The pharmacokinetics and penetration of danofloxacin into the gastrointestinal tract in healthy pigs and in pigs experimentally infected with Salmonella typhimurium were studied. In the infected pigs, a decrease in body clearance and an increase in mean elimination half-life was observed (P < 0.01). Moreover a significant reduction in the volume of the peripheral compartment was found. Danofloxacin distributed well to the gastrointestinal tract achieving high AUC / AUC(plasma)ratios in both groups of pigs. However, compared to the healthy pigs AUC / AUC(plasma)ratios decreased in the infected pigs. Salmonella infection led to an increase in mean residence time (MRT) in the small intestines and lymph nodes and a decrease in MRT in caecum and colon.


Health professional associations, especially those from countries with the highest maternal death burden, have vital roles to play in improving maternal and newborn health and in achieving the Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5. Possessing the knowledge, skills, and influence to positively impact practice at the service delivery level, they can also advocate for change at the policy level and lobby for higher priority and greater investment in the maternal and newborn health field at the national level. The ability of professional associations to assume this leadership is nevertheless contingent on their institutional capacities to achieve planned goals and objectives in support of their organizational mission and strategic priorities. Since 1998, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada (SOGC) has been supporting the capacity development efforts of peer professional associations in low-resource countries. SOGC's work in this specific area has led it to develop and pilot an Organization Capacity Improvement Framework (OCIF) that guides professional associations, incrementally, in successive cycles of capacity development. Building on capacity developed within previous capacity-building cycles, this article summarizes and reports on the recent outcomes of the Asociación de Gynecoloígia y Obstetricia de Guatemala's (AGOG) organizational development efforts and the impact they have had in positioning the association as an important contributor in national efforts to improve maternal and newborn health outcomes in the country.


A schedule-based approach, such as time division multiple access, is more efficient than a contention-based approach in terms of energy saving by switching sensors into sleeping mode. However, it does not use the transmission media effectively as each time slot is dedicated to a sensor and therefore cannot be used by others should it be idle. Moreover, a schedule-based approach requires a central node to manage and broadcast the schedule to other members, causing high delay and unscalability. On the other hand, contention-based protocols can be used in a distributed fashion. However, contention-based protocols such as IEEE 802.11 waste a lot of energy in idle listening. In this paper, we propose a hybrid approach between contention- and schedule-based protocols. The preliminary results using simulation and a test bed show that our proposed approach uses transmission media more efficiently, leading to lower delay while preserving energy for wireless sensor networks.


The current anode materials greatly restrict the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion batteries. Herein, we propose a highly microporous SbPO4/BCx hybrid anode for sodium-ion batteries, exhibiting a high initial reversible capacity of 871 mA h g−1 at 50 mA g−1, a good rate capability of around 300 mA h g−1 even at 5 A g−1 as well as an excellent cycling stability of 500 cycles. The excellent rate capability and cyclability with high capacity are probably due to the novel BCx structure and stable PO43− anions. The abundant micropores serve as reservoirs for storing the sodium ions and shorten the diffusion distance. The high surface area contributes to ample contact area between the electrode and electrolyte, thus achieving a rapid charge-transfer reaction. XPS analysis reveals that the BCx matrix consists of three B/C structures of BC3, BC2O, and BCO2, and contains around 12.93 at% substitutional boron. Since valence band holes are created by the B/C structures, more sodium ions would be captured easily, which motivates more sodium ions to intercalate electrochemically. Additionally, both the robust BCx matrix and stable PO43− anions as buffers could accommodate the volumetric expansion during the sodium ion insertion, thus optimizing the cycling performance. The strong attachment between SbPO4 and the BCx matrix would benefit mutual charge transfer between them and keep the integrity of the electrode during the sodiation/desodiation processes, which are favorable for sodium-ion transport and play a crucial role in enhancing the rate performance. Accordingly, the SbPO4/BCx composite is expected to become a promising anode for advanced SIBs.


How white matter pathway integrity and neural co-activation patterns in the brain relate to complex cognitive functions remains a mystery in neuroscience. Here, we integrate neuroimaging, connectomics, and machine learning approaches to explore how multimodal brain connectivity relates to cognition. Specifically, we evaluate whether integrating functional and structural connectivity improves prediction of individual crystallised and fluid abilities in 415 unrelated healthy young adults from the Human Connectome Project. Our primary results are two-fold. First, we demonstrate that integrating functional and structural information – at both a model input or output level – significantly outperforms functional or structural connectivity alone to predict individual verbal/language skills and fluid reasoning/executive function. Second, we show that distinct pairwise functional and structural connections are important for these predictions. In a secondary analysis, we find that structural connectivity derived from deterministic tractography is significantly better than structural connectivity derived from probabilistic tractography to predict individual cognitive abilities.


: Objective: To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on shear bond strength (SBS) between bulk-fill resin composite (BFRC) and bulk-fill flowable resin composite (BFFRC) or conventional flowable resin composite (CFRC). Materials and Methods: Sixteen blocks were prepared from Tetric N-Ceram BFRC, aged by thermo-cycling, and then stored in artificial saliva for 6 months. The blocks were divided into 4 groups (n=4) according to the surface treatment; Group1: roughened by coarse discs, Group 2: roughened by coarse discs and silanization, Group 3: roughened by air abrasion, and Group 4: roughened by air abrasion and silanization. Each group was subdivided into 2 subgroups (n=2) according to the used repair restorative system; subgroup A repaired with Tetric N-Bond universal adhesive/ Tetric N-Flow BFRC, and subgroup B was repaired with Prime& Bond universal adhesive /Spectra ST flow CFRC. The repair RC was placed on the RC blocks using tygon tubes and cured. The specimens were tested for SBS using a universal testing machine. Results: Regarding the effect of different surface treatments for both repair restorative systems, there was a significant difference (P<0.001). Regarding the effect of silane, there was no significant difference (p= 1.00). There was no significant difference between repair with CFRC or BFFRC (P =0.679). Conclusions: Surface treatment by air abrasion followed by silane and universal adhesive can be attempted clinically for the repair of aged BF restoration. The aged BFRC could be effectively repaired with the same bulk-fill or conventional RC if proper repair protocol was used.


Transformation of Machine Learning (ML) from a boutique science to a generally accepted technology has increased importance of reproduction and transportability of ML studies. In the current work, we investigate how corpus characteristics of textual data sets correspond to text classification results. We work with two data sets gathered from sub-forums of an online health-related forum. Our empirical results are obtained for a multi-class sentiment analysis application.


ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to identify higher-grade clear cell renal cell carcinoma (cRCC) with native T1 mapping and to histologically correlate the results with the collagen volume fraction. Materials and MethodsFor this institutional review board–approved, single-center prospective study, 68 consecutive patients received abdominal magnetic resonance imaging scans at 1.5 T between January 2017 and July 2018, using a Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) sequence. Thirty patients with cRCC (20 men; mean age, 61.9 ± 13.1 years) who underwent partial or radical nephrectomy and histological grading according to the International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) classification and a separate healthy cohort of 30 individuals without renal malignancies or complex cysts (16 men; mean age, 59.7 ± 14.6 years) met the eligibility criteria. T1 values were quantitatively measured with region of interest measurements in T1 maps. Quantification of the collagen volume fraction was performed on histological sections (picrosirius red staining). ResultsNative T1 values were significantly lower for lower-grade cRCC (ISUP 1 and 2) compared with higher-grade cRCC (ISUP 3 and 4; P < 0.001). A cutoff value of 1101 milliseconds distinguished higher-grade from lower-grade tumors with a sensitivity of 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69–1.00), a specificity of 85% (95% CI, 0.62–0.97), and an accuracy of 90% (95% CI, 0.73–0.98). Native T1 values were significantly associated with the histological collagen volume fraction (P < 0.05). Furthermore, T1 times in the renal cortex, medulla, and tumor tissue showed an excellent interobserver agreement. ConclusionsNative T1 mapping could represent an in vivo biomarker for the differentiation of lower- and higher-grade cRCCs, providing incremental diagnostic value beyond qualitative magnetic resonance imaging features.


Islamist political parties are a structural feature of politics across the Muslim world, raising persisting questions for scholars of democracy. Under what conditions will Islamists moderate to support democracy and pluralism? Under what conditions will they adopt more exclusive behavior? Taking a fresh approach, we focus on electoral competition and the conditions under which Islamic party candidates campaign using either inclusive nationalist appeals or exclusively Islamic appeals. Using a unique data source, we coded the appeals contained on the campaign posters of 572 Islamic party candidates in Indonesia. We found that demographics, urban–rural differences, and the level of government office (i.e., national or regional) affected the inclusive or exclusive nature of campaigns. We also highlight differences in appeals made by candidates from Muslim democratic and Islamist parties. The study illustrates the effectiveness of posters as a data source and presents a new approach to understanding the behavior of Islamic parties.


Recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of microorganisms by pathogen recognition receptors induces signals responsible for the activation of genes important for an effective host defence, especially those of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and lectin-like receptors are the most important classes of pattern-recognition receptors. In addition to their effects on the activation of host defence, recent studies suggest that pathogenic fungi can modulate or interfere with the pattern recognition mechanisms of innate immunity, and can use pattern recognition receptors as mechanisms of escape from host defence. Two major recognition receptor-mediated escape mechanisms have been identified during infection with fungal pathogens: immunosuppression induced by activation of certain pattern recognition receptors, especially induction of IL-10 release through TLR2; and the blockade of TLR recognition by antigen modification during the germination of yeasts into hyphae. Thus, signals mediated by recognition receptors are not only beneficial to the host, but in certain situations can be used by pathogenic fungi to escape immune recognition and promote infection.


BACKGROUND: The use of dental drill during extraction of impacted mandibular third molars lead to production of aerosol, fear in some patients and this necessitates the need for an alternative instrument.OBJECTIVE: To compare the treatment outcome in two cohorts of patients after surgical extraction of symptomatic mesio-angularly impacted mandibular third molars.PATIENTS AND METHODS: Apparently healthy subjects who presented to the oral and maxillofacial surgery clinic of our institution, with an indication for surgical extraction of symptomatic mesio-angularly impacted mandibular third molar were assessed. Those classified as Pell and Gregory class 2 ramus relationship, class A and B depth, with favourable root morphology were uniformly randomized into dental drill and Crane pick elevator groups. Information on demographics, reasons for extraction, trismus, swelling, pain and complaints during follow-up were obtained and statistically analyzed.RESULTS: Overall 86 subjects, evenly distributed between the two groups were studied. Post-operative mean for trismus, swelling and pain were lower on the 3rd day in those treated with Crane pick elevator than dental drill. However, by the 7th day, the results were the same as the trismus, swelling and pain resolved clinically, without complication.CONCLUSION: Crane pick dental elevator could serve as a useful substitute to dental drill in the extraction of mild mesioangularly impacted mandibular third molars.KEYWORDS: Crane pick elevator, dental drill, mesio-angular impaction, osteotomy.


We investigate variable-precision classification (VPC) for speeding vector quantization (VQ). VPC evaluates bit-serially, from the most significant bit. When the magnitude of the error due to the unevaluated bits is less than the absolute magnitude of the discriminant, we can classify without processing the remaining bits. A proof shows that as the operand precision increases, the average necessary precision becomes asymptotically independent of the operand precision, VPC makes the complexity of the L(2) norm equivalent to the L(1) norm. In VQ of real images, on average, the codevector element's precision necessary for classification was under four bits. We implemented binary classification circuitry using VPC and conventional approaches. The key modules were designed and their performance estimated assuming 1.0-mum gate array technology. The implementations could search binary pruned trees at the television quality video rate. When the overall execution time is important, VPC more than halves the computational complexity.


We present new high spatial resolution ( 0. ′′1) 1–5 μm adaptive optics images, interferometric 1.3 mm continuum and 12CO 2–1 maps, and 350 μm, 2.8 and 3.3 mm fluxes measurements of the HV Tau system. Our adaptive optics images unambiguously demonstrate that HV Tau AB–C is a common proper motion pair. They further reveal an unusually slow orbital motion within the tight HV Tau AB pair that suggests a highly eccentric orbit and/or a large deprojected physical separation. Scattered light images of the HV Tau C edge-on protoplanetary disk suggest that the anisotropy of the dust scattering phase function is almost independent of wavelength from 0.8 to 5 μm, whereas the dust opacity decreases significantly over the same range. The images further reveal a marked lateral asymmetry in the disk that does not vary over a timescale of two years. We further detect a radial velocity gradient in the disk in our 12CO map that lies along the same position angle as the elongation of the continuum emission, which is consistent with Keplerian rotation around a 0.5–1 M central star, suggesting that it could be the most massive component in the triple system. To obtain a global representation of the HV Tau C disk, we search for a model that self-consistently reproduces observations of the disk from the visible regime up to millimeter wavelengths. We use a powerful radiative transfer model to compute synthetic disk observations and use a Bayesian inference method to extract constraints on the disk properties. Each individual image, as well as the spectral energy distribution, of HV Tau C can be well reproduced by our models with fully mixed dust provided grain growth has already produced larger-than-interstellar dust grains. However, no single model can satisfactorily simultaneously account for all observations. We suggest that future attempts to model this source include more complex dust properties and possibly vertical stratification. While both grain growth and stratification have already been suggested in many disks, only a panchromatic analysis, such as presented here, can provide a complete picture of the structure of a disk, a necessary step toward quantitatively testing the predictions of numerical models of disk evolution.


Spent coffee grounds (SCG) are a potentially sustainable source of C16-C18 triglycerides. This study investigates known solvent extraction technologies with a wide range of solvents for lipid extraction from SCGs, and determines the effect of solvent selection and process temperature on the extraction efficiency and composition of the obtained oil. A correlation between increasing solvent boiling point, and therefore process temperature, and improved oil extraction efficiency was observed in Soxhlet extractions with a wide range of solvents. Experiments at elevated temperatures (up to 200 °C) were performed through Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) and temperature increase initially improved the oil extraction efficiency when non-polar solvents were used, before decreasing it at higher temperatures. Utilization of ethanol resulted in the highest oil extraction ratio by ASE (at 165 °C), suggesting that temperature increase is more beneficial to the extraction efficiency of polar solvents. In addition, analysis of the oils was carried out to evaluate the composition of the oils extracted from SCGs using different solvents and extraction parameters. The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) results were in agreement with the values obtained from the titrimetric determination of the free fatty acid content (FFA) of the oils in terms of the comparative trends, and also tentatively suggest that some differences in the composition of the extracted oils might be related to the type of extraction solvent used.


Abstract The goal of this article is to help advertising scholars, students and practitioners understand and anticipate the effects of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) on advertising and, more generally, marketing communications (Marcom). While many discussions of AI centre on algorithms and models, we argue that to understand AI in Marcom, one must consider the broader ecosystem in which these algorithms operate. This article develops a framework that shows the Marcom-AI ecosystem and its outcomes, consisting of the following mutually reinforcing components: (1) algorithms and models, (2) customer data (3) digital environments (e.g. mobile devices, digital signage), (4) digital content assets (e.g. images, videos, copy) and (5) information technology infrastructure. We briefly sketch the uses of AI within Marcom. Most or all components of the ecosystem are usually necessary for AI to address Marcom opportunities and challenges. In conjunction with these components, the ecosystem comprises a broad set of stakeholders: consumers, influencers, brands/advertisers, media and messaging platforms, data platforms, publishers and content creators, MarTech/AdTech vendors, AI/ML service providers, device manufacturers and regulators. The combination of these components and stakeholders enables marketers to optimize touchpoints through targeting and choice architectures, create platforms for testing, derive insights from data, and support marketing processes and workflows. Building from the framework, we close by identifying future research directions for advertising scholars, including understanding consumer response to AI touchpoints, privacy, interactions between stakeholders, and how the ecosystem will evolve.


Fifty-seven patients with ovarian cancer were assessed with computed tomography (CT) prior to undergoing second-look laparotomy. All patients were clinically free of disease following chemotherapy. Patients were scanned from the top of the liver to the symphysis pubis using oral, rectal and intravenous contrast medium. Tumour was correctly identified on CT scan in nine of 25 patients who had visible evidence of cancer at laparotomy. However, in the remaining 16 patients peritoneal studding was present and was not detected. Tumours smaller than 1.5 cm in size were not found by CT scanning. Computed tomography showed abnormality in eight of 32 patients subsequently found to be free of disease. Fine-needle aspiration cytology, bolus contrast injection and repeat scanning with additional oral contrast medium could have assisted in these circumstances. As persistent disease is by definition, a contraindication to second-look laparotomy, aggressive pre-operative assessment will spare some patients unnecessary surgery. However, CT cannot detect the small nodules often present in ovarian cancer, and thus, normal scans cannot replace surgical restaging.


I am trying to understand whole family of Biology and Synthetic Biology inspired robotics through this piece of communication. Broadly with assuming their sub categories in them I would like classify bio inspired robotics in to five major heads are Cyborg, Cylons, Soft robotics, Continuum robotics, Plantoids and Nanobots. Where Soft robots and Plantoids are quite new and interesting domains of new future of AI in many forms with advanced features. This opinion gives in your notice all about them.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Recent large sequencing and cancer dependency studies have accelerated the identification of candidate targets for precision medicine. However, the current drug development paradigm starting with target identification and validation can be slow and has thus far yielded a limited variety of successful targets. We sought to return to an empirical approach to drug discovery and performed a high throughput screen to identify small molecules that were both potent and selective. In a primary screen of 2000 compounds in two cell-lines: A549 and H1734, three compounds only affected H1734 viability. One of which validated in a dose-response experiment with great potency and specificity, we called this small molecule 'Compound 1B'.

In an effort to identify the target of Compound 1B, we profiled 766 genomically-characterized cancer cell lines and found that approximately 4% were sensitive to our compound. Sensitivity was not restricted to a particular tissue of origin. Interestingly, expression of Phosphodiesterase 3A (PDE3A) correlated with cytotoxicity. We further showed that Compound 1B specifically inhibited the enzymatic activity of PDE3A and PDE3B in a panel of 11 different phosphodiesterase family members. However, only a subset of other PDE3 inhibitors shared the same cytotoxic phenotype of Compound 1B. In a rescue screen of 1600 bioactive compounds, we identified the non-lethal PDE3 inhibitors as compounds that were able to rescue cell death induced by Compound 1B. Biochemical assays showed that both Compound 1B, cytotoxic and non-cytotoxic PDE3 inhibitors compete for binding to PDE3A. Knockdown of PDE3A did not affect cell viability and inhibited response of sensitive cell lines to Compound 1B.

Thus we have identified a potent and selective small molecule that likely acts through PDE3A to induce cancer cell-line cytotoxicity. Our data suggest a hyper- or neomorphic function of PDE3A induced upon binding of Compound 1B. By cross-referencing integrative datasets with compound-sensitivity data, we show that reversal of the current drug-development paradigm can elucidate novel cancer targets, which are not yet identifiable by analysis of large next-generation sequencing datasets.

Citation Format: Luc M. de Waal, Tim A. Lewis, Lara Gechijian, Aviad Tsherniak, Willmen Youngsaye, Matthew Rees, Oliver Mikse, Mark Hickey, Patrick Faloon, Nicola Tolliday, Angela Koehler, Monica Schenone, Kwok Wong, Alykhan Shamji, Benito Munoz, Stuart L. Schreiber, Heidi Greulich, Matthew L. Meyerson. An integrated genomic characterization of the target of a small molecule identifies a novel cancer dependency. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4596. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4596


Abstract: Trends in structural and chemical leaf traits along a chronosequence of semi-evergreen tropical forest and their correlation with litter production and decomposition and associated carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes were assessed. Leaves of 15 dominant species in each plot were collected to measure leaf area, specific leaf area (SLA), C and N concentration and C:N ratio. Litterfall was measured and litter decomposition experiments were set up in 16 experimental plots in a chronosequence of secondary and mature forest. All five leaf traits combined discriminated the secondary forests from mature forest. SLA, N and C:N were significantly correlated to litter decomposition rates. Litter decomposition was significantly slower in mature forest compared with secondary forests. The N concentration of litter was lowest during the dry season, when litterfall was highest. N concentration in fresh leaves was higher than in litter, indicating that N is re-absorbed before leaf abscission. Leaf dynamics and associated nutrient cycling differ significantly between secondary forests and mature forest. Ecosystem-level leaf structural and chemical traits are good predictors of the stage of the forest and explain well the differences in decomposition rates between secondary and primary forests.


In this paper we present algebraic constructions of 3 3, 4 4 and 6 6 Space-Time Codes, achieving full rate and full diversity. These codes have non-vanishing (in fact fixed) minimum determinants when the rate goes to infinity. Their construction is based on cyclic algebras with center equal to an algebraic field based on cyclotomic fields .


Worldwide, aged diabetic patients represent the most rapidly growing group of patients treated for endstage renal disease (ESRD). Pre-existing arterial as well as venous problems have led to a pessimistic view on the creation of vascular access in the future. In addition, more and more patients undergo hemodialysis therapy for twenty or thirty years with obvious vascular wastage. Personal experience in the interdisciplinary field of vascular access covering nephrology, vascular surgery and radiology clearly show that history is a good teacher. Since the introduction of the surgically created arterio-venous fistula by Brescia and Cimino in 1966, only minor progress has been seen; widespread use of different graft materials has produced mainly disappointing results, thus contributing to more temporary or permanent central venous catheters. Despite better catheter technology, essential problems like infection and thrombosis have not changed. The challenge for the 21st century is to find strategies and solutions to face these deteriorated conditions. The factors contributing to adequate vascular access are: an individually tailored approach with clear preference for native vessels, respecting basic hemodynamic rules, analysing past failures, combining careful preoperative investigations and meticulous surgical technique; continuous surveillance of fistula function and early, elective revision to prolong the lifespan of vascular access. An interdisciplinary team will be essential to achieve this goal.


Mitochondrial DNA variation was studied in 100 Indians using the same set of six restriction enzymes used in the study of other world ethnic groups in order to compare and discern possible relationships of the Indian populations. Twenty nine mtDNA types were found including the ones from an earlier study (Semino et al. 1991) and unweighted pair‐group method (UPGMA) and maximum parsimony trees were constructed using the mtDNA types. The nucleotide diversity values were calculated using the maximum likelihood method. From a study of the shared mitochondrial DNA types and the parsimony tree (Fig. 2) we came to the conclusion that the Indian population is closer to Caucasians and has an admixture with Asians. The North Indian population appears to have a recent admixture of the Caucasian mtDNA types which is absent in the south.


Cerebrovascular functional parameters such as cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), and arterial transit time (ATT) may play an essential role in understanding the vascular contributions to dementia (VCID). We investigated the relationships between cerebrovascular functional parameters and AD risk factors, including APOE genotype, hypertension, and diabetes.


There are limited studies evaluating parental willingness to complete patient feedback measures to improve pediatric clinical care. Parents were randomly assigned to read a vignette that varied by parent satisfaction and type of feedback measure. Parents were generally willing to participate in the hypothetical research study aimed to improve their child's clinical care. Parents in the dissatisfied condition invited to participate in a potentially identifiable interview, compared to an anonymous survey, reported they would be less likely to respond honestly and more likely to feel obligated to participate. Researchers aiming to improve pediatric clinical care should be encouraged to use patient feedback measures that collect potentially identifiable information; however, researchers must consider the potential impact of parent satisfaction on feedback.


Epidemiologic evidence has linked elevation of serum homocysteine to an increased risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, and dementia. An increase in homocysteine levels in Parkinson disease (PD) recently has been discovered. Although B vitamin status and genetic factors are important modifying influences determining the degree of this elevation, the main cause appears to be therapy with l-dopa. It has been suggested that breakdown of l-dopa by catechol-O-methyltransferase results in increased homocysteine formation. Therefore, there are reasons to suggest that management of PD may render patients at increased risk of stroke, heart disease, dementia, and even accelerated nigral degeneration. At present, no controlled prospective studies have evaluated this phenomenon, although they are ongoing.


Many real-world applications operate on dynamic graphs that undergo rapid changes in their topological structure over time. However, it is challenging to design dynamic algorithms that are capable of supporting such graph changes efficiently. To circumvent the challenge, we propose a batch-dynamic framework for answering distance queries, which combines offline labelling and online searching to leverage the advantages from both sides - accelerating query processing through a partial distance labelling that is of limited size but provides a good approximation to bound online searches. We devise batch-dynamic algorithms to dynamize a distance labelling efficiently in order to reflect batch updates on the underlying graph. In addition to providing theoretical analysis for the correctness, labelling minimality, and computational complexity, we have conducted experiments on 14 real-world networks to empirically verify the efficiency and scalability of the proposed algorithms.


Background: Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) are increasing worldwide. This study defines type and outcome of treatment in a referral center in Tehran Methods: Study was done in national referral center in Tehran during 2002-2009. All patients with documented NTM pulmonary diseases (based on ATS criteria) were included in study. Patient9s data and treatment outcomes were extracted from medical records. Results: 55 patients with NTM pulmonary disease were diagnosed. Female were predominant (52.7%).Mean age was 54.43±15.61.History of smoking was present in 17 (30.9%) and 9 (16.4%) were opium addicted. only one patient was HIV positive. The most common type was Mycobacterium simiae in 26 (47.3%) followed by M.Chelonae in 8 (14.5%), M.Kansasii in 8 (14.5%), M. Abscessus in 6 (10.9%), M.Avium in 5 (9.1%) and M.Farcinogen and M.Genavense each in one case. Cavitary lung lesion was seen in 72.8% and bronchiectasis in 80% of patients. The most predominant symptoms were cough (89.1%), sputum (85, 5%) and dyspnea (65.5%).Fever was present in 22 (40%) of patients. Cure occurred in 38 (69.1%) of patients. Sixteen patients failed treatment and only one patient died. Conclusion: In comparison with other studies M.Simiae was more prevalent and HIV seropositivity was rare.


The purpose of this study is to develop a paddle-type dryer and to commercialize the dryer, in which mixing and drying can be done simultaneously. According to a performance test, a newly-designed paddle-type dryer can dry Chitosan salt to a low moisture contents below 0.3%. Also the newly-designed dryer can dry air pollution materials, because the dryer can operate in a closed system. The economic efficiency of a newly-designed system and an existing system was compared in a performance test. As a result, the economic efficiency of a newly-designed system was higher than an existing system. In conclusion, it is thought that the newly-designed system has a high commercial value.


Sickle cell trait (SCT) has been associated with exertional collapse (ECAST) and exercise-related sudden death in athletes and military warfighters. The mechanisms underlying ECAST remain controversial in the sports medicine community. Multiple case presentations and anecdotal reports postulate the role of extraordinary exercise intensity, but other risk factors including dehydration, heat, previous exertional rhabdomyolysis, genetic cofactors, and dietary supplements have been cited as potential contributors. Others have hypothesized some of the aforementioned factors combining in a "perfect storm" to trigger ECAST with a resultant potentially fatal "metabolic crisis." This case report provides a brief review of SCT as it pertains to exercise in warfighters and athletes, identifies known and postulated risk factors associated with ECAST, and introduces the potential mechanistic role of the "double hit" as a contributor to ECAST.


Brain-robot interface (BRI) has been a growing field of innovative research and development in cognitive neuroscience and brain bioimaging processing technologies. In this paper we endeavor to explore how medical robotics and neurorobotic prosthetics can be controlled by Brain-Robot Interfaces and RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) technologies, directly using brain signals obtained non- invasively from the scalp through electroencephalography (EEG) in order to assist disabled patients to ameliorate their everyday lives. There is a general consensus that computational visualizations and interfaces are proliferating in every aspect of medical practice, prompted from the current trends in telemedicine. The main focus of the study is on architectures of Brain-robot interfaces for communication and control using one specific modality, namely electroencephalography (EEG), alpha (a) wave-based BRI with an emphasis on biosignal processing aspects. The main motivation for the application of such scientific methods is the development of an alternative communication and control means for severely disabled people, focusing in replacing total voluntary muscle control using robotic prosthetics. The substantial goal is to demonstrate that an EEG- based brain-robot interface can be used for sophisticated robotic interaction with the environment, involving not only navigation as in previous applications but also manipulation and transport of objects. Visualization of brain electrical activity and BRI technology, by their intimate connection with the wonder of human thought processes, are a fascinating research field, that has demonstrated the unprecedented ability of direct information transfer from the brain to medical robots or robotic prosthetics. Inclusion of a BRI in a multimodal interface thus results in a net gain of information transfer capability that alters the standards in medical robotics.


During the Cold War, the US-Japan alliance was at the core of American presence, power and prestige in the Asia-Pacific region. When the Cold War ended, many questioned whether the alliance would continue to serve US and Japanese interests. In the late 1990s the USA and Japan answered that question with a formal reaffirmation of the security treaty and the upgrading of bilateral guidelines for defence co-operation. But the alliance has also faced new challenges: domestic opposition to US bases in Okinawa; Chinese criticism of a stronger US-Japan security relationship; and growing international frustration with Japan's economic policies. The alliance remains crucial to both nations' interests, but the management of bilateral security ties has become far more complex. This is an explanation of the inner workings of the US-Japan alliance. It recommends approaches to sustaining this critical bilateral security relationship. The authors are scholars and practitioners who understand where the alliance came from, how it is managed, and the strategic decisions that will have to be made in the future.


The accurate estimation of precipitation quantities arriving at the ground in complex terrain such as the Alps is complicated by many factors. The orography interacts with atmospheric flow and thus influences the spatial and temporal distribution as well as the microphysics of precipitation. Although weather radar can provide high-resolution measurements of precipitation, their view is sometimes blocked by the relief in which case measurements from higher altitudes need to be extrapolated to the ground level. When extrapolating the radar measurements aloft for quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) at the ground, these must first be corrected for the vertical change of the radar echo caused by the growth and transformation of precipitation (VPR correction). Many existing operational algorithms for QPE and VPR correction assume the vertical structure of precipitation to be spatially and temporally homogeneous. However, given the variable nature of precipitation this assumption may not hold, especially in mountainous areas. This thesis aims to contribute to the improvement of QPE by radar in the Alps through the analysis of the spatio-temporal variability of the polarimetric radar signals. More specifically, this is done through contributions to questions on radar monitoring and stability, the characterisation of the spatio-temporal variability of the melting layer and the study of the potential for the inclusion of polarimetric radar variables in a more localised vertical profile correction approach. A method based on spectral analysis is used to provide some new perspectives on radar hardware monitoring using the polarimetric signals returned by a single bright scatterer. It is shown that valuable information on the state and stability of the radar hardware can be obtained if different scales of variability and several polarimetric variables are considered. The same approach is used for the characterisation and comparison of the spatio-temporal variability of the melting layer on the relatively flat Swiss plateau and in a large inner Alpine valley in the Swiss Alps. Based on the results of this study it appears that the smaller spatial scales contribute more to the total spatial variability of the melting layer in the case of the Alpine environment. Finally, building on the availability of polarimetric data and a hydrometeor classification algorithm, a new framework for the application of machine learning methods to study the vertical structure of precipitation in Switzerland as well as a more localised vertical profile correction method is proposed. It is shown that models which include information on hydrometeor proportions better represent the observed patterns of vertical change in precipitation and that these models can predict from altitudes between 500 to 1000 metres higher than models based on only reflectivity data.


3 alpha-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the brain is responsible for production of neuroactive tetrahydrosteroids that interact with the major inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor complexes. Distribution of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in different regions of the brain in rats was evaluated by activity assay and by Western immunoblotting using a monoclonal antibody against liver 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase as the probe. The olfactory bulb was found to contain the highest level of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, while moderate levels of the enzyme activity were found in other regions such as cerebellum, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and pituitary. Some activities were found in the rest of the brain such as amygdala, brain stem, caudate putamen, cingulate cortex, hippocampus, midbrain, and thalamus. The protein levels of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in different regions of the brain as detected by Western immunoblotting are comparable to those of the enzyme activity. No sexual dimorphism was found in either the concentration levels or the activities of the brain 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. At the time of birth, the rat brain already expresses a significant level of 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; the levels of brain 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in rats continue to rise during the first week after their birth, and reach a plateau thereafter.


Nowadays, as we lived in the 22nd centuries, computers have emerged as one of the important things in our day life. People were using computers to assist them in their work and their task. They are trying to acquire more knowledge and skills of computers in order to make their life easier. Even big companies looked for computers now as their competitive advantage.

As many party used computers daily, it create an opportunities for DiGiCITY (M) Sdn. Bhd. to take. If the computers fails to function as usual or breakdown, these people needs an expert to solve the problems and DiGiCITY are prepared to provide these expert by hired and trained their technician to take the job. Even though DiGiCITY have hired and trained their technician well, it doesn't mean that their service performance is good. So, this research is conducted to look the service performance of on-call-maintenance services provided by DiGiCITY (M) Sdn. Bhd. DiGiCITY service performance will be determine by their own customer where it will be looked from many criteria such as effectiveness, efficiency, response time, etc. We will look whether DiGiCITY have availability of human resource to take all the job that had been offered to them and whether they have the knowledge and skills to complete the task.


Cerebral AVM's consist of an abnormally large connection between the arterial and the venous systems resulting in a wide variety of configurations, which are grossly subdivided into five types. Emphasis is given to the basic surgical principles of first understanding the nature of the lesion; second, having a thorough preoperative awareness of the vascular architecture from stereo angiography; and third, using standard, common sense, surgical maneuvers followed most importantly by intraoperative assurance of the complete removal by repeat serial angiography.


Background: Western medicine has insisted that suicide is always triggered by mental disorder. We have argued that is not the case. Plato (360 BCE) stated that suicide could occur as a response to various predicaments. Aims: To determine whether 1) non-medical suicide triggers could be identified in the stories of ancient times, 2) these suicide triggers remained operative in recent times, and 3) methods of transmission of these models over time (in representations in literature and visual arts) could be identified. Method: We examined history from ancient to the present time, using books, journals and the web, and arranged our findings consistent with our aims. Results: We identified nine (9) ancients who had died in response to non-medical suicide triggers. We were also able to identify at least one recent case, in which the suicide trigger was comparable to that of an ancient individual. Literary and visual art representations of the ancient suicide completer could be identified in every case. Conclusions: Non-medical suicide triggers could be identified in ancient and recent cases. These were various forms of loss, shame/guilt and unavoidable physical pain, reminiscent of the triggers of suicide which Plato found acceptable. It is possible that, consistent with a universal characteristic of life (the avoidance of distress/pain) suicide is an innate response to painful situations, and that the transmission of information about the responses of earlier members has a role in determining the different suicide rates of different cultures.


The use of lattice reduction (LR) has been shown to be a very effective method for signal detection in multiple antenna systems. In this paper, the performance of the sub-optimal soft-output maximum a posteriori (MAP) detector with lattice reduction is studied. We propose a polynomial-time method to generate the desired size candidate list in the reduced lattice. This sub-optimal soft-output MAP detector provides a near-optimal performance in uncorrelated MIMO systems, but with significantly reduced computational complexity.


This article studies the consequences of firm delayering on wages and the wage distribution inside firms. I consider a job-assignment model with asymmetric information and a slot constraint. The model predicts that more efficient firms are not necessarily larger than less efficient firms if firms are allowed to adjust their internal organizational structure through delayering. After delayering, wages at all levels increase and the wage distribution becomes more unequal. These predictions match a set of empirical findings in recent studies that are not well explained by existing theories. JEL: J31, M51 ∗Jin: Department of Economics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, firstname.lastname@example.com. I thank Michael Waldman, Julia Wulf, and Jan Zabojnik for their generous comments.


At the present global economy, the main concern of the entrepreneurs is to survive in a growingly
competitive market that works worldwide, does not have borders anymore, and does not inhibit competition.
Companies, which are not able to adapt to this environment, are at risk of collapse. In this paper, we propose a model
that allows the calculation of a performance indicator for the organizational efficiency as a measure of
competitiveness, applied to consulting engineering firms. This indicator aims to offer a comparative framework of
the organizational efficiency of a company, having as references, on the one hand, the environment where the
activities of the company are developed and, on the other, a virtual competitor achieved by the optimization of the
resources of the initial sample of data of our study. The model estimates that the best adjusted production function
for this kind of companies comprises the number of employees, not only technical but also administrative, as
explicative variables. Furthermore, taking into consideration the initial data, the companies that display better ratios
of organizational efficiency have 90% of technical personnel, approximately, regarding the total number of
employees of the company, and an annual turnover around 100.000 Euros per technician.


This paper reports on a speech-to-text (STT) transcription system for Hungarian broadcast audio developed for the 2012 Quaero evaluations. For this evaluation, no manually transcribed audio data were provided for model training, however a small amount of development data were provided to assess system performance. As a consequence, the acoustic models were developed in an unsupervised manner, with the only supervision provided indirectly by the language model. The language models were trained on texts downloaded from various websites, also without any speech transcripts. This contrasts with other STT systems for Hungarian broadcast audio which use at least 10 to 50 hours of manually transcribed data for acoustic training, and typically include speech transcripts in the language models. Based on mixed results previously reported applying morph-based approaches to agglutinative languages such as Hungarian, word-based language models were used. The initial Word Error Rate (WER) of the system using contextindependent seed models from other languages of 59.8% on the 3h development corpus was reduced to 25.0% after successive training iterations and system refinement. The same system obtained a WER of 23.3% on the independent Quaero 2012 evaluation corpus (a mix of broadcast news and broadcast conversation data). These results compare well with previously reported systems on similar data. Various issues affecting system performance are discussed, such as amount of training data, the acoustic features and choice of text sources for language model training. Index Terms: Large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR), broadcast news transcription, Hungarian language, unsupervised training, agglutinative languages, Bottleneck MLP features


Licensing is one of the main administrative tools used for state regulation of the economy. It can serve as a fairly accurate «barometer» of the administrative burden, which the government provides the business with.This article analyzes the licensing of certain types of economic activities in the context of the whole system of administrative regimes of the economy. The authors conclude that the legal acts regulating the licensing can be a model for the regulation of other administrative regimes.Special attention is paid to the history of transformation of the licensing system for the past 20 years, including the period of the administrative reform. The paper assesses the effectiveness of the measures taken in the framework of the reform. The authors concluded that, despite some deregulation, in many cases replacing licensing in other administrative regimes has maintained or even increased the amount of administrative pressure.The authors examined in detail the innovations of the Federal Law of May 4, 2011 N 99- FZ «On Licensing Certain Types of A Activities», highlighting its advantages and disadvantages. The main advantages of the law are the reduction of the list of licensed activities, the introduction of perpetual licenses, the use of information technology in the licensing procedures. The main disadvantage of the law is increase in terms of administrative procedures for licensing.In 2012 the Ministry of E Economic Development of Russia has created an information system for collecting data on the licensing of certain types of economic activity. The paper contains an analysis of the statistical data obtained by using this system. It allows us to assess the extent and pattern of functioning of the institution of licensing.The article also provides an analysis of some current problems of licensing: the restriction of places of the licensed activity; the consolidation of licensed activities; the uncertainty of the forms and methods of verifying compliance with the licensing requirements; the lack of communication between the licensing bodies and the tax authorities. According to the analysis of these problems, the authors formulate proposals to improve the licensing system.


In order to get reliable results from surveys by quantitative echo sounders, an accurate calibration of the sounder is necessary especially for the transmitting and receiving system. Therefore, we investigated a new method of simple and accurate calibration by utilizing the echoes from the water surface of an experimental water tank. We show that the method can easily calibrate the equivalent beam width of surface scattering by application of the property that the backscattering strength of the surface of water is 0dB. In case of a sharp beam, we show that the equivalent beam widths for surface scattering and volume scattering are nearly the same. Moreover, it is possible to perform an overall calibration of the transmitting and receiving system, including the equivalent beam width and the transmitting and receiving sensitivities, thus producing a more reliable result than the method in which each factor is measured separately.


Excitations of small one-dimensional matter-wave solitons are considered within a framework of the attractive Bose–Hubbard model. The initial eigenstates of the system are found by exact diagonalization of the Bose–Hubbard Hamiltonian. We drive transitions between the eigenstates by inducing a weak modulation of the tunnelling rate and show that a single atom can be extracted while the remaining atoms stay localized despite the persistent external modulation. This scheme suggests the experimental realization of small matter-wave solitons with deterministic number of atoms. In addition, the knowledge of exact eigenstates allows identification of the selection rules for transitions between the different eigenstates of the Hamiltonian. One selection rule is related to the translation symmetry of the system. Another one is strictly applicable only on a subspace of the total Hilbert space and is related to the parity symmetry. We show that in the strongly interacting limit this selection rule has implications on the entire Hilbert space. We discuss its signatures on the system's dynamics and consider how it can be observed experimentally with ultracold atoms.


The present study attempts to show and to begin to understand, the motives of contemporary muralism, in
terms of its historicity and primary narrative content. Within this purpose, we identified a wide range of murals
(n=250), of which we selected those (n=49) of religious themes. We identified murals authored by or related to
Puerto Ricans in communities with high concentrations of migrant Puerto Ricans in New York City. We used
a qualitative method, recognizing distinctive symbolic elements in the murals that had psycho-social religious
meanings.


Abstract Objective. Anatomical features of renal tumours may be useful in predicting glomerular filtration rate (GFR) after partial nephrectomy. In this study, anatomical classification systems (ACSs) were compared to predict changes in renal function after surgery. Materials and methods. A group of 294 patients with T1 renal tumours receiving partial nephrectomy between January 2006 and June 2013 were identified from the institutional kidney tumour database. Preoperative images from computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were reviewed to assess diameter, PADUA (preoperative aspects and dimensions used for an anatomical) classification score, RENAL (radius, exophytic/endophytic properties of the tumour, nearness of tumour deepest portion to the collecting system or sinus, anterior/posterior descriptor and location relative to polar lines) nephrometry score, centrality index (C index) and renal tumour invasion index (RTII). GFR was estimated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation preoperatively and 3 months after operation. Linear and logistic regression were applied as statistical methods. Results. Mean tumour diameter was 3.0 ± 2.2 cm (range 1.0–7.0 cm). GFR was 85 ± 22 ml/min/1.73 m² before the operation and 77 ± 21 ml/min/1.73 m² (–8% change) 3 months after the operation. In univariate linear regression, the percentage change in GFR was weakly but statistically significantly associated with surgical approach (p = 0.04), indication for nephron sparing (p = 0.02), preoperative GFR (p < 0.001), PADUA (p = 0.02), RENAL (p = 0.01) and RTII (p = 0.003). In multivariate logistic regression analysis among patients with tumours 3 cm or larger, PADUA (odds ratio 1.55, p = 0.021) and RTII (odds ratio 3.87, p = 0.037) predicted at least a 20% reduction in GFR. Conclusions. Renal tumour ACSs may be clinically useful in predicting changes in renal function after partial nephrectomy in patients with larger tumours. The performance of RTII is equal to that of other ACSs in predicting changes in GFR.


The goal of this study is to comprehensively document an anomalous dehydration of the Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL) related to a major Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) in January 2013. The analysis involves the data of balloon soundings of water vapour at various tropical locations using FLASH-B, Pico-SDLA and CFH hygrometers as well as NOAA Water instrument flown onboard high-altitude Global Hawk aircraft. Simultaneous water vapour and backscatter measurements by FLASH-B and COBALD sondes provide information on tropopause clouds formation process. Satellite observations of water vapour by Aura MLS are used to derive the deviation from climatological values. Trajectory modeling is applied for locating the dehydration source spots. Spatiotemporal evolution of dehydration at different scales is characterized after combining the consistent in situ and satellite water vapour observations. All data sets provide evidence of rapid and severe dehydration of the TTL throughout the tropical belt shortly after the onset of SSW. In situ measurements around the Cold Point Tropopause (CPT) show up to 2 ppmv of negative deviation from MLS 10-year climatology with extreme water mixing ratios below 1 ppmv in the Western Pacific region. The TTL dehydration case of 2013 is compared with previous similar occurrences and the role of extra-tropical dynamics in setting the global stratospheric water budget through thermal response in the TTL is pointed out


A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) comprises mobile nodes that can exchange data without an organized network architecture. Radio propagation models have important role in keeping the mobile nodes connected. Three radio propagation models that include shadowing model, free space model and two ray ground model are evaluated and analyzed as a core contribution. These models are implemented in MANETs environments in the light of changing traffic and mobility parameters. The effects of the different radio propagation models are analyzed over the destination-sequenced distance-vector (DSDV) routing protocol. In DSDV, the sequence numbers are used to maintain routes and new routes overcome the old routes when sequence numbers of the old routes become obsolete. To better understand the behavior of radio propagation models, simulations are conducted using Network Simulator-2. The metrics used in simulations include ratio of packet delivery, throughput, average delay, and packet drop ratio in a relation with the pause time and mobility parameters. The obtained results indicate that the two ray ground model is more suited for the DSDV protocol than the random waypoint model in terms of packet success ratio, data packets sent, throughput, and average network delay. Further, the model has a lower value for packets dropped than the Free Space and Shadowing models at higher pause times.


Statement of the Problem: Introducing medical picture sharing systems for considerable use is beneficial for medical practice. There are numerous approaches to percentage medical pix, and there are excessive expectancies for cloud computing at present due to its scalability. However, photo sharing via a cloud-based totally environment has raised some protection and privateness concerns. The cause of this observe is to advocate a method that applies blockchain generation to a cloud-primarily based environment to deal with concerns concerning security and privacy without impairing IT aid effectiveness at a practical level. Methodology & Theoretical Orientation: This technique divides medical photos, in particular virtual imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM), in to metadata and pixel information. The former is controlled via blockchain technology in a stable manner, and the latter is managed in a cloud-based environment. In addition, we created a multi-use key from the metadata via hashing. When physicians use medical images, the original DICOM records can be reconstructed with the key. Furthermore, we applied pilot machine to assess performance and scalability and get right of entry to security level. Findings: For processing 1000 clinical pics, our idea takes about four seconds, and it is able to boom approximately linearly with number of processing. Furthermore, our concept has a few protection advantages; improvement integrity, confidentiality, and privateness level. Conclusion & Significance: The call for for scientific photo sharing has drastically increased; therefore new methodologies are required to control clinical photos greater securely and in a scalable manner. We suggest making use of a blockchain to a cloudbased environment to generate a synergistic effect. Although some technical challenges remain, this technique has better security and the potential for practical application. Furthermore, our suggestion could be expanded not best to academic use however also personal quarter for picture-based totally machine development, due to the fact patient registration is a point of departure


The episode of Peter's rescue from prison in Acts 12:5–17 occupies an intriguing position in the narrative of Acts as a whole. Scholars hold differing views on the episode's function. These views range from seeing the episode as a hermeneutical key to the work as a whole to making no discernable difference to the narrative whatsoever. The present article seeks to contribute to the debate by reading Acts 12:5–17 spatially. In paying attention to the various spatial references in the text, the movement of characters, their locales and their own and the reader's experience of them being present or not present, a contrasting structure may be perceived in the text. Furthermore, spatiality helps to point out the contrast between different character groups in the narrative. Some implications for reading the episode in this contrasting fashion will be indicated, and the enigmatic statement about Peter's 'going to another place' (Ac 12:17) will be read against the text's spatial background.


The effects of stress conditions on neutral lipid accumulation by the microalgae Botryococcus braunii, Tetraselmis suecica and Coccomyxa were investigated to assess their suitability for biodiesel production. The growth media (3N-BBM+V for B. braunii, and Coccomyxa and F/2 for T. suecica) were altered to impose salt stress (0.1 and 0.2 M NaCl for BBM medium) and up to 1.2 M NaCl for F/2 medium. Tetraselmis suecica and Coccomyxa were also cultivated under nitrogen depletion conditions (50%, 25% nitrogen and nitrogen free) to monitor growth and investigate neutral lipid accumulation.
It was found that B. braunii grew very slowly despite using the relatively nutrient rich BBM medium. It was difficult to reach sufficient biomass to run experiments for B. braunii, but faster growth was achieved using a 2 litre fermenter. B. braunii had a total lipid content of 29% but only 3.64% were neutral (storage) lipids. This is much less than the 30% neutral lipid normally quoted as the minimum requirement for biodiesel production (Chisti, 2007). The B. braunii strain (CCAP 807/1) used failed to grow in the presence of 0.1 or 0.2 M NaCl.
Tetraselmis suecica grew in the higher salinity media, but salt stress did not induce higher lipid accumulation. Nitrogen free medium did induce more neutral lipid accumulation in T. suecica even though the growth rate and final biomass level reached were decreased. Tetraselmis suecica had less than the 30% neutral lipid normally quoted as the minimum requirement for biodiesel production, but it is an excellent candidate for production of biodiesel based on the fatty acids produced which are principally C16:0 and C18:1.
Neutral lipid accumulation increased rapidly with increasing nitrogen starvation from 25% nitrogen to nitrogen-free medium as Coccomyxa grew to reach stationary phase over four weeks. Nitrogen free medium induced more neutral lipid accumulation (31%) in Coccomyxa, which was the highest percentage found in the current work and meets the 30% neutral lipid figure suggested by Chisti et al. (2007).


This study explores the relationship between Google search activity and the conditional volatility of oil and gold spot market returns. By aggregating the volume of queries related to the two commodity markets in the spirit of Da et al. (2015), we construct a weekly Searching Volume Index (SVI) for each market as proxy of households and investors information demand. We employ a rolling EGARCH framework to reveal how the significance of information demand has evolved through time. We find that higher information demand increases conditional volatility in gold and oil spot market returns. Information flows from Google SVIs reduce the proportion of the significant volatility asymmetry produced by negative shocks in both commodity markets. The latter is more profound in the gold market.


[1] A spate of research has indicated there may be a link between climate change and the prevalence of North Atlantic tropical cyclones. In a new paper, researchers note upon closer inspection that the prominent upswing in tropical cyclone detections beginning in the midtwentieth century is attributable predominantly to the detection of "shorties" tropical cyclones with durations of less than 2 days. That the apparent surge in cyclone activity could be attributable to changes in the quality and quantity of detections has gained ground as a potential alternative explanation. Using a database of hurricane observations stretching back to 1878, Villarini et al. try to tease out any detectable climate signal from the records. The authors note that between 1878 and 1943 there were 0.58 shorty detections per year, and between 1944 and 2008 there were 2.58 shorty detections per year. This increase in shorties, which the authors propose may be related to the end of World War II and the dawn of air-based reconnaissance and weather tracking, was not mirrored by an increase in tropical cyclone activity for storms longer than 2 days. (Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, doi:10.1029/2010JD015493, 2011


After signing the 1777 Treaty of San Ildefonso, Spain and Portugal sent joint expeditions to demarcate their South American borders, as they had done a quarter century earlier. Focusing on the activities of Spanish commissioner Francisco Requena in western Amazonia in the 1780s and 1790s, this article shows that such efforts were not limited to confirming in loco the lines drawn in European courts. I demonstrate how Indigenous populations played on Iberian rivalries to maintain their autonomy and negotiate their resettlement. The very interactions between commissioners and Indigenous peoples intensified the porosity of border spaces. Because commissioners believed that sovereignty was defined through monarchical loyalty rather than simply lines on a map, they contributed to the movement of people and goods across the dividing line that they intended to create, making the border even more permeable to Indigenous claims to territoriality and cross-border interactions.


Many families do not invest in the capital market surprisingly. Different researches show that despite the high importance of the capital market, families are not inclined to keep shares. So, they propose their question as: Why many families do not participate in the capital market? The present study intends to grade factors influential on people's participation in Iran's capital market in the field of prior to admission to the capital market and experiencing the first purchase. To this end, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) has been used as one of the multifactor approaches for decision-making. Also, considering the uncertainty and ambiguity in judgments of decision makers for comparing variables, the fuzzy logic has been used. In the present article, three main criteria of finance, knowledge and awareness, and demography, and 13 secondary criteria have been followed according to the research literature. Results of the study showed that the finance criterion and the investment revenue sub-criterion were the most important main and secondary factors, respectively.


Automated Detection of human emotions has done a great wild as well as daring issue in Artificial intelligence, Human-computer interaction, PC organised area. Facial appearance is significant factor to detect the people expression in day to day life. Facial recognition(FE) has got much importance in analysts and PC researchers for the uses of medicinal services evaluation, emotion analysis and human computer interaction. People express their feelings and emotions in several ways through the gestures, speech, words, facial expressions. Expressions are the important source to spread information to others because face can determine the human emotion and feelings. This paper helps to enquire about current work which is related to this automation concept. This comparative study of this research helps in finding the facial related datasets, drawingout features, Comparitive and further scope of this facial expression.


ABSTRACT Passive structures are typically assumed to be one of the later acquired constructions in child language. English-speaking children have been shown to produce and comprehend their first simple passive structures productively by about age four and to master more complex structures by about age nine. Recent crosslinguistic data have shown that this pattern may not hold across languages of varying structures. This paper presents data from four Inuit children aged 2;0 to 3;6 that shows relatively early acquisition of both simple and complex forms of the passive. Within this age range children are productively producing truncated, full, action and experiential passives. Some possible reasons for this precociousness are explored including adult input and language structure.


Graph embedding techniques have gained increasing attention for their ability to encode the complex structural information of networks into low-dimensional vectors. Existing graph embedding methods have achieved considerable success in various applications. However, these methods have limitations in capturing global graph topology information and fail to provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of network function. In this paper, we propose IsoGloVe, a count-based method that encodes graph topology into vectors using the co-occurrence statistics of fixed-size routes in random walks. IsoGloVe calculates the final embeddings based on the geodesic distances of the node's neighbors on a manifold. This representation in geodesic space allows for the analysis of node interactions and contributes to a better understanding of complex network structure and function. The performance of IsoGloVe is evaluated on various protein-protein interactions (PPI) using graph reconstruction, node classification, and visualization. The findings reveal that IsoGloVe surpasses other comparable methods with a 30% increase in MAP for graph reconstruction and a 25% increase in model scores for node classification in the Yeast PPI network. In addition, IsoGloVe demonstrated a 6.9% increase in MAP for graph reconstruction on the Human PPI network.


I start the theoretical part of my bachelor's thesis with a description of preschool children's social development, which is tied to social learning, which develops social skills for quality interactions in a preschool group. According to Marjanovic Umek and Zupancic (2009), the development of new forms of social interactions and social competences brings about a development and an improvement of communication skills, prosocial behaviour, empathy and joint problem solving. However, members of a group are also individuals who are not popular among their peers. Their unpopularity is a reflection of unwanted and unpleasant behavioural reactions. Such an individual expresses his or her problematic and unacceptable behaviour towards other children by reacting physically aggressively, impulsively and unpredictably. I continue the theoretical part of my thesis by introducing deviant behaviours of a preschool child and protective and risk factors, which are extraordinarily important for a professional worker to understand emotional behavioural problems. I also mention the importance of social games, which are used for relational learning in the educational process and through which the participants get to know themselves, their needs, feelings and frames of mind, and learn how to communicate in an acceptable way.
Then, in the empirical part, with the help of the case study, where a researcher actively participates in the research situation (intentionally observes, prepares workshops and conducts an interview) I conduct a research, whether the method of a social game will improve the relations and communication between the boy with behavioural problems and the group, how the teacher accepts the child with behavioural issues and how the boy with behavioural problems is accepted by his peers. The case study has demonstrated that social games did not improve the communication and the relations between the boy and the group. They have helped reduce his impulsiveness and relax him. The interview with the teacher has supported her efforts to understand the interactions between the children and the boy. She has established a reciprocal and respectable relationship with him, which she has also passed onto other members of the group on a daily basis. The sociogram has explicitly shown the position of the boy Žan in the group. He was chosen by only one boy, which means that he is one of the unpopular children of the group. The unpopular child is critical of and antagonistic towards his peers. Because of his behavioural reactions (physical aggressiveness, destructive behaviours and harassment), he is frequently rejected or not chosen for joint games and activities.


This paper proposes a new design of the bi-directional automated guided vehicle (AGV) system, in which two AGVs can exchange their loads, the scheduled transportation tasks and even their vehicle numbers when they are moving in opposite directions and stop in front of each other. With the exchangeable AGV (EX-AGV) system, the common problems such as conflicts and deadlocks no longer exist and lots of unnecessary waiting time and detours can be avoided. A model, a solution algorithm framework and some on-line control polices are proposed. A simulation of the EX-AGV system is carried out and the result shows that the system is of well performance.


This paper examines the development of "appeal factors" as a guiding principle of modern readers' advisory (RA) services and training programs in public libraries. There is a growing body of literature that suggests this method, with the focus on factors intrinsic to the materials, limits the profession's understanding of how readers experience reading and understand that experience. In examining existing literature, it is clear that more research is needed on how the reader, rather than the material, impacts the success of the readers' advisory experience. If RA is to survive and thrive into future iterations of public library practice, then it is essential that we push the existing materials-focused model of book appeal into a more nuanced and reader-focused model.


The new electronic reality imposes its imprint on the world, particularly regarding the media which filled the sky with tens of satellites. As the Arab World is a part of this globe, it has followed the same road as the other countries did. Consequently, it has established hundreds
of channels. The first Arabic Islamic channel, Iqra', was founded at the end of the past century. Then, the other Islamic channels were established one after another to reach more than eighty channels, beaming their programmes via two Arabic satellites: "Arabsat" and "Nilesat". This research is an attempt to analyze the reality of these Islamic channels through surveying three significant issues in any media activity: Women appearing in the Islamic
channels, Amusement and Financial funding. The researchers used the inductive approach and the data obtained were analysed to identify the reality of the Islamic channels. Woman should not only be the ornament on the TV screen. They also should obey the juristic of syara'. To immortalize the Islamic channel on the TV screen, they must show a programme that not only commercially based, but should have a permanent source for example from
waqaf, in order to allow these channels to implement Islamic programme and produce an interactive entertaining programme with a good message


The Bonneterre Formation is the host for the lead deposits of southeast Missouri. The sedimentology of the formation strongly influenced the character of individual orebodies.Upper Cambrian sediments record a nearly continuous transgression onto an east-ward-sloping cratonic shelf. The St. Francois Mountain Precambrian highland formed a positive feature on this shelf. Lying to the west and north of the Precambrian high-land, a shallow intracratonic basin formed a slightly negative feature.Differential subsidence resulted in an eastward-thickening wedge of pre-Potosi sediments. The overall thickening to the east was little affected by the presence of the St. Francois Mountains, but this positive feature had a marked effect on the resulting facies patterns. The Precambrian highland, during the deposition of the Bonneterre Formation, became the nucleus for the development of low-energy, platform sedimentation. The margin of the platform was controlled by a well-developed stromatolite reef. The location of the reef was apparently influenced by a prevailing northwesterly wind direction.Stromatolites, sensitive indicators of depositional environments, recorded a prograding of sediments basinward during lower Bonneterre deposition along the Viburnum Trend. The inter-relationship of organic growth and differential subsidence resulted in dominantly outward biostomal growth of the reef along the Viburnum Trend, and a dominantly upward biohermal growth in the Old Lead Belt.During middle and upper Bonneterre deposition, accelerated differential subsidence resulted in (1) an environment less favorable for stromatolite growth, (2) an eastward shift of facies patterns, (3) an overall shoaling of the basin as recorded by a greatly expanded oolitic facies.This pattern of shifting facies resulted in a unique stratigraphic succession at each mine and became one of the controlling factors in the localization of the epigenetic ore-bodies of the Viburnum Trend.


Provides homogeneous set of macroseismic intensity data collected from several sources, for Italian earthquakes with maximum intensity ≥ 5 in the period 1000-2014.


The purpose of this study to describe the collaboration between Sufism Islam with adherents of Javanese inside story puppet Dewaruci. This study used qualitative methods with hermeunitik knife analysis. Studies using descriptive and analytical techniques to data derived from text books, pictures and documents about islamic sufism and adherents Javanese in the story Dewaruci puppet. Data were analyzed by using content analisys. The results showed that the puppet story of Dewaruci implies the following: first, a native of Javanese puppet story (more specifically in "Kraton Surakarta" or royal of Surakarta). It contained the story combines puppet Mahabharata with the teachings of Islamic Sufism. Second, education Sufism contains about morals and philosophy of life (Wahdah al-Wujud). Third, the merging of Islamic teachings and local wisdom of Javanese culture. Fourth, as a uniquely capable synthesize Polythiesme (Hindu) with Monothiesme (Islam). Fifth, the collaboration between the Sufism of Islam with the Javanese which resulted in live view "Manunggaling Kawula lan Gusti" or "the union between man and God".


IN a recent paper (J. Laryng. and Otol., 57, 272; 1943) on this subject, Dr. J. D. Rolleston remarks that in contrast with the dearth of popular synonyms for the ear and larynx, the nose enjoys an abundance of such terms, which he suggests is mainly due to the prominent position which the nose occupies in the face. Another explanation of these numerous synonyms is the connexion of a large red nose with chronic alcoholism, though such a connexion has been greatly exaggerated. One of the earliest beliefs connected with the nose is that it is the portal of entry of the life or the soul, as is seen from the well-known passage in Genesis relating to Adam. On the other hand, according to Sir James Frazer, the nose has been regarded by several savage races as the path by which life leaves the body. A popular belief in a close relationship between the size of the nose and the sexual organs in both sexes dates back to ancient times, and seemed at first to be confirmed at the end of the last century by the work of Fliess and others, who under the title of 'reflex neurosis' recorded a number of cases of uterine disease which had been cured by treatment of abnormal conditions of the nose. It now appears that the supposed connexion between the two organs in both sexes has been greatly exaggerated.


The lipid and cholesterol content of hepatic lymph, a diffusate of plasma, was determined in nephrotic rats during both the induction and the developed stages of experimental nephrosis. Despite the occurrence of hypercholesteremia and hyperlipemia in such rats, their hepatic lymph was found to contain a normal content of cholesterol and a greatly reduced content of total lipid. These results suggest that in the nephrotic state an intravascular alteration occurs in the various lipid fractions of plasma that interfere with their normal rate of egress from plasma.


The following literature review addresses the effects of various stressors on cognition. While attempting to be as inclusive as possible, the review focuses its examination on the relationships between cognitive appraisal, attention, memory, and stress as they relate to information processing and human performance. The review begins with an overview of constructs and theoretical perspectives followed by an examination of effects across attention, memory, perceptual-motor functions, judgment and decision making, putative stressors such as workload, thermals, noise, and fatigue and closes with a discussion of moderating variables and related topics. In summation of the review, a conceptual framework for cognitive process under stress has been assembled. As one might imagine, the research literature that addresses stress, theories governing its effects on human performance, and experimental evidence that supports these notions is large and diverse. In attempting to organize and synthesize this body of work, I was guided by several earlier efforts (Bourne & Yaroush, 2003; Driskell, Mullen, Johnson, Hughes, & Batchelor, 1992; Driskell & Salas, 1996; Haridcock & Desmond, 2001; Stokes & Kite, 1994). These authors should be credited with accomplishing the monumental task of providing focused reviews in this area and their collective efforts laid the foundation for this present review. Similarly, the format of this review has been designed in accordance with these previous exemplars. However, each of these previous efforts either simply reported general findings, without sufficient experimental illustration, or narrowed their scope of investigation to the extent that the breadth of such findings remained hidden from the reader. Moreover, none of these examinations yielded an architecture that adequately describes or explains the inter-relations between information processing elements under stress conditions.


By expanding health insurance, customers will carry a smaller burden of medical costs. As a result, the number of visits to a physician increase and this result in the improvement of medical accessibility. But medical care utilization may be changed not only by insurance status but also by socio-demographic factor, economic status and other factors. The question thus remains, at which level of accessibility and what price of medical care service in health insurance will the customer and the medical care service be satisfied. The price of medical care service ls comprised of the customer's out-of-pocket money and the costs not covered by health insurance. If the price of medical care services in health insurance are appropriate, medical care utilization should not differ because of the difference in income status or the acuteness of illness. But If the price is not adequate, low income groups will receive relatively low medical care utilization, particularly in the case of chronic disease. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the differences in medical care utilization among the various income groups and those with varying acuteness of illness. The major hypotheses to test in this study are : (i) whether there are differences in medical care utilization among different income groups exist, (ii) whether differences in medical care utilization among different income groups exist with the hospital type. (iii) whether differences in medical care utilization among different income groups exist with the acuteness of illness and with age. The data was collected from the JongRo District Health Insurance Society in Seoul. A total of 118,336 persons were selected as the final sample for this study. The major findings of this study were as follows; 1. The volume of ambulatory utilization among users was statistically significant by income level. 2. Among different income groups, the volume of ambulatory utilization was statistically significant by the acuteness of illness. 3. Higher income groups with chronic diseases had a greater volume of ambulatory utilization than other groups.


BACKGROUND
Elastography is an imaging technique, which displays the hardness of soft tissue, by showing the behavior of tissue when subjected to mechanical stress. The purpose of this study was to assess the role of ultrasound elastography in differential diagnosis of breast lesions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective study was conducted in our Research Centre, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova. We introduced in this prospective study 215 patients diagnosed with breast lesions between January 2009 and January 2011. The patients were examined in the supine position and a ductal exploration was made over the breast. The final diagnose was cytology (FNA - fine needle aspiration), histology after excision or follow-up for six months. For obtaining the elastography images, we used a EUS Hitachi EUB 8500 and Siemens ultrasound systems with elastography modules incorporated. For assessment of ultrasound elastography role in differential diagnosis of breast lesions, we performed ROC analysis.

RESULTS
The elasticity score for benign lesions was on average 1.95±1.1, and for malignant lesions was 4.21±0.9. The mean diameter of malignant lesions was 27.3 mm, which was higher than the average diameter of benign lesions (19.9 mm). The most common histology of the benign nodules was fibroadenomas, cysts, and fibrocystic change. Of the malignant nodules, the most common lesion was infiltrative ductal carcinoma. We obtained a sensitivity of 85.3%, and a specificity of 90% (area under the ROC curve=0.908, 95%CI=0.856-0.945 and p=0.0001) when a cut-off point of 3 was used.

CONCLUSIONS
Elastography is a method which can complement conventional ultrasound by improving the diagnostic performance. The introduction of ductal ultrasound combined with elastography increased the sensitivity and specificity, the radial technique allowing the precise localization of lesions regarding the breast gland.


The employment of people with mental illness is increasing each year in Japan. When they choose regular employment, some choose to disclose their illness, and others do not. In this qualitative study in Japan, I conducted a questionnaire survey among people with mental illness with an employment history about their experiences with disclosing their mental illness. After the data were coded, categorized, and analyzed, I identified three common factors for non-disclosure to an employer or supervisor: anxiety about dismissal and not being hired, anxiety about unfavorable treatment, and anxiety about stigma. Education and consideration for the illness were identified as requests for the employer. Based on these findings, I concluded that people with mental illness anticipate social alienation at the time of hiring or while they are on the job, that they must take measures to improve their working environment and decrease stigma in the workplace to continue working, and that education and increased awareness of mental illness in the workplace are needed.


The real estate market is of great importance to the economy. Housing wealth accounts to approximately 50% of the whole economy, which makes it a very important market to understand. What happened after the crisis to the market? How did this affect the behaviour of the actors involved in the market? Literature review, and subsequently interviews, seems to point out that reservation prices are subject to most importantly supply and demand. There possibility that more factors play a role is prevalent, however, information did not seem to lead to any changes in the reservation prices. Furthermore, there are several factors that affect the reservation price, but are not affected by the crisis making them relatively constant with the intervention of the crisis.


Research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) is advancing rapidly, yielding computational systems with impressive capabilities. This has brought world-renowned scientists and engineers to voice their concerns about the risks that AI research can pose to the survival of humanity. But, is AI really such an apocalyptic threat? Actually, we can learn a lot from AI research about how we see ourselves as sentient beings. Marco Schorlemmer will argue that AI is not a threat to our survival 'per se', but that we need to cultivate our capacity of intimate inquiry if we are to survive in the emerging knowledge and innovation societies in which AI will play an important role. Actually, AI research (and research in other techno-scientific fields) is very valuable for humanity... if done with a contemplative mind.


I. INTRODUCTION 1. Human Use of Water and the Coming Era of Water Scarcity 2. The Concept of the International Watercourse System II. THEORETICAL BASES OF THE LAW OF INTERNATIONAL WATERCOURSES 3. Theoretical Bases of International Watercourse Law: Introductory Considerations 4. International Watercourses as Exclusively National Resources: The 'Harmon Doctrine' in United States Practice 5. The Theoretical Basis of International Watercourse Law: An Examination of the Four Principal Theories III. THE MAJOR CASES AND CONTROVERSIES: A SURVEY OF STATE PRACTICE 6. The Major Cases 7. Selected Case Studies IV. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 8. Introduction: The 1997 United Nations Convention A. SUBSTANTIVE OBLIGATIONS 9. The Obligation to Utilize an International Watercourse in an Equitable and Reasonable Manner 10. The Obligation to Prevent Harm to Other Riparian States 11. The Obligation to Protect International Watercourses and their Ecosystems B. PROCEDURAL OBLIGATIONS 12. Procedural Obligations C. GROUNDWATER 13. The Special Case of Groundwater D. DISPUTE AVOIDANCE AND SETTLEMENT 14. Dispute Avoidance and Settlement: Selected Aspects ANNEXES BIBLIOGRAPHY Index


We present a new bilateral agent-based land market model, which moves beyond previous work by explicitly modeling behavioral drivers of land-market transactions on both the buyer and seller sides; formation of bid prices (of buyers) and ask prices (of sellers); and the relative division of the gains from trade from the market transactions. We analyze model output using a series of macro-scale economic and landscape pattern measures, including land rent gradients estimated using simple regression models. We first demonstrate that our model replicates relevant theoretical results of the traditional Alonso/Von Thunen model (structural validation). We then explore how urban morphology and land rents change as the relative market power of buyers and sellers changes (i.e., we move from a 'sellers' market' to a 'buyers' market'). We demonstrate that these strategic price dynamics have differential effects on land rents, but both lead to increased urban expansion.


Risk score of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention Morlim Limbong1*, Yan Herry2, Pipin Ardhianto2, Suhartono3 Background: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is still an issue in modern revascularization era. Recent risk stratification model used creatinine as biomarker which has some limitations. Increased ≥ 10 % of Cystatin-C after PCI has proven to be one of the earliest and accurate CIN after PCI biomarkers. The study aims to develop risk score based on predictors of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients after PCI with Cystatin-C as biomarker. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 129 patients after PCI at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Semarang. Predictor analysis was carried out using bivariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression. The independent predictors obtained were then used as risk score variables. The Hosmer and Lemeshow calibration test and AUC ROC analysis for discrimination test tested the quality of the risk score. Results: There were 3 independent predictors used as the risk score variables: Hypotension (score 1), anemia (score 1), creatinine baseline >1.5 mg/dl (score 1). Patients with total score ≥1 have higher risk to have CIN after PCI. The risk score had a good quality with the Hosmer and Lemeshow calibration test > 0.05 and relative modest discrimination ROC AUC 0.700 (95% IK 0.585-0.815; p=0.001). Conclusions: A risk score for risk stratification CIN after PCI has been created. The score has good calibration and modest discrimination in predicting the risk of CIN after PCI.


ABSTRACT This article outlines a conceptual framework for assessing personal and emotional functions of a person's zone of proximal emotional development. The framework is based on the integrative theory Neuroaffective Developmental Psychology (NADP), which brings together attachment theory, neuropsychology, developmental psychology, and trauma theory. Within the NADP framework, this article describes a way of understanding children's normal emotional mental organization and of examining how this mental organization may be developed or disturbed by relational issues. It also describes how a child's mental organization can be disturbed and thus, without intervention, disturb the child's personality development on a lifelong basis. The article presents three case vignettes, describing three children growing into adolescence with three different attachment patterns and suggested individually tailored intervention plans for each of them, relevant and useful for clinicians working with vulnerable children and families. Because the nervous system retains its plasticity throughout life, attachment is not necessarily an unchangeable pattern. That is why we as clinicians should develop psychotherapeutic methods and a research-based way of determining "what works for whom" by assessing the zone of individual proximal emotional development. The text outlines the characteristics of NADP and how it can be used to structure an intervention plan.