Since 1950 about 50 million tons of U ore has been discovered along the southern margin of the San Juan basin, New Mexico. Here the exposed sequence of sedimentary rocks ranges in age from Permian to Cretaceous, and is associated with intrusive and extrusive rocks of Tertiary and Quaternary age. The U deposits are separable into 3 types - those in sandstones and associated mudstones of the Entrada and Morrison formations of Jurassic age, and Dakota sandstone of Cretaceous age; those in the Todilto limestone of Jurassic age; and one deposit in a pipelike structure in the Morrison formation. The deposits in the clastic sediments are similar to most of the U deposits in other parts of the Colorado Plateau region in type and habit of ore and accessory minerals, in the tabular form of ore bodies, and in their association with some form of carbonaceous material. The deposits in limestone have a somewhat similar mineral assemblage to that of the other deposits in the region but are unique in the type of host rock and their preference for structurally deformed beds. The pipelike deposit is unique. Although igneous activity has been intense in the eastern part of the area from late Tertiary to Recent time, there is no evidence to suggest a genetic relation between the igneous activity and the U deposits. In fact, what are probably the oldest exposed igneous rocks intrude and displace the deposits. Three periods of deformation are recognized. The first was during the time between the accumulation of the Entrada and Dakota sandstones, the second in the early to middle Tertiary, and the third in the middle to late Tertiary. Only structures of the first period show an obvious influence on the distribution and localization of the U deposits. From the pattern or frequency of distribution of the known deposits, and on the basis of interpretations from known geologic relations, the deposits seem to be clustered in a zone at least 20 mi. wide N. of the present outcrop, This zone is called the southern San Juan basin mineral belt. Although the concept of this zone, or belt, restricts the favorable ground geographically, the amount of unexplored ground within the limits of the belt is enough to contain several times as much U resources as are now known.


Two issues are addressed in this thesis. Firstly, the nature of technological problems and the ways in which they differ from everyday problems are explored. It is argued that technological problems are complex and ill-defined and that these characteristics determine that specific problem-solving strategies are required to resolve these problems successfully. The second issue addressed is the manner in which pre-service technology teachers solve technological problems including the strategies they employ to solve them.
The results of the empirical studies in this thesis reveal that problem-solvers, while employing expert-like strategies in one domain, apply a combination of both expert and novice-like problem-solving strategies (sometimes referred to as heuristics) when they are confronted with an unfamiliar domain or new problem type. It is argued that this phenomenon occurs when the problem-solver has exhausted the knowledge and skills acquired in previous problem-solving events and the transference of this experience to the new domain or problem type ceases. As a result, the problem-solver reverts to novice-like heuristics such as trial-and-error in an effort to resolve the problem or its sub-problems. However, this leads the problem-solver to switch direction numerous times, diverting their efforts, in many cases, towards low priority issues and unproductive outcomes. It is argued that systemised strategies such as Advanced Systematic of Inventive Thinking (ASIT), guide the problem-solvers activities toward more productive and rewarding outcomes leading to plausible solutions being generated from within the problem elements thereby simplifying the problem-solving process.


Previous work by Sigalotti in 2006 and recently by Hendi and Sharifzadeh in 2012 showed that all the fundamental equations of special relativity may be derived from a golden mean proportioned classical-Euclidean triangle and confirmed Einstein's famous equation E=mc2. In the present work it is shown that exchanging the Euclidean triangle with a hyperbolic one an extended quantum relativity energy equation, namely , is obtained. The relevance of this result in understanding the true nature of the "missing" so-called dark energy of the cosmos is discussed in the light of the fact that the ratio of to E=mc2 is which agrees almost completely with the latest supernova and WMAP cosmological measurements. To put it succinctly what is really missing is a quantum mechanical factor equal 1/22 in Einstein's purely relativistic equation. This factor on the other hand is derivable from the intrinsic hyperbolic Cantor set nature of quantum entanglement.


The purpose of this study was to compare vegetation and soils occurring on breaks-sites overlying three distinct limestone formations. Three limestone formations, Ogallala, Niobrara, and Greenhorn outcrop in Ellis County, Kansas, as the Ash Hollow, Fort Hays and Fencepost limestone members, respectively. Three line transects were established across each breaks-site. Vegetative composition and basal cover were determined by taking points along each transect. Each breaks-site was divided into smaller units termed edaphic communities. These edaphic communities were named according to the dominant grasses present, Forage yields were determined for each edaphic community by clipping six one-square-foot plots in each community at the end of the growing season, Forage yields were divided into forbs, shortgrass and mid-grass and calculated as total grass and total vegetation, soil samples were taken from each edaphic community and mechanical analysis, pH, and chemical analyses for total exchangeable metallic cations and exchange capacity were run on each sample. Analysis of variance was used to compare grass yields from each edaphic community while the Fisher T Test was used to compare vegetative composition on the breaks-sites.


Hitherto communication theory was based on two alternative methods of signal analysis. One is the description of the signal as a function of time; the other is Fourier analysis. Both are idealizations, as the first method operates with sharply defined instants of time, the second with infinite wave-trains of rigorously defined frequencies. But our everyday experiences?especially our auditory sensations?insist on a description in terms of both time and frequency. In the present paper this point of view is developed in quantitative language. Signals are represented in two dimensions, with time and frequency as co-ordinates. Such two-dimensional representations can be called ?information diagrams,? as areas in them are proportional to the number of independent data which they can convey. This is a consequence of the fact that the frequency of a signal which is not of infinite duration can be defined only with a certain inaccuracy, which is inversely proportional to the duration, and vice versa. This ?uncertainty relation? suggests a new method of description, intermediate between the two extremes of time analysis and spectral analysis. There are certain ?elementary signals? which occupy the smallest possible area in the information diagram. They are harmonic oscillations modulated by a ?probability pulse.? Each elementary signal can be considered as conveying exactly one datum, or one ?quantum of information.? Any signal can be expanded in terms of these by a process which includes time analysis and Fourier analysis as extreme cases. These new methods of analysis, which involve some of the mathematical apparatus of quantum theory, are illustrated by application to some problems of transmission theory, such as direct generation of single sidebands, signals transmitted in minimum time through limited frequency channels, frequency modulation and time-division multiplex telephony.


Abstract. Halo-Photonics Streamline XR doppler lidar measurements performed using several scan configurations (Velocity Azimuth Display – VAD and Doppler Beam Swing – DBS) and elevation angles of 60° and 80°, are compared to wind observations conducted by various in situ instruments (tethered balloon, meteorological mast, and radiosondes). Good agreement is obtained, with an R2 over 0.90 for wind speed and a standard error <=18.90° for wind direction for the VAD scan method. Best performance was attained with VAD and lower elevation scans (60°). These results are consistent with the higher spatial lateral homogeneity exhibited by lower angle scans. The boundary layer structure along a diurnal cycle is analyzed by utilizing retrieved backscatter data and wind measurements in conjunction with WRF simulations. Presence of multiple inversions which allow the coexistence of different layers within the studied profile is also verified using data acquired by several radiosondes. Synergic use of Lidar data with WRF simulations for low SNR regions is demonstrated.


Risks from ground fault transfer (GFT) on closed-loop high-voltage (HV) underground distribution systems (UGDS) with cables running in a common route are assessed based on simulations by the Alternative Transienta Program (ATP) of the Electromagnetic Transients Program. To model the system, the configuration of a real and typical closed-loop HV UGDS is explicitly depicted. The complex connecting relationships between cable metallic shields, grounding electrodes, parallel ground continuity conductors (PGCCs), and surge suppressors at manholes and substations are clearly shown. Then, through the system modeling and simulation by ATP, the GFT characteristics (i.e., the distributions of currents and potentials on cable metallic shields and PGCCs along the cable length are analyzed). Based on the simulation results, the risks from GFT on personnel, equipment, devices, or other associated systems are assessed. Finally, the damages caused by a three-phase ground fault in a customer substation are surveyed to certify assessment result of risks and the severity of GFT on closed-loop HV UGDS with cables running in a common route.


The development of services for perpetrators and victims of domestic violence in Ireland has been an essential aspect of service provision for those whose lives are affected by domestic abuse and violence. Perpetrator programmes in Ireland are delivered through a combination of non-governmental bodies and the Probation Service. Since the 1980s, a network of perpetrator programmes aimed at changing the abusive behaviours of male perpetrators of such violence has developed around the country by voluntary self-governing bodies supported by a combination of charitable and voluntary contributions and State funding. Careful monitoring of both victims and perpetrators involved in these programmes ensures the safety of victims and their families. However, to date, there has been a dearth of evidence as to their effectiveness generally and a lack of information on their impact on different types of perpetrator with multifarious complex needs. Simply put, if programmes are not effective, violent recidivism will ensue. Ultimately understanding what interventions work best, and for whom, is vital to protecting victims of domestic violence and a key step to the cessation of such violence. Applying the main insights from leading international empirical research, this paper proposes that a range of criminogenic and non-criminogenic factors (e.g. substance use, mental health and personality attributes) may be hindering some perpetrators' engagement with current programmes. The capacity to provide a more co-ordinated and differentiated service to domestic violence perpetrators will be enhanced through co-operation and coordination with other complementary organisations. This is identified as a priority in the National Strategy for Domestic, Sexual and Gender-based Violence 2010–2014.


Large language models (LLMs) have made significant progress in natural language processing (NLP), and are utilized extensively in various applications. Recent works, such as chain-of-thought (CoT), have shown that intermediate reasoning steps can improve the performance of LLMs for complex reasoning tasks, such as math problems and symbolic question-answering tasks. However, we notice the challenge that LLMs face when it comes to temporal reasoning. Our preliminary experiments show that generating intermediate reasoning steps does not always boost the performance of complex temporal question-answering tasks. Therefore, we propose a novel framework that combines the extraction capability of LLMs and the logical reasoning capability of a Python solver to tackle this issue. Extensive experiments and analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of our framework in handling intricate time-bound reasoning tasks.


Background and Aims Deletions/mutations in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S region have been associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to study the evolutionary changes of pre-S mutations prior to HCC development. Methods We studied the HBV pre-S sequences at 1 to 10 years preceding diagnosis of HCC in 74 patients with HBV-related HCC (HCC group). 148 chronic hepatitis B patients matched for sex and age in 2:1 ratio, who had been followed up for at least 3 years without HCC (HCC-free group) were recruited as controls. 56 and 47 patients of HCC and HCC-free groups respectively had serially stored sera for longitudinally examination at 1–3 years, 4–6 years, 7–9 years and ≥10 years prior to the recruitment of the study. Results Compared to the HCC-free group, higher frequencies of pre-S deletions and point mutations (at 11 codons) were observed in the HCC group (p<0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that pre-S deletions, point mutations at codon 51 and 167 were independent factors associated with HCC. Longitudinal observation showed that pre-S deletions and most of the 11 HCC-associated pre-S point mutations existed at least 10 years before HCC development, and were more prevalent preceding HCC development in patients from HCC groups than HCC-free group. The number of HCC-associated pre-S point mutations increased over time preceding HCC development, and correlated positively with the time to HCC diagnosis (r = 0.220, p = 0.005). Conclusions High prevalence and cumulative evolution of pre-S mutations preceding HCC development suggested a possible carcinogenic role of pre-S mutations and their potential application in HCC risk prediction.


To the Editor.— Into my office a week ago barged seven bearded, sweat-drenched halftails, with a patient in tow. Pushing me to the side, they lashed him to the examining table and rushed away on their bumblebee cycles as fast as the machines would accelerate. A worm-eaten $10 bill was pinned to the patient's chest. Report of a Case.— The patient was a male, perhaps 25-year-old, disheveled specimen, alive, emitting a strange nonfetid, but disgusting, aromatic vapor. His jaws moved constantly, never quite closing, in a revolting figure-of-eight, saccadic rhythm, faster west-to-east than north-to-south. His eyes blinked constantly, his speech was unintelligibly confused by the drool exuding from his mouth. Reflexes were violently active. Omitting obviously irrelevant data on blood pressure, fever, and MMPI testing, I rapped him over the shins, gouged him in the eyeballs, and hyperextended his finger joints until he quieted sufficiently to obtain a specimen of


PurposeThis study aims to predict popular contributors through text representations of user-generated content in open crowds.Design/methodology/approachThree text representation approaches – count vector, Tf-Idf vector, word embedding and supervised machine learning techniques – are used to generate popular contributor predictions.FindingsThe results of the experiments demonstrate that popular contributor predictions are considered successful. The F1 scores are all higher than the baseline model. Popular contributors in open crowds can be predicted through user-generated content.Research limitations/implicationsThis research presents brand new empirical evidence drawn from text representations of user-generated content that reveals why some contributors' ideas are more viral than others in open crowds.Practical implicationsThis research suggests that companies can learn from popular contributors in ways that help them improve customer agility and better satisfy customers' needs. In addition to boosting customer engagement and triggering discussion, popular contributors' ideas provide insights into the latest trends and customer preferences. The results of this study will benefit marketing strategy, new product development, customer agility and management of information systems.Originality/valueThe paper provides new empirical evidence for popular contributor prediction in an innovation crowd through text representation approaches.


This volume presents the creative ideas and conclusions, inherently provisional, of one of Britain's most distinguished scientists and crystallographers on the origins of life. These ideas have their beginnings in his early contacts with Haldane, Oparin, and others, and have developed over a period of some thirty years. Professor Bernal, by his determinations of the structure of molecules of biological importance, and by the effect of his stimulating personality and example, has done much for molecular biology here and elsewhere. The study of the origin of life demands a sense of scientific history as well as an ability to weigh the evidence from widely different fields-geology and astrophysics, for example, as well as biochemistry and biology itself. Few if any at the present time could have presented the story so attractively and so well. When Pasteur performed his modification of the Spallanzini experiment over a century ago he purported to show that spontaneous generation of life was impossible; as Wald has pointed out, Pasteur simply showed that spontaneous generation was untenable under certain particular conditions. Conclusions about the origins of life depend on inferences from the probable history of the earth on the sequence of biologically significant events spaced over thousands of millions of years. Inevitably, even tentative conclusions must in part be based on informed, even inspired, speculation rather than the strict interplay of experiments and causes in the Baconian sense, on which so much of modern science depends. Important experiments, however, have been carried out, notably those of Urey and Miller on the formation of amino-acids by circulating a mixture of water vapour, methane, ammonia, and hydrogen over an electric spark. This experiment was in turn based on the Oparin-Haldane hypothesis that the early atmosphere of the earth was largely composed of hydrogen. Also inherent in the general approach is the supposition that the biochemical processes of life as we know it could not have arisen de novo; it is supposed that they were preceded by simpler and simpler processes. There now appears to be general agreement on the stages of the history of life on earth which may be summarized in the phrase: from atom to molecule, from molecule to polymer, from polymer to organism. Such words conceal the enormous amount of work and thought that has gone into the examination of how such processes could come about and lead to the formation of living things, and how the problems of deriving energy could be solved, and the atmosphere of the planet changed so that cellular respiration could take place. The problems of the origins of life are no longer confined to earth and there has been much speculation on the probability of its occurrence in other parts of the galaxy and elsewhere. These matters and many more are dealt with by Professor Bernal in this most attractive book and are balanced by serious consideration of the difficulties involved. Notable features which contribute to the overall synthesis are the illustrations accompanying the chapter entitled "From Molecule to Cell"; the appendices in which the dassic contributions of Oparins, Haldane, and Mueller are brought together; the glossary, which helps the less well-informed; and the bibliography to draw us on to further reading. J. T. RANDALL.


s:After activation by acid, Hangjin 2# clay absorbents is used to treat Pb2+ In waste water. The experiment discuss the produce method、 the time of absorption、 the removal efficience and the absorbance. The result shows that this way has many advantages, such as large absorbance and good effect. After treatment, the concentration of Pb2+ in waste water is up to drainage standard.


Baba, Hendry and Starr (1992) attempt to restore a stable specification for the demand for M1 balances in the United States. Estimating an error correction model that simultaneously models the long-run and short-run determinants of money demand, they introduce two new explanatory factors of the demand for M1. First, they provide theoretical and empirical evidence that the volatility of long term interest rates affects the demand for M1. Second, they introduce an adjusted set of interest rates that allow for learning behavior in response to the introduction of various new accounts for components of M1 and non-M1 M2s. Most importantly, they show that their specification passes a large battery of diagnostic tests and performs well during hard-to-model episodes such as the 'Missing Money Period.' This paper replicates their results and extends their sample range to evaluate its predictive performance. Their model breaks down completely over the longer sample period. This predictive failure could have been anticipated to someextent in that 'sensitivity' analysis might have been helpful in foreshadowing the model's breakdown. It appears that their specification underestimated the interest rate elasticity of money demand in part because of the learning- adjustment mechanism. We also provide results that call into question their use of volatility ad the model's over- reliance on movements in volatility.


Learning to understand grounded language, which connects natural language to percepts, is a critical research area. Prior work in grounded language acquisition has focused primarily on textual inputs. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of performing grounded language acquisition on paired visual percepts and raw speech inputs. This will allow human-robot interactions in which language about novel tasks and environments is learned from end-users, reducing dependence on textual inputs and potentially mitigating the effects of demographic bias found in widely available speech recognition systems. We leverage recent work in self-supervised speech representation models and show that learned representations of speech can make language grounding systems more inclusive towards specific groups while maintaining or even increasing general performance.


Background: We previously demonstrated a markedly dependent distribution of ventilator‐induced lung injury in oleic acid‐injured supine animals ventilated with large tidal volumes and positive end‐expiratory pressure ≥10 cm H2O. Because pleural pressure distributes more uniformly in the prone position, we hypothesized that the extent of injury induced by purely mechanical forces applied to the lungs of normal animals might improve and that the distribution of injury might be altered with prone positioning. Objective: To compare the extent and distribution of histologic changes and edema resulting from identical patterns of high end‐inspiratory/low end‐expiratory airway pressures in both supine and prone normal dogs. Design/Setting: We ventilated 10 normal dogs (5 prone, 5 supine) for 6 hrs with identical ventilatory patterns (a tidal volume that generated a peak transpulmonary pressure of 35 cm H2O when implemented in the supine position before randomization, positive end‐expiratory pressure = 3 cm H2O). Ventilator‐induced lung injury was assessed by gravimetric analysis and histologic grading. Measurements and Main Results: Wet weight/dry weight ratios (WW/DW) and histologic scores were greater in the supine than the prone group (8.8 ± 2.8 vs. 6.1 ± 0.7; p = .01 and 1.4 ± 0.3 vs. 1 ± 0.3; p = .037, respectively). In the supine group, WW/DW and histologic scores were significantly greater in dependent than nondependent regions (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 6.7 ± 0.9; p = .01 and 2.0 ± 0.4 vs. 0.9 ± 0.4; p = .043, respectively). In the prone group, WW/DW also was greater in dependent regions (6.7 ± 1.1 vs. 5.8 ± 0.5; p = .054), but no significant differences were found in histologic scores between dependent and nondependent regions (p = .42). Conclusion: In this model of lung injury induced solely by mechanical forces, the prone position resulted in a less severe and more homogeneous distribution of ventilator‐induced lung injury. These results parallel those previously obtained in oleic acid‐preinjured animals ventilated with higher positive end‐expiratory pressure.


The relevance of the research is due to the necessity of external and internal problem solving in the context of dynamic changes of external business environment by a successful industrial enterprise. The first type of tasks is the need to sustainability of enterprise development. The author has suggested endogenous approach which is linking the development of enterprise with finding new solutions at each stages of the life cycle. The second task of enterprise is due to contribute to the sustainable development of society, and the approach to solve this problem is designated as exogenous. The exogenous approach aims at the agreement of enterprise owners and people, ensuring balanced and continuous socio-economic development of enterprises. This type of development is in conformity with law of evolution of societies and Nature Conservation Act. The author has identified the differences between of previously mentioned approaches on the criteria: emphasis; aims; principles; functions; core of development; innovations; adaptation; restrictive parameters; final purpose. These approaches should be used consistently in the development of complex indicators of management decisions within author's hypothesis. The author has presented own evaluation method for each approach. The methodology of enterprise's assessment of targeted sustainable development is the core of endogenous approach. This methodology includes the technology and development of tools for identifying the convergence of growth rate of industrial, environmental, social, innovative management subsystems. The basis of exogenous approach is the author's methodology to determine enterprise impact on social, environmental, economic spheres of activity in society and its assessment over time. The author's suggestion will be a basis of mechanism for identification of functional consistency of industrial enterprise management systems in further research.


Posthumous publication is part of a long-standing literary tradition that crosses centuries and continents, giving works of art ranging from The Canterbury Tales to The Diary of Anne Frank, from Northanger Abbey to 2666. Preparing for print work that was incomplete and unpublished at the time of the author's death, posthumous editing is a type of public and goal-oriented grieving that seeks to establish or preserve the legacy of a writer no longer able to establish it for herself. Surrounding the work of posthumous editing are questions of authorial intent, editorial and publisher imperative, and reader response, each shaping the degree to which a posthumously published edition of a text is considered valuable. The visibility of the work of such editing spans from conspicuously absent to noticeably transformative, suggesting a wide range of possibilities for imagining the editorial role in producing the posthumous text. Examples drawn from 20th- and 21st-century US literature reveal the nature of editorial relationships to the deceased as well as the subsequent relationships of readers to the posthumously published text.


To the Editor. —The recent article on autologous blood donation 1 was welcome and informative. Further aspects of optimal blood conservation deserve mention. Normovolemic hemodilution is an extremely useful anesthetic technique, 2 which can be used in conjunction with autologous donations to further avoid homologous transfusion. It is more underutilized than autologous donation and may be erroneously deferred because autologous blood is available. Seventeen of 44 patients in the autologous group undergoing orthopedic surgery required homologous blood. 1 The nadir hematocrit of 0.304 (30.4%) suggests that hemodilution was not attempted in these patients. In healthy adult patients without cerebrovascular, myocardial, or severe pulmonary disease, intraoperative hemodynamic stability and adequate oxygen transport can be maintained with stress-free anesthesia and a 100% inspired oxygen concentration with hematocrits as low as 0.20 (20%). In children, successful hemodilution with hematocrits between 0.10 (10%) and 0.20 (20%) is possible. 3 Hemodilution is safely done with


This paper contains an empirical investigation of patterns in the emergence and diffusion of technological capabilities in the multinational corporation. It draws upon a database containing the complete patenting history of 24 Swedish multinationals over the 1893-1990 period, allowing for the identification of when and where in the multinational network new technological capabilities first emerged, and when and to what extent they subsequently diffused into other units of the multinational network. Differences between diffusion patterns for technological capabilities emerging at headquarters and in foreign units are identified and discussed.


There are terms of different form which are actively used in the Uzbek and Karakalpakianyurta building terminological system. Sometimes they were used in ancient times as special terms. The terms of yurta building were used in Uzbek language representatives speech as well as in Kazakh, Karakalpak, uygur and turkmenian languages. There are a lot words/terms meaning/defining building materials of yurta, material types, features, functions, significance, decorations of yurta materials, blankets – coverings and other objects. The lexics of yurta building are analyzed basing on the results not only of linguistic sources and oral speech materials but also archeological, ethnographical, artistic – folk – lore researches. This proves the fact that the materials dealing with this terminological level should be studied specially and thoroughly. The yurta building lexics of Uzbek and karakalpakian languages has a special place in the lexical system of the language and is considered a significant linguistic value connected with the ancient legacy. For, semantics of the words of the sphere lexics, linguistic units of different periods, meaning scale of historical dialectal words are reflected in the yurta and words/terms connected with it up to now have not been in wide scale the object of research.


When ion traps are used to store low-energy recoil protons in precision studies of neutron β-decay, decay events are lost when several protons are stored during a single trapping cycle and their detection is registered as a single event during the release phase. The correction for this deadtime effect, which is proportional to the trapping time, is analysed as a problem in Baysian statistics.


Repeating fragments in biological sequences are often essential for structure and function. Over the years, many methods have been developed to recognize repeats or to multiply align protein sequences. However, the integration of these two methodologies has been largely unexplored to date. Here, we present a new method capable of globally aligning multiple input sequences under the constraints of a given repeat analysis. The method supports different stringency modes to adapt to various levels of detail and reliability of the repeat information available. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Some peculiarities of afferent effects from ventral roots on the dorsal horn neurons were investigated in acute experiments on cats. Convergence of afferents from ventral and dorsal roots on the same neurons was shown. Excitation of some ventral root afferents caused inhibition in investigated neurons. This inhibition developed with shorter latency than that from dorsal root afferents.


Interdisciplinary approaches to language documentation can reflect connections between disciplines over time, as well as at the same time. This paper describes the roles that anthropology, cultural heritage, and linguistics play in a language documentation project in the Solomon Islands.

The Longgu (lgu) community of Guadalcanal is engaged in developing a thematic dictionary on weaving: learning how to write definitions, choosing headwords, and drawing on the disparate knowledge of weavers, elders who remember seldom-used words, and teachers. A dictionary workshop, held in July 2012, highlighted the value of being able to draw on earlier anthropological work in undertaking lexicographic work today. The anthropological legacy consisted of an extensive photographic collection and a study of the society that included information about house construction, domestic tasks and feasts, all of which involve woven products.

Access to the photographic collection was gained through a current interdisciplinary project that connected the museums and archives where the images were held with a linguist (the author) and an anthropologist focusing on cultural heritage. While the anthropological work was done nearly 80 years ago, the careful archiving of the material enables new work to be done. The interdisciplinary nature of the current work is exemplified by the community's intended outcomes for the language documentation project: a dictionary, but also examples of the products described and defined in the dictionary, as well as a special 'project house' to display them. Through involvement in a project that brought two Longgu speakers to view and annotate the photographic images in 2012, there is increased community awareness of the importance of preserving and caring for cultural objects; one way in which the community is doing this is by building a house for this purpose.

This interdisciplinary approach can be likened to a woven product: the threads are becoming more difficult to disentangle. This can be seen from a current cultural heritage project with the Longgu community that incorporates its lexicographic endeavors as an example of life today. Just as the anthropologist, 80 years ago, deposited his field notes and photographs of the community in the archives as a reflection of his experience of that community, now the community has been invited by one of the museums that houses the cultural heritage of the
Longgu people to document aspects of their daily life for display in the museum. The community's lexicographic work forms part of that reality.


Abstract Background: An interviewer-administered quantitative food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was developed to determine the energy and nutrient intakes of adult Jamaicans of African origin as part of a study of the epidemiology of diabetes and hypertension. Methods: Reproducibility of the questionnaire was investigated in 123 participants aged 25–74 years. The relative validity of the FFQ was assessed against twelve 24-hour recalls administered over 12 months in 73 of the participants. In addition, energy intakes (EI) were compared with estimated basal metabolic rates (BMR). Results: Reproducibility correlation coefficients (Pearson and intraclass) varied between 0.42 for retinol and 0.71 for carbohydrate, with most values falling between 0.50 and 0.60. When compared with repeated 24-hour recalls, the FFQ estimated slightly higher energy (mean 6%) and macronutrient intakes (mean 2–14%), and was within 5% when expressed as a percentage of energy intake. Micronutrients were higher by 1.19 (calcium) to 1.61 times (vitamin C). Unadjusted correlations between the FFQ and the reference method ranged from 0.20 for beta-carotene to 0.86 for alcohol. Cross-classification of nutrients into quartiles showed that 46–48% of participants in the lowest and highest quartiles were jointly classified by both methods. Misclassifications were low for most nutrients with one or two persons misclassified at the extreme quartiles. EI/BMR ratios suggested light to moderate activity levels appropriate for an urban population in a developing country. Conclusions: The FFQ showed reasonable reproducibility and validity and is suitable for estimating the habitual intakes of energy and macronutrients, but was poor for some micronutrients (retinol and beta-carotene).


This article presents three studies representing the development stages of a theoretically driven measure employed to assess the frequency of use of the self-presentational strategy of self-handicapping in exercise contexts (Self-Handicapping Exercise Questionnaire: SHEQ). First a pilot study was conducted to examine the nature of the phenomenology of self-handicaps reported in exercise settings. Study 2 involved item creation, item trimming, and model confirmation. Study 3 concerned factorial validation, cross-validating the self-handicapping measure created in the second study. The outcome was a 20-item measure assessing self-handicapping claims in exercise. The results of both model-testing studies indicated three unique and stable factors addressing self-handicapping claims about making exercise a routine, training in an exercise facility, and healthy physical functioning. Self-handicapping responses were not moderated by gender, age, or exercise setting. Further use and development of the SHEQ is dis...


Summary: Sexual adhesion in the green alga Chlamydomonas eugametos is mediated by hydroxyproline-containing glycoproteins (agglutinins). The agglutinins were metabolically labelled with [35S]sulphate. The sulphur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine were not detectably labelled; little or no sulphated tyrosine was detected. This indicated that the radioactive label had been largely or exclusively incorporated into sulphated sugar residues. Acid hydrolysis released essentially all radioactivity as free sulphate. Short periods of hydrolysis released sulphated oligosaccharides. β-Elimination released about 20–25% of the sulphated saccharides, indicating that these are O-linked to serine or threonine or both. The remaining sulphated sugar chains are presumably O-linked to hydroxyproline. It is proposed that the sulphated sugars of the agglutinins play a role in sexual adhesion.


Abstract Controlled release of growth factors allows the efficient, localized, and temporally-optimized delivery of bioactive molecules to potentiate natural physiological processes. This concept has been applied to treatments for pathological states, including chronic degeneration, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. Peptide microspheres are particularly suited for this application because of their low cost, ease of manufacture, and interaction with natural remodeling processes active during healing. The present study characterizes gelatin microspheres for the entrapment and delivery of growth factors, with a focus on tailored protein affinity, loading capacity, and degradation-mediated release. Genipin crosslinking in PBS and CHES buffers produced average microsphere sizes ranging from 15 to 30 microns with population distributions ranging from about 15 to 60 microns. Microsphere formulations were chosen based on properties important for controlled transient and spatial delivery, including size, consistency, and stability. The microsphere charge affinity was found to be dependent on gelatin type, with type A (GelA) carriers consistently having a lower negative charge than equivalent type B (GelB) carriers. A higher degree of crosslinking, representative of primary amine consumption, resulted in a greater negative net charge. Gelatin type was found to be the strongest determinant of degradation, with GelA carriers degrading at higher rates versus similarly crosslinked GelB carriers. Growth factor release was shown to depend upon microsphere degradation by proteolytic enzymes, while microspheres in inert buffers showed long-term retention of growth factors. These studies illuminate fabrication and processing parameters that can be used to control spatial and temporal release of growth factors from gelatin-based microspheres.


With the increased use and quality of ultrasound in pregnancy, adnexal masses are being encountered with greater frequency. Most of the time such masses are asymptomatic. It can be discovered in an emergency. Surgical intervention may cause risks to the mother and her fetus, while observation without intervention may also lead to unfavorable complications, such as ovarian torsion or the development of a tumor. Therefore, the management requires a balance between the maternal and fetal risks. We report two cases of torsion of adnexal masses during pregnancy, and we provide a brief literature review on the management and prognosis of this condition in pregnancy.


We consider non-backtracking random walk (NBW) in the nearest-neighbor setting on the Z-lattice and on tori. We evaluate the eigensystem of the m×m-dimensional transition matrix of NBW where m denote the degree of the graph. We use its eigensystem to show a functional central limit theorem for NBW on Z and to obtain estimates on the convergence towards the stationary distribution for NBW on the torus.


The incorporation of the "M" in STEAM must extend beyond simply a tool to address science and engineering standards (Authors, 2016; NCSM/NCTM, 2018). We present a mathematics- rich STEAM inquiry in which elementary students engaged in solving the issue of homelessness for one family in need.


Data collection system in Fish Landing Base of Dumai was traditionally. Data written manually using books and collected by agents. This fact illustrates the weakness of the catch data collection system that occours. The effect is low data accuracy and requires a longer time in reporting. Data collection system based on technology will facilitate the process and important to do. The purpose of this study was to design a data collection system for fish catches landed at Fish Landing Base of Dumai. The research was conducted in February-June 2020 in Dumai city. The method used observation, interviews and literature review. Data analysis is used the process of analyzing data, literature review, analysis of existing systems, analysis of new systems and system design using data flow diagrams (DFD), entity relationship diagrams (ERD) and HIPO. System design starts from input, output and database design. The data design inputted is fishermen data, fishing gear, fish production and price of day, fish distribution, customer data and data employees. The output data are reports of user data, fishing gear specifications, fish production and fish distribution. The database is structured and presented using a flow chart. A technology-based of catch data collection system designed to improve the efficiency of the presentation of the reports needed for agencies.Keywords:Fish LandingDFDReportAgencies


Background GBD data estimate about 75 000 children die worldwide annually in crashes as pedestrians, equal to 9 deaths every hour of every day. Pedestrian behavior requires complex cognitive-perceptual skill to judge vehicle speeds and distances, process multiple stimuli quickly, and efficiently make decisions. Previous research suggests children can learn these skills through repeated practice, either in vivo or through simulation in virtual reality (VR). Delivering such repeated practice efficiently and globally represents a significant public health challenge. Objective In a pre-post design, we evaluated whether classroom-based training in a VR pedestrian environment delivered by smartphone can teach children to cross streets more safely. We also examined changes in children's self-efficacy to cross streets. Methods 56 children ages 8–10 participated in a primary school in Changsha, China. Baseline pedestrian safety assessment occurred in the VR environment and through unobtrusive observation (11 days) of a subsample street-crossing outside the school. Self-efficacy was assessed through both self-report and observation. Following baseline assessment, children engaged in the smartphone VR for 12 days in their classrooms. Follow-up assessment replicated baseline measurements. Findings Probability of crash in the VR evaluation decreased post-training (0.40 vs 0.09). Observational data showed that the odds of looking at oncoming traffic while crossing increased (OR=2.4; first traffic lane). Self-efficacy increases occurred both in self-report (proportional OR=4.7 crossing busy streets) and observation of children following crossing-guard signals (OR=0.2; first lane). Conclusion Children can learn pedestrian safety skills through training in VR environments delivered by smartphone. Training also increases children's self-efficacy to cross streets. Policy implications Given rapid motorization and global smartphone penetration, smartphone-based VR offers a strategy to supplement existing policy and prevention efforts to improve global child pedestrian safety. Broad dissemination is feasible.


Origen's Commentary on Ephesians is preserved only in fragments excerpted in a Byzantine catena, which are inadequate for reconstructing Origen's interpretation of this letter. This article investigates the possibility that a commentary on the same text by Jerome preserves the interplay in Origen's commentary between the investigation of specific exegetical problems and the interpretation of the eschatological vision presented in Ephesians. This thesis is pursued in a detailed examination of five passages that are critical to the eschatology of Origen's commentary. Although Jerome does not permit the reconstruction of Origen's exact words, it may be possible to recover from the Latin commentary the structure and the flow of the exegetical inquiry the Alexandrian exegete conducts. In particular, Jerome's attestation to Origen's commentary may support a reappraisal of Origen's complex thought obscured by the subsequent conflict over the theologian in the late fourth century.


We demonstrate a general approach via spin engineering that is capable of not only deactivating defect-mediated efficient non-radiative carrier recombination channels in a semiconductor that are harmful to photonic and photovoltaic device performance, but also adding new room-temperature (RT) spin functionalities that are desirable for future spintronics and spin-photonics but so far unachievable otherwise. This approach exploits the Pauli Exclusion Principle that prohibits occupation of a non-degenerate defect level by two spin-parallel electrons, thereby providing spin blockade of carrier recombination via the defect level. The success of the approach is demonstrated in the dilute nitride of Ga(In)NAs, which holds promises for low-cost, highly efficient lasers for fiber-optic communications as well as for multi-band and multi-junction solar cell applications. First we identify that Gai self-interstitials and their complexes are the most common grown-in defects found in Ga(In)NAs grown by both molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD). They provide a dominant non-radiative shunt path for non-equilibrium carriers, leading to low efficiencies of light-emitting and photon-charge carrier conversion. Spin blockade is shown to lead to a giant enhancement by up to 800% in light emission intensity at RT.Furthermore we show that via spin engineering these seemingly harmful defects can be turned into advantages by adding unconventional defect-enabled spin functionalities that are highly effective at RT, including some of the fundamental building blocks essential for future spintronics. We demonstrate efficient defect-engineered spin filtering in Ga(In)NAs, which is capable of generating a record-high degree (> 40%) of electron spin polarization at RT [Nature Materials 8, 198 (2009), Phys. Rev. B 89, 195412 (2014)]. We also provide the first experimental demonstration of an efficient RT spin amplifier based on defect engineered Ga(In)NAs with a spin gain up to 2700% [Adv. Materials 25, 738 (2013)]. Such a spin amplifier is shown to be capable of amplifying a fast-modulating input spin signal while truthfully maintaining its time variation of the spin-encoded information [7]. By taking advantage of the spin amplification effect, we show that Ga(In)NAs can be employed as efficient RT spin detectors, with spin detection efficiency well exceeding 100% [8,9]. By combining the spin-filtering effect and hyperfine coupling, we further achieve the first realization of RT nuclear spin hyperpolarization in semiconductors via conduction electrons [Nature Communications. 4, 1751 (2013)], relevant to nuclear spin qubits. We believe that such defect-enabled spin functionalities could potentially provide an attractive, alternative solution to the current and important issues on RT spin injection, spin amplification and spin detection in semiconductors for future spintronics.


Response Based Analysis (RBA) is an advanced method for the prediction of long term distributions of critical responses in offshore floating systems. For complex non-linear systems such as flexible risers, RBA requires time domain simulations that form the core data to which probabilistic models are applied. Because RBA requires significantly larger amounts of data than traditional short term analysis approaches, running the required number of simulations in the time domain can quickly become unfeasible if the system's physics being modelled are exceedingly complex. In addition, flexible risers are complex composite structures with highly dynamic, non-linear responses which further limit the feasibility of application of the RBA process to these systems.As an alternative, frequency domain solvers, such as that used in the OrcaFlex software, are potential substitutes for portions of datasets due to their processing times being significantly faster than time domain solvers.A comparison of extreme responses generated by frequency and time domain solvers was performed over the duration of two storms. An upper threshold limit for the frequency domain's accuracy was found by comparing the differences of the two solver's responses as the storm progressed; where the differences became too large the threshold limit was set. For environmental conditions smaller than this threshold, the frequency domain solver may provide a quicker method for predicting the riser responses. Conditions that exceed this threshold require full time domain analysis for accurate responses to be generated.Limitations of the frequency domain solvers include their reduced ability to deal with non-linear mechanics such as bending/curvature responses. As a result, curvature component results from the frequency domain are limited in their direct usability, especially when exposed to more extreme metocean conditions and locations along the riser that are subject to larger curvature (generally where risers are connected to structures with greater stiffness).Although these limitations exist, the frequency domain solver may still provide reasonable insight into metocean conditions that potentially cause extreme responses.A method is proposed for the use of both frequency and time domain simulations in the flexible riser flowline RBA process. Screening, filtering and 'stitching' methods utilizing the speed of the frequency domain solver are presented in order to compensate for the time domain's extensive computation times. The proposed method of stitching, when applied to an example storm history, required 39% of the processing time when using only the time domain solver.Copyright © 2017 by ASME


A description is given of Intermedia, a tool designed to support both teaching and research in a university environment. This multiapplication hypermedia system provides linking capabilities integrated into a desktop user environment. Hypermedia is simply an extension of hypertext that incorporates other media in addition to text. To promote consistency, the applications were built with an object-oriented framework. A sample Intermedia session is presented.<<ETX>>


In telecommunication applications the digital-to-analog converter is a crucial building block. For this kind of application dynamic performance, rather than static performance, is of the greatest importance. This paper discusses the aspects of the dynamic performance of digital-to-analog converters and models the influence of non-ideal components (such as output impedance, mismatch, circuit noise, etc.) on the dynamic performance. The purpose of this modelling is to provide a design guidance for high dynamic performance digital-to-analog converters.


Joey L is one of the most exciting photographers on the pro scene today. Shares anecdotes, techniques, lighting setups and post-production steps. Includes celebrity portraits and those taken for the "Twilight" movie series. Serious amateurs and pro photographers get a master class in lighting and portrait techniques with this behind-the-lens guide from acclaimed young photographer Joey L. The most exciting young talent in professional photography today, Joey L lifts the curtain on his unique 21st-century approach to portraiture, sharing anecdotes, technique notes and lighting diagrams for a wide range of his commercial and personal work.


Bacteriocins are natural compounds used as food biopreservatives instead of chemical preservatives. Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis (Bifid. lactis) was shown to produce a bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) able to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes selected as an indicator microorganism. To enhance this production by the strain Bifid. lactis BL 04, skim milk (SM) was used as a fermentation medium either in the presence or in the absence of yeast extract, Tween 80 or inulin as stimulating additives, and the results in terms of bacterial growth and BLIS production were compared with those obtained in a traditional high cost complex medium such as Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS). To this purpose, all the cultivations were carried out in flasks at 200 rpm under anaerobic conditions ensured by a nitrogen flowrate of 1·0 L/min for 48 h, and BLIS production was quantified by means of a modified agar diffusion assay at low values of both temperature and concentration of List. monocytogenes. Although all these ingredients were shown to exert positive influence on BLIS production in both media, yeast extract and SM were by far the best ingredient and the best medium, respectively, allowing for a BLIS production at the late exponential phase of 2000 AU/ml.


Charitable Activities of Women in Jewish Communities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Between the Sixteenth and Eighteenth Centuries

Charity was an important form of social activity of women in Jewish communities in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, it was also a manifestation of female piety. Charity is also an area—despite a clear distinction between gender and related social roles—where cooperation between men and women can be observed. Women were involved in charities as community officials, associates or members of charity brotherhoods, as well as acting individually. However, their activities were always largely subordinated and overshadowed by activities of men, and acting within the framework of community structures, they were subject to the regulations and control of men. It is also noticeable that women's charitable work was less formalized than that of men, which was probably due to the fact that women were less mobile and relied on family and neighborly contacts in their activities.


OBJECTIVES
To determine whether rectal temperature was associated with patient mortality in client-owned guinea pigs upon presentation to a veterinary hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The medical record database at a veterinary teaching hospital was searched for records of guinea pigs from January 2016 through June 2019. Guinea pigs were included in the study if a rectal temperature was measured at presentation and there was data on survival status 7 days post-presentation. If survivor status was not documented in the medical record, follow-up information was obtained from the client via telephone or email. The data was ultimately collected from 201 client-owned guinea pigs who presented for 388 independent examinations. Univariable, multivariable and sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS
Guinea pigs with hypothermia (<37.9°C) at presentation had a relative risk of mortality within 7 days of presentation almost 3 times greater than guinea pigs without hypothermia (relative risk: 2.88; 95% confidence interval: 1.86 to 4.48). For each 0.55°C decrease in rectal temperature, the odds of death increased 1.6 times (odds ratio: 1.64; 95% confidence interval: 1.42 to 2.89). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the finding.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Rectal temperature was a predictor of death for guinea pigs presenting for care at a veterinary hospital. Obtaining a rectal temperature recording should be considered for patient guinea pigs.


Woolly mammoths were among the most abundant cold adapted species during the Pleistocene. Their once large populations went extinct in two waves, an end-Pleistocene extinction of continental populations1-4 followed by the mid-Holocene extinction of relict populations on St. Paul Island ∼5,600 years ago5 and Wrangel Island ∼4,000 years ago1-4. Population and conservation genetics theory predicts that deleterious alleles will accumulate as populations decline, leading to downward spiral of declining population size and fitness ending in extinction (mutational meltdown). While the extinction of Wrangel Island mammoths was preceded by prolonged demographic decline, reduced population size and genetic diversity, recurrent inbreeding, and the fixation of deleterious alleles3,4,6-8, the functional consequences of these processes are unclear. Here we show that the extinction of Wrangel Island mammoths was accompanied by an accumulation of deleterious mutations that are predicted to cause diverse behavioral and developmental defects. Resurrecting and functional characterization of Wrangel Island mammoth genes with putative deleterious substitutions identified both loss and gain of function mutations associated with ciliopathies, oligozoospermia and reduced fertility, and neonatal diabetes. These results indicate that last mammoths likely suffered from genetic disease that reduced fitness and directly contributed to their extinction.


This paper examines the impact of the age-eligibility rule establishing automatic withdrawal of Income Support for single mothers whose youngest child turns 16 on the disability benefits welfare participation decision of single mothers with no qualifications in the UK. Using the age discontinuity in Income Support program assignment, the study reveals that these single mothers are 4.2 percentage points more likely to claim health benefits as their youngest child turns 16, consistent with a theoretical model of benefits choice. More than a quarter of single mothers who were initially on Income Support apply for sickness and disability benefits, out of which 70% claim non-contributory health benefits.


One major goal in materials chemistry is to find inexpensive compounds with improved capabilities. Stable inorganic electrides, derived from nanoporous mayenite [Ca12Al14O32]O, are a new family that has very interesting properties such as electronic conductivity combined with transparency. However, an intriguing fundamental problem is to understand the structures of these cubic materials and to characterize their free-electron loadings. Here we report an accurate structural study for three members of the series [Ca12Al14O32]O(1-delta)e(2delta) (delta = 0, 0.15, and 0.45), from single-crystal low-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The complex structural disorder imposed by the presence of the oxide anions into the mayenite cages has been unravelled. Furthermore, the final electron density map for delta = 0.45 black mayenite has shown electron density localized into the center of the cages, which is the first experimental proof of their electride nature. The reported structural findings challenge theorists to improve predictive models in this new family of materials.


A mobile sensor is used to cover a number of points of interest (PoIs) where dynamic events appear and disappear according to given random processes. It has been shown in [1] that for Step and Exponential utility functions, the quality of monitoring (QoM), i.e., the fraction of information captured about all events, increases as the speed of the sensor increases. This work, however, does not consider the energy of motion, which is an important constraint for mobile sensor coverage. In this paper, we analyze the expected information captured per unit of energy consumption (IPE) as a function of the event type, the event dynamics, and the speed of the mobile sensor. Our analysis uses a realistic energy model of motion, and it allows the sensor speed to be optimized for information capture. We present simulation results to verify and illustrate the analytical results.


Coronal microbial leakage is an important cause of apical periodontitis and thus should be prevented if possible. The purpose of this study was to compare microbial leakage of new and standard obturation techniques over a 30-day period. A split chamber microbial leakage model was used in which Streptococcus mutans placed in the upper chamber could reach the lower chamber only through the obturated canal. Leakage was assessed every day for 30 days. One hundred forty single-rooted human teeth were used in this study, equally split between lateral, vertical, and Obtura II condensation; SimpliFill with Obtura II condensation; FibreFill; and a combination of FibreFill and SimpliFill. Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel row mean score statistics showed a high statistical significance when all groups were compared (p < 0.0001). Microbial leakage occurred more quickly in lateral and vertical condensation techniques compared with SimpliFill and FibreFill techniques. A combination of an apical plug of gutta-percha with SimpliFill and a FibreFill coronal seal was the best obturation technique used (SimpliFill-FibreFill group).


Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle is one of the most feasible approaches towards significantly lowering the consumption of oil and improve fuel economy with today's existing technology. The paper focuses the design optimization of the PHEV charging station with battery storage units. The battery units conserve the low price clean energy and discharge when demanded. The on-site installed photovoltaic (PV) and off-site (virtual) wind farm are the main supply of charging station to charge the battery units. The grid electricity plays an auxiliary role in the station when the renewable sources and the demands are unbalance or the trading provides economic benefits to the charging station. The paper examines the PHEVs charging trend, and proposes an optimized operation for the battery storage schedule, and strategy of power trading to minimize the cost of station. Analysis based on level of forecast uncertainty is utilized to evaluate the optimization.


Industry is dominated by dynamic systems such as process control of chemical plants or steel plants and power generation, ranging to areas such as ecological systems and traffic systems. A challenging problem is to perform real-time monitoring and diagnosis of such dynamic systems. The paper describes the work of the TIGER ESPRIT Project in performing real-time situation assessment of dynamic systems. The goal of TIGER is to monitor a complex dynamic system in real time and make an assessment of whether it is working properly. If it is not working properly, it is desirable to identify the cause of the problem either from a set of known faults or to characterise an unknown fault. This work is applied in the application domain of condition monitoring of gas turbines. The project is developing and demonstrating its techniques on two industrial gas turbines; a 28 mW gas turbine used as the prime power for a chemical plant and a small auxiliary power gas turbine used in aviation. The Project is investigating a variety of tools and techniques for real-time situation assessment. These include a high-speed rule-based compiler, a situation assessment tool able to monitor dynamic responses over time, qualitative and numerical prediction of turbine response, and model-based diagnosis to help identify unknown faults. A prototype system is currently in use at a chemical plant performing monitoring and diagnosis in real-time.


Are MRS findings different for older and younger stroke patients? The ADC values of 3 MRS metabolites were studied in healthy younger and older patients as well as patients with acute and subacute cerebral ischemia. This new technique obtains diffusion information of Cho, Cr, and NAA. Older healthy adults showed lower ADC values for all 3 metabolites. In infarctions, these metabolites decreased during the acute period and increased during the subacute stage. When analyzing DWI-MRS, age differences must be considered and this new technique may offer data that can reveal the pathologic status of ischemia (also see the accompanying commentary by Mullins). BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: DW-MRS is a promising tool for the noninvasive identification of the cellular response to cerebral ischemia. To date, the potential confounding effects of aging and the stage of ischemia are unknown. We, therefore, examined the cross-sectional effects of age and different stages of cerebral ischemia on the diffusion of brain metabolites. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ADCs of 3 major metabolites, including Cho, Cr, and NAA were measured by DW-MRS in healthy younger (n = 26, 24 ± 2.2 years of age) and older (n = 17, 63 ± 7.0 years of age) adults, as well as in patients with acute (n = 7, 57 ± 4.0 years of age) and subacute (n = 12, 62 ± 7.8 years of age) cerebral ischemia. RESULTS: Compared with younger adults, healthy older adults presented with significantly reduced ADC values of NAA (P = .000052), Cr (P = .000018), and Cho (P = .00075). Meanwhile, the ADC values of NAA (F2,36 = 6.057, P = .006), Cr (F2,36 = 5.634, P = .008), and Cho (F2,36 = 8.167, P = .001) were significantly different among the acute cerebral ischemia group, subacute cerebral ischemia group, and healthy older controls. These metabolites decreased in the acute stage of cerebral ischemia but increased in the subacute stage, compared with age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of age should be considered when analyzing diffusion of cerebral metabolites with DW-MRS. Our observations also suggest that metabolite diffusion data may be used to reveal changes in the intracellular environment, depending on the pathologic status of ischemia.


Cabinet card. Black and white. Portrait of Emma Rudel. Image of a young woman in a white dress. Woman is identified as Emma Rudel. Two punched holes are visible on the left side. Photographer was A. Warner; Fessenden, North Dakota. Circa 1910. Courtesy of Pamela (Matthews) Ryan Collection, 2010.30, GRHC.


ABSTRACT To reduce passenger interactions improvement on platform designs is needed. Present procedures use the level of service (LOS) based only on average values and therefore is not possible to identify which piece of space reached the highest interaction. This paper explores a new method to classify the interaction between passengers boarding and alighting through laboratory experiments under controlled conditions. The experiments were based on observation at two stations operated by London Underground Limited, which included platform edge doors and a semi-circular space defined as platform conflict area. Results were expressed according to the types of queues, formation of lanes, density by layer, and distance between passengers. The level of interaction was a more precise indicator compared to the LOS. The density by layer followed a logarithmic distribution, reaching almost four times the overall density. Further research needs to be conducted to measure the passenger space on the platform.


Outcrops of the Abo Formation (Wolfcampian) in the northern and central Sacramento Mountains of south-central New Mexico record the evolution of fluvial systems within a major clastic wedge. This wedge was derived from the Pedernal uplift and prograded westward into the Orogrande basin. Regionally, the Abo Formation thickens from 60 m (197 ft) in the central Sacramentos, to over 545 m (1,788 ft) in the northern portion of the range, a distance of approximately 29 km (18 mi). Superposed on the regional pattern are local thickness variations of up to 91 m (300 ft). These occur within distances as small as 0.4 km (0.25 mi), and represent local tectonic and paleotopographic controls on sedimentation. Clast-supported cobble conglomerates, associated with laminated mudstones and discontinuous coarse arkosic sandstones, are present near the base of the Abo Formation. The conglomerate lenses range from 0.5 to 20 m (1.5 to 66 ft) thick, and from 15 m (49 ft) to several kilometers wide. They exhibit poor stratification, occasional clast imbrication, and near horizontal to concave-upward erosional bounding surfaces. Locally, nodular CaCO3 occurs in beds or scattered throughout the associated mudstones. The central portion of the sequence is characterized by abundant conglomeratic medium to very coarse-grained arkosic sandstone lenses interbedded with laminated mudstones. These lenses range from 0.25 to 10 m (0.8 to 33 ft) in thickness, and 10 to 110 m (33 to 361 ft) in width. Commonly, several lenses will coalesce, forming laterally extensive belts. Both erosional and depositional (lateral accretion) bounding surfaces are well developed within individual lenses. Low-angle, large-scale trough cross-bedding is the dominant stratification type within these units, however, small to large-scale tabular foresets occur, as do planar, ripple, and small-scale trough stratification. Occasionally, individual units fine upward in grain size and/or scale of structures. This sandstone-rich horizo varies laterally in thickness, and grades upward into a mudstone-rich horizon at the top of the Abo Formation. The upper interval of the Abo sequence contains infrequent fine to coarse-grained arkose lenses enclosed in laterally extensive red mudstones. Paleosols and caliche horizons are present, but not common, in the mudstones. The basal conglomeratic horizon of the clastic wedge represents braided stream deposition at the distal end of arid alluvial fans associated with the tectonically active Pedernal uplift. Caliche and paleosols developed in the overbank mud drapes and levees of these deposits. The conglomerates grade into arkosic sandstones, reflecting the intense weathering and erosion of the granitic core of the uplift. The multilateral sandstone lenses characteristic of the mid portion of the Abo Formation were deposited in low-sinuosity, coarse-grained (bed-load) meander belts; however, higher sinuosity, mixed-load channel and crevasse splay deposits also occur locally. Finally, as the Pedernal source area was buried by its own debris, thick, broad flood-plain deposition predominated. Sandstones ass ciated with the red mudstones were deposited in shallow ephemeral channels and crevasse splays. End_of_Article - Last_Page 550------------


Peripheral artery disease is an atherosclerotic occlusive disease that causes limb ischemia and has few effective noninterventional treatments. Stem cell therapy is promising, but concomitant diabetes may limit its effectiveness. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of skeletal muscle pericytes to augment postischemic neovascularization in wild-type and type 2 diabetic (T2DM) mice. Wild-type C57BL/6J and leptin receptor spontaneous mutation db/db T2DM mice underwent unilateral femoral artery excision to induce limb ischemia. Twenty-four hours after ischemia induction, CD45-CD34-CD146+ skeletal muscle pericytes or vehicle controls were transplanted into ischemic hindlimb muscles. At postoperative day 28, pericyte transplantation augmented blood flow recovery in wild-type mice (79.3 ± 5% vs. 61.9 ± 5%; P = 0.04), but not in T2DM mice (48.6% vs. 46.3 ± 5%; P = 0.51). Pericyte transplantation augmented collateral artery enlargement in wild-type (26.7 ± 2 μm vs. 22.3 ± 1 μm, P = 0.03), but not T2DM mice (20.4 ± 1.4 μm vs. 18.5 ± 1.2 μm, P = 0.14). Pericyte incorporation into collateral arteries was higher in wild-type than in T2DM mice ( P = 0.002). Unexpectedly, pericytes differentiated into Schwann cells in vivo. In vitro, Insulin increased Nox2 expression and decreased tubular formation capacity in human pericytes. These insulin-induced effects were reversed by N-acetylcysteine antioxidant treatment. In conclusion, T2DM impairs the ability of pericytes to augment neovascularization via decreased collateral artery enlargement and impaired engraftment into collateral arteries, potentially via hyperinsulinemia-induced oxidant stress. While pericytes show promise as a unique form of stem cell therapy to increase postischemic neovascularization, characterizing the molecular mechanisms by which T2DM impairs their function is essential to achieve their therapeutic potential.


1. Ammocoetes show no inherent rhythm of locomotory activity to parallel that demonstrated for their melanophores. 2. They react ortho-kinetically to light above a threshold lying between 5.4 and 54m.c. 3. Ammocoetes collect in the dark end of a light gradient at intensities below the threshold for ortho-kinesis. A klino-kinesis would appear to be the mechanism by which this aggregation is accomplished. 4. All the evidence points to the conclusion that the locomotory reactions of the ammocoete to light bears no directional relationship to the source of stimulation and that they are entirely at random.


One of the easiest tasks is to find fault with existing things, whether they be right or wrong. There is but one other thing as easy, and that is to go wrong, as nearly all the nations of the earth were tempted to depart from the paths of right, and thus prepare the way for their enemies to encompass their destruction. Even after a short season of right-doing the Israelites, as soon as Moses was out of their sight up the mountain, made them a golden calf and worshiped it. They were not the only ones who did this. Some of the most powerful nations of the earth, drunken with the wine of material success, became unmindful of their morals, and departing from the virtues of the fathers, indulged in riotous living, became vain and arrogant, and thus soon went to their destruction. As with nations, so with individuals. Their


PURPOSE
To report a case of extensive conjunctiva-cornea intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) treated topically with mitomycin C (MMC) and interferon (INF)-alpha2beta without surgical resection.

METHODS
Case report.

RESULTS
: An 82-year-old woman showed an extensive gelatinous red mass in the bulbar conjunctiva with invasion into the caruncle, inferior fornix, and tarsal conjunctiva and extending for 270 degrees of the corneal surface. A diagnosis of CIN was made by surgical biopsy. Surgical excision with safety margins carried the risk of limbal stem cell depletion. A conservative treatment strategy was used with 2 cycles of topical MMC (0.02%), followed by INF-alpha2beta eye drops at a dose of 1 million IU/mL, 4 times a day until tumor disappearance. Total resolution was noted after 75 days of treatment with INF, with no clinical evidence of limbal stem cell deficiency. After 1 year of monitoring, no signs of CIN recurrences were observed.

CONCLUSION
MMC (0.02%), followed by INF-alpha2beta (1 million IU/mL) 4 times a day, is an effective treatment against highly extensive CIN, in cases where surgical resection with safety margins is unfeasible.


This paper explores the effect of trade liberalization and international transport on carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions in 18 countries of Latin America and the Caribbean for the period 1995-2013. The results indicate that an increase in the levels of trade openness has a greater effect for high-income countries (0.17 %) than for the others (0.067 %). While it is observed that an increase of 1 % in the tons transported per kilometer increases CO 2 emissions by 0.022 % (high-income countries) and by 0.014 % (middle-high income countries).


The use of artificial intelligence intelligencein medicine can be traced back to 1968 when Paycha published his paper Le diagnostic a l'aide d'intelligences artificielle, presentation de la premiere machine diagnostri. Few years later Shortliffe et al. presented an expert system named Mycin which was able to identify bacteria causing severe blood infections and to recommend antibiotics. Despite the fact that Mycin outperformed members of the Stanford medical school in the reliability of diagnosis it was never used in practice due to a legal issue who do you sue if it gives a wrong diagnosis?. However only in 2016 when the artificial intelligence software built into the IBM Watson AI platform correctly diagnosed and proposed an effective treatment for a 60-year-old womans rare form of leukemia the AI use in medicine become really popular.On of first papers presenting the use of AI in paediatrics was published in 1984. The paper introduced a computer-assisted medical decision making system called SHELP.


The multistage interconnection network (MIN) with self-routing is one of the best structures for implementation of IP/ATM switches, however, its internal cell blocking introduces more complications in the design of optimal scheduling algorithms for IP/ATM switches with quality of service (QoS) guarantees. A new model for cellular neural networks (CNN) is introduced to control traffic cell scheduling in MIN switches. the CNN scheduling algorithm will not only avoid cell blocking in MIN switches and therefore provide the global optimal solutions for traffic cell scheduling with QoS guarantees, but can also be programmed for different QoS reassignment. Our model is also resilient in the presence of switch element failure. The flexibility of our CNN model makes it very useful for applications in unreliable environments where the opportunity for link failure and node relocation are high.


Purpose
The main purpose of this research is exploring the tipping points for a radical shift in supplier (dis)satisfaction. This study identifies triggers and links them to consequences for the buyer–supplier relationship.

Design/methodology/approach
The Critical Incident Technique (CIT) was used to interview Dutch supplier representatives in the infrastructure sector, resulting in rich descriptions of 29 critical incidents, extracting first-hand information.

Findings
Safety issues, technical disputes and recruitment of supplier's technical staff have been identified as tipping points for suppliers to become dissatisfied. Implementing performance-based contracting is another critical incident that caused irritation and disappointment. On a more operational level, dissatisfaction was provoked by tender errors and price discussions with the buyer. This study also identified tipping points by which dissatisfied suppliers abruptly turned into satisfied suppliers. The effect of a solution-oriented buyer intervention appears to be most powerful if this behaviour transcends prior expectations.

Practical implications
Consequences of misunderstandings and discussion between supplier and buyer may be manageable or repairable, depending on the causes and triggers that influenced a supplier's dissatisfaction. An early warning system could prove its worth, so that buyers are not faced with unpleasant surprises.

Originality/value
Despite the growing number of studies, processes of how antecedents lead to supplier (dis)satisfaction are not well understood. Antecedents are predominantly investigated by cross-sectional survey data, giving little insights into micro-processes and actual interaction between buyers and suppliers. Although CIT has been applied in many disciplines, the technique is hardly used within the context of purchasing and supply management research.


In 2012-2013, IBACOS worked with a builder, Brookfield Homes in Denver, Colorado, to design and construct a Passive House certified model home. IBACOS used several modeling programs and calculation methods to complete the final design package along with Brookfield's architect KGA Studio. This design package included upgrades to the thermal enclosure, basement insulation, windows, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Short-term performance testing in the Passive House was done during construction and after construction. Testing with a blower door indicated that whole-building air leakage to the outside was 324 CFM and 0.60 ACH50. The other two test homes had little short-term testing done post-construction by the local energy rater. IBACOS then monitored the energy consumption and whole-house comfort conditions of that occupied Passive House after one year of operation and compared the monitoring results to those for two other occupied test houses in the same area with similar square footage but slightly different floor plans. IBACOS also assisted the builder, Brookfield Homes, in researching design scenarios for Zero Energy Ready Home and ENERGY STAR acceptance levels. IBACOS also assisted Brookfield in conceptualizing product for Denver's Brighton Heights area. Brookfield was considering building to Zero Energy Ready Home standards in thatmore » location. IBACOS provided strategies that Brookfield may draw from in the event the builder chooses to pursue a Zero Energy Ready Home plan for that market.« less


The industrial norm of tilting high speed trains, nowadays, is that of Precedence tilt (also known as Preview tilt). Precedence tilt, although succesfull as a concept, tends to be complex (mainly due to the signal interconnections between vehicles and the advanced signal processing required for monitoring). Research studies of early prior to that of precedence tilt schemes, i.e. the so-called Nulling-type schemes, utilized local-per-vehicle signals to provide tilt action (this was essentially a typical disturbance rejection-scheme) but suffered from inherent delays in the control). Nulling tilt may still be seen as an important research aim due to the simple nature and most importantly due to the more straightforward fault detection compared to precedence schemes. The work in this paper presents a substantial extension conventional to robust H∞ mixed sensitivity nulling tilt control in literature. A particular aspect is the use of optimization is used in the design of the robust controller accompanied by rigorous investigation of the conflicting deterministic/stochastic local tilt trade-off


The COVID-19 epidemic curve in China can be divided into several stages. Despite transparency in informing the world public about clusters of undiagnosed viral pneumonia, the country's health care at the first stage of the epidemic was not ready to provide adequate and rapid response for a fast increase in the number of patients with COVID-19, infection control measures were not fully implemented, which also led to a large number of nosocomial cases of infection among medical workers and patients. Socially vulnerable groups of the population did not refer for medical assistance in a timely manner due to the lack of the disease danger understanding and also in connection with the high cost for them of medical aid. At the second stage, simultaneously with the restrictive measures introduced by the government, the entire health care system was rebooted: free medical care for patients with COVID-19 was provided and the strictest infection control measures were implemented, multi-level contact tracking system using IT technologies was organized, and the capacity of hospitals was increased many times. Through the joint efforts of ministries, mass media, social networks and volunteer movements, an unprecedented social mobilization of the population was achieved. Strict implementation of the entire set of measures aimed at fighting the epidemic allowed to take it under strict control at the third stage and practically eliminate the epidemic after 2,5 months. China's response to the COVID-19 epidemic can be useful to other countries, in fighting the current pandemic and in preparing for a response to biological threats in the future.


One of the key detectors of the upcoming P̄ANDA experiment for particle identification will be the Focussing-Lightguide Disc DIRC, based on a novel detector technique. It will use a fused silica disc as a solid radiator to generate Cherenkov light by the passing of charged particles. These photons will be transported by total-internal-reflection to the rim, where LiF crystals will be used to perform dispersion corrections. Focussing lightguides will map propagation angles to spatial positions on the surface of photon detectors. Fast single photon detection devices will be used to measure azimuthal angles and spatial positions, which can be used to reconstruct kinematic properties of the passing particles. The expected average interaction rate of 20 MHz yields a photon detection rate of 1.3 MHz, as it is foreseen to use 128 MCP-PMT, each with 32 channels, for continuous readout. Moderate timing resolution of 300 ps improves signal from noise separation. The readout design requirements for the Focussing-Lightguide Disc DIRC will be introduced. The current candidate for implementation of the front-end readout electronic system will be described and several alternative readout scenarios will be discussed. Finally, a summary and an outlook for further developments and tests will be given.


As an endoparasite, growth and development of Rafflesia occurred inside the host tissue. This  cryptic habit is one factor hindering our understanding on how the relationship of host-parasite began. The anatomical study on host-parasite tissue is the approached used in this study. Using infected root tissue of Rafflesia patma , anatomical figures depicting the early event of infection to perfect stage of a flower was derived. However, more study is still required to completely represent the whole life growth and development of Rafflesia during its early stage as endophyte.


We study small-scale and high-frequency turbulent fluctuations in three-dimensional flows under Fourier-mode reduction. The Navier–Stokes equations are evolved on a restricted set of modes, obtained as a projection on a fractal or homogeneous Fourier set. We find a strong sensitivity (reduction) of the high-frequency variability of the Lagrangian velocity fluctuations on the degree of mode decimation, similarly to what is already reported for Eulerian statistics. This is quantified by a tendency towards a quasi-Gaussian statistics, i.e., to a reduction of intermittency, at all scales and frequencies. This can be attributed to a strong depletion of vortex filaments and of the vortex stretching mechanism. Nevertheless, we found that Eulerian and Lagrangian ensembles are still connected by a dimensional bridge-relation which is independent of the degree of Fourier-mode decimation.


The results of studies on the effect of particles of metal-abrasive sludge used as a potential modifier of gray cast iron are presented in the article.The influence of metal and non-metal components of the sludge is clarified and the prevailing influence of metal particles is established during the studies. The assumption is made about the mechanism of the effect of particulate additives from the viewpoint of self-organization phenomena in ultradispersed systems. The strength increase of cast iron CЧ20 as a result of the introduction of slurries into the melt reaches up to 25%.


In this paper we analyze the rate of convergence to a balanced path in a class of endogenous growth models with physical and human capital. We show that such rate depends locally on the technological parameters of the model, but does not depend on those parameters related to preferences. This result stands in sharp contrast with that of the one-sector neoclassical growth model, where both preferences and technologies determine the speed of convergence to a steady-state growth path.


In this work, Fe2O3 was investigated as a doping agent for poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) in order to enhance the plasmonic effect in sensors based on D-shaped plastic optical fibers (POFs). The doping procedure consists of immerging a premanufactured POF sensor chip in an iron (III) solution, avoiding repolymerization and its related disadvantages. After treatment, a sputtering process was used to deposit a gold nanofilm on the doped PMMA in order to obtain the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). More specifically, the doping procedure increases the refractive index of the POF's PMMA in contact with the gold nanofilm, improving the SPR phenomena. The doping of the PMMA was characterized by different analyses in order to determine the effectiveness of the doping procedure. Moreover, experimental results obtained by exploiting different water–glycerin solutions have been used to test the different SPR responses. The achieved bulk sensitivities confirmed the improvement of the plasmonic phenomenon with respect to a similar sensor configuration based on a not-doped PMMA SPR-POF chip. Finally, doped and non-doped SPR-POF platforms were functionalized with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), specific for the bovine serum albumin (BSA) detection, to obtain dose-response curves. These experimental results confirmed an increase in binding sensitivity for the doped PMMA sensor. Therefore, a lower limit of detection (LOD), equal to 0.04 μM, has been obtained in the case of the doped PMMA sensor when compared to the one calculated for the not-doped sensor configuration equal to about 0.09 μM.


In this paper, we present a research work whose main objective is to reveal the opinions of active teachers about the implementation of a didactic proposal for Natural Sciences in Context, with an interdisciplinary approach, linked to a project-based methodology. The research shows the advantages and limitations indicated by teachers who did not apply the proposal with their respective students, and the opinions of those who did implement it in their classrooms. The latter showed social representations that are rooted in the educational community and would act as implicit obstacles when implementing innovative proposals.


Three novel "boomerang" precatalysts bearing different aminocarbonyl functions are reported. Comparative kinetic studies show that this functional group allows for a control of the catalytic activity in metathesis transformations. The scope of the more active catalyst is investigated and shows a good tolerance to various substrates in ring-closing metathesis, enyne metathesis, and cross metathesis. ICP-MS analyses illustrate the good affinity of this catalyst for silica gel, as levels of Ru contamination lower than 6 ppm are detected in the final products.


Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) has previously been characterized as a cell surface receptor for hyaluronan and a microtubule-associated intracellular hyaluronan binding protein. We examined the expression of RHAMM mRNA in 43 oral squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 7 normal gingivae by real-time RT-PCR. The expression level of RHAMM mRNA was significantly higher in oral SCCs than normal gingivae (P=0.0047). Forty out of 43 oral SCCs showed expression of RHAMM splice variant (48 bp deletion). We immunohistochemically confirmed the protein expression of RHAMM in oral SCCs with higher levels of RHAMM mRNA. Patients with oral SCC who had high RHAMM expression had shorter survival rates than patients with low expression. However, it was not statistically significant. It has been reported that RHAMM interacts with spindle assembly factors such as microtubule-associated protein (TPX2). To investigate the expression of microtubule-associated protein in oral SCCs, mRNA expression of TPX2 was also examined by real-time RT-PCR. The expression level of TPX2 mRNA was significantly higher in oral SCCs than normal gingivae (P=0.046). Furthermore, a significant correlation between the mRNA expression levels of TPX2 and RHAMM was recognized (P=0.011). The results indicate that there is a strong correlation between the mRNA expression levels of TPX2 and RHAMM in oral SCCs. Our observations suggest that the up-regulations of human RHAMM and TPX2 gene correlate with the malignant condition and might be linked to the increased or abnormal cell proliferation in human oral SCCs.


BackgroundTo evaluate the efficacy of isolated cerebral perfusion (ICP) for the prevention of cerebral infarction and the occurrence of early mortality, we retrospectively compared the outcomes between old patients with or without ICP in total arch replacement (TAR)MethodsBetween January 2003 and March 2019, 74 patients aged older than 75 years underwent elective TAR for arch aneurysm. The participants were divided into two groups according to the brain protection method used: the ICP method (ICP group, n = 46) and the selective antegrade cerebral perfusion method (non-ICP group, n = 28). ResultsThe 30-day mortality rates of both groups were zero. The in-hospital mortality rates of the ICP and non-ICP groups were 4.3% and 3.5%, respectively. The median follow-up duration was 34 months, and the 1-year survival rates were 90.1% in the ICP group and 90.7% in the non-ICP group. The incidence of postoperative cerebral infarction was significantly lower in the ICP group (n = 1, 2.1%) than in the non-ICP group (n = 5, 17.8%).ConclusionsICP could result in a lower incidence of postoperative cerebral infarction in old patients who undergo TAR.


In the Riemann geometry, the metric's equation of motion for an arbitrary Lagrangian is succinctly expressed in term of the first variation of the action with respect to the Riemann tensor if the Riemann tensor were independent of the metric. Let this variation be called the E-tensor. Noting that the E-tensor and equations of the motion for a general Lovelock gravity have the same differential degree, we define generalized Lovelock gravity as polynomial scalar densities constructed out from the Riemann tensor and its arbitrary covariant derivatives such that they lead to the same differential degree for the E-tensor and the metric's equation of motion. We consider Lagrangian densities which are functional of the metric and the first covariant derivative of the Riemann tensor. We then present the first non-trivial examples of the generalized Lovelock gravity terms.


Advertisers often use scarcity appeals to influence consumers, with announcements such as "hurry, limited quantities," and "limit: two per customer." Based on a persuasion knowledge framework, we show in three studies that the effect of scarcity appeals on product evaluation is moderated by consumers' expectation of scarcity, such that scarcity appeals have a positive effect when expectation of scarcity is high but not when it is low. We also show that this interaction effect holds for expectation of scarcity due to demand as well as supply, and that cognitive load constitutes a boundary condition for this effect. These findings contribute to the literature by identifying expectation of scarcity as a moderator, persuasion knowledge as a mechanism, and cognitive load as a boundary condition for the effect of scarcity appeals on product evaluation. From a managerial perspective, this research indicates that scarcity appeals are more effective when consumers have high compared to low expectations of scarcity; that activation of persuasion knowledge can eliminate the positive effect of scarcity appeals; and that cognitive load can reinstate the positive effect of scarcity appeals on product evaluation.


Porous sphere-like tricobalt tetraoxide (Co3O4)-cobalt chloride hydrate (CoCl2·6H2O, CCH) heterojunctions are obtained using a one-step facile solution combustion route. The heterostructure is confirmed by XRD, HRTEM, and XPS measurements. Their photocatalytic performances are evaluated by the degradation of methyl orange (MO) and the reduction removal of Cr(VI) ions under visible light irradiation. The heterojunction containing 81.5 wt% Co3O4 and 18.5 wt% CCH exhibits the highest photocatalytic performance, for which the pseudo-first-order reaction rate constant is 10.0 and 8.7 times that of pure Co3O4 towards MO degradation and Cr(vi) reduction, respectively. This enhancement in activity can be attributed to the effective electron transfer from the conduction band of Co3O4 to that of CCH, which is verified with a double increase of the photocurrent valve of the heterojunction sample electrode in comparison with the bare Co3O4 sample electrode. Electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence spectrophotometry and scavenger experiments indicate that photo-induced holes, and hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals are the active species responsible for the photo-oxidation of MO. The reasons for the formation of these species are discussed and proposed based on the band gap structures of Co3O4 and CCH. The recycling experiment results indicate that the activity can be regained by a remedial experiment.