Xiyanping is used to treat infectious diseases with antibiotics in clinic. The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of Xiyanping through studying the effect of the combination of Xiyanping with Cefazolin on the chemotaxis and phagocytic function of peripheral blood neutrophils in mice. Ten healthy mice were in control group. Forty healthy mice in experimental group were infected with staphylococcus aureus, and were randomly divided further into four groups, i. e. model group, Xiyanping group, Cefazolin group and combination group (Xiyanping with Cefazolin). Mice in the control group and model group were given normal saline (NS) through abdomen while those in other groups were given Xiyanping, Cefazolin, and Xiyanping with Cefazolin, respectively. The chemotaxis of peripheral blood neutrophils was detected with the transwell method, and the phagocytic function of peripheral blood neutrophils was analyzed with flow cytometry (FCM). In the present study, there was no significance on the chemotactic index of peripheral blood neutrophils in all the groups (P > 0.05). The actual phagocytotic rate and index of peripheral blood neutrophils in the blank group, Xiyanping group, and the combination group were significantly higher than those of the model group and Cefazolin group (P < 0.05). However, those were not significant in the blank group, Xiyanping group, and the combination group (P > 0.05) or between the model group and Cefazolin group (P> 0.05). Our results suggested the combination of Xiyanping and Cefazolin could enhance the therapeutic effect by improving the phagocytic function of peripheral blood neutrophils.


Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) comprise about 35-40% of the total lipid content from green algae Chlorella, reaching up to 24% linoleic acid and 27% α-linolenic acid in C. vulgaris. Also, microalgae nutrient composition may be modulated by changes in the culture medium, increasing fatty acid and microelement concentrations in the algae biomass. PUFAs, such as αlinolenic (n-3) and linoleic (n-6) acids, as well as its derivatives, are considered essential for dietary consumption, and their ability to regulate body chemistry has been recently explored in depth. A balanced fatty acid consumption is shown to counteract the negative effects of western diets, such as chronic inflammation and glucose intolerance. In this brief commentary, technological and practical uses of C. vulgaris are explored as means to improve dietary quality and, ultimately, human health.


Inner product calculations are often required in digital neural computing. The critical path of the inner product of two binary vectors is the carry propagation delay generated from individual product terms. In this work, two architectures to arrange digital ratioed compressors are presented to reduce the carry propagation delay in the critical path. Besides, the carry propagation delay estimation of these compressor building blocks is derived and compared. The theoretical analysis and Verilog simulation both indicate that one of the compressor building blocks we present here might offer a sub-optimal solution for the basic building blocks used in digital hardware realization of the inner product computation.


Content-based systems retrieve images based on low-level features (color, texture) while the user usually seeks some objects from real world. As segmentation is never accurate, such systems do not allow the use of powerful feature during retrieval (shape, structure). We propose a new system that relies on a hierarchy of segmentations, in order to handle some artifacts. Besides, it allows using some object-related features for indexing (shape, structure). We also present some result on a 600 images database from Corel


tula repair), it would be unwise to try to limit privileges on the basis of number of that individual procedure—rather than a more holistic assessment of number of cases performed by the same route or total number of surgical cases. It is hard to understand how any robust estimate of outcomes can be obtained in the type of analysis undertaken in this study for individual surgeons where so few surgeries are performed. There is no case mix for any of these individual surgeons. The inability to measure complication rates accurately is not the same as confidence that an individual surgeon has a low complication rate, and there is also likely significant selection bias in the risk profile of patients on whom a surgeon with such low volume chooses to operate. In addition, many other considerations would favor removing very lowvolume surgeons from the performance of a relatively common surgery such as hysterectomy. These include decreased surgical time, simplification and standardization of operating room equipment and processes, and the ability to plausibly argue for their competence in the event of a legal action. Surgeons do not have the right to perform surgical procedures, they earn the privilege to perform procedures that they are unequivocally qualified to perform safely and efficiently. Everyone would be better off if those procedures were instead referred to a higher-volume surgeon—including the low-volume surgeon.


Background: Inhibition of the PD-1 pathway is an effective immunotherapeutic approach in a subset of patients with various solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Blockade of the PD-1 pathway leads to overexpression of other checkpoint receptors, including LAG3, potentially providing an escape pathway for tumor cells. LAG-3 signaling contributes to immune cell exhaustion, preventing T-cell proliferation. Dual blockade of PD-1 and LAG-3 has the potential to synergistically restore T-cell functionality and therefore enhance antitumor immune responses. This Phase I trial is evaluating the combination of BI 754111, an anti-LAG-3 monoclonal antibody (mAb), and BI 754091, an anti-PD-1 mAb, in patients with advanced solid tumors. Methods: This open-label, Phase I study is being conducted in two parts. Part 1 (dose-escalation) enrolled patients with advanced solid tumors; no dose limiting toxicities were reported and BI 754111 600 mg intravenous (iv) every 3 weeks (q3w) in combination with BI 754091 (240 mg iv q3w) was selected for further assessment in part 2 (dose expansion). In part 2, patients are being enrolled in 4 cohorts: 1) anti-PD-(L)1 pretreated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that progressed after having achieved benefit on previous PD-(L)1; 2) previously treated (anti-PD-[L]1 naive) MSS mCRC; 3) anti-PD-(L)1 pretreated TMB >10 and/or MSI-h and/or dMMR solid tumors; 4) treatment-naive NSCLC with EGFR and ALK wild type tumors. Primary endpoint for the expansion cohorts is objective response. Safety and pharmacokinetics of the combination were secondary endpoints. The mCRC cohort is fully recruited; other cohorts are open to recruitment. This abstract presents data from the MSS CRC cohort. Results. 40 patients with MSS mCRC were enrolled (27 male [67.5%]; median age 56.5 years [range 25–85]; median of 3.0 prior regimens [range 1–10]) and received BI 754111 600 mg q3w in combination with BI 754091 240 mg q3w. Treatment-related AEs (TRAEs) were reported in 18 patients (45%); most commonly infusion-related reactions (10.0%), myalgia (10.0%), hypothyroidism (7.5%), diarrhea (7.5%) and arthralgia (7.5%). Grade 3/4 TRAEs occurred in 4 patients (grade 3 colitis, grade 3 maculo-papular rash, grade 4 diabetic ketoacidosis [n=2]). Treatment-emergent immune-related AEs occurred in 9 patients; of these, 4 had grade 3/4 events (colitis and maculo-papular rash [grade 3] and diabetic ketoacidosis [grade 4; n=2]). To date, 2 (5%) patients achieved a partial response, and 12 (30%) achieved stable disease. Updates will be presented. Conclusion. BI 754111 + BI 754091 was well-tolerated and showed preliminary activity in patients with previously treated MSS mCRC. Assessment of the combination in other cohorts is ongoing. Citation Format: Johanna Bendell, Susanna V Ulahannan, Quincy Chu, Manish Patel, Ben George, Renee Landsberg, Mabrouk Elgadi, Christine Duffy, Ralph Graeser, Wenbo Tang, Michael Merger, Miaomiao Ge, Melissa Johnson. A Phase I, dose finding study of BI 754111, an anti-LAG-3 antibody, in combination with BI 754091, an anti-PD-1 antibody, in patients with advanced solid tumors: preliminary results from the microsatellite stable (MSS) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2019 Oct 26-30; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2019;18(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C027. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.TARG-19-C027


Early Miocene shallow marine deposits in the region of Lago Posadas-Meseta Belgrano (Argentina) represent part of the "Patagoniense" transgression, an Atlantic marine incursion that flooded large part of Patagonia, including the Austral (foreland) Basin (southern Patagonia). These deposits, referred as El Chacay (Argentina) or Guadal (Chile) formations, and the transition to the overlying Santa Cruz Formation were divided into seven facies: subtidal sand-bars, shallow marine sandy deposits, muddy shelf deposits, estuarine complex deposits, fluvial channels and fluvial floodplains. These are arranged in a general transgressive-regressive cycle, subdivided into two stratigraphic sequences, separated by a major erosional surface. 87Sr/86Sr ages from shell carbonate in eight oysters yielded an age range of 20.3 to 18.1 Ma for these "Patagoniense" deposits. Correlation with other dated "Patagoniense" sections in southern Patagonia, like those at Lago Argentino or Comodoro Rivadavia, indicates that they belong to a single transgression that flooded several Patagonian basins approximately at the same time. Eustasy, flexural subsidence created by tectonic loading in the adjacent fold-and-thrust belt, and basin floor paleo-topography controlled the duration of the depositional event and the sedimentation style of these shallow marine deposits.


Power system technologies in the area of smart grid are being converged with communication system technologies or information technologies(IT). This interdisciplinary action affects on two parts vigorously so that IT has become a essential part of power industry. But terminologies of two parts are confused and it is necessary that these are standardized to develop the industry. The writing system of the Open Korean Knowledge Dictionary for standardization of smart grid terminologies which are IEC TC 57 glossary and non-glossary is proposed. The writing system includes the process of collection, writing guideline and standardization of terminologies. Writing results of 90,000 terminologies for electricity, communication and computer fields including smart grid terminologies, which are registered in the Open Korean Knowledge Dictionary, are shown. The system provides the capability of collection and delivery of academic society opinions for the selected and interpreted terminologies through the internet for standardization and industry propagation of smart grid terminologies.


In this paper, we report a new approach for DNA chip microarray fabrication. Multifunctional DNA chip microarray was made by immobilizing many kinds of biomaterials on transducers (particles). DNA chip microarray was prepared by randomly distributing a mixture of the particles on a chip pattern containing thousands of /spl mu/m-scale sites. The particles were arranged on the chip pattern by the random fluidic self-assembly (RFSA) method, using a hydrophobic interaction.


The GIobd Precipitation hleasurement (GPM) mission is an international cooperati~ee ffort to advance weather, climate, and hydrological predictions through space-based precipitation measurements. The Core Observatory will be a reference standard to uniform11 calibrate data from a constellatism of spacecraft with passive microuave sensors. GP3l mission data will be used for scientific research as well as societal applications. GPM is being developed under a partnership between the United States (US) National .Aeronautics and Space Administration (XASA) and the Japanese Aerospace and Exploration Agency (JAYA). NASA is developing the Core Observatory, a Low-Inclination Constellation Observatory, two GPM Rlicrowave Imager (GXII) instruments. Ground Validation System and Precipitation Processing System for the GPRl mission. JAXA will provide a Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) for installation on the Core satellite and launch services for the Core Observatory. Other US agencies and international partners contribute to the GPkf mission by providing precipitation measurements obtained from their own spacecraft and,'or providing ground-based precipitation measurements to support ground validation activities. The GPM Core Observatory will be placed in a low earth orbit (-400 krn) with 65-degree inclination, in order to calibrate partner instruments in a variety of orbits. The Core Observatory accommodates 3 instruments. The GkfI instrument provides measurements of precipitation intensity and distribution. The DPR consists of Ka and Ku band instruments, and provides threedimensional measurements of cloud structure, precipitation particle size distribution and precipitation intensitj and distribution. The instruments are key drivers for GPM Core Observatory overall size (1 1.6m x 6.5m x 5.0m) and mass (3500kg), as well as the significant (-1 950U.3 power requirement. The Core Spacecraft is being built in-house at Goddard Space Flight Center. The spacecraft structure consists of an aluminum lower bus structure. composite upper bus structure, '-axis steerable High Gain Antenna System on a dual-hinged boom, and two deploy able solar arraq s. The propulsion system features twelve thrusters and a single Composite Overlv~apP ressure Vessel tank. The GPhl Core spacecraft is one of the first large spacecraft developed to be demiseable (i.e. burn up upon atmospheric reentry j. The spacecraft dernissable components-- structure. propulsion tank, lithium-ion battery, sotar array md reaction wheels. are a unique fcature.


Connected vehicles are generally equipped with many (dozens of, or even hundreds of) electronic and intelligent devices so that drivers can gain a more comfortable driving experience. Despite their numerous benefits, these technological developments have also created serious safety/security concerns. This article recapitulates the diversified attack surfaces of connected vehicles related to the technological developments from the perspective of the in-vehicle network. For each of the attacks, we discuss the rationale and the concrete methods presented in the literature. In particular, we illustrate how to launch successful attacks through the controlled area network (CAN) bus, electronic control units (ECUs), and in-vehicle infotainment system. The article also suggests some feasible solutions to the attacks demonstrated by the community. Considering the fact that vehicles are safety- critical, more practical and effective steps should be taken within the connected vehicle network toward securing connected vehicles and protecting drivers and passengers. Introduction


This study presents comprehensive energetic, exergetic, exergoeconomic, and economic (4E) performance analyses for four direct oxy‐combustion (DOC) supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) power cycles at design, off‐design, and part‐load conditions. These cycles include the dual recuperator cycle (DRC), intercooling cycle (ICC), partial intercooling cycle (PIC), and reheating cycle (RHC). The analyses were conducted at relatively low turbine inlet temperatures (TIT: 550–750°C) with compressor inlet temperature (CIT) varied from 33°C (wet‐cooling) to 50°C (dry‐cooling). Furthermore, single‐ and multiobjective optimization analyses were conducted for each cycle. At design conditions (high‐pressure of Pc,o = 20 MPa, low‐pressure of Pc,o = 5.4 MPa, TIT = 750°C, CIT = 50°C [dry‐cooling]), the PIC has the highest thermal efficiency (47.78%) compared to 38.36% for DRC, 45.71% for ICC, and 44.39% for RHC. At optimized conditions (Pc,o = 30 MPa, Pc,o = 8 MPa, TIT = 744°C, CIT = 30°C [wet‐cooling]), the ICC shows superior energetic performance (52.08%) compared to 47.97% for DRC, 49.20% for PIC, and 48.62% for RHC. At off‐design conditions with a power demand (PD) of 40% of the design load (50 MW), the thermal efficiency is decreased by 21.82% in DRC, 17.71% in ICC, 22.46% in PIC, and 13.60% in RHC. The ICC has the minimum levelized cost of electricity compared to the other cycles with 5.93 ¢/kWh at design conditions (dry‐cooling), 5.65 ¢/kWh at optimized conditions (wet‐cooling), and 7.2 ¢/kWh at minimum PD (21 MW). Therefore, from an economic point of view, the ICC is recommended as the best power block for a sCO2 power cycle driven by oxy‐combustor at moderate TITs. The study also provides constructive comparisons between the DOC‐sCO2 and indirect (nuclear, solar, and waste heat) sCO2 power cycle systems and the future research directions.


Technique for managing continuous query with archived relation is provided. In some instances, it may identify a query that contains at least data stream. In addition, it may initialize a query using at least a portion of the historical data. Furthermore, in some instances, it can be assessed query based at least in part on at least a portion of the data stream and historical data.


In the laser—electron beam head-on interaction electron energy can decrease due to radiation reaction, i.e. emission of photons. For 10–100 fs laser pulses and for the laser field strength up to the pair photoproduction threshold, it is shown that one can calculate the resulting electron and photon spectra as if the electron beam travels through a constant magnetic field. The strength of this constant field and the interaction time are found as functions of the laser field amplitude and duration. Using of constant field approximation can make a theoretical analysis of stochasticity of the radiation reaction much more simple in comparison with the case of alternating laser field, also, it allows one to get electron and photon spectra much cheaper numerically than by particle-in-cell simulations.


In this paper, we propose a method for automatically parsing images of tables, focusing in particular on `simple' matrix-like tables with rectilinear layout. Such tables account for over 50% of tables in business documents. The main novelty of the proposed method is that it combines intrinsic properties of table cells with properties of cell separators, as well as table rows, columns, and layout, in a single global objective function. This is in contrast to previous methods which focused on either separators alone or intrinsic cell properties alone. Our method uses a variety of perceptual cues, such as alignment and saliency, to characterize these properties. Candidate parses are evaluated by comparing their likelihoods, and the parse that optimizes the likelihood is selected. The proposed approach deals successfully with a wide variety of tables, as illustrated on a dataset of over 1,000 images.


Fear learning is associated with changes in synapse strength in the lateral amygdala (LA). To examine changes in LA dendritic spine structure with learning, we used serial electron microscopy to re-construct dendrites after either fear or safety conditioning. The spine apparatus, a smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER) specialization found in very large spines, appeared more frequently after fear conditioning. Fear conditioning was associated with larger synapses on spines that did not contain a spine apparatus, whereas safety conditioning resulted in smaller synapses on these spines. Synapses on spines with a spine apparatus were smaller after safety conditioning but unchanged with fear conditioning, suggesting a ceiling effect. There were more polyribosomes and multivesicular bodies throughout the dendrites from fear conditioned rats, indicating increases in both protein synthesis and degradation. Polyribosomes were associated with the spine apparatus under both training conditions. We conclude that LA synapse size changes bidirectionally with learning and that the spine apparatus has a central role in regulating synapse size and local translation.


Ratio (50%, 33% or 20% of directly vaccinated and in-contact vaccinated birds) and density (5 birds, 10 birds or 15 birds per square meter) for the effectiveness of lateral transmission of in-contact vaccination against Newcastle disease (ND) were evaluated in this study . The antibody patterns and the protection against challenge virus were used as criteria. Generally, antibody responses induced by direct vaccination showed higher titres compared to those induced by the in-contact vaccination, but at two week after the second vaccination, the differences were not significant. At the in-contact vaccinated birds, no significant difference (P>0 .05) was observed in the pattern of antibody development by ratio . However, group of vaccinated birds with the ratio of 20% tended to have lower protection . The results of the evaluation of density demonstrated that there was no effect of density (P>0 .05) to the pattern of antibody development, although the higher density seemed to have the higher protection. However, the density of 15 birds/m2 increasing the susceptibility to the other diseases. Based on the data obtained in this research, it could be concluded that (1) the optimal ratio for the effective lateral transmissibility is 33%, and (2) the optimal density for the effective lateral transmissibility is 10 birds/m2.


Abstract Two young men met on a quay at the port in Conakry, Guinea in 1946. One, waiting dockside, was Mamadou Madeira Keita, a low-level civil servant and archivist. Years later, when he was a political prisoner in the Malian Sahara, some would argue that he was "the first francophone African ethnographer." The other, descending the gangplank, was the Frenchman Keita had come to meet. Georges Balandier was unknown then, but would soon become a leading figure in the fields of sociology and anthropology. The encounter between Keita and Balandier was foundational for both men. Conakry incubated a canonical intervention—Balandier's 1951 article "La Situation Coloniale"—that some attribute an ancestral role in a particular francophone tradition of postcolonial thought. Conakry, and Guinea at large, was also the crucible in which a powerful anti-colonial politics were forged by Madeira Keita and his allies. In this particular corner of West Africa, anti-colonial politics and an emergent, politically engaged social science conditioned each other, like the two strands of a double helix, each a necessary yet ultimately contingent element of the other's structure. Though these links did not last long, they had important effects. This article, by emphasizing the contingencies of the two men's intertwined biographies, seeks to carry out Balandier's dictate to emphasize the "concrete" nature of this particular situation in order to understand how and why anti-colonial politics and an innovative sociology converged and ultimately diverged.


Shunt malfunction caused by fracture of the distal tube is a common complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Functionality of the fractured distal shunt tube must be evaluated before its removal, because a connective tissue sheath or subcutaneous fibrous channel around the peritoneal catheter may be patent. Although an accurate assessment of shunt function is made by invasive tests such as radioisotope or radiopaque injection via tapping the reservoir, these methods have risks. In our case, patency of a subcutaneous fibrous tunnel that had developed around the distal catheter before the fracture was demonstrated noninvasively by real-time ultrasonography.


This paper reports on the latest phase of the development of a new rotating machinery sealing technology, which was a successful seal test in a high temperature steam test facility at TU Brauschweig in Germany.
 The "Aerostatic Seal" is a dynamic clearance seal that is capable of maintaining very small clearances with a rotor and has the potential for a wide range of rotating machinery applications. It has been developed in recent years at Durham University, UK, in collaboration with a major OEM, with a focus on steam turbine sealing, and has previously been reported on in a number of ASME Turbo Expo papers. Previous work has reported on the design tool, and two air test facilities; testing in steam addressed the effect of high temperature components and the working fluid, and was an opportunity to verify the design system.
 The seal is a development of a retractable gland seal and so in a low load condition it is retracted from the rotor with a large rotor clearance and then when the pressure ratio is sufficient moves to an operational small clearance. At its operational clearance the seal is capable of moving with rotor vibrations which means the design clearance can be smaller than any expected rotor movement. The benefits include a significant reduction in leakage when compared to conventional sealing technologies and also the ability to react to large transients or thermal growths caused by rapid changes in machine loads and speeds. The seal is shown to operate well in this environment and this work moves the technology closer to deployment in industry.


Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies among Japanese women. Approximately 40,000 new patients are diagnosed annually. In the USA, however,the mortality from breast cancer has recently been declining. A nationwide screening promotion using mammography, and recent advances in the treatment for early breast cancer have been the main reasons. It was widely accepted that for breast cancer as a systemic disease, appropriate systemic treatment of either chemotherapy and endocrine therapy improved the survival. We describe here the contributions of new agents to the improvement in survival for breast cancer patients and introduced the concept of dose density.


The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) believes that pharmacists have a pivotal role in the provision of hospice and palliative care and that pharmacists should be integral members of all hospice interdisciplinary teams. Pharmacists practicing in U.S. health systems have been active in defining and providing palliative care since the introduction of hospice through a demonstration project supported by the National Cancer Institute and conducted in New Haven, Connecticut, between 1974 and 1977. Palliative care has been defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as "the active total care of patients whose disease is not responsive to curative treatment." WHO notes that control of pain, other symptoms, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems is paramount. The goal of palliative care is achievement of the best quality of life for patients and their families. Pharmaceutical care is defined as the direct, responsible provision of medication-related care for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient's quality of life. Medication therapy is the cornerstone of most—but not all—symptom control in palliative care. The goals of palliative care and pharmaceutical care are consistent, with the latter being a necessary component of good palliative care. Hospice is a philosophy and program that delivers palliative care. Hospice care is provided by an interdisciplinary team, which provides expert medical care, pain management, and emotional and spiritual support expressly tailored to the patient's wishes. Emotional and spiritual support are also extended to the family of the patient. In U.S. hospice programs, care is usually provided in the patient's home or in a home-like setting operated by a hospice program. Hospice and palliative care share the same core values and philosophies. The purpose of this statement is to describe pharmacist's responsibilities and to promote understanding of the various ways in which pharmacists provide or contribute to the provision of care to patients who might be nearing the end of life.


Recently, more and more big projects are contracting by EPC (Engineer-Procure-Construct) mode. Comparing with traditional contract modes, the general contractors face more risks. In this paper, a method of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy is used to evaluate the risks in EPC projects, building a risk evaluation model. Moreover, the modified normalization method has been used, so the evaluation result is more scientific and reasonable. The result shows that fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy is feasible and has some application value in the practice.


This study has as aims to know the influence of physician model transmitted by those who teach and to identify student's values when they initiate medical school, values transmitted before obtaining the degree and the importance of physician model in this stage. Through a semi structure interview, with previous informed consent, perceptions were collected from a cohort of students with respect to the image they had about physicians when entering medical school and its evolution throughout training. An impact both positive and negative was identified over students by professors. This influence is analyzed and concrete suggestions are made to correct or improve it in each case.


This paper is a literature review of Al-Farābi's thoughts on the urgency of the value of moderation in the discourse of sustainable development in Indonesia which is studied through his magnumopus entitled "Madīnah Al-Fāḍilah". By using a descriptive-analytical approach, it is concluded that the value of moderation is the main basis for understanding the role and existence of individuals to actualize a variety of sustainable development through the implementation of the 4 pillars of moderation in Al-Farābi's view, namely unity, deliberation, mutual cooperation, and character. The four pillars of moderation in Al-Farābi's view seek to build the closeness of each individual in social life, in order to discuss solving various problems that hinder the factors of sustainable development. The implementation of the 4 pillars of moderation in Al-Farābi's view can be realized through the existence of a leader as an existence that influences the paradigm and behavior of people in a region. That is, leaders are here to unite people of various groups to realize their role and position in order to optimize the value of moderation as the basis for sustainable development in reality. The final result of this paper is to understand the application of Al-Farābi's value of moderation in welcoming sustainable development in Indonesia.


Electromigration (EM), i.e., electric current-induced transport of atoms in metals, becomes
the main cause violating reliability of integrated circuit interconnects as the sizes of features go
below 65 nm. Transfer of metal atoms from the cathode to the anode of the interconnect line is
accompanied by the stress evolution: a tensile hydrostatic stress originates in the cathode region,
resulting in the void formation, while a compressive stress near the anode creates hillocks and
extrusions. Detailed study of EM is required for elaboration of design rules which can provide
long-term chip reliability.
An important problem for the dual-inlaid copper interconnects is the effect of the copper
microstructure on EM resistance. The texture of the metal can affect this process through
dependence of grain boundary (GB) diffusivity on misorientation angles. Besides, the orientation
dependence of the elastic constants is also extremely important for stress evolution.
The aim of this paper is to present a novel physical model of EM-induced stress evolution
that accounts for vacancy migration and atoms plating on interfaces and GBs, and to describe the
consequent void formation and development. The effect of the copper microstructure is studied both in voidless and void migration regimes.


This study examines the effects of computer network-enhanced blended reading strategies on transforming 86 Information Technology (IT) students' dependent reading learning attitudes into self-directed habits getting them to reach Bloom's Cognitive Taxonomy and Competency's C2 for academic reading comprehension at B grade level. The approach used was Action Research positioning the lecturers as the change agent and the students as the clients integrating qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods were initiated by WebQuest for Inquiry to provide the fittest reading strategies and materials for the method application and to describe how the method has changed students' academic reading learning habit and improved their comprehension using the lecturers' running records, classroom checklists, and post observation evaluations (POS). The qualitative results were quantitatively measured for triangulation by analyzing students' composite scores on tasks, quizzes and exams and by students' perspective analysis using Likert survey interpretation. The main finding is the computer network-learning environment has largely assisted lecturers to provide the most suitable cognitive skills for reading comprehension: skimming, scanning, inferring, identifying coherence, paraphrasing, QAR, summarizing, reviewing and vocabulary by context; to supply materials for syllabus design; and to create mesogogy environment for the students' best practice. The significance of the study is the computer network learning environment has shifted pure teacher-centered (instructive-pedagogy) learning into autonomous student-centered (constructive-andragogy) getting students to develop their self-efficacy and critical thinking


The views of social workers in Chile are rarely heard and considered in the policy debates. This article addresses this lacuna by examining discourses of social exclusion and underlying assumptions held by social workers with responsibility for implementing social policy interventions in Chile. It draws upon the findings of a study involving interviews with senior social workers from two large non-governmental organisations (NGOs) tackling social exclusion. We found that individual-based narratives and neoliberal rationality are dominant in the implementation of Chilean social policy. At the same time, anti-hegemonic strategies pursued by some social workers were also identified. Such an approach is highly relevant in the Chilean context, in which power imbalances remain almost untouched since the return of democratic regimes in the 1990s. The study findings pose diverse challenges to Chilean social policy and social work professional training. The necessity of promoting transformative imaginations that favour collective practices of resistance is identified to counteract, through a critical discourse, the neoliberal rationale, its rhetoric and practices affecting excluded people's lives.


Alumni connections are important resources that contribute to university evaluation. Even though alumni connections represent networks, they have been mostly evaluated as tabular data (e.g. by providing average salary, employment rate, etc.). This ironically disregards all qualities of a network, from which an alumni network gets its name. It is desirable to evaluate an alumni network as a network, because networks have the potential to provide very insightful information. Evaluation of alumni networks as a network has not been feasible in the past due to data fragmentation (neither universities nor companies willing to share meaningfully significant data in its entirety). Recently the feasibility of such analysis has changed, due to new trends towards democratization of information, accelerated by the Web 2.0 user-generated content phenomenon and crowd-sourcing mentality. Utilizing web-crawlers, we actively harvested data and assembled a dataset on alumni in leadership positions in technology-based industries. Moreover, we included a high proportion of startup companies, which allowed us to evaluate alumni networks with respect to entrepreneurial as well as technology involvement. We show that by analyzing alumni connections as networks, it is possible to uncover new patterns, as well as provide a new way of examining the old.


During hot functional test (HFT) of the auxiliary feedwater (AFW) system of a nuclear power plant, high vibration and noise occurred in the downstream of the cavitating venturi (CV), which caused severe damages, such as the disengagement of internal parts, failure of threaded connection to the temperature gauge located nearby downstream piping, relaxation of fastening nuts for pipe clamp and damaged socket weld connection. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the venturi downstream piping vibration in accordance with the ASME OM 3 requirements and identify the characteristics of the high frequency piping vibration. The vibration test was performed for the steam generator-operating pressure range to confirm whether the amplitudes of the vibration are within the acceptable limits to assure that no piping failures would occur due to cyclic loads. In addition to the vibration evaluation from the fatigue standpoint, the root cause of piping vibration is investigated. From the test results, the characteristics of vibration are acoustically coupled with vortex-shedding and cavitations, which results in a frequency range from 2,000 to 5,000 Hz. During the test, the vibration and noise were severer at the steam generator pressure of 40 kg/cm2 rather than at the atmospheric pressure, or even at 82 kg/cm2 . It was also detected that degrees of cavitation and locations where the collapse occurred varied depending on operating conditions. Due to the high frequency characteristics, the shell mode vibration was more dominant than the lateral beam mode vibration.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


With the national agenda on palliative rehabilitation and with an increase (up 66%) in referrals to Dorothy House Physiotherapy team in 2015, the team reviewed their gym sessions and in 2017 opened the gym sessions out to include outpatients, day patients and inpatients. This service is now available five days a week and provides group and individual sessions. Due to the increase in sessions and availability of the gym the contacts have increased 327% from 17/18–18/19. The review originated from a Palliative Rehabilitation Steering Group that aimed to address wellbeing, falls prevention and rehabilitation in a safe environment. The ultimate aim was to encourage people to work on what they can do now and be able to move to community leisure facilities as/when they are able. Benefits Partnership working with local leisure providers; Eased pressure on Dorothy House Hospice Care community Physios; Provided a safe environment for people to build confidence and self–esteem when exercising; Monitors and addresses other symptoms such as pain, breathlessness and fatigue; Can be accessed by all patients referred to Dorothy House Hospice Care; Inclusive use of outcome measures e.g. grip strength are used to monitor patients' physical health. Issues There is not always an appropriate place for patients to move on to; Variations in exercise provision in the different counties; External communication could be improved to GPs; Palliative care means that there often needs to be an option for patients to move between service providers if their symptoms improve or deteriorate. This can be more difficult at times. The future Increased partnership working to ensure that the patients will be able to access exercise facilities and support, no matter what stage of their illness they are in. Dorothy House Hospice Care physio continues to provide specialist treatment and advice for those who need it. Consideration of seven–day week support (funding dependent).


Artificial stacking faults can be created within a well-crystallized kaolinite by intercalating and removing hydrazine. X-ray powder patterns with electron microscopy show that the created defects are ±b/3 translations with a proportion 0.30. The infrared spectrum of the treated kaolinite is not modified with respect to the starting one. On the other hand, a natural kaolinite containing defects by displacement of Al vacancies in a similar proportion shows an infrared spectrum significantly different from that of a well-crystallized kaolinite. The modification of the infrared spectra of natural disordered kaolinites is then related to the presence of defects by change of Al vacancy positions


Self-concept is related to self-confidence, because self-concept is one of the things that influences a child's self-confidence, self-confidence includes perceptions, feelings, beliefs, and self-assessments, and someone who has a low self-concept can cause a person's low self-confidence. This study aims to, 1) determine the relationship between self-concept and the self-confidence of broken home children, 2) find out how much the relationship between self-concept and the self-confidence of broken home children. This type of quantitative research is correlational. The research population of West Pasaman Muhammadiyah Aliyah Madrasah Aliyah students who experienced broken home families was 20 students. The sampling technique is total sampling. Data collection techniques using self-concept and self-confidence instruments. Data analysis techniques used non-parametric analysis techniques and the correlation used the Spearman rho method with the help of SPSS version 26. Based on the results of the hypothesis testing, the results obtained were rcount 0.499 > rtable 0.443 that Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted. This means that there is a significant correlation between self-concept and the self-confidence of broken home children at Madrasah Aliyah Muhammadiyah Pasaman Barat. Interpreting the non-parameric correlation can be concluded that 0.499 lies (0.40-0.599), namely between variable X (self-concept) and variable Y (self-confidence). There is a correlation, which means it is moderately correlated. Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that the better (positive) the student's self-concept, the higher the student's self-confidence. and vice versa, the worse (negative) the student's self-concept, the lower the student's self-confidence.


Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative therapy for sickle cell disease (SCD) in children. Despite excellent outcomes of matched sibling donor (MSD) HSCT, there is still 5–10% chance of rejection and transplant related mortality (TRM) with 12–23% incidence of graft versus host disease (GVHD). We postulated that an intermediate dose of rabbit anti‐thymocyte globulin (r‐ATG, 10 mg/kg cumulative) would be effective in preventing both rejection and GVHD.


In F1 hybrid of Crepis capillaris×C. vesicaria ssp. taraxacifolia, somatic cells and PMCs were stained with AgNO3 under the conditions of differential amphiplasty. In the parental plants, 4v chromosome of vesicaria was found to be stained in its secondary constricted region, but it was not the case in F1 hybrid. Before diakinesis of PMC, only one nucleolus was observed. At diakinesis, two nucleoli were observed in 11 out of 50 cells. At prohase II, 2c and 4v chromosomes individually attached to the nucleoli in 40% cells, and at metaphase II in 44% cells. At anaphase in meiosis II, at the maximum four nucleoli were observed in each PMC. It is concluded that the differential amphiplasty in 4v chromosome gradually recovers from diakinesis.


This study presents one of the few known examples where a mysid species has been observed modifying its diet rapidly and under natural conditions in response to environmental changes. Mesopodopsis africana is a dominant mysid in many estuaries along the east coast of South Africa, and a key species in the St. Lucia Estuary, Africa's largest estuarine lake. St. Lucia is currently undergoing severe desiccation owing to freshwater deprivation. Lack of freshwater input has damp- ened the effect of temporal variations, while different regions have become more spatially hetero- geneous. The mixed model SIAR v 4.0 (stable isotope analysis in R) was used to determine the likely contribution of each of the available carbon sources to the diet of M. africana. The copepod Pseudo- diaptomus stuhlmanni made a significant contribution to M. africana's diet in the Mouth region. At Catalina Bay, mysids mostly utilized particulate organic matter (POM), while at Charters Creek they were most closely associated with the macroalga Cladophora sp. The sensitivity of Charters Creek to drought effects is emphasized here, as well as the important role M. africana plays in this habitat as an omnivore, increasing the connectance and, hence, sustaining its food web. While the Mouth and Narrows are partly protected from drought effects, the northern lakes have experienced further increases in salinity during the past decade, forcing the periodical exclusion of this mysid from much of the system. This has lead to severe effects on the food webs that the mysid supports under normal conditions.


Background The ICCU has been doing injury research, advocacy and training for the last 12 years. Here we provide a review of their findings to provide coherent information and identify priorities areas to tackle. Methods All original research published between 1999 and 2009 were obtained from the centres records and reviewed. Results Of the 32 research publications, 15 were original research. The majority were cross sectional (13), while two were longitudinal studies. The burden of injuries in Uganda is 11–15% of the population annually. Road traffic injuries (RTI) contribute 35–50% of all injuries and are the leading cause of injury death among adults although drowning is the leading cause among communities near water bodies, while falls, burns and RTI are the leading causes of injury deaths among children. The Kampala trauma score, with a better utility, was developed and tested for use as a triage tool a grading injury severity. Only $0.09 per capita of government expenditure is put on road safety and emergency and ambulance capacity is very poor. Despite few personnel, trauma team training of emergency medical personnel was done to improve efficiency. Community acceptance of some interventions, like a pedestrian overpass to reduce RTI was low. Conclusion A lot has been studied about injury in Uganda, however, risk analysis and innovative, injury prevention interventions/management and disability prevention research is needed. A Multi-sectoral approach, increased funding including community participation is needed especially in Road traffic and drowning injury prevention.


A computer-aided time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer implemented under version 2.9 BSD Unix was developed by interfacing a Varian E-9 EPR spectrometer and a Biomation 805 waveform recorder to a PDP-11/23A minicomputer having MINC A/D and D/A capabilities. Special problems with real-time data acquisition in a multiuser, multitasking Unix environment, addressing of computer main memory for the control of hardware devices, and limitation of computer main memory were resolved, and their solutions are presented. The time-resolved EPR system and the data acquisition and analysis programs, written entirely in C, are described. Furthermore, the benefits of utilizing the Unix operating system and the C language are discussed, and system performance is illustrated with time-resolved EPR spectra of the reaction center cation in photosystem 1 of green plant photosynthesis.


Various methods of deconvolution have been developed for several decades, notably in astronomy and microscopy. The extension of these techniques to the case of a spatially varied blur is currently an open problem. In this work, we consider a zone-invariant point spread function model to take into account blur variation in the image. Thus an algorithm has been used where the minimization of the criterion is performed in parallel on different areas of the image, while taking into account the estimates in the neighboring areas of the sub-images under consideration, so that the final solution is the minimum of the criterion where the blur is spatially varied.


Circular economy development mode is the necessary choice to change the economic growth pattern of coal enterprises in China. In this course, one of the core problems is to evaluate the effect of developing circular economy. So a three level fuzzy synthetic evaluation model is developed in this study based on establishing the hybrid evaluation indexes system, In addition, the calculating method of index weights is improved by building fuzzy consistency matrixes. In the end, case study proves the feasibility and effectiveness of this method.


Utilizing current natural resource policies, this work effectively shows how the wetlands fit a dominance model, the Great Lakes is a bounded model, and wildlife is labeled as a valence model. A must read for all interested in congressional policymaking, this book breaks new ground in our understanding of legislative policymaking.


Recent developments in artificial neural networks and their learning algorithms have enabled new research directions in computer vision, language modeling, and neuroscience. Among various neural network algorithms, spiking neural networks (SNNs) are well-suited for understanding the behavior of biological neural circuits. In this work, we propose to guide the training of a sparse SNN in order to replace a sub-region of a cultured hippocampal network with limited hardware resources. To verify our approach with a realistic experimental setup, we record spikes of cultured hippocampal neurons with a microelectrode array (in vitro). The main focus of this work is to dynamically cut unimportant synapses during SNN training on the fly so that the model can be realized on resource-constrained hardware, e.g., implantable devices. To do so, we adopt a simple STDP learning rule to easily select important synapses that impact the quality of spike timing learning. By combining the STDP rule with online supervised learning, we can precisely predict the spike pattern of the cultured network in real-time. The reduction in the model complexity, i.e., the reduced number of connections, significantly reduces the required hardware resources, which is crucial in developing an implantable chip for the treatment of neurological disorders. In addition to the new learning algorithm, we prototype a sparse SNN hardware on a small FPGA with pipelined execution and parallel computing to verify the possibility of real-time replacement. As a result, we can replace a sub-region of the biological neural circuit within 22 μs using 2.5 × fewer hardware resources, i.e., by allowing 80% sparsity in the SNN model, compared to the fully-connected SNN model. With energy-efficient algorithms and hardware, this work presents an essential step toward real-time neuroprosthetic computation.


The purposes of this study were to examine the effectiveness of the gamification-based intervention on health behavior change. Participants were 53 Japanese undergraduate and graduate students, of whom 30 were allocated to the intervention group and 23 were allocated to the control group. In the intervention group, daily physical activity and dietary behavior were assessed using a mobile phone application called The Way of Health . The application includes various functions, such as recording daily steps and checking the accomplishment of health behavior challenges. The program was conducted for 100 days from May 2016 to August 2016. ANOVA results for daily steps per week revealed a significant increase in daily steps only in the intervention group. Similarly, concerning the results of ANOVA for the diet behavior score, the intervention group was shown to be significantly higher than the control group along with time. Descriptive statistics revealed that 92.8%, 89.3%, and 82.1% of participants "agreed" or "somewhat agreed" that the points, badges, and leaderboards, respectively, were useful. This study indicated the possibility that gamification could work well for promoting healthy behaviors. Elements of gamification might be recognized as a facilitating factor for participant engagement in an intervention for health behavior change.


A new class of composite materials designated as the 1-3 piezocomposite is being investigated for potential use in underwater smart material structures. In-water acoustical properties ofnew 1-3 composite panels were examined experimentally as a function of temperature, pressure and frequency. The measured transmitting voltage response (TVR) showed the existence of parasitic modes in the composite panel in addition to the expected thickness mode. The effect of underwater explosive shock on the TVR showed no detrimental effects in mechanical structure or acoustical performance of the piezocomposite panel. The free-field voltage sensitivity (FFVS) was constant at -185 dB referenced to 1 volt per micropascal over the testing frequency range. Linearity with electrical drive level and pressure stability of the 1-3 piezocomposites have also been established with the present choice of ceramic-polymer components. These results demonstrated that this new material is potentially useful for applications of both large-area actuators and sensors in forming active surfaces of new smart structures.


A relativistic version of the variational perturbation method is extended to apply to excited states of the Dirac equation. It is proved that the value of the Hylleraas functional is an upper bound to the exact second-order (proportional to c−4) correction to the energy. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of this approach to the problem of optimising non-linear parameters the method is applied to the special case of hydrogen-like atoms. The first-order relativistic corrections to the wavefunctions for some s, p and d states have been approximated in terms of expontential functions.


This study has assessed livelihood diversification occurred in Kovalam, which is a coastal village in Tamil Nadu state in India. Livelihood diversification is a strategy which enables people to surmount the vulnerability of conventional income-generating activities by diversifying and expanding the number of activities for an improvement in their standard of living. Participatory Rural Appraisal tools, which are focus group discussion, key-informant interview and semi-structured questionnaires, have been used to collect primary data. The result suggested that fishing and fishing allied activities are the major livelihood in Kovalam village, whereas nowadays, small business, services, day laborer, vendors and other different activities are also practiced as livelihood options on a smaller scale. The emerging issue of freshwater insecurity interlinks with the gender division of labor corresponding to livelihood strategies. Gender can be integrated in a better way to ensure sustainable livelihood which will safeguard the wellbeing of coastal communities.


A previous approach to the ionospheric long-term trend analysis has been applied to the fo F1 observations from Slough and Rome in order to investigate a possible relationship between the fo F1 and the long-term variation of geomagnetic activity. A 40-year period, starting in 1962, has been used for the analysis. According to the results obtained earlier for F2 and E-region trends, geomagnetic control of the long-term variation has also been revealed for the fo F1. Thus, it is now possible to speak about the geomagnetic control of the ionospheric trends in the whole ionosphere. This is not surprising as the Earth's ionosphere is a single entity that is strongly controlled, either directly or indirectly, by the magnetic field. As with the F2-region, this geomagnetic control is provided via neutral composition and temperature changes. A very long-term (centennial) increase in geomagnetic activity in the 20th century is seen in the long-term fo F1 variations as well. After its removal, the residual fo F1 trends are very small and insignificant. In principal, this means that the observed fo F1 long-term variations have a natural origin and can be attributed to solar and geomagnetic activity long-term variations. However, the situation in the thermosphere has been changing since 1997 and available fo F2 observations at the two stations reveal information about the "break down" of the geomagnetic control in the F2-region. Possible reasons of these changes are discussed.


Knowledge of accurate process measurements in the form of Flow, temperature and pressure strongly affect product quality, process real time optimization and control, plant safety and plant profitability. The paper reports an experience with online data filtering in Naphtha Hydrotreater setup. First, pilot plant data is analyzed for detecting and removing faulty data and gross errors. To remove noise hidden in the process data, a fast and adaptive data denoising technique is proposed. The proposed technique is based on the recursive least square to identify the pilot plant model and the Kalman filter to reconcile noisy data. This technique offers competitive advantages over conventional approaches: Independent and adaptive model and less computation time. From several pilot runs, the proposed technique has shown good performance in terms of accuracy and speed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cerb.v17i1.22913 Chemical Engineering Research Bulletin 17(2015) 11-17


Particle-in-cell Monte Carlo simulations of one-dimensional capacitively coupled radio frequency glow discharges were performed for low-pressure argon plasmas. The present scheme includes the motions and collisions both of neutral species and of charged particles. To optimize computational efforts, a time-averaging technique was considered for the electric field while larger time steps (compared to those used for charged particles) were used for neutral species motion and collisions. The results show that the neutral Ar density is almost uniform between the unheated electrodes, consistent with the assumptions of earlier `charged particle' simulations. The model was applied to `heated wall' cases in which one of the electrodes (the cathode) is heated for different chamber pressures. The wall heating changes the neutral species temperature and density profiles, which affect the plasma density profile and the energy of ions impinging on the cathode. Lowering the pressure changed the plasma density and energy distributions of electrons and impinging ions.


We reported previously that GH-secreting cells differentiate by day 16 of chicken embryonic development. In the present study, primary cultures of anterior pituitary cells from 10-, 12-, 14-, and 16-day-old chicken embryos were incubated for 2 or 6 days in serum-free medium or medium supplemented with serum from day 12 or day 16 embryos (1% serum by volume). After this culture period, the pituitary cells were recovered and subjected to reverse hemolytic plaque assays for chicken GH. GH-secreting cells did not differentiate spontaneously in serum-free cultures derived from any of the embryonic ages tested, indicating that differentiation of somatotrophs does not occur based only on the relative age of the presumptive GH cell. However, we found that treatment for as little as 2 days with serum from day 16 (but not day 12) embryos stimulated somatotroph differentiation in cultures derived from day 12, 14, and 16 embryos. These results indicate that an activity capable of stimulating GH cell differentiation in vitro is present in day 16 embryonic serum and that the presumptive GH cells were responsive to the somatotroph-differentiating effects of day 16 embryonic serum as early as day 12 of development. Next, serum from day 12, 14, and 16 embryos was evaluated over a 25-fold-range in concentration (0.2-5.0% by volume) using pituitary cells from day 12 embryos as an in vitro bioassay. Treatment with day 12 serum at any of the concentrations tested had no significant effect (P > 0.05), relative to that in serum-free cultures, in which 0.8 +/- 0.4% of all pituitary cells released GH. In contrast, treatment with day 14 and day 16 serum increased the percentage of cells that released GH to 8.0 +/- 1.3% and 12.0 +/- 0.8%, respectively (1% serum by volume). Thus, the level of somatotroph-differentiating activity in embryonic serum was undetectable in day 12 embryos, intermediate in day 14 embryos, and increased to high levels by day 16 of development concomitant with the appearance of GH-secreting cells in vivo reported previously. Next, the specificity of this response to day 16 serum was tested further by treating day 12 cells with peptides known to stimulate GH release in adult animals, GH-releasing hormone and TRH, and a GH-releasing hormone-related peptide (vasoactive intestinal peptide). None of these peptides was found to stimulate somatotroph differentiation at the doses tested (10-9 and 10-7 M).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Impairments in basic cognitive processes such as attention and working memory are commonly observed in people with schizophrenia and are predictive of long-term outcome. In this review, we describe a new theory-the hyperfocusing hypothesis-which provides a unified account of many aspects of impaired cognition in schizophrenia. This hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia involves an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources. This hyperfocusing impairs the ability of people with schizophrenia to distribute attention among multiple locations, decreases the number of representations that can simultaneously be maintained in working memory, and causes attention to be abnormally captured by irrelevant inputs that share features with active representations. Evidence supporting the hyperfocusing hypothesis comes from a variety of laboratory tasks and from both behavioral and electrophysiological measures of processing. In many of these tasks, people with schizophrenia exhibit supranormal effects of task manipulations, which cannot be explained by a generalized cognitive deficit or by nonspecific factors such as reduced motivation or poor task comprehension. In addition, the degree of hyperfocusing in these tasks is often correlated with the degree of impairment in measures of broad cognitive function, which are known to be related to long-term outcome. Thus, the mechanisms underlying hyperfocusing may be a good target for new treatments targeting cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.


Introduction. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis is more difficult to diagnose than respiratory tuberculosis. However, late detection leads to disabling consequences. Children from 4 to 11 years old are at risk for tuberculosis due to increased communication skills. It seems relevant to isolate urinary tract tuberculosis (UTTB) in children of these age groups in the structure of all forms to improve its diagnosis.Purpose of the study. Isolation of urinary tract tuberculosis to determine the significance and improve the diagnosis of this localization of tuberculosis in the structure of all forms and localizations of tuberculosis in children of preschool and primary school age.Materials and methods. The cohort comparative study included 303 children aged 4 to 6 years and 306 children aged 7 to 11 years who had tuberculosis in the period from 2000 to 2018. The results were statistically processed using the Microsoft Office 2007 software package, Biostat 2009. Differences between the groups were determined using the Х2 test. The hypothesis of the absence of a statistically significant influence of the factor was rejected at p > 0.05.Results. Respiratory tuberculosis (RTB) was diagnosed in children of preschool and primary school age in most cases (94.7% and 89.9%; p < 0.05), bacteriological confirmation was found in 6.3% and 3.6% (p > 0.05) children in the compared age groups. Tuberculosis of the intrathoracic lymph nodes (TBILN) prevailed (85.7% and 75.3%; p < 0.05) in the structure of RTB. Primary tuberculosis complex (PTBC) was more often diagnosed in children of primary school age (23.3%) than in preschoolers (13.2%; p < 0.05). The registration frequency of isolated extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis was 1.3% and 5.6% (p < 0.05), bacteriological confirmation of the diagnosis was 25,0% and 35.3% (p > 0.05). Most of the detected cases of isolated extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounted for UTTB - 50,0% and 64.7% (p > 0.05), all cases were confirmed bacteriologically. Generalization of the tuberculous process was noted in 4.0% and 4.6% of cases (p > 0.05). Most cases of generalized tuberculosis in children from 4 to 11 years old were associated with a combination of tuberculosis primary forms, mainly (TBILN) and in one case of PTBC, with UTTB (83.3% and 85.7%; p > 0.05). These cases of combinations were confirmed bacteriologically.Conclusion. Children of preschool and primary school age were diagnosed most often with TBILN. Isolated extrapulmonary tuberculosis was rare; UTTB predominated with frequent bacteriological confirmation. Isolated extrapulmonary tuberculosis was rare, UTTB of the predominated with frequent bacteriological confirmation. Generalization of tuberculosis in children 4-11 years old was rare; isolated forms of extrapulmonary tuberculosis were more often diagnosed. Most of the cases of combined localizations were due to a combination of TBILN and UTTB. UTTB was confirmed by the detection of M. tuberculosis in urine cultures. Physicians of primary health care and specialized services should be aware of the possibility of developing UTTB in children from 4 to 11 years old and search for the pathogen in patients with chronic UTIs and infected with M. tuberculosis.


A discovery-oriented task analysis was conducted to delineate what therapist interventions, behaviors, and responses and client emotional processes are involved in successful withdrawer re-engagement in Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT). EFT is an empirically validated approach to treating couples. Withdrawer re-engagement is seen as a key element of the change process in EFT; yet limited research is available as to how the process is facilitated in session. Seven videotaped samples of successful withdrawer re-engagement were critically examined using task analytic methods. Therapist interventions and client emotional experiencing were assessed using the Emotion Focused Therapy Coding Scheme (EFT-CS) and the Experiencing Scale (EXP). Implications for future research, clinical practice, and training are discussed.


AbstractIn earlier work, it was proposed that the reliability of climate change projections, particularly of regional rainfall, could be improved if such projections were calibrated using quantitative measures of reliability obtained by running the same model in seasonal forecast mode. This proposal is tested for fast atmospheric processes (such as clouds and convection) by considering output from versions of the same atmospheric general circulation model run at two different resolutions and forced with prescribed sea surface temperatures and sea ice. Here output from the high-resolution version of the model is treated as a proxy for truth. The reason for using this approach is simply that the twenty-first-century climate change signal is not yet known and, hence, no climate change projections can be verified using observations. Quantitative assessments of reliability of the low-resolution model, run in seasonal hindcast mode, are used to calibrate climate change time-slice projections made with the same ...


Gold catalysts on CeO2/Al2O3 and Y-doped CeO2/Al2O3 supports (20 wt.% CeO2 and 1 wt.% Y2O3) were synthesized. The mixed oxide supports were prepared by impregnation (IM) or by mechanical mixing (MM). The samples were characterised by BET, XRD and HRTEM/HAADF measurements. The catalytic properties in the preferential CO oxidation in hydrogen rich stream (PROX) using gas feed composition: 60% H2+ 1% CO + 1% O2 (He as balance) were estimated. The effect of supports preparation on the gold loading and its dispersion, supports features and catalytic performance was commented. The positive effect of yttrium for catalysts stability was evidenced during long run tests in PROX with CO2 and water addition to gas stream. The obtained results could be useful for the design of catalysts for CO-free hydrogen production with good PROX performance at reasonable price.


Wound healing is a complex regulated process that results in skin scar formation in postnatal mammals. Chronic wounds are major medical problems that can confer devastating consequences. Currently, there are no treatments to prevent scarring. In the early fetus wounds heal without scarring and the healing process is characterized by relatively less inflammation compared to adults; therefore, research aimed at reducing the inflammatory process related to wound healing might speed healing and improve the final scar appearance.


So as to comprehend the freedom of religion and conscience estimated undercategory of civil liberties, significance of freedom and civil liberties must be refered primarily. Thus content of freedom of religion and conscience, and authority and responsibilities those state burdened with can be revealed. As a civil liberty, freedom of religion and conscience had found its first statements within the studies of Marsilius of Padua. Philosopher who based the separation of church and state affairs on civil society theory had formed the first position of modern constitutional state in relation to religion and secularism theory. Necessarily secularism theory must be revealed and limits of individual and state must be understood for defining the actions of constitutional state about freedom. In addition to this mentioning historical texts and international treaties expressed the freedom during the historical process will corroborate understanding of topic.


Isoflurane, a commonly used volatile anesthetic, causes widespread neuronal apoptosis in the developing brain of rodents. Signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) signaling is crucial for cell survival during the neural network establishment period. The aim of this study was to determine whether isoflurane would target STAT3 to deliver its neurotoxicity. Mice at postnatal day 7 and primary cortical neurons cultured for 5 days were treated with isoflurane. Our data showed that isoflurane exposure downregulated the STAT3 survival pathway in the brain of mice and in primary neurons, whereas the mRNA levels of STAT3 remained unchanged after isoflurane exposure. We found that inhibiting the activity of calcineurin, which specifically promotes STAT3 degradation, alleviated isoflurane-induced neural apoptosis. Further studies showed that isoflurane increased calcineurin activity and that the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ channel was involved in these isoflurane-induced molecular cascades. These findings suggest that isoflurane-induced neurotoxicity may stem from STAT3 degradation, partially through the activation of calcineurin.


Dialetheism holds the thesis that certain sentences are dialetheias, i.e. both true and false, and devises several strategies for avoiding trivialism, the (classical) consequence that all sentences are provable. Two such strategies are aimed at invalidating one of the most direct arguments for trivialism, viz. Curry's Paradox: a proof that you will win the lottery which only resorts to na ive truth-principles, Conditional Proof (CP), modus ponens (MPP) and the standardly accepted structural rules. The first strategy simply consists in observing that the most well-known dialetheist logic, sometimes referred to as the Logic of Paradox (LP), invalidates MPP. The second strategy consists in rather taking one of the primary senses of 'if' to be captured by an entailment connective which does not validate CP. We argue that both strategies prove problematic.


The teen behavior typically exhibited in school visit groups is often read by museum teachers as resistance or disengagement, when the opposite is more likely the case. This paper attempts to dispel some of the myths around teen behavior and serve as a practical guide to museum educators who desire a deeper, more successful engagement with teen groups visiting their museums. The strategies provided are the result of workshops with members of the Institute of Contemporary Art Boston's Teen Arts Council, teens who lead tours of teens themselves, and Tour Guides, our volunteer docent corps.


Microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), a mammalian homologue of yeast Atg8, plays an essential role in autophagy, which is involved in the bulk degradation of cytoplasmic components by the lysosomal system. Here, we report the crystal structure of LC3 at 2.05 Å resolution with an R‐factor of 21.8% and a free R‐factor of 24.9%. The structure of LC3, which is similar to those of Golgi‐associated ATPase enhancer of 16 kDa (GATE‐16) and GABAA receptor‐associated protein (GABARAP), contains a ubiquitin core with two α helices, α1 and α2, attached at its N‐terminus. Some common and distinct features are observed among these proteins, including the conservation of residues required to form an interaction among α1, α2 and the ubiquitin core. However, the electrostatic potential surfaces of these helices differ, implicating particular roles to select specific binding partners. Hydrophobic patches on the ubiquitin core of LC3, GABARAP and GATE‐16 are well conserved and are similar to the E1 binding surface of ubiquitin and NEDD8. Therefore, we propose that the hydrophobic patch is a binding surface for mammalian Atg7 similar to a ubiquitin‐like conjugation system. We also propose the functional implications of the ubiquitin fold as a recognition module of target proteins.


Abstract— The use of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) as a protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) precursor for photodynamic therapy (PDT) became very popular in a short time. However, despite its advantages, ALA also has a drawback; it shows a poor ability to diffuse through biological membranes because of its low Iipophilicity. As a consequence, a high dose of ALA must be administered in order to increase PpIX in the afflicted tissue at a level sufficient for PDT. A possible solution to this problem is the use of derivatives of ALA. ALA prodrugs are expected to have better diffusing properties as a result of their enhanced Jipophilicity and are converted into the parent ALA after enzymatic hydrolysis. In this report, results are presented of the synthesis of a number of ALA derivatives. The ALA prodmgs were investigated regarding the optimum conditions for cell penetration and PPIX formation in an in vitro cellular test system. It is shown that several prod· rugs do indeed enhance the amount of accumulated PPIX considerably as compared to ALA. Finally, the most promising prodrugs were tested in an animal model and showed increased PPIX formation under these conditionsas well.


[1] Vertical crustal motions at 15 sites along the northern Pacific-North America plate boundary are determined using relative sea level changes from tide gauge records. Our analysis is based on monthly mean sea levels, from which barometric pressure and seasonal effects are removed. The records are corrected for common-mode oceanographic variations. These records are statistically examined for non-linear behavior related to glacial isostatic, tectonic and postseismic effects. To estimate land uplift rates, the local effect of global sea level rise is removed from the relative sea level rates. Slow rates of vertical motion are observed along the southern strike-slip plate boundary. The extremely rapid uplift of the northern strike-slip boundary can be attributed entirely to viscoelastic postglacial rebound associated with tidewater-glacier retreat in Glacier Bay and regional post-Little Ice Age deglaciation. Isostatic modeling indicates a mantle viscosity of ∼2 × 1019–5 × 1019 Pa s, similar to that found elsewhere along the Pacific-North America plate margin. At Yakutat, near the transition of plate motion from strike-slip to subduction, complex non-linear behavior is evident, with a significant change in uplift rate following the 1979 St. Elias earthquake. Non-linear uplift rates are predominant within the 1964 Great Alaskan earthquake near-field. Rapid uplift at Kodiak during a 3.5 year period starting mid-1964 totaled 47 ± 8 cm. Anchorage, Seward and Seldovia exhibited oscillatory uplift in the period immediately following the earthquake until mid-1972. Since mid-1972, uplift rates have increased steadily at Anchorage, Seward, Cordova, and Valdez. During this period Nikiski and Kodiak show decreasing uplift rates.


Using X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy we have found that InAs1-xPx films deposited on InP(001) substrates with organometallic vapor phase epitaxy grow in an unusual island growth mode characterized by large strain-dependent interdiffusion. Initially, strong interdiffusion occurs between the overlayer and the substrate, producing pseudomorphic islands of higher than intended P composition. These grow only until some point in the relaxation process, possibly a critical value of the strain, after which islands of the intended composition begin to appear. Furthermore, the islands are found to penetrate deeply into the substrate. The resulting phase separation is thus caused by strain-enhanced interdiffusion, and is unrelated to that due to spinodal decomposition in other compound semiconductor systems.


In this paper we describe connections among extraspecial 2-groups, unitary representations of the braid group and multi-qubit braiding quantum gates. We first construct new representations of extraspecial 2-groups. Extending the latter by the symmetric group, we construct new unitary braid representations, which are solutions to generalized Yang-Baxter equations and use them to realize new braiding quantum gates. These gates generate the GHZ (Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger) states, for an arbitrary (particularly an \emph{odd}) number of qubits, from the product basis. We also discuss the Yang-Baxterization of the new braid group representations, which describes unitary evolution of the GHZ states. Our study suggests that through their connection with braiding gates, extraspecial 2-groups and the GHZ states may play an important role in quantum error correction and topological quantum computing.


We derive an analytical lower bound on the concurrence for bipartite quantum systems with an improved computable cross norm or realignment criterion and an improved positive partial transpose criterion respectively. Furthermore we demonstrate that our bound is better than that obtained from the local uncertainty relations criterion with optimal local orthogonal observables which is known as one of the best estimations of concurrence.


Consider the problem of estimating the common mean of two normal distributions with independent estimators for variances. The paper gives sufficient conditions for the combined estimator being better than the uncombined estimator in the sense of making its variance smaller. They are extensions of some parts of the conditions by Brown and Cohen [4], Khatri and Shah [9] and Bhattacharya $[1, 2]$ . Applications to the problem of recovery of interblock information in the BIB designs and the problem of estimating common coefficients of two regression models are shown.


Clinical benefits from trastuzumab and other anti-HER2 therapies in patients with HER2 amplified breast cancer remain limited by primary or acquired resistance. To identify potential mechanisms of resistance, we established trastuzumab-resistant HER2 amplified breast cancer cells by chronic exposure to trastuzumab treatment. Genomewide copy-number variation analyses of the resistant cells compared with parental cells revealed a focal amplification of genomic DNA containing the cyclin E gene. In a cohort of 34 HER2+ patients treated with trastuzumab-based therapy, we found that cyclin E amplification/overexpression was associated with a worse clinical benefit (33.3% compared with 87.5%, P < 0.02) and a lower progression-free survival (6 mo vs. 14 mo, P < 0.002) compared with nonoverexpressing cyclin E tumors. To dissect the potential role of cyclin E in trastuzumab resistance, we studied the effects of cyclin E overexpression and cyclin E suppression. Cyclin E overexpression resulted in resistance to trastuzumab both in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of cyclin E activity in cyclin E-amplified trastuzumab resistant clones, either by knockdown of cyclin E expression or treatment with cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) inhibitors, led to a dramatic decrease in proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. In vivo, CDK2 inhibition significantly reduced tumor growth of trastuzumab-resistant xenografts. Our findings point to a causative role for cyclin E overexpression and the consequent increase in CDK2 activity in trastuzumab resistance and suggest that treatment with CDK2 inhibitors may be a valid strategy in patients with breast tumors with HER2 and cyclin E coamplification/overexpression.


Image reconstruction in emission tomography may benefit from the use of anatomical side information obtained with other imaging modalities in the same subject. One way to implement this, is to use the anatomical image for defining the a-priori distribution in a maximum-a-posteriori reconstruction algorithm. In this contribution, we use the PET-SORTEO Monte Carlo simulator to evaluate three different anatomical priors for PET brain imaging, using MRI for the anatomical image. The priors are: 1) a prior based on a segmentation of the MRI image; 2) the joint entropy prior; 3) a prior (proposed by Bowsher et al. [1]) that encourages smoothness within a position dependent neighborhood, computed from the MRI image. The two latter priors do not rely on an explicit segmentation, which makes them more generally applicable than a segmentation-based prior. The three priors produced a compromise between noise and bias that was significantly better than that obtained with post-smoothed MLEM. The performance of the joint entropy prior was slightly worse than that of the other two priors. In contrast to the joint entropy prior, the Bowsher prior is easily tuned and does not pose convergence problems due to local maxima.


The submission is a speech made at the launch of Arbiters of a National Imaginary: Essays on Sri Lanka - a Festschrift for Professor Ashley Halpe edited by Chelva Kanaganayakam. The speech begins with a tribute to Professor Ashley Halpe, followed by a methodological perspective when examining the festschrift. While it does not technically review the articles in the book, it however discusses their significance for contemporary disciplinary practices of English Studies in Sri Lanka. The objective of the speech, therefore, is to argue for a paradigm shift in English Studies when engaging with the specificities of the Sri Lankan context, which would necessarily involve a consideration of the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary directions of English, as well as the political and ethical needs of the local situation.


fact precipitated and then sustained by the collapse of agricultural, specifically grain, incomes. It is also necessary to provide some numerical evidence for the belief that if the world rice harvest had failed at the end of the 1920s, the Asian economies would have had the capacity to absorb wheat on a sufficient scale to maintain the real income of wheat farmers in the industrialized world. But there is a perhaps more important criticism that may be made. In proposing a particular view of the fundamental causes of the world depression of the 1930s, it is surely essential not simply that that interpretation be fully argued and firmly supported, but also that the existing, alternative analyses of this extraordinarily complex event be critically considered?


As VLSI technology moves to the 65nm node and beyond, interconnect delay greatly limits the circuit performance. As a critical component in interconnect synthesis, layer assignment manifests enormous potential in drastically reducing wire delay. This is due the fact that wires on thick metals are much less resistive than those on thin metals. Nevertheless, it is not desired to assign all wires to thick metals and the right strategy is to only use minimal thick-metal routing resources for meeting the timing constraints. This timing driven minimum cost layer assignment problem is NP-Complete, and a fast algorithm with provable approximation bound is highly desired.
 In this paper, a new fully polynomial time approximation scheme is proposed. It is based on a linear-time dynamic programming algorithm for bounded-cost layer assignment and efficient oracle queries. The proposed algorithm can approximate the optimal layer assignment solution in O(mn2/ε) time within a factor of 1+ε for any ε>0, where n is the tree size and m is the number of routing layers. This significantly improves the previous work. The new algorithm is also highly practical. Our experiments on industrial netlists demonstrate that the new algorithm runs up to 6.5times faster than the optimal dynamic programming with few percent additional wire as guaranteed theoretically. This gives another 2x speedup over the previous work.


Jamu is Indonesian indigenous herbal medicine that has been used empirically to prevent and treat various diseases. To provide evidence on its safety and efficacy, Indonesian government has developed Jamu into Standardized Herbal Medicine and Phytopharmaca. Another strategy is development of Jamu into Scientific Jamu. This herbal medicine has assurance on safety and efficacy through health service-based research. Its raw material is various crude drugs. The problem of this type of raw material is that, depending on the environmental conditions, the quality can vary significantly. This study aimed to standardize crude drug of four medicinal plants included in the composition of Scientific Jamu. They are Orthosiphonis Staminei Folium, Centellae Asiaticae Herba, Curcumae Domesticae Rhizomae, and Curcumae Xanthorrhizae Rhizomae which were collected from three different origins in Indonesia, i.e.: Batu, Bogor, and Tawangmangu Districts. Standardization was conducted by determination of specific parameters (macroscopic, microscopic, total phenolics or flavonoids content, water and ethanol soluble extract) and non specific parameters (loss on drying, total ash, acid-insoluble ash). The results were then compared to Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia to conclude wether the crude drugs have a good quality. Orthosiphonis Staminei Folium, Centellae Asiaticae Herba, Curcumae Domesticae Rhizomae, and Curcumae Xanthorrizae Rhizomae from Batu, Tawangmangu, and from Bogor met specific parameters (macroscopic, microscopic, water and ethanol soluble extracts) as required by Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia. However, they failed to comply some non specific parameters especially ash content. All the results represented important information origin of the plant material and the crude drugs should be checked for their specific and non specific parameters before used to ensure their quality.


A method of manufacturing an optical device includes the steps of: forming a first multilayer film, including forming a first mirror (102) above a substrate (101), forming an active layer (103) above the first mirror (102), forming a second mirror (104) above the active layer (103), forming a semiconductor layer (122) on the second mirror (104), and forming a sacrificial layer on the semiconductor layer (122); conducting a first examination step of conducting a reflectance examination on the first multilayer film; forming a second multilayer film by removing the sacrificial layer from the first multilayer film; conducting a second examination step of conducting a reflectance examination on the second multilayer film; and patterning the second multilayer film to form a surface-emitting laser section (140) having the first mirror (102), the active layer (103) and the second mirror (104), and a diode section (120) having the semiconductor layer (122), wherein the sacrificial layer is formed to have an optical film thickness of an odd multiple of » / 4, where » is a design wavelength of light emitted by the surface-emitting laser section (140).


ABSTRACT Objective: Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is pathologically characterized by degeneration of anterior horn cells. Recent observations in animal models of SMA and muscle tissue from patients with SMA suggest additional abnormalities in the development and maturation of the neuromuscular junction. We therefore evaluated neuromuscular junction function in SMA with repetitive nerve stimulation. Methods: In this case-control study, repetitive nerve stimulation was performed in 35 patients with SMA types 2, 3, and 4, 20 healthy controls, and 5 controls with motor neuron disease. Results: Pathologic decremental responses (>10%) during 3-Hz repetitive nerve stimulation were observed in 17 of 35 patients (49%) with SMA types 2 and 3, but not in healthy controls or controls with motor neuron disease. None of the patients or controls had an abnormal incremental response of >60%. The presence of an abnormal decremental response was not specific for the type of SMA, nor was it associated with compound muscle action potential amplitude, clinical scores, or disease duration. Two of 4 patients with SMA type 3 who tried pyridostigmine reported increased stamina. Conclusions: These data suggest dysfunction of the neuromuscular junction in patients with SMA types 2 and 3. Therefore, drugs that facilitate neuromuscular transmission are candidate drugs for evaluation in carefully designed, placebo-controlled, clinical trials.


Families on the Move addresses the questions of the role mobility continues to play in contemporary life. Although the American transition of belief in an open society and frontier is still full of vigor, concerns about the frequency, opportunity, and meaning of mobility to families have arisen. This book examines the current research on family mobility, migration, and immigration and proposes new directions for understanding the relationship between mobility and family life.It is important that today's researchers, educators, and practitioners understand the nuances of a mobile society to develop programs and policies that ease such transitions. Topics covered in Families on the Move include national and international mobility that affects families during transitional stages of life. The contributors have provided diverse research and theory that emphasizes a variety of specific populations and policy analyses. In addition to specific subcultural and historic patterns, the book addresses the process at a familial micro level.Individuals and families face increasing stress and opportunity when change arises. Relocation of one's residence my have different interpretations depending on the situation. A decision to relocate may be based on choice, or by employee transfer, crisis or a cultural phenomena. Considering how these changes affect the family and the new environment of relocation are central themes in the book. All professionals and researchers interested in family issues will want to read this book.


Acute abdomen is a common presentation in women in the reproductive age. It may be caused by diverse conditions. The case below presented with classical signs and symptoms of appendicitis. Haemoperitoneum seen at laparotomy suggested a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy .The diagnosis of ruptured corpus luteum cyst (RCLC) was made only after histology. The symptoms, signs and diagnosis of RCLC are discussed. The case highlights the need for circumspection in the diagnosis of the cause of acute abdomen. The current trend favours conservative management of RCLC thus the need for a high index of suspicion is emphasized to avoid unnecessary surgery.


Extreme Tourism: Lessons from the World's Cold Water Islands examines cold water island tourist destinations as an alternative to the more conventional and popular warm water destinations. The text provides new insight and information into tourism in regions that are still researched and discussed in a somewhat limited fashion in the literature. The text is divided into two main sections; the first is on conceptual themes and was noted by the editor as having been written after the compilation of section two which contained the fourteen case studies. In section one, the authors were able to review issues, trends, and themes from the various cold water island examples. The result is four chapters that provide an overview of what was deemed to be the overriding focuses and themes throughout the cold water island examples detailed in the second section of the book. Section two of the book contains fourteen chapters in which the authors detail case studies from cold water islands around the world. The case studies in section two are drawn more heavily from the northern hemisphere (nine of the fourteen), but span the cold water regions of the world from Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada and the Solovetsky Archipelago, Russia to the southern waters around Macquarie Island, Australia and the Antarctic Peninsula. The least extreme of the cold water island case studies with regard to tourist visitation is Iceland, with its easy access and well developed infrastructure, hundreds of thousands of visitors travel to the island annually. In contrast, Macquarie Island and Banks Island represent the opposite end of the spectrum as each of these destinations may only count for a few hundred visitors each year. Generally, the case studies document an individual cold island destination with specific information that is placed within the context of larger tourism theory or related and contrasted against information from their warm water counterparts. The four introductory chapters of the book present several encompassing themes including promotional issues, sustainability issues, human resource issues, and seasonality issues that link these geographically distant locations. The authors use selected examples from the case studies in section two of the book to highlight and support their discussion of the identified and overriding themes. Although the case studies presented in the book share a number of similar characteristics, each location is very unique. The cold water islands are unique destinations for a variety of reasons, including their isolation, seasonality, harsh climate, spirituality, wildlife, and culture. The book also explores the variety of motivations that surrounds the decision a person makes to travel to one of these locations. The visitors to cold water locations may be one of those identified by Butler (p. 256) as ''cultural and natural history tourists . . . [or] . . . island 'collectors' . . . [or] . . . Others may just be curious . . .''. Whatever reasons that people choose to visit these islands, the local residents and their governments must work to


Drawing from Bakhtin and Habermas, I will show how the different voices in Gordimer's novel seem to be enacting a democratic public sphere in which no voice is granted authority over others – a public sphere which carries the promise of countering the social and political hierarchies established by the racist South African regime. The promise, however, turns out to be an illusion. As I will demonstrate, the possibility of an Enlightenment bourgeois public sphere which the novel seems to be gesturing at is being irreparably undermined by racism. In a country where the Enlightenment aspiration to universalism and equality before the law are glaringly contravened by racism, Rosa Burger is painfully aware of her inability to fully access the predicament of the blacks. As such, Burger's daughter remains only Burger's daughter, and the children of Soweto the children of Soweto; at no point in the novel do they truly intermingle. Despite the fact that both are fighting racism – and the novel is devoted to the "coming-of-age" of both kinds of children – Rosa Burger remains only the daughter of a Burger at the end of the novel, not the daughter of South Africa, much less to say the daughter of Black South Africa. She has finally "come into her own," but the "self" she manages to realize is at best that of a disillusioned bourgeois individual (that of a disillusioned Burger, so to speak) – a "self" that recalls Hegel's "beautiful soul." To appropriate Gyorgy Lukacs's language, Burger's Daughter could be described as "modern bourgeois literature bear[ing] witness against bourgeois society."


The paper mentioned in the title introduces the entropic value at risk. I give some extra comments and using the general theory make a relation with some commonotone risk measures.


. In this work, we study the large scale structure formation in the modified gravity in the framework of Palatini formalism and compare the results with the equivalent smooth dark energy models as a tool to distinguish between these models. Through the inverse method, we reconstruct the dynamics of universe, modified gravity action and the structure formation indicators like the screened mass function and gravitational slip parameter. Consequently, we extract the matter density power spectrum for these two models in the linear regime and show that the modified gravity and dark energy models predictions are slightly different from each other at large scales. It is also shown that the growth index in the modified gravity unlike to the dark energy models is a scale dependent parameter. We also compare the results with those from the modified gravity in the metric formalism. The modification on the structure formation can also change the CMB spectrum at large scales however due to the cosmic variance it is hard to detect this signature. We show that a large number of SNIa data in the order of 2000 will enable us to reconstruct the modified gravity action with a suitable confidence level and test the cosmic acceleration models by the structure formation.