We generated an orange-colored (OC) rice callus line by targeted mutagenesis of the orange gene (OsOr) using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. The OC line accumulated more lutein, β-carotene, and two β-carotene isomers compared to the WT callus line. We also analyzed the expression levels of carotenoid biosynthesis genes by qRT-PCR. Among the genes encoding carotenoid metabolic pathway enzymes, the number of transcripts of the PSY2, PSY3, PDS, ZDS and β-LCY genes were higher in the OC line than in the WT line. In contrast, transcription of the ε-LCY gene was downregulated in the OC line compared to the WT line. In addition, we detected increases in the transcript levels of two genes involved in carotenoid oxidation in the OC lines. The developed OC lines also showed increased tolerance to salt stress. Collectively, these findings indicate that targeted mutagenesis of the OsOr gene via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing results in β-carotene accumulation in rice calli. Accordingly, we believe that this type of genome-editing technology could represent an effective alternative approach for enhancing the β-carotene content of plants.


Reproductive health issues of urban slum dwellers are among the most challenging in Africa. Studies have generally examined this issue across the rural-urban dichotomy, without specific focus on urban slum dwellers. Many of these studies are also mostly quantitative. We utilize the qualitative approach to fathom the aspirations and challenges of urban dwellers in the domain of reproductive health. The results confirm that they aspire for smaller-sized families and healthy sexual and reproductive lives but are constrained by religious and socio-cultural factors. Idioms associated with their aspiration and experiences were well documented. There is the need to intervene in order to improve the sexual health of urban dwellers.


Background Considering that most semantic dementia (SD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients show no post-mortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers may be of value for distinguishing these patients from those with AD. Additionally, biomarkers may be useful for identifying patients with atypical phenotypic presentations of AD, such as posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) and primary progressive non-fluent or logopenic aphasia (PNFLA). Methods The authors investigated CSF biomarkers (beta-amyloid 1–42 (Aβ42), total tau (T-tau) and phosphorylated tau (P-tau)) in 164 patients with AD (n=60), PCA (n=15), behavioural variant FTD (n=27), SD (n=19), PNFLA (n=26) and functional cognitive disorders (FCD, n=17). The authors then examined the diagnostic value of these CSF biomarkers in distinguishing these patients from those with AD. Results The P-Tau/Aβ42 ratio was found to be the best biomarker for distinguishing AD from FTD and SD, with a sensitivity of 91.7% and 98.3%, respectively, and a specificity of 92.6% and 84.2%, respectively. As expected, biomarkers were less effective in differentiating AD from PNFLA and PCA, as significant proportions of PCA and PNFLA patients (60% and 61.5%, respectively) had concurrent alterations of both T-tau/Aβ42 and P-Tau/Aβ42 ratios. None of the FCD patients had a typical AD CSF profile or abnormal T-tau/Aβ42 or P-Tau/Aβ42 ratios. Conclusion The P-Tau/Aβ42 ratio is a useful tool to distinguish AD from both FTD and SD, which are known to involve pathological processes distinct from AD. Biomarkers could be useful for identifying patients with an atypical AD phenotype that includes PNFLA and PCA.


This study was conducted to address changes in practice regarding accounting for intangibles between 1987 and 1996. This research adopts a longitudinal approach as to
observe reporting of accounting for intangibles. We studied the companies who had reported intangibles other than goodwill on balance sheet.
Data was obtained from annual reports that are available in the Ward's Library Archive. Extel Financial Services and internet were used to collect certain information that was not available elsewhere. We separated findings in two groups to constitute the change of standards regarding intangibles, other than goodwill. The first group consisted of reports from 1987-1990, and the second group for reports from 1991-1996. Before 1990, it was found that companies used various types of bases for valuation. Some
companies complied with the standards but to a minimal level of compliance. Most companies failed to report and disclose information regarding intangibles as the
standards required. These practise made comparability between companies in the same industry impossible.
Academics admitted that issues regarding intangible assets are complex and little understood. A group of accounting academics and business experts in the US is working together to crack this problem. They are developing a new way of measuring and reporting intangibles. Service sectors are now valuing their non tangible assets and
present them in the financial reports.


Oblique propagation traces observed by an airborne ionosonde at different ranges from the Platteville heater facility during a period of overdense heating have been simulated by using a representative ionospheric model and standard ray-tracing techniques. The heater frequency used during the time discussed in this paper was 6.2 MHz, while f0 F2 was approximately 8 MHz. The plasma frequency of 6.2 MHz was deduced to occur at approximately 260-km altitude. The simulated ionograms are found to reproduce accurately the main features of the observed ionograms, over a wide range of ionosonde to heater distances. Comparison of the simulated and observed ionograms indicates that the irregularities created by the heater existed at altitudes of 200 to at least 280 km, over an area of radius approximately 100 km.


Market service retribution is one Local Own-Source Revenue that used to financing regional expenditure. The aim of this study is to understand the income potential of the market service retribution in Manado City in period of 2017 to 2018. This study uses descriptive qualitative as method of analysis. The result shows that potential market retribution in period of 2017 to 2018 had increased. The greatest market potential service retribution in 2018 found in Bersehati Market, Pinasungkulan Market, and "Shopping Center". The income potential has increase on Bersehati Market for about Rp 4,186,080,000 which caused by seller increasing as same as Pinasungkulan Market and Shopping Centers with income potential respectively about Rp 792,000,000 and Rp 612,720,000. The market with the smallest income potential is called "Jalan Roda" with value of Rp. 149,040,000 with 69 selling sites. Overall, optimal income potential of 2018 for retribution of market service increase from Rp 6,100,920,000 to Rp. 6,551,280,000 accompany by seller increase.


Collaborative negotiation is a new negotiation mechanism. It is a multi-thread negotiation and can effectively reduce the coordinative costs in negotiations. In this paper we firstly propose a constraint network to depict conflicts in the collaborative negotiation. Secondly, we use state diagram to define collaborative negotiation protocol. And finally based on the constraint network we present domain propagation algorithm to analyze the root conflict, and then design rule-based negotiation strategies to solve conflicts in negotiation processes.


The design of reliable and sustainable rural electrification systems relies on accurate prediction of the electrical load. This paper evaluates the current methods for load estimation and proposes an improved approach for load estimation for off-grid unelectrified rural communities that yields more accurate estimates. Improved accuracy is mainly due to better modelling of the influence of customer habits and gender on the estimated current and future load using the Markov chain process. A program was developed using MATLAB software to generate load profiles. The results show that gender considerations have a significant impact on load profiles and that the Markov chain process can suitably be used to determine year-to-year load profiles by incorporating the effect of changes in customer habits on the estimated load. The results from the case study on energy consumption in rural community households showed an increase in average daily consumption when gender was considered during load estimation. The peak consumption when gender was considered was about 50% higher than the value for when gender was not considered.


Jotunheimen mountain range is a key area for wildlife and nature conservation due to its scenic landscape and biological qualities, and its importance as a national symbol for Norwegian nature and culture rooted in mountain summer farming. We surveyed the biodiversity values, their current threats, the conservation objectives, and existing conservation assignments and measures taking place in this area. It was found that the alpine areas where the biodiversity threats are small or non-existent have the largest conservation areas. This is in contrast to the sub-alpine areas that are shaped by the mountain summer farming and today experience serious threats to biodiversity due to decline in agricultural use, above all changes in livestock grazing regimes. Semi-natural grasslands and heathlands are changed into woodlands by forest succession. With this habitat destruction many listed and one endemic plant species are seriously threatened. Conservation assignments and measures are lacking for these habitats and species. We discuss the rationale for this situation and question the underlying criteria for biodiversity conservation in Norway.


Background Aging causes locomotive syndrome (LS), which is characterized by difficulty in walking. The present study determined the effects of locomotion training and regular aerobic exercise programs on the aerobic capacity of older nursing home residents with LS stage 1. Methods This randomized controlled trial included 24 participants aged 60–80 years with LS stage 1 residing in a single nursing home in Surabaya, Indonesia. The participants were randomly assigned to either the locomotion training group (LTG) or the control group (CG). Both the groups performed 30 minutes of a daily group-based aerobic exercise program for 8 weeks. The LTG performed additional locomotion training three times weekly, with three sets per session, gradually increasing to five sets per session according to the participant's tolerance. Two-minute walking test (2MWT) values before and after the 8-week intervention were determined in both the groups and converted to maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) values. Results After 8 weeks of intervention, a significant increase in VO2max was observed in both the groups (both p<0.05). The LTG showed a more significant improvement in VO2max (p<0.05) compared to the CG. Conclusion The study results demonstrated the positive effect of 8 weeks of locomotion training and regular aerobic exercise programs in improving the aerobic capacity of older adult nursing home residents with LS stage 1.


The present study investigated whether a differential availability of cognitive control resources as a result of varying working memory (WM) load could affect the capacity for expectancy-based strategic actions. Participants performed a Stroop-priming task in which a prime word (GREEN or RED) was followed by a colored target (red vs. green) that participants had to identify. The prime was incongruent or congruent with the target color on 80 and 20% of the trials, respectively, and participants were informed about the differential proportion of congruent vs. incongruent trials. This task was interleaved with a WM task, such that the prime word was preceded by a sequence of either a same digit repeated five times (low load) or five different random digits (high load), which should be retained by participants. After two, three, or four Stroop trials, they had to decide whether or not a probe digit was a part of the memory set. The key finding was a significant interaction between prime-target congruency and WM load: Whereas a strategy-dependent (reversed Stroop) effect was found under low WM load, a standard Stroop interference effect was observed under high WM load. These findings demonstrate that the availability of WM is crucial for implementing expectancy-based strategic actions.


This study explores differences in individual cognitive mapping of the protagonists in Julia Quinn's novel, To Sir Philip with Love. A qualitative analysis of the maps, cartographed on physiological and psychological planes, finds them to be diverse in nature. A "difference" is developed, step by step, in the mental cognitive mapping of the female protagonist of Eloise and in the physical cognitive maps of the character the male protagonist, Philip. Nonetheless, the thesis lies in the inherent creativity caused by the collision of two varied cognitions. Analysis of these cognitions involves the creation of these characters according to the basic cognitive structure of the romance readers as well. After an investigation of the 'mindscaping' model, developed primarily around the main characters in To Sir Philip with Love, it is concluded that the positivity in the conflicting maps is established because of the genre of the novel, in which there is a need to channel the individual cognition towards the creation of a larger cognitive map for the readers, with authentication of Happily Ever After as its goal. Furthermore, this paper also locates the status of these findings within the romance narrative; authentication of HEA, works as a major building force in molding and constructing the authorial, fictional and reader cognition.


The application of low pressure membranes (microfiltration/ultrafiltration) has undergone accelerated development for drinking water production. However, the major obstacle encountered in its popularization is membrane fouling caused by natural organic matter (NOM). This paper firstly summarizes the two factors causing the organic membrane fouling, including molecular weight (MW) and hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity of NOM, and then presents a brief introduction of the methods which can prevent membrane fouling such as pretreatment of the feed water (e.g., coagulation, adsorption, and pre-oxidation) and membrane hydrophilic modification (e.g., plasma modification, irradiation grafting modification, surface coating modification, blend modification, etc.). Perspectives of further research are also discussed.


In  this paper, we investigate whether there exists market inefficiency in  the distribution channel of  pork by estimating a developed partial adjustment model that captures the asymmetric price transmission from wholesale to retail prices. The estimation results show that market efficiency exists for the wholesale and two types of retail markets in the distributional channel of pork in Korea. The government's regulation on Sunday sales by hypermarkets plays a significant role in  increasing market efficiency, forcing more competition among hypermarkets, and changing the structure of asymmetric price transmission from wholesale to traditional market prices. The results suggest that the policy goal has been achieved in the traditional market by leading to a more efficient price forming due to a lessened degree of  asymmetric price transmission from the  wholesale price. Although market inefficiency has  been maintained in the distribution channel between wholesale market and hypermarket, the behavior of price setting by hypermarkets has not been influenced by the policy.


Endmember (EM) variability has an important impact on the performance of hyperspectral image (HI) analysis algorithms. Recently, extended linear mixing models have been proposed to account for EM variability in the spectral unmixing (SU) problem. The direct use of these models has led to severely ill-posed optimization problems. Different regularization strategies have been considered to deal with this issue, but none so far has consistently exploited the information provided by the existence of multiple pure pixels often present in HIs. In this work, we propose to break the SU problem into a sequence of two problems. First, we use pure pixel information to estimate an interpolated tensor of scaling factors representing spectral variability. This is done by considering the spectral variability to be a smooth function over the HI and confining the energy of the scaling tensor to a low-rank structure. Afterwards, we solve a matrix-factorization problem to estimate the fractional abundances using the variability scaling factors estimated in the previous step, what leads to a significantly more well-posed problem. Simulations with synthetic and real data attest the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.


The construction route of organic superacids from the combination of organic superhalogens and protons is verified to be a rational one based on a systematic theoretical study covering different planar conjugated backbones, e.g., [C5H5]- and [BC5H6]-, and electron-withdrawing substituents, e.g., -F, -CN and -NO2. In both the gas phase and the solution phase, the acidities of the composites here have a consistent strengthening with the increase of the vertical electron detachment energy of the superhalogen part. Decomposition of the acidity into different contributions further verifies the dominant role of the superhalogen part in the variation of the acidity. Thus, tuning of the acidity of systems of this type could be achieved via rational design of the constituent part of the superhalogen. That is to say, the design of a novel organic superacid with enhanced properties could be guided by the search for a new strong superhalogen of organic nature eventually. Having provided important contributions to the topic of superhalogens, theoretical calculation should be trusted to provide useful guidance for the research of organic superacids and could be expected to promote related experimental studies in the near future.


OBJECTIVE
To establish the consecutive steps in and evaluate the safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomy (L-TAH) (hysterectomy completed via laparoscopy, with no transvaginal approach by the suturing technique) in a group of morbidly obese women and to compare the results to a group of nonobese women with clinically similar characteristics and indications for hysterectomy.

STUDY DESIGN
Eleven morbidly obese women were subjected to a L-TAH with no vaginal approach. The operation was executed by suturing and tying an extracorporeal sliding knot and by using intracorporeal two-turn flat square knot methods. The consecutive steps of the operation were changed from the original to facilitate this procedure. The group of morbidly obese women was compared to a group of nonobese women.

RESULTS
All the subjects exceeded their ideal body weight by 100%. Their actual weight ranged from 118.9 to 139.8 kg, and their height ranged from 58 to 69 in. All the planned surgery was completed, and no intraoperative or postoperative complications were observed. There was no conversion from the laparoscopic approach to a laparotomy or transvaginal path. When compared to that in the control group, the mean operating time was significantly longer in morbidly obese subjects.

CONCLUSION
L-TAH is safe and effective for morbidly obese women.


Greece has a long tradition in cheesemaking, with 22 cheeses registered as protected designation of origin (PDO), 1 as protected geographical indication (PGI), and 1 applied for PGI. Several other cheeses are produced locally without any registration, which significantly contribute to the local economy. The present study investigated the composition (moisture, fat, salt, ash, and protein content), color parameters, and oxidative stability of cheeses that do not have a PDO/PGI certification, purchased from a Greek market. Milk and cheese types were correctly assigned for 62.8 and 82.1 % of samples, respectively, through discriminant analysis. The most important factors for milk type discrimination were L, a and b color attributes, salt, ash, fat-in-dry-matter, moisture-in-non-fat-substance, salt-in-moisture, and malondialdehyde contents, whereas a and b, and moisture, ash, fat, moisture-in-non-fat substance contents, and pH were the most influential characteristics for sample discrimination according to cheese type. A plausible explanation may be the differences in milk chemical composition between three animal species, namely cows, sheep, and goats and for the manufacture procedure and ripening. This is the very first report on the proximate analysis of these, largely ignored, chesses aiming to simulate interest for further study and production valorization.


The study examined the impact of the Corona-Virus Pandemic lockdown on Employee Commitment in deposit money banks in Ekiti State. This study was designed along the line of a descriptive survey. The population of staff strength of these banks is numbered to be 427. The 427 number of staff is relatively low compared to other state; nonetheless it may be unachievable if the researcher tends to sample all the registered banks. Still, the study cut across the entire population involving all members of staff of deposit money banks in Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State. Regression analysis was carried out to analyze the data. The study revealed that employee commitment among members of staff of deposit money banks in Ekiti State is determined by different factors which include work schedule and workload reduction while slashes in salary and slow pace of sales insignificantly determine employee commitment of staff. The study recommended management of banks should ensure that employee workloads are well suited and incorporated in the management agenda as this will help to reduce turnover intentions. They should also ensure adequate organisation growth in respect to promotion, remuneration, training, financial and non-financial incentives to employees in order to enhance employee commitment in this sector


As the cost of providing health-care benefits skyrockets, employers have begun to reduce or even to terminate health-care and life insurance benefits for retirees, often with little awareness of the possible repercussions. Retiree groups and unions have countered these actions with claims based on such theories as the "status benefits" argument--that retirement benefits should be viewed as earned compensation for years of service--or the "vested rights" view--that retirement rights may not be altered without the pensioner's consent. Crucial to these conflicts are the terms of the collective bargaining agreement. Case law indicates that employers can never feel themselves fully protected even if the agreement contains provisions explicitly stating the benefits' scope and duration. The authors demonstrate this point in their review of recent retiree benefits cases. They then explore in detail the problem of contract and document ambiguity, and offer guidelines for ascertaining intent. They conclude with a discussion of strategies for litigating retiree benefits cases.


A28 Roche Molecular Systems has developed a real-time RT-PCR gene expression test to select patients for treatment with a cancer immunotherapeutic developed by an external pharmaceutical company. This test will be used for patient selection during a Phase III clinical trial. In collaboration with Response Genetics Incorporated, and the external pharmaceutical company, we have developed a potential IVD companion diagnostic test to be used for the measurement of relative gene expression of the biomarker of interest in RNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tumor tissues. Extraction of quality RNA (genomic DNA free) from FFPE tissue has proven to be challenging due to cross-linking of proteins and nucleotides during the formalin fixation process. In order to address the challenge of RNA specific expression, we report here the development of an improved protocol for total RNA extraction using RNeasy® FFPE Kit (Qiagen) along with a method to measure genomic DNA on the COBAS® TaqMan 48 Analyzer.
 Analytical performance of this RT-PCR assay was established by linearity, exclusivity, limit of detection, reproducibility and method correlation studies. Linearity studies using 2-fold serial dilutions (100 -0.39 ng) of total RNA extracted from FFPE Xenograft demonstrated R² values of ≥ 0.95 for both biomarker of interest and housekeeping gene. Exclusive amplification of biomarker of interest was shown by testing plasmids from 9 highly homologous gene family members. Limit of detection for RNA was established as 50 ng, where gene expression was measured greater than 95% of time in a mixture of 1% RNA expressing the biomarker of interest in a background of non-expressing RNA. Assay reproducibility was assessed by comparing the correlation of gene expression between 2 runs using 12 manually micro dissected FFPE lung specimens, different operators, instruments, and reagents lots. There was 100% correlation between all specimens for all replicates tested within run and run to run. Pearson Correlation comparing gene expression between the 2 different runs was R= 0.987. Method correlation with a prototype assay demonstrated percent agreement of 91.6%.
 The current results indicate that we have developed a total RNA extraction method from FFPE tissue and a robust multiplex real time RT-PCR assay for the measurement of a specific biomarker on the COBAS® TaqMan 48 Analyzer to meet the needs of a Phase III clinical trial and for possible Companion Diagnostics IVD applications.


At the time of writing, the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused severe impacts on society, economy and people's daily lives. People constantly express their opinions on various aspects of the pandemic on social media, making user-generated content an important source for understanding public emotions and concerns. In this paper, we perform a comprehensive analysis on the affective trajectories of the American people and the Chinese people based on Twitter and Weibo posts between January 20th, 2020 and May 11th 2020. Specifically, by identifying people's sentiments, emotions (i.e., anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise) and the emotional triggers (e.g., what a user is angry/sad about) we are able to depict the dynamics of public affect in the time of COVID-19. By contrasting two very different countries, China and the Unites States, we reveal sharp differences in people's views on COVID-19 in different cultures. Our study provides a computational approach to unveiling public emotions and concerns on the pandemic in real-time, which would potentially help policy-makers better understand people's need and thus make optimal policy.


Isoenzyme analysis was conducted on the tachyzoite stage of 35 Toxoplasma gondii isolates. Fifteen enzyme systems were studied after isoelectrofocusing of tachyzoite extracts in polyacrylamide or agarose gels. Six enzyme systems showed variable electrophoretic patterns: aspartate aminotransferase (EC 126.96.36.199), glutathione reductase (EC 220.127.116.11), glucose phosphate isomerase (EC 126.96.36.199), amylase (EC 18.104.22.168), acid phosphatase (EC 184.108.40.206), and propionyl esterase. Their combination allows the description of 5 zymodemes among the 35 T. gondii isolates. Zymodeme 1 involves 6 isolates that are highly pathogenic to mice and for which oocysts could not be obtained. Isolates belonging to zymodemes 2, 3, and 4 are less pathogenic to mice and produced oocysts. Zymodeme 5 involves only 1 isolate, which was highly pathogenic to mice.


Introduction: The purpose of the work was to investigate the features of the physiological component of graph-motor skills of children aged from 5 to 8 years old. Materials and methods: Pupils of the 1st and 2nd grades (6-8 years old) and preschool children (5 years old) from general and pre-school educational institutions of Sumy city took part in the research. Hygienic, psychophysical, physiological methods and methods of mathematical statistics were used. Results: The assessment of physical development showed that 52.8±1.9% of children have a harmonious development, among them boys are over (58.3±2.7%) the group of girls (46.6±2.8%). Individual analysis of anthropometric indicators allowed to allocate among the surveyed children's contingent a "risk" group which includes individuals with excess body weight or its deficit. Endogenous factors influencing the formation of graph-motor skills are determined: physiological, cognitive and personal readiness. Conclusions: Mechanisms of physiological adaptation play an important role in adaptation of the child to the new conditions of the educational process, knowledge of their peculiarities is necessary for the early detection of minimal deviations of their health and the timely application of corrective measures.


We study the heterogeneity in the preference structure of cooperative members. Using conjoint analysis the utility that members attach to intra-organizational and strategic attributes of their cooperative is elicited. Recognizing that members are not homogenous, a concomitant finite-mixture regression model is employed to allow preferences to vary across different member segments. With data from 120 cooperative members, we find that most members demonstrate rather similar preferences for strategic attributes but differ with respect to the intra-organizational attributes of control and management. Members' preference structures are affected by business size and attitudes towards risk. lEconLit Citations: Q130; M000, C400r. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


This paper introduces a vision based localization method for large scale urban environments. The method is based upon Bag-of-Words image retrieval techniques and handles problems that arise in urban environments due to repetitive scene structure and the presence of dynamic objects like vehicles. The localization system was experimentally verified it localization experiments along a 5km long path in an urban environment.


Stocking and introduction of fishes began in Newfoundland and Labrador in the early 1880s. Intro- duced non-native fishes and stocking of native fishes beyond their local range have established populations in many areas. Competition, predation and the possible introduction of parasites and diseases have all resulted from such stocking and introductions. Direct genetic effects have been caused by interbreeding with native species. Indirect genetic effects may have resulted from selective forces, genetic drift and inbreeding. Aquaculture and the creation of transgenic fish also pose a new threat to native fish. The effects of introductions as mitigation or enhancement tools are discussed. Although Newfoundland and Labrador is still relatively pristine, safeguards must be introduced to reduce the potential detrimental effects of these management practices.


Observations of unusual diffraction and interference by two-photon correlation measurements are reported. The signal and idler beams produced by spontaneous parametric down conversion are sent in different directions, and detected by two distant point-like photon counting detectors. A double-slit or a single-slit is inserted into the signal beam. Interference- diffraction patterns are observed in coincidences by scanning the detector in the idler beam.


Messages and materials developed to communicate risk to the public are often misunderstood because the public misperceives risk, science information is too complex, leading to audience misunderstandings, and an overarching focus on the details of the problem without supplying solutions or actions to keep the public safe. This article describes the creation of a communication model to improve risk communication that includes safety information. The authors describe essential components of Risk and Safety Communication based on features of Environmental Health Literacy (EHL), which informed the creation of a protocol for developing risk communication messages and materials. An online training module was developed to aid communicators in creating information to enable the public to protect themselves, their family, and their community, leading to improved comprehension of how the environment impacts health. These principles were developed in a series of focus groups, identifying how the public perceives risk, how they prefer to receive communication, and how participants respond to materials developed using the principles. Important topics discussed are understanding the literacy levels of the target audience, applying that understanding to developing messages, how risk perception leads to misperceptions and how to address those misperceptions by using plain language when developing focused messages and materials.


Usage of wireless sensor network increasing and becoming cost effective now days. Many realtime applications using this network system. One of the example for such application is monitoring a highway or railway bridges which plays an important role in transportation. Many bridges in world collapse due to some internal and external factors, those factors must be monitored in order to avoid this collapse. This paper proposes automatic bridge monitoring system using wireless sensor networks. The proposed system consists of three sensors to monitor the bridge condition continuously i.e. Accelerometer to detect the jerks in the bridge or in pillar, flex sensor to detect the bend or orientation in the bridge, load cell to detect the overload on the bridge. This data from the sensors will be processed by controller (PIC18) and is transferred to the receiver node at the management center using the transmitter node at the transmitter end whenever the fault occurred. CC2500 module is used as a wireless node in this paper. At the receiver side raspberry pi is used to monitor the received data which can also store the database in it. Through the GSM an alert message is also sent to the operator along with the exact location where fault occurred in bridge. The proposed system can be used efficiently with low cost.


Primary splenic angiosarcoma is a rare and fatal neoplasm arising from vascular endothelial cells within the spleen. With an incidence of 2 cases per 10 million people worldwide, the diagnosis and treatment of this rare entity is unfamiliar and challenging. We describe the case of a previously healthy 45-year-old woman who presented with vague upper-abdominal pain and was found to have a splenic mass on computed tomography. The patient underwent laparoscopic splenectomy and was found to have splenic angiosarcoma on microscopic evaluation. Although specific radiologic diagnosis is not possible, bringing the possibility of primary splenic angiosarcoma to the ordering clinician's attention has the potential to hasten treatment and improve patient outcomes. This case highlights the importance for radiologists to be aware of this rare neoplasm and to consider it in the differential when encountering a heterogeneously enhancing splenic mass.


Previous years have brought interesting developments in the field of telecommunications all over the world. Countries in transition have experienced it in their own way. Croatia is an interesting example of such a country. After gaining independence in 1991 and setting course toward the open market economy, the development of telecommunications was particularly fast. Related legislative changes as well as changes in the ownership structure of Croatian telecom will surely have a significant impact on the future development of telecommunications in Croatia, which will be based on our own experiences as well as the experiences of other countries in transition and developed countries. The planning methodology will include the techno-economic evaluation of minimum-risk introductory routes for new services as defined within the European Union projects. An overview of the development of Croatian telecommunications during the '90s as well as plans for future development are presented. A comparison with other countries in development as well as with developed countries is given, too. A survey of the development of telecommunications within the County of Split and Dalmatia, including economic aspects, is given. An overview of research and development activities is also given.


In this work, we propose a fast adaptive federated meta-learning (FAM) framework for collaboratively learning a single global model, which can then be personalized locally on individual clients. Federated learning enables multiple clients to collaborate to train a model without sharing data. Clients with insufficient data or data diversity participate in federated learning to learn a model with superior performance. Nonetheless, learning suffers when data distributions diverge. There is a need to learn a global model that can be adapted using clients' specific information to create personalised models on clients is required. MRI data suffers from this problem, wherein, one, due to data acquisition challenges, local data at a site is sufficient for training an accurate model and two, there is a restriction of data sharing due to privacy concerns and three, there is a need for personalization of a learnt shared global model on account of domain shift across client sites. The global model is sparse and captures the common features in the MRI. This skeleton network is grown on each client to train a personalised model by learning additional client-specific parameters from local data. Experimental results show that the personalization process at each client quickly converges using a limited number of epochs. The personalized client models outperformed the locally trained models, demonstrating the efficacy of the FAM mechanism. Additionally, the sparse parameter set to be communicated during federated learning drastically reduced communication overhead, which makes the scheme viable for networks with limited resources.


Objective: To examine preferences for relational continuity and rapid accessibility for telephone care. Methods: A mixed-methods sequential explanatory design was utilized. Structured telephone interviews were conducted with 448 Veterans receiving primary care from Veterans Affairs facilities, who rated the importance of relational continuity and rapid accessibility. Seventeen focus groups were conducted with 123 Veterans to examine preferences for continuity versus accessibility and factors affecting these preferences. Results: Higher proportions of interview patients rated talking with a nurse from their own primary care team (69%) and talking with a nurse with whom they have previous primary care contact (60%) as very important, compared with talking to any nurse as soon as possible (53%) and receiving advice immediately (50%). Focus group participants preferred a familiar provider within 24 hours over immediate contact with an unfamiliar provider, particularly for routine needs. Rapid accessibility was more frequently preferred for urgent questions/concerns. Preference for relational continuity was mitigated by patient age, and access to electronic medical records in larger, but not smaller, facilities. Conclusions: Health care systems supplementing in-person care with telephone care need to ensure that this care aligns with patient preferences and provide opportunities for both relational continuity and rapid accessibility where possible.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate microsatellite instability in smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential and to compare the results with clinical and morphological data.

SUBJECT AND METHODS
Histological and immunohistochemical studies were conducted in 26 patients aged 30-63 years (mean age, 37 years) with leiomyomatosis; which revealed intravenous leiomyomatosis in 20 cases, metastasizing leiomyoma in 2, disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis in 3, and smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential in 1 case. Microsatellite instability was studied by fragment analysis on a genetic analyzer using a test system of six markers: D10S1146, D10S218, D10S24, D10S1213, D3S1295, and D9S942.

RESULTS
Microsatellite repeat changes characteristic of leiomyosarcomas (heterozygosity loss and/or microsatellite instability in at least one locus studied) were found in 6 patients; all were clinically and morphologically diagnosed as having intravenous leiomyomatosis. In 3 of these 6 cases, leiomyomatosis was accompanied by metastases to the lungs and spread to the peritoneum; heart damage was noted in 2 cases. The data analysis did not allow identification of any significant clinical and morphological criteria for this group.

CONCLUSION
Leiomyomatosis is not a transitional form from benign leiomyoma to leiomyosarcoma, as evidenced by the difference in the status of molecular markers. Analysis of molecular genetic changes in DNA from tumor tissue samples cannot categorically clarify the nature of the disease by identifying the signs of genetic instability; however, there is a need for further accumulation of experience in studying tumors of this group and in identifying the possible association with disease prognosis.


The effects of plant hormones and sucrose (Suc) on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuberization were studied using in vitro cultured single-node cuttings. Tuber-inducing (high Suc) and -noninducing (low Suc or high Suc plus gibberellin [GA]) media were tested. Tuberization frequencies, tuber widths, and stolon lengths were measured during successive stages of development. Endogenous GAs and abscisic acid (ABA) were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Exogenous GA4/7 promoted stolon elongation and inhibited tuber formation, whereas exogenous ABA stimulated tuberization and reduced stolon length. Indoleacetic acid-containing media severely inhibited elongation of stolons and smaller sessile tubers were formed. Exogenous cytokinins did not affect stolon elongation and tuber formation. Endogenous GA1 level was high during stolon elongation and decreased when stolon tips started to swell under inducing conditions, whereas it remained high under noninducing conditions. GA1 levels were negatively correlated with Suc concentration in the medium. We conclude that GA1 is likely to be the active GA during tuber formation. Endogenous ABA levels decreased during stolon and tuber development, and ABA levels were similar under inducing and noninducing conditions. Our results indicate that GA is a dominant regulator in tuber formation: ABA stimulates tuberization by counteracting GA, and Suc regulates tuber formation by influencing GA levels.


This paper presents Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) Based Technique for Distributed Generation Installation in Transmission System. In this study, WOA optimization engine is developed for the installation of Distributed Generation (DG). Prior to the optimization process, a pre-developed voltage stability index termed Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) was used as an indicator to identify the location for the DG to be installed in the system. Meanwhile, for sizing the DG WOA is employed to identify the optimal sizing. By installing DG in the transmission system, voltage stability and voltage profile can be improved, while power losses can be minimized. The proposed algorithm was tested on 30-bus radial distribution network. Results obtained from the EP were compared with firefly algorithm (FA); indicating better results. This highlights the strength of WOA over FA in terms of minimizing total losses.


Slaughtering, the first step in the transformation of muscle into edible meat, affects the quality and quantity of meat. This depends on postmortem biochemical changes, related to sanitation, as well as physicochemical and physical attributes (aroma, color, and texture among others). From the quantity point of view, carcass yield is related to preand postmortem handling. However, carcass handling after leaving the slaughter floor, also alters meat quality. A number of operations are included during transformation of muscle into meat, starting from slaughtering through refrigeration, wholesale storage, fabrication and distribution, and retail storage. Each one includes changes in physicochemical and microbial characteristics that finally affect quality. In any case, changes must be directed to improve quality and/or to extend shelf life.


A preconcentration/separation method for determination of Cr(III), Cd(II), Bi(III) and Co(II) has been proposed. The analytes were adsorbed on a column filled Diaion HP-20 resin as metal-8-hydroxiquinoline complexes and desorbed from the column by using 10 ml of 1M HNO3 in acetone. The influences of some analytical parameters such as pH, amounts of oxine, type of eluent etc on the recoveries of chromium, cadmium, bismuth and cobalt were discussed. Effects of the various alkaline salts on the recoveries of the investigated ions were also examined. The method was applied for the determination of Cr(III), Cd(II), Bi(III) and Co(II) contents of table salt samples, some chemical grade alkaline salts produced in Turkey and a stream sediment standard reference material sample (GBW 07309) with satisfactory results (recoveries > 95%, relative standard deviations < 9%). The limit of detection for analyte ions (3s, N = 20) was between 23-305 ng/g.


This study describes a clinical trial of at-home recreational therapy for community dwelling older adults with dementia and disturbing behaviors. After two weeks of daily, individualized therapeutic recreation interventions (TRIs), results indicated a significant decrease in levels of both passivity and agitation. Biograph data collection was useful in identifying the physiological changes that occurred with each intervention technique. Specific information is included on the time of day each behavior occurred and the most effective interventions, as well as implications for service delivery.


Analytical capability limitations and strict modelling assumptions have hindered progress and the amount of information extracted from large datasets remained limited for a long time. The advent of computers and fast operating systems coupled with user-friendly platforms have changed that and made a grate impact on data mining and analysis that have been problematic both from theoretical and practical ways. In this paper we introduce and investigate a hierarchical and efficient approach for mining time series data to identify block discords. Each identified block discord is further mined fordiscord sub-sequences within. In this and as mentioned in [1], we aim to publicise the use of classical statistics and Time Series tools as efficient data mining tools. We examine these tools on real data. The technique will further be applied on the identified group discord to search for sub-sequence discord.


Podisus nigrispinus are bedbug predators that are used as biological control agents of defoliating larvae in eucalypt plantations. The mass rearing of natural enemies produces large numbers of insects, but the number of predators produced may not coincide with the timing of the outbreaks of pest populations in the field. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different storage periods on the eggs of P. nigrispinus at low temperatures of 5, 13 and 15oC. The treatments consisted of periods of 5, 10, 15 and 20 days of storage of predator eggs at each temperature indicated. After the different periods of storage, the eggs were removed, and the egg viability, the survival and duration of nymphal instars and the sex ratio of emerged adults were evaluated. Egg storage at 5oC reduced the percentage of hatched eggs, while viability values close to 50% were observed for storage periods of up to 10 days at 13oC and up to 15 days at 15oC. For these treatments, the survival rates of nymphs were similar to those of the control. The different storage periods had no effect on the duration of the nymphal stage or the sex ratio of P. nigrispinus at any of the temperatures. Therefore, the storage temperature of 5oC caused the death of the majority of the embryos, while it is possible to store P. nigrispinus eggs up to 10 and 15 days at 13 and 15oC, respectively.


Safe drinking water access for rural
populations in developing countries remains a challenge for a sustainable
development. The
study aims to investigate the drinking water quality and the factors affecting
this quality in the Sourou valley in Burkina Faso. A total of 135 water
samples were collected in sterile glass bottles during the dry seasons 2007,
2008, and 2012 from 10 drillings and 5 wells. Fifteen physicochemical parameters and
two fecal pollution indicators (Escherichia
coli and fecal Coliforms) were monitored based on laboratory standard
methods. Datas were analyzed, using the Student t' test and XLSTAT 7.5.2
statistical software. From results obtained, water quality was related to water
source and sampling period as well (p 0.0001). 30% of
drillings provided water with nitrates concentration over the World Health
Organization (WHO) guideline value. High turbidity was also observed for some
drillings. Moreover, 90% of drillings showed water total hardness largely over
the WHO threshold value. Water from drillings were exempt of fecal pollution,
contrasting with the wells one which appeared uniformly polluted with
concentrations exceeding sometimes 103 and 104 CFU/100 ml
for E. coli and fecal Coliforms,
respectively. Field investigations showed a preference of wells as drinking
water source, and that appeared related to the lack of self-management of
drillings and to cultural considerations. Overall, this study highlighted that
a regular survey of water quality, management of protection zones around
drinking water sources, sensitization on water resources self-management,
hygiene and health issues, and providing appropriate household disinfection
methods could help advancing to reach an effective safe drinking water access
for rural populations in the country.


The variables affecting the economics of machining operations are numerous and include machine tool capacity, required workpiece geometry, cutting conditions of velocity, feed rate, depth of cut and many others. This paper describes a procedure to calculate the machining conditions for milling operations according to minimum production cost as the objective function. Optimum values of machining conditions for each pass are determined based on the objective function criteria by circular direction search method which is specifically developed for this purpose. The effects of constraints on the objective function can be evaluated by graphical representation of the objective function and the constraints in the developed software.


A well diagnosed campaign of supersonic, diffusive radiation flow experiments has been fielded on the National Ignition Facility. These experiments have used the accurate measurements of delivered laser energy and foam density to enable an investigation into SESAME's tabulated equation-of-state values and CASSANDRA's predicted opacity values for the low-density C8H7Cl foam used throughout the campaign. We report that the results from initial simulations under-predicted the arrival time of the radiation wave through the foam by ≈22%. A simulation study was conducted that artificially scaled the equation-of-state and opacity with the intended aim of quantifying the systematic offsets in both CASSANDRA and SESAME. Two separate hypotheses which describe these errors have been tested using the entire ensemble of data, with one being supported by these data.


To date, approximately 5,600 species of animals are protected by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) against over-exploitation through international trade. Among mammals, 300 species are considered threatened with extinction. Conservation efforts rely on a wide spectrum of measures, from rising public awareness to adapted legal framework. In this context, wild animal conservation centers represent a core aspect. Accurate management is required also through qualified veterinary care and research activities, including genetic investigations to support conservation strategies.


A segmentation and recognition method for handwritten phrases, such as street names, is presented in this paper. Some of the challenges posed by the problem are: (1) identifying correct word gaps from character gaps and (2) minimization of computational complexity during the recognition of potential words. A trainable word segmentation scheme using a neural network is introduced. The network learns the type of spacing (including size) that one should expect between different pairs of characters in handwritten text. The concept of variable duration, which is obtained during the training phase of a word recognition engine we have developed, is expanded to reduce the computational complexity which has been a serious concern in this type of application.


This work analyses the effect of the global sourcing of intermediate goods on productivity growth. To identify the impact of global sourcing, we employ the methodology proposed in a different context by Rajan and Zingales (1998). In particular we interact the length and the width of sectoral production chains with a measure of the intensity of countries' intermediate imports. We find evidence indicating that off-shoring significantly increases labour productivity and total factor productivity at the sector level in countries that rely on global sourcing. The driver of total factor productivity growth depends on the structure of the global value chain that intermediates are sourced from: long chains trigger technology improvements while wide chains cause a reallocation of resources towards more productive firms within the same sector.


The invention relates to a composition which comprises at least one liquefying agent for a hydraulic composition and at least one aminoalcohol, selected from the group consisting of 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol and N-aminopropyl-monomethyl ethanolamine. The invention also relates to the use of said composition for reducing corrosion, especially on steel formwork in precast components or on concrete steel of concrete constructions.


Early blight of potato caused by Alternaria alternata (Fries) Keissler is one of the factors that affect
potato production. Using chemical control to reduce disease severity represent another risk for
agriculture. Biological control, using microorganisms, as well as plant extract and compost are safe
measures that give reliable control. Applying either measure of control reduced disease incidence to less
than 2% during two successive seasons. Microbial spray of diseased potato reduced the disease to various
extents. Trichoderma sp. was the most effective among all tested microorganisms, followed by
Penicillium sp. On the other hand, alcoholic extract of three plants was more effective than their water
extract. However, water extract showed highly significant reduction of disease incidence. Polygonum
gave the highest reduction of disease incidence in both cases. Also water extract of compost greatly
suppressed early blight when applied as spray to potato leaves. Duration of extraction may affect the
ability of compost extract to suppress disease. All results were comparable to that of fungicides.


: Hydrogen bonding structure and kinetics in aqueous glucose solutions with different concentrations were studied using the molecular dynamics simulation method. The percentage distributions of glucose and water molecules with i hydrogen bonds (intra, inter, or both) were analyzed. We find that a critical number N exists and the percentage of glucose or water molecules with N hydrogen bonds is the highest. When i < N , the percentage of glucose or water molecules with i hydrogen bonds increases as the glucose concentration increases, while when i > N the percentage of glucose or water molecules with i hydrogen bonds decreases as the glucose concentration increases. Continuous and intermittent autocorrelation functions for the different hydrogen bonds (intra-hydrogen bonds in the glucose molecules, hydrogen bonds between glucose molecules, hydrogen bonds between the water molecules, hydrogen bonds between the glucose and water molecules, and all hydrogen bonds) and the hydrogen bond lifetimes were also calculated.


Author(s): Hasan, Md Monirul | Advisor(s): Park, Boris Hyle | Abstract: ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATIONQuantification of Changes of Intensity and Attenuation Coefficient During Neural Activity Using Optical Coherence TomographybyMd. Monirul HasanDoctor of Philosophy, Graduate Program in BioengineeringUniversity of California, Riverside, March 2018Dr. B. Hyle Park, ChairpersonThe nervous system, which receives information through the electrical signal to coordinate and disseminate information about the body and its environment, is an assembly of neurons. Current methods of detection of neural activity are based on electrophysiology, which requires direct or near direct contact, or fluorescence-based techniques, which require the introduction of reporter molecules, raising a concern of toxicity. Optical coherence tomography(OCT) detects neural activity by taking advantage of intrinsic structural changes that accompany neural activity without any exogenous agents. The phase-resolved OCT detected 10-30 nm swelling of axon during neural activity from the functionally stimulated compound eye of the horseshoe crab(limulus) by utilizing the phase-resolved measurement. There was a decrease of backscattered intensity during propagation of action potential due to change of scattering as well. Further study on in vitro murine brain slice showed the changes of the phase (or thickness change) as well as a decrease of back-reflected intensity during propagation of action potential. Above studies with pr-OCT were performed without scanning because scanning introduced phase noise, and the desired signal was buried under noise for the signal to noise ratio of 25~30 dB. However, spectral domain OCT was used to capture 3D volumetric intensity images during the neural activity in in vitro seizure mouse model after a period of baseline data. The average intensity of the hippocampal brain slice decreased by 10~18% from baseline during neural activity. Although intensity can separate neural activity from non-neural activity with 97.27% specificity and 97.60% sensitivity, it varies from experiment to experiment. Attenuation coefficient(µ), which quantifies how strongly a sample scatters and absorbs light is a constant for a sample, can solve the problem. During neural activities, there was a 10~15% decrease of µ. For both intensity and µ based method, there was a spatial correlation between optical changes and gold standard electrophysiology. Finally, quantified OCT intensity detected a localized action potential from CA1 of the hippocampal brain slice during ripple activation and -1% intensity threshold separated activity from non-activity.


Abstract Seven growth regulators (ancymidol, 6-benzylaminopurine, ethephon, flurprimidol, mefluidide, paclobutrazol, and uniconizole) at various concentrations were studied for their effects on sturdiness of greenhouse grown seedlings of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.), measured by a single parameter, growth modification index. All growth regulators at certain concentrations were effective in reducing plant height but none increased stem caliper. Several growth regulators increased shoot-to-root dry weight ratio. Benzylaminopurine greatly modified growth characteristics and resulted in deformed seedlings. Uniconizole was most promising for producing sturdier seedlings of jack pine.


Mature male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to an isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction. Animals were sacrificed on a daily basis in order to assess the temporal changes in prolyl hydroxylase activity and collagen metabolism during the acute stages of myocardial necrosis and repair. Total myocardial hydroxyproline, as an indexof collagen content, increased promptly and markedly, beginning on day 4, and remained elevated thereafter. The incorporation of (14Cl)-proline into definitive hydroxyproline of mature collagen was also increased. The activity of the enzyme prolyl hydroxylase, which regulates the rate of conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in collagen, was elevated by day 2, remained high through day4, and then declined to a relatively constant but still slightly elevated level throughout the period of repair. It is believed that changes in these parameters of collagen metabolism reflect changes in myocardial fibroblastic cell and ground substance pertinent to fundamental aspects of repair of the injuried myocardium.


Abstract Background In 2016, an academic detailing (AD) intervention took place in 115 nursing homes in British Columbia. AD meetings, attended by physicians, nurses, and nursing home staff, were organized to reduce unnecessary antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections (UTI), and in particular, asymptomatic bacteriuria. Meta-analysis of AD indicates general effectiveness for creating small prescribing changes; however, there are no large-scale evaluations of AD for nursing home antimicrobial stewardship (AMS). Methods UTI-linked prescriptions for nursing home residents were extracted from Pharmanet, an administrative database of prescriptions dispensed in community pharmacies. Changes in the days of supplied (DOS) prescriptions were assessed with an ecologic interrupted time series analysis. Eighty-two local health areas (LHAs) were included with 50 intervention LHAs (61%). The study period was June 2015 to March 2017 and the intervention began on July 2016. Multilevel segmented regression was used for statistical analysis. Results During the study period, 9,822 residents received 23,141 UTI-linked prescriptions. Intervention and control had an overall average of 101 and 15 DOS, respectively. Both intervention and control had a decreasing pre-intervention trend (average of −1.4 and −0.2 DOS per month, respectively). While the expected post-intervention rate for the intervention group was −1.1 [−1.8, −0.3] DOS per month, the observed trend was −2.8 [−2.8, −0.7] DOS per month; 169.9% lower than expected [−59.7%, 663.7%]. The control's average post-intervention trend was unchanged, −0.1 [−0.6, 0.2] DOS per month. For the intervention group, there were 4,714 [–1,921, 6,113] fewer days of UTI prescriptions in the intervention period. Conclusion In this pragmatic ecologic evaluation, AD was associated with reductions in UTI-coded antibiotic prescribing. The lack of large-scale AMS studies in nursing homes has hindered AMS implementation in this setting. Thus, these preliminary results address a key gap in the AMS literature. Further evaluation of this intervention with a multiple baseline design is warranted. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


Two strains of Ostertagia circumcincta were isolated from sheep in Great Britain; one (CVL strain) from a breeding flock maintained at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, the other (H2 strain) from a commercial flock in southern England. Their resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics was assessed by means of in vitro egg hatch assays and slaughter trials. In vitro egg hatch assays gave calculated ED50 estimates of 0.799 micrograms thiabendazole/ml for the CVL strain and 0.794 micrograms thiabendazole/ml for the H2 strain, compared with ED50 estimates of 0.038 micrograms thiabendazole/m and 0.036 micrograms thiabendazole/ml for two known susceptible strains of O circumcincta. There was a 40.7, 28.4 and 66.9 per cent reduction in the group mean worm burdens of lambs infected with the CVL strain following treatment with thiabendazole, fenbendazole and oxfendazole, respectively, and 23.8, 0.0, 79.6, 52.7, 99.9 and 100 per cent reduction in the group mean worm burdens of lambs infected with the H2 strain following treatment with thiabendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole, albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin, respectively. Detailed field histories for both strains are given.


Herbs have been used as food and for medicinal purposes for centuries. Research interest has focused on various herbs that possess hypolipidemic, antiplatelet, antitumor, or immunestimulating properties that may be useful adjuncts in helping reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Regular consumption of fruit and vegetables is associated with reduced risks of cancer, cardiovascular disease, stroke, Alzheimer disease, cataracts, and some of the functional declines associated with aging. Prevention is a more effective strategy than is treatment of chronic diseases. In different herbs, a wide variety of active phytochemicals, including the flavonoids, terpenoids, lignans, sulfides, polyphenolics, carotenoids, coumarins, saponins, plant sterols, curcumins, and phthalides have been identified. Several of these phytochemicals either inhibit nitrosation or the formations of DNA adduct or stimulate the activity of protective enzymes such as the Phase II enzyme glutathione transferase [EC 220.127.116.11]. Many of these herbs contain potent antioxidant compounds that provide significant protection against chronic diseases. These compounds may protect LDL cholesterol from oxidation, inhibit cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes, inhibit lipid peroxidation, or have antiviral or antitumor activity.


The Basic Education Act of 2013 ensures the right of all children with disabilities to free and compulsory education for the first time in Kenya. However, the Act continues to perpetuate discrimination against Kenyan children with disabilities. First, the law fails to provide reasonable accommodations in education, which amounts to disability discrimination. Second, the law fails to ensure an inclusive education system as required by article 24 of the CRPD. While there has been some debate as to whether article 24 bans all specials schools, the Basic Education Act creates a system in which all children with disabilities are required to attend separate schools, solely based on their disability. Although an inclusive education system may not be possible to achieve in Kenya overnight, the law does not do enough to promote equal educational opportunities for children with disabilities as required by the CRPD. At the very least, children with disabilities should be guaranteed the right to an education in the least restrictive environment, which, we argue, is possible to achieve immediately. The right to education in the least restrictive setting ensures that children with disabilities are provided the opportunity to learn with their non-disabled peers. However, enforcing the right to education in the least restrictive environment should not be the final goal; it is only a means towards the goal of full inclusion for all children with disabilities in Kenya, as mandated by the CRPD.


The study has been designed to determine the impact of emotional intelligence (EI) on turnover rate of first line managers of FMCG organizations in Karachi. It is generally believed that low emotional intelligence is a determinant of high turnover rate in first line managers of the FMCG organization. A sample of 40 employees from different FMCG organizations of Karachi who are performing their duties at first line management level falling within the age range of 20–40 years, with education level from Intermediate to Masters has been drawn randomly. Personal information of the participants is collected through demographic information sheet. TEIQue (Petrides & Furnhm, 2003) questionnaire is used to measure the variables of employees' turnover and trait emotional intelligence. All participants have to respond on a seven point Likert scale. A higher score on this scale indicates higher level of emotional intelligence. In order to analyze the data, Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS, V, 12) is applied. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) is applied to study the sample characteristics and linear regression analysis and Karl Pearson's Coefficient of Correlation (Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient) is calculated. This analysis shows strong impact of low emotional intelligence with increased employee job turnover rate.


Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) oxidatively break down the glycosidic bonds of crystalline polysaccharides, significantly improving the saccharification efficiency of recalcitrant biomass, and have broad application prospects in industry. To meet the needs of industrial applications, enzyme engineering is needed to improve the catalytic performance of LPMOs such as enzyme activity and stability. In this study, we engineered the chitin-active CjLPMO10A from Cellvibrio japonicus through a rational disulfide bonds design. Compared with the wild-type, the variant M1 (N78C/H116C) exhibited a 3-fold increase in half-life at 60°C, a 3.5°C higher T 50 15 , and a 7°C rise in the apparent Tm. Furthermore, the resistance of M1 to chemical denaturation was significantly improved. Most importantly, the introduction of the disulfide bond improved the thermal and chemical stability of the enzyme without causing damage to catalytic activity, and M1 showed 1.5 times the specific activity of the wild-type. Our study shows that the stability and activity of LPMOs could be improved simultaneously by selecting suitable engineering sites reasonably, thereby improving the industrial adaptability of the enzymes, which is of great significance for applications.


[1] While iron occurs predominantly in the form of Fe2+ in the Earth's upper mantle and transition zone, Al-bearing (Mg,Fe)SiO3 perovskite (Pv), a primary mineral in the lower mantle, contains a large proportion of ferric iron (Fe3+). It has been demonstrated that such Fe3+ strongly affects physical and chemical properties of Pv. On the other hand, the iron substitution mechanism and valence state of iron in postperovskite (PPv) are still unclear. Here we determined the valence state of iron in PPv with changing Al3+ content, on the basis of electron energy-loss near-edge structure spectroscopy measurements. The results show that PPv includes a small amount of Fe3+, which is independent from the Al3+ content. This indicates that Fe3+ in Pv and coexisting metallic iron recombine to form Fe2+ upon phase transition from Pv to PPv in pyrolitic mantle. Such Fe2+ partitions preferentially into (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase (Fp), and therefore PPv is depleted in iron compared to Pv. Such a marked change in the valence state of iron and resulting iron depletion in PPv have broad implications for seismic and transport properties in the lowermost mantle. Phase transition from Pv to Fe-poor PPv occurs in a much narrower pressure range than that for a fixed iron content.


Background: Tracheostomy is increasingly used to manage airway difficulties in paediatric respiratory management. It is important that parents are informed of the likely duration of tracheostomy in different conditions and the prognosis for decannulation. Aims: The aim of this project was to review the experience of paediatric tracheostomy decannulation in the Newcastle upon Tyne Hospital NHS Foundation (NUTH) Trust over the last 6 years. Methods: This retrospective review looked at all decannulation episodes in children within the NUTH Trust from January 2005 to December 2010. The notes of the patients identified were reviewed to collect data. Results: 56 patient episodes were identified, of those, 48 patients were included. The median duration of tracheostomy was 14 months and the median age at decannulation was 26 months. The indications for tracheostomy were: subglottic stenosis (31%), airway malacia (21%), airway mass (13%), airway obstruction (10%) and other (25%). The median duration for these indications were 35, 17.5, 8, 12 and 11.5 months respectively. 81.25% (39) of planned decannulations were successful. Surprisingly 61.54% (24) of successful decannulations had trachy-cutaneous fistulas requiring surgical closure. It appeared that fistulas were associated with patients who were of a younger age at tracheostomy (4.5 vs. 8 months) or who have had a longer duration of tracheostomy (20 vs. 12 months). Conclusions: This review has highlighted likely duration of tracheostomy for the common conditions and prognosis for decannulation. It has also revealed a surprisingly high rate of trachy-cutaneous fistula.


This project examines the changing demographics and culture surrounding higher education in the United States in the period following the Second World War and the relationship to normative constructions of femininity at Augustana College between 1945 and 1962. The college used a variety of means to reconstitute feminine norms, including social and sexual control and ritualized expressions of heterogamy, to construct a rigid femininity for women students. This allowed the college to reassert its norms and values in a changing world and to create continuity with the past. The Augustana Coed of the postwar period was white, northern European, middle-class, and asexually heterogamous. These norms constrained higher education for women within known parameters.


The author presents an evaluation of rabies control during the last 36 years. He discusses especially the problem of vectors, diagnosis, vaccine and treatment, taking into account the 1982-1987 National Campaign for Animal Rabies Control. He notes an improvement of the situation with a significant decrease in the rate of positivity among the biter animals. He considers, however that this rate remains relatively too high to allow the prevention of disease persitance in the country. He suggests the continuation of the efforts undertaken to control biter animals and eventually the extension of the campaign to the regional level.


Edaphic invertebrate fauna is usually exposed directly or indirectly to a wide range of pesticides in agroecosystems worldwide. Very few studies have assessed the negative effects of these pesticides on the diversity and population dynamics of soil invertebrates. In this study, the effect of most commonly used pesticides viz; bifenthrin (a synthetic pyrethroid), spinosad (a bio-insecticide), Aliette (a synthetic fungicide) and Trichoderma harzianum formulation (30x106 cells mL-1; a bio-fungicide) was assessed on soil invertebrate fauna in a citrus agroecosystem. Secondary objective was to compare the impact of synthetic versus biological pesticides and insecticides versus fungicides. There was a significant effect of all pesticides on the population abundance of springtails (F4,14 = 16.53; p<0.001), mites (F4,14 = 12.07; p<0.001) and ants (F4,14 = 16.28; p<0.001). By and large, soil fauna got recovered after two to three weeks post-treatment. Insecticides were more suppressive for soil invertebrates than fungicides. Overall, biological pesticides i.e. spinosad and T. harzianum formulation were less disruptive to soil invertebrate fauna than synthetic conventional pesticides. Hence, keeping in view the key role of soil invertebrates in soil sustainability and crop productivity, the utilization of biopesticides should be encouraged.


. This research study aims to measure the study analysis on the path of artisan spirit related to party education related to the ideological in colleges and universities. The image processing technology research study describes that primary data related to the artisan spirit performance were gathered using different questions related to the image processing technology. The party ideological education is the dependent variable, and image processing technology includes segmentation quality factors and performance related to the image processing technology. These are considered independent variables. For measuring, the data used AMOS software and run different results related to the party ideological education in college and universities. The character design major has more significant commercial benefits and chances for growth. The investigation and analysis can confirm that the main is appropriately orientated. It maintains continual communication with companies, scheduling, increasing students' practical competence, and also offers students internship opportunities. The overall results found that the artisan path to party ideological education significantly relates to college and universities based on the image processing technology.


Materials Maria Maya (MMM) is a Guatemalan organization which has dedicated itself to making health education more relevant to the rural Mayans who constitute the majority of Guatemala's population. The administration and direction of the project is in the hands of a team of qualified Mayan men and women. Funding is primarily through various charitable international organizations. The content of preexisting health education programs, strongly influenced by the dominant "ladino" Spanish speaking culture was found to be inappropriate to the goal of this program. MMM set about to formulate a new teaching format which would draw upon, rather than trample over, established cultural practices and life styles. By a process of trial and error, involving small scale field tests, a new program format was developed. By questioning local women about perceived priority areas, through the study of morbidity and mortality data, decisions were made as to topics to be covered. Investigators, authors, and artists worked together to form a "materials package" which was then subject to pretesting. Out of this effort, MMM has been able to come up with a method to encourage more effective participative teaching through the use of education materials.


The food systems and territories of Indigenous Peoples sustain much of the world's biodiversity, cultivated and wild, through agroecological practices rooted in Indigenous cosmovision and cultural and spiritual values. These food systems have a critical role to play in sustainability transformations but are widely threatened and have received limited research attention. This paper presents the results of four virtual workshops with Indigenous Peoples: a global workshop and local workshops with communities in coastal Kenya, northeast India and southwest China. Indigenous participants highlighted the role of their food systems in resilience to climate change, nutrition, sustainability and resilience to pandemics, and threats from agriculture, development and conservation policies. They called for research on the rapid loss of Indigenous knowledge; Indigenous Peoples' land rights and food sovereignty; and the impacts of industrial agriculture on Indigenous food systems, stressing the need for decolonial approaches to revitalise Indigenous knowledge. The paper presents a decolonial and interdisciplinary framework for action-research on Indigenous food systems past and present, from farm to plate, drawing on the virtual workshops, Andean decolonising methods and historical approaches. It concludes that decolonising action-research, led by Indigenous Peoples, is urgently needed to reverse the rapid loss of food-related biocultural heritage.


Abstract President Barack Obama's State of the Union speeches were distributed online as so–called Enhanced versions, where the television images of Obama delivering the speech were accompanied by pictures, graphs, and tables used to convince the audience about the factual state of affairs in the United States. The article explores this combination of the rhetoric and epistemology of visuality and information design on the one hand and political oratory on the other. The article demonstrates how the Enhanced State of the Union is a hybrid genre using visuals to create a rhetoric of reification and reality, apparently aiming not to argue but only to establish facts.


Randomization is one of the main strategies in providing security in moving-target-defense (MTD) systems. However, randomization has an associated cost and estimating this cost and its impact on the overall system is crucial to ensure adoption of the MTD strategy. In this paper we discuss our experience in attempting to estimate the cost of path randomization in a message transmission system that used randomization of paths in the network. Our conclusions are (i) the cost crucially depends on the underlying network control technology, (ii) one can reduce this cost by better implementation, and (iii) reducing one type of cost may result in increased costs of a different type, for example a higher device cost. These suggest that estimating the cost of randomization is a multivariable optimization problem that requires a full understanding of the system components.


By using dynamic reconfiguration, the flexibility, adaptability, and extensibility of distributed systems are enhanced. Treating interactions among components during dynamic reconfiguration is still one of the most crucial problems in this research area. This challenge should be met by middleware design and development. However, current standard middleware offers little support for dynamic reconfiguration of distributed systems. In this paper, we describe an extended Java RMI that supports efficiently dynamic reconfiguration of distributed systems. This extended Java RMI can automatically monitor and manipulate invocations between components during dynamic reconfiguration. Moreover, the extended Java RMI can automatically switch invocations from remote to local and vice versa.


We present a new cumulative rate (CURATE) clustering method to identify earthquake sequences especially in regions with swarm activity. The method identifies sequences by comparing observed rates to an average rate. It is distinct from previous clustering techniques in that no direct assumptions about physical processes relating to temporal decay or earthquake‐earthquake interaction are made. Instead these assumptions are replaced by a more general one, that earthquakes occurring within a sequence likely share a common physical trigger, which is manifested by a change in rate. The use of rate as the primary selection parameter emphasizes that temporal proximity is the main commonality among different sequence types. To investigate catalog‐scale earthquake sequence characteristics, we apply the method along with four standard (de‐)clustering methods to a catalog of 4845 M ≥ 2.45 earthquakes from 1993 through 2007 in the Central Volcanic Region of New Zealand. Despite the distinct focus of the method on sequence formation, the declustered catalog of the CURATE method sits within the suite of declustered catalogs produced by other methods. A stochastic reconstruction based on epidemic‐type aftershock sequence parameters is also presented to test the differences between catalogs that exclusively contain mainshock‐aftershock sequences and areas that exhibit multiple physical processes. We test the declustered catalogs produced by all methods for a Poisson temporal distribution and propose that this be used to ensure reasonable selection parameters. The CURATE method will be especially useful for identifying swarms, creating likelihoods of the size and duration of sequences, and refining earthquake forecasts that include swarms at regional and local scales.


In Human Visual System (HVS) video quality assessment is more important. We have studied HVS, we observed non systematic and impairing of videos in that. So we propose a novel approach that is called Perceptual quality index based on video quality assessment(VQS).In this paper visual performance equation for the foveal and extra-foveal vision, perceptible noise detection, instantaneous error summation metrics are introduced. For this metrics cortical magnification theory, spatial-temporal just noticeable difference model, perceptual quality index are taken to introduce these metrics.


Building trust models based on a well-defined semantics of trust is important so that we can avoid misinterpretation, misuse, or inconsistent use of trust in Internet-based distributed computing. The authors present an approach to a formal-semantics-based calculus of trust, from conceptualization to logical formalization, from logic model to quantification of uncertainties, and from quantified trust to trust decision-making. They also explore how to apply a formal trust model to a PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) system to develop decentralized public-key certification and verification.


Less optimal role of school committee almost happened in every school, so far society perceive existence of school committee only role in terms of procurement aid of parasarana and education fund. This paper aims to explore the efforts of SMP Negeri 1 Pamarayan in optimizing the role of school committees in the protection of teachers in the implementation of education. The results of the study show that SMP Negeri 1 Pamarayan efforts always coordinate with school committees that are scheduled at least every two months, accommodate and channel the aspirations and initiatives of the community in giving birth to operational policies and educational programs, increasing responsibilities and community participation in the implementation of education, creating atmosphere and transparent, accountable, and democratic conditions. The perceived outcomes relate to teacher protection. The role of school committees in realizing teacher protection can be optimized by scheduling coordination between schools and school committees, all emerging cases can be addressed thanks to the school committee's role without causing a community reaction that harms both parties.
Keywords.  Optimization, School Committee, Teacher Protection


The objective of the research was to study fatty acids profile of lamb on feedlot system with different
protein and energy levels and different slaughter weight. Twenty four males local lamb, aged around 3 – 5
months with body weight of 8.7 – 15.5 kg (CV = 15.01%) were set in a generalized randomized (complete)
block design with 4 treatments: P1 (CP 14.48% and TDN 50.46%), P2 (CP 17.35% and TDN 52.61%), P3
(CP 15.09% and TDN 58.60%), and P4 (CP 17.42% and TDN 57.46%). The group of sheep with light
weight was slaughtered in the slaughter weight (SW) of 15 kg, the group of sheep with the average weight
was slaughtered on the SW of 20 kg, and the group of sheep with the heavy weight was slaughtered on the
SW of 25 kg. The ANOVA was used to analyze data and any differences among groups were further
tested using Duncan's Multiple Range Tests (DMRT). The result showed that fatty acid of lamb meat on
different protein and energy levels were not significantly different (P>0.05), except dokosaheksaenoat (DHA).
Palmitic, oleic, klupanodonic and dokosaheksanoic were significantly different (P<0.05). Fatty acid of lamb
meat from higher to lower content were oleic (C18:1) = 45.29%, palmitic (C16:0) = 26.75%, stearic (C18:0)
= 15.72%, palmitoleic (C16:1) = 4.07%, myristic (C14:0) = 3.29%, linoleic (C18:2) = 3.16%, arakidat (C20:0)
= 0.79%, arakidonat (C20:4) = 0.40%, linolenic (C18:3) = 0.17%, eikosedienoic (C20:2) = 0.08%, EPA
(C20:5) = 0,08%, klupanodonic (C22:5) = 0.07%, DHA (C22:6) = 0.07%, dan eikosatrienoic (C20:3) =
0.07%. The conclusion of the research showed that fatty acids profile of lamb on feedlot system with
different protein and energy levels were similiar, except the higher of dokosaheksaenoat content on P2 (high
protein, low energy). The highest content of palmitic was on lamb with 25 kg SW, oleic was on 20 and 25 kg
SW, klupanodonic and dokosaheksanoic acids were on lamb with 15 and 25 kg SW.
Keywords: Lamb, Protein-Energy Levels, Slaughter Weight, Lamb Meat, Fatty Acids


Staphylococcus aureus is a major bacterial pathogen that causes different community and hospital-acquired infections. S. aureus resistant to methicillin has become a big and expanding problem of concern in many developing countries. Clindamycin has also been discovered to be a preferred therapeutic alternative for the treatment of both methicillin susceptible and resistant staphylococcal infections. This study examined the prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in clinical samples of patients in Abia state, Nigeria using standard recommended procedures. A total of 750 clinical specimens of blood and urine samples, wound, ear, nasal, high vaginal and ear swabs were collected from three major health facilities in Abia state, Nigeria. Each sample was cultured for bacterial isolates and examined for colonial and cellular morphology while biochemical identification was performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) by disc diffusion method and MRSA screening was done using cefoxitin disc.  A total of 265 (35.3%) S. aureus isolates were recovered, out of which 126(47.5%) were from males and 139(52.5%) were from females, however there was no association between the prevalence and gender (p-value = 0.05) and also prevalence and age (p-value = 0.52). Of the 265 S. aureus isolates recovered, 164(61.9%) were MRSA. All 100% of the MRSA were susceptible to vancomycin, 120(73.2%) to clindamycin, 92(56.1%) to gentamycin. All 100% were resistant to ceftazidine, 157(95.7%) to cloxacillin, 146(89.0%) to augmentin, 136(82.9%) to ceftriaxone and 103(61.6%) to erythromycin. The MRSA strains showed much higher resistance rate than their MSSA counterparts to all tested antibiotic except clindamycin. 64(39.0%) of the MRSA were resistant to 4 classes of antibiotics indicating multi drug resistance (MDR). The overall prevalence of inducible clindamycin resistance among methicillin resistant isolates was 29(17.7%). This implies that 17.7% could have been misidentified as clindamycin susceptible by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. In conclusion prevalence of MRSA was high and it is important to routinely carry out the D-test for detection of inducible clindamycin resistance if clindamycin is considered as a treatment option.


The world of Global CSR is typified by transnational issues and crises that are a product of the historical maturation of our individual country entities. Effective response to these global, ethical, moral and environmental problems requires a response by society's most socially, economically and politically powerful players in a collaborative and integrated manner. This book addresses the thought that those players implicit in the experienced crises and problems facing the global community are the very players that must be included within the solution: Trans National Corporations (TNCs), Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and Supra-National Unions (SNUs). Through their interaction and interdependency these actors form a Triad of political influence and economic power that dwarfs the possibilities of other organizations and combinations. Only through the cooperation of the Triad players can a powerful and focused solution be developed to return the world to an economically sustainable future.


Nurses experience adults with a diagnosis of 'personality disorder' ('PD') as challenging, but nothing is known of their experiences working with young people with a diagnosis of 'PD' or 'emerging PD'. This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurses with this group. Six nurses were interviewed individually and the transcripts analysed employing interpretative phenomenological analysis. Two themes were identified: emotional impact, and conflict and need for support. Participants described powerful emotional responses and heavy time demands as particular challenges. They also reflected on tensions that arose in the wider team and service context. The importance of reflective space, training and the need for specialist approaches, such as therapeutic input, was emphasized by all participants. The study's findings suggest that while there are some similarities to adult services, there are also issues specific to nursing adolescents with 'PD', which merit further attention, including the implications of the lack of diagnostic clarity for treatment approaches and the difficult interpersonal dynamics of the condition. Recommendations for practice include additional training in relation to the theoretical understanding of diagnosis itself and in working therapeutically with young people with the diagnosis, employing approaches that have been found to be useful in adult services.


Evaluation of the prevalence of POT1, ACD, and TERF2IP mutations among Polish melanoma patients. A cohort of 60 patients from melanoma-prone families, 1500 unselected cases and 1500 controls were genotyped. Methodology included Sanger sequencing, in-silico software predilection, and TaqMan assays. We identified three nonsynonymous variants: POT1 c.903 G>T; TERF2IP c.970 A>G; and ACD c.1544 T>C and a splice site variant ACD c.645 G>A. The c.903 G>T was predicted to be pathogenic according to PolyPhen-2, benign according to Mutation Taster, PROVEAN, AGVGD, and SIFT. The c.645 G>A was defined as disease caused by Mutation Taster and Human Splicing Finder and as variant of unknown significance by ClinVar. The other detected variants were described as benign. The c.903 G>T variant was present in two unselected cases and one control [P = 0.57, odds ratio (OR) = 2.00]; the c.645 G>A variant was not detected among the unselected cases and the controls; the c.970 A>G variant was present in 110 cases and 133 controls (P = 0.14, OR = 0.81); the c.1544 T>C variant was present in 687 cases and 642 controls (P = 0.11, OR = 1.07). We found no loss of heterozygosity of the c.903 G>T, c.970 A>G, and c.645 G>A variants. C.645 G>A variant had no effect on splicing or expression. The changes in POT1 c.903 G>T and ACD c.645 G>A can be classified as rare variants of unknown significance, the other variants appear to be polymorphisms. Germline mutations in POT1, ACD, and TERF2IP are infrequent among Polish melanoma patients.


Abstract The centrality of service user and carer involvement in social work education in England is now well established, both in policy and practice. However, research evidence suggests their involvement in student assessments is underdeveloped and under researched. This study focused on the positioning of service users and carers in relation to other stakeholders involved in the assessments of social work students in England. Using narrative research methodology, 21 participants, including service users, carers, social work students, social work employers and social work educators, were offered a semi-structured individual interview. Participants' narratives revealed different power relations among those involved in social work students' assessments and a lack of confidence among service users and carers in making failed assessment recommendations. The paper concludes by arguing the case for social work educators and service user organisations to provide joint training to support service users and carers in their role as assessors of social work students.


Evidence is presented that the dominant non‐trend mode of interdecadal global SST variations is linked to significant modulation of ENSO variance during the past 150 years. The mode resembles the interhemispheric SST pattern linked to Sahel rainfall changes, with colder northern hemisphere conditions co‐incident with higher ENSO variance. Simulations of an intermediate coupled global climate model demonstrate that this global SST pattern can drive the interdecadal changes to ENSO variance. The influence on the ENSO dynamics comes primarily from the portion of the SST change local to the tropical Pacific, which is warm over the entire equatorial Pacific particularly in the southeast during times of stronger ENSO activity. We speculate that the warming equatorial SST causes ENSO events occur earlier and thus have longer time to develop, as well as enhancing the vertical temperature gradient and thus increasing the effectiveness of oceanic entrainment.


Cesarean section rate has risen dramatically, particularly in the U.S., over the past 20 years, with results on maternal and perinatal mortality or morbidity and increase of delivery cost. To curb this inflation, trial of labor after cesarean section is proposed. Trial of labor often involves use of oxytocics. Regional analgesia is indicated for this high risk delivery. There are few absolute contra-indications to trial of labor and each case has to be analysed separately. Induction of labor leads to several advantages. The repeat cesarean section rate decreases significantly; this high risk delivery can take place during daytime with complete obsetetrical, anaesthetic and pediatric staff. The use of medication such as vaginal prostaglandins or mifepristone can also help lower this rate. X-ray pelvimetry must no longer be the major criterion for choosing the mode of delivery. Normality of labour must be judged according to previous vaginal delivery or not. Revision of uterine scar remains important for the diagnosis of dehiscence or rupture. This exploration should only be done if symptoms appear.


Abstract PENG, W.; LEE, KWANG-HO, and MIZUTANI, N., 2012. Application of direct-forcing IB-VOF method to the simulation of wave deformation by submerged structures. In this work, direct numerical simulation is employed to estimate the deformations of free-surface waves by submerged fixed structures using the immersed boundary method and volume of fluid method. The direct-forcing immersed boundary method is applied to handle solid object boundaries that are replaced with a proper force in the Navier–Stokes equations imposed on the body surface. The volume of fluid method is employed to track the free surface. Submerged obstacles of different shapes, including rectangles, trapezoids, and semicircles, are investigated to validate the ability of the numerical model to simulate fluid structure problems involving geometrically complex solid boundaries. The comparisons between the results of the developed numerical model, available experimental data, and previous numerical estimations reveal a favorable agreement between the water particle velocity fields as well as the free-surface profiles. The fully nonlinear phenomenon such as the flow separation and vortex generation can be reproduced and captured accurately using the proposed model.