This is a delightful, discursive, and well-d series of essays reviewing various aspects o pathology and cyto-physiology of osteoarth the author's own work lies primarily in the perimental and comparative pathology, these degenerative joint disease, which in the past rather neglected, are particularly well tr4 detailed analyses of other aspects of arthrit disturbances in cartilage, collagen, and ground are very well written. Again, the chapters mechanics" and the role of "systematic fi likely, by reason of their practical implicatioi particular interest to surgeons and physicians Sokoloff's monograph is in fact an expar earlier essay published in 1963, and does not a comprehensive. His analysis, for example, of the vertebrae is rather a light-weight efforl difficult these days for most workers to matcl ience ofhuman disease acquired by careful and participation in necropsies by Schmorl in Dr Landells and Collins at the London Hospital respectively. Collins' monograph on joint dise among the best in the field. Sololoff's approach is more detached, a extent has its own particular merits. He i writing a review, presenting as he puts it "a for systematic research". The obscurity of within this frame is apparent enough in one conclusions (p. 23): "The pathological findings in osteoarthrit of plastic remodelling and abrasion of the jo and constitute clear evidence that mechan influence the development of the lesion. TI a disturbance of an internally interacting s in this reviewer's judgement, no single pc recognized from them as the initial or cent the pathological process." This is a frank if rather confusing admis does reflect Sokoloff's ability to view dis his own experimental work and that of oi would hope that in the future he will dev developing and justifying his own working to writing as it were an apologia rather than a would be of even greater value to research the field of joint disease. ,. By LEON iversity of


Abstract The development of agribusiness sector is given gradually increasing importance. This works aims at identifying the elements that create the successful ecosystem for agricultural development, their benefits and application in agri-food systems; additionally, to bring on a light of the role of agricultural policies in these processes. For this purpose, the authors have carried out an analysis of the concern related literature and present a preliminary theoretical framework/model as a tool for supporting local development and incorporate a successful effective ecosystem. The key implications of this paper include an increased attention to agricultural research, to the role of the collaboration between relevant stakeholders, as well as of the agriculture, which uses information technologies for the better utilization of natural resources, and what is the most important is, the role of agricultural policies.


Reliability-based  design  optimization  (RBDO)  is  an  appropriate  design  optimization  method considering  the  uncertainties.  Accuracy  and  efficiency  are  two  important  issues.  In  this  research, polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) meta-model is used to approximate the expensive computational model  (e.g.  a  finite  element  model).  The  probability  of  failure  is  computed  through  importance sampling  which selects sample from a larger  stationary  sample set.  By using the new importance sampling, the method can not only calculate the accurate failure probabilities, but also avoid a large number  of  model  estimations  as  it  only  needs  one  simulation  run  during  the  optimum  design process. Thus, the trade-off of accuracy and efficiency of RBDO can be obtained for high nonlinear limit-sate function and time-consuming model.


Density-dependence of maximal expiratory flow was measured in 110 patients prior to resection for peripheral coin lesions. The resected lung or lobe was examined morphologically and graded for emphysema, membranous bronchiolitis, and respiratory bronchiolitis. Density dependence did not decrease with increasing airway obstruction, and there was no relationship between density-dependence and peripheral airway abnormality or emphysema in the group as a whole. When patients were arbitrarily divided into those with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) greater than 80% predicted (n = 80) and FEV1 less than 80% predicted (n = 30), density-dependence correlated significantly and negatively with membranous bronchiolitis in those with FEV1 greater than 80% predicted and significantly but positively in those with more advanced airway obstruction. We conclude that density-dependence of maximal expiratory flow is not an accurate predictor of peripheral airway abnormality in patients with mild to moderate air-flow obstruction.


Blasting is an intricate process with multitude of parameters determining its outcome. The requirements of a mine further add to its complexity. Blasting in itself can's be seen in isolation as it is a part of system generally referred to as Mine-Mill Fragmentation system. This system takes into account all unit operations related to transformation of in-situ rock into the mill product. The process of breakage in blasting is loosely referred to as fragmentation. However, fragmentation can be defined as the distribution of size of fragments produced during blasting. The subject has been a subject of debate over several decades. The fragmentation is characterized by two major parameters viz. the mean (K50) or Median (M50) fragment size and the slope or curvature of fragment size distribution defined by the characteristic size (Xc – normally the 63.2% passing size) and the uniformity – denoted by Uniformity Index (n). There have been attempts to predict the fragmentation in blasting. These include direct empirical models based on actual field data and mathematical models that represent the distribution. In order to predict the fragmentation an appreciation of this distribution is essential. However, the distributions known as Rosin-Rammler or Weibull distributions have their own limitation. These tend to be biased towards the fines. So, a fines correction is always required to be carried over. Recent developments of Swebrec function has tried to address the problems. In addition to the distribution function the measurement of fragmentation in itself is a difficult proposition. The conventional methods have not yielded any better results or these are quite cumbersome – like sieve analysis and are practically impossible. Digital image Analysis Technique (DIAT) has been developed to assist in this procedure and there are several such software systems in vogue. However, this type of analysis has its own constraints owing to different aspects like imaging, 2D-3D unfolding model and sampling. Several attempts are being made to address these problems. This article attempts to summarize the concepts, developments and the future trends of the fragmentation analysis.


Copolymer of divinyl ether and maleic anhydride (DVE-co-MA) derivatives of cis-platinum complexes were synthesized and characterized by elementary analysis, IR and XPS ( X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy). The behavior of the products in biological environment was also studied. UV-visible and fluorescence spectra show that these polymer derivatives are able to exchange ligands with selected nucleophilic groups in biological environment.


This study examines the role of Advanced Placement (AP) and other honors-level courses as a criterion for admission at a leading public university, the University of California, and finds that the number of AP and honors courses taken in high school bears little or no relationship to students' later performance in college. AP is increasingly emphasized as a factor in admissions, particularly at selective colleges and universities. But while student performance on AP examinations is strongly related to college performance, merely taking AP or other honors-level courses in high school is not a valid indicator of the likelihood that students will perform well in college. These findings suggest that institutions may need to reconsider the use of AP as a criterion in "high stakes†admissions, particularly given the marked disparity in access to AP and honors courses among disadvantaged and underrepresented minority students.


Development of organic and inorganic composites has grown in recent years due to a wide range of potential use of these materials. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of Pani additions on the TiO2 based thin film as VOC gas sensing properties. TiO2 were prepared using sol gel technique. Up to 3 wt% of Pani were directly added to the TiO2 solution. 3 layers of TiO2/Pani solution mixture were deposited onto SiO2 coated silicon substrate using spin coating technique for fabrications of gas sensing device. The microstructures properties of samples were investigated using XRD, TEM and SEM. In addition, all samples were exposed to ethanol for gas sensing performance test. The gas sensing test revealed that all films were responsive towards ethanol vapour exposure with 2 wt% TiO2/Pani film exhibited the best sensitivity. However, over longer exposure cycles, it was observed that 3 wt% TiO2/Pani film have a better stability.


Many advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles require 3D information available from (stereo) camera systems. The corresponding task of estimating disparity or optical flow is computationally demanding, so meeting real-time update rates at high image resolutions has proven to be challenging. Modern parallel hardware seems suitable for this task only if its processing power can be efficiently accessed by parallel software implementations. In this paper we present a case study comparing different hardware platforms by two variants of block matching-based estimation. These platforms include two x86-compatible multicore systems, a graphics processing unit (GPU) and a 64-core embedded design. We introduce relevant features of each architecture and describe their effects on the applied algorithms, parallelization approaches and implementations. Target platforms are evaluated concerning computational performance, energy efficiency and programmer productivity.


In this article, we trace Argentine psychiatrists' understanding of Emil Kraeplin's theory of dementia praecox and Eugene Bleuler's theory of schizophrenia, during the 1920s, 30s, and 40s. In this period, the theories and prac- tices related to both conditions overlapped significantly. We focus on articles in psychiatric journals because they reflect the theoretical knowledge of these psychiatrists and their local interpretations of foreign texts. This research offers a novel approach to understanding the formation of the «clinical eye» of psychiatrists in the country's capital during the first decades of the twentieth century.


The Drosophila sex-determination switch gene Sex-lethal (Sxl) and the X-chromosome signal element genes (XSEs) that induce the female-specific expression of Sxl are transcribed extremely early in development when most of the genome of this organism is still silent. The DNA sequence CAGGTAG had been implicated in this pre-cellular blastoderm activation of sex-determination genes. A genome-wide computational search, reported here, suggested that CAGGTAG is not specific to early sex-determination genes, since it is over-represented upstream of most genes that are transcribed pre-cellular blastoderm, not just those involved in sex determination. The same search identified similarly over-represented, one-base-pair degenerate sequences as possible functional synonyms of CAGGTAG. We call these heptamers collectively, the TAGteam. Relevance of the TAGteam sequences to pre-cellular blastoderm transcription was established through analysis of TAGteam changes in Sxl, scute (an XSE), and the `ventral repression element' of the pattern-formation gene zerknüllt. Decreasing the number of TAGteam sites retarded the onset of pre-blastoderm transcription, whereas increasing their number correlated with an advanced onset. Titration of repressors was thought to be the rate-limiting step determining the onset of such early transcription, but this TAGteam dose effect shows that activators must also play an important role in the timing of pre-blastoderm gene expression.


This paper explores the emergence of the arts and environmental charity Common Ground and their association with authors such as John Fowles and Alice Oswald. Drawing on the background of its founding members in environmental activism of the 1970s, it suggests a relationship between the charity's response to the Thatcherite 1980s and the aesthetic strategies of the postmodern novel. But is also traces this into more recent preoccupations with an ethical attitude to 'a determining but nevertheless unrepresentable real' (Boxall). In tracking the resistance of these activists and authors to official government institutions and institutional practices, it does, however, recall an alternative way of thinking about institution as temporal, as the emergence of something new, drawing on the work of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and bringing it into productive dialogue with Raymond Williams' descriptions of divergences in a 'structure of feeling'. The claim it makes is that the work of Common Ground and these various artists helped to institute a divergence in a certain structure of feeling at a time of political and historical impasse. Doing so serves to remember the capacity of the 'institutional' to be oriented towards the future rather than an ossifying present and to connote possibility where it might otherwise suggest imposition.


A logarithm processing algorithm to measure beam transverse size and position is proposed and preliminary experimental results in Hefei Light Source II (HLS II) are given. The algorithm is based on only 4 successive channels of 16 anode channels of multianode photomultiplier tube (MAPMT) R5900U-00-L16, which has typical rise time of 0.6 ns and effective area of 0.8×16 mm for a single anode channel. In the paper, we first elaborate the simulation results of the algorithm with and without channel inconsistency. Then we calibrate the channel inconsistency and verify the algorithm using a general current signal processor Libera Photon in a low-speed scheme. Finally we get turn-by-turn beam size and position and calculate the vertical tune in a high-speed scheme. The experimental results show that measured values fit well with simulation results after channel differences are calibrated, and the fractional part of the tune in vertical direction is 0.3628, which is very close to the nominal value 0.3621.


Aim: Alcohol and substance use are the most common comorbidities among patients with schizophrenia, with significantly higher levels of burden reported among primary caregivers. In this study, we aimed to assess the impact of alcohol and substance use on caregivers, and the effects of the severity of disease symptoms and certain attributes of patients and their primary caregivers on the burden, depressive symptoms, quality of life, and anxiety levels of caregivers.
Methods: We recruited 100 patients with schizophrenia according to DSM-IV TR from inpatient clinics of Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology, and Neurosurgery and their primary caregivers from September 2010 to March 2011. The severity of patient symptoms was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). All caregivers completed the Sociodemographic and Clinical data form, The Zarit Burden Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and WHO Quality of life-BREF.
Results: The ages of caregivers and patients were 23–68 and 20–65 years, respectively. The primary caregiver was the patient's mother in 53% of cases. We found levels of burden that were significantly higher for caregivers of patients with alcohol or substance use, and these were positively correlated with the positive psychotic subscale of PANSS. Caregivers of patients without alcohol and substance use had significantly higher scores for psychological and social relationship domains of WHOQOL-BREF.
Discussion: Alcohol and substance use disorder which causing more complicated and severe needs of schizophrenia patients is associated with increased level of caregiver burden, depression and anxiety levels and decreased quality of life. Our findings suggest that there is a significant relationship between caregiver burden and alcohol and substance use by patients with schizophrenia.


Recognition of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death and prevention of such lethal events represent important and, for the most part, unresolved problems in clinical cardiology. From pathologic-anatomical and clinical studies of instances of sudden death it is known that in more than 80% the lethal electrical events, that is ventricular fibrillation, are attributable to myocardial ischemia, usually due to coronary artery disease. Experience in experimental studies as well as in treatment of patients with myocardial infarction on coronary care units has shown that certain types of arrhythmias such as frequent, multiform, repetitive and early-occurring (R-on-T) ventricular premature beats, in particular, may be associated with sudden arrhythmic cardiac death. Accordingly, in 1971, Lown and Wolf proposed a system for grading of ventricular arrhythmias and their severity which assumed world-wide importance for clinical and prognostic studies. This system of classification contains quantitative and qualitative criteria and is ordered in part on exclusion and in part on hierarchy, in which it is implied that the hierarchy of ventricular premature beats corresponds with that of the risk of death. Since the system enables only semiquantitative delineation of ventricular arrhythmias whose absolute number, however, within a given observation period appears to be of prognostic relevance and, additionally, since the Lown system is encumbered by the fact that classification is based only on the most severe arrhythmia with subsequent loss of information regarding concurrent arrhythmias of lesser severity, Bigger and his associates, in 1978, suggested a modification to provide quantification of all ventricular premature beats. In addition to the problems inherent to grading ventricular premature beats, further problems are also incurred with respect to spontaneous variability of ventricular arrhythmias. Based on statistical considerations and clinical studies accordingly, adequate assessment of complex ventricular arrhythmias prerequisites continuous monitoring for a period of 24 to 48 hours. Furthermore, for the exact recognition and quantitative detection of ventricular arrhythmias, the reliability of the individual systems for continuous ECG monitoring plays an important role since, by no means, have they all been validated in arrhythmia-detection capabilities. Since 1971, a number of clinical studies have shown, in particular, that complex ventricular arrhythmias are of important prognostic relevance in characterization of patients at risk of sudden cardiac death. The results may be summarized as follows: Ventricular premature beats can be found frequently in


To establish an entirely cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting nucleus-deficient model animal, we used cholera toxin B subunit (CB)- saporin (SAP), which is an analog of CB-HRP that specifically labels the CSF-contacting nucleus, to exclusively damage the nucleus. The effectiveness and specificity of the ablation were evaluated upon days 1–10 after CB-SAP microinjection into the brain ventricular system. The vital status, survival, and common physiological parameters of the model animals were also assessed during the experimental period. The results demonstrated that CB-SAP damaged only the CSF-contacting nucleus, but not other functional structures, in the brain. The complete ablation occurred by day 7 after CB-SAP microinjection. A model animal that had no CSF-contacting nucleus was established after survival beyond that time point. No obvious effects were observed in the vital status of the model animals, and their survival was ensured. The common physiological parameters of model animals were stable. The present study provides a method to establish a CSF-contacting nucleus "knockout" model animal, which is similar to a gene knockout model animal for studying this particular nucleus in vivo.


We propose a consumer demand system approach to estimating the size of the black economy where alternative hypotheses affecting the empirical results can be tested in a nested framework. This approach allows for the estimation of the under-reporting of household income from various sources, dispensing with the need to use arbitrary criteria to classify households by their main source of income. It also avoids potential bias in black economy estimates arising from mistaking preference heterogeneity (substitution) as income effects. We illustrate these arguments by estimating the extent to which self-employment income in the UK is under-reported using parametric and nonparametric techniques.


Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)%%%%Current supply chain information systems are transaction-based and suffer from lack of real-time transparency. Furthermore, they are often centralized and therefore cannot adequately scale to include a large number of small and medium size companies. This thesis presents a hybrid peer-to-peer supply chain physical distribution framework (HP3D) that addresses these increasingly critical gaps in a global market. HP3D leverages the advantages of hybrid networks through flexible peers and a light-weight index server in order to share supply chain physical distribution information in pseudo real-time among stakeholders. The architecture of HP3D consists of a hierarchy of dynamic sub-networks that evolve based on market demands and digitize the transfer of goods between suppliers and customers. These sub-networks are created on demand, emulate the end-to-end movement of the shipment and terminate when the delivery of goods is completed. A variation of blockchain technology is also proposed in order to increase the security level of the proposed framework.


In this research work, a literature review is conducted to assess the progress made in the field of image compression effects on the face recognition. The DCT algorithms are considered for the review and their application is limited only to JPEG compression. In this review, progress made in the DCT algorithms of a single image, and a series images from a video, namely 2D DCT and 3D DCT respectively, along with several other algorithms in the application of face recognition are discussed in detail.


The complexity, tight budget, and dynamic market of today's construction project require the seamless integration of both design and construction data, However, despite the availability of both digital design tools (various CAD applications) and digital project management tools (such as schedule software and construction management software), design data has to still be entered manually into construction applications. In order to close this gap, CAD applications widely used in AEC industries are evolving toward providing the product data within the CAD package itself, in addition to the existing graphic-oriented data. While useful, those new data-driven CAD applications are largely design-oriented and are still hardly used directly in construction practices. In this research, a detailed case study is presented and analyzed to demonstrate the limitations of the current data-driven CAD application when used to support construction management. To address the limitations, a trade construction knowledge module using a specific product model is under development to provide domain views for different trades.


Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL

Tumor cells acquire the ability to degrade basement membrane and extracellular matrix (ECM), thus allowing them to invade and metastasize to distant organs. The molecular triggers for ECM degradation and invasion are largely unknown. The Twist1 transcription factor plays key roles in tumor metastasis and is known to induce Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT). In addition to Twist1, a number of studies show that other EMT-inducing transcription factors, including Snail1/Snail2 and ZEB1/ZEB2, are also important players in tumor metastasis. One question unanswered is what are the specific cellular functions and transcriptional targets of individual EMT-inducing transcription factors required for EMT and tumor metastasis.

Here we report a novel function of Twist1 in promoting extracellular matrix degradation by inducing the formation of invadopodia. Invadopodia are specialized actin-based membrane protrusions that degrade ECM via clustering of proteases. Invadopodia contain a F-actin core and actin regulatory proteins, such as cortactin, the unique adaptor proteins Tks4 and Tks5 in clustering components of invadopodia, and a large number of proteases for matrix degradation. Twist1 induces PDGFRα expression, which in turn activates Src kinase in various breast tumor cells. Phosphorylation of multiple invadopodia components by Src kinase promotes invadopodia assembly and matrix degradation. We show that Twist1 and PDGFRα are central mediators of invadopodia formation and ECM degradation in response to various EMT-inducing signals, including TGFβ and Snail1. Induction of PDGFRα and invadopodia is essential for Twist1 to promote invadopodia formation, local tumor invasion, and distant metastasis in vivo. Consistent with PDGFRα being a direct transcriptional target of Twist1, expression of Twist1 and PDGFRα is highly correlated and associated with poor survival in breast cancer patients.

Together, our study demonstrates that invadopodia-mediated matrix degradation is a key function of Twist1 in promoting tumor metastasis. Furthermore, it reveals that matrix degradation and loss of cell adhesion are regulated by different EMT-inducing transcription factors. This explains why multiple factors need to be activated coordinately to promote carcinoma cells to undergo EMT and invade. We also identify PDGFRα as a direct transcriptional target of Twist1 in promoting invadopodia formation and tumor metastasis, therefore suggesting that PDGFRs might be potential targets for anti-metastasis therapies.

Grant acknowledgements: NIH Director's New Innovator Award (DP2 OD002420-01), Kimmel Scholar Award, and California Breast Cancer Research Program(12IB-0065) to J.Y. a DOD Breast Cancer Pre-doctoral fellowship to M.A.E, a DOD Breast Cancer Era of Hope Postdoctoral Fellowship to E.D., Susan G. Komen Foundation grant FAS0703850 to J.K. and L.O.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4747. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4747


A novel hierarchical nanofibrous membrane was demonstrated via in situ self-assembly of 1,3:2,4-dibenzylidene-d-sorbitol (DBS) supramolecular fibrils in solution-blown polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers. The formed DBS fibrils were interconnected into networks and anchored onto the PAN nanofibers, which decreased the pore sizes and enhanced the mechanical properties, the filtration efficiency, and particularly the flux.


Flexible and solid-state supercapacitors are made using compressed graphene foams as electrodes and highly conductive carbon nanotube films (CNTs) as current collectors. By using 10 μm thick graphene electrodes we obtain a capacitance of 10 mF cm−2. The combination of graphene foam and a CNT film leads to high performance devices.


Introduction The newly introduced Cellular Oxygen METabolism (COMET®) monitor enables the measurement of mitochondrial oxygen tension (mitoPO2) using the protoporphyrin IX triplet state lifetime technique (PpIX-TSLT). This study aims to investigate the feasibility and applicability of the COMET® measurements in the operating theatre and study the behavior of the new parameter mitoPO2 during stable operating conditions. Methods In this observational study mitochondrial oxygenation was measured in 20 patients during neurosurgical procedures using the COMET® device. Tissue oxygenation and local blood flow were measured by the Oxygen to See (O2C). Primary outcomes included mitoPO2, skin temperature, mean arterial blood pressure, local blood flow and tissue oxygenation. Results All patients remained hemodynamically stable during surgery. Mean baseline mitoPO2 was 60 ± 19 mmHg (mean ± SD) and mean mitoPO2 remained between 40–60 mmHg during surgery, but tended to decrease over time in line with increasing skin temperature. Conclusion This study presents the feasibility of mitochondrial oxygenation measurements as measured by the COMET® monitor in the operating theatre and shows the parameter mitoPO2 to behave in a stable and predictable way in the absence of notable hemodynamic alterations. The results provide a solid base for further research into the added value of mitochondrial oxygenation measurements in the perioperative trajectory.


This paper investigates the impact of PSP on the poor in the Colombian water sector in terms of access, continuity of service and affordability. Overall, the results indicate that PSP in the Colombian water sector has had a strong and positive impact on the poor as far as continuity of service is concerned; which is crucial for effective water supply to the poor. We also find a positive effect on sewerage connection rates among the poor. The evidence is less robust for piped water connection rates, where PSP either had a positive or neutral effect on connection rates among the poor. As regards affordability of service there is no statistically significant effect of PSP. This last result may be associated with the particular water subsidy scheme used in Colombia. In turn, this points to the importance of complementary social policies as a way to mitigate the impact of reform on the poor.


This study uses a new dataset based on the 2000 Agricultural Resource Management Survey, the most recent national survey of dairy producers in the United States. A shadow cost function is employed to decompose and analyze economic efficiency and scale economies. The study details the development of the data employed in the analysis and focuses on the estimation of scale relationships across farms in different regions and of different sizes. Preliminary results point to important scale economies and suggest that surviving small farms are on average more economically efficient but can exploit scale economies to a much lesser degree than larger farms. The preferred specification of the cost function does not show a region of decreasing returns to scale.


This paper examines the association among employment status and attitudes to marriage, family and job focusing on non-regular employees. Data for this paper was compiled through a web-based questionnaire survey, conducted in September and October 2011. Chapter 1 introduces results of the survey; both regular and non-regular employees show similar perceptions toward marriage and family, however, non-regular employees show passive attitudes toward marriage due to anxiety about employment and income status in the future. In Chapter 2, we analyzed whether employment status in associated with motivation toward marriage focusing on non-regular employees. Our results suggest; 1) in the 20-29 age group, although employees with shorter working hours tend to have low motivation toward marriage and having a child; non-regular employees working full-time have similar attitudes to regular employees 2) in the 30-39 age group, non-regular employees working full-time show more passive attitude than regular employees 3) regarding a whole generation in the survey, we find that non-regular employees with more willingness to marry and/or more anxiety about future employment tend to show more motivation to become regular employees. These results suggest that, if an unmarried man stays at non-regular position, he marries late or tends to be passive on marriage despite his present willingness to marriage.


Malaria is still a health problem in Indonesia. Treatment of Malaria often encounters obstacles. Resistance to various malaria drugs in some areas causes an increase in morbidity and mortality due to malaria. Rational use of malaria drugs that are still effective and available is essential. Therefore, this article will review the use of combination therapy in the treatment of Malaria in Indonesia. Using combination therapy increases the efficacy of treatment and slows down the occurrence of resistance to each component in the drug. From this article, it can be concluded that artemisinin-based combinations using artemisinin derivatives are still effective for use as combination therapy against malaria. This combination can be a fixed combination or co-administered. The drugs that can be combined are 4-aminoquinoline, antifolate, 4-quinoline-methanol, artemisinin and its derivatives, antibiotics, and atovaquone-proguanil. It is hoped that the combination of these drugs can still be used for an extended period of time, remain safe, effective, and affordable by the community.


X-ray reflection models are used to constrain the properties of the accretion disk, such as the degree of ionization of the gas and the elemental abundances. In combination with general relativistic ray tracing codes, additional parameters like the spin of the black hole and the inclination to the system can be determined. However, current reflection models used for such studies only provide angle-averaged solutions for the flux reflected at the surface of the disk. Moreover, the emission angle of the photons changes over the disk due to relativistic light bending. To overcome this simplification, we have constructed an angle-dependent reflection model with the xillver code and self-consistently connected it with the relativistic blurring code relline. The new model, relxill, calculates the proper emission angle of the radiation at each point on the accretion disk and then takes the corresponding reflection spectrum into account. We show that the reflected spectra from illuminated disks follow a limb-brightening law highly dependent on the ionization of disk and yet different from the commonly assumed form I∝ln (1 + 1/μ). A detailed comparison with the angle-averaged model is carried out in order to determine the bias in the parameters obtained by fitting a typical relativistic reflection spectrum. These simulations reveal that although the spin and inclination are mildly affected, the Fe abundance can be overestimated by up to a factor of two when derived from angle-averaged models. The fit of the new model to the Suzaku observation of the Seyfert galaxy Ark 120 clearly shows a significant improvement in the constraint of the physical parameters, in particular by enhancing the accuracy in the inclination angle and the spin determinations.


Phishing attack is used for identity theft with the help of social engineering and some sophisticated attacks. To attract the user by clicking a URL and is trapped to a phishing Web page. Security for user's credentials is one of most important factor for organizations nowadays. It can be achieved through several ways like education and training. Through training and education the level of awareness will be increased also it helps to mitigate phishing. Approach with several steps is introduced in this paper, where a user must take a look or take these precautionary measures if the user is browsing any Web browser. We found it possible to detect Phishing Web pages without anti Phishing solutions. This approach contains several steps to examine whether the Web page is a real Web page or a fake Webpage. All these steps will check the phishing features exist in that Web page or not. For evaluation of our approach we analyzed the data set of Phish Tank, this data set is full of Phishing Web Pages. The purpose of evaluation is to check the features discussed in our approach to aware the user. From the following result it is resulted that the user can detect without using any Anti Phishing solution just by taking some steps to check the Web page for certain features.


ObjectiveOur objective was to analyze the clinical management and the outcome of disease in differentiated thyroid carcinoma with initial and late distant metastases (M1). Patients and methodsRadioiodine (131I) therapy was applied in 77 differentiated thyroid carcinoma patients with M1 (31 patients with M1-initial and 46 patients with M1-late). The median follow-up of patients was 72.7 months. Probability of disease-specific survival (DSS) was analyzed by the Kaplan–Meier method and the log rank test, while the significance of differences between groups was calculated by the t-test of proportions. ResultsFollicular carcinomas were more frequent in patients with M1-late (P<0.05). During the follow-up, 58% of the patients died: 39% of cases had disease related deaths, while 42% had complete remission of disease. Stable disease and progressive disease were significantly influenced by age only (P = 0.0122), while 131I uptake, histological type, and sex had no influence (P = 0.1235; P = 0.340; P = 0.8540, respectively). Remission of disease (complete and partial) was not significantly influenced by age, sex, histological type, and 131I accumulation (P = 0.0644; P = 0.8452; P = 0.6308; P = 0.7675, respectively). DSS in patients with M1-initial and M1-late at 5 years was 71 and 50%, respectively and 62 and 41% at 10 years, respectively, without significant difference (P = 0.2582). Disease related deaths appeared more frequent in patients at 45 years of age or older, significantly caused by distant metastases (P<0.001). ConclusionDistant metastases occur late more often in patients with follicular carcinoma while M1-initial is detected more often in patients with papillary carcinoma. DSS was not significantly different among patients with M1-intial and M1-late. The risk of death from M1 increased after the age of 45 years.


ABSTRACT A managerial model of shared governance is adopted in Hong Kong's public universities to uphold university autonomy. However, with the political confrontation characterised by the rise of student activism, the sustainability of the managerial form of university autonomy requires review and re-exploration. This paper aims to examine the influence of political unrest on university governance in Hong Kong. Drawing on data from interviews with university council members and student leaders, this paper reveals how university autonomy is upheld in the current governance structure, how different stakeholders variously understand the nature and roles of university, and how these disparate understandings interact with the wider political environment and bring pressure on universities. The paper argues that though university management intended to be politically neutral for upholding institutional autonomy, the space for avoiding politics had been narrowed. This narrowing process illustrates the vulnerability of university autonomy in Hong Kong.


This paper presents a solution that an analytical model for an induction motor and the formula of regenerative power and instantaneous torque are derived. based on the spiral vector. The torque is controlled linearly through variations of the slip angular velocity, based on the field acceleration method (FAM). And also PWM inverter fed induction motor drives is schemed to be easily a regenerative drive. The voltage source inverter fed induction motor drives that regenerative power occurs with back current type is presented, to easily controlled the feedback power and to proper the adaption of energy shaving drives. The experimental tests verify the performance of the FAM, proving that food behavior of the drive is achieved in the transient and steady state operating condition, and are discussed to save the power that regenerative power is measured at the operating acceleration or deceleration of servo system.


The purpose here in this study is not only to generate statistics but also to obtain insight from the executives, professionals and academicians on the valuation and disclosure practices of human resources. The basic purpose of this empirical analysis is to have a collective opinion from the senior and experiences professionals and executives responsible for decision making related to the personnel, human resources, accounting, finance and related areas. The opinions received from the respondents have been examined in a survey type of method. The empirical analysis has been carried out with the help of the categorical and qualitative opinion collected by circulating the questionnaire. This study finds out that the majority of the respondents are aware of the term HRA, but surprisingly not many know as to how it practiced. In addition, there is a need to find out the ways to increase the knowledge of HRA in India.


Concise, convenient and teeming with useful vocabulary words in the target language, this handy dictionary makes effective communication a snap. The compact size allows travellers, students and businesspersons to keep this bilingual dictionary close at hand and discrete while side-by-side pronunciation enables users to speak and undersatnd the language at a basic level. Also included is a grammar section.


Wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) can be seen as the backbone of control applications. Sensor nodes are involved in gathering information about the physical phenomenon, while actuator nodes take decisions and then perform appropriate actions upon the environment. To execute the actions at all part of the region in an effective manner, multiple coordination mechanisms among nodes are required. This paper describes the collaborative sensing and action algorithm for environment control in WSANs. First, an actuator relocation algorithm based on regional controllability is adopted after an initial random placement of actuator nodes. Then, a strategy is proposed to assign tasks to actuator nodes and control their action in a coordinated way to accomplish the tasks based on the characteristics of the events. Finally, we formulate the collaborative processing problem as an optimization problem and utilize genetic algorithm to calculate the control law for actuator nodes. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods.


Marine plastic pollution is a growing worldwide environmental concern as recent reports indicate that increasing quantities of litter disperse into secluded environments, including Polar Regions. Plastic degrades into smaller fragments under the influence of sunlight, temperature changes, mechanic abrasion and wave action resulting in small particles < 5mm called microplastics (MP). Sea ice cores, collected in the Arctic Ocean have so far revealed extremely high concentrations of very small microplastic particles, which might be transferred in the ecosystem with so far unknown consequences for the ice dependant marine food chain.  Sea ice has long been recognised as a transport vehicle for any contaminates entering the Arctic Ocean from various long range and local sources. The Fram Strait is hereby both, a major inflow gateway of warm Atlantic water, with any anthropogenic imprints and the major outflow region of sea ice originating from the Siberian shelves and carried via the Transpolar Drift. The studied sea ice revealed a unique footprint of microplastic pollution, which were related to different water masses and indicating different source regions. Climate change in the Arctic include loss of sea ice, therefore, large fractions of the embedded plastic particles might be released and have an impact on living systems. By combining modeling of sea ice origin and growth, MP particle trajectories in the water column as well as MPs long-range transport via particle tracking and transport models we get first insights  about the sources and pathways of MP in the Arctic Ocean and beyond and how this might affect the Arctic ecosystem.


Background Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiac vale repair is an uncommon surgery in infants. CABG is technically demanding in infants due to the small size not only of the coronary arteries but also the potential graft arteries. The short and long-term outcome of surgery is not known and thus has largely been avoided. Results We report the case histories of two infants in whom CABG was undertaken successfully as a life-saving measure. Case 1: This infant needed an arterial switch operation after which the right coronary artery (RCA) was stenosed resulting in low cardiac output. After the right internal mammary artery (RIMA) was used to anastamose the RCA, the hemodynamic status improved drastically. Case 2: This infant underwent surgical correction for Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA). Postoperatively, she was in low cardiac output. She was found to have an occluded left coronary artery and mitral regurgitation (MR). After she underwent left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to Left Anterior Descending (LAD) anastamosis and mitral valve repair, the clinical condition improved dramatically. Conclusion CABG is an uncommon operation in infants. This surgery is technically difficult. The long term results are not known and there are very few reports for the same. Though such an operation is best avoided, it can be used as a desperate life saving measure.


Metastatic tumor involvement of the heart as a basis for the genesis of various cardiac arrhythmias is reviewed. The morphologic basis of pre‐excitation syndromes and right ventricular dysplasia are also reviewed.


Energy efficiency obligation schemes (EEOs) are used in many EU countries as a policy measure to reach energy efficiency targets. Some of the first EEO (UK, Italy, France, Denmark) have been capable to reach positive results over the years, as shown by the ENSPOL and EPATEE projects. The Italian mechanism, in particular, is an interesting example of white certificate scheme (WhC), since it is one of the most long-lasting schemes (operatively started in 2005), has ambitious targets, covers all sectors and energy efficiency solutions, and has many flexibility options in place (e.g. non-obliged parties, tradable market, bankability, etc.). Another point of interest is WhC development over the years. In the first phase, most of the projects were related to buildings with deemed savings as energy savings assessment method. Then the industrial sector rose constantly, till covering 80% of the savings in 2014, mostly assessed through metered savings procedures. In the last three years deemed savings procedures have started to recover, while metered savings have remained the most used energy savings evaluation procedure. This last development was not expected and is mainly due to some regulatory decision and to the modification of the assessment of additionality for many industrial projects categories, due to the diffusion of certain energy efficiency solutions and to changes in the methodological approach. The paper will illustrate the reasons behind these developments, the issues that have arisen over the recent years, and the decisions taken to address them through a major redesign of the Italian scheme that has been introduced with new ministerial guidelines in 2017: many aspects – such as targets, baseline and additionality, saving assessment, and measurement, verification and control procedures – has been deeply affected. The paper will cover such themes under an evaluation point of view, highlighting the savings achieved with respect to the national targets, the differences among sectors, how indicators like additional energy savings, costs, cost effectiveness, and employment have evolved over time, the role of the involved stakeholders (utilities, ESCOs, end-users, etc.), and the effects of tight verification and control procedures.


1650 Heinz Schilling The paper evaluates the 1650-IJkpunt-volume as a well-conceptualized and well-written example of up-to-date, national cultural history in a European perspective, which should serve as a historiographical model for research and syntheses on other national cultures and histories in early modern Europe. It comments in detail first on the theoretical and methodological principles of research and writing on early modern European societies after the end of the continent's division into two power blocs (§ I). Second, on the implications of 'time' and 'space', in which 1650 acts as a starting point for both the geographical meaning of 'Europe' and its cultural history, and it is argued, from a cultural perspective, that a specific type of Latin-European civilization should be distinguished from the Orthodox-European type of civilization on the one hand and from the transatlantic offshoots of Latin civilization on the other. Research should focus on the exchange between these different civilizations, with emphasis on the benefits and returns of this exchange for Latin Europe, especially for the agents of European expansion such as Dutch society (§ II). Finally, the paper focuses in more detail on issues such as the meaning of education and literature, political culture, the relationship between Church and State and tolerance within early modern Dutch society and culture.


II The Federal Aviation Administration has responded to the steady growth of air traffic and the ensuing increase in delays at airports by initiating new programs for increasing the efficiency of existing air traffic control facilities. The Terminal Air Traffic Control Automation (TATCA) program is intended to increase efficiency by providing controllers with planning aids and advisories to help them in vectoring, sequencing, and spacing traffic arriving at busy airports. Two important algorithms in this system allocate arrivals to multiple runways and set up the best sequences for landing aircraft. This article evaluates the potential for such algorithms to achieve higher throughput with less delay. The results show that, at airports with multiple active runways, the introduction of algorithms for systematic allocation of runways increases throughput considerably. These algorithms are in fact more effective than algorithms that aim at generating optimal landing sequences based on aircraft weight-class inputs. This result is fortuitous because algorithms for optimal sequencing are significantly more difficult to implement in practice than are algorithms for runway allocation. This study also provides a scientific basis for estimating future benefits of terminal automation by using traffic models patterned on actual recorded traffic-flow data, and by proposing a unified method for assessing performance.


With a view to reducing harmonic content in electrical power systems, and, consequently, improving power quality level, filters and other harmonic compensation devices are widely used. In the category of filters, they can be distinguished into two classes that are related to the operating mode, active or passive, both widely known and applied in electrical power grids and in the most diverse industry sectors. In this sense, taking into account the use of compensating devices in four-wire electrical systems feeding single-phase, non-linear loads, this paper presents a new hybrid arrangement of harmonic compensation that incorporates both active and passive filtering, which performs all functions concerning the harmonic compensation of a four-leg shunt active power filter. In this hybrid arrangement, the harmonic filtering of positive and negative sequence components is performed by a three-leg shunt active power filter, while the filtering of zero-sequence harmonics is attributed to the electromagnetic zero-sequence suppressor. The results, which confirm the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid arrangement, are proven through simulations and experimental tests in different operating scenarios, revealing a substantial improvement in the system's power factor, as well as a reduction in harmonic distortions.


Susan G. Komen® has a longstanding commitment to ensure that the unique and valuable perspectives of breast cancer patients, survivors, and co-survivors are integrated into the scientific dialogue and decisions impacting Komen9s progress toward ending breast cancer. Komen established the Advocates in Science (AIS) Program to build a cadre of skilled, knowledgeable and broadly-networked breast cancer research advocates and engage patient advocates throughout the research process, where they provide a real-world understanding of what matters most to patients and a sense of urgency to find more-effective ways to prevent, diagnose, treat, and ultimately cure breast cancer. The AIS Program, overseen by an AIS Steering Committee, takes a multi-pronged approach to research advocacy that includes the following components: Involvement in Komen9s Research Grant Strategy and Peer Review: Through the AIS Program, Komen matches advocates to Komen activities that best fit their training, experience and preference. A few of our most experienced breast cancer advocates serve on Komen advisory boards, providing strategic guidance and input on the research grant focus, and many others participate as advocate reviewers of our research grants. Engagement of Advocates in Komen-funded Research Projects: Advocate involvement is required in most Komen-funded grants and strongly encouraged in all other Komen-funded research projects. Through the Program, Komen has created several tools – some aimed toward advocates and others targeted toward researchers – to facilitate effective advocate engagement in research projects. Education & Training: Komen is committed to developing the next generation of breast cancer research advocates and strengthening the skills and knowledge of all AIS members. The AIS Program provides opportunities for advocates to learn more about breast cancer research and strengthen their research advocacy skills through a variety of educational sessions and rigorous training programs. These sessions/programs vary in format, from online tools, webinars, face-to-face meetings, and peer-to-peer mentoring. Communication: The AIS Update keeps advocates up-to-date on recent scientific advances in breast cancer; Komen9s research and its impact; and upcoming educational and participation opportunities for advocates both within Komen and nationally. Engaging patient advocates is increasingly being recognized as a fundamental factor in developing, implementing, and overseeing research that more effectively meets patients9 needs. With its rich and growing experience in research advocacy, Komen is one of the pioneers of "patient-centric" research programs. Through the AIS Program, Komen continues to build a cadre of knowledgeable and experienced research advocates who bring the patient voice to Komen9s – and other organizations9—research programs, in all areas of breast cancer research from the bench to the bedside to the curbside and back. AIS members are also active in their communities and serving as bridges between advocates, scientists and Komen Affiliates to enhance understanding and excitement about research; foster greater support for research and its funding; build stronger researcher community connections; and energize hope for finding cures. Citation Format: Spears PA, Finestone S, Jernigan C, Johnson P, Johnson J, Durham K, Wright K, Sabelko KA. The advocates in science (AIS), a research advocacy program of Susan G. Komen® [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-18-04.


Although nearly 50 years have passed since the Civil Rights Act, employment discrimination persists. Thus, this focal article raises and addresses critical issues regarding a yet unanswered question: how can organizational researchers and practitioners contribute to the ultimate goal of eradicating employment discrimination? This article will push previous work a step forward by considering discrimination reduction tactics spanning the attraction, selection, inclusion, and retention phases of the employment cycle. Additionally, we expand our discussion of strategies to reduce discrimination beyond classically studied racial, ethnic, and gender differences. Our synthesis of this literature will inform organizational psychologists on how to address discrimination, but will also highlight the lack of evidence regarding important aspects of these strategies.


We prove quantum ergodicity for a family of periodic Schr\"odinger operators $H$ on periodic graphs. This means that most eigenfunctions of $H$ on large finite periodic graphs are equidistributed in some sense, hence delocalized. Our results cover the adjacency matrix on $\mathbb{Z}^d$, the triangular lattice, the honeycomb lattice, Cartesian products and periodic Schr\"odinger operators on $\mathbb{Z}^d$. The theorem applies more generally to any periodic Schr\"odinger operator satisfying an assumption on the Floquet eigenvalues.


Methods are developed to extract and quantitate the avicide 3-chloro-p-toluidine hydrochloride (CPT HCl) from rough-hulled rice and ethyl-cellulose-coated rice baits using high-performance liquid chromatography. The mobile phase used in the ethyl-cellulose-coated rice matrix method is an acetonitrile(ACN)-phosphate buffer (60:40) at pH 8, and the rough-hulled rice matrix method uses an CAN-phosphate (70:30) buffer at pH 2. Increased retention time is observed for CPT HCl at the higher pH. The two methods have been useful in characterizing different bait formulations in an ongoing pesticide formulation improvement program.


BACKGROUND
Cryptosporidia are known to cause opportunistic gastrointestinal tract infections with variable severity. Such infections can be life-threatening in transplant recipients. We report the evolution of cryptosporidiosis in a multi-visceral transplant recipient with repeated endoscopic biopsies until specific therapy was instituted.

CASE DESCRIPTION
A 40-year-old woman with a history of multi-visceral (stomach, duodenum, small bowel, liver, and pancreas) transplantation presented with severe acute diarrhea three years after transplantation. Endoscopic biopsies of the stomach, duodenum, and lower small bowel were performed and submitted for histologic examination to assess the possibility of rejection. Microscopic examination of the lower small bowel biopsy specimens revealed mild to moderate inflammation and the presence of microorganisms with features of Cryptosporidia in the intestinal crypts. No evidence of rejection was found. While waiting for the availability of nitazoxanide, the patient was initiated on metronidazole, but her diarrhea worsened. Eleven days later, new biopsies were obtained, revealing abundant Cryptosporidia in the lower small bowel and duodenal specimens and few Cryptosporidia in the gastric biopsy specimen. Nitazoxanide was soon administered, leading to clinical improvement. Six weeks later, new biopsies showed complete resolution of inflammation and the absence of microorganisms.

CONCLUSION
Histological examination of biopsy specimens is crucial for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, which can threaten the life of immunocompromised individuals. The importance of specific antiprotozoal treatment must be emphasized. HIPPOKRATIA 2022, 26 (3):121-123.


If not quite as apocalyptic as Pope would have us believe, corruption and crime all too often drag nations into a cycle of deprivation and wanton greed—companies bribing bureaucrats in exchange for lucrative contracts, petty graft greasing the palms of low-level civil servants, and powerful politicians enriching themselves at the expense of their people and the advancement of society. How do nations, especially developing ones, escape this swamp? World Policy Journal asked a panel of experts to weigh in on the challenges.


Male Wistar rats were given phentolamine or phenoxybenzamine in the lateral ventricles in doses of 1 mg/kg. After 30 minutes they received in the same way atropine in doses of 1 mg/kg or carbachol in doses of 0.05 mg/kg. The control group was given physiological saline. The animals were decapitated 30 minutes after drug administration. The Falck and Hillarp histofluorescence method was applied. The areas of DA (nigrostriatal and meso-limbic) and NA systems were examined. It was found, that atropine increased the intensity of fluorescence in comparison with the control group, in all areas of DA structures. The action of carbachol was more differentiated. In the substantia nigra (A8 and A9) respectively in the globus pallidus and the nucleus arcuatus (A12) its effect was the same as that of atropine. In other areas it caused weakening of fluorescence or showed no effect. In the NA system atropine weakened the fluorescence considerably while carbachol increased it in five out of eleven areas. The interaction of cholinotropic and adrenotropic drugs is disscused.


Unsupervised video person re-identification (reID) methods usually depend on global-level features. And many supervised reID methods employed local-level features and achieved significant performance improvements. However, applying local-level features to unsupervised methods may introduce an unstable performance. To improve the performance stability for unsupervised video reID, this paper introduces a general scheme fusing part models and unsupervised learning. In this scheme, the global-level feature is divided into equal local-level feature. A local-aware module is employed to explore the poentials of local-level feature for unsupervised learning. A global-aware module is proposed to overcome the disadvantages of local-level features. Features from these two modules are fused to form a robust feature representation for each input image. This feature representation has the advantages of local-level feature without suffering from its disadvantages. Comprehensive experiments are conducted on three benchmarks, including PRID2011, iLIDS-VID, and DukeMTMC-VideoReID, and the results demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves state-of-the-art performance. Extensive ablation studies demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of proposed scheme, local-aware module and global-aware module. The code and generated features are available at https://github.com/deropty/uPMnet.


We introduce a space of functions which can be interpreted as a similarity-based approach to fuzzy metric spaces. The triangle inequality we propose is defined by means of a fuzzy ordering. We compare the introduced space with fuzzy metric spaces in the sense of Seikkala and Kaleva. Finally we complete the work discovering the corresponding classical as well as fuzzy topologies.


Author(s): Ju, Yiting | Advisor(s): Janowicz, Krzysztof W | Abstract: Place name disambiguation, i.e., toponym disambiguation or toponym resolution, is the task of correctly identifying a place from a set of places sharing a common name. It contributes to a variety of tasks such as knowledge extraction, query answering, geographic information retrieval, and automatic tagging. Disambiguation quality relies on the ability to correctly identify and interpret contextual clues, complicating the task for short texts. Here I propose a novel approach to the disambiguation of place names from short texts that integrates three models: entity co-occurrence, topic modeling, and word embedding. The first model uses Linked Data to identify related entities to improve disambiguation quality. The second model uses topic modeling to differentiate places based on the terms used to describe them. The third model uses word embeddings to uncover the semantic relatedness between places and contexts. I evaluate this approach using a corpus of short texts collected through web scraping, determine the suitable weights for the models, and demonstrate that the combined model, i.e., Things and Strings Model, outperforms benchmark systems such as DBpedia Spotlight, TextRazor, and Open Calais by up to 85% in F-score and 46% in Precision at 1. A web service is built to demonstrate the proposed method and it can be a building block for those applications that need place name recognition and disambiguation.


Governments worldwide have spent billions of dollars on monetary incentives for consumers,
such as tax credits, to encourage the adoption of eco-friendly ("green") products. However, there
is little consensus regarding the effectiveness of tax credit incentives in increasing green product
adoption and reducing carbon emissions. The literature is also limited on the mechanisms
through which monetary incentives work in general. We address these issues by studying the
impact of tax credit incentives on green and non-green vehicle sales in the U.S. auto industry.
A tax credit incentive could boost green vehicle sales through cost savings on the vehicle's
price. However, the incentive may prove ineffective due to important barriers to adoption
(e.g., long charging times for electric cars). To measure the sales and emissions impacts of tax
credit incentives, we study incentive changes across 46 counties in South Carolina and Oregon
via various quasi-experimental approaches. Unlike recent studies showing an insignificant or a
negative correlation between tax credits and electric vehicle (EV) adoption, our analyses show
that unit sales of incentivized plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles–PHEVs–increase by an average of
3.7% (up to 52.7% in some counties) following a $2,000 incentive. In contrast, PHEV sales remain
unchanged after the incentive's termination, implying a positive net sales effect. We also explore
the underlying mechanisms for the incentive's impact by examining various purchase funnel
stages. In the awareness stage, the incentive's positive effect on PHEV demand peaks during
the consumers' tax-filing period; in the consideration stage, our analyses of online consumer
search indicate that the incentive does not expand the consumer pool considering PHEVs. As
for the conversion stage, the incentive generates more sales for PHEVs in counties where 1)
consumers are more likely to have PHEVs in their consideration sets regardless of the incentive
(i.e., Democratic counties), and 2) consumers value cost-saving more (i.e., counties with lower-middle income). Also, the heightened demand for PHEVs following the incentive stems from
the substitution from gasoline vehicles with high fuel efficiency. We estimate the average cost
of reducing carbon emissions through tax credits to be $96 per ton, which is less expensive than
tax rebates for conventional hybrids and subsidies for residential solar panels.


Why is it that sometimes people do not correct their reasoning errors? The dominating dual-process theories of reasoning detail how people (fail to) detect their reasoning errors but underspecify how people decide to correct these errors once they are detected. We have unpacked the motivational aspects of the correction process here, leveraging the research on cognitive control. Specifically, we argue that when people detect an error, they decide whether or not to correct it based on the overall expected value associated with the correction-combining perceived efficacy and the reward associated with the correction while considering the cost of effort. Using a modified two-response paradigm, participants solved cognitive reflection problems twice while we manipulated the factors defining the expected value associated with correction at the second stage. In five experiments (N = 5,908), we found that answer feedback and reward increased the probability of correction while cost decreased it, relative to the control groups. These cognitive control critical factors affected the decisions to correct reasoning errors (Experiments 2 and 3) and the corrective reasoning itself (Experiments 1, 4 and 5) across a range of problems, feedbacks, types of errors (reflective or intuitive), and cost and reward manipulations pre-tested and checked in five separate studies (N = 951). Thus, some people did not correct their epistemically irrational reasoning errors because they followed the instrumentally rational principle of the expected value maximization: They were rationally irrational. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).


Defining whether a financial institution is systemically important (or not) is challenging due to (i) the inevitability of combining complex importance criteria such as institutions' size, connectedness and substitutability; (ii) the ambiguity of what an appropriate threshold for those criteria may be; and (iii) the involvement of expert knowledge as a key input for combining those criteria. The proposed method, a Fuzzy Logic Inference System, uses four key systemic importance indicators that capture institutions' size, connectedness and substitutability, and a convenient deconstruction of expert knowledge to obtain a Systemic Importance Index. This method allows for combining dissimilar concepts in a non-linear, consistent and intuitive manner, whilst considering them as continuous –non binary- functions. Results reveal that the method imitates the way experts them-selves think about the decision process regarding what a systemically important financial institution is within the financial system under analysis. The Index is a comprehensive relative assessment of each financial institution's systemic importance. It may serve financial authorities as a quantitative tool for focusing their attention and resources where the severity resulting from an institution failing or near-failing is estimated to be the greatest. It may also serve for enhanced policy-making (e.g. prudential regulation, oversight and supervision) and decision-making (e.g. resolving, restructuring or providing emergency liquidity).


Entrepreneurship is very important to instill independence in the younger generation. There are a number of things that have an important influence on a child's soul, including family, school and the environment. The role of the family, especially mothers as early educators who put the most important foundation for the growth of the personality and maturity of children's thinking. There are several research focuses that exist in, among others, (1) to know parents in instilling entrepreneurial education values in the central tempe chips industry in Sanan, Malang. (2) to knowing the form or result of the cultivation of entrepreneurial education values in the central tempe chips industry in Sanan, Malang (3) to knowing the obstacles in cultivating entrepreneurial education values in the Tempe chips industry center in Sanan, Malang. This study uses a qualitative approach to the type of research of community phenomena because researchers take data directly in the field. The technique of collecting data uses observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques include data collection, data reduction, and data presentation. The conclusion of this study is the role of parents in instilling entrepreneurial values is to guide and support the activities of their children in the field of entrepreneurship. The results have been well implemented through habituation. The obstacle in implementing entrepreneurship for children is the lack of parental trust so that it is difficult to teach entrepreneurship, it is difficult to determine which products are sold because they are too expensive, and the difficulty of the child to divide time.Keywords: the role of parents; entrepreneurship


ABSTRACT Consumers' concerns about the environment and health have led to the development of new food packaging materials avoiding petroleum-based matrices and synthetic additives. The present study has developed polylactic acid (PLA) films containing different concentrations of essential oil from Origanum vulgare L. virens (OEO). The effectiveness of this new active packaging was checked for use in ready-to-eat salads. A plasticising effect was observed when OEO was incorporated in PLA films. The rest of the mechanical and physical properties of developed films did not show much change when OEO was included in the film. An antioxidant effect was recorded only for films containing the highest percentages of the active agent (5% and 10%). In addition, films exhibited in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus carnosus. Moreover, in ready-to-eat salads, antimicrobial activity was only observed against yeast and moulds, where 5% and 10% of OEO was the most effective.


We studied whether monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), an endotoxin derivative, protected the heart from planned ischemia in hypercholesterolemic conscious rabbits. Normal and hypercholesterolemic (8-week exposure to 1.5% cholesterol-enriched diet) conscious rabbits with right ventricular electrode and left ventricular polyethylene catheters were subjected to ventricular overdrive pacing (VOP: 500 beats/min over 10 min = control VOP). The resulting intracavitary ST-segment elevation, increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and a reduction of ventricular effective refractory period (VERP) were measured. Three days later the animals were given a single intravenous bolus of 10 or 30 microg/kg MLA or its solvent or both, and a second VOP (test VOP) was applied 24 h later. MLA decreased ST elevation and LVEDP increase from 2.1 +/- 0.16 to 1.27 +/- 0.25 and 0.97 +/- 0.13 mV and 14.6 +/- 1.2 to 11.1 +/- 1.0 and 12.4 +/- 1.2 mm Hg in normal animals and from 2.55 +/- 0.14 to 1.31 +/- 0.12 and 0.96 +/- 0.30 mV and from 21.0 +/- 1.6 to 11.7 +/- 1.3 and 12.4 +/- 1.3 mm Hg in atherosclerotic animals after 10- and 30-microg/kg doses, respectively (p < 0.001 for each). VOP-induced VERP reduction was also significantly alleviated by both MLA doses; nevertheless, 30-microg/kg MLA significantly prolonged resting VERP with a slight VERP reduction in response to pacing in both normal and atherosclerotic animals. We conclude that MLA produces a delayed antiischemic effect in both normal and hypercholesterolemic/atherosclerotic conscious rabbits.


A mutant designated NC2168, which was selected from wild-type Streptococcus equisimilis CVCC55116 by ultraviolet ray combined with Co-γ ray treatment and does not produce streptolysin, was employed to produce hyaluronic acid (HA). In order to increase the output of HA in a flask, the culture medium and conditions for NC2168 were optimized in this study. The influence of culture medium ingredients including carbon sources, nitrogen sources and metal ions on HA production was evaluated using factional factorial design. The mathematical model, which represented the effect of each medium component and their interaction on the yield of HA, was established by the quadratic rotary combination design and response surface method. The model estimated that, a maximal yield of HA could be obtained when the concentrations of yeast extract, peptone, glucose, and MgSO4 were set at 3 g/100 mL, 2 g/100 mL, 0.5 g/100 mL and 0.15 g/100 mL, respectively. Compared with the values obtained by other runs in the experimental design, the optimized medium resulted in a remarkable increase in the output of HA and the maximum of the predicted HA production was 174.76 mg/L. The model developed was accurate and reliable for predicting the production of HA by NC2168.Cultivation conditions were optimized by an orthogonal experimental design and the optimal conditions were as follows: temperature 33oC, pH 7.8, agitation speed 200 rpm, medium volume 20 mL.


Carrier mobility in doped conjugated polymers is limited by Coulomb interactions with dopant counterions. This complicates studying the effect of the dopant's oxidation potential on carrier generation because different dopants have different Coulomb interactions with polarons on the polymer backbone. Here, dodecaborane (DDB)‐based dopants are used, which electrostatically shield counterions from carriers and have tunable redox potentials at constant size and shape. DDB dopants produce mobile carriers due to spatial separation of the counterion, and those with greater energetic offsets produce more carriers. Neutron reflectometry indicates that dopant infiltration into conjugated polymer films is redox‐potential‐driven. Remarkably, X‐ray scattering shows that despite their large 2‐nm size, DDBs intercalate into the crystalline polymer lamellae like small molecules, indicating that this is the preferred location for dopants of any size. These findings elucidate why doping conjugated polymers usually produces integer, rather than partial charge transfer: dopant counterions effectively intercalate into the lamellae, far from the polarons on the polymer backbone. Finally, it is shown that the IR spectrum provides a simple way to determine polaron mobility. Overall, higher oxidation potentials lead to higher doping efficiencies, with values reaching 100% for driving forces sufficient to dope poorly crystalline regions of the film.


Early Support is the England-wide government programme to achieve child-centred and family-focused services for children aged nought to five years with a disability or complex need and their families. Integral to the ethos of Early Support is the understanding that every decision should be influenced and led by children and families. Families are expected to play a strategic role in the development and monitoring of policy and practice, and the service is expected to be proactive in seeking their views. Section 242(1B) of the NHS Act 2006 now places a duty to involve service users in planning the provision of services, changes to services and the operation of services. Yet for many frontline staff, user involvement and partnership working in this way presents real challenges. Using a framework based on principles of interpretive phenomenology, this paper documents efforts to ensure that the stories of families are heard and used to inform the development of proposals for Early Support in Bedfordshire and explores ways to overcoming barriers to meaningful user-involvement.


This study examines the relationship between oil prices and exchange rate in Nigeria by viewing this relationship in another dimension which is the ability of exchange rate to move from one regime to the other. The period of investigation spanned the period 1980–2017. The regime switching characteristics of exchange rate were examined with the Markov Switching Model technique. The regime switching test suggests that there are two exchange rate regimes of managed float and fixed regimes. It was found that the probability of exchange rate to move from a managed float regime to a fixed regime was very low as compared to switching from fixed to managed float regimes. In fact, the expected duration of transitions is about 4 years for managed float but 9 years for fixed exchange rate regime. Both oil price and exchange rate move in opposite direction; despite the regime changes.


Background: The prevalence of diabetes is steadily increasing in Korea. The increase in number of people with diabetes would ultimately result in premature death, poor quality of life, and increasing economic burden. However, in our country, researches regarding on the quality of diabetes management are lacking. This study was conducted in 2005 using National Health Insurance Database to know the current status of diabetes management in Korea.Methods: We have randomly selected 3,902 subjects out of 2,503,754 subjects who had claims with diagnosis of diabetes between January 2003 to December 2003 by using two staged cluster sampling method. Field survey with review of medical records and telephone survey was conducted with standardized record forms developed by Korean Diabetes Association; Task Force Team For Basic Statistical Study of Korean Diabetes Mellitus. Results: The age of diabetic subjects was 58.1 ± 12.6 years and the duration of diabetes was 6.2 ± 5.5 years. Hypertension was present in 54% of diabetic subjects. Among those with hypertension, 59% were controlled with blood pressure below 140/90 mmHg, but only 19% were controlled with blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg. Hyperlipidemia was present in 29% of diabetic subjects. Only 38% of those with hyperlipidemia were controlled with LDL-cholesterol below 100 mg/dL. For glycemic control, only 40% of diabetic subjects achieved the goal of HbA1c less than 7%, which was suggested by ADA. 접수일자: 2007년 3월 28일, 통과일자: 2007년 5월 23일, 책임저자: 김재용, 건강보험심사평가원 조사연구실Conclusion: We found that only 20~40% of diabetic subjects in Korea achieved the management goal for glucose, blood pressure, and lipids. It seems urgent to develop a quality management program for diabetes subjects in Korea. (J Kor Diabetes Assoc 31:362~367, 2007)


In the last two decades the concept of multi-agent mobile systems has been observed in many computer simulations, laboratory examples and in some practical applications. Among such systems robot soccer has shown to be a very popular research game and has served as a perfect example of multi-agent systems in the last few years (Ferber, 1999; Moss & Davidsson, 2002; Stone & Veloso, 2000). In this work the mathematical background of the developed robot soccer simulator is presented. The main purpose of the simulator design procedure is to obtain a realistic simulator which would be used as a tool in the process of strategy and control algorithms design for real world robot soccer as well as for other mobile-robotics related topics. To assure transferability to the real system the obtained strategy algorithms have to be designed on a realistic simulator. The main motivation for robot soccer simulator development was to design and study multi-agent control and strategy algorithms in FIRA Middle or Large League MiroSot category (5 against 5 or 11 against 11 robots). However, on FIRA's (Federation of International Robot Soccer Association) official website (www.fira.net) there exists a simulator for SimuroSot league, which could only be used in Middle League MiroSot (5 against 5 robots). A similar simulator was built by (Liang & Liu, 2002) where robot motion is simulated by dynamic model, collisions remaining oversimplified. There also exist a number of other simulator applications but not many papers are available. An important part of every realistic robot soccer simulator is collision modelling and simulation. Good mathematical background in rigid body collisions modelling and simulation could be found in (Baraf, 1997). Another useful contribution in the field of robotic simulator is (Larsen, 2001) where collisions are treated by spring-dumper approach rather than by impulse force only. The use of spring-dumper linkage in collisions makes velocities changes continuous, which is less problematic for simulation than discontinuous change of velocities (Fremond, 1995) obtained by impulse usage. However, spring and dumper coefficients are not easy to identify. Moreover, when observed from macroscopic time scale (as it is in simulation) collisions are indeed discontinuous events. Simulated robots should have a realistic shape, which should not be represented simply with a square (the real shape of the robot is not a square) otherwise the simulation of ball guidance and other collisions becomes unrealistic. Furthermore, some of the available robot soccer simulators do not treat collisions well, especially the collisions among robots (robot corners), collisions between robot and boundary and situations where the ball is in-between


The mean energy required to produce an electron-ion pair by alpha -particles in SF6 gas and a 50% SF6/50%/N2 gas mixture has been measured to be 35.45 and 35.9 eV per ion pair, respectively.


The upwelling spectral radiance distribution is polarized, and this polarization varies with the optical properties of the water body. Knowledge of the polarized, upwelling, bidirectional radiance distribution function (BRDF) is important for generating consistent, long-term data records for ocean color because the satellite sensors from which the data are derived are sensitive to polarization. In addition, various studies have indicated that measurement of the polarization of the radiance leaving the ocean can used to determine particle characteristics (Tonizzo et al., 2007; Ibrahim et al., 2016; Chami et al., 2001). Models for the unpolarized BRDF (Morel et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2011) have been validated (Voss et al., 2007; Gleason et al., 2012), but variations in the polarization of the upwelling radiance due to the sun angle, viewing geometry, dissolved material, and suspended particles have not been systematically documented. In this work, we simulated the upwelling radiance distribution using a Monte Carlo-based radiative transfer code and measured it using a set of fish-eye cameras with linear polarizing filters. The results of model-data comparisons from three field experiments in clear and turbid coastal conditions showed that the degree of linear polarization (DOLP) of the upwelling light field could be determined by the model with an absolute error of ±0.05 (or 5% when the DOLP was expressed in %). This agreement was achieved even with a fixed scattering Mueller matrix, but did require in situ measurements of the other inherent optical properties, e.g., scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, etc. This underscores the difficulty that is likely to be encountered using the particle scattering Mueller matrix (as indicated through the remote measurement of the polarized radiance) to provide a signature relating to the properties of marine particles beyond the attenuation/absorption coefficient.


This study aimed to examine whether the expectation for physical activity to minimize dementia risk was associated with physical activity level and whether this association was moderated by perceived high value of dementia prevention among older adults. Participants (n = 2,824) completed questionnaires and wore accelerometers to measure their average daily steps and levels of physical activity. The expectation for physical activity to minimize dementia risk, perceived value of dementia prevention, and potential covariates (expectation of other desirable outcomes, demographics, and health-related factors) were also measured. The main effects of the expectation and perceived value and their interaction were not significant for physical activity variables in generalized linear models. These findings indicate that expecting physical activity in minimizing dementia risk might not be sufficient to influence physical activity behavior regardless of perceived high value of dementia prevention among older adults.


The astronomer A.E. Douglass is generally recognized as the founding father of dendrochronology. He studied tree rings in the search for evidence that solar variation (as seen in sunspots) is reflected in climate variation. He was convinced that his quest was successful. Analysis of some of his early data using Fourier decomposition and comparison of tree-ring periodograms with those based on known solar cycles suggests that the cycles he found may not exist or may not be of pure solar origin. The findings here reported suggest a much stronger influence of tides on the tree-ring records than commonly considered. Douglass's great merit as the pioneer of tree-ring dating in archeology and tree ring- based climatology remains unaffected by the findings here presented.


Background: Meniscal extrusion/translation has been used as an index for meniscal treatment. However, the relationship between meniscal displacement and the degree of meniscal tear or load–transmission function of the lateral meniscus (LM) remains unclear. Purpose: To clarify the relationship between the width of the radial tear of the LM and (1) meniscal displacement or (2) resultant force through the meniscus under axial compressive load in the porcine model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Eight intact porcine knees with or without a partial radial tear at the midbody of the LM (involving 30%, 60%, or 90% of its width) were investigated. Reflective markers were attached to the outer wall of the anterior, anteromiddle, posteromiddle, and posterior segments of the LM. A 300-N axial load was applied at 2 flexion angles (30° and 60°), and the 3–dimensional forces and trajectories of the knees were recorded. Marker movements were simultaneously tracked using a motion capture camera system. After total meniscectomy of the LM, the recorded knee trajectories were reproduced, and the resultant force through the LM was calculated (a force carried only by the meniscus in response to a load applied to the whole knee joint). Results: At both flexion angles, the change in distance (mean ± SD) between the anterior and posterior markers under load increased significantly more in the anteroposterior direction in LMs with a 90% tear than in intact LMs (30°, 0.4 ± 0.3 vs 1.4 ± 0.8 mm, P = .004; 60°, 0.1 ± 0.7 vs 1.4 ± 1.0 mm, P < .001 [intact vs 90% tear]). The change in distance between the anteromiddle and posteromiddle markers at 30° also significantly increased in LMs with a 90% tear (0.2 ± 0.2 vs 1.3 ± 1.2 mm, P = .02 [intact vs 90% tear]). The resultant force was significantly lower in LMs with a 90% tear than in intact LMs (30°, 125 ± 47 vs 48 ± 20 N, P < .001; 60°, 93 ± 46 vs 43 ± 11 N, P = .002 [intact vs 90% tear]). We found no significant differences in either meniscal displacements or resultant forces between intact LMs and those with 30% or 60% tears. Conclusion: LMs with a 90%-width midbody radial tear lost load–transmission function with their displacement relative to the tibia primarily in the anteroposterior direction in the porcine model. Clinical Relevance: Even 1 mm of displacement after meniscal injury is evidence that the load–transmission function of the meniscus is greatly impaired. When a displaced torn LM is diagnosed in preoperative imaging, meniscal repair surgery should be considered.


An airfoil moving with two degrees of freedom (pitching and plunging) is simulated with a closed-loop flow control system. The simulation of the unsteady airfoil is computed using extended delayed detached eddy simulation (EDDES), a hybrid RANS-LES turbulence model based on the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The control system controls the airfoil in two modes, first through direct application of forces and torques, and second, through the use of tangential synthetic jet actuators. The approach was designed for an investigation of flow control via synthetic jet actuators on a pitching and plunging airfoil in A. Glezer's wind tunnel at Georgia Tech. The software definition of the controller used for the wind tunnel facility, which includes a robust servomechanism Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) and a neural network based adaptive controller, is coupled to a CFD model, which includes a model for the synthetic jet actuators. The coupled CFD/controller model is used to simulate the maneuvers of the airfoil as performed in the wind tunnel, and the coupled model is validated against experiment results.


Dilute combustion using exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) presents a cost-effective method for increasing the efficiency of spark-ignition (SI) engines. However, the maximum amount of EGR that can be used at a given condition is limited by a rapid increment of cycle-to-cycle variability (CCV). This study describes a methodology to design a model-based stochastic optimal controller to adjust the cycle-to-cycle fuel injection quantity in order to reduce CCV and further extend the dilute limit. Given the complexity and chaotic nature of combustion events, the controller was enhanced with online learning in order to identify the statistical properties of combustion efficiency, which are needed to generate predictions for next-cycle events. This study showed that a kernel density estimator (KDE) can be used to learn the combustion properties in real time and can be incorporated into the feedback policy in order to calculate the optimal control command. Experimental results suggested that the dilute limit can be extended from 18.5% to 21% EGR fraction at an operating condition relevant for highway cruising. Additionally, the proposed controller can achieve a large CCV reduction with less fuel enrichment compared to previous methods, overall contributing to an increase in 0.2% indicated fuel conversion efficiency.


ABSTRACT The ability of Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolates to attach to Caco-2 and HT-29 cell monolayers was measured. All isolates displayed a greater ability to attach to Caco-2 cells than HT-29 cells, and overall E. coli isolates attached better to both cell lines than Salmonella isolates. Bacteria that were considered to be pathogenic displayed no greater ability to attach to cell lines than those that were not considered to be pathogenic. Additionally, no correlation was found between cell line attachment and previously determined hydrophobicity results.


Introduction . In the French West Indies, farmers generally consider that periodical soil tillage is necessary to increase soil porosity and maintain high yield. However, in the non-tilled perennial banana plantations of the highlands, the soil exhibits better physical and biological properties than in the conventional banana plantations. To determine if tillage before banana planting is necessary for proper banana crop functioning and to assess the effect of tillage on soil quality, banana planting after conventional tillage was compared with no-till banana planting on crop residue mulch on an experimental plot. Materials and methods . Soil quality was assessed through indicators such as porosity, organic status, microbial biomass and structure of nematode communities. Crop functioning was assessed through plant growth, root distribution, and soil water and nitrogen availability. Results . We found that tillage reduced soil microbial biomass and the number of nematode functional guilds. Tillage had only a short-term effect on soil porosity and did not allow deeper extension of the root system. Although soil organic nitrogen mineralization was higher with conventional tillage, banana nitrogen nutrition was not better, probably because the high nitrogen fertilization offset the variations in availability of nitrogen from organic origin. We found that banana growth was better with no-till treatment. This could be explained by less drying out of soil due to the crop residue mulch left on the soil surface with no-till treatment. Conclusion . Relative to conventional tillage, no-till banana planting improved soil quality and crop performance.


In the field, we videotaped the reactions of squirrels to playbacks of 1, 3 and 5 whistle vocalizations at two sound intensities differing by 10 dB. The squirrels reacted by running to boulders or burrows and freezing. As time progressed following playbacks, freezing declined and squirrels resumed feeding, locomotion and grooming. With increasing numbers of whistles, squirrels were more likely to run and less likely to mount a boulder. With more high intensity whistles, squirrels froze quadrupedally more and bipedally less. Freezing postures did not vary as a function of the number of low-intensity whistles. Walking was suppressed least by 1 and 3 whistles at low intensity, and inhibited most by all high-intensity whistles as well as by the low-intensity 5-whistle playback. When the squirrel was on a boulder, quadrupedal freezing was more common than bipedal freezing. Off the boulder, the two freezing postures were equally likely. We propose that squirrels assessed risk from information encoded in the whistle(s) and contextual to it, and varied their reactions as a function of apparent risk.


Eutrophication has become a widespread matter of concern during the last 50 years. Because of the relationship between biotic and abiotic factors, the determination of the trophic level of lakes is important. In this study, the trophic level of Lake Uluabat was determined using different trophic states indices (TSISD, TSICHL, TSITP, and TSITN) in 8 stations between May-2008 and May-2009. As a result, the indices were above the eutrophic level during the year. With regard to the seasonal variations of the indices, the highest values were in the summer and autumn (hypertrophic), while the lowest values were in the spring and winter seasons (hypertrophic-eutrophic). It was seen that in addition to nitrogen and phosphorus, temperature affected the growth of algae in the summer. For this reason, Chl-a (maximum 43.87 mg/m3) and alkalinity (maximum 282.85 mg/L) concentrations raised, and the dissolved oxygen (minimum 5.08 mg/L) concentrations decreased in the summer. It was observed that the diversity of the aquaculture species (fish and algae) decreased and the species having low economic value were dominant with an increase of the eutrophication level. According to the ratio between the nitrogen and phosphorus and a significant statistical correlation between nitrogen forms and chl-a, the algae species were co-limited by nitrogen with phosphorus the whole year and might be species that were each limited by different nutrients. The high diversity of species in the Lake, discharging of untreated domestic wastewater and chemical fertilizer usage were determined as the reasons of the co-limitation of the nitrogen with phosphorus. Also according to the trophic level and concentration values, Lake Uluabat exceeded the limit for potable water and water-oriented recreation.


As global reconstructions for the Early Palaeozoic (Cambrian, Ordovician and Silurian periods) are now becoming more reliable, ancient atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns may now be modelled with increasing confidence. Here we examine previous studies on Early Palaeozoic palaeoceanography. It is assumed that past circulation patterns were governed by the same factors that govern them today. We here introduce some hypothetical base maps that predict the possible locations of ancient surface water currents, the position of oceanic gyres and possible ancient upwelling zones.


The fiberoptic bronchoscope has contributed greatly to the practice of anesthesiology over the past 30 years. It has become an indispensable tool in the approach to the difficult airway, as well as the placement and positioning of double-lumen tubes for thoracic surgery. The equipment, preparation, and methods for using the endoscope in anesthesia, are presented here.