ABSTRACT: Differences in individual speech when learning through PBL discussion.

BACKGROUND:Problem Based Learning (PBL) facilitators have sometimes sought to motivate learners to 'talk more' in order to 'learn more' but there has been little work to differentiate through differences evident in their speech behaviour during PBL discussions and to identify which differences are associated with successful learning. Corpus analysis is a useful tool for probing students' speech in PBL, providing a quantitative basis for examining student talk.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to create a speech corpus of at least 100,000 words, which identifies each individual student's contribution to a PBL discussion of the same case at the same time within six randomly selected, gender-balanced PBL groups. The study then uses corpus analysis to explore the nature of the speech of individuals and their performance in learning. A statistical analysis was designed to triangulate findings through measuring and analysing underlying factors thought to influence the speech behaviour of individual learners, such as gender and personality type and to identify correlations with educational attainment.

METHODS:Wmatrix3 was used to identify significant differences in frequency, parts of speech and semantic category usage from verbatim transcripts of the same three session cycle of PBL. SPSS analyses identified significant differences between learners' speech behaviour, personality type, gender and attainment in the first year.

RESULTS:Multiple and simple linear regression analysis demonstrates significant correlation to a moderate degree between certain data points. In summary, the calmer, more conscientious, lower openness to experience learner, with a high GAMSAT score, achieved significantly higher MCQ scores at the end of year one. Introverted students spoke less frequently, but with longer utterances. Male students spoke significantly more frequently than female students. More emotionally reactive (neurotic) students achieved significantly lower scores on knowledge tests at the close of year one and their talk focussed their own performance. Corpus analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences between personality, gender, high and low test performers. Lower performers frequently dwelt on 'what' and 'why' and more general technical terminology. Higher performers used 'when' and 'how' and highly specific technical vocabulary more frequently.

CONCLUSION:This study demonstrates that corpus analysis of PBL transcripts provides rich evidence of significant differences in individual speech behaviour whilst learning through discussion. The results broadly replicate well-established findings about gender communication styles and personality difference. This suggests that there may be a utilitarian case for enhancing the approach of PBL facilitators and learners to individual differences without resorting to the overgeneralisations of stereotyping. For example, male and female learners often demonstrate different communication strategies, which may potentially limit the breadth of their future clinical communication skills. Facilitators and learners may use this awareness to explicitly encourage both male and female learners to adopt the full range of communication behaviours. It is important for facilitators to model best practice in their own communication in the initial sessions. By making such language patterns evident, it becomes possible to ensure that PBL groups become more skilled in initiating spontaneous contributions from introvert and female learners, in encouraging longer contributions from extraverts, more factual statements from female students and more varied types of speech from male learners. Learners who identify themselves as emotionally reactive (neurotic or volatile) could productively seek to moderate unproductive anxiety from an early stage through adopting excellent study habits and attitudes, particularly with respect to assessments.


Abstract The relaxed adult trachea runs from the level of the sixth cervical vertebra to that of the sternal angle (T4–5). It is 10–11 cm in length, of which the upper half lies in the neck and the lower half in the superior mediastinum. The trachea is a posteriorly flattened cylinder about 2 cm in external diameter. It runs dis-tally, posteriorly and a little to the right, becoming deeper in the neck as it descends. The tracheal wall contains fibroelastic tissue, enabling it to increase in length and diameter during deep inspiration, in length during swallowing, and in diameter during coughing, with subsequent recoil. Its patency is maintained by 16–20 incomplete hyaline cartilage rings. The first, broadest, ring attaches to the cricoid cartilage, while the most distal ring has a triangular lower border forming an anteroposterior internal ridge: the carina. The posterior third of the circumference of the trachea comprises the transversely running trachealis muscle. The lining epithelium is a pseudostratified columnar ciliated mucous membrane.


The 2009 report Strengthening Forensic Science: A Path Forward, issued by the National Research Council of the National Academy of Sciences, made clear that many forensic disciplines - handwriting analysis, latent print [fingerprint] comparison, ballistics matching, fire [arson] causation and more - lacked a foundation in hard science and offered claims of "individualization" [attributing the crime scene evidence to only one possible source in the world] without a proper research foundation. The Report described the judicial system as "utterly ineffective" in understanding the limits of these disciplines and policing admissibility. Five years later, virtually no change has occurred, with such evidence continuing to come in without qualification or tempering. This Article reviews the post-report years and assesses the causes of this stasis - the lack of rigor in the Frye and Daubert admissibility regimes, the scientific 'illiteracy' of many legal professionals, inadequate funding for expert services, and a comfort with the status quo of evidence relied upon for decades. The Article then surveys non-litigation mechanisms such as forensic science commissions and finds them also wanting in their ability to respond to the Report's criticisms. The Article concludes that a tolerance of "wise man" testimony over science will persist, absent crises such as DNA exonerations that expose flawed forensics, unless a major institutional push occurs or there is a new stringency imported into the "gatekeeping" function performed by judges.


Leptospirosis is a zooanthroponosis with major implication for the public health. The incidence of the disease rises during the last decade in eastern counties of Romania. The change that occurred in agricultural sector brought mutations in the epidemiological process. Leptospirosis registered during past years a trend to dispersion the rural area. There are involved all the active age group in close relation into occupational hazards (plumbers, animal breeders). The clinical evolution of the disease is a sever one (21%) with a fatality rate of 4.5% and the specific mortality of 0.14 o /oooo. The incriminated serotypes found were: L.


The trend towards lightweight construction in automotive engineering causes additional effort and higher expense in vehicle manufacturing, because new materials or, respectively, new material combinations require adapted production and processing methods. Various combinations of metallic and fibre-based structures (GRP-/ CFRP components) presuppose convenient joining methods. In this context, an innovative joining method for combining sheet metals with carbon textiles is going to be developed at the Institute for Metal Forming Technology (IFU, University of Stuttgart / Germany). The goal of this research work is motivated by the prevention of any damage of the used textile fibre structures during the joining process (compared to mechanical joining methods like screwing or riveting). Based on the semi-solid forming technology, the new joining process is going to be developed to create a material integrated interlock between fibres and metallic components.This paper deals with the first fundamental investigations, conducted at IFU, which have already shown the technical feasibility of this new type of joining technique. The research work to be carried out comprises the usage of different sheet alloys: the combinations steel-aluminium, aluminium-aluminium and steel-steel are to be joined with layers of carbon fibre fabrics. By this innovative joining method, a firmly bonded and non-aging connection between textile and metallic materials is to be produced, without the need of any adhesive materials or associated preparative cleaning methods.


The exploration of high‐dimensional data is challenging because humans have difficulty to understand more than three dimensions. We present a new visualization concept that enables users to explore such data and, specifically, to learn about important items and features that are unknown or overlooked, based on the items and features that are already known. The visualization consists of two juxtaposed tables: an IF‐Table, showing all items with a selection of features; and an FI‐Table, showing all features with a selection of items. This enables the user to limit the number of visible items and features to those needed for the exploration. The interaction is kept simple: each selection of items and features results in a complete overview of similar and relevant items and features.


Objectives
Very low calorie diets have been utilized for weight loss and glycemic control for several decades. In addition, improvements in blood pressure and cholesterol have been observed but few have reported the change in metabolism of lipoproteins (HDL, LDL and triglycerides (TGs)) during the weight loss process. Several cases have demonstrated the dynamic nature of lipoprotein metabolism during intensive weight loss program.

Methods
Patients were enrolled in self-paid university based medical weight loss program utilizing a VLCD (500-800 calories) program. In addition, patients were recommended to exercise and participate in group cognitive behavioral counseling. During the program patients CBC, CMP and Lipid panel were monitored. In the following three cases of patients utilizing the VLCD averaging about 800 calories the following changes in lipids were noted. All patients were noted to have improved in triglycerides and HDL.Case #1: 48 y/o male whose baseline weight was 267 lbs with BMI 38 kg/m2 who lost 55 lbs over 5 months and with the lowest weight of 202 lbs and BMI of 29 kg/m2. Over this time LDL baseline was 143 mg/dL improving to 52 mg/dL but later increasing to 178 mg/dL and 6 weeks later normalizing to 72 mg/dL.Case #2: 70 y/o female whose starting weight was 217 lbs with BMI 38 kg/m2 who lost 41 lbs over 5 months and with the lowest weight of 176 and BMI of 31 kg/m2. Over this time LDL baseline was 108 mg/dL but later increasing to 157 mg/dL and 12 weeks later normalizing to 111 mg/dL.Case #3: 55 y/o female whose starting weight was 245 lbs with BMI 39.56 kg/m2 who lost 79 lbs over 8 months and with the lowest weight of 166 lbs and BMI of 26.9 kg/m2. Over this time LDL baseline was 93 mg/dL but later increasing to 136 mg/dL and 12 weeks later normalizing to 108 mg/dL.

Results
These observations suggest change in the metabolism of lipoproteins, namely by decreasing triglycerides, increasing HDL, and increasing the fraction of large particle-size LDL. A limitation of the LDL measurement is that it is a calculated measurement not taking into account the varying sizes of LDL. More small dense LDL equates to higher risk in coronary artery disease however in the calculated method the size is unclear.

Conclusions
In these cases we observed a transient increase in LDL however size of LDL measured is unknown. Therefore, any concern about the long-term effects of VLCDs on cardiovascular health will need further prospective studies to help elucidate lipid metabolism as people lose weight.

Funding Sources
UCLA - Department of Medicine Clinical Nutrition.


The current economic crisis has affected all aspects of life, resulting in political instability,personal financial troubles, and a growing number of business bankruptcies. Although these areserious issues, simply developing a government policy that injects an economy with money is notan appropriate means to achieve economic recovery and long-term economic development unlesscombined with an effective and efficient governing system. The present article examines whetherthe strong relationship between governance and growth exists during economic crises or onlyduring non-crisis periods. The results of the current paper demonstrate that the global economiccrisis has had an unnoticeable influence on the relationship between governance and economicgrowth. However, this study found that different levels of development of nations affect therelationship between governance and growth in various ways during times of crisis. Thus, theresults of the current paper highlight the instability in the relationship between governance andeconomic growth during the economic crisis; this unsteadiness is a sign of the need for long-termstrategies to promote global and national good governance practices that are not adverselyaffected by crises.


Objectives: To explore the managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice as a new initiative in Saudi Arabia. Methods: It was a narrative review of the pharmacy practice's managerial accounting policy and procedures. Litterateur searched various databases, including PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The search period is from the 1960s until 15 October 2023. The term is in full-text English and includes Case Reports, Classical Articles, Clinical Conferences, Clinical Studies, Clinical Trials, Evaluation Studies, Government Publications, Guidelines, Meta-Analysis, Observational Studies, Practice Guidelines, Randomized Controlled Trials, Reviews, Systematic Reviews, with Humans subject. All hospital or community pharmacy services are included in a search term. Besides, the National and international guidelines of general infection control in hospital practice. The committee of pharmacy accounting policy and procedures formulated and consisted of various expert members. That includes clinical pharmacists, accountant specialists, and financial experts. The guidelines of the policy draft by one member by the second member were reviewed and corrected. The third revision was by the accountant specialist. The topic emphasizes managerial accounting of the Pharmacy policy. Results: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice calculate the costs of products sold, working fees, labor costs, and other costs related to running a pharmacy. Managerial accounting in pharmacy practice can analyze the prices of various products and services, track sales revenue and profit margins, and improve pharmacy operations' efficiency, effectiveness, and profitability. The steps of cost calculation policy and procedures were illustrated in the review. Conclusion: The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice is a new pharmacy management initiative. The managerial accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice can help pharmacy managers and administrators make effective financial decisions and plan pharmacy budgets and product pricing. Therefore, pharmacy career professionals in Saudi Arabia must implement the administrative-accounting policy and procedures in pharmacy practice.


What do human rights have to do with health? WHO adviser Helena Nygren-Krug tells Geoff Watts that if people are aware they have rights they can bring about improvements in health care

Was ever there a speedier conversion? When I set off to meet Helena Nygren-Krug, now in her fourth year as the World Health Organization's adviser on health and human rights, I was sceptical about the value of linking the two issues of health and human rights. It was more a fashionable connection than a helpful one, I suspected. Half an hour later I'd more or less changed my mind.

Swedish by birth and Anglo-American by education, Nygren-Krug trained as a lawyer at the London School of Economics, did a master's degree in human rights, and then moved to Harvard to continue studying human rights law. Now aged 35, she has worked in the United Nation's Office of the Commissioner for Human Rights, and she also spent three years at the Carter Center in Atlanta, the human rights and healthcare charity founded by President Carter. "At the centre there was a move towards bringing the two [health and human rights] together," she says. "It was in that context that my interest arose."

Being married to a public …


In 2005, Boost and Cho reported a high incidence of trachoma in rural areas of Guangxi, China (1). Ten years later, active trachoma has been controlled in this province in southern China.


Surface ozone concentrations ([O 3 ]) during the growing season in much of the northern temperate zone reach mean peak daily concentrations of 60 p.p.b. Concentrations are predicted to continue to rise over much of the globe during the next 50 years. Although these low levels of ozone may not induce visible symptoms on most vegetation, they can result in substantial losses of production and reproductive output. Establishing the vulnerability of vegetation to rising background ozone is complicated by marked differences in findings between individual studies. Ozone effects are influenced by exposure dynamics, nutrient and moisture conditions, and the species and cultivars that are investigated. Meta-analytic techniques provide an objective means to quantitatively summarize treatment responses. Soybean has been the subject of many studies of ozone effects. It is both the most widely planted dicotyledonous crop and a model for other C 3 annual plants. Meta-analytic techniques were used to quantitatively summarize the response of soybean to an average, chronic ozone exposure of 70 p.p.b., from 53 peer-reviewed studies. At maturity, the average shoot biomass was decreased 34% and seed yield was 24% lower. Even in studies where [O 3 ] was < 60 p.p.b., there was a significant decrease in biomass and seed production. At low [O 3 ], decreased production corresponded to a decrease in leaf photosynthesis, but in higher [O 3 ] the larger loss in production was associated with decreases in both leaf photosynthesis and leaf area. The impact of ozone increased with developmental stage, with little effect on vegetative growth and the greatest effect evident at completion of seed filling. Other stress treatments, including UV-B and drought, did not alter the ozone response. Elevated carbon dioxide significantly decreased ozone-induced losses, which may be explained by a significant decrease in stomatal conductance.


Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) systems have recently emerged as key technology in wireless communication systems for increasing data rate and system performance. The effect of fading and interference can be combated to increase the capacity of the link. MIMO systems uses Multiple Transmit and Multiple Receive antennas which exploit the multipath propagation in rich scattering environment. The matrix channel plays a pivotal role in the throughput of a MIMO link since the modulation, data rate, power allocation and antenna weights are dependent on the channel gain. When data rate is transmitted at high bit rate, the channel impulse response can extend over many symbol periods which leads to Inter-Symbol Interference(ISI). ISI always caused an issue for signal recovery in wireless communication. In order to reduce the complexity of MIMO system, various detection algorithm such as Zero forcing(ZF), Minimum Mean Square Error(MMSE), Maximum Likelihood(ML) and a novel algorithm namely Constant Modulus Algorithm(CMA) are proposed that reduce bit error rate(BER) via spatial multiplexing. QPSK modulation is treated here for simulation purpose.Simulations are done by MatLab that shows BER vs. signal-noise ratio (SNR) curve of Constant modulus algorithm(CMA) equalizer exceeds that of ZF, MMSE and ML equalizer. In this paper antenna configuration is used.


Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a powerful sodium channel blocker found in puffer fish and some marine animals. Cases of TTX poisoning most often result from puffer fish ingestion. Diagnosis is mainly from patient's signs and symptoms or the detection of TTX in the leftover food. If leftover food is unavailable, the determination of TTX in the patient's urine and/or plasma is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Although various methods for the determination of TTX have been published, most of them are for food tissue samples. Dealing with human urine and blood samples is much more challenging. Unlike in food, the amount of toxin in the urine and blood of a patient is generally extremely low; therefore a very sensitive method is required to detect it. In this regard, mass spectrometry (MS) methods are the best choice. Since TTX is a very polar compound, there will be lack of retention on conventional reverse-phase columns; use of ion pair reagent or hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) can help solve this problem. The problem of ion suppression is another challenge in analyzing polar compound in biological samples. This review will discuss different MS methods and their pros and cons.


The use of animals and plants as traditional remedies for medical and magico-religious purposes has a long history of socio-cultural and economic importance in South Africa. Herein, we aim to characterize the social and economic value of wild animal species used in traditional, belief-based medicine within South Africa from traditional healers' perspective and to explore healers' knowledge of plant-based alternatives to wildlife-based derivatives for this type of trade. Through structured surveys with five traditional healers, we sought to gain insight into the range of wild animal species used, as well as the purpose, the perceived commercial value and the perceived availability of commonly used species. Particular focus was placed on exploring the socio-economic value of lions due to their prominence within the traditional medicine market, both in South Africa and internationally. Three of the respondents interviewed had been generating an income from traditional healing for between 30 and 50 years, and the overall monetary gain across all respondents was between ZAR 30,000 (1,800 USD) and 120,000 (7,200 USD) per annum. Our study confirms that a wide range of wild animal species are used in traditional healing practices in South Africa, for both medicinal and magico-religious purposes. The traditional healers we interviewed cited 20 common wild animals from a range of vertebrate classes including birds, reptiles, mammals, and one invertebrate. These included a number of species listed as threatened on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Traditional healers cited 32 different uses for wild animal parts, as well as 19 alternative plant-based preparations. For lions specifically, four out of five practitioners listed lions among their top three profitable derivatives and three practitioners reported that lion had become the most rare or unavailable species in the last 5 years. Although our study is based on a limited number of interview participants, we believe that our findings provide valuable initial insights into the socio-economic drivers of traditional healing practices in South Africa, and that further research quantifying medicinal and belief-based use of wild animal ingredients and their plant-based alternatives could help to inform approaches to managing related pressures exerted on wild populations in South Africa in the future.


A rapid and sensitive ultra fast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method (UFLC–MS/MS) was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six Saikosaponins (SSs) (SSa, SSb1, SSb2, SSd, SSc, SSf) of Bupleurum Dropping Pills (BDP) in rat plasma using chloramphenicol as the internal standard (IS). The SSs were separated using an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (50 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 m) and detection of these compounds were done by using a Qtrap 5500 mass spectrometer coupled eywords: aikosaponin FLC–MS/MS harmacokinetics upleurum dropping pills with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) source under the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. According to regulatory guidelines, the established method was fully validated and results were showed within acceptable limits. The lower limit of quantifications (LLOQs) of all analytes were 0.2 ng/mL. The validated method was successfully applied into a pharmacokinetic study of orally administered BDP in rats. © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


The onset of symptoms of coronary heart disease in women are displaced a decade compared with men after menopause, but currently there are reports in which 1 in 4 women is less than 59 years, suggesting that in the pre-menopausal period there is marked progression of vascular disease. Therefore we evaluated the presence of atherosclerotic disease in primary care menopausal women. Additionally, we hypothesized that the strict control of the traditional risk factors is not enough to prevent vascular disease progression.
 Methods, post-menopausal women without cardiovascular events from Argentina were evaluated. Framingham risk score with body mass index (FRSbmi) and carotid ultrasound were employed for the evaluation. Carotid total plaque area (TPA) by ultrasound was determined as previously described by Spence et al (Stroke 2002;33;2916-2922). Additionally, LDL cholesterol (LDL), triglycerides (Trig) and HbA1c were measured. All determinations were done on day 1 and after 8 months of treatment. Only patients who achieved all the therapeutic goals (blood pressure (BP)<130/80mmHg, LDL<100mg/dl, Trig<140mg/dl, HbA1c5mm2, stable group, TPA changed 5mm2. In the presence of controlled of traditional risk factors, 50% of the population continued to progressive atherosclerotic disease (Table).

 Conclusion, these results indicate that in the presence of controlled traditional risk factors, atherosclerosis may progress in some patients, including in menopausal women. Additional promoters of atherosclerosis should be evaluated in these progressive patients or possibly more intensive treatment should be used in such patients.


This paper reports an experience conducted to understand the social representations of children's rights that emerged when discussing them in the English class at a secondary school in Bogota D.C. The variables identified were: children's rights education; social representations; and listening competence. This qualitative action research project gathered data from observations, questionnaires and artefacts to identify the perceptions and understandings of the rights of the child from 27 participants. The findings indicate that they became aware of the social relevance of rights, of the agents who may violate their entitlements, and of the responsibility of promoting rights. The data also indicated that most of the 27 English language learners gained in language development, specifically in listening for general understanding and listening for specific information as well as in the use of listening strategies such as note-taking and translating. Data also revealed that they grasped vocabulary related to the discussion of rights.


A cross-sectional study was conducted on patients attending a primary care facility to determine the prevalence of self reported hearing loss using a single question, "Do you have hearing loss?" Pure tone audiometry was performed to compare the accuracy of the self report. A total of 111 patients were recruited. The prevalence of self reported hearing loss using a single question and pure tone audiometry was 24.3% and 36.9% respectively. By using pure tone audiometry at a cut-off-level of 25 dBHL (decibels Hearing level), the single question yielded a sensitivity of 41.4% and specificity of 85.0%.The single question performed better at 40 dBHL pure tone audiometry with sensitivity of 55.0% and specificity of 82.0%. In conclusion, the prevalence of hearing loss in elderly was high and the single question self reported hearing loss performed satisfactorily with moderate hearing loss.


We report a joint experimental and theoretical study of a three-sideband (3-SB) modification of the "reconstruction of attosecond beating by interference of two-photon transitions" (RABBIT) setup. The 3-SB RABBIT scheme makes it possible to investigate phases resulting from interference between transitions of different orders in the continuum. Furthermore, the strength of this method is its ability to focus on the atomic phases only, independent of a chirp in the harmonics, by comparing the RABBIT phases extracted from specific SB groups formed by two adjacent harmonics. We verify earlier predictions that the phases and the corresponding time delays in the three SBs extracted from angle-integrated measurements become similar with increasing photon electron energy. A variation in the angle dependence of the RABBIT phases in the three SBs results from the distinct Wigner and continuum-continuum coupling phases associated with the individual angular momentum channels. A qualitative explanation of this dependence is attempted by invoking a propensity rule. Comparison between the experimental data and predictions from an R -matrix (close-coupling) with time dependence calculation shows qualitative agreement in the observed trends.


This paper discusses the Making of Annotated Bibliography of Teaching Materials Collection at Padang Industrial Technology Academy Library. The purpose of this paper is to describe the making of annotated collection of teaching materialsBibliography at the Library of Industrial Technology Academy of Padang. The method used was descriptive method which technique of data collectionwere through direct observation or observation. The observations were conducted directly by investigating and recording the collection of teaching materials at the Padang Industrial Technology Academy Library. The results obtained in direct observation, the amount of collection of teaching materials at the Padang Industrial Academy Library was 59 titles with a total of 102 copies. Based on the discussion, It concluded that the compilation of bibliography annotated collection of teaching materials at the Polytechnic Library of Industrial Technology Academy of Padang done through the several stages. First, determines the bibliographic titles. Second, collects the library materials or investigates bibliographic information on the collection of teaching materials. Third, selects library materials.Fourth, groups or classifies annotated bibliography of the collection of teaching materials based on the content and the subject. Fifth,generates the keyword. Sixth, indexes the bibliographic collection of teaching materials. Seventh, types the manuscript bibliography. The final stage in making a bibliography of annotated teaching materials collection was the final manuscript examination.


Electronic devices and appliances are increasingly becoming a quintessential part of every household with the recent development and innovations in the field of technology affecting the day-to-day lives of individuals. Automation has caught the fame as people struggle to keep up with the demands of work, making it an easy solution to operate devices and machines to meet the individual needs. The paper describes the creation and execution of an affordable, versatile, and safe home automation system that is controlled through a mobile phone. The system relies on an independent Arduino BT board, which is connected to home appliances via relays attached to its input/output ports. Wireless communication is used to connect the mobile phone and the Arduino BT board. The system is designed to be both economical and expandable, allowing for control of a range of devices with minimal changes to its basic structure. The focus of the paper is to explain how to manage and regulate electronic devices using Android smartphones. The paper also outlines a home automation system that prioritizes security and safeguards user privacy. This system is designed to be affordable and flexible, making it possible to control various devices with minimalchanges to its core structure. Additionally, the appliances in the system are protected by passwords to ensure that only authorized users can access them.


Extrapolation from the literature of social-cognitive bias suggested testing anchoring and publicity effects in clinicians' (N = 46) successive judgments of detailed interview notes, five per case. If anchoring occurs, Ss' estimates of a client's pathology and prognosis at the final judgment point would be related differentially to the time (early/late) that they had received salient, pathognomonic case material. The publicity effect would be a tendency toward more conservative estimates on the part of Ss who are asked to justify their ratings in writing. Results among an experienced sample of clinicians indicated significant anchoring in one case but not the other, which suggests a clinical bias to disregard pathognomonic data about a client who is seen initially as less disturbed. Public justification was related neither to Ss' ratings, to reported confidence in their ratings, nor differentially by case. Implications and limitations are suggested.


A method based on spectral unmixing (SU) for snow cover estimation from a time series of optical images is proposed in this letter. Specifically, we have developed an endmember estimation procedure that exploits the temporal continuity of a scene. Consecutive dates are jointly processed for a more precise description of background materials improving the estimation of a fractional snow cover map. The proposed workflow relies on up to three consecutive acquisitions over the same area to extract an appropriate set of background spectra to be considered as endmembers. In greater details, multiple sets of endmembers are extracted from different images in the time series by a geometrical automated endmember extraction algorithm and the most relevant one is selected in terms of reconstruction error. Snow cover maps are then estimated by SU considering as endmembers the snow spectra coming from a spectral library and those associated with the background materials as estimated by the proposed procedure. The proposed technique is quantitatively validated considering Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Terra data over the French Alps and Moroccan High Atlas image time series and comparing the estimated snow cover maps with high-resolution reference data. The experiment clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the generated set of endmembers using three different approaches to abundance estimation.


Abstract The lithosphere of the Northern Alpine foreland has undergone a polyphase evolution with an intense interplay between upper mantle thermal perturbations and stress-induced intraplate deformation that points to the importance of lithospheric folding of the thermally weakened lithosphere. In this paper we address relationships between deeper lithospheric processes, neotectonics and surface processes in the Northern Alpine foreland with special emphasis on tectonically induced topography. We focus on lithosphere memory and neotectonics with special attention to the thermo-mechanical structure of the lithosphere, mechanisms of large-scale intraplate deformation, Late Neogene anomalies in subsidence and uplift, and links with surface processes and topography evolution.


Automatic detection of fake news — texts that are deceitful and misleading — is a long outstanding and largely unsolved problem. Worse yet, recent developments in language modeling allow for the automatic generation of such texts. One approach that has recently gained attention detects these fake news using stylometry-based provenance, i.e. tracing a text's writing style back to its producing source and determining whether the source is malicious. This was shown to be highly effective under the assumption that legitimate text is produced by humans, and fake text is produced by a language model. In this work, we identify a fundamental problem with provenance-based approaches against attackers that auto-generate fake news: fake and legitimate texts can originate from nearly identical sources. First, a legitimate text might be auto-generated in a similar process to that of fake text, and second, attackers can automatically corrupt articles originating from legitimate human sources. We demonstrate these issues by simulating attacks in such settings, and find that the provenance approach fails to defend against them. Our findings highlight the importance of assessing the veracity of the text rather than solely relying on its style or source. We also open up a discussion on the types of benchmarks that should be used to evaluate neural fake news detectors.


the JASs is published by the Istituto Italiano di Antropologia www.isita-org.com Parasites can be a powerful tool for reconstructing host evolutionary history because they provide data that are independent of host data. The close link between the taxonomy of parasites and their host (Hafner & Nadler 1988) has supported the hypothesis that the corresponding phylogenetic trees should be topologically identical. In accordance with these observations, several studies have tried to trace the history of human populations using parasites as genetic markers. The main benefit of using microbes as proxies for human variability is that they show more genetic variation with respect to human genes. This means that the microorganisms, with their rapid generation time, can accurately reconstruct past events, like those involved with ancient or more recent human migrations. However, the hypothesis that infectious agents can reflect human history does require a careful examination of their biological features, such as the mechanism of transmission, the pathogenous power, the rate of variation, and the intensity and form of selection. The geographical origin and the time of emergence of a human parasite is a further significant feature. In fact, reliable inferences regarding ancient human migrations should be provided by parasites that infected humans in Africa since prehistoric times. The purpose of the present paper is to review critically the studies on human history that are focused on genetic analyses of a number of parasites (protozoan and metazoan parasites, bacteria and viruses).


Using a grid search technique, the entire conformational space of a system of four linked peptide units (tetrapeptide) was scanned to pick out geometrically possible 5-->1 type hydrogen-bonded conformations defined as an alpha-turn. The energy minimization of these conformations led to 23 distinct minimum energy conformations (MECs) falling in 13 different classes. The presence of beta and gamma turn type hydrogen bonds along with 5-->1 type hydrogen bond gave conformational variability in a given class. The occurrence of bifurcated hydrogen bonding network was a characteristic feature of most of the MECs. In many prototype MECs non-glycyl residues such as Ala and Pro could be accommodated. Comparison of MECs with the alpha-turn examples that are observed in proteins showed that the conformationally worked out MECs occurred in isolation in proteins, with the alpha-helical alpha-turn being distinctly the most predominant.


Describes a tool for quantitatively discriminating between meningioma and astrocytoma tumors. One of the uses of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in clinical diagnosis is in-vivo discrimination between tumor and normal tissue and between tumor types in the brain. There is much interest in increasing the qualitative and quantitative information available from these images. This article presents a study that uses the inductive logic programming tool Progol on measurements of signal intensities in clinical scan images of 28 patients (18 with meningiomas and 10 with astrocytomas) to attempt to discover knowledge that quantitatively dissriminates between the two types of tumors.


This dissertation explores the response of the criminal justice system in particular the
courts to teenage and adult rape cases. Trial practices are as a result investigated through
court observations, perusal of court records as well as discussions and interviews with key
players at the courts. These provided an insight into what actually takes place at courts as
well as addressing the gaps identified. The potential effect of negative perceptions by
magistrates and prosecutors towards teenage and adult victims of rape is considered as
well as how these negatively impact on the outcome of such cases. The laws in regard to
rape cases in Zimbabwe are also looked at as well as the extent to which these are
effectively implemented in our courts. The author of this dissertation who is also a player
within the criminal justice system goes on to provide potential measures to address the gaps
within the system based on the findings of this study.


While many data mining models concentrate on automation and efficiency, interactive data mining models focus on adaptive and effective communications between human users and computer systems. User views, preferences, strategies and judgments play the most important roles in human-machine interactivities, guide the selection of target knowledge representations, operations, and measurements. Practically, user views, preferences and judgments also decide strategies of abnormal situation handling, and explanations of mined patterns. In this paper, we discuss these fundamental issues


The diffractive program of the CDF Collaboration at the Fermilab Tevatron p̄p Collider is reviewed with emphasis on recent results from Run-II and future prospects. Presented at DIS-2005, XIIIth International Workshop on Deep Inelastic Scallering, April 27 May 1 2005, Madison, WI, U.S.A. Diffractive p̄p interactions are characterized by the presence of at least one large rapidity gap, defined as a region of pseudorapidity [1] devoid of particles. A diffractive rapidity gap, which may be forward (adjacent to a leading nucleon) or central, is presumed to be formed by the exchange of a Pomeron [2], which in QCD is a color singlet quark/gluon object with vacuum quantum numbers. Diffraction in which there is a high momentum-transfer partonic scattering in the event in addition to the rapidity gap is referred to as hard diffraction. In this paper, we briefly review the results on diffraction obtained by the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF) in Run-I (1992-1995), present an update of results from Run-II, which is in progress, and discuss future prospects. RUN-I RESULTS In addition to measuring p̄p elastic, single diffraction (SD), and total cross sections at √ s = 540 and 1800 GeV, CDF studied several soft and hard diffraction processes at 1800 GeV, and in some cases at √ s = 630 GeV [3]. Soft processes studied include: DD Double Diffraction p̄p → X +gap+Y DPE Double Pomeron Exchange p̄p → p̄+gap+X +gap+ p SDD Single ⊕ Double Diffraction p̄p → p̄+gap+X +gap+Y In hard diffraction CDF measured SD dijet, W , b-quark and J/ψ , DD dijet, and DPE dijet production. Schematic diagrams and event topologies for representative processes are shown in Fig. 1. SOFT DIFFRACTION


All four possible isomers of the bis(ethylenediamine)sarcosinatocobalt(III) ion, [Co(sar) (en)2]2+, were separated chromatographically on the column of an SP-Sephadex cation exchanger, and their absorption, circular dichroism, and 13C NMR spectra were measured. The more stable pair of isomers were identified as Δ-[Co(S-sar) (en)2]2+ and Λ-[Co(R-sar) (en)2]2+, while the less stable pair were Δ-[Co(R-sar) (en)2]2+ and Λ-[Co(S-sar) (en)2]2+. The Δ-[Co(S-sar) (en)2]2+ isomer in an aqueous solution showed mutarotation which can be ascribed to a change in configuration (epimerization) about the sarcosinato nitrogen atom. In equiribrium at 25°C, the mixture consisted of 84.8% of the Δ(S) isomer and 15.2% of the Δ(R) isomer. From this result, the free-energy difference between the isomers was estimated to be 4.26 kJ mol−1. The presence of the less stable isomers, which were not found by Buckingham et al., was also confirmed by the 13C NMR measurements.


Background and Aims Treatment options for radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) are limited. Crocetin has been demonstrated to exert antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and anti-inflammatory effects on various diseases. Here, we investigate the effects of crocetin on RIII in vitro. Materials and Method. IEC-6 cells exposed to 10 Gy of radiation were treated with different doses of crocetin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM), and cell viability was assessed by CCK-8. The levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in culture supernatants were measured using colorimetric and ELISA kits, respectively. Cellular apoptosis was evaluated by Annexin V/PI double staining. Results Crocetin dose-dependently improved the survival of irradiated IEC-6 cells with the optimal dose of 10 μM, as indicated by the reduction of cellular apoptosis, decreased levels of MDA, MPO, and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ), and increased activities of antioxidative enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx). Conclusion Our findings demonstrated that crocetin alleviated radiation-induced injury in intestinal epithelial cells, offering a promising agent for radioprotection.


This timely volume charts the discussions and debates which have led to the rediscovery of "Central Europe" within the political cultures of Eastern and Western Europe alike. From various historical, economic, cultural and political perspectives, the volume's contributors offer an appraisal of the distinctive features of a Central European identity and its relevance to contemporary European thought and politics. Contents: Central Europe: Definitions Old and New; What is Europe, Where is Europe? From Mystique to Politique; The Meaning of the Social Evolution of Europe; Central Europe: A Historical Region in Modern Times: A Contribution to the Debate About the Regions of Europe; Intellectuals in East-Central Europe: Continuity and Change; We, Central-European East Europeans; The European Ideal: Reality or Wishful Thinking in Eastern-Central Europe?; Central European Attitudes; Central European Writers About Central Europe: Introduction to a Non-Existent Book of Readings; Milan Kundera's Lament;; Central Europe: What It Is and What It Is Not; Another Civilization? An Other Civilization?; Is the Russian Intelligentsia European?; Who Excluded Russia From Europe?; Which Way Back to Europe?; Central Europe Seen From the East of Europe; Does Central Europe Exist?


New Labour staked much politically on its ability to enact a trouble-free shift in underlying economic subjectivities so as to nurture responsibly self-sufficient welfare citizens. This policy began merely as the requirement for benefit claimants to become active worker subjects in the interests of enhanced employability. More problematically from the perspective of its own macroeconomic policy, it ended as the requirement for as many people as possible to become much more tension-prone active worker-saver-investor subjects in the interests of enhanced private pension insurance. The article charts the collapse of New Labour's reputation for economic governing competence as these latter subjects' accumulated asset wealth threatened to implode during the recent financial crisis. In its last days the Brown government inadvertently placed itself in the paradoxical position of being able to defend either the financial interests of responsibly self-sufficient welfare citizens or its own reputation for macroeconomic responsibility, but not both.


Purpose: Hypoxia contributes to drug resistance in solid cancers, and studies have revealed that low concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) mimetics attenuate hypoxia-induced drug resistance in tumor cells in vitro. Classic NO signaling involves activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase, generation of cyclic GMP (cGMP), and activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase. Here, we determined whether chemosensitization by NO mimetics requires cGMP-dependent signaling and whether low concentrations of NO mimetics can chemosensitize tumors in vivo. Experimental Design: Survival of human prostate and breast cancer cells was assessed by clonogenic assays following exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. The effect of NO mimetics on tumor chemosensitivity in vivo was determined using a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer. Drug efflux in vitro was assessed by measuring intracellular doxorubicin-associated fluorescence. Results: Low concentrations of the NO mimetics glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) and isosorbide dinitrate attenuated hypoxia-induced resistance to doxorubicin and paclitaxel. Similar to hypoxia-induced drug resistance, inhibition of various components of the NO signaling pathway increased resistance to doxorubicin, whereas activation of the pathway with 8-bromo-cGMP attenuated hypoxia-induced resistance. Drug efflux was unaffected by hypoxia and inhibitors of drug efflux did not significantly attenuate hypoxia-induced chemoresistance. Compared with mice treated with doxorubicin alone, tumor growth was decreased in mice treated with doxorubicin and a transdermal GTN patch. The presence of GTN and GTN metabolites in plasma samples was confirmed by gas chromatography. Conclusion: Tumor hypoxia induces resistance to anticancer drugs by interfering with endogenous NO signaling and reactivation of NO signaling represents a novel approach to enhance chemotherapy.


Purpose: To evaluate the clinical application of core-needle biopsy (CNB) for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Methods: A total of 202 patients with 211 low-risk PTMCs were included in this study. RFA procedure was used the hydrodissection technique and moving-shot technique. Patients were followed at 1, 3, 6, 12 months and every 6 months thereafter. The volume of ablation area and the volume reduction ratio (VRR) were calculated. At 3 or 6 months after RFA, CNB was performed to the central zone, the peripheral zone and surrounding thyroid parenchyma for post-ablation evaluation. Results: The mean volume of tumors was 102.34±93.84 mm3 (range 4.19-424.10 mm3), which decreased significantly to 1.37±7.74 mm3 (range 0-73.30 mm3) at a mean follow-up time of 24.42±9.15 months (range 3-42 months) with a mean VRR of 99.14±4.18% (range 71.88-100%). A total of 3 ablation areas had positive CNB in the peripheral zone and underwent additional RFA. No recurrent or suspicious metastatic lymph nodes were detected Conclusion: CNB is a feasible and effective evaluation for low-risk PTMC after RFA, which can detect residual cancer cells early.


The dependency of people on rapidly developing technology requires an increasing supply of electricity. In the process, electrical energy is distributed from the generator to the load through several processes and over long distances. This causes the transmission line to be susceptible to interference, so it is necessary to have a protection component. Distance relay is selected as a protection component because of its ability to eliminate interference quickly and effectively. The protection relay work area is divided into 2, namely 1 area and 3 areas. This research was carried out on the transmission lines of the 150kV Palur-Masaran-Sragen substation which underwent a change in the configuration of the transmission line. The research began with conducting literature studies, and supporting data collection. Based on the data obtained, there is a difference in the value of the initial setting with the calculation results, namely area 2 = 0.38 Ω, area 3 = 0.72 Ω on the Palur-Masaran transmission line and area 1 = 0.01 Ω on the Masaran-Sragen transmission line. The difference is relatively small so it can be said that the setting value applied is in accordance with the theory. Determination of fault location with several value of impedance interference tests, for example 0.5 Ω obtained the location of the interference in the 1,19 km transmission line of Palur-Masaran and 1,2 km of the Masaran-Sragen transmission line. This shows the similarity in the value of relay settings between 2 different transmission line configurations.


Purpose
This study aims to present a typology of Facebook followers of charities, drawing on theories of value co-creation, impression management and conspicuous donation behavior.

Design/methodology/approach
Data from 234 students based in an Irish University and 296 adults in the USA were subjected to cluster analysis.

Findings
Four segments were identified, common to both samples. Quiet donors are less likely to engage with a charity on Facebook, yet they may donate to the charity. They follow a charity if it offers intrinsic meaning, and they quietly donate money. Facebook expressives mention charities on Facebook to impress others, but have low intention to donate. Following the charity on Facebook is a means to virtue signal, but it helps to spread word of mouth. Friendly donors are active on social media and engage with charities on Facebook when there is personal meaning, and they will donate. Following the charity offers them intrinsic value, and their Facebook mentions promote the charity online. Finally, dirty altruists are motivated by a desire to help, but also to impress others. They will donate, but they will ensure to highlight their good deed on Facebook, to virtue signal.

Originality/value
The study contributes to the literature investigating individuals' motivations to connect with charities through social media and suggests value co-created by types of charity followers on Facebook.


The purpose of this study was to offer some directions for the design of men`s knitwear and provide basic data helpful for design conception and product development for creative and unique men`s knitwear. As for the methodology, the investigator examined the works of these following ten designers that consistently participated in the men`s Milano Collection for the last ten years from 2001 S/S to 2010 F/W: Burberry Prorsum, Costume National, D & G, D squared, Dolce & Gabbana, Giorgio Armani, Gucci, Iceberg, Prada, and Vivien Westwood. We identified the design elements expressed in knitwear, categorized examples for each element, and reviewed their characteristics. The results of this study are as follows. The designers usually adopted the H-silhouette with some room until 2006, after which the slim tubular silhouette became prevalent. Most of the designers made knitwear with normal yarn and expressed them by dyeing or printing regardless of seasons, which meant the usage level of fancy yarn was low. The much usage of the basic pattern was particularly salient. The most popular basic structure was plain, which was followed by rib and color pattern, which included the jacquard and intarsia pattern. The designers presented thick outer items made of thick yarn for F/W seasons and many thin inner items made of thin yarn for S/S seasons. The popular colors were brown from the Red Group( R) and beige from the Orange Group ( YR) regardless of seasons. When achromatic colors were used a lot, there was a development of various grey shades. For the most used basic structure, plain, the designers employed such technical methods as printing, pleat treatment, and dyeing in high frequency.


Background: Different double inversion recovery (DIR) sequences are currently used in multiple sclerosis (MS) research centers to visualize cortical lesions, making it difficult to compare published data. This study aimed to formulate consensus recommendations for scoring cortical lesions in patients with MS, using DIR images acquired in 6 European centers according to local protocols. Methods: Consensus recommendations were formulated and tested in a multinational meeting. Results: Cortical lesions were defined as focal abnormalities on DIR, hyperintense compared to adjacent normal-appearing gray matter, and were not scored unless ≥3 pixels in size, based on at least 1.0 mm2 in-plane resolution. Besides these 2 obligatory criteria, additional, supportive recommendations concerned a priori artifact definition on DIR, use of additional MRI contrasts to verify suspected lesions, and a constant level of displayed image contrast. Robustness of the recommendations was tested in a small dataset of available, heterogeneous DIR images, provided by the different participating centers. An overall moderate agreement was reached when using the proposed recommendations: more than half of the readers agreed on slightly more than half (54%) of the cortical lesions scored, whereas complete agreement was reached in 19.4% of the lesions (usually larger, mixed white matter/gray matter lesions). Conclusions: Although not designed as a formal interobserver study, the current study suggests that comparing available literature data on cortical lesions may be problematic, and increased consistency in acquisition protocols may improve scoring agreement. Sensitivity and specificity of the proposed recommendations should now be studied in a more formal, prospective, multicenter setting using similar DIR protocols.


Sorghum is one of the most important cereal crops in Ethiopia. However, the productivity of this important crop is low owing to different factors, of which Striga is most detrimental. Multi-environment performance evaluation was carried out consisting of 11 sorghum genotypes. The objective was to select better performing, Striga-resistant and stable sorghum lines. The trial was conducted at three Striga prone areas of North-east Ethiopia for two years. The result of combined analysis of variance across locations over the years showed that genotype × location × year of interaction significantly affected all traits except days to heading, which indicate the inconsistency of the genotypes in different locations and cropping seasons. All the genotypes supported significantly lower number of Striga than the susceptible and local checks. Log transformed value of Striga count ranged from 1.41 for G5 to 2.71 for G10. The performance of the genotypes on individual locations showed that G7 was the highest yielding genotype, followed by G9 on environment Kobo 03. The additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) analysis of variance showed that the total G×E variance was explained by three significant interactions principal component axes (IPCAs), which contributed 95.8% in total, while the genotype and genotype by environment (GGE) explained 90.18% of the G×E variance. Based on Striga resistance, agronomic performance and yield stability of genotypes, G7, G8 and G9 were found to be better sorghum genotypes for the area under consideration. Genotype G9 is a brown seeded and short-stalked released variety; whereas G8 (Gambella1107 × P-9403), as it was preferred by farmers, has been released by the name Gedo for production in the Striga prone areas of North-eastern part of Ethiopia. The three genotypes could be used as sources of Striga -resistance in future crossing programs.


After a comparative study on between Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) in Pathogenesis, I got a conclusion like this. Sa-sang consitutional medicine(四象醫學) changed the directions to the medicine in the center of personality from the medicine in the center of Shanghanlun(傷寒論)'s demonstration, devided the personality of people by the size of Organ system(臟腑) into 4types of Tae-eum, Yo-yang, Tae-yang, Yo-eum(太少陰陽), and explains all the course of physiology, pathology, diagnosis, therapy of the body on the point of constitutional view. Comparing the features of two medicines, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學), Shanghanlun(傷寒論) devided the diseases into the three type of eum-yang based on eight principal syndroms(八綱原理), in accordance with evidence of illness, pulse and studied the therapy, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) set up the basis of medicine which is based on overall of symptoms and signg(辨證論治醫學). Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) distinguished the image(象) which is devided by the size of inherited Organ system(臟腑), refered to the symptom of diseases(病症) and decided the therapic directions. So Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) gave more accuracy to the therapy by subdeviding the process of differenciation of case(辨證) into 2 steps of differenciation of image(辨象) and differenciation of case(辨證). In view of etiologic factor, Shanghanlun(傷寒論) regarded it as a invading of pathogenic factors(邪氣), so Shanghanlun(傷寒論) has the medical theory of pathogenic factors(邪氣). But Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) regarded it as a disorder of the genuine energy(正氣)'s movements(升降緩速), so Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) has the medical theory putting first of genuine energy(正氣). But Shanghanlun(傷寒論) also recognized the constitutional difference basically and Sa-sang consitutional medicine(四象醫學) devided the constitution into Tae-eum, Yo-yang, Tae-yang, Yo-eum(太少陰陽) and explained the food-air-fluid metabolism(飮食-氣液之氣病證) as cold-hot, cool-warm and devided the the symptom of diseases(病症) into the interior and the exterior(表裏) as the up-down, slow-fast movements of eum-yang and insufficiency and excessiveness is between them. In the end, Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) has the theory of eight principal syndroms(八綱原理) faithfully which is the theory of differenciation of case(辨證理論) of Shanghanlun(傷寒論). Therefore Shanghanlun(傷寒論) made a lot of influence on originating Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學), Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) is the theory which is based on existing medical theory including Shanghanlun(傷寒論) and composed the new medical theory to the constitutional point of view. Sa-sang constitutional medicine(四象醫學) enriched the medical theory and developed the clinical medicine so it has the historical value in the medicine.


Logic discovered its own limitations in Gödel's Incompleteness Theorems. Before Gödel's proofs, mathematicians sought a logical mechanistic process that could, with enough time and resources, decide any mathematical question. Gödel proved this was impossible. Any consistent sufficiently powerful set of mathematical assumptions or axioms can be expanded in simple obvious ways and complex ones. The standard example is to add the axiom that the system itself is consistent. Gödel proved this cannot be derived within any consistent system strong enough to define an ideal computer. An ideal computer can run forever error free and has access to unlimited storage. Any single path approach to expanding mathematics will encounter a Gödelian limit. Progress can be made forever, but all the results, over an infinite time, are subsumed in a single axiom that will never be discovered. Only a divergent process that explores an ever increasing number of alternatives, providing increasing resources to each viable path, can escape a Gödelian limit. There is no way to select between alternative expansions of mathematics beyond eliminating those that are inconsistent or proved wrong for more complex reasons. For example, a contradiction exists only if two consequences are inconsistent, but there may still be an infinite sequence of consequences that are mutually inconsistent. The proof that all mathematical truth can be explored in this way is trivial. If resources are available, all alternatives can be considered, each with ever greater effort. There is evidence that this is relevant to the evolution of the mathematically capable human mind, to the future expansion of mathematics and to cultural creativity in general.


Summary. — This paper studies the application of multimomentum maps to the constraint analysis of general relativity on null hypersurfaces. It is shown that, unlike the case of spacelike hypersurfaces, some constraints which are second class in the Hamiltonian formalism turn out to contribute to the multimomentum map. To recover the whole set of secondary constraints found in the Hamiltonian formalism, it is necessary to combine the multimomentum map with those particular EulerLagrange equations which are not of evolutionary type. The analysis is performed on the outgoing null cone only.


This article explores the uses and functions of dialogue in Frank McCourt's memoir Angela's Ashes. Taking conversational dialogue and fictional dialogue as points of comparison, the article argues that dialogue in autobiographical writing is essentially constructed, albeit not in the same way as fictional dialogue is. Dialogue as a means of dramatisation raises questions regarding factuality and fictionality. In McCourt's memoir, dialogue is shown to serve numerous functions: characterisation and stereotyping; selfpositioning and indirect stance-marking; the creation of verisimilitude, humour and reader involvement.


In Laysan Albatrosses the extent of primary moult is severely constrained by time, and should be considered in the context of life history trade-offs between current and future reproduction. In this study we asked whether differences in moult patterns varied with levels of the nematode Seuratia spp., and whether any of the observed variation in moult patterns could be explained by condition differences as reflected by parasite levels. Laysans with more nematodes replace fewer primaries, grow fewer feathers at a time, begin their moult later, and are more likely to replace only their outermost feathers - indicating that an individual bird's condition may affect the extent of its primary moult — which, in turn, may have significant effects on future reproduction.


We propose a new estimator of the parameter introduced by Ledford and Tawn governing dependence in bivariate distributions with asymptotically independent componentwise maxima We prove asymptotic normality of this estimator and two other estimators proposed in the quoted paper For the latter we develop a weighted approximation result for a two dimensional rank process We compare the estimators and a related test for asymptotic independence in a simulation study Also we show consistency of the resulting estimator for failure probabilities in this set up Our estimator for is inspired by the work of Peng Our less strict second order conditions are satis ed by the normal distribution


Virtual Reality (VR) is a potentially augmentative technology for classroom learning. We speculate that 3D visualization of solutions to mathematical equations would be assistive in a college level calculus course. To test our hypothesis, we built a VR system using commercially available hardware and software. We implemented visualizations of solutions to equations from textbooks used in calculus classes at Shepherd University, where we are in the process of demonstrating the system to mathematics professors and recording their reactions using a survey. So far, three of three professors reported that they would support the system's use in the classroom. We hope to add features such as projections of curves onto any plane, and we hope to test the system in a classroom setting.


of Women Civil Servants is up in arms on the grounds that "monopoly rights in the trade union field substitute dictatorship for democracy". In a northern city the school teachers, mainly women, are in conflict with their local authority over the same point. The Willesden nurses will no doubt now cease to be front page news, but their action will be long remembered, as it drew statements which were badly needed and which had been carefully avoided from two responsible Ministers. Mr. Bevan and Mr. Isaacs must be wishing fervently to be delivered from their friends. "The whole episode is a valuable example of the efficacy of public opinion, promptly focused, when individual rights are outraged as in this case." • <lJ:oneSponbence.


Market drivers, technology scaling and integration trends of application processor packaging are first presented. Component level and board level quality and reliability challenges are then discussed in the areas of thin die and thin core package warpage, lead free flip chip die to package interconnect mechanical integrity, and lead free package to motherboard solder joint reliability. Challenges from package qualification methodology and use condition are also addressed.


With the movement of many international accounting firms into Egypt, and the growth of local audit firms, it is particularly interesting, and relevant for governmental legislators, to study how the providers of the audit service perceive the quality of what they do. In this sense, the purpose of this paper is to report the perceptions of professional auditors in Egypt concerning how they perceive the quality of the service they provide. The paper also analyzes differences between perceptions of the Big 4 audit firms and other local audit firms. Based on 28 semi-structured interviews, it was revealed that the interviewees generally believed that the audit quality is preserved high in the presence of four factors: (1) high ethical standards to guide and regulate the profession; (2) a well planned and conducted audit; (3) a more knowledgeable audit team; and (4) having a good relationship with the client management.


Ghaninia, M. 2007. Olfaction in Mosquitoes: Neuroanatomy and Electrophysiology of the Olfactory System. Doctoral dissertation. ISSN 1652-6880, ISBN 978-91-576-7392-3 Female mosquitoes are vectors of diseases, affecting both livestock and humans. The host-seeking and identification behaviors of mosquitoes are mediated mainly by olfactory cues. The peripheral olfactory organs of mosquitoes which perceive olfactory cues are the antennae and maxillary palps. These appendages bear numerous hair shaped structures, sensilla, in which olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are housed. The ORNs detect and discriminate various odorant molecules and send information regarding odor quality, quantity and spatio-temporal patterns to the central olfactory system in the brain for further analysis. The first goal of this study was to investigate the neuroanatomy of the mosquito central olfactory system. Using different staining techniques, the neuronal architecture of the deutocerebrum as well as 3D reconstructions of antennal lobe (AL) glomeruli were depicted for both sexes of the Afrcian malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae and the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. To study how mosquitoes detect olfactory cues, single sensillum recordings (SSRs) were performed, which allowed me to investigate electrophysiological properties of individual ORNs housed in four morphological types of the most abundant olfactory sensilla, s. trichodea. I was able to identify 11 functional types which their ORNs displayed distinct responses to a set of compounds. As part of this study, axons of functionally defined ORNs were traced by neurobiotin to indicate which glomeruli they targeted. This resulted in a functional map of AL glomeruli. The map indicated that different functional types of ORNs converged onto different spatially fixed glomeruli. My next step was to identify novel biologically active compounds for the ORNs using gas chromatography coupled SSRs (GC-SSRs). Headspace odors from different human body parts, i.e. armpit, feet and trunk regions as well as from a plant used as a mosquito repellent (Nepeta faassenii) were collected, extracted and eventually injected onto the GC-column. I found that some of the extract components elicited responses in previously defined ORNs as well as in ORNs of the intermediate sensilla. Some of the compounds, which were subsequently identified by using GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were heptanal, octanal, nonanal and decanal.


*Corresponding author: email@example.com 18 2020 UTHM Publisher. All rights reserved. penerbit.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/ijie Abstract: Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a hot area of research which is useful in countless applications in various fields of engineering and technology. In WSN wireless nodes are dispersed in a well confined area, and most of the times are static once they are deployed. These nodes are battery operated and their energy goes down as they transmit beacon or informative packets. In past many routing protocols are proposed which tries to minimize the energy dissipation by using various approaches. Till date in proposed protocols information is transmitted in each round, however in many applications such frequent information/update is not desirable, therefore to restrict transfer of packets in each round in this paper a transmission control protocol is proposed, where by varying the load, transfer of packets can be controlled, and this mechanism reduces the dissipation of energy and thus improves, stability period, network lifetime and throughput. The performance evaluation of the proposed scheme is done using MATLAB software and keys features of proposed protocol are highlighted along with simulation results.


This paper reviews 31 groups in ferns and lycophytes hypothesized to show eastern Asian–North American disjunctions. Fourteen lineages have been supported by recent phylogenetic evidence: Lycopodium nikoense and Lycopodium sitchense; Isoëtes asiatica and the clade of the North American species complex closely allied to I. maritima; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum; Osmunda claytoniana; the Adiantum pedatum complex; the Cryptogramma acrostichoides complex; Diplaziopsidaceae; Cystopteris chinensis and the Cystopteris bulbifera clade; Asplenium rhizophyllum and Asplenium ruprechtii; diploid Phegopteris; Onoclea sensibilis; the Polypodium appalachianum clade; and the Polypodium glycyrrhiza clade. Phylogenetic and/or cytological evidence did not support the biogeographic disjunctions in six cases: (1) Isoëtes asiatica and I. truncata; (2) Botrychium ternatum; (3) Thelypteris beddomei and T. nipponica—Thelypteris noveboracensis and T. nevadensis; (4) Thelypteris glanduligera and Thelypteris. japonica—T. simulata; (5) Woodwardia japonica and W. virginica; and (6) Woodwardia orientalis and Woodwardia fimbriata. Both vicariance and dispersal have been suggested to be the mechanisms for the formation of the disjunct pattern; and the Beringian region has been an active pathway for the migration of ferns and lycophytes between Asia and North America. Disjunctions of ferns and lycophytes reviewed here have been dated in the Tertiary, and are similar to the ages of eastern Asian–North American disjunctions in seed plants, supporting the close biogeographic co‐diversification of ferns and seed plants. Future studies are needed to estimate divergence times and reconstruct biogeographic events in a broad phylogenetic framework, and to test the morphological stasis hypothesis in disjunct ferns and lycophytes.


Most infections of soft tissue injury sites are caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus and respond to beta-lactam antibiotics. Occasionally, a patient does not respond to routine antibiotics, and other possibilities must be considered. A detailed history of the event that caused the soft tissue injury can be important in the diagnosis. Two cases of Mycobacterium marinum soft tissue infection (ie, fish tank granuloma) are presented.


Purpose To identify cataract surgery candidates' knowledge, beliefs, desires and emotions as they relate to cataract surgery generally as well as to their behavioral intent to adhere to a doctor-recommended pre-surgical ocular surface prep routine designed to improve refractive outcomes and prevent surgical complications. Methods This national, noninterventional, cross-sectional, mixed methods survey included 278 US adults ages 65 and older with no history of cataract surgery in either eye. Results Only 20% of participants said they want to have cataract surgery, and even fewer (8%) said they wish they could have cataract surgery right away. Fear was the predominant emotion in one out of every three respondents and was correlated with intention to delay having cataract surgery for as long as possible (r = 0.44). Fewer than 2% of participants said their doctors recommended home-health strategies to combat the risks of ocular surface disease preoperatively. However, most say they would use a pre-surgical prep kit if their doctor gave them one (87%), asked them to buy one (83%), or directed them to obtain one online (71%). Conclusion These findings negate the popular assumption that patients are in a hurry to have their cataract surgery right away and, therefore, may resist physician recommendations to address ocular surface disease pre-operatively.


Bondhan Sayuk compiled to be inspired by Enggar-Enggar dance which have preexisted. Sunarno as orderer dance conscious Bondhan Sayuk that this dance in the begining fill compiled karawitan song music by Marto Pa ngrawit, what motivat desire have baby. Studying Bondhan Sayuk can be understood if in the theatre of him between dancer which is one with other experience of different motion variation of. This matter happened caused by text meaning of different accompaniment music song text especially at middle Javanese song. This Research is more focused by about how audience and dancer mean song text in music dance related to dance motion expression. involved in Audience of complex situation that where they get " inspiration" momentary to determine the meaning. Dancer as perpetrator in text meaning of song text in his danced dance motion. Process giving mean text take place in complicated situation that, which realized or do not, re/ate to experience before audience see Dance Pasihan Bondhan Sayuk. Related to Text show dance Pasihan represent story or the dance story, usually such text here is]song which is there are in dance music. Show text dance Bondhan Sayuk, residing in in loaded musical context of meaning, hereinafter get form in show of dance will give framework think to dancer to express into dance form, and audience get meaning from show dance Bondhan Sayuk from song text and dance as a show which is global and go into effect at the time of show take place. In context this is text meaning become important because interaction from various above mentioned factor reach form finally

Keyword: Pasihan, Bondhan Sayuk, Meaning Text.


CD16/CD30 bispecific monoclonal antibodies can induce remissions of Hodgkin's disease refractory to chemo- and radiotherapy. However, the development of human antimouse immunoglobulin antibodies and allergic reactions precludes repeated applications of the antibody. Moreover, problems of producing and purifying sufficient amounts of material limit the clinical practicability of this novel treatment approach. To overcome these obstacles, we have constructed a bispecific antibody in a diabody form that only employs the variable domains of the CD16/CD30 hybrid hybridoma. The diabody compared favorably with the parent CD16/CD30 bispecific antibody in its ability to activate and target natural killer cells in vitro. Its administration to mice bearing xenografted Hodgkin's lymphoma resulted in a marked regression of tumor growth, thus proving for the first time the capability of a diabody for immune recruitment in vivo. The CD16/CD30 diabody is a novel reagent that should considerably facilitate the immunotherapy of patients with refractory Hodgkin's lymphoma.


Increasing numbers of wind turbine units are connected to electrical power systems,the full model of wind farms with high number of wind turbines is a high order model which isn't appropriate for online system security analysis and stability margin computation. This paper presents a new way of aggregation of doubly fed induction generators(DFIGs) wind turbine units which have a four-quadrant ac-to-ac converter with vector control applied connected to the rotor windings, increasing the transient stability margin of the electrical grids and is different from capacity under different incoming winds by one single wind turbine unit to perserve the chief performance of aggregated wind turbine units for optimizing online computation time. The aggregation includes aggregating wind turbines, DFIGs and its control system, and collector system and gives real time parameters of DFIGs under operating condition according to the identified parameters. The equivalent model has the same structure as the original system considering development an equivalent representation of wind farm collector system for power system planning studies. The validity of the proposed full system and reduction generation system was proved by the comparison study.


This study aimed to investigate the fate of bacteriophage MS2 in concentrated human urine. Bacteriophage MS2 was inactivated in concentrated urine containing 0.3-2.4 M NH3, and quantified by plaque assay, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzymatic treatment-qPCR using six primer sets that cover the half of whole MS2 genome. Concentrated urine effectively inactivated the phage. Free ammonia in the hydrolysed urine was the most important constituent for the phage inactivation, while the increase in pH and osmotic pressure values did not give adverse effect on the phage infectivity. Damage on capsid was not observed, meanwhile the overall genome degradation rate, estimated from the degradation rate of each qPCR target region, was comparable with the rate of infectivity loss. These results show that damage on the genomic RNA by free-ammonia was the most important factor for inactivating bacteriophage MS2 in concentrated urine.


Background: Patients ≥55 years of age with active, relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (R/R AML) who have failed standard induction therapies most often receive salvage therapy with a wide variety of agents, but very few achieve remission. These patients do not routinely undergo allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) due to lack of efficacy using a standard HCT approach. The SIERRA trial is a prospective, randomized, phase 3, open-label, ongoing multicenter trial designed to address this significant unmet need in R/R AML. This trial compares Iomab-B, an 131I-radiolabeled anti-CD45 antibody as targeted conditioning prior to HCT against standard conventional care therapies with an accrual goal of 150 patients. We have performed a preliminary safety analysis, validating the initial feasibility of this multi-center trial.
 Methods: Eligible patients are ≥ 55 years of age with active, R/R AML, adequate organ function, and related/unrelated matched donor. Patients are randomized (1:1 ratio) to receive dosimetry directed Iomab-B followed 12 days later by HCT with fludarabine 30 mg/m2 x 3 days and 2 Gy of total body irradiation as transplant conditioning, or to a Conventional Care (CC) arm. Patients randomized to CC, may receive investigator's choice of salvage induction chemotherapy including approved targeted agents as well as Venetoclax (in combination with a hypomethylating agent) and proceed to standard HCT if they achieve complete remission (CR). If patients do not achieve CR, the study allows optional cross-over to the Iomab-B arm, evaluated between days 28-42 after CC therapy. The primary efficacy endpoint for the study is durable complete remission (dCR) of 6 months. The secondary efficacy objective is to evaluate overall survival at 1 year.
 Results: Forty patients have been enrolled to date and data are available for 38 patients (19 = Iomab-B, 19 = CC) as of July 5th, 2018. The median age was 63 years (range: 55-76). All patients had active disease at the time of enrollment with median bone marrow (BM) blasts of 30% in the Iomab-B arm and 47% in the crossover arm prior to receiving Iomab-B (Table 1). Of the patients in the CC arm, 88% did not achieve a CR and 65% of those crossed-over to receive Iomab-B. The most common reason preventing crossover was declining performance status. Time to HCT was not increased in the crossover patients receiving Iomab-B compared to those that underwent a standard of care transplant after achieving CR (median 65 vs 75 days), while the Iomab-B arm patients were transplanted at a median of 27 days after randomization. Iomab-B therapy was well-tolerated with no grade 3 or 4 infusion-related reactions reported. The median activity of Iomab-B was 626 mCi (range: 397-1027). All patients randomized to Iomab-B (N=13) engrafted, with median days to engraftment of ANC at 13 (range: 9-22) and platelets at 17 (range: 13-26). All patients who received Iomab-B after crossover (N=9) also engrafted with time to engraftment similar to patients initially randomized to the Iomab-B arm (Table 1). Donor chimerism (≥95%), within 100 days after HCT, was found in 9 of 10 patients in the Iomab-B arm and 8 of 9 patients in those that crossed over to receive Iomab-B, with two patient exceptions having mixed donor chimerism at day 28. A preliminary safety analysis for all randomized patients on either study arm showed the most frequent non-hematologic adverse events ≥ grade 3 occurring in >10% patients were febrile neutropenia (34.2%), stomatitis (15.8%), malnutrition (13.2%), epistaxis, sepsis, hypotension, hypobilirubinemia and fatigue (all 10.5%). There were no Iomab-B-related deaths.
 Interpretation: Preliminary safety analysis demonstrates the feasibility of delivering targeted conditioning with Iomab- B for HCT in R/R AML patients who have active disease and a high BM blast burden (median: ≥ 30%) prior to transplantation. All patients who received Iomab-B, including those crossed over after failing to achieve CR on CC salvage therapy, engrafted ANC within 13 days, despite active disease prior to transplant. In addition, the time to HCT from randomization was not increased in patients receiving Iomab-B after cross-over compared to those who underwent standard of care HCT after achieving CR on the CC arm. This study is currently enrolling and for full study details see www.sierratrial.com or clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02665065).

 Tomlinson: Foundation Medicine: Consultancy. Foran:Xencor, Inc.: Research Funding; Agios: Research Funding. Chen:Bellicum Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding. Levy:Takeda (Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc.): Consultancy. Lazarus:Pluristem Ltd.: Consultancy. Berger:Actinium Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership. Reddy:Actinium Pharmaceuticals: Employment, Equity Ownership; Pharmacyclics: Employment. Pagel:Pharmacyclics, an AbbVie Company: Consultancy; Gilead: Consultancy.


This paper examines the use of address terms in John Updike's Rabbit books ((Updike 1995). As will be argued, the data provide a unique, long-term perspective on how an individual is addressed in American society. The first part of the analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the great variety of address terms used towards the protagonist, Harry Angstrom, in the decades covered by the books. In a second step, the paper focuses on two important side characters to examine how their address behavior changes through the course of the series. The main aim of the paper is to demonstrate the great potential of fictional data for the study of address terms and, vice versa, how the study of address terms can contribute to a more profound understanding of a literary text.


The surface dust-acoustic wave is investigated in a semi-bounded dusty plasma containing elongated and rotating dust grains. The dispersion relation of the low-frequency surface ion plasma wave is obtained by the plasma dielectric function with the specular reflection boundary condition. The results show that the phase and group velocities of the surface dust-acoustic wave propagating along the plasma-vacuum interface decrease with an increase of the rotation frequency. However, for long wavelengths it is found that the phase and group velocities of the surface wave are independent of the magnitude of the rotation frequency.


Learning node representation is a fundamental problem in biological network analysis, as compact representation features reveal complicated network structures and carry useful information for downstream tasks such as link prediction and node classification. Recently, multiple networks that profile objects from different aspects are increasingly accumulated, providing the opportunity to learn objects from multiple perspectives. However, the complex common and specific information across different networks pose challenges to node representation methods. Moreover, ubiquitous noise in networks calls for more robust representation. To deal with these problems, we present a representation learning method for multiple biological networks. First, we accommodate the noise and spurious edges in networks using denoised diffusion, providing robust connectivity structures for the subsequent representation learning. Then, we introduce a graph regularized integration model to combine refined networks and compute common representation features. By using the regularized decomposition technique, the proposed model can effectively preserve the common structural property of different networks and simultaneously accommodate their specific information, leading to a consistent representation. A simulation study shows the superiority of the proposed method on different levels of noisy networks. Three network-based inference tasks, including drug-target interaction prediction, gene function identification and fine-grained species categorization, are conducted using representation features learned from our method. Biological networks at different scales and levels of sparsity are involved. Experimental results on real-world data show that the proposed method has robust performance compared with alternatives. Overall, by eliminating noise and integrating effectively, the proposed method is able to learn useful representations from multiple biological networks.


A soft synthetic semi-ring was used in reconstructive-plastic operations on 36 patients with rheumatic mitral insufficiency; it was sutured in the projection of the posterior cusp. The operative techniques and the immediate results are described. Lethality was 5.5%.


The influence of an electric field on different properties of the donor–acceptor polymer diketo-pyrrolo-pyrrole bithiophene thienothiophene (DPPT-TT) that are essential for the charge transport process is studied. The main focus is on whether the transport in DPPT-TT-based organic transistors can be tuned by electric fields in the gate direction. The considered electric fields are in the range 108–1010 V m–1. We show that strong electric fields (∼109 V m–1) which are parallel to the polymer backbone can influence the reorganization energy in a Markus-type approach. Weaker electric fields parallel to the polymer backbone result in minimal changes to the reorganization energy. The coupling element of DPPT-TT shows a pronounced affinity to be influenced by electric fields in the charge transport direction independent of the field strength.


We prove that a $q$-deformation $\mathfrak{D}_k(\mathbb{X};q)$ of the powers of the discriminant is equal, up to a normalization, to a specialization of a Macdonald polynomial indexed by a staircase partition. We investigate the expansion of $\mathfrak{D}_k(\mathbb{X};q)$ on different bases of symmetric functions. In particular, we show that its expansion on the monomial basis can be explicitly described in terms of standard tableaux and we generalize a result of King-Toumazet-Wybourne about the expansion of the $q$-discriminant on the Schur basis.


Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as a rapid and accurate identification method for bacterial species. Although it has been successfully applied for the identification of human pathogens, it has so far not been well evaluated for routine identification of veterinary bacterial isolates. This study was performed to compare and evaluate the performance of MALDI-TOF MS based identification of veterinary bacterial isolates with commercially available conventional test systems. Discrepancies of both methods were resolved by sequencing 16S rDNA and, if necessary, the infB gene for Actinobacillus isolates. A total of 375 consecutively isolated veterinary samples were collected. Among the 357 isolates (95.2%) correctly identified at the genus level by MALDI-TOF MS, 338 of them (90.1% of the total isolates) were also correctly identified at the species level. Conventional methods offered correct species identification for 319 isolates (85.1%). MALDI-TOF identification therefore offered more accurate identification of veterinary bacterial isolates. An update of the in-house mass spectra database with additional reference spectra clearly improved the identification results. In conclusion, the presented data suggest that MALDI-TOF MS is an appropriate platform for classification and identification of veterinary bacterial isolates.


On June 29, 2021, the BC Supreme Court issued the verdict of the Yahey v. British Columbia litigation (S151727). For the first time in Canadian legal history, a First Nation Band (BRFN – BlueBerry River First Nation) sued a provincial Government for the cumulative effects of industrial development intertwined with Treaty 8 infringements. The proceeding lasted for six years (2015–2021), with more than 160 days of trials and dozens of hours of affidavits sworn, and it resulted in a ground-breaking verdict. The Court recognised that in authorising industrial development, the Province had been unable to consider and deal with the cumulative impacts that projects had on the traditional lifestyle of BRFN members, besides breaching its obligation to BRFN under Treaty 8.
This comment argues that by recognising that the Province cannot continue to authorise activities that breach Treaty 8 and Section 35 of the 1982 Constitution, the verdict may pave the way to a real implementation of the FPIC (Free, Prior and Informed Consent) in the BC legal framework. The ruling provides that the BC Government and the Band engage in meaningful consultation and negotiation to enforce mechanisms to assess and manage cumulative effects on the BRFN traditional territory. The parties were given six months to negotiate based on the litigation outcomes. On October 7, 2021, a preliminary agreement between the BRFN and the BC Province was signed. Important issues had been addressed throughout the trial. From confidentiality and the duty to consult in good faith to the constitutionality of Court hearing fees and the possibility to obtain other kinds of injunctions until the trial; the outcomes of this litigation may well be considered as a milestone to advance the Canadian legal framework, further recognising essential rights of Canadian Indigenous peoples in terms of Constitutional, social, and environmental justice.


The pontine nuclei (PN) are the largest of the precerebellar nuclei, neuronal assemblies in the hindbrain providing principal input to the cerebellum. The PN are predominantly innervated by the cerebral cortex and project as mossy fibers to the cerebellar hemispheres. Here, we comprehensively review the development of the PN from specification to migration, nucleogenesis and circuit formation. PN neurons originate at the posterior rhombic lip and migrate tangentially crossing several rhombomere derived territories to reach their final position in ventral part of the pons. The developing PN provide a classical example of tangential neuronal migration and a study system for understanding its molecular underpinnings. We anticipate that understanding the mechanisms of PN migration and assembly will also permit a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of cortico-cerebellar circuit formation and function.


A package-integrated, compact, low-cost, athermal wavelength locker is introduced. It uses a novel etalon material, Schnaelite, to reduce environmental temperature sensitivity well over an order of magnitude compared to commercially available fused silica based lockers. Thermo-optical properties of temperature insensitive etalons are presented. Results demonstrating frequency stability of devices incorporating Schnaelite etalon based discriminators show optical frequency shifts below 1 GHz for large changes in case and laser temperature. This enabling technology promotes future small form-factor, low power consumption, multichannel laser sources.


IL-15 regulates central and effector memory CD8 T cell (TCM and TEM, respectively) homeostatic proliferation, maintenance, and longevity. Consequently, IL-15 availability hypothetically defines the carrying capacity for total memory CD8 T cells within the host. In conflict with this hypothesis, previous observations demonstrated that boosting generates preternaturally abundant TEM that increases the total quantity of memory CD8 T cells in mice. In this article, we provide a potential mechanistic explanation by reporting that boosted circulating TEM do not require IL-15 for maintenance. We also investigated tissue-resident memory CD8 T cells (TRM), which protect nonlymphoid tissues from reinfection. We observed up to a 50-fold increase in the total magnitude of TRM in mouse mucosal tissues after boosting, suggesting that the memory T cell capacity in tissues is flexible and that TRM may not be under the same homeostatic regulation as primary central memory CD8 T cells and TEM. Further analysis identified distinct TRM populations that depended on IL-15 for homeostatic proliferation and survival, depended on IL-15 for homeostatic proliferation but not for survival, or did not depend on IL-15 for either process. These observations on the numerical regulation of T cell memory indicate that there may be significant heterogeneity among distinct TRM populations and also argue against the common perception that developing vaccines that confer protection by establishing abundant TEM and TRM will necessarily erode immunity to previously encountered pathogens as the result of competition for IL-15.