The Lanhill Barrow stands on the south side of the Chippenham–Marshfield road about 2½ miles west-north-west of the former place. It stands on level ground with a gentle slope to the south down to a small spring a few yards away on that side. The water runs east and at the bottom a dam has been carried across the field thus at one time forming a small lake, this is probably later in date than the barrow itself. The direction of the barrow is slightly south of east and north of west with the larger end to the former point. It is about 185 ft. long by 90 ft. wide at the east end, gradually tapering to a point at the west.


Nowadays Job market is rather tough for medical graduate,so it is unpreventable that business start-up,one form of full employment,becomes a new way to promote employment.The paper is meant to carry out a further analysis of the existing problems of medical students' creating business and explore the strategy for successful business start-up.Meanwhile,in view of cultivating students' consciousness,quality and capability of starting up business,it also puts forward a few detailed and exact improvement actions to relieve the pressure of employment and resolve contradictions.


A facile template-free solution method combined with a post annealing treatment is successfully developed to grow interconnected SnO2 nanosheets on various conductive substrates. Moreover, a second layer of SnO2 nanosheets can be grown on top of the first layer by simply repeating the procedure. When tested as integrated binder-free electrodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the electrodes deliver reasonably high specific capacity, excellent cycling stability and good rate capability.


Archaeological charcoal specimens from two Sibudu stratigraphic layers were identified and the spatial patterns resulting from the distributions of the 141 woody taxa (53 families, 91 genera and 114 species) were analysed for behavioural information about wood selection and use in the Middle Stone Age of KwaZulu-Natal. The layers, Brown under Yellow Ash 2(i) (BYA2i) and Spotty Camel (SPCA), contain post-Howiesons Poort assemblages that are approximately 58 ka old, though BYA2(i) is older than SPCA. The wood bundles in each hearth consist of species recognised today as good fuel and tinder, plus a selection of plants that today are used medicinally. Woods potentially suitable for making fire-sticks for starting fires are also present. Charcoal from Spirostachys africana, tambotie, occurs in one hearth in each layer. This wood is avoided today in cooking fires as it is poisonous. It may have been selected deliberately and burnt for insecticidal smoke or other medicinal purposes. Tarchonanthus parvicapitulatus, small-head camphor bush, charcoal occurs in SPCA and the camphor-like aromatic plant also has medicinal and insecticidal uses. Wood use is different amongst the hearths and between the two occupations.  Several vegetation communities were exploited, demonstrating a succession of vegetation and wood use. The vegetation mosaic at 58 ka differed from the coastal forest and savanna near Sibudu and conditions were colder and drier than today.


Recent developments in connected industries and internet of things identified demands for flexible reconfiguration and reprogramming of robots and machine tools. The demand for reconfiguration comes from changes in production process ordering or individual products; the demand for reprogramming comes from changing workplace organization and material flow. Yet these reconfiguration and reprogramming is often characterized by constants for a specific use-case in terms of precomputed trajectories. In this paper, we present an approach of monitoring the robot's workspace and using an online replanning of motion. We present a toolchain that is available and ready to use for a big class of industrial robots that have a position setpoint control interface. The feasibility is demonstrated in small laboratory experiments with a modular industrial robot in a common human-robot interface scenario.


This paper describes and analyses an instance to use popular culture in management education. The background is a concern that management textbooks typically describe business as dominated by rational decision-making. In the textbooks, people are either subsumed under abstract categories or left out altogether. If educators rely exclusively on these books, management education might provide students with a biased view on what management is all about. When designing a master course titled "Family Business Development", we therefore decided to use a film, "The Inheritance" directed by Per Fly in 2003, during the course introduction. "The Inheritance" is a film about a young Danish man who takes over the management of the family business, which is in danger of bankruptcy. We chose this film because it is one of few commercial films that includes many scenes laid in a business context. Furthermore, the director expresses an ambition to depict the situation as the leading character would understand it. With this film, we argued, we will start out the course by making clear that business development is about human interaction. Furthermore, the film is clearly related to succession problems, which often are considered a main challenge in family owned or managed businesses. As suggested by previous research, popular culture provides a means for research (Czarniawska, 2004; Kjellander, Nordqvist and Welter, 2007) as well as for education (Huczynski and Buchanan, 2004; Mallinger and Rossy, 2003; Scherer and Baker, 1999) through which practices could be understood. This film would give students and lecturers a chance to follow processes and relations which real life actors might be hesitant or unable to describe and discuss, we reasoned. After the film, the class discussed the challenges that the main character faced in his role as a newly appointed managing director. We also had a short discussion about the dramaturgical methods when describing the business. The objective of this paper is to address some problems of using popular movies in general, and this film in particular, in management education and thereby contribute to the discussion about films and education (e.g., Huczynski and Buchanan, 2004; Mallinger and Rossy, 2003; Scherer and Baker, 1999). Was this course introduction a good way to address the problems mentioned above? Or did we just provide the students with another possibly misleading image of a business? Drawing on three focus group interviews with students and practicioners with experience from family business settings, we will relate our pedagogical purpose of using the film to the conclusions that students and the family business actors draw from watching the film.


A roll tensioning process for circular saw blades with four typical body structures was built with the finite element method. After roll tensioning, the elastoplastic deformation behaviors of the four blades were simulated and tested and the effects of roll reduction displacement on flatness were analyzed. The abilities of the blades to withstand cutting temperature load after the roll tensioning process were compared. The theoretical results showed that each of the four circular saw blades with unique body structures had different process parameters in an appropriate tensioning state. Circular saw blades with different body structures showed variation in improvements of their ability to withstand cutting temperature load after an appropriate tensioning process.


Epiploic appendagitis (EA) is a rare and often misdiagnosed cause of acute abdominal pain. It is a benign and self-limited condition but mimics other underlying causes of acute abdominal pain like acute diverticulitis, acute appendicitis, acute cholecystitis, etc. Inaccurate diagnosis can lead to iatrogenic adverse outcomes. To the best of our knowledge, the present report represents the first case of bilateral EA involving both cecum and descending colon. The patient presented with symptoms of bilateral iliac fossa pain. Conservative management and close outpatient follow up resulted in a successful clinical outcome with no recurrence of symptoms. This article illustrates that clinicians and radiologists should include this etiology among differential diagnoses of patients presenting with acute abdominal pain, as it might prevent unnecessary hospitalizations, antibiotic therapy, and unwarranted surgical interventions.


We report a large scale mapping observation of the Galactic center region in the CO (J=2−1) line using the Tokyo‐NRO 60 cm survey telescope. Distribution of the CO (J=2−1) emission in the I‐V plane suggests that molecular clouds forms a huge complex (Nuclear Molecular cloud Complex, NMC). Tracers of star formation activities in the last 106–108 years show that star formation has occurred in a ring ∼100 pc in radius. Relative to this Star Forming Ring, the molecular gas is distributed mainly on the positive longitude side. This may indicate that much of the gas in NMC is in transient orbit to fall into the star forming ring or to the nucleus in the near future.


1 Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) have been shown to generate pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal (GI) muscles. Experiments were performed to characterize the ICC within the canine gastric antrum and to determine the site(s) of pacemaker activity and whether active propagation pathways exist within the thick‐walled tunica muscularis of large mammals. 2 Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy revealed four populations of ICC within the antral muscularis on the basis of anatomical location. Typical ICC were found in the myenteric region of the small intestine (IC‐MY). Intramuscular ICC (IC‐IM) were intermingled between muscle fibres of circular and longitudinal muscle layers. ICC were also found within septa (IC‐SEP) between muscle bundles and along the submucosal surface of the circular muscle layer (IC‐SM). ICC were identified in each location by ultrastructural features. 3 Intracellular electrical recordings demonstrated nifedipine‐insensitive slow waves throughout the circular muscle layer. Separation of interior and submucosal circular muscle strips from the dominant (myenteric) pacemaker region dramatically slowed frequency but did not block spontaneous slow waves, suggesting that pacemaker cells populate all regions of the circular muscle. 4 Slow waves could be evoked in interior and submucosal circular muscles at rates above normal antral frequency by electrical pacing or by acetylcholine (0.3 μm). Active slow wave propagation occurred in all regions of the circular muscle, and propagation velocities were similar in each region. 5 In summary, antral muscles of the canine stomach have pacemaker capability throughout the circular muscle. Normally, a dominant pacemaker near the myenteric plexus drives slow waves that actively propagate throughout the circular layer. Pacemaker activity and the active propagation pathway may occur in networks of ICC that are distributed in the region of the myenteric plexus and throughout the circular muscle layer.


The work is focused on anticancer properties of dipicolinate (dipic)-based vanadium(IV) complexes [VO(dipic)(N∩N)] bearing different diimines (2-(1H-imidazol-2-yl)pyridine, 2-(2-pyridyl)benzimidazole, 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione, 1,10-phenanthroline, and 2,2′-bipyridine), as well as differently 4,7-substituted 1,10-phenanthrolines. The antiproliferative effect of V(IV) systems was analyzed in different tumors (A2780, HCT116, and HCT116-DoxR) and normal (primary human dermal fibroblasts) cell lines, revealing a high cytotoxic effect of [VO(dipic)(N∩N)] with 4,7-dimethoxy-phen (5), 4,7-diphenyl-phen (6), and 1,10-phenanthroline (8) against HCT116-DoxR cells. The cytotoxicity differences between these complexes can be correlated with their different internalization by HCT116-DoxR cells. Worthy of note, these three complexes were found to (i) induce cell death through apoptosis and autophagy pathways, namely, through ROS production; (ii) not to be cytostatic; (iii) to interact with the BSA protein; (iv) do not promote tumor cell migration or a pro-angiogenic capability; (v) show a slight in vivo anti-angiogenic capability, and (vi) do not show in vivo toxicity in a chicken embryo.


Small cell carcinoma of the esophagus is an uncommon neoplasm. The authors report the clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical findings in four cases. Dysphagia was the most frequent symptom at presentation. Only one patient was treated by surgery; the other did not receive any treatment. Histologically, three were oat-cell type tumors with areas of intermediate cell type. Combined cell type was not present. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated positivity for neuron-specific enolase and for chromogranin in all four cases. One case was a double primary carcinoma, a squamous cell carcinoma and a small cell carcinoma.


Due to the unusual effects that the COVID-19 epidemic brought, the educational system as well as people's lives worldwide are experiencing difficulties. Nobody was prepared to deal with its effects on society since it arrived so abruptly. Exploring more cutting-edge learning modalities is now urgently needed in order to support the transition from traditional to flexible teaching and learning alternatives.  The objective of this Action Research is to determine the effectiveness of utilizing class points in teaching Business Mathematics among grade 11 ABM learners in the Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales.   This study was undertaken to identify the level of performance in Business Mathematics of Grade 11 ABM2 students of Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales before and after the use of class points in the teaching of the subject. The 29 ABM2 students during the S.Y. 2021-2022 were the participants of the research study. Data were gathered through the researcher-made Mathematics Performance Test (MPT). A quasi-experimental design was used in this study. Learner-respondents came from 11 ABM2 at Mataas Na Paaralang Neptali A. Gonzales. Data were generated from the Pre-test, in order to determine the prior knowledge of the learners before using Classpoint. Weekly Assessments in a form of teacher-made learning activity sheets which undergo a quality assurance process to be able to determine the performance of students while using the class point in teaching the Business Mathematics and Posttest was administered in order to determine the mastery of the learners in Business Mathematics after using the class point. The frequency, mean,  and t-test for a dependent sample set at a 0.05 level were used. The study found that the intervention has a positive effect on the performance of the students. After the intervention, the student's scores in the pre-test had much different from their scores in the post-test. The t-test revealed that the hypothesis of no significant difference was rejected. The students were found to perform better in Business Mathematics after using the class point. Findings also showed that the mean performance of the pre-test and post-tests are numerically more incredible. This suggests that the class point has an affirmative effect on a student's performance in mathematics. The utilization of class points greatly contributes to the improvement and performance of the learners in Business Mathematics despite the current learning situation. Findings have shown that the implementation of class point treatment in Business Mathematics class has been effective in the academic achievement of students. The use of class points can offer an efficient and effective ways of providing quality education in this pandemic. The application of this class point in teaching business math will surely address the least mastered skill to improve the performance of the students


In this paper we calculate posterior distributions associated with a version of the Poisson-Dirichlet distribution called the GEM. The GEM has been shown (by several authors) to be the limiting stationary distribution for allele frequencies listed in age order associated with the neutral infinite alleles model. In view of this result, we use our posterior distributions to calculate Bayes estimators for the frequency of the oldest allele given a sample.


Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with multispectral cameras for remote sensing (RS) has provided new opportunities for ecological and agricultural related applications for modelling, mapping, and monitoring. However, when the multispectral images are used for the quantitative study, they should be radiometrically calibrated, which accounts for atmospheric and solar conditions by converting the digital number into a unit of scene reflectance that can be directly used in quantitative remote sensing (QRS). Indeed, some of the present applications using multispectral images are processed without precise calibration or with coarse calibration. The radiometric calibration of images from the UAV platform is quite difficult to perform, as the imaging condition is different for every single image. Thus, a standard procedure is necessary for a systematical radiometric calibration method to generate multispectral images with unit reflectance. Further, these images can be used to calculate vegetation indices, which are useful in monitoring vegetation phenology. These vegetation indices are considered as a potential screening tool to know the plant status, such as nitrogen, chlorophyll content, green leaf biomass, etc. This study focuses on a series of radiometric calibrations for multispectral images acquired from different flight altitudes, time instants, and weather conditions. Radiometric calibration for multispectral images is performed using the linear regression method (LRM). The main contribution involves (1) affirming the optimal calibration targets and assessing the atmospheric effects of different flights using the single scene of images; (2) to evaluate the effects of mosaic images with the LRM; (3) to propose and validate a universal calibration equation for the Mini Multiple Camera Array (MCA) 6 camera. The obtained results show that the three calibration targets, such as the dark, moderate, and white, are better for the Mini MCA 6 camera. The atmospheric effects increase with the increase of flight altitudes for each band, and the camera effect is of a fixed number. However, the camera effect and atmospheric attenuation to reflectance from different altitudes were relatively low considering the accuracy assessment. The performance measures namely, mean absolute deviation (indicated as V) and root mean square error (RMSE) between single and mosaic images show that the mosaic will not influence too much reflectance. The LRM performs well in all weather conditions. The universal calibration equation is suitable to apply to the images acquired during a sunny day and even with a little cloud.


SOLAR PHYSICSEngineers who have been gingerly trying to bring the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) back from suspended animation have so far detected no permanent damage to the $1 billion spacecraft, which spun out of control and lost power after a series of ground control errors in June. But officials from NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) are now hopeful that they can bring the spacecraft back to life, although it will take several more weeks. That optimistic assessment was provided at a press briefing last week by NASA and ESA officials, who also released a final report confirming that errors by an overworked control team caused the spacecraft's problems.


In my report of investigation are collected the results of my studies on annulations based on C-H activation of ortho-alkenylphenols with allenes or alkynes catalyzed by complexes of Rh (III) and Pd(II) that has lead to the formation of interesting products as spirocyclic, cromens and benzooxepines.
• The first chapter of my thesis is a Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed Dearomatizing (3 + 2) Annulation of 2-Alkenylphenols and Alkynes. It is published JACS, 2014, 136, 7607-7610. We have developed a new type of metal-catalyzed[3C+2C] cycloaddition that can be considered "anomalous" interms of classical reactivity, as it involves the dehydrogenative cleavage of an O−H and a C−H bond, as well as a dearomatization of a phenyl ring. The reaction allows transforming extremely simple substrates into attractive, chiral spirocyclic products featuring an interesting array of substituent son olefin positions. The reaction proceeds in an atom economical manner and takes place with excellent chemo- and regioselectivity. Our results point out the potential of using substituents in key strategic positions of substrates to changereaction outcomes (oxepine vs spirocycle) because of the generation of steric interferences that affect key steps of the mechanism. Finally, preliminary results suggest that the spirocyclic products can be thermolyzed to interesting azulenone products.
• The second chapter of my thesis is a Rhodium-Catalyzed (5+1) Annulations Between 2-Alkenylplenols and Allenes: A Practical Entry to 2,2-Disubstituted 2H-Chromenes. It is published Angew. Chem.2015, 127, 1-5. In this case, we have described a new rhodium-catalyzed oxidative annulation formally involving the cleavage of the C-H and O-H bond of 2-alkenylphenols. Key for the success of the reaction is the use of allenyl derivatives as reaction partners. The transformation proposes a straightforward, atom-economical access to highly appealing chromene skeletons,is operationally simple, permits use of non-dried solvents and air, and requires trivial starting materials. The reaction proceeds through an intriguing sequential mechanism involving an initial rhodium(III)-catalyzed addition by a [1,7] sigmatropic hydrogen shift and a 6π-electronelectrocyclic ring closure.
• The last chapter of my thesis work is a Palladium (II)-Catalyzed Annulation between ortho-Alkenylphenols and Allenes. Key Role of the Metal Geometry in Determining the Reaction Outcome. It is published ACS catal. 2016, 6, 3349. Finally,we have developed a straightforward and selective access to a wide range of benzoxepine skeletons through a palladium-catalyzed (5 + 2) formal cycloaddition involving a C−H activation process. This is one of the scarce examples of annulations based on the cleavage of γ−C−H bonds which involve the use of allenes, as well as one of the very few leading to seven-membered rings. Remarkably, themethod has a much higher scope with respect to both, the alkenyl phenol component and the allene, than the rhodium catalyzed annulations, and even allows the formation of cycles with tetrasubstituted carbons. Computational studies support the hypothesis that the different course of the reaction promoted by Pd(II) or by Cp*Rh(III) catalysts can be ascribed to the geometric requirements associated with their respective square planar or a pseudo-octahedral geometries.


Fueled by immigration and globalization, the United States has evolved into a nation of linguistically diverse residents; however, English remains the dominant language in schools. A recent language policy initiative emergent in states across the nation, the Seal of Biliteracy challenges English monolingualism by promoting the development of students' bilingualism and biliteracy by high school graduation. Using narrative inquiry, this study explores the policy journeys that states have taken to enact the Seal of Biliteracy, as educators and stakeholders come together to engage in grassroots policy work. Findings include the collective stories of these efforts to disrupt English-dominant ideologies in schools, as well as individual states' journeys to develop students' bilingualism. Implications serve educators, researchers, and other stakeholders interested in influencing practice through bottom-up policy movements, particularly at this crucial moment as states embrace more flexibility for educational decision making.


The objective is to clarify the concept of a wage-led growth strategy, which combines pro-labour distributional policies with structural policies that strengthen a wage-led economic regime. A wage-led demand regime and pro-labour distributional policies must be distinguished, although we could say that pursuing pro-labour distributional policies in an economy whose structure is such that this economy is in a wage-led regime would constitute an appropriate wage-led growth strategy. Neoliberalism as it has occurred in practice has meant that most countries have instead pursued pro-capital distributional policies that have generated stagnant or unstable growth processes because these countries are mostly in a wage-led economic regime, thus necessitating external drivers such as household debt or export-led growth to maintain GDP growth. While a number of countries may be in a profit-led total demand regime when taking into account all elements of aggregate demand, including net exports, nearly all of them are in a wage-led domestic demand regime when only domestic demand is taken into account. Thus while pro-capital distributional policies may be demand-enhancing when a country is taken in isolation, this will not generally be the case when all countries are considered as a whole.


Aryloxy and arylthioalkylamines related respectively to clofibrate and 2-(3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylthio)hexanoic acid, a derivative of an active probucol metabolite, were prepared and pharmacologically screened as hypolipidemic substances. Some of them showed interesting antilipemic activity but also, unfortunately, high acute toxicity.


Rad23 proteins are involved both in the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway and in nucleotide excision repair (NER), but the relationship between these two pathways is not yet understood. The two human homologs of Rad23, hHR23A and B, are functionally redundant in NER and interact with xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein. The XPC–hHR23 complex is responsible for the specific recognition of damaged DNA, which is an early step in NER. The interaction of the XPC binding domain (XPCB) of hHR23A/B with XPC protein has been shown to be important for its optimal function in NER. We have determined the solution structure of XPCB of hHR23A. The domain consists of five amphipathic helices and reveals hydrophobic patches on the otherwise highly hydrophilic domain surface. The patches are predicted to be involved in interaction with XPC. The XPCB domain has limited sequence homology with any proteins outside of the Rad23 family except for sacsin, a protein involved in spastic ataxia of Charlevoix‐Saguenay, which contains a domain with 35% sequence identity.


In recent years, growing evidence has indicated the pivotal role of mitochondria in mast cell immunological activation. We have previously reported a decrease in degranulation and cytokine secretion following the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) either by CPI-613 (PDH inhibitor/anti-cancer drug) or through its interaction with mitochondrial microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). In the present study, we further explored the role played by mitochondrial MITF in mast cell exocytosis using rat basophil leukemia cells [RBL], as well as mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). Here, we report that mast cell degranulation, cytokine secretion and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) activities were associated with phosphorylation of Serine 73 of mitochondrial MITF, controlled by extracellular signals regulated by protein kinase (ERK1/2) activity. Also, we report here that decreased OXPHOS activity following ERK1/2 inhibition (U0126 treatment) during IgE-Ag activation was mediated by the dephosphorylation of Serine 73 mitochondrial MITF, which inhibited its association with PDH. This led to a reduction in mast cell reactivity. In addition, a phosphorylation-mimicking mitochondrial MITF-S73D positively regulated the mitochondrial activity, thereby supporting mast cell degranulation. Thus, the present research findings highlight the prominence of mitochondrial MITF Serine 73 phosphorylation in immunologically activated mast cells.


The 25th anniversary of the signing of the Protocol on Environment Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol), to be celebrated in 2016, provides a great opportunity to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of its provisions within the scope of the larger issues on evolution of the Antarctic environmental management and protection, which currently is one of the priorities for the Antarctic Treaty Parties. This article critically examines the environmental legal tools adopted at the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the provisions and structure of the Madrid Protocol and its Annexes, as well as institutional and procedural tools developed by its executive body - the Committee for Environment Protection, CEP (such as the application of Environmental Impact Assessments, conservation of flora and fauna, avoiding pollution of the marine environment, waste management, establishing procedures for area protection and management). The current challenges related to effective Antarctic environmental protection are both human (the extension of national scientific expeditions programs, including the creation of new scientific facilities and transport infrastructure, further growth of international tourism activities) and natural challenges due to changes in the environment (climate change and reducing sea ice, the introduction of non-native biological species). Thus, the outstanding issues of the Protocol implementation are the following: providing an effective mechanism to reduce the cumulative impact of human activities on the Antarctic environment; international cooperation related to the proliferation of stations; more active practical application of the precautionary approach in planning and carrying out Antarctic activities; strengthen the environmental impact assessment process for both governmental scientific and non-governmental commercial activities; and further systematic development of the representative Antarctic protected areas network. The CEP's multi-year strategic work plan is considered as an organizational and analytical tool focused on environmental issues that should be urgently settled on a priority basis.


Objective. In Crohn's disease (CD) a Th-1 dominant immune reaction is induced, which could be associated with genetic predisposition. Several previous studies have investigated the roles of CD14, heat-shock protein (Hsp)70 and IL-10 gene polymorphisms in the development of the disease. The results are contradictory and inter-racial differences are implicated. Therefore, this phenomenon was evaluated in well-documented Caucasian patients with CD in order to verify the clinical importance of these polymorphisms. Material and methods. The genomic DNA of 133 patients with CD and that of 75 healthy controls were examined. CD was divided into subgroups according to the Vienna classification. An arbitrary classification system based on disease severity was also applied, which was determined according to the therapeutic intervention. The CD14 (−159 C→T) promoter gene polymorphism was investigated by melting-point analysis. The IL-10 (−1082 G→A) and Hsp70-2 (1267 A→G) gene polymorphisms were detected by RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism). Results. None of the allele frequencies of the examined polymorphisms differed significantly between the patient and control populations. Neither the CD14 nor the IL-10 polymorphisms exhibited any correlation with the development or with the progression of the disease. With regard to Hsp70-2 gene polymorphism, those patients who carry at least one A allele have a significantly lower probability of the need for surgical intervention. Conclusions. Allele A of the Hsp70-2 gene may be associated with a less severe form of CD, suggesting the clinical value of the genotype assessment. The genetic determination of the defense mechanisms in CD appears to be associated with the polymorphism of the Hsp70-2 gene rather than that of the CD14 or IL-10 genes.


Purpose: To evaluate outer retinal structural abnormalities in patients with visual deficits after closed-globe blunt ocular trauma. Methods: Nine subjects with visual complaints after closed-globe blunt ocular trauma were examined between 1 month after trauma and 6 years after trauma. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography was used to assess the outer retinal architecture, whereas adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy was used to analyze the photoreceptor mosaic integrity. Results: Visual deficits ranged from central scotomas to decreased visual acuity. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography defects included focal foveal photoreceptor lesions, variable attenuation of the interdigitation zone, and mottling of the outer segment band, with one subject having normal outer retinal structure. Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy revealed disruption of the photoreceptor mosaic in all subjects, variably manifesting as foveal focal discontinuities, perifoveal hyporeflective cones, and paracentral regions of selective cone loss. Conclusion: We observe persistent outer retinal disruption in subjects with visual complaints after closed-globe blunt ocular trauma, albeit to a variable degree. Adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy imaging allows the assessment of photoreceptor structure at a level of detail not resolvable using spectral domain optical coherence tomography or other current clinical imaging tools. Multimodal imaging seems to be useful in revealing the cause of visual complaints in patients after closed-globe blunt ocular trauma. Future studies are needed to better understand how photoreceptor structure changes longitudinally in response to various traumas.


We consider allocating the transmit powers for a wireless multi-link (N-link) system, in order to maximize the total system throughput under interference and noise impairments, and short term power constraints. Employing dynamic spectral reuse, we allow for centralized control. In the two-link case, the optimal power allocation then has a remarkably simple nature termed binary power control: depending on the noise and channel gains, assign full power to one link and minimum to the other, or full power on both. Binary power control (BPC) has the advantage of leading towards simpler or even distributed power control algorithms. For N>2 we propose a strategy based on checking the corners of the domain resulting from the power constraints to perform BPC. We identify scenarios in which binary power allocation can be proven optimal also for arbitrary N. Furthermore, in the general setting for N>2, simulations demonstrate that a throughput performance with negligible loss, compared to the best non-binary scheme found by geometric programming, can be obtained by BPC. Finally, to reduce the complexity of optimal binary power allocation for large networks, we provide simple algorithms achieving 99% of the capacity promised by exhaustive binary search.


From 1972 to 1982, 563 patients with Stage I and II non-Hodgkin's lymphoma received radiation therapy in the department of radiology which belongs to the JLRTS group. Local control failures were seen in only 5 cases (0.9%). The regional recurrences were found in 30 cases (5%). 17 of recurrences occurred during the first 5 years. 17 cases had remissions again, and 5 cases had 5 year survivals.


The research on fabrication and characterization of natural rubber composites (SIR 5)/organo-montmorillonite using cetil trimetil ammonium bromide (CTAB) as an organic modifier has been conducted. Natural rubber SIR-5 was masticated at 60 °C by applying the time variations of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes using two-roll mill. SIR-5 which has been masticated for 4 minutes as an optimum time with the smallest moleecular-weight was then grafted by glysidil methacrylate (GMA) in order to obtain natural rubber-grafted-glysidil methacrylate (natural rubber-g-GMA) which was used as a compatibilizer material. A 10 g of montmorillonite was modified by using CTAB with different concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.03, 0.05, and 0.07 molee and then was added into rubber SIR-5 and natural rubber-g-GMA using internal mixer to obtain the composite. The prepared composite sample was examined using ASTM D-638 in order to perform a low speed tensile test (1 mm/minutes) and a thermal test using thermogravimetri analysis (TGA) operated at 30-80 °C. The surface morphology of composite was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) operated at 15 kV. The result of optimum elasticity which was achieved by adding montmorillonit produced using CTAB concentration of 0.03 molee was 1.57 MPa and had the value of the elongation at break of 2396%. Thermal degradation analysis using TGA showed that the most decomposed mass was 63.11% at 426 °C. The analysis of the morphology using SEM showed homogenous surface of the composite.


Introduction: The urgency of nature-management problems Research needed Investigations of P. Pumila Pinus Pumila: Taxonomic position, range, and relations in Boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere: Taxonomic Position and range Phylogenetic outline vicariants Pinus Pumila in the plant cover of Northeastern Asia and Kamchatka: General principles. More exact defination of notions Pinus Pumila as an independent component of Tundra-Forest P. Pumila in the Kamchatka vegetation cover History of the Pinus Pumila formation in Kamchatka in the late cenozoic (on the basis of palynilogical data): Appropriateness of using of sporo-pollen spectra and their representativity in reconstructing the history of the plant cover in the regions P. Pumila in the Pliocene P. Pumila in the Pleistocene P. Pumila in the Holocene Adaptogenesis of Pinus. Pumila: P. Pumila morphology Seasonal development of P. Pumila P. Pumila seed production on Kamchatka References: Illustrations 70, tables 17, bibliography 442


Abstract This paper examines the levels of household food security and the influence of enterprise diversification on household food security among small-scale sugarcane farmers in Muhoroni division, Nyando District, Kenya. A cross-sectional research design was used in this study. The population consisted of small-scale sugarcane farmers who grow sugarcane in Muhoroni zone. Proportionate sampling followed by simple random sampling was used to select a study sample of 363 farmers. Questionnaires with open and close-ended items were used to collect the data. Using descriptive and inferential statistics, the study showed that there was a strong relationship between enterprise diversification and household food security. About 47% of small-scale sugarcane farmers were found to be food secure and farm enterprise diversification contributed positively towards household food security status. The practice of enterprise diversification needs to be promoted more intensively, as it increases food security among smal...


Moyamoya disease is a cerebrovascular disease where changes to oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) are important parameters to assess the risk of future ischemic stroke. By applying a microvasculature model to dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) perfusion data parametric maps of both OEF and CMRO2 can be generated. For both OEF and CMRO2 significant differences between affected and unaffected vascular territorial regions were found. OEF and CMRO2 derived from DSC perfusion shows promise in detecting cerebral hemodynamic impairment in patients with moyamoya disease. However, further investigations are needed to clarify the clinical potential.


Nitrous oxide and halothane are one of the most widely used anesthetics in the surgical practice. A spectrophotometric method in the infrared area is worked out for direct determination in gas phase simultaneously on nitrous oxide at 2236 cm-1 and on halothane at 813 cm-1 by means of 20 m gas cuvette. The sensitivity of the method for nitrous oxide is 20 mg/m3 and for halothane 5 mg/m3. The reproducibility of the method expressed as coefficient of variation is +/- 1-6%. The method is specific in the presence of other anesthesiological means. The air samples are taken in bags of Tedlar and depending on the sampling velocity the method can be used for recording the moment and average shift concentrations of nitrous oxide and halothane.


This observational study analyzes the social dynamic and agonistic behavior between the two youngest males in a captive troupe of cotton-top tamarins, Sanguinus oedipus, found at the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens located in Sanford, Florida. The troupe consists of a breeding pair, two sets of twins, and a set of triplets— totaling nine individuals. The study focuses on the second-youngest and youngest males in the troupe and how they interact with each other. S. oedipus possess certain social and communication behaviors. The main behaviors observed in this study are vocalizations and movements indicating aggression between the two males. This study concludes the cause of aggression is due to competition and lack of space. The patterns of agonistic behavior indicate either the second youngest would be pushed out or the youngest would leave the troupe if in the wild. Being confined in a zoo enclosure makes the needed separation impossible. An additional enclosure is constructed during the study to lessen the already existing aggression. This measure works for a short time before hostile interactions increase in frequency again.


Abstract The diverse old-growth forests in Klamath region of northern California and southern Oregon provide valuable ecosystem services (e.g., maintaining watersheds, wildlife habitat, recreation), but may be vulnerable to a wide range of stressors, including invasive species, disrupted disturbance regimes, and climatic change. Yet our understanding of how forest structure in the Klamath region relates to the current physical environment is limited. Here we provide present-day benchmarks for old-growth forest structure across a climatic gradient ranging from coastal to dry interior sites. We established 16 large (1 ha) forest plots where all stems > 5 cm in diameter were identified to species and mapped. Climate across these sites was highly variable, with estimated actual evapotranspiration correlated to several basic measures of forest structure, including plot basal area, stem size-class inequality, tree species diversity and, to a lesser extent, tree species richness. Analyses of the spatial arrangement of stems indicated a high degree of non-uniformity, with 75% of plots showing significant stem clumping at small spatial scales (0 to 10 m). Downscaled predictions of future site water balance suggest changes will be dominated by rapidly increasing climatic water deficit (D, a biologically meaningful index of drought). While these plots give a picture of current conditions, continued monitoring of these stands is needed to describe forest dynamics and to detect forest responses to ongoing and future stressors.


Lung exposure to inhaled particulate matter (PM) is known to injure the airway epithelium via inflammation, a phenomenon linked to increased levels of global morbidity and mortality. To evaluate physiological outcomes following PM exposure and concurrently circumvent the use of animal experiments, in vitro approaches have typically relied on traditional assays with plates or well inserts. Yet, these manifest drawbacks including the inability to capture physiological inhalation conditions and aerosol deposition characteristics relative to in vivo human conditions. Here, we present a novel airway-on-chip exposure platform that emulates the epithelium of human bronchial airways with critical cellular barrier functions at an air–liquid interface (ALI). As a proof-of-concept for in vitro lung cytotoxicity testing, we recapitulate a well-characterized cell apoptosis pathway, induced through exposure to 2 μm airborne particles coated with αVR1 antibody that leads to significant loss in cell viability across the recapitulated airway epithelium. Notably, our in vitro inhalation assays enable simultaneous aerosol exposure across multiple airway chips integrated within a larger bronchial airway tree model, under physiological respiratory airflow conditions. Our findings underscore in situ-like aerosol deposition outcomes where patterns depend on respiratory flows across the airway tree geometry and gravitational orientation, as corroborated by concurrent numerical simulations. Our airway-on-chips not only highlight the prospect of realistic in vitro exposure assays in recapitulating characteristic local in vivo deposition outcomes, such platforms open opportunities toward advanced in vitro exposure assays for preclinical cytotoxicity and drug screening applications.


Financial inclusion signifies the practice of granting access to financial services and credit to families, enterprises, and administrations at reasonable prices. It encompasses measures designed to augment the utilization of official financial offerings within the economic framework. This research employed an ex-post facto study design to evaluate data on elements like banking penetration, usage of financial services, and access to financial services, concerning GDP growth. Relationships and interactions among these factors were scrutinized using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), which displayed strong explanatory capabilities and statistical validity. The research revealed that, without inputs from access to financial services, the usage of financial services, and banking penetration, the self-sustaining gross domestic product (GDP) is negative and statistically noteworthy. Over the short term, a negative link is observed between GDP and access to financial services (AFS); however, in the long term, AFS manifests a positive correlation with real GDP (RGDP). The usage of financial services (UFS) demonstrates a favorable relationship with GDP, accentuating the necessity of bolstering financial literacy and inspiring individuals and enterprises to effectively make use of financial services. The existing phase of banking penetration (BP) exerts a negligible impact on economic growth, but it is vital for policymakers to persistently observe and evaluate its long-term influence. Upholding a facilitative regulatory setting and stimulating rivalry within the banking sector are essential for enduring economic development. The regression analysis furnishes policy suggestions aimed at amplifying access to finance, boosting financial literacy, and confronting issues related to banking penetration. By tackling constraints that limit access to finance, upgrading infrastructure, and diminishing entry obstacles, sustainable economic growth can be achieved. Advocating for financial literacy and encouraging the adoption of financial services have the potential to elevate economic activities and spur GDP growth. Even though the current influence of banking penetration is not significant, it remains crucial for policymakers to keep track of and analyze its future implications.


—In this paper, a novel resource allocation algorithm is investigated to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) in multiuser decode-and-forward (DF) relay interference networks. The EE optimization problem is formulated as the ratio of the spectrum efficiency (SE) over the entire power consumption of the network subject to total transmit power, subcarrier pairing and allocation constraints. The formulated problem is a nonconvex fractional mixed binary integer programming problem, i.e., NP-hard to solve. Further, we resolve the convexity of the problem by a series of convex transformations and propose an iterative EE maximization (EEM) algorithm to jointly determine the optimal subcarrier pairing at the relay, subcarrier allocation to each user pair and power allocation to all source and the relay nodes. Additionally, we derive an asymptotically optimal solution by using the dual decomposition method. To gain more insights into the obtained solutions, we further analyze the resource allocation algorithm in a two-user case with interference-dominated and noise-dominated regimes. In addition, a suboptimal algorithm is investigated with reduced complexity at the cost of acceptable performance degradation. Simulation results are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithms and demonstrate the impacts of various network parameters on the attainable EE and SE.


We have proposed an approach to improve the resolution of terahertz (THz) imaging using the effect of solid immersion – i.e. a reduction in the dimensions of the electromagnetic beam caustic by its formation in a free space, behind the medium possessing high refractive index. We have designed a THz solid immersion lens (SIL) comprised of a polymer wide-aperture aspherical singlet and a crystalline truncated sphere mounted in front of the image plane. We have proposed an approach for the object handling at the focal plane of the THz SIL. We have combined numerical simulations and experimental studies to demonstrate the advanced 0.2λ spatial resolution of the proposed THz SIL – it is beyond the 0.5λ Abbe limit. Finally, we have assembled the continuous-wave THz SIL imaging system and applied it for studying various objects with sub-wavelength variations of structure and dielectric properties.


By describing an experimentation carried out on a 'informal' settlement in the far north east outskirts of the Municipality of Rome, the paper aims to demonstrate in which way outskirts can become an extraordinary opportunity to activate processes of smart urban regeneration. The paper describes a project developed on the area of Tragliatella in Rome, with the aim of developing a codified design methodology for the recovery of unauthorised residential settlements in the outskirts of the city, lacking primary urbanization works and essential services, and requiring redevelopment processes in order to ensure their liveability. The project proposes a smart model linked not only to the energy performance of the buildings, rather to all the other environmental parameters of the urban settlement (i.e. soil permeability, heat island effect, micro-climatic comfort in outdoor spaces, etc.). The experimental design approach, outlined in this paper, could be effectively transposed to other fragmentary suburban settlements, characterized by the low quality level of the houses, whose origin is not necessarily spontaneous.


A protocolled diagnostic approach for assessing various cystic and solid masses occurring in the neonate and infant, with particular emphasis on renal masses, is described. This protocol uses diagnostic examinations in such a sequence as to establish the diagnosis with acceptable confidence by the least invasive procedure and, therefore, at minimal cost in time, money, and risk to the patient. Early definitive diagnosis permits triage of patients into a group benefiting from immediate surgical intervention versus those with entities that can safely be followed up expectantly. Moreover, certain diagnostic procedures such as antegrade pyelography can be expanded to serve therapeutic purposes as a temporizing percutaneous nephrostomy, thus preserving renal parenchyma and hopefully improving the general condition of the neonate until a definitive surgical procedure can be safely undertaken to correct the underlying deficit.


This paper presents an ongoing project to develop a freeware resource for music composition in the primary classroom. The national curriculum for music at Key Stages 1 and 2 calls for students to 'compose music for a range of purposes using the inter-related dimensions of music', a challenging aim that demands significant guidance, support and resources. With cuts to school funding and prioritization of core subjects, teachers and researchers are faced with finding solutions to ensure the provision of a quality music education. As part of a wider research project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, Graphick Score has been continuously developed and used for music composition lessons in primary schools throughout the north-west of England. This paper examines the present effectiveness, potential and limitations of this resource, as well as the further need for research and technological solutions to make a creative and meaningful music education a part of the school life of all children.


Strained-Si technology could enhance the carrier mobility and improve the device performance. Contact-etch-stop-layer (CESL) structure with different stress and SiGe channel was fabricated with 90-nm technology. The electrical properties of N and PMOSFET devices combining CESL and SiGe channel were investigated. The short channel effects (SCE), such as drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL), were also studied. Moreover, the stress contour in the SiGe channel has been simulated with TCAD to understand the relationship between stress distribution and device performance for different CESL structures. It is observed that the stress in the channel region was independent of the type of N or PMOSFET devices, but it was dependent on the CESL type and channel length. Based on the experimental and simulation results, it is confirmed that the device performance is associated with the stress in the channel, and the approach of CESL stressor and SiGe channel is shown to effectively improve the mobility of NMOSFETs and PMOSFETs.


Blight disease, caused by Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labrousse (teleomorph=Didymella rabiei), is one of the most important biotic stress factors affecting chickpea produc tion worldwide. The high variation in disease severity among different chickpea cul tivars and the decrease in the resistance of the cultivars over time make it necessary to test the cultivars regularly. The aim in this research was to determine and evalu ate the changes in the susceptibility of chickpea cultivars, which were developed in different years and widely cultivated, against A. rabiei pathotypes in Turkey. A three replication pot experiment was conducted in a randomized plot design in the climate chamber in 2021. Fifteen registered chickpea cultivars (including one susceptible and one susceptible control cultivar) and four pathotypes of chickpea blight disease agent A. rabiei were used in the study. While Pathotype-IV was determined as the most aggressive, it was followed by the Pathotype-III, Pathotype-II, and Pathotype-I, respectively. The Azkan cultivar, included as a Tolerant (T) control in the experiment, had the Mid-Susceptible/Susceptible (MS/S) values, which can be explained by the decrease in resistance over time. However, it is opined that the main reason for the better resistance values of Akçin-91, registered in 1991, and Gökçe, registered in 1997, was provoked by the genetic basis of these cultivars, when compared to the recently registered cultivars.


The use of glucometers has been widely recommended to help patients in controlling their blood glucose level. This study compared the blood glucose level measured by Contour® Plus glucometer and Cobas c501 chemistry analyzer, as the reference method. The study design was cross-sectional and conducted in the Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in April 2017. Study materials were 120 capillary blood examined by Contour® Plus glucometer and plasma analyzed by Cobas c501 chemistry analyzer. Precision, correlation, accuracy, and clinical accuracy tests were performed based on ISO 15197:2013, using Parkes error grid analysis. Contour® Plus glucometer yielded a CV of 1.56-2.2%, following the recommendation of the American Diabetes Association, of <5%, there was a strong positive correlation between the glucose level of capillary blood and plasma (r=0.997). Accuracy test based on ISO 15197:2013 showed that 100% of capillary blood glucose deviations were within the ±15 mg/dL range for glucose level <100 mg/dL and ±15% range for glucose level ≥100 mg/dL. Clinical accuracy test with Parkes error grid showed 100% of results were in zone A. Contour® Plus glucometer test results met the ISO 15197:2013 criteria, so the results were proportional to the reference method's results and clinically acceptable. Contour® Plus glucometer is safe to be used in blood glucose monitoring, as long as careful attention is given to the device specifications.


Legumes are important in grasslands and other nutrient-limited, terrestrial ecosystems by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, facilitating nutrient cycling, and increasing species diversity above and below ground. Despite many studies that show the potential impacts legumes have on ecosystems, the distribution and abundance of native legumes species in North American grasslands is not well understood. North American grasslands, especially remnant untilled prairie, is a dwindling habitat because much of its historical range has been converted to industrialized agricultural. In order to understand the distribution and abundance of native legume species and to better conserve them, we collected vegetation and soil data across a longitudinal precipitation gradient (450-1100 mm annually) in Kansas from 108 restored grasslands, part of the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sites, and 22 untilled references sites during the summers of 2019 and 2020. Mean annual precipitation and land use history were the most important predictor of overall species richness and legume species richness. There was a significant disparity between legume species richness on restored and untilled prairies at the wettest end of the precipitation gradient which suggests that the results of the conservation practice used on eastern restored sites are not representative of untilled eastern prairies. Non-native legumes occurred more often on restored sites than untilled sites. Additionally, because native legume species occurred less often on restored sites, disturbance and management practices may limit native legume species establishment and benefit non-native species establishment. These results provide important information on native legume species abundance and provide a stepping-stone to better understanding grassland ecology as a whole.


This article is concerned with the numerical detection of bifurcation points of nonlinear partial differential equations as some parameter of interest is varied. In particular, we study in detail the numerical approximation of the Bratu problem, based on exploiting the symmetric version of the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin finite element method. A framework for a posteriori control of the discretization error in the computed critical parameter value is developed based upon the application of the dual weighted residual (DWR) approach. Numerical experiments are presented to highlight the practical performance of the proposed a posteriori error estimator.


The use of ultrasonography has led to an increase of symptom-free carriers of intrahepatic masses. Whereas follicular nodular hyperplasia and haemangioma does not require further treatment, all other tumours should be resected. In a prospective study involving 81 patients with intrahepatic masses the value of nuclear medical methods for such a differentiation was assessed. In 21 out of 23 patients with follicular nodular hyperplasia and in 17 out of 18 cases of haemangioma a correct classification was achieved. In addition, all 3 adenomas and 36 out of 37 malignant tumours could be attributed correctly. Sequential and blood pool scanning of the liver as non-invasive methods thus permit differential diagnosis of intrahepatic masses with sufficient accuracy.


I received the following text message from Dr. Yong-ik Kim, member of the National Assembly of Korea, on my cell phone early in the morning on December 3, 2015: 'Act for improving the resident training environment and enhancing resident's status' was passed by the National Assembly of Korea. It was passed over half a century after the introduction of the resident training system in Korea. This law would ensure high quality training for residents and establish a better patient health environment. It was proposed by Dr. Kim.

I was delighted to hear this news since there was objection by interest groups and many did not anticipate the passing of the law. The main proposal of the so-called 'resident law' was that for limiting the on-duty hours to 88 hours per week, including 8 hours for educational purposes. It was officially enacted on December 22, 2015, and was announced to the public through the 'Statutes of the Republic of Korea (http://law.go.kr/).'

In Korea, the working time regulations stipulate 40 hours per week. For residents, this cannot be applied due the nature of the job and the training program. I remember having worked more than 110 hours per week when I was a 27-year-old intern at my university hospital in 1985. There were long hours and various duties allotted to me. One of the most tedious and meaningless duties was that of tracing a patient's lost X-ray films. Sometimes, senior doctors took out those films for research or presentation purposes. If they lost the film, the intern had to search for them all over the hospital and get it back. This was very stressful for me. After the installation of the picture archiving communication system, this duty of the intern disappeared from the hospital. Sometimes, I could feel myself burn out due to the overload of work. One such incident was the case of a baby who needed artificial breathing using an ambu bag (bag valve mask). I had to hold the ambu bag for more than two hours during the night. In between, I sometimes dozed off as I had not slept for the last 20 hours; therefore, my bagging became slower. The baby's parents had requested me to adopt the faster bagging method. Fortunately, the baby later recovered and was discharged in a healthy condition. However, when I recall that situation, I feel guilty and depressed, since I had not been able to do my best for the baby. Of course, life as an intern was a good experience as it helped build a good rapport with physician colleagues, nurses, and other health personnel in the hospital; nevertheless, this painful memory always surfaced when I recalled the 10-month internship period. I believed that working more than 110 hours a week was natural for interns because all senior physicians had also experienced the same situation. Astonishingly, still intern usually works for average 110 hours a week according to a survey on training and working conditions of residents in 2015 [1]. Also, there was a report that burnout increased during internship period in Yale University, United States [2].

When I visited Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States, in 2001, residents were recommended to leave the hospital if they finished their on-duty hours since there was a law limiting the working hours in New York State. The state law of New York limited the working hours of residents to 80 hours a week and it was enacted in 1989 (https://www.health.ny.gov/professionals/doctors/graduate_medical_education/other_related_information/405_4.htm). It is now 26 years since the law was enacted in New York State. It was good to hear that a similar law was being passed in Korea. This will be the first step toward better patient safety and health of residents. I regret not leading the way to establish a better system for residents and patients. I applaud all groups that have supported this law, such as the Korean Medical Association and the Korean Intern Resident Association. Dr. Kim's painstaking efforts and continuous work on the proposal and his persuasions were vital for the enactment of the law.

Of course, there are worries about how to compensate for the residents' reduced working hours. For this, a proposal to introduce the hospitalist system has been discussed. This is known to be an alternative system to improve in-patient care and to reduce the workload on residents or subspecialty staff. It was proposed that the introduction of the hospitalist system should be cost-effective in Korea [3]. According to a cohort study in Taiwan, the hospitalist system was suitable for the National Health Insurance scheme from the perspective of cost, and it could be an alternative model to deal with rising admissions and staff shortages [4]. Since Taiwan operates a similar National Health Insurance scheme as that of Korea, ideas can be drawn from Taiwan to adapt the Korean insurance scheme to the hospitalist system. However, there is no concrete study on the hospitalist system in Korea since this system was introduced only recently. We must consider research projects for establishing the hospitalist system in Korea. Without compensating for residents' working hours, a new 'resident law' cannot be stabilized soon. Besides compensating for working hours, reduced working time for surgical training in the United Kingdom and Ireland may have negative effects on the continuous observation and consistent care of surgical patients [5]. Training quality is another point to consider when residents' on-duty hours are reduced. Furthermore, physician assistant system should be discussed sincerely. Although some physician assistants have worked in the hospital where there is a short of residents, legal status of physician assistant was not established yet in Korea [6]; while, in the United States, physician assistant system was already established and there was an active curriculum development [7].

In the Korean traditional calendar, 2016 is the 'year of the red monkey.' I hope the year of the red monkey can usher in better patient safety and health of residents due to the enactment of the 'resident law.' We should do our best to introduce an appropriate system for the rapid stabilization of the resident training system.


Egusi melon (Citrullus lanatus (Thumb) Mansf.) is an important vegetable crop grown for edible seeds and oil in West Africa. Leaf Blight Disease (LBD) is one of the major constraints to its production, with potential to cause economic damage. The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and distribution of leaf blight on Egusi melon in Southwestern Nigeria. A survey of LBD of Egusi melon was conducted in 2015 and 2016, in five southwestern States of Nigeria (Ogun, Oyo, Osun, Ekiti and Ondo States). Twenty plants each, were randomly sampled from 150 farms comprising 30 farms each, from each State. The distribution of different Egusi melon varieties planted was recorded. "Bara" cv. was the most cultivated variety (51.6%); followed by "Bojuri" (30.4%) and "Serewe" (18%). Leaf blight was observed in most farms in the five States, from 73% in Osun and Oyo states to 83% in Ondo State. Disease incidence and severity varied with locations and cultivars, and ranged from 0.0-87.5±18% and 1.0±0-4.5±0.8 in Osun State to 20.0±19 - 95.0±4.5% and 2.3±1.5 - 5.0±0 in Ondo State. Out of the twelve fungal pathogens from ten genera isolated from infected plants, only Colletotrichum truncatum, C. gloeosporioides and Lasiodiplodia theobromae caused Leaf blight on Egusi melon.
Key words: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum truncatum, Lasiodiplodia theobromae


Objectives : Although South Korea has achieved a high level of economic growth, addiction is becoming more prevalent in communities. In the 21st century, behavioral addiction is spread-ing quickly as well as substance addiction. Especially since 2010, digital addiction such as the Internet, smartphones and games has been proliferating in society. The purpose of this paper was to explain why modern society has turned into an addiction society from the perspective of the cultural evolution. Methods : The diverse literature in relation to cultural evolution addiction society were searched and reviewed. Results : At first, how a culture occurred through shared intentionality and language in prehis-toric times was discussed. Next, how cultural evolution has pro-gressed from agricultural, scientific, to industrial revolution was addressed. Then, psychological mechanisms behind the cultural evolution were suggested in terms of anxiety and narcissism. Last, neurobiological mechanisms under addiction society were pro-vided from the perspective of the left brain and dopamine. Con-clusion : Considering the negative aspects of the addiction society, I hope that we would be aware of the authentic existence and live as one.


The dynamics of high energy runaway electrons is analyzed for plasmas with high impurity content. It is shown that modified collision terms are required in order to account for the collisions of the relativistic runaway electrons with partially stripped impurity ions, including the effect of the collisions with free and bound electrons, as well as the scattering by the full nuclear and the electron-shielded ion charge. The effect of the impurities on the avalanche runaway growth rate is discussed. The results are applied, for illustration, to the interpretation of the runaway electron behavior during disruptions, where large amounts of impurities are expected, particularly during disruption mitigation by massive gas injection. The consequences for the electron synchrotron radiation losses and the resulting runaway electron dynamics are also analyzed.


publishing) and tamizdat (publishing abroad). The volume is enlightening and innovative in many respects and deserves attention beyond the circles of regional specialists. Challenging received notions about the self-enclosed nature of communication and culture in Communistruled Central and Eastern Europe, contributions to the volume highlight the importance of transnational information flows within the region and across the Cold War divide. One chapter thus examines the transnational samizdat networks between oppositional movements in Poland and émigrés in Sweden (Stöcker), while another studies the role of the Polish émigré journal Kultura (1946–2000) and the Russian émigré journal Kontinent (1974–) in shaping the relationships between oppositional groups as well as laying the grounds for post-Cold War relationships between Poland, Russia and Ukraine (Zioło Pużuk). Contributors to the volume also rightly challenge the uncritically sympathetic readings of samizdat publications coming from the former Eastern bloc (see in particular Blaive's chapter) and stretch the traditional understanding of samizdat to include a variety of cultural forms, including radio, visual art, video and the Internet (chapters by Kind-Kovács, Horne, Parisi, Lovejoy and Hala). The concluding section of the book highlights the importance of samizdat and tamizdat activity as well as alternative media more generally in recent years, examining cases from Russia, Yugoslav successor states, China and the Middle East.


The results of numerical modeling of oscillations in a system of two coupled oscillators operating on the basis of a virtual cathode (VC) with controlled external feedback are presented. It is shown that there exist the modes with generation of chaotic signals and synchronization modes with high signal-to-noise ratio. The effect of parameters of the electron beam and external feedback on the generation frequency of the system and phase relations between the signals generated in each module is analyzed.


ABSTRACT Social contextualist analysis, by contrast to much of the existing research on international negotiations, emphasizes the social and organizational environment in which negotiations take place and the effect that it can have on the decision-making of participants. This paper applies a social contextualist lens to negotiations held to decide upon the form and function of the African Peace and Security Architecture (APSA). Certain elements of the Architecture, which is one of the central pillars of the African Union (AU), present something of a puzzle for theorists, given the cession of sovereignty they represent on a continent where leaders have traditionally been very protective of their authority. After illustrating the limited value of the most prominent approaches to negotiation analysis, the social contextualist framework is outlined. The analysis incorporates negotiations held to decide upon a number of features of APSA. Its findings rest upon interviews conducted with representatives from AU member states and AU officials, as well as examination of a broad range of primary and secondary documents. In highlighting the significance of factors that are generally overlooked by traditional approaches, a case is made for greater consideration of social contextual factors in analysis of international negotiations.


Signaling photoreceptors use the information contained in the absorption of a photon to modulate biological activity in plants and a wide range of organisms. The fundamental-and as yet imperfectly answered-question is, how is this achieved at the molecular level? We adopt the perspective of biophysicists interested in light-dependent signal transduction in nature and the three-dimensional structures that underpin signaling. Six classes of photoreceptors are known: light-oxygen-voltage (LOV) sensors, xanthopsins, phytochromes, blue-light sensors using flavin adenine dinucleotide (BLUF), cryptochromes, and rhodopsins. All are water-soluble proteins except rhodopsins, which are integral membrane proteins; all are based on a modular architecture except cryptochromes and rhodopsins; and each displays a distinct, light-dependent chemical process based on the photochemistry of their nonprotein chromophore, such as isomerization about a double bond (xanthopsins, phytochromes, and rhodopsins), formation or rupture of a covalent bond (LOV sensors), or electron transfer (BLUF sensors and cryptochromes).


Habitat coupling is an ecosystem process whereby semi-discontinuous habitats are connected through the movement of energy and nutrients by chemical, physical or biological processes. One oft-cited example is that of littoral-pelagic coupling in lakes. Theory has argued that such habitat coupling may be critical to food web dynamics, yet there have been few empirical studies that have quantified ecological factors that affect the degree of habitat coupling in ecosystems. Specifically, the degree to which habitat coupling occurs across important physical gradients has largely been ignored. To address this, we investigate the degree of littoral habitat coupling (i.e. the degree to which a top predator lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush, derives energy from the littoral zone) along a gradient of lake shape, where lake shape modifies the relative quantity of coupled epilimnetic benthic and pelagic habitats within each lake. Herein we demonstrate that littoral habitat coupling is intensified in simple circular lakes compared to their reticulate counterparts in seven Canadian Shield lakes. Although the more reticulate lakes had larger areas of epilimnetic benthic habitat, littoral food sources comprised 11% compared to 24% of lake trout diet in reticulate and circular lakes, respectively. This heightened interaction in circular lakes also appears to translate into increased omnivory in more circular lakes compared to reticulate lakes such that lake trout of circular lakes have a significantly lower trophic position than lake trout of reticulate lakes (F 1,5 = 6.71 p=0.05). These results suggest that it is the accessibility of littoral production via thermal refugia, and not the amount of littoral production, that determines the degree to which lake trout couple littoral and pelagic habitats in lakes.


Abstract The integration of approaches that allow the incorporation of stochasticity of gene histories with phylogenetic methods resulted in new approaches for the old issue of species delimitation. Nevertheless, coalescent methods seem problematic for taxa with large effective population size and shallow temporal diversification (like marine fishes). Here, we investigate the performance of single-locus (cytochrome oxidase 1, commonly used in DNA barcoding initiatives) methods for molecular species delimitation in snappers of Lutjaninae from the Western Atlantic and Pacific Eastern. Our results show incongruences among methods. ABGD, PTP and mPTP trend towards a lower number of estimated species. Phylogenetic-coalescent methods with single threshold were majority congruent for a same number of lineages. On the other hand, algorithms with multiple thresholds tend to estimate a higher number of potential species. We do not endorse the use of single-locus for species delimitation, but we do reinforce that single-locus data is sufficient to flag many problems.


The fiber properties of PTT have been the subject of several reports, although very few reports describe the properties of molded specimens. In this work, the dynamic mechanical relaxation behavior of compression-molded PTT films has been investigated. The added flexibility of the PTT was found to lower the temperature of the - and -transitions relative to the PET and PEN. The results suggest that the -transition is at least two relaxations for PET and PTT due to the increase in the breadth of the relaxation. The results seem to support the hypothesized mechanism of others, in that the -transition involves the relaxation of the carbonyl entity and the aromatic C1-C4 ring flips for PTT and PET, and the relaxation of the carbonyl for PEN. The *- and -transitions for all three polymers seem to be cooperative in nature.


We examine whether responses to survey questions about child care availability, quality and cost, aggregated at the local geographical level, have any explanatory power in models of partnered female and lone parent labour supply. We find evidence that partnered women and lone parents who live in areas with more reports of lack of availability, low quality or costly child care work fewer hours and are less likely to work than women in areas with fewer reported difficulties with child care.


Mechanisms for conversion between reciprocating linear motion and rotational motion include a wave-shaped track and structure that reciprocates and rotates as it follows the wave-shaped track.


Traditionally, visualization is one of the most important and commonly used methods of generating insight into large scale data. Particularly for spatiotemporal data, the translation of such data into a visual form allows users to quickly see patterns, explore summaries and relate domain knowledge about underlying geographical phenomena that would not be apparent in tabular form. However, several critical challenges arise when visualizing and exploring these large spatiotemporal datasets. While, the underlying geographical component of the data lends itself well to univariate visualization in the form of traditional cartographic representations (e.g., choropleth, isopleth, dasymetric maps), as the data becomes multivariate, cartographic representations become more complex. To simplify the visual representations, analytical methods such as clustering and feature extraction are often applied as part of the classification phase. The automatic classification can then be rendered onto a map; however, one common issue in data classification is that items near a classification boundary are often mislabeled. This thesis explores methods to augment the automated spatial classification by utilizing interactive machine learning as part of the cluster creation step. First, this thesis explores the design space for spatiotemporal analysis through the development of a comprehensive data wrangling and exploratory data analysis platform. Second, this system is augmented with a novel method for evaluating the visual impact of edge cases for multivariate geographic projections. Finally, system features and functionality are demonstrated through a series of case studies, with key features including similarity analysis, multivariate clustering, and novel visual support for cluster com-


MFIs such as the existence of ODA for people in rural areas is expected to be
the vanguard in the financing of MSME sector. Taking advantage of customers' credit
from the BPR effort increases, turnover increases, and the abundant
profits. Therefore, this study discusses the role of ODA in lending to SMEs.
 The purpose of this final research is to find general descriptions of PD BPR
BKK Office Tulung.In addition, to determine the role, constraints and future
prospects of the PD BPR BKK Tulung in lending to SMEs. Then, the data collection
method used in this study included direct interviews with employees of PD BPR
BKK Tulung, direct observation by observing the work and communication system
between customers and employees with a literature review related to this
research. Discussion of the method used by researchers is the discussion of
descriptive models of the discussion by describing and explaining in a systematic,
factual and accurate information on an object in detail.
 This research will specifically discuss how the role of PD BPR BKK Tulung in
lending to SMEs.It aims to support the provision of production facilities and business
opportunities for SMEs. It is also to identify constraints and future prospects of the
PD BPR BKK Tulung in the financing of SMEs. Overall it can be concluded from
this study is that PD BPR BKK Tulung has played well in carrying out intermediary
functions in the financing of SMEs. This can be seen from the increasing number of
funds that can be collected and distributed, and good performance in customer
service.
 And as a suggestion, the need to socialize the presence of PD BPR BKK
potensil Tulung to clients by stressing the advantages held by PD BPR BKK Tulung,
and PD BPR BKK Tulung should expand the network or access by opening new
branches in the region if the perpetrator takes the role of SMEs of the MFI or its
SMEs in areas not served by the PD BPR BKK Tulung.

Keywords: Rural Banks (BPR), Small and Medium Enterprises, Roles, Obstacles,
Prospects.


In the 1970s secessionists in Southern Thailand described the Thai state as "colonialist" constituted by "Siamese fascist officials"1 who had "illegally colonised Patani". The flavour of this discourse shows the importance of historical context in shaping the way resistance movements interpret their own struggles. In the case of the resistances groups in Southern Thailand, it reflects the influence of the wider international anti-colonial movement and its embrace of nationalism and socialism. Translating these concepts into a political agenda was complicated by the centrality of Islam in defining the grievances of the Patani Muslims. Islam was the reason they were considered marginal by wider Buddhist society and hence it was Islam that become a core identity marker and the fulcrum upon which the resistance movement grew. Merging the predominately secular themes of anti-colonialism with Islam was complex, and as a result for much of its existence the insurgency failed to define clearly an ideology beyond the general maxim of 'liberating the homeland' to create the Republic of Patani. By the onset of the twenty first century situation had changed and although the goal remained the same for many Thai Muslims it was based on firmer ontological ground. By defining itself in Islamist terms, the separatist movement managed to distance itself from the secular concepts that defined the Thai state ('nationalism') and which precluded support for its struggle from other states ('sovereignty'). The objective now is the creation of Al Fatoni Darussalam (Islamic Land of Patani) by "purging all Siamese infidels out of our territory to purify our religion and culture"2 (HRW, 2007: 45). In short, the shift in terminology indicates an ideological shift in the way the insurgents frame the conflict but also, more importantly, in their identification of the 'enemy'. 3 The 'liberation of the Republic' has now evolved into a 'struggle to liberate an Islamic Land'. From being a 'colonialist' and 'fascist' state, the Thai state has assumed the status of 'infidel'. The insurgents' embrace of Islamism as the organising principle of their resistance is progressively transforming the conflict into what Juergensmeyer has called a 'Cosmic War' (Juergensmeyer, 2003). This paper will further explore this ideological shift by analysing for the first time primary sources such as propaganda leaflets, interviews and insurgent interrogation reports that were collected during recent fieldwork in Southern Thailand between 2006 and 2008.


Amanzio and Benedetti (J Neurosci 1999; 19: 484—494) first addressed the conditions necessary for the activation of opioid and non-opioid placebo responses in human. Here, we investigated whether placebo analgesia is subdivided into opioid and non-opioid components in mice by using the model of hot-plate test. Drug conditioning was performed by the combination of the conditioned cue stimulus with the unconditioned drug stimulus, either opioid agonist morphine hydrochloride or non-opioid aspirin. Placebo analgesic responses were evoked by an exposure to a conditioned cue previously paired with drug conditioning. Morphine conditioning produced placebo responses that were completely antagonised by naloxone. By contrast, the conditioned cue after aspirin conditioning elicited a placebo effect that was not blocked by naloxone. Therefore, we first evoked opioid and non-opioid placebo responses in mice that were either naloxone-reversible or naloxone-insensitive, depending on the drug used in conditioning procedure. These findings support that the mechanisms underlying placebo analgesia may depend on the drug conditioning that was originally performed. The present procedure of mice may serve as a model for further understanding of the opioid and non-opioid mechanisms underlying placebo responses.


Art historians, archaeologists and also restorers of art works are called upon, within the scope of research and study of painted works of art, to determine and describe with accuracy the colours used by each artist. On the other hand, scientists who work on data banks of painted works of art are called upon to acquire very-high-resolution images combined with accurate colorimetric registration for archiving purposes. An extended study oriented towards colour measurement parameters determination is then necessary. From the current available relevant literature it is obvious that the research concerns primarily colorimetric fidelity without providing any details as far as mathematical processing of colour measurement data is concerned. In the present study there is suggested a non-destructive methodology for colour measurement that is much cheaper than the one that is applied if non-destructive spectrophotometry is used for this purpose. This is performed in a comparative manner with the help of a three-charge-coupled device or a mono-charge-coupled device colour detector five times less expensive than the first one, on two reference panels containing a total of 34 colour samples. Aiming at the uniquely and generally accepted determination of colour, the R, G and B values are first properly corrected and then transformed to x, y (chromaticity) and Y values in accordance with the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric XYZ system. This procedure is performed with a linear mathematical transformation followed by a least-squares method in order to determine the best values of the matrix elements and minimize the error between measured and computed values. The so-obtained values are then compared with the respective x, y and Y values provided by the spectrophotometer on the same reference panels. The mean relative difference between the chromaticity x and y values provided by the set of the two detectors and the values coming from the spectrophotometer is approximately 1.7%. The collected data expressed in tri-stimulus values are finally converted into CIELAB notation (L*a*b*) for data evaluation. An average colour accuracy of about three units in the CMC uniform colour space was achieved. These results offer a very promising attempt at elaborating a protocol of colour measurement in a reproducible way.


Pseudomonas aeruginosa is becoming an increasingly prevalent pathogen, capable of causing numerous life threatening infections in immunocompromised patients. The three hierarchically arranged quorum sensing (QS) systems, namely las, rhl, and pqs play key roles in coordinating virulence expression in P. aeruginosa. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the pqs system have not been fully elucidated. To identify new genes involved in synthesis of the Pseudomonas quinolone signal (PQS), a transposon mutagenesis library was constructed. PA1429 was found to inhibit PQS biosynthesis. The PA1429 deletion mutant also exhibited increased bacterial motility, biofilm formation, and virulence in a mouse model of acute lung infection. Interestingly, it also displayed reduced tolerance to oxidative stress. Mutated pqsH in the PA1429 deletion background restored bacterial susceptibility to H2O2. In addition, our data showed that PA1429 repressed the expression of las and rhl systems. Overall, these results provide new insights into the complex regulatory networks of quorum-sensing and virulence expression in P. aeruginosa.


In this paper, we study local subgraph counting, which is to count the occurrences of a user-given pattern graph p around every node v in a data graph G, when v matches to a given orbit o in p, where the orbit serves as a center to count p. In general, the orbit can be a node, an edge, or a set of nodes in p. Local subgraph counting has played an important role in characterizing high-order local structures that exhibit in a large graph, and has been widely used in denser and relevant communities mining, graphlet degree distribution, discriminative features selection for link prediction, relational classification and recommendation. In the literature, almost all the existing works support a knode pattern graph, for k ≤ 5, with either 1 node orbit or 1 edge orbit. Their approaches are difficult to support larger k due to the fact that subgraph counting is to count by subgraph isomorphism. In this work, we develop a new general approach to count any k pattern graphs with any orbits selected. The key idea behind is that we do local subgraph counting by homomorphism counting, which can be solved by relational algebra using joins, group-by and aggregation. By homomorphism counting, we do local subgraph counting by eliminating counts for those that are not subgraph isomorphism matchings from the total count for any possible matchings. We have developed a distributed system named DISC on Spark. Our extensive experiments validate the efficiency of our approach by testing 114 local subgraph counting queries used in the existing work over real graphs, where no existing work can support all. PVLDB Reference Format: Hao Zhang, Jeffrey Xu Yu, Yikai Zhang, Kangfei Zhao, Hong Cheng. Distributed Subgraph Counting: A General Approach. PVLDB, 13(11): 2493-2507, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14778/3407790.3407840


regional adviser is seen as a facilitator and the terms of such criteria are understandable, comprehensive, and flexible, covering general as well as specific topics, then they are likely to meet with a large measure of acceptance. Occasionally a course organiser or regional adviser will have doubts about the effectiveness of the learning experience provided by a particular trainer (or vice versa). When this occurs I would expect the interested parties to meet, informally, in the practice. (In passing it is worth noting that the more individual trainers take part in preparing and implementing the programme as well as working out the local guidelines for selection, the less often are problems likely to arise.)


Nirmala Suri hospital gives health services to its patients. One of the services
is nutrition service. Nutritional service is the one for fulfilling the nutrition
requirement of hospital, both for out- and inpatient for the body metabolism need,
health improvement as well as rehabilitative and preventive attempts. Nutrition
service should give the best quality to the patient because it will very helpful in
the recovery process. For that reason, it should be supported by a good system
and procedure. One of them is the internal control system of nutrition installation
both in acquiring and usage.
The research aims to find out as well as to evaluate the implementation of
internal control system of nutrition installation purchasing and supply in Nirmala
Suri Hospital. The research also aims to obtain the evidence of the strength and
weakness of internal control system of nutrition installation in Nirmala Suri
Hospital. Evaluation on internal control system conducted encompasses the firmly
separation of functional responsibility, authority system and registration
procedure giving adequate protection on the wealth, debt, income and expense as
well as evaluation on the employees with the quality corresponding to their
responsibility.
From the research conducted, it can be concluded that the nutrition
installation purchasing and supply in Nirmala Suri Hospital, has not been
adequate. There are some weaknesses leading to the difficulty of achieving the
objective of internal control. There are function doubling of reception and storage
functions, there is no debt record procedure, return procedure about the nutrition
installation purchase, there is no usage procedure, return as well as adjustment
for the damaged products. The document used in without printed ordered number
as well as there is no suddenly examination.
Considering such weakness, the following recommendations are proposed as
the input for Nirmala Suri Hospital. The recommendations include there should
be separation of reception and storage function to minimize the fraud due to
function doubling, there should be made a accounting procedure and record
about debt, usage, return and adjustment for the damage supply, the printed
ordered number- document should be made its usage should be responsible for by
the authorized party, and there should be suddenly examination (inspection) in
order to asses the employee's performance.
Keywords: internal control, purchase, supply


In this article we probe whether the automation of fairness is in itself inherently unfair i.e. that the very attempt to automate a particular process that involves issues of justice, will necessarily be unfair. We do this by first explicating what we mean by fairness, and then discuss the notion of discernment i.e. deciding what kind of fairness to choose between in cases of reasonable pluralism. Following this we outline the difference between automating implementation and automating fairness. We discuss the latter in terms of discernment i.e. the making of a fairness judgment, and the legitimacy of the judgment made. An argument is then presented regarding the benchmarking of performance of automated systems and critiqued in terms of an erosion of the judicial process. We close with a speculative discussion concerning the comparative legitimacy of the fairness judgments of human reasoning and blackbox systems, and argue that notwithstanding the opacity of human psychology, the processes that appeal to human reasoning sit within a cluster of accountable and public/democratic institutions (something that the developers and deployers of automated systems lack). We conclude with a note on the challenge the question of fairness and automation poses in a world of increasing automated decision making.


The author attempts to sketch a new picture of language: language is stratified into layers, each layer having a logic of its own and being separated from the others by gaps over which one may jump but which cannot be bridged by logical processes. Philosophers try to bridge the gaps and become entangled in pseudo-problems. Law statements exemplify one stratum, thing statements another, sense-datum statements another, ethical statements another, and so on. The different subject- matters are to be characterized by reference to the different strata, rather than conversely; a sense impression is something that is describable in a language of such-and-such structure; a material object is something which can be described in such-and-such language; and so on. A consequence of the theory is said to be that logic loses its universal validity: logic can only be applied to statements that are homogeneous. However, relations between the layers do claim the attention of the logician.


In this work the authors propose a data coding protocol that leads to power reduction for block data transfer in off-chip buses. I/O pads driving off-chip buses contribute to a major portion of power dissipation in chips. Also, block data transfer is preferred in most systems like caches, DMA etc. In this proposed work, the prior knowledge of the block of data to be transmitted, when it is stored in the buffer, is exploited in a serial fashion to reduce transitions on every bus line. Statistical analysis shows up to 31.9% reduction in transitions. Benchmark results show that it leads to 29% reduction in power consumption. The technique provides added error detection on the lines of parity bit technique, with similar average error detection capability.


We investigated the influence of repeated intravenous administration of dextrans (DEXs) to rats. Seven-week-old Sprague Dawley rats (6 males/group) were given intravenously 10% saline solutions of dextrans (DEXs), 40 kDa or 200–300 kDa, at a dose level of 5 mL/kg/day for 28 days and they were examined histopathologically. Another group (3 males/group) was administered saline in a similar manner and served as the control. Histopathological changes indicating accumulation of DEXs in the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) and the liver were noted in the treated groups. The incidence and severity of the findings were molecular weight-dependent, except for the lungs. These results are considered useful in interpreting data from preclinical studies, in which DEXs or their derivatives are administered as test or control substances.