In this paper, the resistance characterization of flip chip joints formed using Au bumps and anisotropic conductive adhesives (ACAs) is reported. A flip chip on glass (FCOG) test vehicle with indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive lines was used to study the effect of Au bump structure, bonding forces, bump size, conductive filler size and conductive filler loading on contact resistance. Both anisotropic conductive film (ACF) and anisotropic conductive paste (ACP) with varying filler sizes and filler loadings were used to assemble the FCOG test vehicle. Joint contact resistances were obtained by a 4-point measurement method. Results showed that ACP joints generally requires an order of magnitude lower bonding force than ACF joints to achieve consistent contact resistance values. Uncoined Au bumps are preferred for ACF and ACP joints because they offer lower contact resistance than coined Au bumps. This work has led to a better understanding of contact resistance in ACF and ACP joints.


To obtain more information on the biochemical background, of methyl mercury (MeHg) and triethyl lead (Et3Pb) toxicity, the doses which were needed to alter the cellular content of adenine nucleotides were compared to doses which induced morphological alterations. Three-week-old cultures of brain cells from new-born rat were incubated for 5-60 min. with 28, 16, and 8 X 10(-6) M MeHg or with 3 X 10(-6) M Et3Pb in the nutrition medium. MeHg at 28 and 16 X 10(-6) M simultaneously changed the cell shape and reduced both the cellular content of adenine nucleotides and the relative level of ATP. In cells treated with 16 X 10(-6) M MeHg, a cellular increase in inosine and hypoxanthine and an unaltered content of adenine nucleotides in the nutrition medium, points to an intracellular degradation of adenine nucleotides. Incubation with 8 X 10(-6) M MeHg during the first hour of incubation, did not change the content of adenine nucleotides, however, MeHg induced a slowly progressing degeneration of cellular extensions. 3 X 10(-6) M Et3Pb induced morphological alterations but no changes in cellular nucleotide levels. The results show that morphological alterations occur in MeHg and Et3Pb treated cultures at concentrations of the compounds which are too low to change the content and composition of cellular adenine nucleotides.


The article discusses the importance of attracting domestic and foreign investments in the development of the agricultural economy, the experience of foreign countries and the problems of the analysis and investment of investment in fixed assets of agriculture in the Republic of Uzbekistan, as well as suggestions for their elimination.


Abstract: Over the last 10 years, about 20 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine candidates have been tried in humans, with disappointing results as gauged by limited immune responses or protection against infection. These difficulties suggest that a new strategy is needed to test systematically new vaccine candidates. That opportunity is now afforded by nonhuman primate models with SIV, which have been shown to provide an excellent mirror of HIV infection in humans. The recent introduction of SHIVs, chimeric viruses that carry the HIV envelope and are able to infect and cause AIDS in monkeys, also has added an important additional research tool. These models can be used to address a series of questions, including the following: (1) Can protection be provided by partial immunity or is sterilizing immunity required? (2) What are the immune parameters that best predict protection against a potentially pathogenic challenge? (3) What role does mucosal immunity play and can it be induced by practical modes of immunization? (4) Can an attenuated virus be selected that is both protective and safe? An orderly strategy for the evaluation of vaccine candidates could be adopted that would involve several phases: (a) the selection of a limited set of challenge models, ranging from very severe to mild and requiring consideration of primate species, age, route of infection, and challenge viruses; (b) the assessment of candidate vaccines using comparable virus challenges; and (c) accelerated testing in humans of any candidate vaccines that have met a 'proof of efficacy' in primates.


Several hydrogen pellet ablation models based on the formation of a shielding neutral cloud have been reported by different authors. The predicted ablation rates are shown to follow almost the same scaling law and this is used to explain the authors' ablation experiment.


The ability to understand and predict reactivity is highly important for the development of new reactions. In the context of Ni-catalyzed C(sp3)-O functionalization, we have developed a unique strategy employing activated cyclopropanols to aid the design and optimization of a redox-active leaving group for C(sp3)-O arylation. In this chemistry, the cyclopropane ring acts as a reporter of leaving-group reactivity, since the ring-opened product is obtained under polar (2e) conditions, and the ring-closed product is obtained under radical (1e) conditions. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that the optimal leaving group is redox-active, and are consistent with a Ni(I)/Ni(III) catalytic cycle. The optimized reaction conditions are also used to synthesize a number of arylcyclopropanes, which are valuable pharmaceutical motifs.


Summary Statement Treatment of non-union is a highly demanding field with respect to bone healing. BMP 7 is a useful, wide-ranged tool in treating non-union of the foot and benign bone tumors. It represents a low-risk procedure with a high level of reliability. Introduction Treatment of non-union is a highly demanding field with respect to bone healing. Treatment of tibial fracture non-union with the bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP-7) has been successfully reported. BMP 7 is a recombinant human protein produced in ovary cells of the Chinese hamster. It is responsible for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from the periost, muscle and sponious bone and stimulates bone formation. It is the aim of our study to investigate the use of BMP 7 for other locations than the tibia, such as the foot and benign bone tumors. We strive for union or revision in each medical case. Patients & Methods At our clinic we applied BMP-7 to 13 patients (9 patients with non-union, 4 patients with benign bone cysts). 9 patients with non-union of the foot (4 forefoot, 1 midfoot, 3 hindfoot, 1 tibia) were surgically treated by resection, stabilisation, and application of BMP 7. The study included 5 men and 4 women at an average age of 58,4 years (range 33 – 80), 13 previous surgeries had been carried out. The period of follow up was on average 16.3 months (5 – 40 months). The indication for using BMP-7 instead of autologous bone graft was poor local blood supply, poor local soft tissue because of previous interventions and risk factors like smoking and diabetes. Following an indicated open biopsy, the 4 cases of benign bone tumors (1 juvenile bone cyst of the talus, 1 osteofibrose dysplasia of the proximal tibia and 2 juvenile bone cysts of the proximal humerus) were all treated with resection, followed by an application of BMP-7 and external or internal fixation. In addition two received bone grafting and two received cortisone. The average age of the tumor group was 16,75 years (11–24 years, 2 male, 2 female). Results At follow-up all patients were satisfied with respect to pain and function, no operative complications had occurred and bone fusion had finished in 7 patients after 3 months. One ankle joint had a fibrous fusion but was free of pain. One arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint was turned into a resection arthroplasty, today the patient is free of pain and uses a normal shoe. Both bone cysts have the radiological evidence of rehabilitation. At one humeruscyst we removed the TENS-nails without complications. We had no complications like heterotopic ossification, local erythema or pressure sensitivity. Discussion/Conclusion These results show that BMP 7 is a useful, wide-ranged tool in treating non-union of the foot and benign bone tumors. It represents a low-risk procedure with a high level of reliability.


Financial difficulties of U.S. cities have recently become a major issue of concern. However, there is little agreement on why certain cities experience crises while others do not. Two arguments are put forward: Cities suffer from (1) structural problems like high immigration, congestion etc. (2) nonstructural political problems like the weakness of the mayor, union-power etc. Starting from a common pool model of municipal goods we estimate demand equations for spending and debt with structural variables. The estimation is based on 900 US cities in 1985, 1991 and 1999. Structural factors predicted by the model explain most of the variation of spending and debt levels. Furthermore coefficients are stable over time. However, excessively high debt burdens as indicators of potential crisis, and high spending levels are outliers and not explained by structural factors. JEL: H74, H72, E62, P1, R0


An exact formal solution is obtained to the problem of a system of fermions in interaction. This solution is expressed in a form which avoids the problem of unlinked clusters in manybody theory. The technique of Feynman graphs is used to derive the series and to define linked terms. The graphs are those appropriate to a system of many fermions and are used to give a new derivation of the Hartree-Fock and Brueckner methods for this problem.


Purpose
E-entrepreneurship is developed based on digital platforms, having specific technical opportunities, such as the interactive ecosystem, fast payment method and online store function, without strict requirements for online entrepreneurs. Considering China's e-entrepreneurship environment and cultural background, this paper aims to analyse individuals' e-entrepreneurship motivation based on the capability–opportunity–motivation–behaviour (COM-B) behaviour changing theory.

Design/methodology/approach
Through testing 602 samples based on the partial least squares path modelling and variance-based structural equation modelling, the factors from the opportunity and capability units positively affect individuals' e-entrepreneurship motivation. Meanwhile, because of the economic and social environmental differences between China's urban and rural regions, this study promotes the multi-group analysis based on individuals' regional backgrounds.

Findings
First, as opportunity factors, technical and policy opportunities have significantly positive relationships with individuals' e-entrepreneurship motivation. Second, entrepreneurial and cultural capabilities are essential for Chinese entrepreneurs while making an entrepreneurial decision. Third, because of the e-entrepreneurial environment difference and educational system gap, entrepreneurial capability exerts a greater influence on the e-entrepreneurship motivation for Chinese individuals from urban regions, and cultural capability exerts a higher impact on the e-entrepreneurship motivation for Chinese individuals from rural regions.

Originality/value
Whilst the phenomenon of e-entrepreneurship is emerging as a popular entrepreneurship area of study, little research has systematically explored individuals' e-entrepreneurial motivation and analysed influencing factors from macro and minor aspects. According to the COM-B behaviour changing theory, this paper discovers influencing factors from environmental opportunity and personal capability units, and it is helpful to present individuals' attitudes to the platform-based business model.


Investigation was carried out on the phytochemical composition of methanolic and water aqueous extracts of Tithonia diversifolia and their phytotoxic effect on the growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. The phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of bioactive substances such as alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, flavonoid, tannins, terpenoid and phenols in the methanolic extract and the later five allelochemicals in the water extract. The allelochemicals were of higher concentrations in the methanolic extract than in the water extract. The methanolic extract was found to be more phytotoxic than the water extract since the reduction of the germination percentage of the test crop was in the order of 100% methanolic extract > 50% methanolic extract >100% water extract. The germination and seedling growth inhibition was then extract concentration dependent and significant at P < 0.05. Both methanolic and water extracts have greater inhibitory effects on the growth of the radicle than on the plumule growth at 100% extract concentrations.


Measuring forced expiratory flows from raised lung volume in infants represents a significant advance in the assessment of pulmonary function early in life. However, variability in the main parameters obtained with raised volume rapid thoracic compression (RVRTC), FVC, FEV(0.5), FEF(50), FEF(75), and FEF(25-75), has not been completely evaluated. This study was performed to determine the intra-subject variability of spirometric-like parameters in infants with recurrent wheezing obtained with RVRTC. One hundred and two infants with recurrent wheezing (mean age 62 +/- 22 weeks) who were asymptomatic at the moment of measuring lung function participated in this study. For the variability analysis, three to five technically acceptable curves at flow-limitation jacket pressure were employed. The mean coefficient of variation (95 % CI) of spirometric parameters was as follows: FVC = 2.9 % (2.6-3.2); FEV(0.5) = 2.2 % (1.9-2.5); FEF(50) = 3.7 % (3.3-4.1); FEF(75) = 5.9 % (5.2-6.6) and FEF25-75 = 3.3 % (2.9-3.7). This study demonstrates the high reproducibility of the spirometric parameters measured with the technique of raised lung volume in infants.


Human newborns are cognitively and socially competent. Although they are sensitive to the presence of a social partner, little is known on the emergence of the ability to partake in social interaction. In this study we aimed to explore the roots of turn-taking in the neonatal period. We wished to highlight the way mothers' and newborns' vocalizations are organized in relation to each other in a face-to-face communication situation. We observed 15 mothers and their 2 to 4-day-old newborns while mothers were instructed to speak to them and infants were in a receptive behavioural state. We examined the temporal organization of maternal and newborn vocalization. Our results show that of all newborn vocalizations analysed, one third consisted of overlapping vocalizations with a maternal vocalization. Furthermore, among the 119 newborn vocalizations that followed a maternal vocalization, 68.9% occurred within the first second, and 26.9% were latched (occurring within the first 50 ms). Indeed our study suggests that a 1-s window would be the correct window to appreciate social contingency in the neonatal period. Our study provides evidence that a turn-taking ability is already present at birth suggesting that turn taking, which depends on a tight coordination between interacting individuals, is a precocious human ability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Summary Detailed sampling using a very small sample size and grain-size analysis with a Coulter Counter of three fine-grained turbidites enabled a distinction to be made between the well-sorted single-grain Stokes'-deposited and unsorted 'whole suspension' floc-deposited grain-size populations. The results indicate that each turbidite is a continuous sequence deposited from the same source suspension. Particles settle to the bottom as flocculated masses. Initially flocs are broken up by near-bottom shear forces and only the coarsest silt and sand remains on the bed. The remaining mud forms a temporary mud suspension near the bottom which reflocculates and intermittently deposits at some critical concentration producing mud interlayers between silt laminae. Decrease in current velocity eventually allows simultaneous deposition of single grains and flocs with the latter becoming progressively more abundant resulting in formation of graded beds. Eventually, all deposition occurs in the form of mud flocs and a massive sediment results. The study essentially confirms the basic mechanism of the fine-grained turbidite deposition model proposed by Stow & Bowen (1978).


This article outlines in general terms how the environment of 21 st century transnational organised crime, terrorism and unconventional conflict is being shaped by information-related capabilities ( IRC s) that foster global networked connectivity and asymmetric responses to conventional military supremacy. This article explores how the conceptual apparatus regarding the distinction between wartime and peacetime, as well as war zones and peace zones, which has been developed within the framework of international criminal law and humanitarian law, can contribute to military-strategic operational and capability concepts. Integration of these conceptual frameworks within strategic analysis can serve to promote the effective use of force within a full spectrum operational environment in which information, surveillance, target acquisition and reconnaissance thresholds are being lowered as deeper understandings of the social dynamic that sustains ongoing fighting within a global information environment become increasingly feasible through innovations in IRC s. In this context, this article suggests that law enforcement frameworks and approaches have a high threshold of applicability, i.e. to increasingly serious and organised situations of violence, if the strategic failures associated with conventional military operations are to be avoided. Rather than offering an analysis of cyber warfare/cyber attacks or information operations per se, this article is more generally concerned with understanding how military support and command and control operations are being conducted in the global information environment in order to achieve physical effects that can be characterised as non-international armed conflict.

https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/file/7c65eced-b2ca-4742-96f3-11995e0cf71e/1/Mapping war peace and terrorism - 2018 - John-Hopkins.pdf


When government taxes, it takes citizens' property, usually money, to fund various projects. The Takings Clause declares that the government must pay compensation when it takes private property. Requiring compensation for taxation would immediately bankrupt the state: it would have to return immediately all tax receipts to meet this compensation duty. Thus the Takings Clause cannot reach all taxes. This article considers what forms of taxation, if any, are takings requiring compensation. For example, surely an income tax of 100 percent imposed on one person (e.g. Bill Gates) would violate the Takings Clause. Such a tax singling out one person (or a handful of citizens) offends the Supreme Court's repeated invocation that the primary purpose of the Takings Clause is "to bar the Government from forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole." Armstrong v. United States (1960). The problem, then, is to draw the line that separates these examples from legitimate taxes. This article proposes a novel rule to draw this line: the Continuous Burden Principle (CBP). To satisfy the CBP, a tax must impose burdens such that there are no large jumps - discontinuities, in an imprecise sense - between the burden imposed on any taxpayer and the next most-burdened taxpayer. The article then generalizes the CBP, arguing that it applies not just to taxation but to regulation and other government acts that may amount to a taking.


High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) have been widely used to quantify aflatoxins in food, but these methods are expensive, time-consuming, unsuitable for analysis of the routine screening of large sample numbers and require derivatization and high level techniques to perform. The objective of this study is to detect aflatoxins in a large number of foods by a high efficient analytical system of combined enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for screening and LC/MS/MS for confirmation. The samples spiked individually with aflatoxin B1 (0.5 and 1.0 ng/g) and total aflatoxins (10 ng/g) were analyzed by ELISA and LC/MS/MS, and the recoveries for ELISA and LC/MS/MS were 71.8~119.2% and 70.8~135.3%, respectively. A total of 378 samples (grains, nuts, soybean and fermented soybean foods, pepper and fermented pepper foods) were purchased from the six major cities in Korea and analyzed by ELISA-LC/MS/MS system. Twenty two (5.8%; peanut: 11, pistachio: 2, walnut: 6, almond: 1, pepper powder: 1, pepper paste: 1) out of 378 samples were screened as aflatoxin B1 positive by ELISA, but, 4 (1.1%; peanut: 2, pistachio:1, pepper powder: 1) out of the 22 samples screened were confirmed as aflatoxins positive at levels of 1.02~52.79 ng/g by LC/MS/MS. ELISA-LC/MS/MS system provides a more rapid, accurate and cost-effective method for the detection of aflatoxins in large number of samples.


In this article, we will focus on the frequency and characteristics of conjugal homicides which occurred in Montreal between 1954 and 1962, and compare these crimes with those taking place between 1985 and 1989. The comparison of the main aspects of the phenomenon shows that the number of such crimes has increased steadily from one period to the next. During these two periods, women formed the majority of the victims and men, the perpetrators. The individual factors (mental illness, alcohol, despair) that may trigger the expression of violence do not account for all homicides. In fact, these crimes are often the ultimate demonstration of the control some men have over their wives. We will examine the social implications lying at the root of some men's desire to control their wives to the point of killing them when they fail to meet their expectations.


Introduction: the frequency of invasive mycoses caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens has increased significantly in the last decades. Among the main etiological agents of opportunistic mycoses is Candida albicans. This yeast has several important virulence factors for producing disease. Some studies have demonstrated that C. albicans colonized root canals and dentinal tubules. The spectrum of antimicrobial activity of calcium hydroxide dressing should include this yeast. Objectives: the aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of four C. albicans strains collected from the oral cavity and a standard strain ATCC 10231 to calcium hydroxide paste associated with antifungal, antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs. The efficiency of the Ca(OH)2 paste associated with the drugs on the yeasts was analyzed by the radial diffusion method and also by the direct contact method. Data were analyzed by Kruskal Wallis test and the Dunn post-test were used to indicate the differences between the groups with a significance level of 5%. Results: all antifungal drugs increased the action of the calcium hydroxide pastes against Candida albicans. Conclusions: the association of antifungals with Ca(OH) 2 may be considered for use as intracanal medica-


Background 'Paediatric bipolar disorder' (PBD) is a controversial diagnosis that began in the mid-1990s when several US child psychiatric researchers hypothesised that atypical mania commonly occurred among prepubertal children in the form of chronic irritability or ultradian cycling (several mood episodes per day). PBD was rapidly translated into clinical practice in the US. Large numbers of prepubertal children were treated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs). A highly cited meta-analysis of epidemiological community prevalence studies of paediatric psychiatric disorders claimed a worldwide prevalence of 1.8%, later updated to 2.06%. Research and media reports indicated likely considerable iatrogenic morbidity and mortality. Concerns of overdiagnosis and failure to address contextual factors such as childhood maltreatment were expressed in the literature and media. Objectives To assess: 1) the validity of the PBD hypotheses, 2) factors that drove the PBD epidemic, 3) iatrogenic consequences and 4) implications for psychiatric nosology. Method Review academic literature, media and grey literature; survey of Australasian child and adolescent psychiatrists; re-examination of original epidemiological studies from which the claims of high community prevalence were derived; use of bibliometric analyses to examine the PBD literature for geographic spread of the PBD hypothesis and presence/absence of reference to contextual factors such as attachment, trauma and maltreatment. Results Five of six international longitudinal high-risk offspring studies supported the classical view that mania almost never presents before mid-adolescence. Internal pharmaceutical company documents revealed intent to expand bipolar disorder diagnoses to support market growth for SGAs including to children. Diagnosis upcoding aspects of the US health system and a biomedical reductionist paradigm within psychiatry that neglects contextual factors in child development helped drive the epidemic. Clinical diagnostic prevalence of childhood bipolar disorder was 100- to 900-fold higher in the USA than in Australasia or Europe. Australasian child and adolescent psychiatrists were sceptical of the PBD hypothesis. Community epidemiological rates of bipolar disorder were near zero if parent-child concordance was required. The pro-PBD literature was affiliated with a sizeable minority of mostly US academic institutions and there was limited reference to contextual factors such as attachment, trauma and maltreatment. Conclusions The PBD epidemic of the past two decades occurred within a biomedical reductionist paradigm. It was mostly confined to the USA and driven by research from several academic institutions often with pharmaceutical industry support. Psychiatric nosology, particularly in child and adolescent psychiatry, needs to be based in developmental psychology, the biopsychosocial model and awareness of the effects of trauma and maltreatment.


We develop a general model to describe a network of interconnected thin viscous sheets, or viscidas, which evolve under the action of surface tension. A junction between two viscidas is analysed by considering a single viscida containing a smoothed corner, where the centreline angle changes rapidly, and then considering the limit as the smoothing tends to zero. The analysis is generalized to derive a simple model for the behaviour at a junction between an arbitrary number of viscidas, which is then coupled to the governing equation for each viscida. We thus obtain a general theory, consisting of $N$ partial differential equations and $3J$ algebraic conservation laws, for a system of $N$ viscidas connected at $J$ junctions. This approach provides a framework to understand the fabrication of microstructured optical fibres containing closely spaced holes separated by interconnected thin viscous struts. We show sample solutions for simple networks with $J=2$ and $N=2$ or 3. We also demonstrate that there is no uniquely defined junction model to describe interconnections between viscidas of different thicknesses.


In an effort to reduce fuel costs and gas emissions, the U.S. Army is looking into replacing their diesel high-mobility multipurpose wheeled vehicle (HMMWV) with hybrid electric vehicles. The aim of this paper is to present the simulation of the series hybrid electric HMMWV based on a multidomain model using Ansoft Simplorer. Emphasis is placed on the vehicle's transient response to desired speeds dictated by drive cycles based on an urban dynamometer driving schedule and SAE J227a Schedule D. Also included in this paper were the vehicle's responses to hill climbing up to 60% grade


Recently, "renormalized entropy" was proposed as a novel measure of relative entropy [P. Saparin et al., Chaos, Solitons and Fractals 4, 1907 (1994)] and applied to several physiological time sequences, including electroencephalograms (EEGs) of patients with epilepsy. We show here that this measure is just a modified Kullback-Leibler (KL) relative entropy, and it gives similar numerical results to the standard KL entropy. The latter better distinguishes frequency contents of, e.g., seizure and background EEGs than renormalized entropy. We thus propose that renormalized entropy might not be as useful as claimed by its proponents. In passing, we also make some critical remarks about the implementation of these methods.


Bamboo can be used in a variety of ways, including as fuel and as household and construction materials. Due to its versatility, the material is of high economic value. This study investigated the fuel properties of six bamboo species grown in Indonesia. Each bamboo sample was carbonized at different temperatures. Proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out on the bamboo samples. The thermal maturity of the bamboo samples as a solid fuel was investigated by the van Krevelen diagram. The efficiency of bamboo at each carbonizing temperature was determined based on the char yield, energy densification rate, energy efficiency, and calorific value. The results showed that the ash and fixed carbon contents of carbonized bamboo increased with an increasing carbonization temperature; while the volatile matter decreased. Significant changes in the fuel properties were observed between 200 °C and 400 °C. Carbonized bamboos showed lower sulfur contents in comparison to other fossil fuels. Ampel bamboo showed a calorific value of 18 MJ/kg to 32 MJ/kg, which was the highest value among the samples. Bamboo carbonized at temperatures above 600 °C showed a thermal maturity of coal grade. The results of this study can be used for utilizing Indonesian bamboo as a fuel source.


ADHD is a treatable neuropsychiatric disorder which can continue till adulthood. There have been three subtypes including attention deficiency, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Its etiology remains unclear yet. It is hypothesized that there is an impairment of neurodevelopment in early developmental periods through the interactions between genetic and environmental processes. Corpus callosum provides an integration of cognitive, sensorial and motor functions of brain as a response to the impulses originating from the cortex. The damage of this region may result in deterioration of some cerebral functions such as cognitive functions, speaking, learning ability and impulse control. In this paper, we report two pediatric cases who had comorbid attention deficiency and corpus callosum agenesis without mental retardation.


: Salinity is affecting more than 6 million hectares of cultivated area in Pakistan. The use of amino acids offers a pragmatic solution for minimizing the adverse effects of salinity on Spinacia oleracea L. (spinach). The present study evaluated the possible potential of amino acids in enhancing the salinity tolerance in spinach and identified the probable underlying mechanisms. The experiment comprised of two factors viz. amino acids with total of seven treatments; control, salinity (sal) 100 mM, Methionine + sal, Phenylalanine + sal, Proline + sal, Tyrosine + sal, Combined amino acids + sal, and two spinach cultivars (Desi Palak and VRI-2019). Salinity stress decreased the morpho-physiological attributes of both spinach cultivars, nevertheless, the application of combined amino acids effectively improved the tolerance against salinity stress. Compared with control, all applications of amino acids increased the root and shoot length, fresh and dry weight, number of leaves, and plant yield per plant of both spinach cultivars. However, the maximum was noted by the application of combined amino acids. Combined amino acids triggered the activities of antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase), increased the contents of free proline, phenolics, flavonoids, chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids, calcium, and potassium in root and shoot while decreasing the reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide) and sodium contents in both spinach cultivars under saline conditions. Overall, the VRI-2019 performed better than Desi Palak. The vigorous growth along with higher salinity tolerance because of amino acid treatments was linked to better chlorophyll contents, higher accumulation of osmolytes, maintenance of ionic balance, and an improved antioxidant defense system in Spinacia oleracea .


During the course of epidemiologic investigations of typhoid fever the importance of the variability of clinical manifestations, the frequent failure of physicians to establish a diagnosis satisfactory to themselves, and the large percentage of cases in which positive agglutination reactions with theBacillus typhosuswere absent, particularly in water-borne epidemics, led to the observations herewith presented. It is the purpose of this paper to offer as a contribution the facts developed by serologic studies in certain epidemics to which I was assigned in charge under the direction of Dr. Samuel G. Dixon, Pennsylvania State Commissioner of Health. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS By means of careful observations of the biochemistry and the agglutination properties of micro-organisms of the typho-colon type, it has been found that certain forms have characteristics which group them together; further, that their pathogenicity bears a somewhat definite relation to the grouping. For the purpose of study and


The authors compare the results of calcitrin therapy and surgical (flap surgery) treatment of periodontitis patients. Calcitrin was injected i. m. in a dose of 1.5 to 2 U daily for 14 days. Clinical, laboratory, and functional studies have demonstrated the efficacy of calcitrin therapy in combination with surgical treatment of periodontitis.


The paper presents a correlation between the parameters of classical TRIZ and variables of analysis of the EWA to construct a matrix of contradictions in ergonomics, with the objective of assisting the designing processes in the Brazilian agricultural sector. Given the representativeness of the sector in the economy, the boundary conditions in which the activities are developed and their impact on the health of workers, this proposal should contribute to the development of adaptable solutions and the promotion of Decent Work.


Abstract ReaxFF MD is a promising method for exploring complex chemical reactions, allowing large coal molecular systems simulated at high temperature. Due to the amorphous and diverse nature of coal chemical structure, model scale effect on the simulation of coal pyrolysis can be a big issue, which was investigated by comparing heat-up ReaxFF MD simulations of three Liulin coal models with 2338, 13,498 and 98,900 atoms. ReaxFF MD simulation results show its consistency in the observed trends of weight loss profiles and product generations lumped by C number for different model scales. The small-scale coal model facilitates observation of reaction sites, but can hardly access reasonable evolving trends of products and reactions. ReaxFF MD simulations of the coal model in middle scale can obtain much better evolving trends of pyrolyzates and reproduce some reaction pathways. But certain fluctuations or randomness of reactions still exist in the evolution trends of representative products. The diversity of chemical reactions in coal pyrolysis can be much more accessible by employing the large-scale coal model, thus permitting distinguishable evolving trends in pyrolyzates.


A large body of experimental and clinical data have documented the damaging effects of light exposure on photoreceptor cells although the identities of the biologically relevant molecular targets of photodamage are still uncertain. Several lines of evidence point to retinoids or retinoid derivatives as chromophores that can mediate light damage. We report here that ABCR, a photoreceptor-specific transporter involved in the recycling of all-trans-retinal, is unusually sensitive to photooxidation damage mediated by all-trans-retinal in vitro. Partial loss of ABCR function is responsible for Stargardt macular dystrophy, which is associated with accumulation of A2E, a diretinoid adduct within the retinal pigment epithelium. Photodamage to ABCR causes it to aggregate in SDS gels and results in the loss of retinal-stimulated ATPase activity. Peripherin/RDS and ROM-1, two structural proteins that colocalize with ABCR at the outer segment disc rim, are also significantly more susceptible to all-trans-retinal-mediated photodamage than are the major proteins from the rod outer segment. These observations imply that there may be specific protein targets of photodamage within the outer segment, and they may be especially relevant to assessing the risk of light exposure in those individuals who already have diminished ABCR activity due to mutation in one or both copies of the ABCRgene.


Abstract Yeast Single-Cell Proteins (SCP) production using various agro-industrial byproducts and wastes have significant potential as an alternative to the soy meal, and fish meal protein used for livestock and aquaculture feeds. The use of organic wastes as a substrate in the fermentation processes can be accepted as one of the solutions to reduce the total price of the culture and an environmentally friendlier method of removing these residues. This review article focuses on the yeast biomass yield and protein content increase strategies, which is impossible without understanding metabolic pathways and switching mechanisms. The present work discusses optimization strategies for protein-enriched yeast biomass production, such as fermentation medium composition, including a selection of carbon and nitrogen sources and their ratio, supplemented trace elements, and cultivation conditions such as pH, temperature, time of cultivation, and inoculum size. This review summarizes the theoretical knowledge and experimental results of other researchers that provide an overview of the achievements of the last decades in the production of SCP.


In the early modern period, families of popes had an extraordinary ability to shape Rome9s architectural and urban fabric. The most important architectural project of any papal family in the papal capital was their palace. In 1753, when Cardinal Neri Corsini contentedly surveyed his palace, the satisfaction he felt would have been familiar to papal relatives for more than 250 years. But unlike generations of papal nephews before him, Neri could take added pride in the fact that he had done it all on his own, relying on his wit rather than the papal coffers. The Palazzo Corsini, like the Palazzo Albani and the Palazzo Braschi, was a rarity in eighteenth-century Rome. Through a combination of the traditional practice of careful study of primary sources with cultural history, broadly conceived, this article illuminates the set of political exigencies and social circumstances that led to the extinction of this architectural form, which had shaped the Eternal City for centuries.


Specific IgE to gliadin was proposed as a marker for wheat dependent exercise induced anaphylaxis, while Tri a 14 was found to induce IgE response in baker's asthma. We evaluated whether these components could be used for discriminating phenotypes of wheat allergy. Twenty-nine patients who were wheat-induced anaphylaxis and/or urticaria (n=21, group I) and baker's asthma (n=8, group II) were enrolled. The prevalence of serum specific IgE to Tri a 14 was higher in group II (25%) than in group I (4.8%), while the serum specific IgE to gliadin was significantly higher in group I (70%) than in group II (12.5%). The cutoff value for predicting the baker's asthma using the ratio of serum specific IgE to Tri a 14 to gliadin was 742.8 optical density×1,000/(kU/L) with high sensitivity and specificity. These findings suggest that Tri a 14/gliadin may be a potential marker for predicting baker's asthma.


Video‐intensification fluorescence microscopy has been used to study the cell surface distribution of the complement receptor (CR) for C3bi (CR3) on human neutrophils. Fluorescin‐ or rhodamine‐labeled monoclonal IgG or Fab fragments of antireceptor antibody were used as probes of receptor localization. C3bi receptors are uniformly distributed on untreated cells. Glass coverslips were coated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and serum was added; the serum deposits complement components, including C3bi, on the surface. When neutrophils were adherent to these coverslips, receptors were found in large clusters, and a fraction of the fluorescence remained uniform. Double‐labeling studies were conducted by first labeling with anti‐CR3 followed by attachment to LPS/serum‐treated slides. This, in turn, was followed by labeling with the antibody conjugated to a second fluorophore. These studies revealed that the CR3 clusters were predominantly new antigenic sites exposed after attachment to the LPS/serum‐treated slides. To determine the contribution of granule‐associated CR3, we have studied neutrophils defective in receptor up‐regulation, neutrophil cytoplasts, and a stimulator of granule release, A23187. Neutrophils from a patient with specific granule deficiency were found to be defective in granular CR3 and did not form clusters on C3‐modified surfaces. The patient's neutrophils were defective in CR3 up‐regulation and enzyme release as shown by fluorescence flow cytometry and gelatinase release, respectively. Cytoplasts also failed to show CR3 clusters on LPS/serum‐treated coverslips. Furthermore, neutrophils treated with A23187 demonstrated numerous CR3 clusters. We suggest that formation of CR3 membrane domains during immune recognition requires the participation of intracellular granules. We speculate that these domains are formed by fusion of CR3‐bearing granules at local sites of adhesion.


In a previous paper, we outlined how jasmonic acid (JA) and gibberellin-like substances participate in the initiation of tuber enlargement in water yams (Dioscoyea alata L.). In this study, we examined the relationship between the initiation of tuber enlargement and the changes in the content of endogenous JA in water yams subjected to short day treatment and exposes to natural day length. Synthesis of JA was activated by short day length. The time when the JA content became maximum varied in each strain and occurred earlier in the extremely early maturing strains than in the late maturing strains. In each strain, the peak of the JA content coincided with the initiation of tuber enlargement. However, the JA content decreased significantly after the initiation of tuber enlargement in each strain, even though vigorous growth and enlargement of the tuber continued thereafter. The results of this study indicate that JA may be related to the initiation of tuber enlargement in water yam. The JA content of the late maturing strains exceeded that of the extremely early maturing strains, suggesting that the sensitivity to JA varies with the earliness of each strain.


Hydrocarbons released into ecosystems have led to environmental pollution and generated a serious threat to human health. Bioremediation is an effective method to break down hazardous hydrophobic environmental contaminants with avoiding economic and technical disadvantages. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Bacillus subtilis SE1, a lipopeptide biosurfactant producer isolated from a petrochemical contaminated soil, on biodegradation of gasoline, diesel oil, crude oil and used engine oil in soil microcosms. During 35-day incubation, numbers of soil bacteria in petrochemical contaminated soils with B. subtilis SE1 addition significantly (P < 0.05) increased in comparison with the oil-free soils. Bioaugmentation of SE1 strain also produced a significant (P < 0.05) increase in percent reduction of total phenolic content in oil-polluted soils as compared to the control soils at the end of experiment. This study indicates that B. subtilis SE1 can be a promising hydrocarbon degrader for in situ bioremediation of soil environment polluted with petroleum and petrochemical products.

 Key words: Bacillus subtilis, biodegradation, bioremediation, gasoline, diesel, crude oil, engine oil.


Surveillance was enhanced and a retrospective interview study performed in 1998-99 to determine incidence, causes, and costs of foodborne illnesses in Uppsala, Sweden. Sixty-eight percent of the detected foodborne illness incidents were single cases, and 32% were outbreaks. Most (85%) of the incidents came to the attention of the municipal authorities through telephone calls from affected persons. Calicivirus, Campylobacter spp., and Staphyloccocus aureus were the most common etiological agents; meat, meat products, and mixed dishes were the most implicated food categories. The incidence of foodborne illness was estimated to be 38 cases per 1,000 inhabitants per year. The estimated average costs per illness were 2,164 Swedish Krona (SEK) ($246) to society and 500 SEK ($57) to the patient. The annual cost of foodborne illnesses in Sweden was estimated to be 1,082 million SEK ($123 million).


Given the importance of personality in affecting learners' behaviours, it becomes necessary to take it into consideration when designing online learning environments. However, the traditional method to identify personality, namely questionnaires, could be inaccurate as learners might try to look in a fashionable way when they are assessed by others. Therefore, this study presents a new developed Behavioural Analytics (BA) MoodIe plug-in which can help in identifying learners' personalities based on their learning behaviour patterns. In particular, this plug-in applies the k-means machine learning algorithm to cluster the learners based on their common learning behaviours in a specific course. To evaluate the accuracy of the personality identification based on the clustering results, a pilot was conducted at a public Tunisian university with 23 learners enrolled in an online course. The obtained results highlighted that the BA plug-in clustering has a good accuracy rate which is 65% in predicting extraversion personality. The obtained findings can help to understand the behavioural patterns of learners according to their personalities, hence designing personalized learning environments accordingly.


Topological Data Analysis (TDA) is a rapidly growing field, which studies methods for learning underlying topological structures present in complex data representations. TDA methods have found recent success in extracting useful geometric structures for a wide range of applications, including protein classification, neuroscience, and time-series analysis. However, in many such applications, one is also interested in sequentially detecting changes in this topological structure. We propose a new method called Persistence Diagram based Change-Point (PD-CP), which tackles this problem by integrating the widely-used persistence diagrams in TDA with recent developments in nonparametric change-point detection. The key novelty in PD-CP is that it leverages the distribution of points on persistence diagrams for online detection of topological changes. We demonstrate the effectiveness of PD-CP in an application to solar flare monitoring.


Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there is wide variation in the microbial etiology, CAP may manifest with similar symptoms, making institution of proper treatment challenging. Therefore, etiological diagnosis is important to ensure that correct treatment and necessary infection control measures are instituted. This provides a challenge for conventional microbial diagnostic methods, typically based on culture and direct antigen tests. Moreover, existing molecular biomarkers have poor prognostic value. Few studies have investigated the global metabolic response during infection and virtually nothing is known about early responses after the start of antimicrobial treatment. The aim of this work was to improve diagnostic and predictive methods for CAP. In paper I, a qPCR panel targeting 15 pathogens known to cause CAP was developed and evaluated. It combined identification of bacterial pathogens and viruses in the same diagnostic platform. The method proved to be robust and the results consistent with those obtained by standard methods. The panel approach, compared to conventional, selective diagnostics, detected a larger number of pathogens. In Paper II, whole blood samples from 65 patients with bacteremic sepsis were analyzed for metabolite profiles. Forty-nine patients with symptoms of sepsis, but later attributed to other diagnoses, were matched according to age and sex and served as a control group. Six metabolites were identified, all of which predicted growth of bacteria in blood culture. One of the metabolites, myristic acid, alone predicted bacteremic sepsis with a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 95%. Paper III and IV were based on a clinical study enrolling 35 patients with suspected CAP in need of hospital care. The aim was to study the metabolic response during the early phase of acute infection. The qPCR panel developed in Paper I was used to obtain the microbial etiological diagnosis. Paper IV focused on the global metabolic response and highlighted the dynamics of changes in major metabolic pathways during early recovery. A specific metabolite pattern for M. pneumoniae etiology was found. Four metabolites accurately predicted all but one patient as either M. pneumoniae etiology or not. Paper III looked at phospholipid levels during the first 48 hours after hospital admission. It was found that all major phospholipid species, especially the lysophosphatidylcholines, were pronouncedly decreased during acute infection. Levels started to increase the day after admission, reaching statistical significance at 48 hours. Paper II-IV showed that metabolomics might be used to study a number of different aspects of infection, such as etiology, disease progress and recovery. Knowledge of the metabolic profiles of patients may not only be utilized for biomarker discovery, as proposed in this work, but also for the future development of targeted therapies and supportive treatment.


An ewTrachyzelotes spider species, Trachyzelotes minutus n. sp. is described. The new species likely belongs to the ''barbatus group'', based on the rounded embolus base and terminal apophysis, as well as the anterolaterally expanded copulatory ducts. Trachyzelotes minutus may be a sister species of T. fuscipes, given the similarities of the embolus and terminal apophysis.


Premature birth of a defective infant challenges personal and family integrity, and immediate intervention is optimal in reaching a positive outcome. The G. case exemplifies many aspects of crisis theory; worker intervention was built around them. As the G. family struggled with the impact of a severely damaged infant, a broad range of worker techniques, based on the parents' strengths and personal backgrounds, was required. Intervention was significant in effecting a positive resolution. This article details the events endured by the G. family, and the way in which they experienced them during their baby's first 3 weeks of life.


Bone echinococcosis affects the spine and pelvis in 60% of cases. Bone lesions may be silent for between 10 and 20 years. The capsules progress aggressively through the medullary canal and replace the trabecular bone without forming cysts, as occurs in the organs, thus making anaplylaxis rare. The combination of chemotherapy and surgery facilitates anesthetic management and reduces the incidence of anaphylactic events and disease recurrence.


Molecular chaperones, or heat shock proteins (HSPs), protect against the toxic misfolding and aggregation of proteins. As such, mutations or deficiencies within the chaperone network can lead to disease. In fact, dominant mutations in DNAJB6 (Hsp40/Sis1), an Hsp70 co-chaperone, leads to a protein aggregate myopathy termed Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type D1 (LGMDD1). DNAJB6 client proteins and co-chaperone interactions in skeletal muscle are not known. Here, we used the yeast prion model client in conjunction with in vitro chaperone activity assays to gain mechanistic insights, and found that LGMDD1 mutants affect Hsp40 functions. Strikingly, the mutants changed the structure of client protein aggregates, as determined by altered distribution of prion strains. They also impair the Hsp70 ATPase cycle, dimerization, and substrate processing and consequently poison the function of wild-type protein. These results define the mechanisms by which LGMDD1 mutations alter chaperone activity and provide avenues for therapeutic intervention.


Trifolium species are native to the Mediterranean Basin where they are an important component of permanent pastures. A number of species have become naturalized in Australia and are agriculturally important in annual pastures. To understand the importance of genetic and ecotypic variation in the adaptation of Trifolium species to a new environment, seeds of three predominantly inbreeding and two predominantly outcrossing species of Trifolium were collected from 12 sites in Sardinia in 1998. Detailed ecogeographic information was collected at each site. The progeny were grown at the University of Western Australia Field Station at Shenton Park, Western Australia in 1999, and were scored for 10 morphological characters. Spatial analysis was applied to the data to improve the estimation of accession means, and to investigate the relationship with environmental variables that characterized the sites of collection. The spatially adjusted means were used as the basis for a principal components analysis. Ecogeographical factors at the sites of collection, particularly soil pH, are suggested to be more important than breeding system in determining the extent of genetic variation within the species. The species that showed the greatest genetic variation between accessions were the predominantly inbreeding species T. glomeratum and T. subterraneum, and the predominantly outcrossing species T. nigrescens. It is suggested that the wide genetic variation of these three species is largely due to their being in an ecogeographic environment close to their optimum, and to the possession of a mating system that is neither completely outcrossing nor completely self-fertilizing. The remaining two species, T. tomentosum and T. resupinatum, both occur more frequently on alkaline soils, and it is suggested that for the collected accessions of these two species the acid soils of Sardinia are a stressful environment that does not promote high levels of genetic variation.


In this paper air traffic density is introduced as a new method for predicting and resolving aircraft conflicts. Based on a simplified stochastic differential equation model of aircraft dynamics, a simulation-based method is employed to predict the likelihood of aircraft presence in different part of the airspace. Air traffic density generated thus indicates the congestion zones to be avoided. The conflict resolution is then performed by solving an optimization trajectory planning problem. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithms.


Let $G$ be a finite group of Lie type. In order to determine the character table of $G$, Lusztig developed the theory of character sheaves. In this framework, one has to find the transformation between two bases for the space of class functions on $G$, one of them being the irreducible characters of $G$, the other one consisting of characteristic functions associated to character sheaves. In principle, this has been achieved by Lusztig and Shoji, but the underlying process involves some scalars which are still unknown in many cases. The problem of specifying these scalars can be reduced to considering cuspidal character sheaves. We will deal with the latter for the specific case where $G=E_7(q)$, and $q$ is a power of the bad prime $p=2$ for $E_7$.


The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between local communities' involvement and sustainable rural tourism development in the existing tourism industry in Kuching namely, Kampung Annah Rais and Kampung Darul Islam Belimbing. In tourism industry, the way how tourism stakeholders are pleased with mass tourism have been deeply affecting the achievement of sustainable rural tourism development. A questionnaire survey was carried out among the local communities who are currently staying and have been staying in these rural tourism destinations for more than a year. A sample of 113 usable questionnaires was obtained. Four hypotheses were developed regarding the effects of participation in decision making, knowledge sharing, empowerment, and community knowledge about tourism on social, cultural, economic, and environmental sustainability. The findings suggest that local communities' participation in decision making, empowerment, and community knowledge about tourism do affect the sustainability of rural tourism development. Interestingly, findings indicated that knowledge sharing does not show positive relationship on sustainable rural tourism development. It is believed that poor relationship among the tourism stakeholders influences the effectiveness of knowledge sharing. Suggestions for practical implications and future research are discussed further.


We describe a new species of terrestrial-breeding frog of the genus Noblella from the northwestern slopes of the Andes of Ecuador, in the province of Pichincha, Ecuador, and report a new locality for the recently described N. worleyae. We include a detailed description of the osteology of both species and discuss their phylogenetic relationships. The new species is differentiated from other species of Noblella by having discs of fingers rounded, without papillae; distal phalanges only slightly T-shaped; toes slightly expanded and rounded distally, without papillae; dorsum uniform brown with irregular suprainguinal dark brown marks; venter yellowish cream, ventral surfaces of legs and thighs reddish to brownish cream; and dark brown throat. The new locality for N. worleyae is located in Los Cedros Reserve, an area highly threatened by mining. We highlight the importance of protecting endemic species of small vertebrates in northwestern Ecuador.


Clock skew is defined as the rate of deviation of a device clock from the true time. The frequency of a device's clock actually depends on its environment, such as the temperature and humidity, as well as the type of crystal. The main contributions of this paper are two-fold. First, we experimentally validate that MICAz and TelosB sensor motes have different and unique clock skews. Furthermore, the clock skew of a node can easily be monitored, even via a multi-hop Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). We argue that this feature can be used for identification of the nodes, detection of Wormhole and Sybil attacks. Second, we show that the clock skew of a sensor node varies with the temperature. We explain how this property can be used to detect malicious and mal-functioning nodes and to geo-localize them.


The essay aims at pointing out the origins of Damascius' ineffable principle. In Damascius' De principiis the first principle is totally unknowable, since it is beyond One; this radical thesis is not similar to the speculation from Proclus to Plotinus but it has a close relationship only to Iamblichus, more than two centuries before Damascius. It will be argued that placing a principle beyond One was risky, because it rejects the henologic paradigm, traditional in the Neoplatonic system. Therefore Iamblichus did not fully develop his proposal and was resumed only by Damascus in his theoretical radicalism. As a result the passages in which Iamblichus spoke of an ineffable principle superior to One are preserved only by Damascius and are almost unknown to all the authors in the middle.


We have developed a model for gamma ray emission in jets of active galactic nuclei in which particle acceleration takes place at a shock in the relativistic jet plasma due to a massive star in the central region of the host galaxy moving through the jet. The gamma rays are produced in a pair-Compton cascade in the radiation field of the star initiated by accelerated electrons. Our model may account for the observed GeV to TeV gamma ray spectrum and variability of Markarian 421 and other blazars detected by the EGRET instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory.


Author(s): KIM, SOO JUNG | Advisor(s): Holloway, Susan D | Abstract: The present study was designed to examine the dynamic relationships between the antecedents of autonomy-supportive parenting (the two parents' psychological resources, namely enjoyment of parenting and PSE), specific autonomy-supportive parenting behaviors (harshness, permissiveness, inconsistency, and responsiveness), and children's self-regulation development and academic skills within the contemporary Korean cultural context.Structural equation modeling was conducted with a sample of 234 Korean mothers of pre-primary aged children in the Incheon City area in South Korea. The results indicated that the four autonomy-supportive parenting behaviors have a unique cultural function in these relationships, within the Korean cultural context. Specifically, harshness negatively predicted children's self-regulation development (emotional and cognitive regulation), whereas inconsistency positively predicted children's self-regulation development (emotional and cognitive regulation). Permissiveness and responsiveness did not predict self-regulation development (emotional and cognitive regulation) among the children with statistical significance. Furthermore, as the antecedents of the parenting behaviors that support children's self-regulation development, the mothers' psychological resources (i.e., PSE and enjoyment of parenting) enabled them to parent in a way that supported their children's self-regulation development. Finally, the nature of this relationship varied depending on a child's gender. Specifically, the paths from enjoyment of parenting to permissiveness in parenting behaviors were moderated by the child's gender. The results of this study underscore the importance of exercising caution about the culturally unique meaning inherent in Korean mothers' autonomy-supportive parenting behaviors, and the effects of these behaviors on children's self-regulation development from an indigenous perspective. However, given the within-group variations, this study also found evidence that the culturally unique nature of the relationship between the specific autonomy-supportive parenting behaviors and children's self-regulation development does not apply equally to every individual in this cultural context.


An omnidirectional light collector consisting of an axisymmetric spatially gradient refractive index medium can almost perfectly absorb light rays, regardless of where they come from. Based on the conformal mapping with complex gradient-index medium, the omnidirectional light collector, which is here called a dark hole, is able to be designed with an exponential function. The dark hole, however, has a reflective boundary where the Fresnel reflection occurs, which might lessen the absorption efficiency. To design a dark hole with consideration of the Fresnel reflection loss, a method to estimate its absorptance is necessary. Therefore, a formula to calculate the absorptance of the dark hole is derived based on the Lagrangian optics with the etendue conservation. Absorptances calculated using the formula agree well with those calculated using the Mie scattering theory in refractive index small-difference limit, which validates the formula. Absorptance of a dark hole with a silicon core and another dark hole with a complex gradient-index intermediate medium are calculated using the formula to be more than 98.8%. A micro-size dark hole is also shown to efficiently collect light rays with an absorptance of more than 95% using FDTD (finite-difference time-domain) simulation.


3D-seismic data have increasingly shifted seismic interpretation work from a horizons-based to a volume-based focus over the past decade. The size of the identification and mapping work has therefore become difficult and requires faster and better tools. Faults, for instance, are one of the most significant features of subsurface geology interpreted from seismic data. Detailed fault interpretation is very important in reservoir characterization and modeling. The conventional manual fault picking is a time-consuming and inefficient process. It becomes more challenging and error-prone when dealing with poor quality seismic data under gas chimneys. Several seismic attributes are available for faults and discontinuity detection and are applied with varying degrees of success. We present a hybrid workflow that combines a semblance-based fault likelihood attribute with a conventional ant-tracking attribute. This innovative workflow generates optimized discontinuity volumes for fault detection and automatic extraction. The data optimization and conditioning processes are applied to suppress random and coherent noise first, and then a combination of seismic attributes is generated and co-rendered to enhance the discontinuities. The result is the volume with razor sharp discontinuities which are tracked and extracted automatically. Contrary to several available fault tracking techniques that use local seismic continuity like coherency attributes, our hybrid method is based on directed semblance, which incorporates aspects of Dave Hale's superior fault-oriented semblance algorithm. The methodology is applied on a complex faulted reservoir interval under gas chimneys in a Malaysian basin, yet the results were promising. Despite the poor data quality, the methodology led to detailed discontinuity information with several major and minor faults extracted automatically. This hybrid approach not only improved the fault tracking accuracy but also significantly reduced the fault interpretation time and associated uncertainty. It is equally helpful in detecting any seismic objects like fracture, chimneys, and stratigraphic features.


Lower Pennsylvanian (Namurian and lower Westphalian) sediments of maritime Canada were deposited in alluvial and lacustrine environments. Thick (> 3.5 km, 2.1 mi) sequences of these sediments accumulated within structural basins formed between strike-slip faults. Movement of the faults during the Namurian caused uplift in compressional areas. These positive areas, consisting of crystalline rocks and older Carboniferous sediments, provided a local supply of coarse sediment to the basin. In some cases, the positive areas excluded the introduction of sediment from large rivers sourced well outside the depositional basin. Large lakes were common in the Namurian and were probably a result of the relatively small amount of sediment that entered the basins. This sediment-starvation is also indicated by sequences of stacked paleosols that provide evidence of slow rates of sedimentation. A detailed study of the sediments indicates a progressive climatic change from arid conditions, with evaporites, in the lower Namurian to humid conditions, with coal deposits, in the Westphalian. This climatic change is reflected by an increase in the size of the extra-basinal river systems in younger formations. By the mid-Westphalian, the influx of sediment to the area was so great that the topographic basins were essentially infilled. Westphalian lakes were shallow and of limited lateral extent. Anomalously thick sequences of overbank sediments and stacked point-bar deposits are present, suggesting that tectonic movements were still sufficiently strong to influence the style of fluvial architecture. End_of_Article - Last_Page 505------------


We present the case of a 33‐year‐old female who developed a cystic nodule on the vulva during pregnancy. Immediately following Cesarean section, the lesion was biopsied and histologic examination revealed a dermal tumor composed of glandular structures arranged in a labyrinth pattern. The glandular structures displayed cytoplasmic vacuolization, large atypical nuclei, prominent nucleoli and scattered eosinophilic luminal secretions. Immunohistochemistry showed the tumor cells to be diffusely positive for CK7 and progesterone receptor with focal expression of mammaglobin and GCDFP‐15. The tumor cells were negative for estrogen receptor and CK20. These histologic and immunophenotypic findings were consistent with hidradenoma papilliferum. Our unusual (and to our knowledge first reported) case demonstrates hidradenoma papilliferum in association with pregnancy and raises the possibility of cytologic atypia and lactational change being secondary to hormonal changes in pregnancy.


Faculty "inbreeding," though deplored in the university studied, is practiced there as a functional necessity for that university's participation in the national academic labor market, where it is handicapped by location and inadequate finances. The consequence is a systematic discrimination against the inbred faculty member. This hypothesis is tested by propositions relating to working conditions of junior faculty with data comparing inbred and non-imbred on such variables as rank, load, and productivity. The findings support the hypothesis, since significant differences between the inbred and the non-inbred are positively associated with the university's control.


Higher education institutions' wireless networks have different roles and network requirements, ranging from educational platforms and informative consultations. Currently, the inefficient use of network resources, poor wireless planning, and other factors, affect having a robust and stable network platform. Different authors have investigated the various strategies for the optimization of wireless infrastructures. Still, most of the cases studied aim to improve traditional performance variables without considering maximizing the level of user satisfaction, which represents a flaw that this research paper hopes to solve through SDWN and a predictive model.  The authors will determine an appropriate methodology to estimate the user's level of satisfaction through an algorithm or predictive model based on nonlinear multiple regression supported on network performance variables, making a characterization of the project's environment analyzing the wireless conditions. The investigation phases will follow the life cycle guidelines defined by the Cisco PPDIOO methodology (Prepare, Plan, Design, Implement, Operate, Optimize). As a result, it is expected that the project will be the beginning of academic research that will help create strategies to optimize the WiFi network of any educational institution to maximize user satisfaction. In short, the optimization process provides the network with differentiating factors through a modular design with variable modification of parameters according to the users' requirements and needs.


【Reactor Vessel is one of the most important structural parts of nuclear power plant. It is manufactured by various steel forgings such as shell, head and transition ring. Head forgings have been made by open die forging process. After steel melting and ingot making, open die forging has been carried out to get a good quality which means high soundness and homogeniety of the steel forgings by using high capacity hydraulic press. This paper introduced the open die forging process and manufacturing experience of large head forgings which can be used for the reactor vessel of 1,000MW nuclear power plant.】


the complex structure of an iris image result in the difficulty of iris representation especially for iris images of insufficient quality.it has been found that several accurate iris recognition algorithms employ multiscale techniques, which provide a well suited representation for iris data. existing methods either assume that iris images are of sufficient quality or devote much effort to accurately segment them. To address this problem especially when images are noisy or distorted this book proposes a new multiscale approach as a pre-processing step to efficiently localise the iris followed by a new normalisation scheme based on both an optimum unwrapping reference to capture the data and dynamic size to avoid inherent interpolation inefficiencies which cause loss of information. A feature extraction technique, which is based on a combination of some multiscale feature extraction techniques, is also proposed and evaluated.In addition, optimisation techniques are proposed to reduce the effect of eyelids and eyelashes.The experimental results have shown that the proposed system could be used for personal verification in an efficient and effective manner


In pressure vessel at the junction of skirt to head (Dished end) are subjected to a combination of thermal stress and structural stress. Due to excessive temperature gradient at junction in hot operating cases can cause unpredicted high thermal stresses and high pressure cause high structural stresses which makes design of vessel critical. Then fracture of the vessel may occur as a result of cyclic operation. So motive of this paper is to reviewing different research paper on skirt to head joint and finding different causes and parameter of crack generation.


The decade following the American defeat in Vietnam has been filled with doubts about American politics and values, confusion over the lessons of the war, and anger about the physical and psychological suffering that occurred during the war as well as thereafter. In the years since the U.S. withdrawal, our need to make sense of Vietnam has prompted an outpouring of thinking and writing, from scholarly reappraisals of American foreign policy to highly personal accounts of participants. On the tenth anniversary of the final U. S. withdrawal, the Asia Society sponsored a conference on the Vietnam experience in American literature at which leading writers, critics, publishers, commentators, and academics wrestled with this phenomenon. Drawing on the synergy of this conference, Timothy J. Lomperis has produced an original work that focuses on the growing body of literature-including novels, personal accounts, and oral histories-which describes the experiences of American soldiers in Vietnam as well as the experience of veterans upon their return home.


The size distribution and synthesis of polypeptide chains and the polysome patterns were studied during sporulation of the slime mold Physarum polycephalum, and were compared with nonsporulating controls. The proteins were divided into a 27,000 × g supernatant (buffer-soluble proteins) and a pellet (buffer-insoluble proteins) while still native. The sodium dodecyl sulfate complexes of the denatured proteins were separated on polyacrylamide gels containing urea. The following differences were found between sporulating and nonsporulating cultures. (i) The distribution of the soluble proteins into bands from sporulating and control cultures was the same in stained patterns; however, there was a slight shift toward increased synthesis of larger polypeptide chains in the radioactivity patterns of the soluble proteins in sporulating cultures. (ii) The amount of histones in the sporulating cultures was less than 30% of the values in the controls. Also, histone synthesis was reduced to less than 10% of that in the nonsporulating controls. In addition, proteins in three defined regions, corresponding to molecular weights of 70,000 to 75,000 (I), 55,000 (II), and 41,000 (III), were synthesized in sporulating cultures at a rate at least twice that in controls. Polypeptides corresponding to peaks I and II could be extracted from purified walls of mature spores. (iii) The polysome pattern as revealed by sucrose density centrifugation showed a breakdown of heavy polysomes at 3 hr after illumination, with their reappearance 4 hr later. The latter pattern, however, differed from that of the nonsporulating control in that the amount of light polysomes was reduced. This might account for the reduction in histone synthesis.


The process of finding the appropriate agent behavior is a cumbersome task -- no matter whether it is for agent-based software or simulation models. Machine Learning can help by generating partial or preliminary versions of the agent low-level behavior. However, for actually being useful for the human modeler the results should be interpretable, which may require some post-processing step after the actual behavior learning. In this contribution we test the sensitivity of the resulting, interpretable behavior program with respect to parameters and components of the function that describes the intended behavior.


The importance of individual's entrepreneurship influence to economical, social, psycholog-ical processes of society development are constantly increasing in a modern society.  The develop-ment trajectory and trend of society's progress depend on a figure of entrepreneurs and their skills. The entrepreneurship of individual helps to perceive and penetrate new possibilities of activity de-velopment, by increasing a well-being of society. The economic, social, psychological meaning of entrepreneurship strengthens the question of individual's entrepreneurship development. The lack of conceptual and method-based attitude to student's entrepreneurship develop-ment is a relevant and a scientific problem to be solved. The absence of complex students' entre-preneurship development model leaves an empty niche in the analysis of entrepreneurship phenom-enon. The scientific problem – how to develop the entrepreneurship of students in the level of higher educational institutions, by activating intentions of own business establishment – is analysed in this dissertation. The object of research is entrepreneurship development of students in Lithuania. The goal of the research is to build a model of entrepreneurship development by indicating factors, influencing students' intentions of own business establishment, on which basis the perspec-tive trends of entrepreneurship development of students in Lithuania could be foreseen. While seek-ing a formulised goal, the specific tasks of this research are the following:     to analyse scientific literature, analysing the concept of entrepreneurship.     to identify personal features and skills, required for students' entrepreneurship development.     to build a model of entrepreneurship development, to be applied for students in higher educational system.     to analyse a built students' entrepreneurship development model empirically.     to provide proposals how to improve a process of entrepreneurship development in Higher Educational Institutions of Lithuania. Methods of scientific research. Scientific literature analysis, systemization, synthesis, gener-alisation and comparative methods are used for theoretical researches. In order to receive infor-mation on students' entrepreneurship development, a direct data collection by interviewing target group of research was carried out. SPSS program was used for research data summarization and quantitative data processing methods were applied. Descriptive statistics methods were applied to setting and evaluation of significant factors of entrepreneurship development, an interpretation of average evaluation was calculated, as well as methods of correlation analysis (the Pearson's and Spearmen's correlation coefficient was calculated) factor and variance analysis (ANOVA) were ap-plied in the research, too. JEL codes: I230, A230, M100.


Objective
The management of postoperative pain is a major health care issue. While the cost of intravenous acetaminophen (IVA) is significantly greater than its oral acetaminophen (OA) counterpart, less is known regarding comparative effectiveness of these routes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether perioperative IVA is equivalent in reducing postoperative pain compared with perioperative OA for laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LapChole).

Design
Double-blinded, prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial.

Setting
Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina.

Subjects
Adults (age > 18 years) active duty military, veterans, and beneficiaries receiving a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Methods
This study was conducted at Womack Army Medical Center (WAMC), Fort Bragg, North Carolina, between January 2013 and June 2015. Sixty-seven subjects with symptomatic cholelithiasis were randomly assigned to receive two doses (1,000 mg each) of either IVA or OA. A numerical rating scale (NRS) score of pain was obtained preoperatively and every six hours for 24 hours postoperation. The primary objective was to assess whether treatment groups had significantly different 24-hour postoperative sum of pain intensity differences (SPID24) using an analysis of covariance test.

Results
Sixty subjects completed the study and were included in the analysis. Treatment groups did not differ in SPID24, even when controlling for age, gender, and preoperative pain levels (F(1,55) = 0.39, P = 0.54, partial η2 = 0.007), nor did 24-hour opioid consumption when controlling for age, gender, and operation time (F(1, 46) = 0.47, P = 0.50, partial η2 = 0.01). Furthermore, treatment groups were equally as likely to report average postoperative NRS scores of 4 or higher (β = 0.24, Exp(B) = 1.28, P = 0.68).

Conclusions
The results show no evidence of differences between IVA or OA in pain or opioid consumption among a sample of patients undergoing LapChole. Due to low sample size, these descriptive findings warrant larger studies, which may have a significant economic impact.


Material contributes greatly to the total cost of construction. Effective material
procurement can yield significant cost savings, profit maximization and improved
client satisfaction. The a
influence on material procurement.
research design, with the aid of
mainland area of Lagos metropolis, Nigeria
multilayered perceptron network model. The findings reveal volume of
reputation of manufacturers/suppliers
outcome of material price
to predict material quality.
procurement is unstable. At some time material prices are docile and pick up
gradually while at other times material prices appreciate and suddenly crash.
findings of the study have strong implications
construction site, particularly in fast
adoption of effective material
between material price, material quality and time of material
important in achieving construction


This case shows an unusual intracranial cause of chronic headache in a 30-year-old female. Computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging were used to demonstrate an intracranial, dermoid cyst located in the left middle cranial fossa. Droplets of fat-like material, which leaked from this cyst, were present in the basilar subarachnoid spaces and left sylvian fissure. Since the surgical excision of the cyst, the patient has not had any severe headaches.


This thesis is concerned with the relationship between economic restructuring, the changing division of labour and social stratification, with particular reference to New Zealand in the period since the 1980s. It begins with a critique of theories of capitalist development, leading to the adoption of an approach which focuses on both the longterm evolution of the division of labour and the ways in which production and employment are subject to periodic upheavals from episodes of economic crisis and restructuring. The regulation approach is used to analyse the restructuring of the New Zealand economy following the global crisis of the 1970s, which transformed it from a model based on mass production and interventionist regulation to one based on flexible production and liberal regulation. This provides a context for analysing related changes in employment, focussing particularly on the massive job losses in New Zealand's goods-producing industries, the subsequent period of high unemployment and the eventual resurgence in job growth based on more flexible use of labour, expansion in producer and consumer service industries, and growth in both skilled and routine whitecollar occupations. The remainder of the thesis is concerned with the effects of these changes on patterns of social stratification. A consideration of the theoretical and conceptual issues surrounding class, stratification and the division of labour leads to the development of a model of class structure based on relations of production and hierarchical divisions of labour. Census data is reclassified to fit the model and analysed to show changes in patterns of stratification since the 1980s, looking particularly at shifts in the relative size and composition of middle-class and working-class employment and the implications for class formation. The model is also used to analyse changes in structural inequalities between the sexes and between ethnic groups, with a focus on the ways in which different groups were affected by the restructuring process and how this was influenced by historically gendered and ethnicised divisions of labour. The thesis concludes with an assessment of the extent of change in employment and stratification and whether this is indicative of a transition to a post-industrial economy.


With increasing frequency, the federal government is a commercial actor, providing retail services both directly and indirectly through private sector contractors. Government involvement with and in the private sector is intended to capitalize on the expertise and efficiency of businesses, benefit the taxpayer, and promote public ends. Yet it also confers advantages that benefit the executive branch and its contractor allies at the expense of consumers and states. Our prior work examined how a muddle of doctrines that form a "sovereign shield" can be exploited by contractors and the federal executive branch to evade civil liability and regulatory oversight. It tied the expansion of the sovereign shield to the relative empowerment of the federal government at the expense of the states, the executive branch at the expense of the legislative branch, and the private sector at the expense of consumers. In developing a doctrinal response to the risks identified, this Article draws on insights of scholars who have studied federal-state relations, contractor-agency relations, and business-consumer relations and bridges the gap between these literatures into which the sovereign shield phenomenon falls.

This Article argues that the solution to the sovereign shield problem lies in redefining the question. In determining whether an actor may enjoy protection from liability and regulation under the sovereign shield, this Article proposes that the analysis should turn on the nature of the activity performed, not the identity of the actor performing it. If the activity is commercial, the actor—whether a government agency acting directly or indirectly through its government contractor—should not be protected. This Article provides a protocol for courts to implement such a proposal, drawing on well-established doctrines dating back to Supreme Court decisions from the early 19th century. Shifting to this activity-based approach will help preserve balances of power between states and the federal government, between the executive and legislative branch, and between businesses and consumers.


Objective
To determine the frequency and risk factors of perinatal death in women attending
Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad, Pakistan..
Methods
This retrospective study was carried out at Liaquat University Hospital, Hyderabad from
January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007, and all still births and early neonatal deaths from
record books of labour room and operation theatre were recorded. The fetal out come in
terms of weight, maturity and gross congenital anomalies were noted. The cause of death
was assessed in each case. Data was analyzed on SPSS 11.0
Results
Out of 2778 total births during the study period, 2576 were live births, 157 were still
births and 45 were early neonatal deaths (ENNDs). Perinatal mortality rate was 72.7%.
512 babies weighed


CONTEXT
Currently, fetal point mutations cannot be reliably analyzed from circulatory fetal DNA in maternal plasma, due to the predominance of maternal DNA sequences. However, analysis of circulatory fetal DNA sequences in maternal plasma have been shown to selectively enrich for fetal DNA molecules on the basis of a smaller molecular size than maternal DNA.

OBJECTIVE
To examine the prenatal analysis of 4 common beta-thalassemia point mutations: IVSI-1, IVSI-6, IVSI-110, and codon 39.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS
A total of 32 maternal blood samples were collected at 10 to 12 weeks of gestation (mean, 10.7 weeks) between February 15, 2003, and February 25, 2004, in Bari, Italy, from women with risk for beta-thalassemia in their newborns immediately prior to chorionic villous sampling. Samples in which the father and mother did not carry the same mutation were examined. Circulatory DNA was size-fractionated by gel electrophoresis and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified with a peptide-nucleic-acid clamp, which suppresses amplification of the normal maternal allele. Presence of the paternal mutant allele was detected by allele-specific real-time PCR.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE
Detection of paternally inherited beta-globin gene point mutations.

RESULTS
Presence or absence of the paternal mutant allele was correctly determined in 6 (86%) of 7 cases with the IVSI-1 mutation, 4 (100%) of 4 with the IVSI-6 mutation, 5 (100%) of 5 with the IVSI-110 mutation, and 13 (81%) of 16 with the codon 39 mutation. One false-positive test result was scored for the IVSI-1 mutation. Two cases with the codon 39 mutation were classified as uncertain and 1 case was excluded due to lack of a diagnostic test result at the time of analysis. These results yielded an overall sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 93.8%, with classified cases removed.

CONCLUSION
Our recently described technique of the size-fractionation of circulatory DNA in maternal plasma may be potentially useful for the noninvasive prenatal determination of fetal point mutations.


In recent years, several peer-to-peer carsharing systems have developed worldwide. They allow car owners to share their vehicles in exchange of a monetary compensation. The paper, starting from an online survey carried out in Milan in 2012, analyzes the potentiality of a possible peer-to-peer carsharing service. It investigates the propensity of users to share their vehicles, as well as the moments of the day in which they are willing to make the car available for sharing and the thresholds of minimum income required to take part to the scheme. The survey shows a moderate interest towards the scheme in general, evidencing also a good attitude towards the sharing of private vehicles, especially if made among a small group of trusted users. The supply function has been built starting from the amount of money requested by car owners and the stated windows of weekly availability to share their cars. The analysis of the supply function allows to discriminate between different types of users and highlights how some moments of the day (early morning) have greater potential in terms of available shared vehicles while others are characterized by higher monetary compensations desired by car owners to share their cars (evening).


A 22-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of high fever and shortness of breath. A chest CT showed centrilobular nodules and ground-glass attenuation in both lungs. Transbronchial lung biopsy specimens showed alveolitis including the infiltration of mononuclear cells and granulomas. He responded to treatment, but upon returning home the radiological findings and clinical symptoms reappeared. We focused on a dehumidifier because it had been used continuously in his room. Thermoactinomyces vulgaris presented in the air filter of the dehumidifier. The test of precipitation in response to Thermoactinomyces vulgaris was positive. The condition inside the dehumidifier of a high temperature and high humidity were suitable for the proliferation of Thermoactinomyces vulgaris. We diagnosed hypersensitity pneumonitis due to a dehumidifier contaminated by Thermoactinomyces vulgaris.


This is a comparative study of alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in plasma, red blood cells, and in lipoprotein fractions, and their interrelationships with plasma cholesterol and total lipids were studied in camel, cattle, and in sheep. Plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol levels in cattle were significantly higher than in camel or sheep (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05). Erythrocytes of the three species contained similar amounts of both alpha- and gamma-tocopherol. Plasma tocopherols distributed equally between plasma lipoprotein fractions of camel and cattle, but sheep had significantly higher LDL/HDL tocopherol ratios than camel or cattle (P < 0.05). All species had similar plasma tocopherol to total lipid ratios, but varied in RBC-to-plasma tocopherol ratios where sheep had significantly the highest ratio (P < 0.05). Plasma cholesterol and total lipids were positively correlated with plasma alpha- and gamma-tocopherol in all species, and were negatively correlated with alpha-tocopherol in the erythrocytes. gamma-Tocopherol in red blood cells correlated with cholesterol and total lipids negatively in camel and positively in cattle. The camel's unique adaptations to dehydration and rehydration may not be related to deference in vitamin E distribution within blood fractions. Plasma cholesterol level is probably the main determinant of blood tocopherol concentration and distribution pattern.


Objective. In order to evaluate the effect of copper parenteral supplementation on cupremia and weight gain in fattening bulls. Materials and methods. Fifty animals hybrids holstein and zebu were selected, with 18-20 months of age, 210 - 220 kg body weight, clinically healthy and in a system of intensive fattening. Two groups of 25 animals were divided, one control and another supplemented with 50 mg of intravenous Cu every 2 months to complete 3 applications; hemochemical indicators and weight gain were evaluated. The variables were compared using the t-Student test for independent samples and growth curves its parameters were determined. Results. Cu supplementation increased (p<0.001) the cupremia, hemoglobin and hematocrit, and (p<0.01) the average daily gain and the weight of the bulls, with increases in weight between .86 y 9.54 % for the treated group. Final Live weight (446 and 586 kg) and average daily gain (534 and 684 g/d) in control and treated group, respectively, were higher in the supplemented animals with Cu. Conclusions. The parenteral suplementation of 50 mg of Cu increased serum levels of Cu, hemoglobin, hematocrit and live weight gain in fattening bulls.


Single equation models of educational achievement that have been estimated by OLS have tended to ignore the effects of omitting relevant variables. These omitted variables may lead to biased and inconsistent estimates. Further, past research frequently obscures the correct interpretation of the estimated coefficients. This paper considers three frequently estimated models of educational achievement: the case when only cross-sectional data are available, the case when "pre" and "post" measures of achievement are available, and the case where one has more complete panel data. Starting from a general cumulative model of achievement, we outline sufficient assurmptions to produce readily interpretible OLS estimates which have good statistical properties. With only cross-sectional data, these assumptions are almost certainly not met in most research. With two measures of achievement, useful estimates with good statistical properties can be obtained if we make quite restrictive assumptions concerning the relationships among the explanatory variables. With panel data, simple OLS can produce coefficients with good statistical properties underfairly general conditions. The use of multiple measures, however, may lead to multicollinearity which one must balance off against the gain in efficiency. In 1965 the National Center for Educa


The nonlinear stability of a laminar boundary layer that flows at high Reynolds number (Re) above a plane surface covered by a liquid film is investigated. The basic flow is considered to be nearly parallel and the simulations are based on triple deck theory. The overall interaction problem is solved using the finite element methodology with the two-dimensional B-cubic splines as basis functions for the unknowns in the boundary layer and the film and the one-dimensional B-cubic splines as basis functions for the location of the interface. The case of flow above an oscillating solid obstacle is studied and conditions for the onset of Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves are recovered in agreement with the literature. The convective and absolute nature of TS and interfacial waves is captured for gas-film interaction, and the results of linear theory are recovered. The evolution of nonlinear disturbances is also examined and the appearance of solitons, spikes and eddy formation is monitored on the interface, depending on the relative magnitude of Froude and Weber numbers (Fr, We), and the gas to film density and viscosity ratios (ρ/ρw, μ/μw). For viscous films TS waves grow on a much faster time scale than interfacial waves and their effect is essentially decoupled. The influence of interfacial disturbances on short-wave growth in the bulk of the boundary layer bypassing classical TS wave development is captured. For highly viscous films for which inertia effects can be neglected, e.g. aircraft anti-icing fluids, soliton formation is obtained with their height remaining bounded below a certain height. When water films are considered interfacial waves exhibit unlimited local growth that is associated with intense eddy formation and the appearance of finite time singularities in the pressure gradient.


The charge transfer (CT) process is widely present in inorganic compounds. However, the explanation of this process accounting the inductive effect was not reported. In this work, through the analysis of local structure about the second nearest cations (SNCs) in some compounds doped with trivalent lanthanide, we verify successfully the important role of the inductive effect in the CT process. By introducing electronegativity factor ∑ iχ i( Ai)/ N - x( M), and ionic radius factor ∑ i ri( Ai)/ N, the semiquantitative model is proposed. Strong positive correlation between the electronegativity factor and CT energy and strong negative correlation between the ionic radius factor and CT energy are given. At last, the interrelationship among these two inductive factors, the CT process, the change of local coordination structure, and the chemical composition is revealed. This work will facilitate our understanding of the CT process and the delicate role of the local structure and the inductive effect.