Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background. In a randomized controlled trial, lung transplant recipients (LTRs) using a mobile health intervention, Pocket Personal Assistant for Tracking Health (Pocket PATH), showed better adherence to the medical regimen than LTRs receiving usual care during the first year posttransplant. We examined whether these effects were maintained beyond the end of the trial and evaluated other potential risk factors for long-term nonadherence. Methods. Adherence in 8 areas was evaluated at follow-up in separate LTR and family caregiver (collateral) assessments. Pocket PATH and usual care groups' nonadherence rates were compared; multivariable regression analyses then examined and controlled for other patient characteristics' associations with nonadherence. Results. One hundred five LTRs (75% of survivors) were assessed (M = 3.9 years posttransplant, SD = 0.8). Nonadherence rates in the past month were 23%–81% for self-care and lifestyle requirements (diet, exercise, blood pressure monitoring, spirometry), 13%–23% for immunosuppressants and other medications, and 4% for tobacco use, with 31% clinic appointment nonadherence in the past year. In multivariable analysis, the Pocket PATH group showed lower risk of nonadherence to lifestyle requirements (diet/exercise) than the usual care group (P < 0.05). Younger age and factors during the first year posttransplant (acute graft rejection, chronically elevated anxiety, less time rehospitalized, nonadherence at the final randomized controlled trial assessment) were each associated with nonadherence in at least 1 area at follow-up (P < 0.05). Conclusions. Pocket PATH did not have sustained impact on most areas of the regimen, although we identified other risk factors for long-term nonadherence. Future work should explore strategies to facilitate sustained effects of mobile health interventions.


A 12-year-old girl on peritoneal dialysis developed sub-clinical peritonitis due to Pasteurella multocida, following puncture of her dialysis tubing by a domestic cat. Only four other similar cases of P. multocida peritonitis have been reported in adults. This unusual form of peritonitis could be easily prevented by not allowing domestic animals to come into contact with dialysis tubings in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis.


The purpose of this paper is to identify how students gain "real-world" experience via service-learning projects. This article describes the results of a pilot study conducted with over 75 business graduate students to investigate the effects of service-learning curriculum at the collegiate level. The following qualitative data was collected: observations, field notes, interviews, video-taped group meetings, and student reflection journals. This data was collected to gain insight on the research question, "What are business students' views of service-learning projects and how they contribute to 'real-world' experience?" In addition, this article briefly discusses literature on the ethnographic qualitative approach and its significance, as well as the service-learning literature that continues to evolve as the instigation of such projects continues to draw the attention of researchers and educators.


This paper evaluates the performance of six possible sampling designs to estimate the population abundance index for American lobster using computer simulations. These designs include simple random sampling (SRS), systematic sampling (SYS) and stratified random sampling with four stratification schemes (i.e., based on region, depth, sediment and region × depth). For the stratified random design with region and depth being used for stratification, we evaluated the performances of different strategies for allocating sampling efforts. Simulations were implemented on the "true" populations which were estimated annually from 2002 to 2008 for both spring and fall based on a general additive model model developed in a separate study. Relative Estimation Error (REE), Relative Bias (RB) and design effect were used to measure the precision, accuracy and efficiency of mean estimation for different designs. On average, SYS tended to yield the most precise and efficient estimate of mean with specified sample size. However, its estimates tended to be biased and its performance varied with sample sizes and realizations of "true" population, thus changed with lobster distribution. Appropriate stratification, such as using depth to determine strata, significantly improved the precision and efficiency over SRS. Sediment, which is related to lobster distribution, was found to have little contribution to the improvement of the performance over SRS when it is used to determine strata. Also, allocating samples to each stratum based on variance or mean of previous year improved precision and efficiency. This study suggests that current design ( i.e., region-depth stratified design) used in the survey had stable performance across years and seasons.


The role of land registration in reducing rural poverty has been debated for several decades. This article analyses the impacts of land registration on land rentals, security of land tenure, disputes over land, use of credit facilities from formal financial institutions and gender access and control over land. Our findings are based on data collected between April and December 2011 in irrigation systems in three regional states of Ethiopia using in‐depth interviews and field surveys. Land registration has a positive influence on land rentals by reducing the fear of landholders in losing land to renters. Important benefits of land registration also include enhancing tenure security through ensuring usufruct rights over land and addressing the conflicts that arise from the competition to access irrigable land. Joint land titling secures women's access to land and encourages women's decision‐making on land rentals, input use, cropping patterns and the marketing of harvest from irrigable plots. While land registration allows for improved tenure security, gender equity and reduced disputes over land, it does little to facilitate access to credit or increase the use of farm inputs. The findings suggest that more work needs to be carried out to translate the benefits of land registration into improved livelihoods by increasing investment in farm inputs, production of high value, off‐season crops and increase market participation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


During August 1989, extended twilight and nighttime measurements with the European incoherent scatter (EISCAT) UHF radar were performed under PCA conditions. This provided an excellent data quality in the altitude region of 70 to 90 km throughout the three nights of August 12 to 15, 1989. A sophisticated control program allowed the measurement of the spectral width in the altitude region mentioned. In general, the measured spectral width deviates significantly from model values based on temperatures measured simultaneously by Na lidar combined with CIRA 88 temperature and density values. The observed spectra are up to 2 or 3 times narrower. In our observations the deviation tends to increase with increasing altitude. We also find that earlier spectral width measurements published by other workers are often narrower than current D region theory predicts. The possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.


Resistance to thyroid hormone (RTH) is a rare syndrome characterized by reduced sensitivity to thyroid hormone due to thyroid hormone receptor-beta (TRbeta) gene mutations or deletion. RTH has been classified on the basis of clinical features into generalized (GRTH) and pituitary (PRTH) resistance. There is, however, overlap of clinical and biochemical findings in patients with the two forms of resistance, and similar TRbeta gene mutations have been identified in both. The 2 subtypes of RTH, therefore, are considered to be different manifestations of a single genetic entity. We report a mutation of the TRbeta gene, an arginine to leucine substitution at codon 338 (R338L), in 2 unrelated RTH kindreds of northern Italian ancestry. The same mutation was already reported in a single unrelated kindred affected by PRTH. Five individuals, 3 in the first and 2 in the second family, were clinically evaluated and followed for 3-11 years. During the long-term follow-up, the patients manifested symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism including palpitations, fine tremors, heat intolerance, increased sweating, increased deep tendon reflexes, moist and warm skin, cardiac rhythm abnormalities, reduced body weight, and reduced bone mineral density. The clinical features of these kindreds are consistent with a predominant PRTH phenotype.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To evaluate the impact of supportive interventions perceived by both the intensive care unit patients' relatives and the healthcare providers, such as deferred intake interviews for providing information and discussing the emotional impacts, encouragement to keep a diary, and the introduction of weekly psychosocial rounds, on the perceptions of relatives of patients in the intensive care unit.

BACKGROUND
Patient- and family-centred care is gaining interest, with a shift from provider-centric norms to care arranged around patients' and relatives individual beliefs and needs. This is expected to have a positive influence on the quality of care. Communication is one of the most important factors impacting the perceived quality of care in the intensive care unit from the perspective of patients' relatives. New interventions have been introduced to help the patients' relatives to meet their communication needs.

DESIGN
A time-trend quantitative design.

METHODS
Two convenience samples of relatives were included (in 2012 and 2013) in four different intensive care units from a large university medical centre in the Netherlands.

RESULTS
Survey data from 211 relatives (75% net response rate in 2012) and 123 relatives (66% net response rate in 2013) were used for the analysis. The second measurement showed significant improvements regarding informational aspects of care, clarification of roles in participatory caretaking and shared decision-making.

CONCLUSION
The results suggest that the additional support offered to patients' relatives increased perceived quality of care, particularly with respect to informational needs. However, patient- and family-centred care still requires a change in the mindset of healthcare professionals. This new point of view should overcome perceived barriers and foster a culture of partnership with patients' relatives in the intensive care unit.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Training in providing psychosocial support for the needs of relatives leads to a stronger perception of patient-centredness.


Environmental stress is the major limiting factor in plant productivity. As an effort to solve the global food and environmental problems using the plant biotechnology, we have developed transgenic tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) plants via Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer method. To develop transgenic tall fescue plants with enhanced tolerance to the environmental stresses, both CuZn superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) genes were incorporated in a pIG121 binary vector and the both of the genes were controlled separately by an oxidative stress-inducible sweet potato peroxidase 2 (SWPA2) premoter expressed in chloroplasts. Leaf discs of transgenic plants showed 10-30% less damage compared to the wild-type when they exposed to a wide range of environmental stresses including methyl viologen (MV), and heavy metals. In addition, when MV was sprayed onto the whole plants, transgenic plants showed a significant reduction of visible damage compared to wild-type plants that were almost damaged. These results suggest that over expression of CuZnSOD and APX genes in transgenic plants might be a useful strategy to protect the crops against a wide range of environmental stresses.


The effect of sodium fluoride on lactose metabolism and o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside (ONPG) hydrolysis by Streptococcus lactis strains 7962 and C2F suggested that different mechanisms of lactose utilization existed in the two strains. Sodium fluoride prevented lactose utilization and ONPG hydrolysis by whole cells of S. lactis C2F but had no effect on S. lactis 7962. Although hydrolysis of ONPG by toluene-treated cells of S. lactis 7962 occurred without addition of phospho-enolpyruvate (PEP), toluene-treated cells of S. lactis C2F required the presence of this cofactor. Concentrated cell extracts of S. lactis C2F hydrolyzed ONPG; this hydrolysis was inhibited by NaF, but the addition of PEP, in the presence of NaF, restored maximal activity. Addition of acetyl-phosphate, carbamyl-phosphate, adenosine-5′-triphosphate, guanosine-5′-triphosphate, or uridine-5′-triphosphate did not stimulate activity. The presence of cofactors did not stimulate and NaF did not inhibit the hydrolysis in extracts of S. lactis 7962. To confirm the operation of two mechanisms, S. lactis 7962 was shown to hydrolyze lactose to glucose and galactose, whereas S. lactis C2F was unable to split the disaccharide. In addition, whole cells of S. lactis C2F rapidly accumulated a phosphorylated derivative of thiomethyl-β-d-galactoside (TMG) which behaved chromatographically and electrophoretically like TMG-PO4. Unexpectedly, S. lactis 7962 also accumulated a TMG derivative, although the rate was extremely low. These data indicate that different mechanisms of lactose utilization exist in the two strains, with a phosphorylation step dependent on PEP involved in S. lactis C2F.


To gain insight into the intracellular signaling cascades that are activated by the binding of interleukin-3 (IL-3) to its target cells, we have embarked on the identification of proteins that are associated with the IL-3 receptor (IL-3R). In a previous study we reported that a 110-kDa serine/threonine protein kinase is constitutively associated with the IL-3R and activated following IL-3 stimulation. We now report that a phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P3) 5-phosphatase (5-ptase) is also constitutively associated with the IL-3R. This 5-ptase is magnesium-dependent and removes the 5-position phosphate from PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 but does not metabolize PtdIns-4,5-P2, inositol (Ins)-1,3,4,5-P4, or Ins-1,4,5-P3. This substrate specificity distinguishes it from any previously characterized 5-ptase. Interestingly, it may be bound indirectly via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase), another enzyme that is constitutively bound to the IL-3R. However, unlike PI 3-kinase which becomes activated following IL-3 stimulation, this receptor-associated 5-ptase activity does not increase following IL-3 stimulation, and its primary function may be to keep the principal in vivo product of PI 3-kinase, PtdIns-3,4,5-P3, at low levels in unstimulated cells, to terminate the PI 3-kinase signal following IL-3 stimulation or to metabolize PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 to a metabolically active second messenger, i.e. PtdIns-3,4-P2.


In general, a valve body of the automatic transmission (AT) is controlled by the clutch, the brake and lubricating oil flow in a hydraulic system and lubricant flow for each valve can be adjusted independently. To increase the lifetime of AT, the lubrication flow rate in a valve body for a 6 speed AT based parallel hybrid electric vehicle must be provided with proper oil distribution and control. In this study, we carried out several experiments without the inner parts of AT and with a AT assembly. The variation of the flow rate on oil temperature and pressure between an oil supply port and the outlets of the lubrication port was evaluated and analyzed. In the case of AT without the inner parts, it was evident that as the oil required for an operation of the clutch and brake was discharged from the outlet port, the flow rate from each lubrication port is decreased. However, the flow rate of the AT assembly was slightly increased. In addition, the lubrication flow rate was increased with increasing the oil temperature, and also it was reduced with increasing the oil pressure. Details of the resulting data are discussed.


This article seeks to analyze the incidence of debt on the profitability of pyramids in the department of Boyaca, Colombia, for which, several hypotheses have been raised taking as elements: the size of the company, the asset or fixed asset, the cost of capital, and sales, aspects that are proven through financial ratios and theoretically contrasted with the contributions of Modigliani and Miller, the theory of trade off or static equilibrium, the theory of Myers and Majluf, among others. Among the main results found in the investigation, it could be established that the levels of debt assumed by the organizations are related to the size of the company, profitability, cost of capital, fixed assets and constitute a low patrimonial risk. It also establishes that the typology of small businesses in the region is associated with financing problems, which are inherent to active or reactive pyramids, that is, small organizations with low levels of profitability that survive with short-term decisions.


The computation of dynamic loads on a launch vehicle due to atmospheric gust is essential for the design of launch vehicle structural systems. Launch vehicle can encounter gusts at any time during the flight. The gust models are of different patterns. This results in analysing many cases to identify the critical load condition for structural design of launch vehicle. Generating the finite element models at various time instances using the pre-processor of any standard FEM package and gust models of various patterns at critical flight instances are tedious and time consuming. A Multistage Launch Vehicle is analysed to study the gust response at various time instants during flight. Finite Element Model of the Launch Vehicle at lift off is generated using a standard FEM Package. A software called 'GUST_SIMULATION' is developed for generating finite element models at various time instances from the lift off model and for generating the gust models at various time instants. As large number of result files are generated automatically, post processing of the gust load analysis using FEM packages is time consuming. So, for extracting the gust response from the output file of the FEM package, another software 'GUSTRUN' is developed. The results are analyzed to get the critical load case.


This paper theoretically and empirically analyzes the interactions among capacity investments under demand uncertainty, product market competition, and firm risk. In our model, the incumbent firm can invest in inflexible or flexible capital. Our model predicts that firm risk is higher for more capital-intensive firms operating in a more concentrated market. This prediction arises because smaller investments would induce greater market competition, which effectively eliminates the right tail of the incumbent firm's profit distribution. We provide strong empirical support for our predictions. In particular, firm value is more volatile in less competitive markets for a given level of demand uncertainty. JEL classification: G12, G31, L13.


The sequelae of preterm births may differ, depending on whether birth follows an acute event or a chronic condition. In a population-based cohort study of 2,711,645 Canadian hospital deliveries from 2003 to 2012, 3,059 women experienced unintentional injury during pregnancy. We assessed the impact of the acute event on pregnancy outcome and on neonatal complications, such as nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, respiratory distress syndrome, intubation, and death. We adjusted for maternal age, parity, pregnancy conditions, and (for neonates) gestational age in logistic regression analyses. Injury was significantly associated with fetal mortality and early preterm delivery. For preterm infants born to injured women during the hospitalization for injury versus those born to noninjured women, the adjusted odds ratios were 2.25 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.23, 4.17) for neonatal death, 2.44 (95% CI: 1.76, 3.37) for respiratory distress, 2.20 (95% CI: 1.26, 3.84) for nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, and 2.17 (95% CI: 1.60, 2.96) for intubation, despite more favorable fetal growth in those born to noninjured women (adjusted birth-weight-for-gestational-age z score: 0.154 vs. 0.024, P = 0.041; small-for-gestational-age rate: 4.5% vs. 9.5%, P = 0.001). Our findings suggest that adaptation to the suboptimal intrauterine environment underlying chronic causes of preterm birth may protect preterm infants from adverse sequelae.


EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Fertility has fallen to extremely low levels in Europe, prompting some to argue that we are on the brink of a 'demographic crisis' that will have serious societal consequences. There is also a parallel need to strengthen the labour force and increase productivity, materialized in the Lisbon Strategy to increase women's employment to 60 percent across Europe by 2010. These dual concerns prompted the European Commission to embark upon a major public debate, resulting in the adoption of recent fertility and labour market policy measures. These mandates raise a dilemma: how to combine an increase in female employment with an increase in fertility? Beyond posing a predicament, these policies also shape the current debate and channel thinking into one direction. Research continues to target issues surrounding: only women's fertility, paid employment, and the reconciliation of work and family. Although these are core questions, the result is that key aspects have been overlooked. The focus on women means that we know relatively little about men's fertility. The attention to female employment distracts us from more nuanced aspects of employment such working conditions or subjective experiences. We also know less about non-employment related reasons for low fertility, such as lack of a partner or partnership histories, gender equity, family policy or domestic unpaid labour. This paper proposes six new demands for data in the area of labour market and fertility research. Namely, the need for data and research related to: 1) gender equity and family policy, 2) unpaid domestic labour, 3) subjective experiences of paid and unpaid labour, 4) men's fertility; 5) partnership histories and fertility; and, 6) stepfamily and multi-partnered fertility. After a brief background, the paper explores the first three interrelated aspects of gender equity, unpaid domestic labour and subjective experiences of (un)paid labour. Using the European Social Survey (2004/5) and examining the impact of these factors on fertility intentions, the paper then tests the empirical validity of these arguments. The analysis offers three central findings. First – gender equity matters. Women in countries with higher gender equity exhibit higher fertility intentions, with an added suggestion to link gender equity indices to family policies. Second, domestic labour impacts fertility intentions, reminding researchers to look beyond paid employment and acknowledge the impact of the 'second shift' on fertility. Women who engage in considerably more household labour and find housework stressful have lower fertility intentions. Previous research has also largely focussed on the link between the labour market participation and working hours of women. A third finding, however, shows that the missing link appears to be women's control over the organization of work and influence on organizational policy. Compared to those who felt that they have no influence, those with some influence or complete control report significantly higher fertility intentions. These preliminary findings challenge us to go beyond standard measures of paid employment to examine the underlying mechanisms that may generate problems between work and family. The paper concludes with suggestions for three new frontiers of data collection and research. The focus on women's employment and fertility means that we know relatively little about men, who play a key role in fertility decisions and long-term well-being of children. The retreat from marriage and partnerships as the locus of childbearing, complex partnership histories, and higher dissolutions are further under researched areas in the study of fertility. Finally, we need to know more about stepfamily, multi-partnered and pre-union fertility. A growing recognition of alternative family forms and types of employment experiences invite a future of new frontiers for research in the area of labour market and family research.


ABSTRACT Understanding recharge processes is fundamental to improve sustainable groundwater resource management. Shallow groundwater (SGW) is being developed for multiple purposes in Ethiopia without consideration of monitoring. We established a citizen science-based hydro-meteorological monitoring network, with a focus on SGW recharge estimation, in Eshito micro-watershed, Ethiopia. Citizen scientists collected rainfall, groundwater-level and stream water-level data. We characterized the shallow aquifer using pumping tests. The data were used to estimate SGW recharge using three methods: chloride mass balance, water-level fluctuation (WLF) and baseflow separation. Approximately 20% and 35% of annual rainfall amount contributes to recharge based on the chloride mass balance and WLF results, respectively. Baseflow separation showed recharge values for the watershed vary from 38% to 28% of annual rainfall at the upstream and downstream gauging stations, respectively. This study shows that the recharge in previously unmonitored micro-watersheds can be studied if citizens are involved in data generation.


A beam optical focusing structure with double subwavelength metal slits surrounded by tapered surface dielectric gratings is proposed and demonstrated numerically. In the proposed structure, just with the regulation of the surface gratings, the radiation fields of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can be controlled effectively to make a beam spot at several times the wavelength distance from the slit. Two methods for the control of focal length and width are proposed, and the simulation results verify that both the methods are effective for the design of nano-optical focusing devices.


The structure of the lipid A component of lipopolysaccharides isolated from two wild-type strains (Fisher 2 and 7) and one rough mutant (PAC 605) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was investigated using chemical analysis, methylation analysis, combined gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, laser-desorption mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The lipid A backbone was found to consist of a pyranosidic beta 1,6-linked D-glucosamine disaccharide [beta-D-GlcpN-(1----6)-D-GlcpN], phosphorylated in positions 4' and 1. Position 6' of the beta-D-GlcpN-(1----6)-D-GlcpN disaccharide was identified as the attachment site of the core oligosaccharide and the hydroxyl group at C-4 was not substituted. Lipid A of the three P. aeruginosa strains expressed heterogeneity with regard to the degree of acylation: a hexaacyl as well as a pentaacyl component were structurally characterized. The hexaacyl lipid A contains two amide-bound 3-O-acylated (R)-3-hydroxydodecanoic acid groups [12:0(3-OH)] at positions 2 and 2' of the GlcN dissacharide and two ester-bound (R)-3-hydroxydecanoic acid groups [10:0(3-OH)] at positions 3 and 3'. The pentaacyl species, which represents the major lipid A component, lacks one 10:0(3-OH) residue, the hydroxyl group in position 3 of the reducing GlcN residue being free. In both hexa- and pentaacyl lipid A the 3-hydroxyl group of the two amide-linked 12:0(3-OH) residues are acylated by either dodecanoic (12:0) or (S)-2-hydroxydodecanoic acid [12:0(2-OH)], the lipid A species with two 12:0(2-OH) residues, however, being absent. The presence of only five acyl residues in the major lipid A fraction may account for the low endotoxic activity observed with P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide.


This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of the Kinesio tape (KT) application on functional performance in healthy athletes. In this randomized, controlled crossover trial, a total of sixteen healthy soccer players (male = 14; age = 23.28 ± 3.13 years old) were assigned randomly into either KT over quadriceps, KT over hamstring, KT over quadriceps plus hamstring, or no intervention control condition. Four conditions were applied in a crossover design through three consecutive test sessions for each condition with a washout period of 2 days between the trials. Afterwards, all participants performed a 5-min warm-up routine and four sets of 30-s static stretching exercises for the hamstring and gluteal muscles for three consecutive treatment sessions. The running, jump, and flexibility tests were used to assess the functional performance of healthy athletes. A total of sixteen participants completed the study. No significant differences in the jump, flexibility, and running tests among the conditions were reported (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that KT application has no acute effects in improving functional performance in healthy athletes. However, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to verify our results.


ABSTRACT Decision support systems have been developed for risk analysis and management of root-feeding white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) in Queensland, Australia, sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), based partly on manual inspection of soil samples. Acoustic technology was considered as a potential alternative to this laborious procedure. Field surveys were conducted to detect the major pests Dermolepida albohirtum (Waterhouse) near Mackay, and Antitrogus parvulus Britton near Bundaberg. Computer analyses were developed to identify distinctive scrapes and other sounds produced by D. albohirtum and Antitrogus species and to distinguish them from sounds of nondamaging white grubs (Rutelinae, Dynastinae), as well as from extraneous, wind-induced tapping signals. Procedures were considered for incorporating acoustic methods into surveys and sequential sampling plans. Digging up and inspecting sugarcane root systems requires 10–12 min per sample, but acoustic assessments can be obtained in 3–5 min, so labor and time could be reduced by beginning the surveys with acoustic sampling. In a typical survey conducted in a field with low population densities, sampling might terminate quickly after five negative acoustic samples, establishing a desired precision level of 0.25 but avoiding the effort of excavating and inspecting empty samples. With a high population density, sampling might terminate also if signals were detected in five samples, in which case it would be beneficial to excavate the samples and count the white grubs. In intermediate populations, it might be necessary to collect up to 20 samples to achieve desired precision, and acoustic methods could help determine which samples would be best to excavate.


The role of protein kinase C (PKC) using its selective inhibitor, chelerythrine, in agonist mediated platelet aggregation was studied. Chelerythrine had no effect on the aggregation induced by adrenaline, PAF, collagen and ADP at the maximum doses of these agonists. However, it potentiated the aggregatory response of low doses of adrenaline (0.4-1 microM). Such an effect was blocked by Ca(++)-channel blockers, verapamil and diltiazem indicating the likely involvement of Ca++ influx in the platelet aggregation during the cascade.


Axial flux machines may give higher power-to weight ratios than conventional radial flux machines. As the axial flux machine can easily be constructed with a multi-rotor configuration, it is well suited for ironless stator design, which has gained interest in the latest years due to the development of high remanent flux density permanent magnets. In addition to the reduced eddy current losses and weight of the stator itself, an ironless design eliminates the magnetic forces acting on the stator, so that the necessity of a heavy stator frame is reduced. Several winding topologies exist for ironless stators, and it can be interesting to compare these with each other. For this purpose, an ironless axial flux 110 pole dual rotor permanent magnet machine with easily exchangeable stator has been made. This machine allows preliminary tests on different stator designs before more expensive prototypes are built. As all active parts of the machine are visible, it may also serve as a demonstration model for electro-mechanical energy conversion. Simulations done on a single-layer 3-level-endturn winding with q=6/5 shows an induced voltage of 40.22 V at 50 Hz. This corresponds well with measurements done on a stator segment covering 2/11 of the machine. The measured DC resistance of this segment is equivalent of 2.51Ω for a complete stator, which even though somewhat less than calculated, is rather large due to long endturns compared to the radial length of the conductors. The measured inductance of the segment equals self and mutual inductances of about 0.55 μH and 0.275 μH for a complete stator, which is significantly less than calculated.


Background

Optimal breastfeeding is critical for healthy growth. Despite this about 820,000 children and 20,000 women lost due to inappropriate breastfeeding each year globally. In Ethiopia, about 50,000 children lost related to malnutrition. Of these, about 18% of child death is contributed by poor breastfeeding habit. Many studies reported the individual-level factors; however, little is known about the determinants of breastfeeding at the hierarchical level. Therefore, this study aimed to identify factors associated with optimal breastfeeding among children age 0-5 month in Ethiopia using multilevel analysis.Methods

A five-year representative survey study was conducted to assess the determinants of optimal breastfeeding among 1,087 children aged 0-5 months using the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data (EDHS). Both bivariate and multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis were done to identify significant explanatory variables. Fixed effect and random effect were done to estimate the association between the dependent and explanatory variable and to measure the variation explained by the higher level respectively.Results

Among the total of 1,087 children, only 45.4% of optimally breastfed. Children aged 4-5 months (AOR =0.19; 95%CI: 0.12-0.27), children from richest wealth index (AOR=2.87; 95% CI: 1.53- 5.43), children born through cesarean section and residing in Afar region were found significantly associated with optimal breastfeeding. The random-effects showed that the variation between communities was statistically significant.Conclusion

Both individual and community level factors play a significant role in shaping optimal breastfeeding. Future strategies and health interventions should target individual and community level factors that enhance optimal breastfeeding.


Edited by a renowned scientist in the field with more than 200 high profile scientific publications to his name, this is the first book to provide a comprehensive overview of all cardiovascular hormone systems. Clearly structured, the text covers steroid and peptide hormones, amines, and arachidonic acid metabolites, as well as such others as nucleotides, nitric oxide, and acetylcholine. An essential reference for researchers working on the cardiovascular system and related diseases.


The elementary excitation spectra of a one-dimensional ferrimagnetic diamond chain in the spin-1/2 XY model at low temperatures have been calculated by using an invariant eigen-operator (IEO) method, the energies of elementary excitations in different specific cases are discussed, and the analytic solutions of three critical magnetic field intensities (HC1, HC2, and Hpeak) are given. The magnetization versus external magnetic field curve displays a 1/3 magnetization plateau at low temperatures, in which HC1 is the critical magnetic field intensity from the disappearance of the 1/3 magnetization plateau to spin-flop states, HC2 is the critical magnetic field intensity from spin-flop states to the saturation magnetization, and Hpeak is the critical magnetic field intensity when the temperature magnetization shows a peak in the external magnetic field. The temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibility and the specific heat show a double peak structure. The entropy and the magnetic susceptibility versus external magnetic field curves also exhibit a double peak structure, and the positions of the two peaks correspond to HC1 and HC2, respectively. This derives from the competition among different types of energies: the temperature-dependent thermal disorder energy, the potential energy of the spin magnetic moment, the ferromagnetic exchange interaction energy, and the anti-ferromagnetic exchange interaction energy. However at low temperatures, the specific heat as a function of external magnetic field curve exhibits minima at the above two critical points (HC1 and HC2). The origins of the above phenomena are discussed in detail.


Starting from the current context, of the transition of educational activities in the online environment, we will try to outline some aspects that e-learning covers. Through this study, we aim to synthesize the general perception of those involved in the Romanian education system, where it was possible to obtain relevant information. Based on the online discussions with the students, as well as based on the meetings we had with colleagues, we decided to present the perception of the interviewees regarding online education. Equally, following the answers received, we aimed to expose the favorable (pros) and less favorable (cons) aspects of the transition to e-learning in the Romanian education system. Their exemplification was made taking into account the options of the main actors involved in education; for each of them (teachers or formators, students, parents) the possible benefits or disadvantages were highlighted in relation to the education carried out exclusively online.


Background: Hospitalizations in patients with metastatic cancer occur commonly at the end of life but have not been well-described in those with metastatic breast cancer (MBC). The goal of this study was to describe the reasons for admission, end-of-life outcomes, and hospice and palliative care utilization in hospitalized patients with MBC. Methods: We identified all patients with MBC who had their first hospital admission (index admission) at Massachusetts General Hospital since their diagnosis of metastatic disease between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2010 through a centralized clinical data registry. We collected demographic and clinical information and data on all hospital admissions and utilization of palliative care and hospice services during a three-year follow-up period. Results: We identified 123 patients hospitalized for the first time since their diagnosis of MBC. The median number of hospital admissions during the three-year follow-up period was 2 (range 1 to 17). Uncontrolled symptoms accounted for half (62/123, 50%) of the index admissions [20 (16%) with central nervous system systems, 17 (14%) with respiratory symptoms, 10 (8%) with pain, 9 (7%) with gastrointestinal symptoms, 4 (3%) with failure to thrive, and 2 (2%) with dehydration]. The majority of patients (93/123, 76%) died during the follow-up period. The median time from first hospitalization to death was 6 months (range 0 to 53). Among patients who died, 20/93 (22%) died in the hospital and 49/93 (53%) died within 14 days of hospital discharge. Among the deceased group, the inpatient palliative care team evaluated 53/93 (57%) of patients at least once during an admission, but only 18/93 (19%) patients attended an outpatient palliative care clinic appointment. A minority of patients who died (27/93, 29%) were referred to hospice upon discharge. An additional 34/93 (37%) patients who died were referred to hospice from the outpatient setting. Conclusions: Hospitalized patients with MBC are commonly admitted for uncontrolled symptoms. They have a poor prognosis, and approximately half die within two weeks of a hospital admission. However, only a minority receive outpatient palliative care or are referred to hospice services from the inpatient setting. These findings highlight the need to develop interventions to improve end-of-life care for patients with MBC who are hospitalized. Citation Format: Amanda Parkes, Jennifer A Shin, Helen Knight, Areej El-Jawahri, Lara Traeger, Jennifer S Temel. End-of-life outcomes and hospice and palliative care utilization in hospitalized patients with metastatic breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-16-01.


The hyperfine quadrupole interaction of was determined in the room-temperature to range. The study of the thermal behaviour of the hyperfine parameters identified an extended phase transition from to and the existence of a distorted low-temperature -phase.


Estrogen replacement is an effective therapy of postmenopausal symptoms such as hot flushes, bone loss, and vaginal dryness. Undesired estrogen effects are the stimulation of uterine and mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation as well as hepatic estrogenicity. In this study, we examined the influence of different estradiol release kinetics on tissue responsivity in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Pulsed release kinetics was achieved by ip or sc administration of estradiol dissolved in physiological saline containing 10% ethanol (EtOH/NaCl) whereas continuous release kinetics was achieved by sc injection of estradiol dissolved in benzylbenzoate/ricinus oil (1+4, vol/vol). Initial 3-d experiments in OVX rats showed that pulsed ip estradiol administration had profoundly reduced stimulatory effects on the uterus and the liver compared with continuous release kinetics. On the other hand, both administration forms prevented severe vaginal atrophy. Based on these results, we compared the effects of pulsed (sc in EtOH/NaCl) vs. continuous (sc in benzylbenzoate/ricinus oil) estradiol release kinetics on bone, uterus, mammary gland, and liver in a 4-month study in OVX rats. Ovariectomy-induced bone loss was prevented by both administration regimes. However, pulsed estradiol resulted in lower uterine weight, reduced induction of hepatic gene expression, and reduced mammary epithelial hyperplasia relative to continuous estradiol exposure. We conclude that organ responsivity is influenced by different hormone release kinetics, a fact that might be exploited to reduce undesired estradiol effects in postmenopausal women.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Juvenile Systemic Sclerosis (JSSc) is one of the most severe multi-systemic connective tissue conditions encountered in pediatric rheumatology. Due to its high morbidity and mortality rate, early diagnosis, proper assessment and effective treatment are crucial. Areas covered: In this review, we will focus on the recent advances on the classification and general management of JSSc based on the literature search and on the Authors' experience. Expert commentary: Classification criteria for the pediatric forms of systemic sclerosis, the new proposed assessment tools, such as the juvenile systemic sclerosis severity score, named J4S, and new techniques for the internal organs assessment, will facilitate both daily practice and research projects. Unfortunately, no known drugs seem to be effective in preventing the development of disease complications although a few treatments, undertaken according to experience in adults, have shown some effects in arresting the disease progression.


To evaluate the association of indoor radon exposure with lung cancer risk, yearlong a track detector measurements of radon were conducted in dwellings which had been occupied for at least 10 years by 433 New Jersey female lung cancer cases and 402 controls who were subjects in a larger population-based study. Adjusted odds ratios were 1.1 (90% con fidence interval, 0.79-1.7), 1.3 (90% confidence interval, 0.62-2.9), and 4.2 (90% confidence interval, 0.99-17.5) for exposures of 1.0-1.9, 2.0-3.9, and 4.0-11.3 pCi/liter, respectively, relative to exposures of less than 1.0 pCi/liter, showing a significant trend (1-sided /' = 0.04) with increas ing radon concentration. The trend was strongest among light smokers (less than 15 cigarettes/day, 1-sided P = 0.01). The trend for lung cancer risk with estimated cumulative radon exposure was slightly weaker (1- sided /' = 0.09). The increase in relative risk for each unit of cumulative exposure, 3.4% (90% confidence interval 0.0-8.0%) per working level month, was consistent with the range of 0.5-4.0% per working level month generally reported for underground miner studies, supporting the extrapolation of the occupational data to the residential setting. However, the possibility of selection biases, the small number of high exposures, and other uncertainties necessitate caution in interpretation of these data.


In this paper, using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations featuring ab initio Coulomb scattering, we study the impact of Coulomb scattering from a single trapped electron on the magnitude of the corresponding drain-current reduction in a series of well scaled n-channel nano-MOSFETs. Through a careful comparison with drift-diffusion (DD) simulations that only capture the electrostatic effects associated with the trapped charge, we were able to demonstrate the specific contribution of the scattering. The simulations are performed at low drain bias for MOSFETs with channel lengths of 30, 20, and 10 nm, respectively. Compared to the DD results, the MC simulations show significant additional reduction in drain current associated with the scattering from the trapped electron. The scattering related percentage reduction in the current increases with the increase of the gate voltage toward strong inversion conditions. The velocity distributions in the presence of the trapped charge at various gate conditions are carefully analyzed in order to explain the magnitude of the observed effect.


Since the end of 1980s, the liberalization of the Vietnamese economy has led to the rapid emergence of a private dairy sector. This fast development can be understood as a major institutional change from centrally planned and collectivist economy to market economy. We analyze this institutional change using the political-cultural approach (Fligstein, 2001). We collected data and interviewed stakeholders in the Ba Vi District (North of Vietnam), where dairy has become an important economic activity, as well as at national level. Our approach considers the historical transformation that happened in the last 30 years. We analyze 4 types of rules (or social structures) that shape the current architecture of markets: property rights, governance structure, rules of exchange and conception of control. We show how those rules result from conflicts or alliances between farmers, firms and government officials in the attempt to stabilize the market. We consider in particular how stakeholders response to crises on the market. In Ba Vi, we observe an original market structure where the alliance between the State, the farmers and some dairy corporation has led to the emergence of an inclusive system. However, since the Melamine Crisis in 2008, and in the context of new liberal economic policies, the IDP dairy industry has become dominant in the market. In an attempt to reduce the competition for the collection of milk in the District, a new alliance between this firm and the local Government has emerged, which appears to be less inclusive. Our results also point out that the consumers and the media are playing an increasingly important role in the formation of those institutions. Through reputation and trust mechanisms, consumers are in position of legitimating – or challenging this new capitalist market structure. (Resume d'auteur)


The article presents the features of the use of pulse-periodic systems, which are presented in the form of generators of synthetic jets and can be used to eliminate flow separation of blade rows of turbomachines. It is known that the control system of separated flows characterized by greater efficiency in the modes of operation of stages of turbomachines that are close to resonance. Therefore, ensuring the flexibility of the control system of separated flows and the possibility of its adjustment under certain operating conditions of stages of turbomachines, greatly expand the range of effectiveness of the latter. Such flexibility of the control system of separated flow can be achieved by using a moving element, which is used as a vibration exciter. With moving parts can configure the system to the required frequency range, the moving element can also play the role of a diagnostic element of the system. It should be noted that the integral separated wake on the stages of axial turbomachines has a requirement for control method for the presence of feedback, which in turn needs a shaping procedure and settings. Adjusting the natural frequency of the control system of separated flows will provide expansion of its range of effective work, as well as increase the efficiency of stages of turbomachines in general. The study results can be used for the selection of configuration of moving parts of repetitively pulsed systems.


Opioids may depress respiration and contribute to airway obstruction after adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep disorder. We compared the respiratory and analgesic effects of nalbuphine, which has a ceiling effect for respiratory depression, and pethidine in 90 children (aged 2–12 years) with a history of obstructive sleep disorder undergoing adenotonsillectomy. Children were scored for their obstructive sleep disorder history and were randomly allocated to receive intravenously at induction of anaesthesia either nalbuphine 0.1 mg.kg−1 (group N) or pethidine 1 mg.kg−1 (group P). End‐tidal carbon dioxide was measured in the recovery period using a nasopharyngeal catheter and oxygen saturation whilst breathing air; pain and sedation scores were recorded for 6 h postoperatively. Both groups were similar with respect to the demographic data and respiratory measurements: mean (SD) oxygen saturation on air in the recovery area (96.2% (1.2) vs. 96.5% (1.1) in group N and P, respectively) and mean (SD) end‐tidal carbon dioxide (46.4 (5.5) mmHg vs. 47.7 (4) mmHg in group N and P, respectively). High obstructive sleep disorder score, history of apnoea, hyperactivity and loud snoring were found to be the best predictors of early postoperative oxygen desaturation in both groups.


Sustainable energy systems are necessary for the economic growth and a healthy environment. India is currently suffering from an economic slump and acute fuel shortage. To overcome these issues the use of renewable energy resources needs to be enhanced manifold. The main purpose of this paper is to present a tracking system which will cause better alignment of solar panel with sunlight and to harvest solar power. The proposed system changes its direction in two axis to trace the coordinate of sunlight by detecting change in light intensity through light dependent resistors. Hardware testing of the proposed system is done for checking the system ability to track and follow the sunlight in an efficient way. Dual axis solar tracking system superiority over stationary solar panel is also presented.


Abstract In this paper, I argue that contemporary political and intellectual conflicts over the right course for European integration are reflected in the historiography of Jean Monnet, the so-called founding father of the European Union (EU). Multiple and mutually antithetical representations of Monnet are explored across the central themes of the contemporary European debate: nationalism, sovereignty, political methodology, and economic ideology. I investigate how the different faces of Monnet are constructed and used to legitimate contradictory scholarly standpoints regarding these central themes. Along the way, I attempt to decipher the puzzle of Monnet's elevation to the status of a theoretical pioneer in EU Studies. Finally, I also explore how different roles assigned to Monnet in the various narratives of the EU's origins contribute to the construction of European identity.


HIV‐1 protease (HIV PR) is considered as one of the most attractive targets for the treatment of HIV and the impact of flap dynamics of HIV PR on the binding affinities of protease inhibitors (PIs) is a crucial ongoing research field. Recently, our research group evaluated the binding affinities of different FDA approved PIs against the South African HIV‐1 subtype C (C‐SA) protease (PR). The CSA‐HIV PR displayed weaker binding affinity for most of the clinical PIs compared to HIV‐1 B subtype for West and Central Europe, the Americas. In the current work, the flap dynamics of four different systems of HIV‐1 C‐SA PR complexed to FDA approved second generation PIs and its impact on binding was explored over the molecular dynamic trajectories. It was observed that the interactions of the selected drugs with the binding site residues of the protease may not be the major contributor for affinity towards PIs. Various post‐MD analyses were performed, also entropic contributions, solvation free energies and hydrophobic core formation interactions were studied to assess how the flap dynamics of C‐SA PR which is affected by such factors. From these contributions, large van der Waals interactions and low solvation free energies were found to be major factors for the higher activity of ATV against C‐SA HIV PR. Furthermore, a comparatively stable hydrophobic core may be responsible for higher stability of the PR flaps of the ATV complex. The outcome of this study provides significant guidance to how the flap dynamics of C‐SA PR is affected by various factors as a result of the binding affinity of various protease inhibitors. It will also assist with the design of potent inhibitors against C‐SA HIV PR that apart from binding in the active site of PR can interacts with the flaps to prevent opening of the flaps resulting in inactivation of the protease.


Electoral surveys conducted as part of the regular series of British Election Studies have used a stratified, clustered sampling design. This is constructed to ensure a nationally representative sample of voters (after weighting) but does not necessarily ensure a representative sample of the different social areas within the country. Much recent work has indicated the important role of local social and electoral milieux in the structuring of electoral behaviour but these are not reflected in the sampling design. An analysis of the geography of the face-to-face pre-election component of the 2005 BES shows not only that it was unrepresentative of certain types of area (defined using bespoke neighbourhood data) but also that it was less representative of such areas than the two (larger) internet samples (pre- and post-election) also undertaken as part of the 2005 BES. This suggests the need to reconsider the nature of the sample designs (even the entire survey methodology) to be deployed at future election studies in Great Britain.


1. The sodium contents and rates of turnover of sodium have been determined in both intact and hypophysectomized Fundulus kansae in a variety of media. 2. A reduction of the calcium content of fresh water from 1.0 to 0.1 mM/l increased the rate of sodium efflux by half while transter to calcium-free water increased the rate several fold. 3. The rate of sodium efflux increased fourfold in sea water containing no magnesium and only 1 mm/l calcium. 4. Hypophysectomy increased the rate of efflux in fresh water but reduced it in sea water. 5. Intact fish adapted to sea water and treated with prolactin showed a net gain of sodium probably due to a reduction in the activity of the sodium efflux pump. 6. Both intact and hypophysectomized fish on transfer from sea water to fresh water reduced the rate of efflux of sodium in a series of stages. 7. Studies of the rate of efflux of sodium before and after transfer between various media showed no evidence of exchange diffusion or of a linked sodium-potassium efflux pump, but did show evidence or interaction between sodium and chloride fluxes probably as a consequence of potential changes. 8. The rate of efflux of sodium from F. kansae doubled following hypophysectomy. The ability of hypophysectomized F. kansae to survive in fresh water after hypophysectomy, unlike F. heteroclitus , is due to a more effective uptake system.


The terrestrial ring current is an electric current flowing toroidally around the Earth, centered at the equatorial plane and at altitudes of ∼10,000–60,000 km. Changes in this current are responsible for global decreases in the Earth's surface magnetic field, which are known as geomagnetic storms. Intense geomagnetic storms have severe effects on technological systems, such as disturbances or even permanent damage to telecommunication and navigation satellites, telecommunication cables, and power grids. The main carriers of the storm ring current are positive ions, with energies from ∼1 keV to a few hundred keV, which are trapped by the geomagnetic field and undergo an azimuthal drift. The ring current is formed by the injection of ions originating in the solar wind and the terrestrial ionosphere. The injection process involves electric fields, associated with enhanced magnetospheric convection and/or magnetospheric substorms. The quiescent ring current is carried mainly by protons of predominantly solar wind origin, while geospace activity tends to increase the abundance (both absolute and relative) of O+ ions, which are of ionospheric origin. During intense magnetic storms, the O+ abundance increases dramatically, resulting in a rapid intensification of the ring current and an O+ dominance around storm maximum. This compositional change affects, among other processes, the decay of the ring current through the species‐ and energy‐dependent charge exchange and wave‐particle scattering loss. Energetic neutral atoms, products of charge exchange, enable global imaging of the ring current and are the most promising diagnostic tool of ring current evolution. This review will cover the origin of ring current particles, their transport and acceleration, the effects of compositional variations in the ring current, the effects of substorms on ring current growth, and the dynamics of ring current decay with an emphasis on the process of charge exchange and the potential for wave scattering loss.


Spin-orbit torques in noncentrosymmetric polycrystalline magnetic heterostructures are usually described in terms of field-like and damping-like torques. However, materials with a lower symmetry point group can exhibit torques whose behavior substantially deviates from the conventional ones. In particular, based on symmetry arguments it was recently proposed that systems belonging to the C_{3v} point group display spin-orbit torques that can promote field-free switching [Liu et al. Nature Nanotechnology 16, 277 (2021)]. In the present work, we analyze the general form of the torques expected in C3v crystals using the Invariant Theory. We uncover several new components that arise from the coexistence of the three-fold rotation and mirror symmetries. Using both tight binding model and first principles simulations, we show that these unconventional torque components arise from the onset of trigonal warping of the Fermi surface and can be as large as the damping-like torque. In other words, the Fermi surface warping is a key indicator to the onset of field-free switching in low symmetry crystals.


Water resources are critically important, but also pose risks of exposure to toxic and pathogenic microbes. Increasingly, a concern is toxic cyanobacteria, which have been linked to the death and disease of humans, domesticated animals, and wildlife in freshwater systems worldwide. Management approaches successful at reducing cyanobacterial abundance and toxin production have tended to be short-term solutions applied on small scales (e.g., algaecide application) or solutions that entail difficult multifaceted investments (e.g., modification of landscape and land use to reduce nutrient inputs). However, implementation of these approaches can be undermined by microbial species interactions that (a) provide toxic cyanobacteria with protection against the method of control or (b) permit toxic cyanobacteria to be replaced by other significant microbial threats. Understanding these interactions is necessary to avoid such scenarios and can provide a framework for novel strategies to enhance freshwater resource management via systems science (e.g., pairing existing physical and chemical approaches against cyanobacteria with ecological strategies such as manipulation of natural enemies, targeting of facilitators, and reduction of benthic occupancy and recruitment). Here, we review pertinent examples of the interactions and highlight potential applications of what is known.


OF DOCTORAL DISSERTATION HELSINKI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY P. O. BOX 1000, FI-02015 TKK http://www.tkk.fi Author Lauri Parkkonen Name of the dissertation Manuscript submitted 2009-04-21 Manuscript revised 2009-05-27 Date of the defence 2009-06-12 Article dissertation (summary + original articles) Monograph Faculty Department Field of research Opponent(s) Supervisor Instructor


AGE/RAGE signaling has been a well-studied cascade in many different disease states, particularly diabetes. Due to the complex nature of the receptor and multiple intersecting pathways, the AGE/RAGE signaling mechanism is still not well understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight key areas of AGE/RAGE mediated vascular calcification as a complication of diabetes. AGE/RAGE signaling heavily influences both cellular and systemic responses to increase bone matrix proteins through PKC, p38 MAPK, fetuin-A, TGF-β, NFκB, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways in both hyperglycemic and calcification conditions. AGE/RAGE signaling has been shown to increase oxidative stress to promote diabetes-mediated vascular calcification through activation of Nox-1 and decreased expression of SOD-1. AGE/RAGE signaling in diabetes-mediated vascular calcification was also attributed to increased oxidative stress resulting in the phenotypic switch of VSMCs to osteoblast-like cells in AGEs-induced calcification. Researchers found that pharmacological agents and certain antioxidants decreased the level of calcium deposition in AGEs-induced diabetes-mediated vascular calcification. By understanding the role the AGE/RAGE signaling cascade plays diabetes-mediated vascular calcification will allow for pharmacological intervention to decrease the severity of this diabetic complication.


Harahap, Rahmi. 2017. "The Bad Word with its Synonym in Indonesian Language: Structural Analysis". Thesis S-1 Department of Indonesian Language and Literature Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University in Semarang Indonesia. Thesis Advisor: I Drs. Hendarto Supatra, S.U. and II: Drs. Hermintoyo, M.Pd.

Research on the structural analysis of bad words with synonyms is done to determine the form of morphotactic, syntactic behavior, and the meaning of bad words with synonyms. The method used in this research is identity method and the distributional method. Meanwhile the technique uses are the technique of change and expansion techniques.
The results of this research indicate that there are seven synonyms for bad word that is ruthless, nasty, ugly, vicious, cruel, vile, and sadistic. Each word is described based on a morphological process of the form of affixation, reduplication, and composition. The syntactic behavior of bad, ruthless, nasty, ugly, vicious, cruel, vile, and sadistic words belonging to the category of adjectives serves as the predicate, complementary, and the description of sentence level. The component analysis of the meaning of the bad word with its synonyms has an equation of basic meaning, while the difference in the component of meaning whether there is physical or verbal action and difference to the entity or the use of the word.

Keywords : Bad Word, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics.


Purpose of reviewTransplant recipients have an increased incidence of cancer compared with the general population. Head and neck sites are involved in more than 50% of patients, and as a result the otolaryngologist should be familiar with the diagnosis and management of posttransplant malignancies. Recent findingsSkin cancer is the most common malignancy encountered in the transplant population, and in areas of high sun exposure, as many as 80% of patients are affected. Patients who undergo liver transplantation for alcoholic cirrhosis appear to be at particularly increased risk for developing posttransplant malignancy of the head and neck. A number of uncommon malignancies such as Kaposi's sarcoma occur with a greatly increased incidence in transplant recipients. Malignancy in this patient population tends to present at a younger age compared with the general population, with a more aggressive course and poorer outcomes reported. SummaryA high index of suspicion may reduce morbidity and mortality through early detection of malignant disease in the transplant recipient.


As part of its work to address bullying and harassment in the health service, NHS Employers has produced the first of two podcasts in which Bernadette El-Hadidy, NHS Employers London area head of engagement, talks to trade union and workforce experts about the issue and how to tackle it.


Modified youth sport programs seek to adapt sport rules, equipment, and contingencies to the needs and abilities of child participants. Research shows that modified programs can broaden the base of youth sport participation, enhance children's affective experience of sport, and elevate the level of skill they attain. Hotelling's location game is applied to the analysis of a modified youth soccer program. It is shown that the program struggled to retain the modifications it had implemented and was gradually compelled to adopt elements of the traditional youth sport programs it had initially rejected. This finding is consistent with predictions derived from Hotelling. It is argued that modified programs will have difficulty maintaining their distinctiveness from traditional youth sport if they are implemented within established sport club structures. A framework for facilitating the establishment and maintenance of modified youth sport programs is suggested.


Exposure of animals to aversive events produces stress-induced analgesia. A common method of producing stress in animals is the cold-water swim (CWS). The present series of experiments examines the effect of CWS on tonic pain, as measured by the formalin test, and explores possible mechanisms of action. Experiment 1 demonstrates that a 3.5-min swim in 2 degrees C water produces a delayed nociceptive response (DNR), characterized by a prolonged period of no formalin responding which then begins and continues during the time when control animals, which have not received the CWS, are finished responding. The delayed response begins at 50-60 min postformalin injection, peaks at 80 min, and is still present at 120 min. Experiment 2 indicates that paw temperature effects are not responsible for the DNR, although core body temperature effects are a possible mechanism. However, systematic delays in the formalin injection following the CWS (Experiment 3) drastically altered the DNR even though core body temperature remained unchanged, suggesting that a decrease of core body temperature is insufficient to account for the DNR. Experiment 4 demonstrates that the NMDA antagonist MK-801 administered prior to the CWS dramatically reduces the DNR. The present experiment is the first study that reports a delay as long as 60 min in pain responding. It is concluded that the delayed response to formalin injection is the result of complex interactions involving peripheral mechanisms and central neuronal plasticity in which activity initiated by a noxious input persists after the cessation of the input as a consequence of a stressful event such as the cold-water swim.


BACKGROUND
In Japanese local hospitals there are not many persons who can give speedy and exact medical treatment in emergency. We investigated a role of anesthesiologists in the education of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in local hospitals.

METHODS
A total of 3 doctors and 30 nurses completed the questionnaire about the education of CPR after training of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) in a local hospital.

RESULTS
It showed that all doctors and nurses have had some anxiety about the emergency treatment of patients and could understand the importance of CPR. Moreover, most of them answered that they wanted to learn ACLS more, and that the training of ACLS simulation was the most impressive.

CONCLUSIONS
It is important for anesthesiologists to teach ACLS and to promote the spread of ACLS in local hospitals.


A model was developed to describe conformational motion of macromolecules. A new formula was derived for the Debye-Waller factor in accordance with this model. The model proposes the existence of fluidlike motions of fragments within the volume of some A3. The temperature dependence of Rayliegh scattering of Mossbauer radiation was studied and calculated for chromatophores.


This article aims at analyzing the social insertion of regional migrants in the Bahía Blanca municipality (Buenos Aires province, Argentina), focusing in their access to the social rights recognized by the Migration Law 25.871, in the period between 2010-2018. Through a qualitative research, this paper identifies the "key issues" in the access and usefulness of health resources and services of migrants, highlighting a set of institutional, cultural and social conditions that limit the practical exercise of citizenship.


Customers are increasingly talking positively about brands that are socially responsible and authentic. However, little empirical research has related corporate social responsibility (CSR) to brand authenticity and brand authenticity to customers' positive word-of-mouth. Moreover, although highly attractive alternative brands are increasingly appearing in the marketplace, there is a lack of research examining the role of alternative attractiveness in the relationship between CSR and brand authenticity. We address these shortcomings in the literature drawing on data from 1,101 customers of insurance services brands and analyze them using structural equation modeling. The findings show that CSR is positively related to customers' positive word-of-mouth, both directly and indirectly, through brand authenticity. Moreover, alternative attractiveness positively moderates the effect of CSR on brand authenticity. This implies that CSR can act as a differentiation mechanism to further enhance the focal brand's authenticity, when an alternative brand is perceived as highly attractive.


Synchronization is a central issue in concurrency and plays an important role in the behavior and performance of modern programmes. Programming languages and hardware designers are trying to provide synchronization constructs and primitives that can handle concurrency and synchronization issues efficiently. Programmers have to find a way to select the most appropriate constructs and primitives in order to gain the desired behavior and performance under concurrency. Several parameters and factors affect the choice, through complex interactions among (i) the language and the language constructs that it supports, (ii) the system architecture, (iii) possible run-time environments, virtual machine options and memory management support and (iv) applications. We present a systematic study of synchronization strategies, focusing on concurrent data structures. We have chosen concurrent data structures with different number of contention spots. We consider both coarse-grain and fine-grain locking strategies, as well as lock-free methods. We have investigated synchronization-aware implementations in C++, C# (.NET and Mono) and Java. Considering the machine architectures, we have studied the behavior of the implementations on both Intel's Nehalem and AMD's Bulldozer. The properties that we study are throughput and fairness under different workloads and multiprogramming execution environments. For NUMA architectures fairness is becoming as important as the typically considered throughput property. To the best of our knowledge this is the first systematic and comprehensive study of synchronization-aware implementations. This paper takes steps towards capturing a number of guiding principles and concerns for the selection of the programming environment and synchronization methods in connection to the application and the system characteristics.


As wolves recolonize areas of Europe ranging from moderate to high anthropogenic impact, fear of wolves is a recurring source of conflict. Shared tools for evaluating wolf responses to humans, and comparing such responses across their range, can be valuable. Experiments in which humans approach wild wolves can increase our understanding of how wolves respond to humans, facilitating human-wolf coexistence. We have developed the first standardized protocol for evaluating wolf responses to approaching humans using high-resolution GPS data, and tested it on wild wolves. We present a field protocol for experimentally approaching GPS-collared wolves, a descriptive comparison of two statistical methods for detecting a measurable flight response, a tutorial for identifying wolf flight initiation and resettling positions, and an evaluation of the method when reducing GPS positioning frequency. The field protocol, a data collection form, and the tutorial with R code for extracting flight parameters are provided. This protocol will facilitate studies of wolf responses to approaching humans, applicable at a local, national, and international level. Data compiled in a standardized way from multiple study areas can be used to quantify the variation in wolf responses to humans within and between populations, and in relation to predictors such as social status, landscape factors, or human population density, and to establish a baseline distribution of wolf response patterns given a number of known predictors. The variation in wolf responses can be used to assess the degree to which results can be generalized to areas where GPS studies are not feasible, e.g., for predicting the range of likely wolf behaviors, assessing the likelihood of wolf-human encounters, and complementing existing tools for evaluating reports of bold wolves. Showing how wolves respond to human encounters should help demystify the behavior of wild wolves toward humans in their shared habitat.


A method is presented for optimizing the design of klystron circuits. This automates the selection of cavity positions, resonant frequencies, quality factors, R/Q and other circuit parameters to maximize the efficiency with required gain. The method is based on deterministic sampling methods. In this paper, we describe the procedure and give several examples for both narrow-band and wideband klystrons, using the klystron codes AJDISK and TESLA.


This dissertation studies the verification of reachability properties of concurrent systems where the components of the system are Labeled Transition Systems (LTSs) using a symbolic model checking technique called Bounded Model Checking (BMC). BMC is a technique that seeks to answer the question whether among the system's executions shorter than some given number of steps there is one (or more) violating a given property. Answering this question is reduced to propositional satisfiability, i.e., to a propositional formula that is satisfiable iff there is such a violating execution. The translation from a system to a formula is polynomial in the size of the system but the running time of the propositional solver can be exponential in the number of atomic propositions in the formula. This number, on the other hand, correlates directly with the number of execution steps that the formula models. Traditionally, LTSs are model checked by composing the components into a synchronized product and then applying a model checking algorithm on this product. The executions of the synchronized product are called interleaving executions. The research hypothesis of this work is that by using other composition operators than the one yielding the synchronized product, more efficient BMC algorithms can be obtained. The added efficiency comes from the fact that with these operators, propositional formulas with fewer atomic propositions are obtained. The reduction in the number of atomic propositions follows from the fact that fewer execution steps are needed to cover the same state space than when the synchronized product is used. Three techniques to create composition operators are presented, namely (i) partial-order semantics, (ii) on-the-fly determinization, and (iii) local transition merging. These techniques can be combined in many ways. The dissertation demonstrates that given a system of LTSs and a bound, a BMC formula modeling the executions of the products applying partial-order semantics and on-the-fly determinization can be created efficiently. That means that the translation effort is polynomial and the size of the resulting formula is linear in the size of the system and the bound. The third of the applied techniques, local transition merging, provides potentially dramatic reductions to the bound needed to detect a violation of a reachability property. The size of the BMC formula modeling this execution model is no more linear, though, since a complicated constraint is needed. The dissertation concludes with some experimental results comparing the products against each other and two state-of-the-art model checking tools.


Clinical and morphological peculiarities of healing burn wounds with the help of hemosorption in therapy of critically burned patients were studied. The data obtained have shown positive effects of the method on the course of wound processes. The formation of crust, demarcation zone, granulation tissue, processes of fibrillogenesis and collagenogenesis accelerated. Epithelization of burned surface occurred 3-4 days earlier than in patients without hemosorption and the surface area of total epithelization of the burn surface was 15-20% greater.


In-channel sediment basins were designed, in lieu of a traditional debris basin, to capture large sediment loads at the upstream end of a proposed flood control channel. A numerical model, HEC-6, was used to size the basins.


The principles that United Technologies Corporation follow in maintaining its ongoing energy-management program are offered to other industries as an effective model. Assuming a well-founded program that has been in place for one or two years, 15 additional building blocks should be incorporated to give the program substance and direction. The 15 new elements range from internal goal-setting to external monitoring, emphasizing information gathering and communication. (DCK)


We develop a perturbative model to treat the off-diagonal components in the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) transformation matrix, which are neglected in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) approximation. Applying the perturbative model to a weakly bound nucleus {sup 84}Ni, it is shown that the perturbative approach reproduces well the solutions of the HFB method both for the quasiparticle energies and the radial dependence of quasiparticle wave functions. We find that the nonresonant part of the continuum single-particle state can acquire an appreciable occupation probability when there exists a weakly bound state close to the Fermi surface. This result originates from the strong coupling between the continuum particle state and the weakly bound state, and it is absent in the BCS approximation. The limitations of the BCS approximation are pointed out in comparison with the HFB and the present perturbative model.


Marine algae: General aspects (taxonomy, biology, field and lab techniques). Marine macro algae communities under natural conditions: Problems and possible approaches for the establishment of reference conditions. The multi-facets of opportunistic macroalgae: A brief review. Marine macroalgae and assessment of ecological conditions. Exotic and invasive species: Case studies. Marine algae as carbon sinks and allies to combat global warming. Marine micro algae (toxic algae). Review of marine algae as a source of bioactive metabolites. Analysis by vibrational spectroscopy of seaweed with potential use in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. Marine algae culture: techniques, uses, perspectives. Cultivation problems and the impacts of a commercial extract of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum. Marine algae and the global food industry. Marine algae and human health. Applications of macro algae in animal feeds. Marine algae vs biofuels. Economically successful histories of macro algae uses. Internet information resources for marine algae.


The Diurnal Cycle of Precipitation plays an important role in the world's climate, as it is a representation of the timing of maximum precipitation around the world. Climate models, however, tend to have issues in simulating the Diurnal cycle of precipitation (DCP), primarily accurately representing the time of maximum precipitation. Two models were used in this study, Community Atmospheric Model 5 (CAM5) and the Iowa State University Global Climate Model (ISUGCM), were evaluated. CAM5, the control model, used a CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) parameter with a threshold at which convection is triggered once CAPE values exceed this threshold, compared to the ISUGCM which focused more on the change of CAPE by the large-scale advection of temperature and moisture. The output from these two models for the summer months (JJA in the Northern hemisphere and DJF in the southern hemisphere) for tenyear (1980-1989) simulations. In areas that are largely affected by large-scale advection such as the central plains of the United States, eastern China, and central South America saw the largest deviance between the timing of maximum amplitude of the DCP where CAM5 had maximum amplitude occur in the late afternoon when maximum CAPE typically occurs. ISUGCM had a maximum amplitude occur in the late nighttime hours at these locations, which ran consistently with satellite data of maximum precipitation occurring in the late overnight. The ISUGCM also had more accurate output precipitation on a global scale closer to satellite data but also introduced more variation in the output. The use of CAPE changed by large-scale advection in depicting convection is important for better simulating the DCP. With a better representation of the DCP in these areas, better climate simulations will be possible for better describing the DCP. ______________________________________________________________________________


In recent years, many people have been working from home due to the exceptional circumstances concerning the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It has also negatively influenced general health and quality of life. Therefore, physical activity has been gaining much attention in preventing the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. For planning an effective physical activity for different clients, physical activity intensity and load degree needs to be appropriately adjusted depending on the individual's physical/health conditions. Heart rate (HR) is one of the most critical health indicators for monitoring exercise intensity and load degree because it is closely related to the heart rate. Heart rate prediction estimates the heart rate at the next moment based on now and other influencing factors. Therefore, an accurate short-term HR prediction technique can deliver efficient early warning for human health and decrease the happening of harmful events. The work described in this article aims to introduce a novel hybrid approach to model and predict the heart rate dynamics for different exercises. The results indicate that the combination of singular spectrum analysis (SSA) and the Clayton Copula model can accurately predict HR for the short term.


In recent years, cities have been the epicenter of education reform movements, especially with regard to accountability. This paper examines whether mayors pay a price at the polls when test scores in their local public schools drop. In the post-No Child Left Behind era, schools are required to publicly report their scores, making it easier for citizens and the media to know how the schools are doing on these indicators. And though mayors' policies are not likely to have immediate positive or negative effects on school performance, voters often hold incumbents responsible for events over which they have little control. The analysis is based on survey data conducted in advance of mayoral contests in 16 cities in the United States between 2007 and 2009 that have been matched with data on test scores in each city. The results suggest that voters do reward incumbents for improvements in test scores, but only in competitive races. Further, voters are not more likely to hold mayors accountable in cities where mayors have control over the schools.


BACKGROUND
Military planners must ensure adequate medical care for deployed troops-including care for disease and non-battle injuries (DNBI). This study develops a heuristic model with the three distinct phases of a warfighting operation (build-up, ground combat, post-combat) to assist in predicting DNBI incidence during warfighting deployments.

METHODS
Inpatient healthcare records of soldiers deployed to the Persian Gulf War who were admitted with DNBI diagnoses were analyzed. DNBI admission rates for the three phases of the operation were examined and compared to rates for US Army Forces Command (FORSCOM) posts in the US.

RESULTS
DNBI admission rates among the phases were distinctly different. The operation's overall rate and 95th percentile daily rate were less than the FORSCOM FY 1990 annual rate.

CONCLUSIONS
The level of combat must be considered. The traditional use of average or overall rates should be abandoned when forecasting DNBI rates. Medical support projections should use separate 95th percentile DNBI admission rates for each of the phases.


Human-robot interaction is a growing research domain; there are many approaches to robot design, depending on the particular aspects of interaction being focused on. The challenge we address in this paper is to build robots that have the ability to learn to perform complex tasks and refine their acquired capabilitie st hrough interaction with humans in the environment. We propose an approach for teaching robots by demonstration similar to the one people use among themselves: demonstrate a task, then allow the learner to perform it unde rt he teacher's supervision. Depending on the quality of the learned task, the teacher may either demonstrate the task again or provide specific feedback during the learner's practice trial. Thus,generalization over several demonstrations and using feedback during practice execution trials are key capabilities for refining previously learned task representations. We validated these concepts with a Pioneer 2DX mobile robot learning various tasks from demonstration.


Internet faces the problem of congestion due to its increased use. AQM algorithm is a solution to the problem of congestion control in the Internet. There are various existing algorithms that have evolved over the past few years to solve the problem of congestion in IP networks. Congested link causes many problems such as large delay, underutilization of the link and packet drops in burst. There are various existing algorithms that have evolved over the past few years to solve the problem of congestion in IP networks. In this paper, study of these existing algorithms is done. This paper discusses algorithms based on various congestion-metrics and classifies them based on certain factors. This helps in identifying the algorithms that regulate the congestion more effectively


Imaging solar wind structures via Thomson scattered sunlight has proved important to understanding the inner heliosphere. The principal challenge of heliospheric imaging is background subtraction: typical solar wind features are fainter than the zodiacal light and starfield by 2-3 orders of magnitude. Careful post-processing is required to separate the solar wind signal from the static background. Remnant background, and not photon noise, is the dominant noise source in current STEREO data. We demonstrate that 10× shorter exposure times would not strongly affect the noise level in these data. Further, we demonstrate that current processing techniques are sufficient to separate not only the existing background of the STEREO images but also diffuse variable backgrounds such as are expected to be seen from low Earth orbit. We report on a hare-and-hounds style study, demonstrating blind signal extraction from STEREO/HI-2 data that have been degraded by the addition of large-scale, time-dependent artifacts to simulate viewing through airglow or high-altitude aurora. We demonstrate removal of these effects via image processing, with little degradation compared to the original. Even with as few as three highly degraded source images over 48 hr, it is possible to detect and track large coronal mass ejections more than 40° from the Sun. This implies that neither the high altitude aurora discovered by Coriolis/SMEI, nor airglow effects seen from low Earth orbit, are impediments to a hypothetical next-generation heliospheric imager in low Earth orbit; and also that post-processing is as important to heliospheric image qualitiy as are optical contamination effects.


An algorithmic approach to straight line trajectory planning has been developed [4]. The trajectory set points for manipulator control are determined exactly on a straight line path. The problem is formulated as a maximization of the Cartesian distance between two consecutive servo time instant. The maximization is subject to the smoothness and torque constrains. The proposed approach has been simulated on a VAX-11/780 computer to verity its performance.


The unforeseen proliferation of smart devices has set in motion research efforts aimed at building Smart Cities (SCs) that improve the well-being of their citizens. One of the key technologies to achieve a SC is Mobile Crowd Sensing (MCS). In MCS, data is collected from the environment surrounding the smart device owners and utilized in the provision of a wide array of SC services. A prevalent class of services which is attracting increasing attention is smart emergency services, where MCS is leveraged to facilitate the detection and mitigation operations of crises. In this paper, we study the problem of an emergency situation detection based on MCS-provided data from heterogeneous participants. Specifically, we formulate our problem based on Detection Theory and underline its computational complexity. We present a greedy algorithm that aims to balance the trade-off between the decision time and the quality of the final decision. We perform extensive simulation experiments that show how our scheme improves the correct detection rate compared to a naive reputation-unaware baseline.


The information and communication technologies (ICTs) utilization ratio in the construction industry is relatively low. This industry is characterized by low productivity, time and cost overruns in projectsdue to inefficient management processes, poor communication and low process automation. To improve construction performance, a BIM-based (BIM - (Building Information Modelling) and augmented reality (AR) application (referred to as the AR4C: Augmented Reality for Construction) is proposed, which integrates a location-based management system (LBMS). The application provides context-specific information on construction projects and tasks, as well as key performance indicators on the progress and performance of construction tasks. The construction projects are superimposed onto the real world, while a site manager is walking through the construction site. This paper describes the most important methods and technologies, which are needed to develop the AR4C application. In particular, the data exchange between BIM software and the Unity environment is discussed, as well as the integration of LBMS into BIM software and the AR4C application. Finally, the implemented and planned functionalities are argued. The AR4C application prototype was tested in a laboratory environment and produced positive feedback. Since the application addresses construction sites, a validation in semi-real scenarios with end users is recommended.


In order to approach impaired stimulus-secretion coupling in acute pancreatitis induced by a choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) diet in mice, the agonist-evoked intracellular Ca2+ dynamics of dispersed pancreatic acini were evaluated by microspectrofluorometry. Mice were fed a CDE diet for 24 or 48 h, and the pancreas was dispersed to the acini. The in vitro amylase secretion analysis of the CDE groups demonstrated a poor dose-response curve which was significantly lower (p < 0.01) when 100 pM cholecystokinin (CCK) was administered. Both in CDE and control groups, the application of a physiological dose of CCK-8 (10 pM) evoked intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. Periodicity and amplitude of the oscillations in the CDE groups were not significantly different. The administration of a higher dose of CCK-8 (100 pM) evoked a large, sharp, and transient rise in intracellular Ca2+, followed by a small, continuous increase above basal levels for the duration of stimulation both in CDE and control groups. The peak Ca2+ level was lower in the CDE groups, but this was not statistically significant. In conclusion, during the early phase (from 24 to 48 h) of CDE pancreatitis, the pattern of agonist-evoked intracellular Ca2+ release is less affected. Other mechanisms subsequent to the onset of intracellular Ca2+ release are likely to be involved in the inhibition of enzyme secretion.


The effect of anticorrelation between the polarization and intensity of the coronal green line Fe XIV 530.3 nm, revealed by the July 11, 1991 eclipse observations, is investigated. To simplify the general character of this effect, we have created the diagrams p versuslog Iλ for the points inside a narrow ring, at fixed distances from the solar disk centre. In this case, the global anticorrelation dependence disintegrated into two branches with 'a void zone' between them. The subsequent analysis has shown that the points, corresponding to the individual coronal structures of different types, are clustered in specific places of the diagram. While the upper branch is related to the huge high-latitude streamers, the lower branch contains the equatorial coronal condensations of different brightness. These branches are best evident at the distance ∼ 1.2R , and they vary with the distance from the disk centre. Model calculations, performed within the scope of generally accepted concepts, cannot explain the observed peculiarities of the anticorrelation dependence, in particular, the presence of the gap between the two branches. The way out of these difficulties could be sought in assuming that the coronal magnetic field affects the generation of the polarized radiation in the emission green line.


This perspective article reviews some of the recent developments in the field of hyperpolarisation, with a focus on solution‐state NMR spectroscopy of small molecules. Two techniques are considered in more detail, dissolution dynamic nuclear polarisation (D‐DNP) and signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE). Some of the opportunities and challenges for applications of hyperpolarised solution‐state magnetic resonance in chemistry are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The biotic influences of the biodeposition and bioturbation activities of the freshwater mussel Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck) on the ecological interactions between certain co-existing benthic invertebrates leading to variations in their population densities were studied through a lake mesocosm experiment. The benthic organisms whose densities were monitored include nematodes, oligochaetes, chironomids, small snails and sediment dwelling colony-forming bacteria. Five exclusion (without mussels) and five experimental (with mussels) mesocosms were maintained up to 60 days (d). Even though there were no significant variations in the population densities of the organisms in the exclusion mesocosms, those of the experimental mesocosms showed significant variations. However, the patterns of variations of the population densities were different for the various organisms studied. The study clearly indicated the influences exerted by L. marginalis on the population richness of the co-existing benthic organisms. The study also revealed the probable trophic interactions between the various organisms studied. Key words : Biodeposition, bioturbation, ecological interaction, mesocosm, population density, Lamellidens marginalis.