This report analyses the clinicopathologic features of three metastatic extragenital neoplasms to the cervix. These examples of metastatic extragenital malignancies to the cervix are cutaneous malignant melanoma, colorectal carcinoma, and breast carcinoma. The diagnosis of these metastatic malignancies was suspected on a historical basis. The value of Pap smears is limited on the other hand, since for a correct diagnosis in all our cases, this examination required corroboration by histological and immunohistochemical analysis. In all these examples of extragenital metastatic neoplasms, as in other cases reported in literature, the patients had undergone cervical smear because of vaginal bleeding, even if Pap smear is considered a questionable maneuver in vaginal bleeding. Accordingly, our article reveals that a great deal of rigorous screening, precise morphological analysis, and plentiful clinical data are mandatory in approaching diagnoses of extracervical malignancies. However, this study did demonstrate that cytology does not alter patient management or outcome. In effect, in accordance with other studies, our cases of metastatic extragenital neoplasms to the uterus have poor prognosis Diagn. Cytopathol. 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Abstract The quantity of target language input available to learners contributes to the understanding of target language development. The present paper reports on a longitudinal study of the relationship between the amount of non-native teachers' EFL input and learners' aural achievement in instructed SLA. Young learners (N=132) were followed over a three-year period. High variability in teacher use of EFL was found. Results of correlational analyses and group comparisons pointed to a longitudinal advantage of participants exposed to instruction dominated by teacher target language use during their first two years of formal EFL learning. Directions for future research on the use of different languages and their relation to learners' achievement are discussed in the context of early formal foreign language study.


This paper explores the history and processes associated with the transformation of a northern Canadian Aboriginal school into a culture-based community school for its Metis, Inuvialuit and Gwichin citizens. In particular, the role of the principal, a local Aboriginal, as a leader in initiating and facilitating the transformative change is examined. The factors providing the impetus for change and processes fostering change are examined through the critical lens of Kaupapa Maori Theory, a guiding framework for transformative praxis in New Zealand Maori schools. Finally, the paper examines current developments in the area of science curriculum development and delivery within this school community that are consistent with culture- and place-based education practice and the aspirations of the community.


There is a continuing need for standards in neutron monitoring. A discussion of special problem areas and the benefits of intercomparisons is given. The RBE for leukemia induction in the survivors of the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki is greater than ten for absorbed doses in the bone marrow of less than 100 rads; this may have an important impact on neutron standards preparation.


The current knowledge about how protein structures influence sequence evolution is rarely incorporated into substitution models adopted for phylogenetic inference, which are commonly based on independent with the same substitution process and ignore the known variation of the evolutionary rates across sites with different structural properties. In previous works, we presented site-specific substitution models of protein evolution based on selection on the folding stability of the native state (Stab-CPE), which predict more realistically the evolutionary variability across protein sites. However, those Stab-CPE present qualitative differences from observed data, probably because they ignore changes in the native structure, despite empirical studies suggest that conservation of the native structure is a strong selective force. Here we present novel structurally constrained substitution models (Str-CPE) based on Julián Echave's model of the structural change due to a mutation as the linear response of the protein to a perturbation and on the explicit model of the perturbation generated by a specific amino-acid mutation. Compared to our previous Stab-CPE models, the novel Str-CPE models are more stringent (they predict lower sequence entropy and substitution rate), provide higher likelihood to multiple sequence alignments (MSA) of the wild-type protein, and better predict the observed substitution rates. Next, we combine Str-CPE and Stab-CPE models to obtain structure and stability constrained substitution models (SSCPE) that fit the empirical MSAs even better. Importantly, these SSCPE models present a relevant improvement of the phylogenetic likelihood for all ten protein families that we analyzed with the program RAxML-NG. We implemented the SSCPE models in the program Prot evol, freely available at https://github.com/ugobas/Prot_evol.


Being located structurally in a transition zone between the Paternoster high platform and the Kutai basin, the study area is strongly compartmentalized. Lateral velocity variations across faults with very significant throws induce severe fault shadow effects below fault planes. Pinnacle carbonates overlaid by shale produce pull up anomalies above and seismic image degradation below. In this context, depth imaging is crucial for optimizing field development and reducing uncertainty. An interpretative workflow of Pre-stack depth migration (PSDM) has been performed on the South Mahakam seismic dataset. The objectives are to improve fault imagery and seismic imaging below carbonates. The main difference with time imaging lies in the early integration of interpretation in the velocity model building. Therefore interaction between the interpreter and the depth imager is indeed critical to build a correct depth-velocity model that will noticeably improve the seismic image. Velocity model building has been iteratively done using seismic interpretation surfaces as main inputs and also by incorporating well data. An automated tomography approach is used to update the velocity model, which is strongly constrained by the interpretation input. However, some strong lateral and vertical velocity contrasts (carbonate reefs, pinch outs, faults) have to be manually picked in order to help tomography to converge towards an adequate velocity model. The final velocity model has to meet 3 criteria: 1. flatness of gathers, 2. geological meaning, and 3. honour well data.


Objective. To examine plasticity of inhibition, as indexed by practice effects of inhibition tasks and the associated transfer effects, using a multiple task approach in healthy older adults. Method. Forty-eight healthy older adults were evenly assigned to either a practice group or a no-contact control group. All participants completed pretest (2.5 hours) and posttest (2 hours) sessions, with a 2-week interval in between. During the 2-week interval, only the practice group completed six 30-minute practice sessions (three sessions per week for two consecutive weeks) of three lab-based inhibition tasks. Results. All three inhibition tasks demonstrated significant improvement across practice sessions, suggesting practice-induced plasticity. The benefit, however, only transferred to near-near tasks. The results are inconclusive with regard to the near-far and far-far transfer effects. Discussion. This study further extends literature on practice effects of inhibition in older adults by using a multiple task approach. Together with previous work, the current study suggests that older adults are able to improve inhibition performance through practice and transfer the practice gains to tasks that overlap in both target cognitive ability and task structure (i.e., near-near tasks).


Abstract Background: Several solutions are now proposed to provide indoor illumination with so-called artificial white light or simulated daylight (SDL-PDT), resulting in an effective treatment for actinic keratosis (AK). However, the optimal PpIX-weighted light dose is still debated. Integrating the effective irradiance over the irradiation time yields the effective light dose, which is also known as the protoporphyrin IX-weighted light dose and is a key parameter for the efficacy of the treatment. Objectives: The paper aims to report the clinical outcomes of SDL-PDT when using the PpIX-weighted light dose of 4 J/cm2, in patients treated for AK lesions of the scalp or the face at our medical dermatology center (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT052036). Methods: A total of 30 patients (16 males, 14 females), with a mean age of 71.0 ± 10.2, with phototype 1 (16 patients) and phototype 2 (14 patients) with grade I–II AK were treated with a drug light interval (DLI) of 10 min and a light exposure of 35 min (Dermaris, Surgiris, Croix, France), corresponding to a PpIX-weighted light dose of 4 J/cm2. The primary endpoint was the cure rate of patients at six months post-treatment. Secondary endpoints included scores of pain, erythema, crusts, and discomfort during or/and post the treatment. Results: In total, 762 AK were treated. Six months following treatment, the cure rate of the patients was 77%. The median pain score was less than 1 out of 10 for most of the patients. Erythema was observed in all patients and lasted 3 days (±1.5 day). Crusts were seen in 28 patients. Discomfort was reported as mild or less in more than 97% of patients. Conclusions: The shortening of the PpIX-weighted light dose to 4 J/cm2, corresponding to an illumination duration of 35 min with the Dermaris, does not modify the efficacy of the SDL-PDT. This observation is in agreement with recent published data demonstrating that the light dose can be reduced. Furthermore, this clinical study confirmed that SDL-PDT is an effective and nearly painless treatment with minimal side effects for patients with AK lesions of the scalp.


Calophyllum inophyllum Linn. is an economically and medicinally important species of genus Calophyllum, family Guttiferae. The plant is known for its abundant traditional medicinal value, as well as for its pharmacological activities, such as antiviral, cytotoxic, anti-platelet aggregation, etc. Phytochemical literature investigation of the plant revealed the presence of various compounds, such as coumarins, xanthones, triterpenes and steroids. However, steroidal glycosides are not reported from this plant. In search of new chemical compounds, phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of leaves was carried out. After repeated column chromatography using Hexane and Hexane:Ethyl acetate mixtures of different proportions as eluents, resulted in isolation of three compounds suspected to be steroidal compounds. The homogeneity of isolated compounds was established by TLC and HPLC, as there was no interference of spot or peak in chromatograms. For detailed structure elucidation, UV, IR, one dimensional H1NMR, C13 NMR and MS spectras were recorded for structure elucidation.


A one-step electrochemical process has been employed to synthesize composite films of polypyrrole/graphene (PPy/GR) by electrochemical polymerization on indium tin oxide (ITO) from an aqueous solution containing pyrrole monomer, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets and sodium p-toluenesulfonate (NapTS). Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed the formation of a composite; the degradation temperature of the new hybrid was between those of PPy and GO. Moreover, the bulbous surface of PPy and the almost transparent tissue-like GO nanosheets were replaced by the new appearance of the composite where the surface was flat but creased. As GO is nonconductive, we deduced that it had been reduced to conducting graphene in the composite film during the electrodeposition process, based on an electrical conductivity study measured with a four-point probe. On average, the electrical conductivity of the PPy/GR composites was twofold higher than that of the pure PPy film, indicating that the incorporation of graphene was able to enhance the conductivity of PPy film.


The anonymous RCN steward's claim (Letters, February 9) that the College is the leader in equality issues, and 'no other organisation has done more for women's issues than the RCN,' leads me to question whether the College really does strive for true sexual equality.


Introduction: criminal prosecution is a specific legal concept that means a certain type of law enforcement activity. Having introduced this concept into legal use, the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation pointed to the purpose of this activity – the exposure of a suspect accused of committing a crime (Paragraph 56 of Article 5), its compliance with the scheduling criminal proceedings (Part 2 of Article 6), types (Chapter 3) and subjects (Chapter 6). The content of this activity, the methods of its implementation indicate that the criminal prosecution coincides with the procedural activities of the inquirer, investigator and prosecutor, that is, it is carried out through the performance of each of the named persons of their powers. This allows us to put forward and substantiate the thesis that a preliminary investigation is a criminal prosecution carried out in the procedural form of a proceeding or inquiry, that is, an activity aimed at identifying and exposing a person, a suspect, or an accused of committing a crime, whose efficiency depends on a properly organized procedural interaction of the entities carrying out this activity, which together form the prosecutorial power of the state. The purpose of the study: to identify the reasons for the lack of effective cooperation of the criminal prosecution authorities and suggest the ways to eliminate them. The objectives of the study: to characterize the role (function) of the bodies, inquiry, investigation, prosecutor's office in pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case, to formulate and base the conclusion that pre-trial proceedings in a criminal case are a form of criminal prosecution as a common type of criminal procedural activity for the inquirer, investigator and prosecutor. The dialectical, logical, systematic, structural-functional and other general scientific research methods were used in the preparation of the paper; as well as the comparative-legal, formal-legal and other specific scientific methods. Results: the paper shows that the reform of the preliminary investigation bodies, which resulted in the removal of investigators from administrative subordination to the prosecutor, the redistribution of powers between the prosecutor and the head of the investigative body in favor of the latter, did not lead to the expected increase in the procedural independence and independence of the investigator, but had a negative impact on the level of legality of pre-trial proceedings. The amendments made to the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation in 2007 and later proved to be insufficiently thought out; they are not logical and do not conform well with other norms of criminal procedure law. The shortcomings of the legal regulation of the procedure for exercising the powers of the head of the investigative body and the prosecutor, their interaction with the investigator and among themselves, were only partially corrected by Law No. 404-F of December 28, 2010. Conclusions: the need to improve the efficiency of interaction of the investigator with the head of the investigative body and the prosecutor requires a serious revision of a number of norms of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.


As a key player in the emerging energy markets in the Pacific North West, Bonneville Power Administration's emerging GenCo operations are transforming their scheduling and planning functions based on the consolidation of a complex array of legacy computer models and manual processes into a single cross-functional application. The authors present a case history of the methods and analysis used for model definition, procurement project management, integration with systems supporting real-time trading and scheduling, and concurrent organizational improvements. Bonneville markets the power produced from 17000 MW of hydroelectric and 1100 MW of nuclear capacity in a planning and scheduling environment that is characterized by highly constrained fishery operations, volatile market prices, system reliability concerns, and efficiency improvement targets. Using advanced linear programming techniques, the new system will incorporate commercial, operational, and environmental objectives by (1) consolidating five legacy models; (2) modeling 40 plus system constraints and 70 plus hydroelectric plants; (3) considering ancillary services and transmission; and (4) optimizing revenue. BPA plans on using this application to realize significant operational improvements and to fortify its position as an effective player in the increasingly competitive markets of the CAISO and emerging RTO West. Lessons learnt are related to industry technology drivers and trends for complex modeling systems.


Web services are widely used thanks to their features of universal interoperability between software assets, platform independent and loose-coupled. Web services composition is one of the most challenging topics in service computing area. In this paper, an approach based on High Level Petri-Net model as dynamic configuration schema of web services composition is proposed to achieve self adaptation to run-time environment and self management of composite web services. For composite service based applications, in addition to functional requirements, quality of service properties should be considered. This paper presents and proves some quality of service formulas in context of web service composition. Based on this model and the quality of service properties, a suitable configuration with optimal quality of service can be selected in dynamic way to reach the goal of automatic service composition. The correctness of the approach is proved by a simulation results and corresponding analysis.


Abstract In this paper we discuss symmetry properties of the matrices describing the reflection and transmission of polarized radiation by a slab of randomly oriented particles. A complete set of such symmetry relations valid in the common case in which there is no birefringence or dichroism is given. The derivation proceeds via 1) the symmetry properties of the phase matrix describing the scattering in a volume element and 2) the symmetry properties of the reflection and transmission matrices based on single scattering only. Birefringence and dichroism may occur if the particles do not have a plane of symmetry. The study of symmetry relations for this case is not carried beyond the stage of the phase matrix. Possible applications and some errors in the literature are pointed out.


In nature, superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) exhibit microstructures with several roughness scales. Scalable fabrication and build-up along the X-Y plane represent the promise of 3D printing technology. Herein we report 3D printed microstructures with a dual roughness scale that achieves SHS using a readily available Formlabs stereolithography (SLA) printer. Pillar-like structure (PLS) arrangements with a wide range of geometrical shapes were 3D printed at three resolutions and two printing orientations. We discovered that a tilted printing direction enables a stair-case pattern on the μ-PLS surfaces, conferring them a μ-roughness that reduces the solid-liquid contact area. The programmed resolution governs the number of polymerized layers that give rise to the stepped pattern on the μ-PLS surfaces. However, this is reduced as the printing resolution increases. Also, all samples' experimental contact angles were consistent with theoretical predictions from Cassie-Baxter, Wenzel, and Nagayama wettability models. The underlying mechanisms and governing parameters were also discussed. It is believed that this work will enable scalable and high throughput roughness design in augmenting future 3D printing object applications.


Changes in the magnetoacoustic attenuation of bismuth at 1,4-4.2K and in magnetic field 2-10 kG are measured. The longitudinal sound wave of 40-200 MHz is propagated along the trigonal axis while the magnetic field vector is parallel to the binary-trigonal plane. For the changes in the attenuation which could be as much as 50 dB. two distinct G.Q.O., each periodic in the reciprocal of the magnetic field, were observed; the dominant oscillations evidently quench the weaker ones when the two periods are the same. The spin splitting and the line shape of the G.Q.O. are used to estimate the effective g-factor and mass of carriers. The inclination of the ellipsoid axis to the basal plane is inferred from the period to be about 4°. The basic tool was a superheterodyne system coupled into a synchronous detector which enabled the traversed sample length to be increased upto 20 cm. Some relevant current theories and experimental data for comparison are used in the text.


The growth of hydroxyapatite (HA) on self-assembled collagen gold nanoparticles is presented for the first time by employing wet chemistry at ambient conditions, and we obtained near-quantitative yields of composite. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the gold nanoparticles are well dispersed with an average diameter of 4 nm, which was further supported by the strong surface plasmon band (SPB) at 527 nm in the UV-vis spectra. The band broadening, shifting and flattening after the addition of HA precursors suggests the formation of HA aggregates. FT-IR spectroscopy confirms that the characteristic functionalities of collagen are intact even after the conjugation with gold nanoparticles, which renders the formation of randomly aggregated quarter-moon-like HA. Microscopic and crystallographic study at this stage further confirms its crystallographic structure that the HA particles aligned with their crystallographic c-axes preferentially parallel to the orientation of collagen on the gold nanoparticles with an elemental composition resembling that of natural HA. The result showed that gold nanoparticles with collagen form an efficient matrix for the growth of HA and the mineralized collagen can be potentially applied in bone tissue repair and regeneration.


In Chinese culture, filial piety for a son is closely linked to his capacity to produce an heir to ensure continuity of the paternal line. For Taiwanese gay men, coming out as gay may be interpreted as a refusal to produce a male heir and thus constitutes a major conflict within their family. This study explores how gay men in Taiwan come out to their parents within this cultural context. Thirty‐two men in total were interviewed. Findings demonstrate that the decision to come out was often motivated by the son's perception of his parents' attitude towards homosexuality. Respondents worked hard to prepare for coming out and to minimize the risk and the impacts of the process, their report shows that some parents go through their own process of coming out and/or hiding in the closet after their gay son's coming out. Although many parents still see homosexuality as illness, some adopt alternative discourses to reinterpret the meaning of being gay as a spiritual path to eternal enlightenment or friendship. These findings imply sites of resistance to the privileged discourse of filial piety in constituting the experiences of coming out for Taiwanese gay men and their parents.


It has been determined that the complexity of Internet infrastructures, such as in a distributed system (Web services), can conceal the potential risks of attacks, and subsequently become disadvantageous to Internet users, applications and institutions. We have considered that a better way to cope with such problems can be achieved through utilisation of a systems approach, rather than an analytical approach. In this article the development architecture will be described, and the implementation results of algorithm exchange as part of the TTSN architecture (the project that is currently being undertaken) will be presented. Since Web services applications perform XML-based transactions, which are very vulnerable against an interception, algorithm exchange is a superior alternative than key exchange, the currently common strategy to protect confidentiality, integrity and authentication of data. The reason why key exchange is no longer appropriate for the current Internet technologies will also be discussed.


Civil construction's workers are one of the most risk groups to the occupational cancer. The purpose was to identify these workers knowledge about skin cancer and describe protection/prevention measures adopted by them. This is a descriptive and qualitative nature research, developed with 50 workers of a great load building site firm at municipal district of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data was collected through a form. From descriptive and statistical analysis, the results showed that the protection measures adopted by workers to avoid skin cancer are insufficient; moreover, they are not used in an aligned way with the literature. The most important necessary change relates to ife styles and access to information and knowledge about skin cancer. Thus, nursing's interventions along the Worker's Health stuff can contribute to the implementation of preventive measures against occupational cancer.


Introduction Water assisted colonoscopy [WAC] is known to reduce patient discomfort and improve the adenoma detection rate [ADR].1In this retrospective observational study, we compared water assisted colonoscopy against standard colonoscopy[SC] using CO2in a bowel cancer screening positive population. Method This was a retrospective review of prospectively collected data. The population studied was undergoing colonoscopies following a positive faecal occult blood test as part of the bowel cancer screening programme [BCSP]. Endoscopist A preferred to intubate the caecum using the water exchange method and endoscopist B would insufflate the bowel using carbon dioxide. Sedation and analgesic use was at the discretion of the endoscopist. The primary outcome was the adenoma detection rate and the comfort scores in the two groups. Secondary outcomes included caecal intubation rate, mean withdrawal time, sedation use and polyp retrieval rate. Results Data from two hundred and seven colonoscopies performed from April 2014 to December 2014 [9 months] were analysed. 102 colonoscopies were performed using the water exchange method [group A] and 105 colonoscopies were performed using CO2[group B]. Primary outcomes: Adenoma detection rate [ADR] in group A was 53% compared to of 36% in group B. This was statistically significant [difference in rate = -0.1868 [95% CI 0.0052–0.3685 p = 0.0438]. The proportion of patients experiencing none [score 1] or minimal [score2] discomfort [based on modified Gloucester comfort score] were more in group A [n = 74] compared to group B [n = 62]. This was found to be statistically significant [Z = 2.046, p = 0.0408] Secondary outcomes: Indicator Group A Group B Caecal intubation rate 95% 97% Mean withdrawal time 8.4 min 7 min Polyp retrieval rate 93% 95% Intravenous sedation 68 87 Entonox only 30 13 Conclusion Our finding of a significant improvement in ADR and better tolerability in the WAC group supports similar conclusions by Hsieh e t al. This may have potential implications for the bowel cancer screening programme since the perception of colonoscopy can influence public participation and improve uptake in the BCSP. Improved ADR may be due to combination of factors like improved bowel preparation, flattening of mucosal folds and floating effect of polyps with water irrigation. We hope our findings are validated in the future through randomised trials. Disclosure of interest None Declared. Reference Hsieh YH, Koo M, Leung FW. A patient blinded randomized, controlled trial comparing air insufflation, water immersion and water exchange during minimally sedated colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014;109(9):1390–400


Abstract In social insects, the reproductive division of labor is often regulated through communication using cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) that indicate caste identity and reproductive status. In many termites, workers retain reproductive potential and can differentiate into ergatoid reproductives, and this process is mediated by the presence of reproductives in sex- and age-specific patterns. However, little is known about the variation of CHCs profiles during this transition. In this study, we analyzed the CHC profiles of workers in comparison with ergatoids of different age, sex, and mating status in the eastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), one of the most widely distributed termite species in the world. Both female and male ergatoids were characterized by the presence of tricosane and a group of long-chain and methyl-branched hydrocarbons (chain length ≥ 33), which were found in significantly lower quantities from workers. In addition, CHC profiles differed between newly differentiated (3–4 d) and old (20–25 d) ergatoids, but no difference in CHC signatures was found between females and males based on identified compounds. Heneicosane, a previously reported royal recognition pheromone in R. flavipes, was not detected in ergatoids examined in this study. The results of caste- and age-dependent variations suggest that CHCs may act as releaser pheromones that mediate caste recognition and age-related interactions between reproductives, but analytical results of identified compounds in this study do not support CHCs as sex-specific primer pheromones that regulate nestmate fertility. Royal pheromones in termites may involve complex hydrocarbon blends and non-hydrocarbon substances that await further investigation.


We explore three- and two-dimensional, regional- and local-scale numerical models for the development of Irish Zn-Pb-Ag mineralization. The calculations examined one of the proposed genetic models for the deposits in which mineralization was associated with mixing of two fluids of different salinities in the hanging walls of faults undergoing active deformation during mineralization. The numerical models involve coupling between volume changes arising from elastic-plastic deformation, single-phase fluid flow, and mixing of fluids with different salinities together with thermal transport both by conduction and by advection. We evaluated critical parameters that could optimize the rate of mineralization in three dimensions at the regional scale and in two dimensions at the local scale. Topographic relief is proposed as one driver of fluid flow. The models indicate a competing process, through convection of high-salinity fluids, mainly within faults and originating as partially evaporated seawater, which mix with lower salinity fluids driven by topographic relief. At the regional scale, although there was substantial fluid flow through the basinal sediments, considerable flow of basin-derived fluids also occurred through the basement, with subsequent focusing through faults. The effect was enhanced if the basement permeability was increased by fracturing. Basinal fluids (fluid 1, initially in the basin or introduced from meteoric sources in the adjacent highlands) were extensively exposed to the basement and became focused into both northward- and southward-dipping faults. A second, more saline fluid (fluid 2) was driven down into the rock column by convection; it had most exposure to the basinal sediments and, in some situations, to the basement before mixing with fluid 1. The positions of the fluid mixing sites involved a balance between topographically driven flow and convection in three dimensions at a regional scale. Changes in porosity and permeability induced by plastic deformation influenced the rates of mineralization at the local scale and local Darcy flow rates at mineralizing sites. Mineralization at the local scale resulted from the interplay of fault dip direction, displacement, deformation-induced dilation, seal thickness, and integrity. The modeling results are compatible with empirical data from the Irish ore field, suggesting that north-facing faults, dipping away from the inferred position of topographic highs, preferentially host economic deposits. There is nothing intrinsic in the modeling that constrains the timing of the mineralization relative to compressional or extensional events, although a body of research favors mineralization overlapping with extension, as at the Navan, Silvermines, and Tynagh deposits. In contrast, at the Lisheen deposit, mineralization postdates the main extensional fault offsets. We suggest that a switch to shortening is a possible driver for this mineralizing system.


Unemployment is so important and sensitive that in most of developing countries, high unemployment rate is considered as one of the most important signs of underdevelopment. It is clear that employment creation in any economic sector needs investing. On the other hand, oil incomes have been always considered as one of the main resources of state income in the economy. Because oil has a double role both in providing energy needed for economic development plan and providing currency needs of these plans, it is a driving force and key sector of national economy. Given to the mentioned issues by ARDL method, this research studies the effect of oil and nonoil incomes on the employment in Iran during 1961-2006. The method of error correction model was used in order to estimate the short-term relationship between variables in which most variables were meaningful at 90% level and the coefficient of error correction term equaled -0.2436 that shows 0.24 adjustment of imbalance of one period in employment during next period and so adjustment toward balance is slow. R2 value is also 0.98 that indicates high explanatory power of pattern. In long-term adjustment relationship, intercept has no effect and according to unit root hypothesis test, there is long-term adjustment relationship between variables of pattern and all variables are meaningful. Coefficient of oil and nonoil incomes variables is positive and revolution dummy variable is positive and the coefficient of gross domestic production and dummy variable for years of war is negative. Normal 0 false false false RU X-NONE X-NONE


1. ABSTRACT The problem of integrity attacks via Trojan horse applications is so difficult that some computer security researchers and practitioners may object to it as an unreasonable research topic. We agree that the problem is difficult, but we argue that it is reasonable to consider it. We argue that the problem of application-based Trojan horses per se has not been solved; that previous integrity approaches do not offer significant protection in today's architectures and third, solutions that offer significant protection are available. Some of these solutions have been researched, but others have not. We invite other researchers to investigate the problem.


Though traditional algorithms could be embedded into neural architectures with the proposed principle of \cite{xiao2017hungarian}, the variables that only occur in the condition of branch could not be updated as a special case. To tackle this issue, we multiply the conditioned branches with Dirac symbol (i.e. $\mathbf{1}_{x>0}$), then approximate Dirac symbol with the continuous functions (e.g. $1 - e^{-\alpha|x|}$). In this way, the gradients of condition-specific variables could be worked out in the back-propagation process, approximately, making a fully functioned neural graph. Within our novel principle, we propose the neural decision tree \textbf{(NDT)}, which takes simplified neural networks as decision function in each branch and employs complex neural networks to generate the output in each leaf. Extensive experiments verify our theoretical analysis and demonstrate the effectiveness of our model.


Using Schwinger's proper time formalism, the author constructs the one-loop effective potential for a supersymmetric non-Abelian gauge theory in a background constant magnetic field and study supersymmetry breaking in the strong-field approximation. The problem of symmetry restoration in non-supersymmetric gauge theory is also discussed.


INTRODUCTION: Cervical cerclage pessaries have become increasingly utilized for cervical incompetence and in patients at risk for preterm birth. Commercially available pessaries come in various sizes using a "one size fits most" approach which does consider each woman's unique anatomy. The effectiveness of these pessaries is limited by poor fit, and a lack of easily achieved customization. This preliminary study was designed to test the feasibility of 3-dimensional printing techniques to create personalized/patient specific 3D printed cervical cerclage pessaries. METHODS: Patient specific imaging data was collected at a routine prenatal ultrasound, including cervical length/radius and distance from external cervical OS to the anterior vaginal fornix. Using SolidWorks (Dassault Systemes) software, these measurements were converted into geometry files and a 3D pessary was electronically rendered in stereolithography (STL) format. An inversion mold of this spatial model was created using the same software. A hospital based prototyping center was used to print the 3D mold on a ProJet 3500 HDMax (3D Systems) printer, which was then filled with silicone (Sylgard 184, Dow Corning) to create a medical grade pessary. RESULTS: Multiple patient specific medical grade 3D pessaries were printed at a cost of less than $50 per mold. CONCLUSION: Current 3D printing techniques can be used to create low cost personalized/patient specific cerclage pessaries from measurements during routine prenatal ultrasounds. This method overcomes the commercial limitations requiring special ordering of a device which may not fit a patient's specific need. This technique provides an alternative means for rapidly obtaining a cervical pessary for medical application.


Sea blue histiocytosis is generally seen where the turnover of cells is high like in certain haematological malignancies like myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, immune thrombocytopenias and lipid storage disorders etc. Most commonly involved organs are bone marrow, spleen and liver. We report a case of 32 year old male who was Hepatitis B positive and presented with thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow examination revealed presence of numerous sea blue histiocytes. Extensive haematological and biochemical investigations failed to find out the cause of thrombocytopenia with presence of sea blue histiocytes in bone marrow, that makes our case worth reporting. This present case highlights the necessity of good communication between clinicians and pathologists for the identification of this uncommon disorder. A PubMed search of literature review was done from 1972 to 2019 in order to find out the overall incidence of this rare entity and the various other differential diagnoses were discussed. KEYWORDS Sea Blue, Histiocytosis, Thrombocytopenia, Haematological, Malignancies, PubMed.


The depressed cellular immunity observed in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) has been attributed to production of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta or TGF-beta-like substances by Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells. The TGF-beta produced by L-428 cells (an H-RS cell line) is a 130-kd molecular weight glycoprotein that apparently differs from the TGF-beta (molecular weight, 25 kd) produced by most lymphoid and hematopoietic cells. Among several distinct types of TGF-beta that have been purified, only TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 have thus far been identified in hematopoietic cells. By using monoclonal antibodies (1D11 and 3C7) and oligonucleotide probes specific for TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2, were confirmed that a cultured H-RS cell line, KM-H2, can produce both TGF-beta types, whereas another line, HDLM-1, produces only TGF-beta 1. Despite the abundance of mRNA in both of these cells, only small amounts of TGF-beta activity were detected, probably because of rapid degradation of TGF-beta 1 mRNA by specific nuclease. No degraded TGF-beta 2 RNA products were observed in KM-H2 cells. The TGF-beta produced by both types of H-RS cells had a molecular weight of approximately 25 kd. In tissues expression of TGF-beta was observed in a small portion (30%) of H-RS cells in 16 of 20 cases examined. A large number of small to medium-sized lymphoid cells (T lymphocytes) in tissues involved by HD also were positive for TGF-beta. These results indicate that there is functional heterogeneity among H-RS cells, and that H-RS cells are not the only source of TGF-beta in tissues involved by HD. Hodgkin's Reed-Sternberg cells are known to secrete several other cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These cytokines could be responsible for the increased number of T lymphocytes in tissues involved by HD. Furthermore, T lymphocytes can respond to IL-1 and IL-6 secreted by H-RS cells by increasing their production of TGF-beta. Abundant expression of TGF-beta by T lymphocytes was not observed in lymphoid tissues other than those involved by HD.


Aims: This study aims to demonstrate the use of enoxaparin in obstetrics and gynecology department in Alkharj. Methodology: This is a retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital in Alkharj city. The outpatient prescriptions were reviewed to evaluate the prescription patterns of enoxaparin. The data were collected and analyzed using Excel software, the descriptive data were represented by frequencies and percentages. Results: About 86.32% of the prescriptions contain enoxaparin syringe were prescribed for female patients. The majority of enoxaparin prescriptions were from obstetrics & gynecology department (79.48%).Moreover, the majority of enoxaparin prescriptions were prescribed by consultants (62.39%). Conclusion: The result of this study show that enoxaparin was prescribed commonly in the obstetrics and gynecology department for female patients because of its efficacy and safety profile. Enoxaparin is safer than other anticoagulants but still could cause many adverse effects so it is important to increase the health care professional awareness about its use.


Much of the equipment used in Snoezelen environments today is not interactive, and the equipment that is interactive can be hard for the user to access. By having interactive equipment in Snoezelen environments the user gets to experience and hopefully better understand the concept of cause and effect. The purpose of this master thesis has been to develop an interactive interface that can appeal to a wide range of users. The target group has been adults with developmental disabilities and sensory deprivation. By a small effort they should be able to get a response from the interface. To do this different methods have been used, such as qualitative research methods and bodystorming. The work was developed following a user-centered design method and an iterative design process where Snoezelen users from two different Snoezelen institutions in the Oresund Region participated. There were four visits to each place to get to know the environment, the staff and the users, and to perform tests with the users and the interactive interface. The interactive interface is called Glownado. It is quite small and allows the user to interact in different ways, it can be approached, put into motion, and it has different tactile structure that the user can touch. This makes it easy to interact with Glownado, in a way that suits the user's needs and abilities, which makes Glownado fit a wider range of users. The feedback the user gets is in form of wind, sound and light, and creates a multisensory stimulation localized to one area, which reduce confusion for the user. Depending on how the user interacts with it, it has different behaviors to respond to the specific action. It was important that the user got an immediate response to their action, to understand that they were the ones making it happen. Wind has never been implemented in interactive Snoezelen equipment before. It created a surprise moment, which made the users curious to continue explore.


Opioid abuse is a rapidly escalating problem in the United States. Effective opioid reversal is achieved with the antidote naloxone, but often does not last as long as the offending opioid, necessitating in-hospital observation. Continuous physiologic monitoring using wearable biosensors represents a potential option to extend monitoring capability outside the clinical setting across the spectrum of opioid abuse including post- naloxone administration. The present study aims to identify the physiologic change that marks the cessation of naloxone's effect. Eleven participants were recruited in the Emergency Department after naloxone administration for an opioid overdose and continuously monitored using a wearable biosensor measuring heart rate, temperature, electrodermal activity and accelerometry. Hilbert transform was used to evaluate a 90- minute post naloxone time point. Physiologic changes were consistent with the onset of opioid drug effect across parameters, but only changes in heart rate and skin temperature research statistical significance.


Objectives Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) is an effective intervention for portal hypertensive complications. Little is known about the ability of spleen stiffness (SS) for predicting the survival of cirrhotic patients undergoing TIPS. This study is to evaluate the influence of SS detected by point shear wave elastography (pSWE) in predicting survival after TIPS. Methods This retrospective cohort study screened consecutive patients who underwent TIPS and reliable pSWE measurement between October 2014 and September 2017 from our prospectively maintained database. SS values were measured before TIPS. The primary endpoint was the overall survival after TIPS. The Cox regression analysis model was used for univariate and multivariate analyses. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values. Results A total of 89 patients were involved in the final analysis. 24 patients (27.0%) died during a median follow-up time of 31 m. Multivariable Cox regression analysis confirmed that higher SS value (P < 0.001), LS value (P = 0.008), diameter of shunt (P = 0.001), and older age (P < 0.001) were independent prognostic factors of survival after TIPS. The risk of death rose 57.440-fold for each SS unit (m/s) increase. SS was also correlated with liver failure after TIPS. ROC analysis showed that the best SS cutoff value was 3.60 m/s for predicting survival, with a sensitivity of 54.2% and specificity of 90.8%. Conclusions The SS value determined by pSWE in cirrhotic patients was an independent predictive factor for survival after TIPS.


Preconditioned iterative methods provide some of the most efficient approaches for solving general, large sparse linear systems arising in many scientific and engineering applications. It is well-known that the convergence rate of an iterative solver depends strongly on the quality of the preconditioner used. Incomplete LU factorization is one of the most popular preconditioning techniques for unsymmetric linear systems. We present a Fill-in Incomplete LU (FILU) preconditioner which includes two drop tolerance parameters, a fill-in threshold parameter, a strip tolerance parameter, a relaxation parameter, and a set of row norms. The first drop tolerance parameter is used for dropping only new entries, which extends the original matrix pattern. The second drop tolerance parameter is used for dropping entries from a preconditioned row. The fill-in threshold parameter is used to limit the number of nonzero entries in a preconditioned row. The strip tolerance parameter is used for dropping 'small' entries from the original row before preconditioning. The relaxation parameter is a coefficient for subtracting a sum of all dropped entries from the diagonal entry of the corresponding row. And finally, we have developed special row norms different for the L and U parts of a preconditioned row. This extended set of dropping criteria with a special row norm allows us to obtain a preconditioner with a good balance between the quality of LU factorization and the extension ratio of the original pattern. In combination with scalings and reorderings this preconditioner shows good results for problems arising in hydrocarbon reservoir simulation. The performance of the preconditioner is illustrated by numerical experiments on a set of test linear systems and compared with that of several freely available software packages.


Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme-1 (BACE1) is a target of interest for treating patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibition of BACE1 may prevent amyloid-ß (Aß) plaque formation and the development or progression of Alzheimer's disease. Known BACE1 inhibitors were analyzed using computational chemistry and cheminformatics techniques to search for quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR). A remarkable relationship was found with only two simple descriptors. The square of the linear correlation coefficient r(2) is 0.75. The main descriptor is the number of hydrophobic contacts in the range 4-5 Å between the atoms of the ligand and active site. The other descriptor is the number of short (<2.8 Å) hydrogen bonds. Our approach uses readily available structural data on protein-inhibitor complexes in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) but would be equally applicable to proprietary structural biology data. The findings can aid structure-based design of improved BACE-1 inhibitors. If an inhibitor has less observed activity than predicted by our correlation, the compound should be retested because the first assay may have underestimated the compound's true activity.


In this note, we develop a real-time and accurate solution for nonlinear filtering problems based on the Gaussian distribution. Specifically, we present an explicit solution of the Duncan-Mortensen-Zakai (DMZ) equation of the Yau filtering system, which includes the linear filtering system and exact filtering system. The solution is given in terms of a solution of a system of ordinary differential equations. In particular, our method can be implemented in hardware. The complexity of our algorithms is the same as those of Kalman-Bucy filters in the case of linear filtering systems.


Alveolar type I (TI) cells are large, squamous cells that cover 95-99% of the internal surface area of the lung. Although TI cells are believed to be terminally differentiated, incapable of either proliferation or phenotypic plasticity, TI cells in vitro both proliferate and express phenotypic markers of other differentiated cell types. Rat TI cells isolated in purities of >99% proliferate in culture, with a sixfold increase in cell number before the cells reach confluence; >50% of the cultured TI cells are Ki67+. At cell densities of 1-2 cells/well, approximately 50% of the cells had the capacity to form colonies. Under the same conditions, type II cells do not proliferate. Cultured TI cells express RTI40 and aquaporin 5, phenotypic markers of the TI cell phenotype. By immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and Q-PCR, TI cells express OCT-4A (POU5F1), a transcription factor associated with maintenance of the pluripotent state in stem cells. Based on the expression patterns of various marker proteins, TI cells are distinct from either of two recently described putative pulmonary multipotent cell populations, the bronchoalveolar stem cell or the OCT-4+ stem/progenitor cell. Although TI cells in adult rat lung tissue do not express either surfactant protein C (SP-C) or CC10, respective markers of the TII and Clara cell phenotypes, in culture TI cells can be induced to express both SP-C and CC10. Together, the findings that TI cells proliferate and exhibit phenotypic plasticity in vitro raise the possibility that TI cells may have similar properties in vivo.


In the present paper, the boundary layer flow of viscous incompressible and electrically conducting fluid past a stretching plate has been considered. The boundary value problem governing the flow has been solved as initial value problem for velocity function using shooting method first, then Runge-Kutta method of order four. The values of velocity function so obtained have been used in the solution of heat transfer problem. The results have been discussed graphically.


Supply chain Management is a combination of three words supply, chain and management. Supply is all about meeting the needs, wants and demands of customers where as the chain actually represents connectivity. Further management is all about planning the supplies transit to meet demand , organizing the processes sequence for it , controlling and ensuring the process quality through check points and gate control systems, leading by defining process ownership and staffing by right sizing at each and every step. Thus aforementioned three words combined together to form supply chain management . Supply chain management is also to provide the best possible services to the customer with maximum cost effectiveness. Another recent development in the field of supply chain management is the evolution of supply chain operation reference model also known as SCOR model. This model was first introduced by the supply chain council (SCC), a globally known corporation due to excellence in supply chain practices and systems formulation. This SCOR model is actually a reference model standardized terminology and processes [42] which actually emphasizes on benchmarking. This benchmarking is actually related to an operational measurement in order to craft a portfolio for improvement which is directly linked and tied with balance sheet of the company for improved performance along with bottom line increment. Information technology (IT) applications in the field of supply chain management (S CM) has achieved a significance by virtue of its capability and ability to lessen the costs and enhanced responsiveness in the supply chain functions [41], [15] , [19], [36], [45], [43].


We have characterized and cloned the lactation-specific mRNAs of mouse mammary glands. The group of eight milk-protein-specific mRNAs were identified (a) by size and antigenic properties of their translation products in vitro and (b) by characterization of their respective cDNA clones. Two alpha-caseins (43 kDa and 39 kDa) are encoded by mRNAs of 1600 nucleotides and two beta-caseins (26 kDa) are encoded by mRNAs of 1450 nucleotides in length. Three smaller caseins, gamma-casein (23.7 kDa), delta-casein (21 kDa) and epsilon-casein (14.5 kDa) are synthesized by mRNAs of 880, 1150 and 860 nucleotides. Beside these casein mRNAs a mammary specific 620 nucleotide mRNA codes for a novel acidic whey protein (13.7 kDa). cDNA clones corresponding to the mRNAs for the lactation-specific proteins have been isolated from a mammary-specific cDNA library. Cloned alpha-casein cDNA hybridizes to both alpha-casein specific mRNAs and cloned beta-casein cDNAs hybridize with both beta-casein specific mRNAs. By RNA blot analysis we show that the cloned cDNAs for mouse alpha-casein, beta-casein, gamma-casein and epsilon-casein and the acidic whey protein cross-hybridize with mRNAs of the rat, demonstrating partial sequence homology between the corresponding mRNAs of those species.


This paper addresses the application of stator current spectral analysis for the detection of cage bearing damage in induction machines. Vibration monitoring of mechanical bearing frequencies is currently used to detect the presence of a fault condition. Since these mechanical vibrations are associated with variations in the physical air gap of the machine, the air gap flux density is modulated and stator currents are generated at predictable frequencies related to the electrical supply and vibrational frequencies. This paper takes the initial step of investigating the efficiency of current monitoring for bearing fault detection by correlating the relationship between vibration and current frequencies caused by incipient bearing failures. The bearing failure modes are reviewed and the characteristic bearing frequencies associated with the physical construction of the bearings are defined. The effects on the stator current spectrum are described and the related frequencies determined. This is an important result in the formulation of a fault detection scheme that monitors the stator currents. Some results which show the vibration and current spectra of an induction machine with different bearing faults are used to verify the relationship between the vibrational and current frequencies. The test results clearly illustrate that the stator current signature can be used to identify the presence of a bearing fault.


The Algerian War of independence (1954-1962) led directly to the fall of six French prime ministers, an attempted military coup and the collapse of the Fourth Republic. It lasted longer than the Vietnam War and involved as many conscripted soldiers.
The fight against Algerian independence was justified in France by evoking socialism, modernisation and even humanism, and until the 1980s the savagery and scale of the war was largely hidden. Despite the lived experience of hundreds of thousands of French conscripts, and the resistance not only of Algerians but of many French, the powers in France consciously constructed a truth about Algeria, and so closed down memory.
This paper will argue that the Algerian War and how it was experienced, reported and remembered profoundly affected a generation of influential French intellectuals and how they consider the construction of knowledge, truth and power. This group includes Derrida, Foucault, Lyotard, Deleuze and Bourdieu, who all had some connection with Algeria, and whose subsequent writing carries the discernible imprint of the war.


After surgeries, especially thoracotomy incision, patients develop unbearable pain. Opioids are used for reducing pain but often cause serious side effects. Previously, we found that capsaicin pretreatment of the incision area alleviated spontaneous and thermal pain in a postoperative pain animal model. In the present study, we aimed to monitor primary sensory neuron Ca2+ activity in in vivo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a postoperative pain model using Pirt-GCaMP3 treated with capsaicin or controls. Intraplantar injection of capsaicin (0.05%) alleviated spontaneous, mechanical, and thermal postoperative pain. The Ca2+ response in in vivo DRG and in in situ spinal cord was significantly enhanced in the ipsilateral side compared to contralateral side or naive control. Primary sensory nerve fiber length was significantly decreased in the incision skin area in capsaicin-pretreated animals detected by immunohistochemistry and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) staining. Thus, capsaicin pretreatment alleviates postoperative pain by suppressing Ca2+ response due to degeneration of primary sensory nerve fibers in the skin.


A novel technique for obtaining differential images with a scanning microscope by using a two-mode optical fiber is proposed. It is shown that both the differential amplitude and the differential phase images can be obtained by adjusting the differential phase delay between the fiber modes. The technique is demonstrated experimentally, and differential images of a specimen consisting of sharp edges in both amplitude and phase reflectivity are presented.


It has been claimed that mothers with certain hormonal imbalances and/or immunological disorders are more likely to give birth to male than female children and that they are more likely to give birth to a neurodevelopmentally disordered (ND) child. Liederman and Flannery (1995) reported that the sex ratio of families with an index ND child did not significantly differ from the sex ratio of families without an index ND child. The data were derived from the National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP). James (in the current issue) challenged us to reconsider the standard against which we judged the sex ratio of siblings of ND children, since the 1.10 sex ratio that we obtained for the siblings of non-ND children is much higher than the sex ratio of children born during that period according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In the current paper, the NCPP data were reexamined and it was demonstrated that the high sex ratio of siblings in our non-ND sample was not due to various retention or recruitment biases. Thus, we suggest that use of the sex ratio of siblings of non-ND children was the proper standard against which to judge the sex ratio of ND families, and that our data provide no evidence to support the notion that these families are male biased.


Creative tourism is a young and dynamic field that has already spawned a wide range of topics for investigation, theoretical reflections, methodological frameworks, and empirical approaches. While creative tourism does not fit well within traditional tourism research paradigms, we are observing a growing range of disciplinary and theoretical perspectives brought to creative tourism, including many researchers from outside the tourism field, producing an interdisciplinary nexus. In this closing chapter, the editors provide an overview of the main themes for future research that have been suggested in this volume and point out potentially fruitful future research avenues within the tourism field and related to it. Accordingly, they have organized the chapter into nine thematic areas: The creative tourist, creative tourism experiences, creative supply, marketing creative tourism, the development of creative tourism experiences and destinations, assessing creative tourism development, the role of local communities in creative tourism, placemaking through creative tourism, and creative tourism networks and platforms.


Endophytes are usually protected from soil environment competitiveness and stress. However, the presence of heavy metals can negatively affect the structure and diversity of endophyte communities. The aim of the present study was evaluate the diversity of endophytic bacteria from ipe mirim (Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae) grown in an area of Atlantic rainforest contaminated with metals and evaluate the ability of these bacteria to promote plant growth and seed germination. Results show that endophytic bacterial density in plants was stable among sites with different level of metals; however, bacterial richness was lower in plants from sites with low level of metals. At least 28 genera were isolated, where Methylobacterium (21.32%), Bacillus (19.12%), Pseudomonas (11.03%) and Curtobacterium (7.35%) the dominant groups. Isolates were selected from Rhizobiales order and the capability of this dominant group in plant growth promotion was evaluated. Results showed that Methylobacterium spp. and Rhizobium sp. increased germination and improved seedling growth of tomato Santa Cruz Kada Gigante. Therefore, results show that the endophyte cultivable community is not influenced by the presence of low metal concentration, and plant growth promoter bacteria that can be used on tomato seedlings production were successfully selected and on future phytoremediation studies.

 Key words: Methylobacterium spp., Rhizobium sp., Tecoma stans, microbial diversity, metals, plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), tomato, growth promotion.


: The marginal situation of class I restorations is determined by the intensity of the light used for curing. In all composites the use of an intensive light-source (Osram HBO 100) leads to marginal gaps. This effect was demonstrated in three composites cured with light sources that are commonly used in practice.


Two single-oospore isolates (1 A1 and 1 A2) of P. infestans formed oospores in sectors when grown on medium containing metalaxyl. Single-zoospore cultures obtained from the oospore sector of either isolate consisted of both A1 and A2 mating type. All the single-zoospore cultures from the non-treated isolates had the same mating type as the parent isolate. Metalaxyl also caused mating type change in 3 A1 isolates of P. parasitica. The conversion of A1 to A2 mating type by metalaxyl in infected host tissues is postulated as a possible origin of A2 isolates of P. infestans in Europe.


Abstract Different types of sensors can be used nowadays in composting. Compost is an organic matter that has been decomposed and recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment. It is an ingredient in organic farming. So, sensors such as temperature, E-Nose, moisture, pile etc are used to monitor and assist composting process . Keywords: Compost, E-Nose, Adour, grasscycling, soil sensor Cite this Article Pal N, Nair S. Study of Different Sensors Used in Composting . Research & Reviews: Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology . 2018; 7(1): 1–3p.


Developing knowledge management has a great potential in Indonesia because of a huge population approximately 252 million people. The population becomes demography bonus and an important asset. In this study, we discuss knowledge management concept in an organization and its implementation held in several regencies. Meanwhile, an implementation of personal knowledge management and supported technology also has been discussed. The results show that the implementation of knowledge management is necessary to map area, accelerate, and disseminate development in regency. Moreover, the implementation of personal knowledge management is essential to organize, categorize, and access data for a special purpose. The implementation of knowledge management in an organization or personal boosts a business performance/result and its achievement. Keywords: Knowledge management, organization, personal, application program


A 69-year-old woman with a right cervical lymphadenopathy presented with an adenocarcinoma on excisional biopsy. Computed tomography (CT) scans and a positron emission tomography scan demonstrated that the tumor was localized in the right paratracheal and cervical region. A clinical diagnosis of lung cancer arising from an unknown primary site was made based on the radiologic and immunohistochemical findings. Serial CT scans showed a growing nodule in the left apex from pinpoint size to 1 cm in diameter after several months, which was defined as the primary site at autopsy. The finding of a clinically occult lung cancer directly spreading to the contralateral mediastinal and cervical nodes by skipping ipsilateral hilar and mediastinal nodes is rare.


Abstract. Global geomagnetic activity has been suggested to be enhanced during weekends above the weekly average after 1930. Before the 1930s, weekends and weekdays were found to be equally active. This so-called "weekend effect" was suggested to be due to power line harmonic radiation (PLHR) in the VLF range emitted by electric power lines. Since the consumption of electric power is different on weekends and weekdays, leading to different PLHR intensities, this could possibly cause the "weekend effect" in global geomagnetic activity. In the present paper, we reanalyse the suggested "week-end effect" in global geomagnetic activity using the 69-year planetary geomagnetic Ap index and the 131-year antipodal aa index. We conclude that there is no statistically significant "weekend effect" during the interval covered by these geo-magnetic activity indices. Although global geomagnetic activity is slightly enhanced on weekends from the 1930s to the 1980s, the more recent data show rather a relative decrease in global geomagnetic activity on weekends, contrary to the expected increase in the "weekend effect", due to increasing power consumption. Moreover, the weekly distribution is fairly similar in solar wind speed and global geomagnetic activity during the last 35 years, further supporting the view that the "weekend effect" is only a statistical fluctuation. Key words. Geomagnetism and paleomagnetism (time variations, diurnal to secular) – Magnetospheric physics (planetary magnetospheres; storms and substorms)


Azurophilic granulation of blasts is a feature of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Granular acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may mimic AML due to the presence of cytoplasmic granules in lymphoblasts, but cytochemistry and immunophenotyping are helpful in making the correct diagnosis. Toluidine blue (TB) is a metachromatic dye, which stains basophils and myeloid blasts that exhibit basophilic differentiation. Reactivity for TB has not been described in lymphoblasts. We herein report two cases of granular ALL with blasts exhibiting reactivity for TB that caused diagnostic dilemma. Immunophenotyping and cytogenetic studies were helpful in making a correct diagnosis. This report of two rare case highlight the reactivity of lymphoblasts with TB not hitherto described and the importance of a detailed diagnostic work-up in acute leukemia.


— The provision of paratransit services is one option to meet the transportation needs of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs). Like any other means of transportation, paratransit has obstacles such as high operational costs and longer trip times. As a result, customers are dissatisfied, and paratransit operators have a low approval rating. Researchers have undertaken various studies over the years to better understand the travel behaviors of paratransit customers and how they are operated. According to the findings of these research, paratransit operators confront the challenge of determining the optimal route for their trips in order to save travel time. Depending on the nature of the challenge, most research used different optimization techniques to solve these routing problems. As a result, the goal of this study is to use Graph Convolutional Neural Networks (GCNs) to assist paratransit operators in researching various operational scenarios in a strategic setting in order to optimize routing, minimize operating costs and minimize their users' travel time. The study was carried out by using a randomized simulated dataset to help determine the decision to make in terms of fleet composition and capacity under different situations. For the various scenarios investigated, the GCN assisted in determining the minimum optimal gap.


A new discrete 3D line and 3D polygon, called Supercover 3D line and Supercover 3D polygon, are introduced. Analytical definitions are provided. The Supercover 3D polygon is a tunnel free plane segment defined by vertices and edges. An edge is a Supercover 3D line segment. Two different polygons can share a common edge and if they do, the union of both polygons is tunnel free. This definition of discrete polygons has the "most" properties in common with the continuous polygons. It is particularly interesting for modeling of discrete scenes, especially using tunnel‐free discrete polyhedra. Algorithms for computing Supercover 3D Lines and Polygons are given and illustrated.


Many pipes that are arranged longitudinally in ships have loops at intervals to prevent the failure of the pipes as they absorb large portions of the axial load caused by the bending of the hull girder and/or thermal loads when the pipes are carrying very hot fluids. Since the loops are curved at corners, an efficient method for conducting the structural analyses of these curved portions is required. In this paper, a pipe loop was analyzed by an analytical method and by the finite-element method in four different ways, i.e., based on straight-beam elements, curved-beam elements, 2-D shell elements, and 3-D solid elements. The results of the five analyses were compared to check the validity of the current curved-beam theory. The paper includes some suggestions on how to analyze the pipe loops efficiently.


In the light of new theoretical and empirical work on the Permanent Income Hypothesis we tackle earlier findings for German data, which reject its validity given a large fraction of liquidity constrained consumers. Starting from a standard short run approach we do not find evidence for excess sensitivity and thus liquidity constrained households in the context of a dynamic panel data model for German states between 1970 and 2006. Our preferred specification relates changes in consumption to a 'surprise' term in permanent income as well as past values of consumption growth. We can interpret this specification as a solution to a consumer's optimization problem with habit persistence. Different from earlier findings changes of income growth measuring the excess sensitivity of consumption with respect to income changes and thus the degree of liquidity constrained households turn out insignificant. To check the robustness of these results we also combine the long- and short-run perspective in a co-integration model. Here we specify a Panel-ECM and look at its short run adjustment to judge about the share of liquidity constrained households. We find a significant but much lower fraction of constrained agents as in the earlier literature. Since we employ different estimators including (pooled) mean group estimation, we are also able to check for the asymmetry in the income-consumption path for German regions both with respect to the long and short run adjustment dynamics. Here we borrow from the literature on Poolability tests and search for macro regional clusters with similar adjustment paths. The findings show that for the sample of West German states between 1970 and 2006 both for short and long run parameters the assumption of poolability of the data cannot be rejected. However, we find a clear distinction in the short run path of the East German states since 1991 (which nevertheless converge to the same long run co-integration as the Western counterparts). One likely interpretation for the observed lower sensitivity of East German states to income shocks is the smoothening characteristics of income transfers to the East. As a robustness check we also apply the Panel-ECM with spatially filtered variables.


Speech Grammar is the important reference frame of ASR, and it is more and more popular in the Voice val- ue-added services based on VoiceXML. The paper introduces the relationship between VoiceXML and Grammar at first, then describes the principle of ASR, and deduces the common formal logic of Nuance speech grammar. Having these, we construct a VAD System, which is very useful and has a very broad market prospect, and emphasis on the using of speech grammar in it.


Online clearance (OLC) monitor measures conductivity difference between dialysate entering and leaving the dialyser. Derived ionic dialysance (ID) represents effective urea clearance from which Kt/V is calculated, allowing Kt/V monitoring at every treatment without blood sampling. We tested ID accuracy in children and provide recommendations for its use. Using Fresenius machines 2008 K with built‐in OLC monitors, we studied 45 hemodialysis (HD) sessions and 168 calculated Kt/V results in 11 patients. Urea distribution volume (V), needed to calculate Kt/V from ID, was estimated using three methods: Mellits and Cheek (MC), KDOQI recommended total body water nomograms (TBWN) and OLC‐derived independent from tested HD sessions. Reference spKt/V from pre‐ and post‐HD BUN (Daugirdas) was compared with Kt/V calculated from ID using three different estimated V's. ID was accurate in calculating Kt/V in children when V derived from OLC was used (P = 0.42), with absolute error 0.14 ± 0.12. If TBWN‐derived V was used, Kt/V was consistently underestimated by 0.32 ± 0.22. TBWN‐derived V can still be recommended for use with OLC for monitoring trend in Kt/V, if underestimation of spKt/V of average 0.3 is accounted for. MC‐derived V results in even greater underestimation of spKt/V and therefore cannot be recommended for use with OLC.


The study aimed at developing a unit based on e-learning entitled "King Abdulaziz AlSaud". Then, the unit's effectiveness in developing the historical skills for first year secondary school level students was investigated . The study utilized the experimental One Group Pre-test Post-test Design. The subjects of the study were 20 first-year secondary school level students from Najd school during the second semester of the 2005/2006 academic year. The results of the study showed; there were statistically significant differences at the (œ= 0.01 level) between pre-test and post-test results of the test measuring historical skills in favor of the post-test application. Moreover, the results of the Effect Size (n 2 ) analyses, which showed a value of 94%, clearly revealed the effectiveness of applying the electronic unit on developing some skills of historical research. In light of the above results, the researcher recommends developing localized educational and technical standard and specifications for the design of e-learning curriculum. And develop the collection, storage of historical evidences that is linked to the curriculum in order to benefits both; the teacher and the learner.


Background: Joint immobilisation improves the therapeutic effect of intra-articular glucocorticoid injection for knee synovitis. This may be due to retarded steroid resorption by immobilisation, a procedure that also could influence cartilage and bone metabolism. Objective: To evaluate changes in cartilage and bone turnover after intra-articular glucocorticoid treatment for knee synovitis with and without postinjection rest. Methods: 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and knee synovitis were randomised to 24 hour bed rest or to normal activity after intra-articular glucocorticoid treatment. Serum and urine markers of cartilage and bone turnover were studied for two weeks. Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) was used as a marker of cartilage turnover, osteocalcin as marker of bone formation, and deoxipyridinoline (DPD) as marker of bone resorption. Results: After the glucocorticoid injection COMP levels decreased in both groups (p<0.001), but significantly more in resting patients. Serum osteocalcin levels decreased significantly (p<0.001) without any difference between the groups. DPD was unchanged in both groups. Conclusions: Intra-articular glucocorticoid treatment for knee synovitis reduced serum COMP, which suggests that such treatment may have a cartilage protective effect. The slightly larger decrease of serum COMP in the resting group may reflect a lower clearance of COMP from the joint cavity. Serum osteocalcin was temporarily reduced, indicating a reversible suppression of bone formation.


Information technology is considered to be one of the major contemporary forces pushing for globalisation, being an essential instrument for businesses supporting their tasks of strategic planning, cost control and overall business operations ( Laudon & Laudon, 2010). Since 2019, the world has been witnessing an upsurge with respect to internet usage and online shopping (Gohary, 2019). Consequently, the percentage of people engaging in e-commerce activities such as buying consumer goods, has been globally increasing by more than 8% reaching roughly 1.8 Billion people (Gohary, 2019). The disciplines of marketing and entrepreneurship have been perceived as two very distinguished ones from each other. The linkage between both disciplines is known by the name of "Entrepreneurial Marketing" (Rashad, 2018). The research utilized a quantitative approach in which data was collected from 123 respondents whom provided answers to an already reliable and validated scale and results were analysed statistically using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Additionally, the research employed a qualitative approach with regards to data collected in which 5 In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with entrepreneurs and marketing managers of start-ups from within the E-commerce industry whom are responsible for the marketing decisions of their ventures. Results of the study showed that the different dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing proved to be related to business performance differently than one another, meaning that not all dimensions of entrepreneurial marketing are to be previewed as similar stimuli for either financial business performance of non-financial business performance


Integrating spectral and spatial information is proved effective in improving the accuracy of hyperspectral imagery classification. In recent studies, two kinds of approaches are widely investigated: (1) developing a multiple feature fusion (MFF) strategy; and (2) designing a powerful spectral-spatial feature extraction (FE) algorithm. In this paper, we combine the advantages of MFF and FE, and propose an ensemble based feature representation method for hyperspectral imagery classification, which aims at generating a hierarchical feature representation for the original hyperspectral data. The proposed method is composed of three cascaded layers: firstly, multiple features, including local, global and spectral, are extracted from the hyperspectral data. Next, a new hashing based feature representation method is proposed and conducted on the features obtained in the first layer. Finally, a simple but efficient extreme learning machine classifier is employed to get the classification results. To some extent, the proposed method is a combination of MFF and FE: instead of feature fusion or single feature extraction, we use an ensemble strategy to provide a hierarchical feature representation for the hyperspectral data. In the experiments, we select two popular and one challenging hyperspectral data sets for evaluation, and six recently proposed methods are compared. The proposed method achieves respectively 89.55%, 99.36% and 77.90% overall accuracies in the three data sets with 20 training samples per class. The results prove that the performance of the proposed method is superior to some MFF and FE based ones.


Within the individual, a range of abilities or knowledge are evident and can help a person
in enriching their lives and effectively respond to the environment. These are called multiple
intelligences. The proposed discipline program can develop interpersonal intelligence, intrapersonal
intelligence, kinesthetic intelligence and children aged 4-6 years. Children recognize the concept of
right and wrong, self-control and be responsible to develop their intrapersonal intelligence. Good
adjustment with the environment develops interpersonal intelligence. While the methods used in
this program is a play which is believed to be able to develop children's kinesthetic intelligence.
This study aims to create a discipline program for children aged 4-6 years. The program is tested
on students in kindergarten Anak Sholeh Colomadu, Karanganyar aged 4-6 years. The assessment
of the program's discipline methods are check list method combined with the observation.
From the performance results of disciple imbeding program in children aged 4-6 years it
can be seen that most of the children can follow a given program, besides the teachers had no
difficulty in presenting the material because the material is easy to understand and implemented.
Moreover, the tools are easly obtained. Therefore this program is suitable to discipline in children
aged 4-6years.


Background: Breastfeeding promotion and support are not universally accepted in the United States as a strategy to reduce infant mortality. We investigated associations between breastfeeding and infant mortality in an urban population with high infant mortality and low breastfeeding rates. Methods: A retrospective epidemiologic study linked birth-infant death data for 148,679 live births in Shelby County, Tennessee from January 2004 to December 2014. Births <500 g, deaths ≤7 days, deaths because of congenital anomalies or malignant neoplasms, and records with missing breastfeeding status were excluded. Main outcomes were infant death before the first birthday, neonatal death <28 days, and postneonatal death ≥28 days by ever or never breastfed. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for breastfeeding initiation were adjusted for maternal factors and infant factors. Results: Initiation of breastfeeding was associated with a significant reduction in total infant mortality (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.68-0.97, p = 0.023). Neonatal mortality was also significantly reduced with any breastfeeding (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.34-0.72, p = 0.001). Postneonatal mortality was not significantly associated with breastfeeding initiation in the overall population (OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.78-1.17, p = 0.65), but was significant in the nonblack population (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.41-0.98, p = 0.039). An association was observed between breastfeeding initiation and infant mortality from infectious disease (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.32-0.77, p = 0.002). Conclusions: In an urban area with high infant mortality and low breastfeeding rates, initiation of breastfeeding was significantly associated with reductions in overall infant mortality, neonatal mortality, and infection-related deaths. Breastfeeding promotion, protection, and support should be an integral strategy of infant mortality reduction initiatives.


The byssus that anchors mussels to solid surfaces is a protein-based material combining strength and toughness as well as a self-healing ability. These exceptional mechanical properties are explained in part by the presence of metal ions forming sacrificial bonds with amino acids. In this study, we show that the properties of hydrogel films prepared from a byssus protein hydrolyzate (BPH) can also be improved following the biomimetic formation of sacrificial bonds. Strengthening and toughening of the materials are both observed when treating films with multivalent ions (Ca2+ or Fe3+) or at the BPH isoelectric point (pI) as a result of the formation of metal-ligand bonds and salt bridges, respectively. These treatments also provide a self-healing behavior to the films during recovery time following a deformation. While pI and Ca2+ treatments have a similar but limited pH-dependent effect, the modulus, strength, and toughness of the films increase largely with Fe3+ concentration and reach much higher values. The affinity of Fe3+ with multiple amino acid ligands, as shown by vibrational spectroscopy, and the more covalent nature of this interaction can explain these observations. Thus, a judicious choice of treatments on polyampholyte protein-based materials enables control of their mechanical performance and self-healing behavior through the strategic exploitation of reversible sacrificial bonds.


Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial chronic condition that result in numerous perturbations in the gastrointestinal mucosa. IBD is characterized by the continual breakdown of the intestinal epithelial barrier leading to an inappropriate immune response towards intestinal microbiota. This exposure promotes inflammation and continued mucosal injury, though the pathogenesis of the disease remains unknown. There is currently significant interest in understanding the role of gut microbiota in IBD. Loss of commensal bacteria and their metabolites may play a role in homeostasis of the intestinal epithelia. Microbes benefit the host through the local synthesis of numerous metabolites. One such metabolite is indole. Indoles are gut microbiota‐derived tryptophan metabolites that are abundant in the healthy mammalian gut and positively influence intestinal health. Using an unbiased metabolomics profiling approach, we identified a selective reduction in microbiota‐derived indole metabolites in active murine colitis. We have developed HPLC‐based technologies to validate these results and quantify indole and indole‐derived metabolites within murine and human colitis samples. We show that exposure of intestinal epithelial cells to indole metabolites induces genes important in formation and maintenance of intestinal barrier. For instance, the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 functions through binding to the IL‐10 receptor alpha subunit (IL‐10R1), and colitis is strongly associated with the induction of the epithelial IL‐10R1. Our results have revealed a prominent induction of IL‐10R1 mRNA and protein expression following treatment of intestinal epithelial cells with indole metabolites. We also show a potential role for selective indole metabolites, particularly indole‐3‐propionic acid (IPA), to alleviate disease severity and decrease inflammatory mediators in models of murine colitis. Together, these data suggest that microbial‐derived indoles play a central role in mucosal homeostasis. Based on these findings and ongoing studies, we show that microbial‐derived indole metabolites inhibit inflammation‐induced damage and promote mucosal homeostasis. These studies elucidate a novel role for microbial metabolites in innate immune responses during intestinal inflammation using in vitro and in vivo models. This work will provide new insight and identify possible avenues to utilize indoles as therapeutic approaches for treating IBD.


In the present study we compared different media for diagnosis of Candida albicans in the faeces to know the importance of the nonascosporic yeasts in alvine disorder. The first property was to find which field, among those known in literature, was more suitable in laboratory practice, for identification of the fungi. Among the cultural tested fields, the best results were obtained by Pagano Levin Base, adding 2-3-5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride and Neomicina. The most frequently found yeast in the patient's faeces with alvine disorders resulted C. albicans. Therefore, patients having correlation C. albicans-alvine disorders were submitted to a treatment with Nystatin. Most cases verified the regularization of the alvine disorder and the same time the disappearance of the yeast.


The secretions on the proximal and distal sides of the pylorus have been studied in 125 patients entering Lakeside Hospital during the past year, complaining of various gastro-intestinal disturbances. The secretions were obtained on a fasting stomach in all cases and in many of the cases the secretory and motor function of the stomach was also determined. The Einhorn and Rehfuss tubes were used. The Rehfuss tip, being oval, with slits on the side, and relatively large, when passing through the pylorus, became plugged by the walls of the pylorus and no secretion could be aspirated during this time. To remedy this a small opening was made in the end. The tube was passed, as a rule, on a fifteen-hour fasting stomach. The tip was introduced into the mouth when the patient was lying down. The patient then swallowed and as soon as the tip passed into the esophagus he


In two previous communications 1 we have discussed the value of the Quick hippuric acid test of hepatic function in the treatment of hepatic and biliary disease and of thyroid disease. In this communication we shall consider it in connection with the general problems of surgery. We are increasingly of the opinion that the role of the liver in all types of surgical disease is more important than is generally suspected, and we are in hearty accord with the writers—they are relatively few—who make the point that it is quite as important to consider the liver in evaluating the surgical risk as it is to consider the heart, the kidneys and the lungs. In our first paper on the subject of "liver death," which was written in 1934, we said: Our experimental study has not yet progressed to the point at which we feel that we can make suggestions of


This paper describes a role based access control policy and policy based privilege management framework.There is a description of the X.509 privilege management model, and how it can be used to realize RBAC, and how RBAC policy based privilege management model of electric transaction system is designed in XML.


Within intensive care units, multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii outbreaks are a frequent cause of ventilator-associated pneumonia. During the on-going COVID-19 pandemic, patients who receive ventilator support experience a 2-fold increased risk of mortality when they contract a secondary A. baumannii pulmonary infection. In our recent paper (De Oliveira et al. (2022), Mbio, doi: 10.1128/mbio.03517-21), we demonstrate that the 8-hydroxquinoline ionophore, PBT2 breaks the resistance of A. baumannii to tetracycline class antibiotics. In vitro, the combination of PBT2 and zinc with either tetracycline, doxycycline, or tigecycline was shown to be bactericidal against multi-drug-resistant A. baumannii, and any resistance that did arise imposed a fitness cost. Using a murine model of pulmonary infection, treatment with PBT2 in combination with tetracycline or tigecycline proved efficacious against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. These findings suggest that PBT2 may find utility as a resistance breaker to rescue the efficacy of tetracycline-class antibiotics commonly employed to treat multi-drug resistant A. baumannii infections.


In 1987 the Chainnan of the Health Board Mr. Patrick Harte T.D. requested that a
survey be carried out to ascertain the level of alcohol consumption among young
people in the north west. In 1988, the Chief Executive Officer of the Board
requested the Acting Programme Manager Community Care to use the expertise
of the Board's Schools Programme personnel to carry out such a survey.
In April 1988, Mr. Brian McAuley drew up a plan to carry out an alcohol survey
of second-level school students which was agreed by the A/Programme
Manager Community Care. A survey instrument was developed by the Schools
Programme staff which was discussed with Dr. Michael Murray of the Applied
Health Unit of the University of Ulster who provided consultancy to the project.While the majority of students had not taken an alcoholic drink the following table
indicated that more than two thirds of boys in the leaving cert and pre-leaving
cert class had taken a drink and that 69% of girls in the Leaving cert class had
taken a drink. The overall picture seems to indicate that a minority of students in
the junior cycle and a majority of those in senior classes had taken a drink. This
does not indicate that they would drink in any regular fashion, neither is it meant
to represent that they had just taken a sip from someone else's glass.


OBJECTIVE
To analyze the descriptive epidemiology of cancer at the Instituto Nacional de Cancerología of Mexico, and describe the characteristics of the growing demand for medical care.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
A review of the 10 year experience of the Hospital Cancer Registry from 1985 to 1994 was done.

RESULTS
During the study period a total of 28591 patients was registered with the histological confirmation of cancer. There were 8984 (31.4%) men, being the testicle (8.3%), the lung (7.4%), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (7.1%) and the prostate (5.5%) the more frequent malignancies. In women a total of 19597 (68.6%) cases were seen; together, invasive cervical cancer (30.6%) and breast cancers (20.6%) represent more than 50% of all patients. In 1996, 108876 outpatient services were given, 6492 hospitalizations, 36388 sessions of radiotherapy and 9116 of chemotherapy. Only 30% of this population comes from Mexico City, the remaining lives in the 31 different states of Mexico.

CONCLUSIONS
Supporting the development of the Centros Estatales de Cancerología for the referral of patients is necessary, this will avoid the rapid saturation of medical care at the institute. Also, stimulate the development of hospital registries and collaborate with the Ministry of Health to improve the early cancer detection programmes in Mexico.


ABSTRACT This paper demonstrates a practical dimension to the discussion about threshold concepts. Threshold concepts have thus far mostly been acknowledged to elucidate learning processes mainly connected to theoretical concepts. By exploring situations that prompted experiences of autonomy and authenticity in clinical learning, findings showed how a practical experience could have the same power to transform thinking and identity as theoretical thresholds and serve as a trigger for transformational learning, therefore making the discussion about 'practical thresholds' or thresholds in practice possible. The present study explores situations that prompted autonomy and authenticity, and offers context for and substance to these situations by adopting variation theory and the threshold concept framework. In order to learn more about situations that prompt experiences of autonomy and authenticity, and create prerequisites for such experiences, this paper examines how students discern and interpret these situations by analysing them through variation theory and the threshold concept framework.


The rapid development and completion of academic clinical trials should be viewed as a priority in order to prevent disease, and to reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with disease. International cooperation in the field of multi-center clinical trials is essential for the optimal performance of this research activity. However, there are several impediments to conducting multi-center clinical trials. In recognition of this, the OECD Global Science Forum established a Working Group to facilitate international cooperation in non-commercial clinical trials. A major focus of this work has been on the need to improve supporting infrastructure, education and training of trial investigators, and patient involvement in clinical research. The present article describes the work of the Education and Training Subgroup of the OECD Working Group. This includes a description of the scope and status of related initiatives in these fields in different countries as well as consensus recommendations arising from the Sub-group. The report is one of the background documents for the final Working Group report"Facilitating International Cooperation in Non-Commercial Clinical Trials"from OECD-GSF.