously) redefining the relation between the task frame and the end effector. Experimental results are presented to validate the approach.


The effect of relative humidity (RH) on the survival of airborne viruses is not uniform. Certain airborne viruses, measles and influenza, for example, survive best when held at low RH values (5, 9). The picornaviruses and adenoviruses, on the other hand, exhibit greatest survival in the airborne state at high RH values (8, 10); at least one virus, pigeon pox, survives quite well regardless of the RH (12). Furthermore, many airborne viruses evince rapid inactivation neither at high nor at low but at midrange RH values, between 40 and 60%. This is particularly true for airborne picornaviruses and vesicular stomatitis virus (1, 11). Because of this inconsistent response to different RH values, one can only conjecture as to the role of intact virus components in the inactivation of an airborne virus. However, a comparison of the survival of an airborne virus with that of its infectious nucleic acid could possibly establish the role of the latter, as well as provide some information concerning the mechanism of inactivation for that particular airborne virus. Mengovirus 37A, a thermostable mengovirus mutant (4), was selected for this study. Besides being a proven source of infectious viral ribonucleic acid (RNA), this strain of the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) group of picornaviruses was expected to exhibit rapid inactivation when aerosolized and held at 40 to 60% RH. Therefore, if any significant differences in survival between aerosols of mengovirus 37A and its viral RNA were to occur, they would be most obvious within the mid-range RH values. The preparation, extraction, and assay in L cells of mengovirus 37A or its RNA, preand postaerosolization, have been described (2, 3). Aerosols of both intact virus and infectious RNA were studied at RH values ranging from 20 to 80% (10% RH increments) at 27 C. The aerosolization and collection of RNA aerosols differed from the methods used for virus aerosols as follows. (i) A modified Wells refluxing atomizer was attached directly to the rotating drum so that the aerosol, with no secondary air dilution or mixing, was introduced directly into a 500liter rotating toroid drum (7). This technique did not increase the RH of the drum by more than 1%. (ii) RNA suspensions (titer, 5 x 105 to 106 plaque-forming units per ml) were aerosolized by operating the Wells atomizer at 10 psi for 15 min (10 min for virus suspension). (iii) Each


We report a novel and efficient strategy for the preparation of the high-value triterpenoid betulinic acid based on extraction and streamlined oxidation of betulin from the industrial by-product birch bark. The initial extraction of betulin relies on a biphasic system and allowed extracting betulin in short times at room temperature. The crude extract could be directly oxidized, thereby providing a chromium-free, time- and energy saving strategy for the manufacturing of betulinic acid in high yield.


Background: The implementation of a safety program is one of the most effective factors in increasing productivity. A look to safety from the perspective of efficiency can indicate necessary investment in safety for all, especially the managers of companies. Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of safety costs on some indicators of productivity and quality in industrial companies. Methods: This study was a retrospective analysis and was implemented in five steel companies in Ahvaz. The data relating to the safety costs such as staffing costs and total safety costs, and productivity and quality indicators were collected in five years. This information and data were collected according to statistics from documents and archives of safety, accounting, and production sectors of companies. Costs as well as numbers and figures of variables were expressed in the form of per capita and percentage to make the data comparable. Linear and generalized regression models and Wald Chi-Square test were used by the SPSS 22 software to determine the relationships between them. Results: Safety costs such as capita labor safety costs and capita total safety costs or percentage safety labor costs to labor costs, showed a significant positive effect on labor productivity, labor competitiveness, total factor productivity, quality index and production rates (in some cases, P = 0.001). Conclusions: The total safety cost and safety labor compensation generally, regardless of the nature and quality of the safety management system, can impact productivity, quality and quantity of production in addition to other factors of production. Surely if safety programs are targeted and codified, the effect of the investment will be doubled.


Recent studies have described a new mechanism of intercellular communication mediated by various types of extracellular vesicles (EVs). In particular, exosomes are small EVs (sEVs) released to the extracellular environment by the fusion of the endosomal pathway-related multivesicular bodies (containing intraluminal vesicles) with the plasma membrane. sEVs contain a molecular cargo consisting of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. However, the loading mechanisms for this complex molecular cargo have not yet been completely elucidated. In that line, the post translational modification SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier) has been shown to impact the incorporation of select proteins into sEVs. We therefore decided to investigate whether SUMOylation is a mechanism that defines protein loading to sEVs. In order to investigate the role of SUMOylation in cargo loading into sEVs, we utilized astrocytes, an essential cell type of the central nervous system with homeostatic functions, to study the impact of SUMOylation on the protein cargo of sEVs. Following SUMO overexpression, achieved by transfection of SUMO plasmids or experimental conditions that modulate SUMOylation in primary astrocyte cultures, we detected proteins related to cell division, translation, and transcription by mass-spectrometry. In astrocyte cultures treated with the general SUMOylation inhibitor 2-D08 (2′,3′,4′-trihydroxy-flavone, 2-(2,3,4-Trihydroxyphenyl)-4H-1-Benzopyran-4-one) we observed an increase in the number of sEVs and a decreased amount of protein cargo within them. In turn, in astrocytes treated with the stress hormone corticosterone, we found an increase of SUMO-2 conjugated proteins and sEVs from these cells contained an augmented protein cargo. In this case, the proteins detected with mass-spectrometry were mostly proteins related to protein translation. To test whether astrocyte-derived sEVs obtained in these experimental conditions could modulate protein synthesis in target cells, we incubated primary neurons with astrocyte-derived sEVs. sEVs from corticosterone-treated astrocytes stimulated protein synthesis while no difference was found with sEVs derived from 2-D08-treated astrocytes. Our results show that SUMO conjugation plays a fundamental role in defining the protein cargo of sEVs impacting the physiological function of target cells.


This chapter offers a longitudinal overview of Englishization in Danish
 higher education, tracing its conceptualization from critical to constructive. In the initial stages, English was viewed sceptically, with concerns
 over domain loss, equity, quality of education, and consequences for
 the national language and culture. Such concerns led to a joint Nordic
 language policy promoting parallel language use, that is, a balanced
 use of English and the national language. In Denmark, this concept has
 been particularly salient, with all Danish universities having some sort
 of parallel language policy (Hultgren, 2014b). Recently, more constructive
 stances have replaced the concerns, perhaps recognizing that the continued expansion of Englishization is inevitable. Today, numerous Danish
 initiatives advance practical solutions to secure a smooth implementation
 of English medium of instruction.


This paper presents selected problems connected with automation of procedures involved in assessment of machine degradation degree using vibration method with special emphasis on the machine state prognosis. The current knowledge of these problems is not sufficient and needs further research on data processing, analysis of efficiency of diagnostic and prognostic procedures, collection and selection of diagnostic parameters and development of automatic procedures for recognition and prognosis of a machine state. New solutions and different aspects of diagnostic prognosis based on the proposed partial procedures focus on factors determining automation of procedures for identification of technical systems states. New automated procedures for acquisition and processing of symptoms indicating the machine state provide better possibilities of control and supervision of technical systems operation and maintenance through identification of their current states, and its good prognosis.


The article presents the organization experience of auto- mobile transport movement in cramped conditions at the lower horizons of the deep pit. Highway profiles for different traffic conditions have presented.


The organization of out-patient care of elderly people has its own clinical and organizational characteristics. The study was carried out to establish quality factors of ambulatory polyclinic medical care of elderly people from the position of attending physician. The sampling consisted of 80 physicians interviewed. Out of them 70 were females (87.5%), 50 local therapists and general practitioners and 30 physicians of various specialties. The genuinely elaborated questionnaire was applied. Results and discussion. It is established that most physicians are aware of the need of improving quality of medical care of elderly patients and developing geriatric care. The percentage of elderly patients in ambulatory polyclinic network makes up to 50%, and in particular cases up to 60-70%. The majority of elderly patients visit their physician 1-2 times per month. More than 50% of physicians consider elderly patients have to be observed by physicians of geriatric profile that confirms actual need in this medical specialty. The social and organizational factors of quality of medical care are identified: insufficient duration of physician admission, low level of preferential medications support, lacking of cash resources in patients to purchase prescribed medications, difficulties in making an appointment to medical specialist and district physician, difficult access of medical organization. The orientation of doctors in provision of care to elderly patients only to medication therapy is established. Conclusion. The specific characteristics of identified factors of quality of medical care of elderly patients are to be considered in developing directions of optimizing medical care for this contingent.


In December 2003, Giot et al. (1) published a systematic investigation of the protein interaction network—the interactome—of Drosophila melanogaster. Giot et al. produced a draft map of 7,048 proteins and 20,405 interactions, which they then refined to "a higher confidence map of 4,679 proteins and 4,780 interactions." The magnitude of the undertaking led to the study being lauded as the "dawn of systems biology" in a number of commentaries and news releases. Giot et al.'s study was preceded and followed by a number of investigations of the interactomes of other species, ranging from bacteria to humans (2–5). However, none of these studies was able to provide an estimate of the actual size of the interactome being sampled. In a systematic statistical study published in this issue of PNAS, Stumpf et al. (6) provide convincing estimates of the interactome size of four organisms, including humans.


We propose to use the Generalized Morse Wavelets (GMWs) instead of commonly-used Morlet (or Gabor) wavelets in the Scattering Transform Network (STN), which we call the GMW-STN, for signal classification problems. The GMWs form a parameterized family of truly analytic wavelets while the Morlet wavelets are only approximately analytic. The analyticity of underlying wavelet filters in the STN is particularly important for nonstationary oscillatory signals such as music signals because it improves interpretability of the STN representations by providing multi-scale amplitude and phase (and consequently frequency) information of input signals. We demonstrate the superiority of the GMW-STN over the conventional STN in music genre classification using the so-called GTZAN database. Moreover, we show the performance improvement of the GMW-STN by increasing its number of layers to three over the typical two-layer STN.


The importance of having proper open or outflow boundary conditions for the calculation domain is a known issue in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) for a long time and some recent developments were done originally without having Large Eddy Simulation (LES) applications in mind. An impact of it on LES results is even greater than in the case of some other modelling approaches due to the number of vortices which may pass through the outflow boundary. The flow may enter and leave the computational domain at the same time and at the same boundary. In such circumstances, it is important that numerical implementation of boundary conditions enforces certain physical constraints. This paper evaluates recently proposed non-reflecting boundary conditions on improving costeffectiveness of LES calculations by reducing calculation domain and with that, also reducing the number of calculation cells which by the rule leads to a shorter computational time. The results will be shown for the flow around simplified ICE2 high-speed train subjected to a constant cross wind used in the previous work of Hemida and Krajnovi (2009). INTRODUCTION The interest in using time-dependent simulations such as LES in vehicle aerodynamics has increased during last ten years as a result of success with LES simulations of flows around Ahmed body (Krajnovi and Davidson, 2005a, 2005b) and some other external vehicle flows. However, most of these simulations were performed at Reynolds numbers that have lower power than real vehicle flows due to insufficient computer resources and required simulation time for real vehicle flows. There is ongoing research today in decreasing requirements for computational effort of LES by modelling the near wall flow rather than computing it. The objective of the present paper is to demonstrate how computational effort of LES can be decreased by shortening the computational domain and using outlet boundary conditions different from convective boundary conditions which have been a standard in LES of bluff body flows. The largest interest in using time-dependent simulations in external vehicle aerodynamics is for flows that are inherently transient and very difficult to study using experimental facilities due to practical difficulties to obtain correct boundary conditions. An example of such situations is the flow around trains under the influence of cross winds. In the present paper we choose to demonstrate our approach on a flow around simplified ICE2 high-speed train subjected to a constant cross wind. Despite a significant increase in computing power, there is almost always lack of computational cells when it comes to complex industrial applications. It is sometimes necessary to decrease the Reynolds-number as it was done in calculations presented here. However, and in this case, measurements of Orellano and Schober (2006) also show a very little influence of changing the Reynolds number on aerodynamic coefficients. They investigated three different Sixth International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena Seoul, Korea, 22-24 June 2009


Improvements in Young's modulus and strength (tenacity) of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibers were obtained by drawing unoriented nanocomposite filaments containing low concentrations (<3 wt%) of various organically modified montmorillonites (MMTs) in a second step at temperatures above the glass transition. Prior to melt spinning, solid-state polymerization was used to rebuild lost molecular weight, due to MMT-induced degradation, to a level suitable for producing high strength fibers. Greater improvements in mechanical properties occurred when the MMT stacks were intercalated with PET. A nominal 1 wt% loading of dimethyl-dehydrogenated tallow quaternary ammonium surface modified MMT in drawn PET fiber showed a 28% and 63% increase in Young's modulus and strength, respectively. Relative to an unfilled PET fiber, these results surpassed the upper bound of the rule of mixtures estimate and suggested that both the type of surface modification and concentration of MMT affect the degree of PET orientation and crystallinity. Furthermore, drawability above Tg and elongation at break increased upon the addition of organically modified MMT to unoriented PET fibers, which was a key distinction of this work from others examining similar systems. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2010. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers


CT Perfusion (CTP) derived cerebral blood flow (CBF) thresholds have been proposed as the optimal parameter for distinguishing the infarct core prior to reperfusion. Previous threshold-derivation studies have been limited by uncertainties introduced by infarct expansion between the acute phase of stroke and follow-up imaging, or DWI lesion reversibility. In this study a model is proposed for determining infarction CBF thresholds at 3hr ischemia time by comparing contemporaneously acquired CTP derived CBF maps to 18F-FFMZ-PET imaging, with the objective of deriving a CBF threshold for infarction after 3 hours of ischemia. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) was injected into the brain of Duroc-Cross pigs (n = 11) through a burr hole in the skull. CTP images were acquired 10 and 30 minutes post ET-1 injection and then every 30 minutes for 150 minutes. 370 MBq of 18F-FFMZ was injected ~120 minutes post ET-1 injection and PET images were acquired for 25 minutes starting ~155–180 minutes post ET-1 injection. CBF maps from each CTP acquisition were co-registered and converted into a median CBF map. The median CBF map was co-registered to blood volume maps for vessel exclusion, an average CT image for grey/white matter segmentation, and 18F-FFMZ-PET images for infarct delineation. Logistic regression and ROC analysis were performed on infarcted and non-infarcted pixel CBF values for each animal that developed infarct. Six of the eleven animals developed infarction. The mean CBF value corresponding to the optimal operating point of the ROC curves for the 6 animals was 12.6 ± 2.8 mL·min-1·100g-1 for infarction after 3 hours of ischemia. The porcine ET-1 model of cerebral ischemia is easier to implement then other large animal models of stroke, and performs similarly as long as CBF is monitored using CTP to prevent reperfusion.


The problem of system input selection, dubbed in the literature as Type I Structure Identification problem, is addressed in this paper using an effective novel method. More specifically, the fuzzy curve technique, introduced by Lin and Cunningham (1995), is extended to an advantageous fuzzy surface technique; the latter is used for fast building a coarse model of the system from a subset of the initial candidate inputs. A simple genetic algorithm, enhanced with a local search operator, is used for finding an optimal subset of necessary and sufficient inputs by considering jointly more than one inputs. Extensive simulation results on both artificial data and real world data have demonstrated comparatively the advantages of the proposed method.


Classical decision theory predicts that people should be indifferent to information that is not useful for making decisions, but this model often fails to describe human behavior. Here we investigate one such scenario, where people desire information about whether an event (the gain/loss of money) will occur even though there is no obvious decision to be made on the basis of this information. We find a curious dual trend: if information is costless, as the probability of the event increases people want the information more; if information is not costless, people's desire for the information peaks at an intermediate probability. People also want information more as the importance of the event increases, and less as the cost of the information increases. We propose a model that explains these results, based on the assumption that people have limited cognitive resources and obtain information about which events will occur so they can determine whether to expend effort planning for them.


Building from Within/ Building from Without offers, as resolution to the inside/outside dichotomy, a third condition:  the state of being hidden. The latent disclosure of what connects the unapologetically transparent to the purely opaque demands spatial secrecy and utmost discretion. The Secret Room silently guides the pilgrim through what would be an otherwise indecipherable, impossible and impenetrable labyrinthine construct.


Metalloglycomics - the effects of defined coordination compounds on oligosaccharides and their structure and function - opens new areas for bioinorganic chemistry and expands its systematic study to the third major class of biomolecules after DNA/RNA and proteins.


The paradigm shift in housing market has changed consumers' interests to the cost of housing, it is the most important factor considered in purchasing house recently. In this study, some factors influencing on the cost of housing and some preference factors considered in purchasing house are analyzed. The AHP(Analytic Hierarchy Process) is used to analyze preference factors. The results of this study can be used as a decision maker in the initial planning stage of construction industry.


Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor cells (HSPCs) with 5q haploinsufficiency in del(5q) myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) acquire a clonal advantage in the bone marrow and out-compete normal hematopoiesis. A critical, yet unsolved question remains: how does genetic haploinsufficiency in del(5q) cells contribute to the clonal advantage of HSPCs?
 We investigated the role of haploinsufficiency for three candidate genes in the common deleted region on chromosome 5 (Csnk1a1, Egr1 and Apc) in direct competition with each other and wild-type (wt) cells on a single cell level by employing a novel lentiviral genetic barcoding strategy. We introduced genotype and cell-specific barcodes into HSPCs from murine models haploinsufficient for Csnk1a1, Egr1 or Apc. Barcoded HSPCs were sort-purified, genotypes mixed and subsequently competitively transplanted into lethally irradiated mice and re-transplanted after 16 weeks in a secondary transplant.
 The barcoded progeny was reliably recovered from peripheral blood and relative contribution of the barcoded clones to differentiated blood lineages was followed over 32 weeks. Despite heterogeneity in clonal evolution among the mice, all haploinsufficient clones had the potential to outcompete wt clones (3 of 5 mice in the primary transplant, 3 out of 4 mice in the secondary transplant). Csnk1a1 haploinsufficient clones showed the largest clonal abundance and clonal persistence. Expansion of oligoclonal Csnk1a1 haploinsufficient HSPCs was further enhanced in the secondary transplant in all mice. Egr1 haploinsufficient clones showed potential for prominent oligoclonal expansion in one mouse, but decreased in abundance in all secondary transplants. Apc haploinsufficient clones showed persistence but not expansion in 3 out of 5 mice. These results were validated by conventional competitive transplants, which demonstrated that Csnk1a1 and Egr1 haploinsufficient cells achieved the highest advantage over wt hematopoiesis in the primary transplant and more enhanced in the secondary transplant.
 Since Csnk1a1 regulates β-catenin protein stability, we hypothesized that the clonal expansion of Csnk1a1 haploinsufficient HSPCs is dependent on β-catenin levels. We performed a second genetic barcoding competitive transplant, comparing Csnk1a1-/+ HSPC directly to double haploinsufficient Csnk1a1-/+/Ctnnb1-/+ (β-catenin encoding) HSPCs. We included additional double haploinsufficient mutants Csnk1a1-/+/Apc-/+ and Csnk1a1-/+/Egr1-/+. Results showed pronounced expansion of Csnk1a1-/+ clones, while Csnk1a1-/+/Ctnnb1-/+ clones were outcompeted over time, suggesting that the advantage of Csnk1a1-/+ clones is β-catenin dependent. Csnk1a1-/+/Egr1-/+ and Csnk1a1-/+/Apc-/+ clones were less advantageous than Csnk1a1-/+ clones.
 To further investigate the mechanism of clonal fitness in Csnk1a1-/+ haploinsufficient HSPCs, we performed droplet based single cell RNA sequencing of Csnk1a1-/+ and wt Lin-Sca1+cKit+ (LSK) HSPCs. Csnk1a1 -/+ LSK were characterized by a higher fraction of cells expressing cell cycle genes compared to wt cells. In line, transcriptional alterations in the most primitive HSCs suggest that the clonal advantage is conveyed by canonical Wnt signaling activating downstream targets such E2F proteins. Csnk1a1-/+ haploinsufficient multipotent progenitors and myeloid/lymphoid primed progenitors expressed marked upregulation of metabolic pathways, mitochondrial respiration, cell cycle and differentiation, ubiquitination/proteasome system and deregulation of ribosome biogenesis.
 In conclusion, we demonstrate using a novel genetic barcoding approach in a competitive transplant setting that Csnk1a1-/+ haploinsufficient HSPCs have the potential for oligoclonal expansion and clonal persistence. Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays a central role in the clonal expansion. Interestingly, in Csnk1a1 haploinsufficiency the HSC state is preserved and the increased proliferation and metabolic activation are hallmark features of differentiating progenitor cells at MPP stage, increasing with cell cycle activation, thus ensuring clonal stability and preventing HSC exhaustion over time.

 Brümmendorf: University Hospital of the RWTH Aachen: Employment; Janssen: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Merck: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Ariad: Consultancy. Ebert:Celgene: Research Funding; Deerfield: Research Funding; Broad Institute: Other: Contributor to a patent filing on this technology that is held by the Broad Institute..


Abstract. The degree of cross-linking and curing is one of the most important values
concerning the quality of cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and the
functionality of adhesives and resin-based components. Up to now, the
measurement of this property has mostly been time-consuming and usually
destructive. Within the shown work the feasibility of single-sided nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) for the non-destructive determination of the degree
of cross-linking and curing as process monitoring was investigated. First
results indicate the possibility of distinguishing between PE-X samples with
different degrees of cross-linking. The homogeneity of the samples and the
curing kinetics of adhesives can also be monitored. The measurements show
good agreement with reference tests (wet chemical analysis, differential
scanning calorimetry, dielectric analysis). Furthermore, the influence of
sample temperature on the characteristic relaxation times can be observed.


The cultivation of lettuce is notable in the field of olericulture due to its worldwide economic and food importance. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of mimosa lettuce cv. Lavinia produced in a polystyrene tray system with different cell number and field spacings. Seedlings were produced in trays of 128, 200 and 288 cells and cultivated in a protected environment. Twenty-five days post-sowing, the seedlings were transplanted to beds with spacings of 30 × 40; 35 × 40; 40 × 40; and 45 × 40 cm. The experiment followed a split-plot randomized block design with four replicates. Harvesting was performed at 45 days after transplanting. Phytometric characteristics of the plants were evaluated after the crop cycle: number of leaves, plant height, stem length and diameter and fresh and dry weight of the shoot. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Tukey's test at p<0.05. The agronomic performance of mimosa lettuce cv. Lavinia is favored when plants are produced in trays with 200 cells and is not influenced by field spacings.

 Key words: Lactuca sativa, mimosa, cultivar Lavinia, seedling production, phytometric characteristics.


This field experiment tested the impact of animation and language on the click-through rate (CTR) of banner advertisements across two website types. Animation results of over one million banner impressions were inconsistent for social networking and information websites. As expected, two languages, English and Norwegian, showed insignificant CTR differences. The CTR was under one tenth of one percent (0.1%), consistent with low reported CTRs for traditional advertising banners. The study contributes to research in testing different website design elements, an under researched area.


The proliferation of connected sensing devices (or Internet of Things) can in theory enable a range of applications that make rich inferences about users and their environment. But in practice developing such applications today is arduous because they must implement all data sensing and inference logic, even as devices move or are temporarily disconnected. We develop Beam, a framework that simplifies IoT applications by letting them specify "what should be sensed or inferred," without worrying about "how it is sensed or inferred." Beam introduces the key abstraction of an inference graph to decouple applications from the mechanics of sensing and drawing inferences. The inference graph allows Beam to address three important challenges: (1) device selection in heterogeneous environments, (2) efficient resource usage, and (3) handling device disconnections. Using Beam we develop two diverse applications that use several different types of devices and show that their implementations required up to 12× fewer source lines of code while resulting in up to 3× higher inference accuracy.


Background
Receptor advanced glycation end products (RAGE) activation plays an essential role in diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression. This study was aimed to explore the role of anti-RAGE antibodies (RAGE antagonists) in inhibiting DR progression through their hypoglycemic and anti-inflammatory mechanism in diabetic retinopathy induced rats.

Methods
A total of 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five group. The group was consisted of normal control group, DR group without treatment, DR group with anti-RAGE 1 ηg/kg BW, 10 ηg/kg BW, and 100 ηg/kg BW. To assess the diabetic retinopathy, fundus photographs were taken every week using a camera with 16x magnification placed in front of the rat's eyes. Blood glucose was checked by the glucose oxidase-peroxidase method. Retinal TNF-α levels and VEGF were examined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit.

Results
The finding of this study showed that anti-RAGE treatment at dose of 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW, HbA1c levels were significantly higher (p< 0.05) compared to the normal control group but significantly lower (p< 0.05) than in the diabetes group. The mean blood vessel diameter in the DR+anti-RAGE 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW groups was significantly lower than in the diabetic retinopathy group (p< 0.05). The administration of anti-RAGE 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW showed the ability to significantly reduce VEGF levels compared to the DR group (p< 0.05).

Discussion
This study revealed at doses of 10 and 100 ηg/kg BW, anti-RAGE antibodies improved diabetic retinopathy in Wistar rats through hypoglycemic effects and anti-inflammatory mechanisms.


Microcystis is one of the most common bloom-forming cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. However, the underlying life history mechanism and distinct temporal dynamics (inter- and intra-annual) of Microcystis populations in different geographical locations and lakes remain unclear but is critical information needed for the development of robust prediction, prevention, and management strategies. Perennial observations indicate that temperature may be the key factor driving differences in the overwintering strategy. This study quantitatively compared the overwintering abilities of Microcystis aeruginosa (Ma) in both the water column and sediments under a gradient of overwintering water temperatures (i.e., 4, 8, and 12 °C) using the death and proliferation rates of Ma. The results show that the dynamics of the Microcystis overwintering strategy were significantly affected by water temperatures. At 4 and 8 °C, Ma mainly overwintered in sediments and disappeared from the water column after exposure to low temperatures for a long duration, although some Microcystis cells can overwinter in the water column for short durations at low temperatures. At 12 °C, most Ma can overwinter in the water column. Rising temperatures promoted the proliferation of pelagic Ma but accelerated the death of benthic Ma. With warmer winter temperatures, pelagic Microcystis might become the primary inoculum sources in the spring. Our study highlights the overwintering strategy flexibility in explaining temporal dynamics differences of Microcystis among in geographical locations and should be considered in the context of global warming.


This study focuses on the respective role of (1) the occurrence and the nature of evaporitic layers and (2) the fluid pressure conditions on the decollement processes and the structure of the foreland fold and thrust belt of the Western Alps. The decollement in the Jura Mountains is predominantly localized in halite‐bearing layers. Anhydrite‐bearing units which are not associated to halite are not hosting major decollement. The shift of decollement level between Mid‐Triassic halite unit and Upper Triassic halite unit has induced local tectonic subtractions and, elsewhere, tectonic duplications at depth. Available fluid pressure measurements show that fluids are not overpressured in the Jura. Even below the salt decollement, they remain in hydrostatic conditions. South of the Jura, the absence of halite is correlated with no efficient role of the Triassic layers in terms of decollement. The available pressure measurements show that the decollement is associated with high overpressure. Because of the low friction of halite, the Jura thrust wedge shows a narrow angle (3°–4°). The relatively high friction behavior of the decollement south of the Jura is responsible for stacks of tectonic units associated with a relatively wide angle of the tectonic wedge (12°–13°). The structural change between the Chartreuse and Vercors massifs is not controlled by the properties of the decollement but by the change of thickness of the sedimentary pile involved in the tectonic wedge. The change of thickness is controlled by paleogeographic heritage during Jurassic and Cretaceous times.


We evaluated the amount and distribution of genetic variation in large and small isolated populations of Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret (Myrtaceae) in north-western Patagonia. The hypothesis tested was that isolated smaller populations were more affected by drift and isolation than large stands. Higher genetic diversity was predicted in the latter. Fresh leaf material for isozyme electrophoresis was collected from 30 individuals in four isolated and two large and continuous stands (Quetrihue Peninsula and Punta Norte, Isla Victoria). Five subpopulations were sampled in both large stands, and in addition, three regeneration gaps in Punta Norte. Eleven loci were resolved; 91% were polymorphic in at least one population. Isolated and large populations had similar levels of genetic variation. Reduced observed heterozygosity and elevated inbreeding were measured in subpopulations and regeneration gaps within dense stands. Although small populations consist of a reduced number of individuals they are mostly coastal populations nearby rivers and lakes that may maintain considerable gene flow with other faraway populations counteracting the effects of drift. In addition to potential selfing, increased inbreeding within large populations and regeneration gaps may be due to an intra-population Wahlund effect from local seedling establishment and vegetative spread, resulting in clustered cohorts of similar genotypes.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the efficacy of fluoxetine, pill placebo, and Social Effectiveness Therapy for Children (SET-C) for children and adolescents with social phobia.

METHOD
Youths ages 7 to 17 were randomly assigned to one of the treatment conditions. Outcome was evaluated using self-reports, parent ratings, independent evaluator ratings, and behavioral assessment.

RESULTS
Both fluoxetine and SET-C were more efficacious than placebo in reducing social distress and behavioral avoidance and increasing general functioning. SET-C was superior to fluoxetine on each of these measures and was the only treatment superior to placebo in terms of improving social skills, decreasing anxiety in specific social interactions, and enhancing ratings of social competence. Furthermore, whereas fluoxetine appears to exert maximum effect by 8 weeks, SET-C provides continued improvement through week 12.

CONCLUSIONS
Both fluoxetine and SET-C are efficacious for social phobia, although SET-C appears to provide added benefit by enhancing social skills.


The framework for assessing the company's digital capability includes six key areas that can be individually evaluated to consider the overall maturity of a company's digital capability. According to this framework key areas are innovation capability, transformation capability and IT excellence as digital transformation enablers and customer centricity, effective knowledge worker and operational excellence as digital transformation goals. The focus of this research is the area of operational excellence. The purpose of the paper is to assess how the manufacturing company manages the digital transformation of the operational excellence. In the paper, the digital capability maturity model (DCMM) and its corresponding business transformation management methodology (BTM2) are used for this assessment. The BTM2 includes nine management disciplines and each of them is individually evaluated for the case of the operational excellence. These are the following disciplines: strategy management, value management, risk management, business process management, IT management, change management, training management, project management and meta management. According to the obtained assessment results the maturity of management disciplines for the case of operational excellence within the examined company is mostly reactive (maturity level 2). In order to improve the digital transformation of the company's operational excellence, it is necessary to define digital use cases based on the new technologies and map them to the existing maturity model of operational excellence of the company. It is necessary to consider the requirements of stakeholders regarding the benefits and risks of new digital technologies to improve the operational excellence of the company. Accordingly, the company should to define a new strategic plan and align it with the new IT strategy. For this purpose, COBIT 5 framework is used in the paper. The contribution of this research is in the proposed and described three-step approach to managing the operational excellence of companies and improving the level of digital capabilities of companies.


Introduction and popularity of supersweet sweetcorn has enabled the sweetcorn distribution chain to be extended up to 3 weeks using optimum handling practices compared with 5-10 days for normal sweetcorn. Given the inherently longer shelf life of modern sweetcorn cultivars, we examined the potential for handling fresh-cut sweetcorn kernels. We tested the effects of storage temperature (1 vs. 5°C), maturity stage, and controlled atmosphere (air vs. 2% O2 plus 10 or 20% CO2) on the shelf life of fresh-cut kernels, and also their quality after cooking (i.e., boiling). Fresh-cut sweetcorn kernels are extremely perishable, with a very high respiration rate, thus, temperature control during preparation and handling is criti cal. With proper sanitation, cut kernels did not show any signs of microbial growth even when stored for 10 days at 5°C. Rather, shelf life was limited by loss of flavor. The most important problem with fresh-cut sweetcorn is brown discoloration of the kernels after cooking. The discoloration after cooking was greater in more mature kernels and appeared only after 5°C air storage, but did not occur in cut kernels stored in air or CA for up to 10 days at 1°C. Controlled atmospheres also reduced fresh-cut sweetcorn respiration and maintained higher sugar levels after 10 days at 1°C.


Data recorded by a bottom mounted survey platform deployed within the opening of a fishing weir were used to calculate species specific abundance estimates for comparison to the weir catch. Abundance estimates were calculated from the combination of sonar and video information recorded by the Acoustical-Optical Platform (AOP). Echo counting was used to detect individual moving targets in the sonar images with the application of a background removal technique utilizing a moving average filter. Video images provided species identification of acoustic targets. Video images and differences in target strength distributions reflected a change in dominant species from each deployment which was confirmed with the weir catch. The algorithm used to calculate AOP abundance estimates was most accurate in predicting abundance for species comprising at least 13% of the overall catch by weight. Close agreement between the species specific AOP estimates and absolute abundances of each species suggests that the combination of acoustic and video data is a powerful combination for accurately identifying fish species and predicting abundance.


This study presents a robust image watermarking method based on geometric modelling. In this method, nine samples of the approximation coefficient of the image blocks are utilised to construct a plane in the three-dimensional (3D) space. The authors change the dihedral angle formed between the created plane and the x - y plane for data embedding. To preserve the imperceptibility of the watermark, geometrical computations are used to minimise the embedding distortion. Maximum-likelihood detector is implemented to extract the watermark in the noisy channel at the receiver side. The authors experimentally determine the probability density function of the embedding dihedral angle for Gaussian samples. Owing to embedding in the dihedral angle between two planes, the proposed scheme has high robustness to gain attacks. In addition, by using the low-frequency components of the image blocks for data embedding, high robustness against noise and compression attacks has been achieved. Experimental results confirm the validity of the theoretical analysis given in this study and show the superiority of the method over similar techniques in this field. The proposed method is also robust to a wide range of attacks, namely Gaussian filtering, median filtering, JPEG compression, Gaussian noise and scaling.


This paper presents a novel approach to solve simultaneously the problems of human whole-body motion prediction and action recognition for real-time applications. Starting from the dynamics of human motion and motor system theory, the notion of mixture of experts from deep learning literature has been extended to solve this problem. The work is accompanied by 66-DoFs human model experiments.


Steam sediment transport is a convolution of climate, weather, geology, topography, biology, and human influence. In addition to providing water and food security for dryland rural communities, sand dams—small weirs designed to trap only the coarse fractions of transported sediments in seasonal and ephemeral streams—illuminate many complexities of geomorphological dynamics. Sand dams store water in interstitial riverbed pores and the size of deposited sediment particles largely determines the recoverability of stored water: fine materials limit transmission and provide lower volumetric yield. Can a sand dam be designed for a particular reach-scale, hydro-sedimentary context to limit capture of fine particles? We argue that the Rouse number provides a useful criterion for identifying regimes where the target material grades are trapped. These ideas were tested using sediment data collected in Kenya and HEC-RAS numerical simulations to evaluate the sensitivity of sedimentation processes to spillway height. We show that constructing sand dams in stages results in more targeted trapping of coarse material. Surprisingly, sedimentation is shown to be more sensitive to variation in spillway height than the flood hydrograph, especially when a dam is short. A method for evaluating the need for spillway staging (essentially controlling the bedform) based on the modeled Rouse number allows evaluation of costs and expected benefits. Beyond sand dams, this supports the observation that for dryland streams with peaky flows and high sediment loading, local hydraulic controls are typically more diagnostic of streambed sediment composition than is the sediment source.


In this paper, we study gauged solutions associated with a massive vector field representing a spin-1 condensate, namely, the Proca field. We focus on regular spherically symmetric solutions which we construct either using a self-interaction potential or general relativity in order to glue the solutions together. We start generating nongravitating solutions\char22{}so-called Proca $Q$-balls and charged Proca $Q$-balls. Then we turn on backreaction on the metric, allowing gravity to hold together the Proca condensate, to study the so-called Proca stars, charged Proca stars, Proca $Q$-stars, and charged Proca $Q$-stars.


We present an in-depth analysis of the problem of lossy compression of binary sources in the presence of correlated side information, where the correlation is given by a generic binary asymmetric channel and the Hamming distance is the distortion metric. Our analysis is motivated by systematic rate-distortion gains observed when applying asymmetric correlation models in Wyner-Ziv video coding. First, we derive for the first time the rate-distortion function for conventional predictive coding in the binary-asymmetric-correlation-channel scenario. Second, we propose a new bound for the case where the side information is only available at the decoder-Wyner-Ziv coding. We conjecture this bound to be tight. We show that the maximum rate needed to encode as well as the maximum rate-loss of Wyner-Ziv coding relative to predictive coding corresponds to uniform sources and symmetric correlations. Importantly, we show that the upper bound on the rate-loss established by Zamir is not tight and that the maximum value is actually significantly lower. Moreover, we prove that the only binary correlation channel that incurs no rate-loss for Wyner-Ziv coding compared with predictive coding is the Z-channel. Finally, we complement our analysis with new compression performance results obtained with our state-of-the-art Wyner-Ziv video coding system.


Introduction to the Television School and Family Smoking Prevention and Cessation Project ............................................................................. 3 P11.1 Examining and Describing the Data .............................................. 5 P11.1.1 Exploring the three-level data structure .................................... 5 P11.1.2 Summarising the response and predictor variables ........................ 8 P11.2 A Three-Level Model of THKS ................................................... 16 P11.2.1 Specifying and fitting the three-level model ............................. 16 P11.2.2 Interpretation of the model output ........................................ 22 P11.2.3 Calculating coverage intervals, variance partition coefficients (VPCs) and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ......................................... 23 P11.2.4 Predicting and examining school and classroom effects ................ 26 P11.3 Adding Predictor Variables ...................................................... 33 P11.3.1 Adding student level predictor variables .................................. 33 P11.3.2 Adding school level predictor variables ................................... 35 P11.4 Adding Random Coefficients .................................................... 43 P11.4.1 Adding classroom level random coefficients .............................. 43 P11.4.2 Adding cross-level interactions ............................................. 48 Further Reading ............................................................................. 55 References ................................................................................... 56


This second of two papers provides an overview of Wittgenstein's later work and life from the perspective of what is called the 'resolute' or 'elucidatory' reading, for Solution-Focused Brief Therapists. This perspective takes the view that Wittgenstein's work can be seen as a form of therapy that enables us to be more at tuned to the world and each other.


The purpose of the investigation was to study the form of the voltage-time and current-time curves, existing in a permeameter circuit, and to reduce the time required for the reversal of the magnetizing current. The permeameters used in the investigation were of the U-shaped yoke type. Oscillograms were taken of the current and of the induced voltage during the opening and also during the reversal of the magnetizing current. The permeameter, with which the investigation was started, was fitted with brass end pieces to support the magnetizing coil. The oscillograms showed that the flux change lagged behind the magnetizing current. In fact, the secondary e. m. f. continued for about one second after the current change was completed. The cause of this lag was found to be due to eddy currents set up in the short-circuited paths provided by the brass end pieces. After these were removed oscillograms showed that the lag in flux behind the magnetizing current was negligible. This brought out clearly the fact that short-circuited paths in which eddy currents may be induced should be avoided in permeameter construction. Two new permeameters were then constructed of the same type; one of these was made with a solid core of silicon steel and the other with a laminated core of the same material. Tests of these showed that use of the laminated core materially reduced the time required for the reversal of the current. Several different types of switches were used for opening and reversing the magnetizing current. The oscillograms showed clearly that a quick-break snap switch operating under oil is superior to other types of switches.


Many governments offer significant inducements to attract inward investment, motivated by the expectation of spillover benefits. This paper reviews the possible sources of such spillovers and the empirical evidence for their existence in developing, developed and transitional economies. Although theory can identify a range of possible spillover channels, empirical support is hard to find. In the light of this, the paper concludes with a review of policy aspects. Outline


Electronic transition processes accompanying the emission and absorption of soft x radiation are discussed, and elementary band structure relevant to the interpretation of soft x ray spectra is reviewed. The importance of many-body effects is emphasized and the relative importance of Auger and instrumental broadening examined. A full description of experimental techniques is given, including x ray sources, spectrometer and dispersion geometry, detection and recording methods. The correction of spectra, for their interpretation in terms of band structure, is discussed and methods of debroadening spectra are examined. A complete survey is made of experimental spectra for the pure elements, related to their electronic structure; and the role of soft x ray emission and absorption data in the development of the theories of alloys and chemical bonding is described.


Prepolymers prepared by reactions of 1,1′-(methylenedi-4,1-phenylene)bismaleimide (BMI) with myrcene (Myr) and limonene (Lim) in 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI) at 150°C were compressed at 250°C to produce crosslinked Myr/BMI [molar ratio = 2:2–2:5 (MB22–MB25)] and Lim/BMI [molar ratio = 1:1 (LB11)] resins. The 1H-NMR analysis of the model reaction products of Lim and Myr with N-phenyl maleimide (PMI) in DMI at 150°C revealed that a Diels–Alder reaction for Myr/PMI and a vinyl copolymerization for Lim/PMI preferentially proceeded in addition to the occurrence of the ene reaction to some extent. The Fourier transform infrared data of the cured resins were consistent with the results of the model reactions. All of the cured resins, except for MB22, showed tan δ peak values and 10% weight loss temperatures that were higher than 330 and 440°C, respectively. The flexural strength and modulus values of the MBs were higher than those of LB11. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that MB22–MB24 were homogeneous, whereas some combined particles appeared in LB11. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013


In spite of its widespread use and the well known potential hazards associated with exposure to ionizing radiation, countries are poorly ill-equipped to protect their citizens in case of a fallout as seen in northeastern region of Japan.
In case of nuclear fallout, there is no practical way to save people from the hazardous effects of ionizing radiation. Health authorities may provide potassium iodide for people to prevent thyroid cancer. Another preventive attempt would be using amifostine, a well known agent with radioprotective features.
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a pineal product which is also known to have robust radioprotective features. Both human and experimental animal studies have clearly shown that it is a unique antioxidant and a DNA and chromosome protector against a variety of harmful agents including ionizing radiation.


Abstract - Song-type sharing is common within populations of songbirds and often varies among individuals depending on the geographical distance between territories due to differences in song-learning strategies and natal dispersal behavior. Comparing spatial patterns of song-type sharing may allow us to infer song-learning strategies and dispersal behavior for any given species or population. Song learning and dispersal are unknown for Peucaea aestivalis (Bachman's Sparrow), an endemic songbird of the southeastern United States that is declining throughout much of its range and is considered to be near threatened. Our objective was to compare the number of song-types shared among male Bachman's Sparrows to make inferences about song development and dispersal. From 2016 to 2019, we recorded male sparrow songs in 3 different sites in South Florida, and determined song-type repertoires and song-type sharing among males within and between sites by visually comparing individual song spectrograms. Repertoire size varied among individuals and sites. Within sites, sharing did not decline with distance; between sites, sharing correlated with geographic distance between males, with song-type sharing greater at closer distances and lower at farther distances. These data suggest that Bachman's Sparrows may have an extended song-learning period and typically attempt short-distance dispersals from natal areas but disperse farther if suitable and vacant territories are not available nearby.


The authors describe how systematic mapping methodologies can be used to derive special-purpose processor arrays for the estimation of the bispectrum via the third-order moments. A novel design that is optimal in terms of total execution time for multiple pipelined data blocks is proposed, and it is shown how formal verification of the design can be achieved analytically. The discussion focuses on mapping regular algorithms to parallel architectures, bispectrum estimation from the third-order moments, and systolic array design for the third-order moments.<<ETX>>


This paper considers testing that an economic time series follows a martingale difference process. The martingale difference hypothesis has been typically tested using information contained in the second moments of a process, that is, using test statistics based on the sample autocovariances or in the periodograms. Tests based on these statistics are inconsistent since they just test necessary conditions of the null hypothesis. In this paper we consider tests that are consistent against all fixed alternatives and against Pitman's local alternatives. Since the asymptotic distributions of the tests statistics depend on the data generating process, the tests are implemented using a modification of the wild bootstrap procedure. The paper justifies theoretically the proposed tests and examines their finite sample behavior by means of Monte Carlo experiments. In addition we include an application to exchange rate data.


The effects of nicotine on secretion of the pituitary peptides beta-endorphin, alpha MSH, and ACTH were studied using the isolated perfused mouse brain (IPMB) and isolated superfused pituitaries of C3H mice. Nicotine (6.1 microM) stimulated secretion of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity from C3H IPMB approximately twofold. Secretion of alpha MSH immunoreactivity was stimulated approximately two- and sixfold by 6.1 microM and 12.2 microM nicotine, respectively. However, nicotine (6.1 microM) had no direct effect on the secretion of beta-endorphin, alpha MSH, or ACTH immunoreactivities from the isolated superfused pituitaries. The data suggest nicotine acts in the brain to stimulate pituitary secretion of alpha MSH and beta-endorphin. Electrocorticographic (ECoG) activity of the IPMB was monitored. Nicotine induced characteristic ECoG changes including a reduction of input voltage, a biphasic response of rapid desynchronization followed by prolonged synchronization, and seizure at high doses (12.2 microM).


Helmholtz resonator has been used, especially in intake and exhaust systems of vehicles, due to its good noise reduction characteristics at low frequencies. Many approaches have been developed to predict the acoustic behavior of the resonator with the assumption that there is no leakage from the resonator. However, its behavior may be affected by leakage which may exist in manufacturing processes or on purpose. This study investigates the effect of leakage on the noise reduction characteristics of Helmholtz resonator with two practical examples. One is a resonator with a gap between baffle and housing of the resonator and the other one is a resonator with two drain holes on the baffle. The measured transmission loss shows that the resonance frequencies are considerably shifted to higher frequency due to the leakage. The Boundary Element Method was applied to predict the transmission loss of the Helmholtz resonator with drain holes. The comparison between the measured and predicted transmission loss shows that the acoustic impedance of the holes is essential for accurate predictions of the transmission loss.


Gas chemistry solution for enhanced etching of polymer-based materials such as resist, polycarbonate or diamonds. It mounts on any of the available GIS ports.


Federated learning provides the ability to learn over heterogeneous user data in a distributed manner while preserving user privacy. However, its current client selection technique is a source of bias as it discriminates against slow clients. For starters, it selects clients that satisfy certain network and system-specific criteria, thus not selecting slow clients. Even when such clients are included in the training process, they either struggle with the training or are dropped altogether for being too slow. Our proposed idea looks to find a sweet spot between fast convergence and heterogeneity by looking at smart client selection and scheduling techniques.


Abstract This paper proposes a method for automated visual inspection of metal surfaces. Firstly, the modified grey-level co-occurrence matrices of metal images are used to access the information of metal surfaces. Secondly, the difference moment and the entropy of the grey-level co-occurrence matrices are extracted as the features of the metal surfaces. Finally, the features of the inspecting images are then compared with the preset confidence interval to determine whether the inspecting metal is defective or not. Some combinations of relative positions between two positioning pixels and feature descriptors were tested in the experiments to find the best one. The experimental results show that the proposed method can detect the defects effectively and has better correct detection rates than the conventional method.


Abstract: Every time we visit a mall, everyone has different purposes. Some visit for shopping of clothes, footwear, or even groceries while few visit for the purpose of eating in the food court. With the increase in the number of people who are moving towards online shopping, there is a need for a system that increases the footfall of people in shopping malls. Hence, we propose a system that works towards achieving this very goal. The project aims at creating a new kind of user experience for customers visiting shopping malls. As customers will be offered personalized service they will get attracted to the mall.


As artificial intelligence plays an increasingly substantial role in decisions affecting humans and society, the accountability of automated decision systems has been receiving increasing attention from researchers and practitioners. Fairness, which is concerned with eliminating unjust treatment and discrimination against individuals or sensitive groups, is a critical aspect of accountability. Yet, for evaluating fairness, there is a plethora of fairness metrics in the literature that employ different perspectives and assumptions that are often incompatible. This work focuses on group fairness. Most group fairness metrics desire a parity between selected statistics computed from confusion matrices belonging to different sensitive groups. Generalizing this intuition, this paper proposes a new equal confusion fairness test to check an automated decision system for fairness and a new confusion parity error to quantify the extent of any unfairness. To further analyze the source of potential unfairness, an appropriate post hoc analysis methodology is also presented. The usefulness of the test, metric, and post hoc analysis is demonstrated via a case study on the controversial case of COMPAS, an automated decision system employed in the US to assist judges with assessing recidivism risks. Overall, the methods and metrics provided here may assess automated decision systems' fairness as part of a more extensive accountability assessment, such as those based on the system accountability benchmark.


This article presents a novel spatiotemporal optimization approach for vertical path planning (i.e., waypoint optimization) to maximize the net output power of an ocean current turbine (OCT) under uncertain ocean velocities. To determine the net power, OCT power generation from hydrokinetic energy and the power consumption for controlling the depth are modeled. The stochastic behavior of ocean velocities is a function of spatial and temporal parameters, which is modeled through a Gaussian process (GP) approach. Two different algorithms, including model predictive control (MPC) as a model-based method and reinforcement learning (RL) as a learning-based method, are applied to solve the formulated spatiotemporal optimization problem with constraints. Comparative studies show that the MPC- and RL-based methods are computationally feasible to address vertical path planning, which are evaluated with a baseline A* approach. Analysis of the robustness is further carried out under the inaccurate ocean velocity predictions. Results verify the efficiency of the presented methods in finding the optimal path to maximize the total power of an OCT system, where the total harnessed energy after 200 h shows over an 18% increase compared to the case without optimization.


Quasi-static compression tests have been performed on polyurethane foam specimens. The modulus of the foam exhibited a power-law dependence with respect to density of the form: E* ∝ (ρ*)n, where n = 1.7. The modulus data are described well by a simple geometric model (based on the work of Gibson and Ashby) for a closed-cell foam in which the stiffness of the foam is governed by the flexure of the cell struts and cell walls. The compressive strength of the foam is also found to follow a power-law behavior with respect to foam density. In this instance, Euler buckling is used to explain the density dependence. The modulus of the foam was modified by addition of gas-atomized, spherical, aluminum powder. Additions of 30 and 50 wt % Al measurably increased the foam modulus, but without a change in the density dependence. However, there was no observable increase in modulus with 5 and 10 wt % additions of the metal powder. Strength was also increased at high loading fractions of powder. The increase in modulus and strength could be predicted by combining the Gibson–Ashby model, referred to above, with a well-known model describing the effect on modulus of a rigid dispersoid in a compliant matrix. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 2724–2736, 1999


AIM AND METHODS
Using blind whole-cell recording techniques on rat hippocampal slices, the function and mechanisms of several leak subtraction methods of Axon patch clamp system (Axopatch amplifier and pClamp software) were analyzed. That how to select and use scaled P/N leak subtraction, patch clamp amplifier leak subtraction and Clampfit leak subtraction were emphasized in our present study.

RESULTS
The noise induced by scaled P/N leak subtraction of Clampex soft ware was smaller than that of P/N leak subtraction. Axon patch clamp amplifier leak subtraction could subtract the leak current produced by single depolarizing pulse but not the leak current produced by a series of different step depolarizing pulses. Due to its assumption that leak current would be produced if only potential difference arises across membrane, Clampfit leak subtraction was not suitable to subtracting the steady-state leak current while recording voltage-gated channel currents.

CONCLUSION
P/N- and scaled P/N leak subtraction, but not Clampfit leak subtraction, cad be used to subtract steady-state leak current while recording voltage-gated channel currents.


The number of chronic renal disease patients has shown a significant increase in recent decades over the globe. Hemodialysis is the most commonly used treatment for renal replacement therapy (RRT) and dominates the global dialysis market. As one of the most water-consuming treatments in medical procedures, hemodialysis has room for improvement in reducing wastewater effluent. In this study, we investigated the technological feasibility of introducing the forward osmosis (FO) process for spent dialysate reuse. A 30 LMH of average water flux has been achieved using a commercial TFC membrane with high water permeability and salt removal. The water flux increased up to 23% with increasing flowrate from 100 mL/min to 500 mL/min. During 1 h spent dialysate treatment, the active layer facing feed solution (AL-FS) mode showed relatively higher flux stability with a 4–6 LMH of water flux reduction while the water flux decreased significantly at the active layer facing draw solution (AL-DS) mode with a 10–12 LMH reduction. In the pressure-assisted forward osmosis (PAFO) condition, high reverse salt flux was observed due to membrane deformation. During the membrane filtration process, scaling occurred due to the influence of polyvalent ions remaining on the membrane surface. Membrane fouling exacerbated the flux and was mainly caused by organic substances such as urea and creatinine. The results of this experiment provide an important basis for future research as a preliminary experiment for the introduction of the FO technique to hemodialysis.


Amino acid cysteine and its oxidized dimer form,?cystine, can be found in hair, nails, hoofs, feather, wool, etc. The main focus of this research was the preparation of cysteine and cystine from wool and testing of its antioxidation properties in the reduced and oxidized forms. Preparation technology was optimized on a laboratory scale and the samples were characterized by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Antioxidation activity of cysteine and cystine was studied in a?polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix employing the non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). In the data treatment, the Berthelot-Hood equation was chosen as the temperature function. The kinetic parameters enabled the assessment of the induction period of oxidation for application temperatures. For the comparison of the stabilizing effect, the protection factors and antioxidant efficiency were calculated. The results show that the antioxidant activity of the samples depends on the preparation procedure, purity, etc. Protection factors decreased with increasing temperature and decreasing concentration.
In the second part of the study, cysteine was tested in its reduced and oxidized form for the model polycondensation system of the urea-formaldehyde formulations. The quality parameters of these adhesive mixtures were verified on wood-based panels to determine formaldehyde emission and physical and mechanical properties. The results showed ca. 44% decrease of formaldehyde emission and increase of the shear strength of glued joint for all modifications in comparison with?the reference sample.


Males of a Croatian population of the lacertid lizard Podarcis melisellensis exhibit a striking polymorphism, with coloration of the throat and abdomen ranging from completely white, to yellow or orange. In a first attempt to explore the potential ecological and evolutionary significance of this polymorphism, we compared the three forms of males in aspects of their morphology, whole-animal performance, behavior, and ecology. Orange males are, on average, larger in snout-vent length and have disproportionately larger heads than either white or yellow males. This is reflected in orange males having higher bite force capacity and theoretically an increased access to harder prey. Residual limb length, maximal sprint speed and maximal exertion do not differ among color morphs. Body temperatures in the field are similar in the three morphs, but yellow males are caught at sites with slightly higher air temperatures than are orange and white males. Behavioral observations show no differences in time budgets or in the timing of activities among morphs. Microhabitat use is also similar in the three color morphs, but orange males were more often initially seen on rocky substrates. Our findings suggest that the observed polymorphism likely does not originate from a divergence in niche or use of resources, but possibly reflects an underlying polymorphism in mating tactics.


Physician's workload inequality in Emergency Departments (ED) is a relevant problem that affects their stress level, which influences the service quality and working conditions. The patient-physician assignment rule (PPAR) has a bearing on the physicians' workload, which has been studied in the Medical literature by performing interventions. These show that, contrary to basic models of queuing theory, automatic assignment of patients to physicians at triage (multiple queues model) reduces patient length of stay compared to self-assignment of patients by physicians (single queue allocation). Rotational PPAR facilitates the triage nurses' decision making and ensures an equal distribution of the number of patients, but it may not offset the differences in patients' severity and care needs, which lead to physicians' workload imbalance. Thus, such a problem has been addressed in a Spanish ED by developing a discrete-event-simulation model to assess different PPARs optimizing both criteria, patient's waiting time and physician's workload variability.


Adhesive bonding technology is being used in a variety of modern industries, including the automotive, aerospace, maritime, construction, defense and so on. On the other side, polymeric nano - composites attracted both academic and industrial interests in the past decades. The scope of this paper is experimental investigation on the effects of the addition of Alpha-alumina nanoparticles to the woven glass / epoxy composite and Araldite 2015 adhesive on the mechanical properties of the composite adhesive bonded joints. In this study, vacuum assisted resin transfer molding was used to fabricate experimental samples and to fabricate composite samples, 6 glass-fiber layers with a surface density of 200 g/m2 were used. The study of the influences of the addition of Alpha-alumina nanoparticles with different weight ratios to glass/epoxy composites suggests that the maximum values of the ultimate strength, elongation, toughness, and Young's modulus belong to the samples with the weight ratios of 0.43, 1, 1, and 2.1%, respectively. The experimental results from the shear tensile test show that the incorporation of 0.74 wt% of nanoparticles to the adhesive increases the joint strength by about 14%.


Abstract : This investigation developed and validated a highly sensitive method based on particle counting technology for assessing the protection afforded by chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear respirators against biological threat agents. Inert monodisperse and polydisperse aerosols, representative in size to biological agents, were used to challenge a respirator fitted to a headform or worn by a human test participant. An aerosol spectrometer was used to measure aerosol penetration into the facepiece of the respirator. To demonstrate the method, monodisperse test aerosols and controlled mask leaks were used to generate an array of simulated protection factors (SPF) on the headform test apparatus. Human test participants were challenged with a polydisperse aerosol, which allowed for the measurement of several size specific protection factor (PF) values from a single test. Each test participant wore at least one expertly fitted respirator and several respirators with induced leaks in the peripheral seal to generate a wide range of PF measurements. A test to determine the effect of human generated background particles within the respirator was also conducted. In general, SPF and PF values were found to increase as the challenge aerosol particle size increased. Although subject generated in-mask background particles were found to limit the maximum measurable PF, the particle counting method sensitivity was sufficient to measure PF values up to 100,000.


Despite the clear existing theoretical links, ours is the first direct systematic series of studies investigating a potential negative association between Honesty-Humility and general dishonesty in romantic relationships. Eleven preregistered online studies with community samples were run (total N = 5,677). For a first test of our hypothesis, we conducted a series of seven cross-sectional studies based on self-reports; these studies used different methodological approaches to assess relationship-based dishonesty (i.e., closed-ended self-report scales, scenarios, and direct frequency measures). This was followed by one diary study and three studies that base their assessment on more behavioral measurements of relationship-based dishonesty (e.g., a dice roll task and an anagram task). In line with our hypothesis, all studies reliably revealed that participants higher in Honesty-Humility reported less relationship-based dishonesty. The classification of the found results to past research and the general relevance of the Honesty-Humility factor for romantic relationships are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Background: Decision making on systematic treatment of patients with metastatic breast cancer is based on features like estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), and HER2 status assessed on the primary tumor. Recent prospective studies have investigated discordance in receptor status between the primary and metastatic tumor. We evaluated the discordance of receptor status between the primary and metastatic tumor and assessed the impact of re-biopsy on patient management. Methods: In breast cancer patients who underwent surgical resection of primary tumor and re-biopsy of metastatic tumor at Aichi Cancer Center hospital, we examined the discordance of ER status, PgR status, and HER2 status between the primary and metastatic tumor. For sampling of metastases, core needle biopsy (CNB), trans-bronchial lung biopsy (TBLB), or surgical resection was performed. And fine-needle aspiration biopsy was not used. The ER and PgR status were assessed using Allreds scoring system by IHC. These statuses were categorized as positive when the total score was more than two. HER2 expression status was tested by IHC and FISH. HER2 3+ by IHC, or 2+ and FISH positive were judged as HER2 positive. Results: 48 patients underwent re-biopsy from 2003 to 2012. Twenty-eight were loco-regional (local: 25, Supraclavicular: 2, Axilla: 1) and 21 were distant (Lung: 14, Liver: 6, Bone: 1). Discordance in ER, PgR, or HER2 between the primary and metastatic tumor were 6.2% (3/48), 16.7% (8/48), and 4.2% (2/48), respectively. One patient had discordance on re-biopsy with initial triple negative primary tumor (1/5, 20%). 11/48 patients (22.9%) changed the molecular subtype (Group A), and 37/48 patients (77.1%) did not change (Group B). Time to recurrence (TTR) was significantly longer in Group A than Group B (82.3 months vs 51.2 months, p = 0.04). No significant difference in re-biopsy techniques (CNB and TBLB vs surgical resection), metastatic lesions (loco-regional vs distant), and adjuvant therapy were observed between Group A and Group B. Conclusions: Our results show the low level of discordance for ER and HER2 between the primary and metastatic tumor. But re-biopsy should be considered in the patients with long TTR, since it is likely to impact treatment choice. Further study is needed to determine the value of re-biopsy. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-02-02.


Amongst the limits that present-day European criminal law theory tends to impose on the state9s power to criminalize conduct, the principle of "exclusive protection of legal goods" occupies a prominent place. The criminal law is only needed when the protection of legal goods requires making use of it. But not all legal goods should be transformed into legal goods protected by the criminal law. European theorists have not normally made reference to the latter concept, as they have usually limited themselves to speaking of "legal goods" in general terms. In this short piece I would like to highlight the usefulness of clearly distinguishing between legal goods that can be adequately protected by the law in general and legal goods whose protection can only be secured by the criminal law.


Clustering and classification are two important techniques of data mining. Classification is a supervised learning problem of assigning an object to one of several pre-defined categories based upon the attributes of the object. While, clustering is an unsupervised learning problem that group objects based upon distance or similarity. Each group is known as a cluster. In this paper we make use of a large database 'Fisher's Iris Dataset' containing 5 attributes and 150 instances to perform an integration of clustering and classification techniques of data mining. We compared results of simple classification technique (using J48 classifier) with the results of integration of clustering and classification technique, based upon various parameters using WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis), a Data Mining tool. The results of the experiment show that integration of clustering and classification gives promising results with utmost accuracy rate and robustness even when the data set is containing missing values.


The present study investigated the effects of the alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist guanabenz and the adrenergic neurone blocking drug guanethidine on the resting and stimulation-induced (S-I) effluxes of radioactivity from rat isolated mesenteric artery preparations in which the noradrenergic transmitter stores had been radiolabelled with [3H]-noradrenaline. The efflux of radioactivity evoked by electrical field stimulation of periarterial sympathetic nerves (60 s trains of 1 ms pulses, 2 Hz, 12 V) was taken as an index of transmitter noradrenaline release. Guanabenz (0.1-10 microM) decreased, in a concentration-dependent manner, both the resting and S-I effluxes of radioactivity. Guanethidine (0.1 and 1 microM) also decreased S-I efflux but increased resting efflux, both effects being concentration dependent. The inhibitory effects of guanabenz on both resting and S-I effluxes were reduced by blockade of the neuronal amine carrier with desipramine (1 microM). The inhibitory effect of guanabenz on resting efflux was prevented by inhibition of monoamine oxidase with pargyline (100 microM). The inhibitory effect of guanabenz on S-I efflux was not due to activation of prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptors since the inhibition was not blocked by the selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan (0.1 microM). However, the inhibitory effect of guanabenz and guanethidine on S-I efflux was reduced by the inhibitor of Ca(2+)-activated potassium channels apamin (0.1 microM). The findings suggest that guanabenz, like guanethidine, enters noradrenergic nerve terminals by the neuronal amine carrier. The inhibition of resting efflux produced by guanabenz may be due to inhibition of neuronal monoamine oxidase. The enhancement of resting efflux produced by guanethidine is attributable to its indirect sympathomimetic action. Finally, guanabenz and guanethidine may inhibit transmitter noradrenaline release by activating potassium channels on sympathetic noradrenergic nerve terminals. These findings may be relevant to the mechanism of adrenergic neurone blockade.


The article presents selected results from an ethnographic study on the (re)production of gender in the classroom. In this analysis, gender is conceived as a principle manifested in interactions, a principle that structures the lives of individuals and the collective, and not as a complex of essential characteristics of an individual. Gender is analysed in relation to other categories like age and ethnicity. These represent additional re/constructed categories that infl uence social inequality. These categories tend to be viewed as natural sources of social difference and the legitimisation of inequalities. An analysis of the ways in which these categories are activated in the social fi eld makes it possible to go beyond the boundaries of research on the reifi cation of these categories. In this article, the author shows how these categories intertwine and connect and how the interplay between them is manifested in the behaviour and strategies of various actors, i.e. students, in the classroom.


Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed types of cancer among women. Breast cancer mortality rates remain high probably because its diagnosis is hampered by inaccurate detection methods. Since changes in protein expression as well as modifications in protein glycosylation have been frequently reported in cancer development, the aim of this work was to study the differential expression as well as modifications of glycosylation of proteins from plasma of women with breast cancer at different stages of disease (n = 30) compared to healthy women (n = 10). A proteomics approach was used that depleted albumin and IgG from plasma followed by glycoprotein enrichment using immobilized Moraceae lectin (frutalin)-affinity chromatography and data-independent label-free mass spectrometric analysis. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003106. As result, 57,016 peptides and 4,175 proteins among all samples were identified. From this, 40 proteins present in unbound (PI—proteins that did not interact with lectin) and bound (PII—proteins that interacted with lectin) fractions were differentially expressed. High levels of apolipoprotein A-II were detected here that were elevated significantly in the early and advanced stages of the disease. Apolipoprotein C-III was detected in both fractions, and its level was increased slightly in the PI fraction of patients with early-stage breast cancer and expressed at higher levels in the PII fraction of patients with early and intermediate stages. Clusterin was present at higher levels in both fractions of patients with early and intermediate stages of breast cancer. Our findings reveal a correlation between alterations in protein glycosylation, lipid metabolism, and the progression of breast cancer.


[1] A comparison of Poynting flux in the plasma sheet at geocentric distances of 4–7 RE to the energy flux of magnetically conjugate precipitating electrons at 100-km altitude is presented. We have investigated 40 plasma sheet crossings by the Polar satellite, including both cases with large in situ values of Poynting flux (∼1 ergs cm−2 s−1) and cases with low values (≤0.1 ergs cm−2 s−1). The values correspond to ∼125 and ∼12 ergs cm−2 s−1, respectively, when mapped along converging magnetic field lines to 100 km. The north-south component of the electric field and the east-west component of the magnetic field were the primary source of the Poynting flux. On the basis of the phase relationship and ratio of E and B, the majority of Poynting flux events were identified as Alfven waves. The Poynting flux measured at high altitudes by Polar was correlated with the intensity of the conjugate auroral emission in the ultraviolet frequency range, which can be used to estimate energy deposition due to precipitating electron beams. The electron energy flux during times of intense Poynting flux in the plasma sheet exceeded 20 ergs cm−2 s−1. In the absence of strong Poynting flux in the plasma sheet, electron precipitation was small (≤5 ergs cm−2 s−1). The mapped Poynting flux was in almost all events larger by a factor of 1–10 than the ionospheric electron energy flux. These results show that Alfvenic Poynting flux in the midtail region is associated with and capable of powering localized regions of magnetically conjugate auroral emissions. Furthermore, the large Poynting flux events observed at the outer edge of the plasma sheet were conjugate to the poleward border of the active auroral regions, giving further evidence that at least some of the discrete aurora connects to the plasma sheet boundary layer.