This article presents a synthesis of research on benefits of supervised agricultural experience (SAE) programs during a thirty-year period 1964 - 1993 .A library search of selected sources was used to gather data for the study. Research in this area is primarily descriptive, detailing the benefits of SAEs . .Research supports the belief that SAEs ar eregarded as beneficial to students, and that SAEs help make agricultural education vocational .Agricultural knowledge andpositive work attitudes are among the benefits students gain from SAEs . .Research supports the concept that classroom/laboratory, SAEs, and FFA complement each other in the teaching and learning process .The research is state specific, fragmented, and lacks cohesiveness. Regional and national studies are needed on the benefits of SAEs to student learning; outcomes of SAEs; ways to effectively measure benefits from SAEs; optimal scope of SAEs; and building symbiotic relationships between classroom/laboratory instruction, FFA, and SAE to further enhance student learning.


. This article considers wireless technologies in the field of automation of technological processes and production in the energy, chemical, petrochemical and oil refining, gas, railway, mining, metallurgical and other industries where the use of wireless industrial devices is necessary due to specific features. Wireless technologies provide the ability to connect measuring devices directly to the wireless network with further transfer of information through a wireless gateway to an automated control system. This article will discuss the types of wireless networks that are classified according to the possible range of action (Wireless Wide area network, Wireless Local Area Network, Wireless Personal Area Network). The most common standards of organization of wireless industrial networks, including IEEE 802.11 b/g/n, IEEE 802.15.1, IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.16 e, will also be considered, including in the field of management of chemical-technological processes and productions. Data transmission protocols ISA-100.11.a and WirelessHART and a number of their features will be analyzed. The basic standard network structures based on the ISA-100.11.a and WirelessHART protocols, their typical components, will be considered. The article provides an analytical comparison of the ISA100.11a and WirelessHART over the OSI network model layers, including the physical layer, the link layer, the network layer, the transport layer, the session layer, the presentation layer and the application layer (process control, management, security, application sublayer). The main stages of calculation of wireless industrial network are given, in particular: calculation of the network information load, calculation of the network's energy parameters, frequency-territorial planning, development of the communication scheme and interface with external networks. The formulas for calculating the network information load using Nazarov's methodology, calculating the network's energy parameters, taking into account the overall losses in the propagation of radio waves, including losses in free space, losses in partitions and walls inside the building, losses due to interference and signal fading are given.


Abstract Purpose. Currently panoramic radiography is used for diagnosis of dental and bone lesions, but anatomical structures also can be seen and may be useful in dental managements. This study aimed to investigate the visibility of some important mandibular features relating to neurovascular structures in Iranian population. Materials and methods. Panoramic radiographs were taken by Planmeca machine from 412 patients using standard exposure. The position of patient was in compliance with standard protocol. Then mandibular incisive canal was evaluated and data were analyzed statistically. Results. Mental foramen, anterior loop of mental nerve and incisive canal could be observed in 84.2, 66 and 51.7% of the cases. Respectively, lingual foramen was observed in only 6.1% of the radiographs. Gender doesn't affect on the visibility of these structures. There was a relationship between mandibular foramen and canal with age. Conclusion. Mandibular incisive canal was considered in 51.7% of cases, it was observed that the result obtained was more than those of other researches.


This paper demonstrates how a low cost three-dimensional packaging (multichip module-vertical) technology can be utilized to implement systems for consumer applications. In any application where system cost, volume and mass are important, this packaging technique can be advantageous, particularly in the rapidly growing portable electronics industry. To illustrate this we present a general-purpose, low-cost camera and image processing system in the new packaging technology. This can be used in multimedia, surveillance and smart vision applications.


In order to overcome the drawbacks and combine the advantages of both 3G packet-switched mobile communication systems and WLAN, wireless broadband Internet (WiBro) system based on 2.3 GHz bandwidth and IEEE 802.16e has been developed in Korea. Recently, the new version of WiBro system, named WiBro-evolution (WiBro-EVO) system which provides various multimedia services, is researched. In this paper, we investigate the IMS authentication schemes and propose the efficient IMS authentication scheme based on the initial access authentication scheme in WiBro-EVO system. We also evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme to consider how it reduces the signaling message overhead in the WiBro-EVO network. The proposed scheme can reduce signaling overhead over the radio interface and core network interface. In addition, it can guarantee the integrity SIP registration messages.


The present contribution proposes the study of the exegetical-soteriological assumption, elaborated by Clement of Alexandria in Str. 6, 15, 131, 1-5, where a passage taken from the Vis. II, 1, 3-4 of Hermas is reinterpreted. The Gnostic exegete, who professes the true gnosis, must be aware that while it is possible for everyone to read the sacrad Scripture "letter by letter", not everyone will be in a position to undertake the "Gnostic explanation", but only those to which faith has opened the depths of the text, "the elect", so that they are able to progress from the "letter" to the "syllable" bringing to light the message that goes beyond the letter, which is already engraved in the "new heart" and now preserved in the book that has been "renewed" by the Savior, the Logos of God.


In this paper, we have studied the AC breakdown performance of paper-ice composite insulating system immersed in liquid nitrogen. The electric strength (Fb) in this paper-ice composite system is higher than that of paper-liquid nitrogen system. Furthermore, this system shows a self-healing type breakdown behavior. Among the many kinds of liquid to be immersed and frozen to the ice, deionized water gives the highest Fb. The Fb increased with the paper density. The paper-ice composite insulation system is thought to be one of good candidate for the electrical insulating system at cryogenic temperature.


A practical procedure for computing a regular approximation of a logic program is given. Regular approximations are useful in a variety of tasks in debugging, program specialisation and compile-time optimisation. The algorithm shown here incorporates optimisations taken from deductive database fixpoint algorithms and efficient bottom-up abstract interpretation techniques. Frameworks for defining regular approximations have been put forward in the past, but the emphasis has usually been on theoretical aspects. Our results contribute mainly to the development of effective analysis tools that can be applied to large programs. Precision of the approximation can be greatly improved by applying query-answer transformations to a program and a goal, thus capturing some argument dependency information. A novel technique is to use transformations based on computation rules other than left-to-right to improve precision further. We give performance results for our procedure on a range of programs.


The present study is aimed at documenting the phytodiversity and indigenous knowledge of the tribal people in the regions of Eastern Ghats. Sivanmalai, the pride of Eastern Ghats, the gem of Tamil Nadu, otherwise known as Sivachalam, Sivathri is a diversity rich region. Documentation of the richness and distribution of species diversity are helpful in developing a better plans for management and conservation of tropical forest. A total of 107 plant species were collected, which includes 46 medicinal species belonging to 41 genus of 24 families. Some of the plants are used to cure various ailments viz, Cancer, Leprosy, etc., and the frequently used medicinal plants includes Acacia leucopholea (Roxb.) Willd., Andrographis echioides Nees, etc., the predominant mode of medicinal preparation used in the study area is grinding the plant part into paste. The global clamour for highly potential medicinal plants creates opportunities for the local and rural people to export medicinal species of the Eastern Ghats. The conclusion  of the study invocate the importance of trans- disciplinary researches which helps in the conservation of phytodiversity and the invaluable traditional knowledge.


Researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles and at the National Institute for Immunology in New Delhi, India conducted parallel laboratory studies which indicate that sperm may augment HIV infectivity. The studies showed that HIV binds easily to sperm. Further, sperm infects target peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) proficiently. In addition, sperm binds to HLA-DR molecules which can transduce signals. Similar to what happens when an immobilized anti HLA-DR antibody binds with the surface of HLA-DR which in turn activates HLA-DR expressing cells, sperm binding with HLA-DR also activates HLA-Dr expressing cells. The sperm/HLA-DR binding serves to transduce receptor coupled signals and expands and divides target cells. Target cell activation increases HIV entry and initiates latency. Furthermore new virus replication needs activation. If indeed sperm can activate HLA-DR bearing cells, this may explain both sperm increased HIV infectivity observed for PBLs in vitro and the efficiency of semen for transmitting HIV in vivo. Besides, HLA-DR bearing cells exist in great numbers in the female reproductive tract. In fact, some even express the HIV receptor CD4. These results suggest that sperm play an important role in the microenvironment leading to HIV infection. They also emphasize the significance of spermicide use with condoms to protect against HIV transmission.


Cardiac actinomycosis is rare; the pericardium is the most frequently involved site, but myocardial, endocardial and valvular involvement have all been documented. Most cases originate from a thoracopulmonary site of actinomycosis and spread directly to the pericardium. Widespread dissemination from extrathoracic organs is uncommon; in fact actinomycosis is prevented by anatomical barriers and hematogenous diffusion is rare. We describe an uncommon case of pericardial actinomycosis due to a draining fistula from the liver to the pericardial space across the diaphragm. The massive dissemination through the fistula could explain the peculiar echocardiographic images of macroscopic, echo-reflective, irregular masses, floating in the pericardial space, probably consistent with aggregates of sulfur granules.


Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory organs of male reproduction was studied in the wild mouse. A full quota of accessory organs was found in the wild mouse like that of the albino mouse. The weight of the testes as well as some accessory organs (seminal vesicle, ampullary gland, Cowper's gland and preputial gland) was lower as compared to the albino mouse. With regard to the microscopic anatomy no significant difference was marked between the wild and the albino mouse. But quantitative studies of epithelial tissue of these accessory organs revealed some differences. The relative amount of epithelial tissue was more in some organs, but less in others, in the wild mouse as compared to the albino mouse. These differences may be due to the difference in the species of the mouse studied.


The Mu3e experiment aims to find or exclude the lepton flavor violating decay $\mathrm {\mu ^{+}\to e^{+}e^{-}e^{+}}$ with a sensitivity of one in 1016 muon decays. The first phase of the experiment is currently under construction at the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland), where beams with up to 108 muons per second are available. The detector will consist of an ultra-thin pixel tracker made from High-Voltage Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors (HV-MAPS), complemented by scintillating tiles and fibers for precise timing measurements. The experiment produces about 100Gbit/s of zero-suppressed data, which are transported to a filter farm using a network of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and fast optical links. On the filter farm, tracks and three-particle vertices are reconstructed using highly parallel algorithms running on graphics processing units, leading to a reduction of the data to 100 Mbyte/s for mass storage and offline analysis. This article introduces the system design and hardware implementation of the Mu3e data acquisition and filter farm.


Automatic detection of road surface condition and classified data storage is proposed using a customized VGG16 model. One of the primary concerns affecting safety in transportation is road surface distress. The first sign of an asphalt pavement's catastrophic collapse is a surface crack, which can later progress to become a pothole and incur expensive repairing costs. Conventional detection methods of road surface cracks or degradation that included manual checking by humans adds to additional time and resource cost which can be eradicated by replacing the monitoring system with an automated computer program that we are proposing in this study. A deep neural network that is trained on custom dataset collected manually by taking photos of roads to successfully detect smooth and cracked or damaged road surfaces is proposed on this domain. VGG16 with a custom input layer has been proven to achieve 97.52% accuracy in detection of both smooth and damaged surfaces which, compared to others, is much better than the other models. The classified images from the model can later be used by specific authorities trying to maintain the road infrastructures.


Polymer flooding as an EOR method that has boomed in the last decade as oil prices have been rising, and new and larger polymer flood projects are being realized. Some milestones and examples are the large-scale viscoelastic polymer flood implementation at the Daqing field in China, polymer injection in Marmul field, Oman, and the Dalia offshore polymer project. Polymer flood is a mature EOR technology, but as the reservoir targets get more diverse and the field conditions harsher, the current understanding of polymer flood is stretched to its limits. In order to explain viscous fingering in inter-mediate to heavy oil reservoirs and viscoelastic mobilization of residual oil there is a need for a better understanding of polymer flow mechanisms on the pore scale. Pore scale polymer flow characterization is very complex and involves several flow phenomena like; adsorption, viscous fingering, depleted layers, hydrodynamic retention, bridging/flow-induced adsorption, viscoelastic effects, in-accessible pore volume and more. In this study we have developed a Navier-Stokes model to analyse polymer flow and to compare against Newtonian fluids. The aim has been to identify the key parameters for polymer displacement. Examples of obtained results are that the depletion layer plays a major role in study of rheological properties. Increased depleted layer thickness lead to lower velocity at the centre of the pore and more slip effect near the pore wall. When a higher degree of shear thickening is included a larger drag on fluids in side channels will occur, this is consistent with oil mobilisation and lowering of residual oil saturation.


During times of crisis, poor people are the most vulnerable target in terms of economic and social justice. In order to break the cycle of poverty and inequality, it is necessary a radical redistribution of power, opportunities and assets, rather than traditional models of charitable aid. The levers that can drive this transformation are active citizenship and effective states, allowing people to have a voice in deciding their own destiny and claiming for state and private sector accountability (Sen, 1999; Green, 2012). Within this scenario, the objective of this paper is to explore the relevant experience of Oxfam Italy (OIT) in fostering an efficient and effective management of public resources in order to tackle poverty through decentralization and local governance for human development. In particular, this paper critically assesses five initiatives implemented by OIT in the last ten years in the following areas: waste management in Latin America, South Africa and Democratic Republic of Congo; urban and rural SMEs in Bosnia-Herzegovina; social and health care services in South Africa. This case-studies analysis is based on desk-based review, independent evaluations, and interviews with key informants. Overall, these actions aim at removing bottlenecks constraining the enhancement of individual capabilities and agency by acting on contextual conversion factors (Robeyns, 2005; Deneulin, 2008; Frediani, 2010) and institutional capacities of local governments. It is crucial to explore through a cross-country and comparative analysis the conditions enabling the design of pro-poor policies at the local level by fostering active involvement of public, private and civil society stakeholders. The paper is structured as follows. The first section presents the OIT approach to support bottomup policy-making processes and to build networks and partnerships for human development and capability expansion. The second section critically discusses the outcomes of the five selected experiences, assessing to what extent OIT interventions have been successful in triggering a change in livelihood conditions, and in expanding individual capabilities and agency. The final section outlines the most relevant conclusions. Tackling Poverty Through Decentralisation and Local Governance: Five Concrete Experiences of Oxfam Italy


Transrectal ultrasound of the prostate (TRUS) plays a major role in the follow-up of hormonally treated D2 prostate cancer patients because in these situations the digital rectal examination (DRE) cannot be reliable in the evaluation of local recurrence. 82 patients with advanced prostate cancer were evaluated. Mean follow-up was 33 months (range 3-103). TRUS was performed before starting hormonal therapy and every 3 months thereafter. A volume decrease of the prostate was obtained in 91% of the patients. The lowest mean volume of the prostate (nearly 55% decrease of the pretreatment volume) was reached after 6-9 months of therapy. 62.1% of the patients underwent disease progression after a mean follow-up of 25 months (range 3-80). No correlation between systemic progression and ultrasound findings were observed. In 9.6% of cases a local progression was observed. In 42 patients PSA was used in association with TRUS: the PSA nadir was reached after 6-9 months of therapy. PSA increased in every case a disease progression was observed. The data showed that TRUS is an objective and reliable method in the follow-up of D2 prostate cancer patients. However, considering the low incidence of local progression, the use of PSA appears to be the standard method to monitor the patients, leaving TRUS in case of suspicion of local progression.


Increases in burned forest area across the western United States and southwestern Canada over the last several decades have been partially driven by a rise in vapor pressure deficit (VPD), a measure of the atmosphere's drying power that is significantly influenced by human-caused climate change. Previous research has quantified the contribution of carbon emissions traced back to a set of 88 major fossil fuel producers and cement manufacturers to historical global mean temperature rise. In this study, we extend that research into the domain of forest fires. We use a global energy balance carbon-cycle model, a suite of climate models, and a burned area (BA) model to determine the contribution of emissions traced to the major carbon producers to the long-term increase in VPD during 1901–2021 and to cumulative forest fire area during 1986–2021 in the western US and southwestern Canada. Based on climate model data, we find that emissions traced to these carbon producers contributed 48% (interquartile range (IQR) 38%–63%) of the long-term rise in VPD between 1901 and 2021. BA modeling indicates that these emissions also contributed 37% (IQR 26%–47%) of the cumulative area burned by forest fires between 1986 and 2021 in the western US and southwestern Canada. The increase in VPD in this region is linked to both increased fire activity and the region's current and prolonged megadrought. As loss and damage from these hazards mounts, this research can inform public and legal dialogues regarding the responsibility carbon producers bear for addressing past, present, and future climate risks associated with fires and drought in the western US and southwestern Canada.


Acknowledgments. About the Author. INTRODUCTION The Great Opportunity. CHAPTER 1 Let's Get Started. CHAPTER 2 A Pair of Shorts. CHAPTER 3 Why Technical Analysis? CHAPTER 4 The Market Is Always Right. CHAPTER 5 Equivolume Charts. CHAPTER 6 Getting Ready to Trade. CHAPTER 7 Choosing Your Route. CHAPTER 8 Power Boxes. CHAPTER 9 Okay, Let's Buy. CHAPTER 10 Stop Orders for Getting In. CHAPTER 11 Stop Orders for Getting Out. CHAPTER 12 A Play, Not a Position. CHAPTER 13 Minding the Gaps. CHAPTER 14 Tops and Bottoms. CHAPTER 15 Flags, Pennants, and Rectangles. CHAPTER 16 Support and Resistance. CHAPTER 17 Trends and Channels. CHAPTER 18 Targets. CHAPTER 19 Ease of Movement and Volume-Adjusted Moving Averages. CHAPTER 20 Is the Market Going to Go Up or Down? CHAPTER 21 The Arms Index. CHAPTER 22 Market Tops and Bottoms. CHAPTER 23 In Conclusion. About the CD-ROM. Index.


The main purpose of this paper is to develop methodologies for simultaneous generation and transmission expansion planning problem of power networks while investigating interactions between these two important sections. In the proposed methodologies, a transmission operator (TO) operating under different incentives decides about investment in transmission network while anticipating the outcome of a purely competitive electricity market where several rival generation firms complete with each other to determine operating level of their generators, amount of their sales and amount of their investment in generation capacity. The proposed methodologies rely on bi-level programming models whose upper level model represent the problem of investment in transmission by TO and the lower level problems represent market outcomes obtained from clearing the market. These bi-level models are reduced to mixed-integer linear and nonlinear programming using the duality theory and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions. The results of the proposed models are analyzed and compared using two illustrative examples.


The development of excellent selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts with hydrocarbons for lean-burn diesel engines is of great significance, and a range of novel catalysts loaded with Sn and Ag were studied in this work. It was found that the synergistic effects of Sn and Ag enabled the 1Sn5Ag/γ-Al2O3 (1 wt% Sn and 5wt% Ag) to exhibit superior C3H6-SCR performance. The de-NOx efficiency was maintained above 80% between 336 and 448 °C. The characterization results showed that the presence of AgCl crystallites in the 1Sn5Ag/γ-Al2O3 catalyst helped its redox ability maintain an appropriate level, which suppressed the over-oxidation of C3H6. Besides, the number of surface adsorbed oxygen (Oα) and hydroxyl groups (Oγ) were enriched, and their reactivity was greatly enhanced due to the coexistence of Ag and Sn. The ratio of Ag0/Ag+ was increased to 3.68 due to the electron transfer effects, much higher than that of Ag/γ-Al2O3 (2.15). Lewis acid sites dominated the C3H6-SCR reaction over the 1Sn5Ag/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. The synergistic effects of Sn and Ag facilitated the formation of intermediates such as acetates, enolic species, and nitrates, and inhibited the deep oxidation of C3H6 into CO2, and the C3H6-SCR mechanism was carefully proposed.


Limitations of air cooling give motivation to apply liquid cooling for high heat flux dissipation because the integrated circuits observe an exponential growth in number of transistors following the conjecture of Moore"s Law over last few decades. Micro/Mini channel is one of the candidates for high heat flux dissipation. To understand performance of cooling at micro/mini scale, fluid flow & heat transfer need to study. The parameters which affect the behaviour of fluid flow are mass flow rate, specific heat of fluid, geometry & Surface texture of channel would play major role over here. According to scaling law, as compactness increases, heat transfer increases & pressure drop decreases. Increasing the hydraulic diameter from micro to mini scale configurations, we can get heat transfer coefficient sufficient at a relatively lower pressure drop for specific application. It is need to focus on applicability of conventional correlation at this scale, and analyze reasons for deviation from experimental result. So, here single phase liquid flow in mini channel is reviewed.


This is an account of contemporary asthma diagnosis and management, with a look to the future. It summarizes current UK, US and international guidelines regarding asthma diagnosis and management and outlines a plan for asthma monitoring to optimize control, as well as an account of contemporary anti-asthma therapy. It is stressed that poor compliance, poor inhaler technique and inattention to comorbidities and exacerbating factors are common causes of poor asthma control and that these aspects should be addressed before modifying therapy. There is a final note on future possibilities for asthma care.


This study investigated the hypothesis that prompting students to self-assess their interest and understanding of science concepts and activities would increase their motivation in science classes. Students were randomly assigned to an experimental condition that wrote self-assessments of their competence and interest in science lessons or a control condition that wrote summaries of those same lessons. Writing activities were 10 min long and were given approximately once a week for eighteen weeks. Student motivation was assessed via self-report surveys for achievement goals and interest in science before and after the intervention. Students in the experimental condition showed higher endorsement of mastery goals and reported greater situational interest in science topics after the intervention compared to students who summarised the lessons. Increases in situational interest predicted higher individual interest in the domain. Results indicate an instructional practice requiring just 3 hours out of a semester of instruction was sufficient to achieve these effects on motivation in science classes.


Wildfires have increased in size and frequency in recent decades in many biomes, but have they also become more severe? This question remains under-examined despite fire severity being a critical aspect of fire regimes that indicates fire impacts on ecosystem attributes and associated post-fire recovery. We conducted a retrospective analysis of wildfires larger than 1000 ha in south-eastern Australia to examine the extent and spatial pattern of high-severity burned areas between 1987 and 2017. High-severity maps were generated from Landsat remote sensing imagery. Total and proportional high-severity burned area increased through time. The number of high-severity patches per year remained unchanged but variability in patch size increased, and patches became more aggregated and more irregular in shape. Our results confirm that wildfires in southern Australia have become more severe. This shift in fire regime may have critical consequences for ecosystem dynamics, as fire-adapted temperate forests are more likely to be burned at high severities relative to historical ranges, a trend that seems set to continue under projections of a hotter, drier climate in south-eastern Australia.


The aim of this study was to investigate the possible hypocholesterolemic effects of Rhodobacter capsulatus on cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations in serum, egg-yolk, and fatty acid composition in egg-yolk of quails. A total of 60, 10-week-old laying Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) were randomly assigned into 3 treatment groups (20 quails/group), and fed diets supplemented with 0 (control), 0.02, and 0.04% R. capsulatus for 6 weeks. Eggs and blood from each quail were collected at the end of the 6-week feeding period for chemical analysis. The cholesterol fractions in egg-yolk and serum were measured by enzymatic assay, and the fatty acid composition in egg-yolk was determined by gas chromatography. The results revealed that the supplementation of 0.04% dietary R. capsulatus reduced (P<0.05) cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations in serum and in egg-yolk. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the atherogenic index were decreased (P<0.05) by dietary R. capsulatus. Hepatic cholesterol was also reduced (P<0.05) by 0.04% R. capsulatus. Yolk color was improved (P<0.05) by 0.04% R. capsulatus supplemented diet. The concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were increased (P<0.05) in egg-yolk of the quails fed the 0.04% R. capsulatus supplemented diet than the control diet. The ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acids in egg-yolk was improved (P<0.05) by 0.04% R. capsulatus supplemented diet. Therefore, the supplementation of dietary R. capsulatus may be a feasible means of producing quail eggs with lower cholesterol and higher PUFA content for health conscious consumers.


The aims of this study were to illuminate the joint constructions of exemplary nurses and their lived experiences of being and becoming one. Inherent in being 'exemplary' was the notion of 'becoming', which involved the integration of knowledge and experiences through reflecting on the day-to-day of 'being a nurse'. Being exemplary was not about perfection but learning from every experience and integrating these into becoming. To elucidate these phenomena, I developed a creative qualitative and participatory method informed by Guba and Lincoln's Constructivist, and van Manen's Human Science Approaches, underpinned by Glaser's Emergent Philosophy. Ten exemplary nurses were recruited and interviewed three times. They also provided supplementary data such as photos, poetry and writings. This interview data was transcribed and imported into the computer programme QSR NVivo. This programme allowed for management of the raw data and facilitated coding and categorising, while remaining grounded in the whole text and its meanings. Analysis occurred through first and second level categorising and the use of writing as method. Writing became a way of knowing – assisting discovery and allowing reflection on the data in order to connect the categories and themes together in a coherent and workable whole. The above method led to the following emergent findings. The pivotal construct was Authentic Being, through living a reflective life, surrounded by the major constructs of Love of Nursing, Making a Difference, Critical Friends, Walking the Talk and Backpack patients. These constructs directed a specific and comprehensive review of both the philosophical and nursing literature. This review was not used to expand or enlarge the findings but to enlighten, illuminate and clarify. Significant philosophical ideas were extended, developed and synthesised with the findings. Noteworthy was the expansion of Heidegger's notion of B/being: where capitalisation denotes essence and lower case symbolises the verb – to be. The use of B/being represents the merging of a person's essence and being into one. The notion of B/being and B/becoming through time – specifically human-lived-time was also important. B/being and B/becoming exemplary was an authentic embodiment of being self with being with others – a true holistic B/being-in-the-world. The purposeful review of significant nursing theorists and the general nursing literature demonstrated that this study's participants had attributes and skills comparable to those described and 'called' for. In addition, this study's participants often went further than these descriptions, and demonstrated and exemplified a true holistic B/being – where they were more than the sum of their parts and integrated all aspects of themselves through critical reflection in order to B/be and B/become. Through synthesis of this knowledge a definition of B/being and B/being an Exemplary Nurse was developed - Exemplary nurses authentically embody being themselves – with being with others – they are B/being-in-the-world. Situated in human-lived-time they use experiences carried in their backpacks to actively 'Be' who they want to 'Become'. At the spiralling intersection between past and future they use their love of nursing and critical friends to make a difference for those they care for and to walk the talk with their colleagues. The new knowledge that emerged from this research has profound implications for everyday nursing practice, undergraduate and post graduate nursing education, and for Charge Nurses and Senior Nurses, who are of vital importance as role models, mentors and critical friends. The results are significant and are important for nurses and the nursing profession and contribute to, and, advance nursing knowledge.


A case of acute arterial thrombosis of the branches of the internal iliac, femoral and popliteal arteries is reported in a 38-year-old man receiving intravenous cisplatin-vinblastine-methotrexate therapy for carcinoma of the urethra. The patient had no angiographic evidence of atheromatous disease or tumour invasion of the occluded arteries and no source of emboli. Although cisplatin and vinblastine are known to cause a variety of vaso-occlusive complications, acute large-vessel arterial occlusion has not previously been reported with this combination of agents.


: Six subjects with venous thromboembolism volunteered for this prospective study. Heparin was administrated intravenously at a constant rate with an infusion pump. The activated partial thromboplastin time (A.P.T.T.) and thrombin time (T.T.) were measured every 4 hrs. for 48 hrs. These coagulation tests exhibited a nycthemeral variation with a large amplitude which was reproducible from one day to the next and statistically validated by the cosinor method (p less than 0.001). All patients had a nocturnal peak of A.P.T.T. and T.T. on both days. In four patients this peak for A.P.T.T. exceeded the upper desired limit.


OFDM has been applied in the current wireless local-area networks and digital video broadcasting systems since it has the advantage over the conventional single-carrier modulation schemes when the frequency-selective fadings are present. Nevertheless, intercarrier-interference (ICI) due to Doppler frequency drift, phase offset, local oscillator frequency drift, and multipath fading will be a severe problem in OFDM systems. Previous ICI self-cancellation coding schemes can greatly reduce the ICI, but they are very sensitive to the phase ambiguity, which is due to the composite effect of the phase offset, the multipath fading and the local frequency drift. In this paper, the phase ambiguity and amplitude ambiguity problems in ICI self-cancellation coded OFDM receivers will be formulated and discussed. Then, a novel receiver which combines the current ICI self-cancellation coding techniques with a new expectation-maximization-based joint phase/amplitude estimation and symbol detection scheme is proposed. The outstanding performance of this proposed scheme is shown and compared with other existing methods at different noise levels through OFDM simulations.


It is important to find effective forest management strategies to reduce wind damage risk, which is expected to increase due to climate change and increasing areas of planted forests. Thinning is one of the most important forest management activities, but it initially increases tree vulnerability due to an increase in wind penetration into the forest. In this paper, we analysed the damage to trees remaining after the thinning of Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carr. at an early growth stage in order: (1) to find the critical factors related to wind damage using statistical models and (2) to calculate the critical wind speeds for damage using a modified version of the mechanistic model GALES. Tree damage caused by a storm in 2006 was examined in plots of different stem densities (300, 500 and 1000 stem ha(-1)), which were thinned at a young age in a replicated silvicultural trial. Subsequently, tree-pulling experiments were conducted to obtain the parameters required in the GALES model. The logistic regression models based on the observations indicated that a longer crown length and a faster annual increase in crown width were significantly related to a reduction in damage occurrence. Estimation of wind damage to trees using GALES did not agree with the observed damage, probably due to the model not accounting for the influence of neighbouring trees and the degree of tree acclimation to the local wind climate after thinning. However, our research is based on only one example of tree damage in stands with different stem densities. Furthermore, our assessment might be biased because we used the trees remaining after the storm to derive parameters for the GALES model, and these trees might on average be more resistant than the storm damaged trees.


Although it is well established that pre-BCR signaling governs proliferation and differentiation during B cell development, the components of the pre-BCR that are important for signaling are a matter of controversy. It has been suggested that signaling by the µ heavy chains (μHC) of the pre-BCR induces survival and differentiation, while the surrogate light chains (SLC) are essential for proliferation and clonal expansion. Using two variants of a murine B-cell line that differ only in surface expression of either BCR or pre-BCR, we demonstrated that surface µHC in the pre-BCR are of the high-mannose type only, while those in the BCR are of the complex type. We further demonstrated that unlike the BCR, the high mannose pre-BCR reaches the surface as a complex with calnexin. The amount of surface μHC in the pre-B cells is lower than that in B cells. We demonstrated that µHC in pre-B cells are in large excess compared to SLC. While LC in B cells are produced in enough amounts to assemble with all µHC, SLC are produced in insufficient amounts, leaving most µHC unassembled and therefore degraded. Igα and Igβ in pre-B cells are not a limiting factor as well, since they are produced in excess compared to SLC. Hence, the lower amount of the pre-BCR as compared to the BCR is probably due to insufficient amounts of SLC. In all, the structural and quantitative differences between μHC in the BCR and pre-BCR may account for their distinct signaling functions.


In this paper we present some applications of pseudo-analysis in the theory of fluid mechanics. There is proved the monotonicity of the components of the velocity for the solutions of Euler equations. This help to prove the pseudo-linear superposition principle for Euler equations. The superposition principle is proven also for the Navier-Stokes equations with respect to two different pairs of pseudo-operations. It is proved that Stokes equations satisfy the pseudo-linear superposition principle with respect to a pair of pseudo-operations which are generated with the same function of one variable.


Using green tea(GT), oolong tea(OT), black tea(BT) and green tea bag(GTB) out of tea products in market, this study quantified polyphenol and catechins as anti-oxidant substances and analyzed their respective anti-oxidant capacities. As a result, more epigallocathechin(EGC) was found in GT and GTB as well as caffein(CAF) in GT and BT. GT contained more epigallocathechin gallate(EGCG) than other tea types. Both FRAP and ORAC, as two methods of analyzing anti-oxidant capacities, showed that GTB had highest anti-oxidant capacities, while OT had lowest of all. By brand, it was found that all the 3 brands of GT had similarly high anti-oxidant capacities, but there were differences in the anti-oxidant activities of GTB and BT depending on brand. Out of catechin components, it was found that epicatechin(EC), epicathechin gallate(ECG) and EGCG were major components affecting anti-oxidant capacities.


Article contains discussion on gas fl ow velocity measurement performed by an anemometer with vibrating hot wire (oscillating hot-wire anemometer) and results of performed simulation. The hot-wire anemometric sensor placed perpendicular to the fl ow direction is subject to sinusoidal vibrations. The fi rst of two methods presented hereby consists in determination of vibration amplitude, at which the equalization of fl ow velocity with the velocity of vibration takes place. This is done by analysis of the waveform of the second derivative of hot-wire anemometric voltage. The second method presented hereby is based on frequency analysis of voltage. It allows for measurement of very low velocities to be performed. Both these methods are absolute methods – obtained results are independent of coeffi cients characterizing the hot-wire anemometric sensor. These properties result in an anemometer with vibrating hot wire to be well suited for measurements in coal mine conditions.


The pressure–volume–temperature (pvT) relationship of polymers is vitally important information in designing and manufacturing polymers. Because of the special behavior of polymers, however, it is extremely difficult to accurately measure the data in a way that matches the thermal conditions of injection molding, which is one of the most widely used processing methods. As neither widely used, commercially available measuring devices, nor special equipment mentioned in the literature can fully satisfy this need, it was decided to build a new device able to determine the pvT relationship during injection molding of the polymer. The new device consists of a special mold that can be used on an injection molding machine and a data collection system connected to it. With the help of this device, pvT data can be measured during processing according to the thermal conditions of injection molding, and also considerably faster, and even in an industrial setting. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 41140.


The transition to parenthood is arguably one of the most stressful developmental periods in the lifespan, with couples often experiencing increased levels of conflict and relationship distress. It is possible that deteriorating relationship functioning may be due to increases in hostile attributions made towards partners during this time period. In order to better understand how changes in hostile attributions occur within the partner relationship, this study investigated the extent to which hostile attributions made toward a partner increased during the transition to parenthood, as well as identified stable and fluctuating factors that influenced changes in hostile attributions (life stress, parenting stress, trait hostility, and depressive symptoms). In addition, gender differences of these factors influencing hostile attributions were explored. Ninety-eight heterosexual couples were included in the study, all of whom completed online self-report questionnaires during pregnancy, 1-year postpartum, and 2 years postpartum. Hierarchical Linear Modelling was used to examine how changes in stress predicted changes in hostile attributions, and whether these relations were moderated by trait hostility or mediated by depressive symptoms. More specifically, investigations included how increases in life stress and parenting stress influenced increases in hostile attributions over the transition to parenthood, whether increased stress levels interacted with high trait hostility to further increase risk of hostile attributions, as well as whether increased depressive symptoms longitudinally mediated the link between increased stress and increased hostile attributions. Results showed that increases in both life stress and parenting stress significantly predicted increases in hostile attributions for both men and women over the transition to parenthood. Trait hostility was not a significant moderator of hostile attributions for women. For men, increases in life stress were associated with increases in hostile attributions, but only for men who were low in trait hostility. Increases in parenting stress were associated with increases in hostile attributions for men who had low and average trait hostility. Regardless of changes in stress levels, men who were high in trait hostility had high levels of hostile attributions over time. Depressive symptoms did not mediate the relations between stress and hostile attributions, and were a direct predictor of hostile attributions for men but not for women. This study adds to the growing body of literature on mechanisms of change in relationship functioning over the transition to parenthood. Future research should explore other factors that address why relationship functioning changes for women over the transition to parenthood, and should examine depressive symptoms in men and their subsequent effects on family systems. Future longitudinal research should examine child outcomes as well as conflict management between partners in order to ascertain the effect of hostile attributions on family functioning. Changes in hostile attributions also have important clinical implications, and health professionals should screen for high levels of stress, trait hostility, and hostile attributions in order to prevent possible relationship deterioration during the transition to parenthood.


We report a highly efficient cryo-cooled eye-safe laser operation of a resonantly-pumped (in-band) Er³⁺:GdVO₄ single crystal. The maximum continuous wave (CW) power of 10.3 W with 84% slope efficiency was achieved at 1598.7 with pumping at 1538.6 nm by a spectrally-narrowed Er-fiber laser. Under the 1529 nm resonant pumping by a commercially available diode bar stack operating in a quasi-CW (QCW) mode, the laser delivered 37 W of output power with 68% slope efficiency. This is believed to be the first reported cryo-cooled Er³⁺:GdVO₄ laser, resonantly-pumped into the ⁴I₁₅/₂ →⁴I₁₃/₂ transition.


The present study investigated second language acquisition (SLA) doctoral students' statistical training and knowledge of statistics. One hundred and twenty SLA doctoral students in North America took a comprehensive statistics survey, and 16 of them participated in follow-up interviews. The results showed that doctoral students were well trained in basic descriptive statistics, while their training in inferential statistics, particularly advanced statistics, was limited. When looking at their statistical knowledge, the results indicated that SLA doctoral students were good at understanding descriptive and inferential statistics, but they found it hard to interpret statistical analyses related to inferential statistics that are commonly encountered in SLA research. Several suggestions directed toward improving statistical literacy in SLA were provided.


Introduction
Cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) is an annual plant that commonly cultivated in arid and semiarid regions of Iran. The crop has a wide range of uses including medicinal, cosmetic and food industry. Cumin occupies about 26% of total area devoted to medicinal plants in Iran. However, cumin is seriously affected by the Fusarium wilt and blight diseases. The diseases usually increase under warm and wet conditions.
Control of the diseases incidence is a crucial factor for cumin production. Limited control of the diseases is provided by seed pre-sowing with certain fungicides such as benlate. Soil fumigation with methyle bromide can provide a control measure against the disease but may be limited application value for large scale production systems in the open field. In addition, methyle bromide is considered an ozone-depleting compound and has potential risk on the living environment and human health. Considering the environmental limitations of chemical fungicides, it seems appropriate to search for a supplemental control strategy .It was demonstrated that peak of the diseases incidence is occurred at flowering stage and irrigation cut-off in this time may be reduced the diseases density.
Materials and methods
This experiment was conducted in a split-split-plot arrangement in randomized complete block design with three replications in research farm of Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman at 2014. The experimental treatments were irrigation (complete irrigation and cut-off the irrigation in flowering stage) assigned to main plots, foliar application of spermidine (0, 1 and 2 Mm) as subplot and cumin ecotypes (Kerman, Khorasan and Esfahan) that was randomized in sub-subplot. The seedbed preparation was made based on common practices at the location. Plots size under the trial was 4 m×3 m so as to get 50 cm inter row spacing in six rows. The ideal density of the crops was considered as 120 plant.m-2. As soon as the seeds were sown, irrigation continued every 10 days. Foliar application of spermidine was done at three stage (after thinning, before flowering stage and median of flowering stage). No herbicides and chemical fertilizers were applied during the course of the trials and weeding was done manually when necessary.
For extraction of cumin essential oil, from each plot, cumin seed were crushed at 50 g by electric grinder and suspended in 750 mL distilled water. Ground mass was subjected to hydro-distillation using Clevenger's apparatus. After 4 h, the essential oils were collected and dehydrated with Na2SO4 using the method of Guenther. Then essential oil yield and percentage was determined. GC/MS machine (Shimadzu GC/MS model QP5050) was used to specify the percentage of cumin essential oil components.
Results and discussion
The results showed that irrigation and ecotype treatments had significant effect on essential oil percentage and yield, but there was not significant difference between foliar application levels in terms of the traits. The irrigation cut-off treatment caused to increase in percentage and decrease in yield of essential oil compared to complete irrigation conditions. The pharmaceutical value of medicinal plants depends on their secondary metabolite components and these materials are increased by stress. Therefore, drought stress caused to higher secondary metabolite including essential oil. The seed yield in comparison with essential oil percentage had more effect on essential oil yield. The traits were significantly higher in Kerman and Khorasan ecotypes than Esfahan. The highest essential oil yield (14.92 kg.ha-1) was gained in 1 Mm spermidine for Khorasan ecotype and the lowest (6.87 kg.ha-1) was observed in 0 Mm spermidine for Esfahan ecotype. p-Cymene, γ-Terpinene, Cuminaldehyde, p-Mentha-1,4-dien-7-ol and ɣ-Terpinene-7-al were contained the main components of essential oil in all the ecotypes. The most important component of essential oil in Kerman and Khorasan ecotypes was Cuminaldehyde and in Esfahan was ɣ-Terpinene-7-al. In essence, Kerman and Khorasan ecotypes had more similarity based on components of essential oil Similar compounds are reported by Iacobellis, (2005), Fanaei et al. (2006) and Jirovest and Buchbouer, (2005).
Conclusion
In essence, irrigation cut-off in flowering stage caused to significant increase in percentage and decrease in yield of cumin essential oil compared to complete irrigation conditions. Kerman and Khorasan ecotypes had higher essential oil percentage and yield than Esfahan. The most important component of essential oil in Kerman and Khorasan ecotypes was Cuminaldehyde and in Esfahan was ɣ-Terpinene-7-al.


This paper introduces a dual-band magnetic-based two-dimensional (2D) efficient metamaterial-inspired electrically-small antenna, i.e., a 2D dual-band magnetic-based EZ antenna. The combined 2D planar antenna system is naturally matched to the source at 900MHz and 1800MHz; and thus, it is an efficient radiator at these frequency bands. It will be shown that this antenna system acts as a resonant electrically-small magnetic dipole over a finite perfect electrically conducting (PEC) ground plane at these design frequencies. The performance of the reported antenna system was simulated with Ansoft's High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and Ansoft's Designer v3. The single-band 2D magnetic-based antenna integrated with a lumped element capacitor was fabricated, and the measured reflection coefficients were compared to the predicted numerical simulations. The dual-band two-dimensional magnetic-based EZ antenna radiation characteristics at the design frequencies are presented.


In the era of big data, data has become a very important resource and wealth, and the development of higher education pays more and more attention to the application and promotion of big data. Based on the background of big data, this paper discusses the Internet plus tax reform to promote the reform and innovation of tax law in Colleges and universities, analyzes the existing problems and puts forward reform measures, so as to promote the integration of big data and tax law education in universities and colleges in China.


The strength of the chiral vibrational peaks in infrared-visible sum-frequency (SF) vibrational spectra from isotropic chiral liquids is proportional to the square of the corresponding antisymmetric Raman element. Under the Born-Oppenheimer adiabatic approximation with nonadiabatic corrections, the antisymmetric Raman tensor is much weaker than the symmetric counterpart, but becomes significantly stronger as the input frequency (or the sum-frequency in SF generation) approaches electronic resonance. We verify the theory with experimental results obtained from infrared-visible doubly resonant sum-frequency generation from an isotropic solution of chiral molecules.


Enron, Haliburton, Exxon Valdez, ""shock and awe"" - their mere mention brings forth images of scandal, collusion, fraud, and human and environmental destruction. While great power and great crimes have always been linked, media exposure in recent decades has brought increased attention to the devious exploits of economic and political elites. Despite growing attention to crimes by those in positions of trust, however, violations in business and similar wrongdoing in government are still often treated as fundamentally separate problems. In ""State-Corporate Crime"", Raymond J. Michalowski and Ronald C. Kramer bring together fifteen essays to show that those in positions of political and economic power frequently operate in collaboration, and are often all too willing to sacrifice the well-being of the many for the private profit and political advantage of the few. Drawing on case studies including the explosion of the space shuttle Challenger, Ford Explorer rollovers, the crash of Valujet flight 592, nuclear weapons production, and war profiteering, the essays bear frank witness to those who have suffered, those who have died, and those who have contributed to the greatest human and environmental devastations of our time. This book is a much needed reminder that the most serious threats to public health, security, and safety are not those petty crimes that appear nightly on local news broadcasts, but rather are those that result from corruption among the wealthiest and most powerful members of society.


The full body illusion (FBI) is a bodily illusion based on the application of multisensory conflicts that induce changes in bodily self-consciousness (BSC). This has been used to study cognitive brain mechanisms underlying body ownership and related aspects of self-consciousness. Typically, such paradigms employ external passive multisensory stimulation, thus neglecting the possible contributions of self-generated action and haptic cues to body ownership. In this article, the effects of both external and voluntary self-touch on BSC were examined with a robotics-based FBI paradigm. We compared the effects of classical passive visuotactile stimulation and active self-touch (in which experimental participants had a sense of agency over the tactile stimulation) on the FBI. We evaluated these effects using a questionnaire, crossmodal congruency task, and measurements of changes in self-location. The results indicated that both synchronous passive visuotactile stimulation and synchronous active self-touch induced illusory ownership over a virtual body, without significant differences in their magnitudes. However, the FBI induced by active self-touch was associated with a larger drift in self-location towards the virtual body. These results show that movement-related signals arising from self-touch impact the BSC not only for hand ownership but also for torso-centered body ownership and related aspects of BSC.


Both cis- and trans-platins are known to form intra- and interstrand cross-linking with DNA. Since the nature and strength of binding is different, it makes their efficacy as anti-tumour drug different. In the present communication, we report theoretical analysis by using an amended Zimm and Bragg theory, to explain the melting behaviour and heat capacity of DNA with and without platin binding. The sharpness of transition has been examined in terms of half width and sensitivity parameter (deltaH/sigma). The experimental measurements of Pilch et al (J Mol Biol 2000, 296, 803) and Ctirad and Brabec (J Biol Chem 2001, 276, 9655) have been used.


A stepped beam model is developed to predict analytically the natural frequencies and mode shapes at different piezoelectric sensor/actuator locations. The modal solution obtained by including the inertia and stiffness of the surface-bonded piezoelectric materials is applied to investigate the interaction of structure vibration and piezoelectric actuation under closed circuit condition. It is shown that a generalized stiffness from electromechanical coupling is induced by the interaction. The generalized stiffness is a function of structure mode shapes and piezoelectric sensor/actuator locations, thus either softening or stiffening system stiffness is achievable in closed circuit condition. All analytical predictions are validated by modal testing.


Interleukin-8 (IL-8) is a chemokine for neutrophils and an angiogenic factor. Human tumors that express IL-8 may exhibit intense neutrophil infiltration and increased vascularization. Mutatect cells are a murine fibrosarcoma that can be grown as subcutaneous tumors in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. Since neutrophils are a source of cytotoxic and genotoxic species, we constructed Mutatect cell lines that constitutively express human IL-8 to explore the involvement of neutrophils in tumor biology and genetic instability. An IL-8/neo expression plasmid was stably transfected into Mutatect MC17-51 cells and clone MIL-4 was isolated. Tumors initiated with 5x10(5) MIL-4 cells grew very slowly compared with tumors from pure MC17-51 cells or from 0.5 to 4x10(5) MIL-4 cells mixed with 5x10(5) MC17-51 cells. Over 95% of cells recovered from slow-growing pure MIL-4 tumors lost the transgene as measured by loss of (i) resistance to G418, (ii) expression of IL-8 protein and (iii) IL-8-specific DNA sequences. When tumors from mixed cell types were examined, loss of the transgene did not occur; rather, IL-8 producing cells appeared to have some growth advantage. The neutrophil content of tumors (as measured by myeloperoxidase) was directly proportional to the level of IL-8 expressed at the time tumors were excised. As reported earlier, the frequency of mutations at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase locus was also directly proportional to neutrophil content. To explain some of these biological findings, we postulate that early in development of pure MIL-4 tumors, genotoxic/cytotoxic neutrophils are attracted by IL-8, which in turn leads to loss of the transgene and to localized cytotoxicity of IL-8 producing cells. In mixed tumors, where the initial IL-8 concentration may be lower, tumors might become established more readily because fewer neutrophils may be attracted. This relatively simple experimental paradigm has revealed some of the complex biological changes that can occur as a result of IL-8 in tumors.


The thalamus and cortex are interconnected both functionally and anatomically and share a common developmental trajectory. Interactions between the mediodorsal thalamus (MD) and different parts of the prefrontal cortex are essential in cognitive processes, such as learning and adaptive decision‐making. Cortico‐thalamocortical interactions involving other dorsal thalamic nuclei, including the anterior thalamus and pulvinar, also influence these cognitive processes. Our work, and that of others, indicates a crucial influence of these interdependent cortico‐thalamocortical neural networks that contributes actively to the processing of information within the cortex. Each of these thalamic nuclei also receives potent subcortical inputs that are likely to provide additional influences on their regulation of cortical activity. Here, we highlight our current neuroscientific research aimed at establishing when cortico‐MD thalamocortical neural network communication is vital within the context of a rapid learning and memory discrimination task. We are collecting evidence of MD–prefrontal cortex neural network communication in awake, behaving male rhesus macaques. Given the prevailing evidence, further studies are needed to identify both broad and specific mechanisms that govern how the MD, anterior thalamus and pulvinar cortico‐thalamocortical interactions support learning, memory and decision‐making. Current evidence shows that the MD (and the anterior thalamus) are crucial for frontotemporal communication, and the pulvinar is crucial for frontoparietal communication. Such work is crucial to advance our understanding of the neuroanatomical and physiological bases of these brain functions in humans. In turn, this might offer avenues to develop effective treatment strategies to improve the cognitive deficits often observed in many debilitating neurological disorders and diseases and in neurodegeneration.


In this article, we propose a comprehensive computational model of the entire respiratory system, which allows simulating patient‐specific lungs under different ventilation scenarios and provides a deeper insight into local straining and stressing of pulmonary acini. We include novel 0D inter‐acinar linker elements to respect the interplay between neighboring alveoli, an essential feature especially in heterogeneously distended lungs. The model is applicable to healthy and diseased patient‐specific lung geometries. Presented computations in this work are based on a patient‐specific lung geometry obtained from computed tomography data and composed of 60,143 conducting airways, 30,072 acini, and 140,135 inter‐acinar linkers. The conducting airways start at the trachea and end before the respiratory bronchioles. The acini are connected to the conducting airways via terminal airways and to each other via inter‐acinar linkers forming a fully coupled anatomically based respiratory model. Presented numerical examples include simulation of breathing during a spirometry‐like test, measurement of a quasi‐static pressure–volume curve using a supersyringe maneuver, and volume‐controlled mechanical ventilation. The simulations show that our model incorporating inter‐acinar dependencies successfully reproduces physiological results in healthy and diseased states. Moreover, within these scenarios, a deeper insight into local pressure, volume, and flow rate distribution in the human lung is investigated and discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


This study examined the safety of various salts (domestic purified salt, domestic solar salt, imported purified salt, imported solar salt) as well as the effects on the quality of kimchi fermented during 28 days at . All salts contained DEHP, but ferrocyanide ion and heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) were not detected. Following fermentation, the pH of kimchi was decreased during storage, but total acidity and salinity values increased. There was no considerable differences between the various salts. As the fermentation period increased, the lactic acid bacterial counts increased remarkably. Regarding the sensory characteristics of kimchi during storage, the appearance of domestic purified salt was better than that of domestic solar salt following fermentation. Imported salts produced a strong salty taste initially, but domestic refined salt had the highest salty taste at 7 days. Therefore, there were no considerable differences between the various salts.


A characteristic effect of inorganic neutral salts on myrosinase was discovered. The salts containing monovalent anions had a remarkable inhibitory effect on the ascorbate-activated enzyme, but little on the non-activated enzyme. Such an effect was elucidated to be due to the anion. For the ascorbate-activated enzyme, a linear relation was obtained by plotting the logarithms of the enzymatic activity against the square roots of the ionic strength of the salts. Therefore, the effect of monovalent anions is ascribable to the ionic strength of the solvent. The Km values of the activated and non-activated enzyme were increased by the presence of the monovalent anion.


The presence of unthermalized photoelectrons in the sunlit polar cap leads to an enhanced ambipolar potential drop and enhanced upward ion acceleration. Observations in the topside ionosphere have led to the conclusion that large-scale electrostatic potential drops exist above the spacecraft along polar magnetic field lines connected to regions of photoelectron production. A kinetic approach is used for the O+, H+, and photoelectron (p) distributions, while a fluid approach is used to describe the thermal electrons (e) and self-consistent electric field (E‖). Thermal electrons are allowed to carry a flux that compensates for photoelectron escape, a critical assumption. Collisional processes are excluded, leading to easier escape of polar wind particles and therefore to the formation of the largest potential drop consistent with this general approach. We compute the steady state electric field enhancement and net potential drop expected in the polar wind due to the presence of photoelectrons as a function of the fractional photoelectron content and the thermal plasma characteristics. For a set of low-altitude boundary conditions typical of the polar wind ionosphere, including 0.1% photoelectron content, we found a potential drop from 500 km to 5 RE of 6.5 V and a maximum thermal electron temperature of 8800 K. The reasonable agreement of our results with the observed polar wind suggests that the assumptions of this approach are valid.


Antibodies that bind specifically to the flk-2 tyrosine kinase receptor can be used for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of leukaemia.


A kind of novel n = 2 phthalonitrile oligomer containing biphenyl ethernitrile (2PEN-BPh) had been firstly synthesized from 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile, 4,4′-biphenol and 4-nitrophthalonitrile via solution reaction, and the 2PEN-BPh was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR spectra which exhibited that cyano groups and ethernitrile linkages existed in the backbone of 2PEN-BPh. The 2PEN-BPh oligomer was blended with bisphthalonitrile monomer, the curing reaction behaviors of the blends were studied by FTIR, DSC, and rheological analysis. The thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities of the 2PEN-BPh/BPh polymers were investigated by TGA, and the results showed that the completely cured polymers could achieve char yields up to 78% at 800°C in nitrogen, above 11% at 800°C in air. The whole research indicated that the 2PEN-BPh/BPh blends could efficiently improve the processability of BPh monomer without scarifying other desirable high temperature properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011


Abstract Maintenance decision-making involves a series of multiple objectives, some of them contradictory. Usually, stakeholders intend to find the optimal maintenance strategy, to minimize the economic burden, while simultaneously maximizing the buildings' performance. In this study, a condition-based maintenance model, based on Petri nets, is proposed to evaluate the consequences of alternative maintenance strategies to maintain and improve the performance of ceramic claddings. This maintenance model is a full life-cycle model that integrates the stochastic assessment of the degradation condition of the claddings, and also inspections, maintenance and renewal processes. Three maintenance strategies are considered: (i) major intervention only; (ii) combination of minor and major interventions; and (iii) combination of cleaning operations, minor and major interventions. The uncertainties associated with the degradation process, as well as with the definition of the effects of maintenance actions are considered by modelling the transitions times in Petri nets as random variables. Considering the complexity of Petri nets, the statistical descriptors of the performance of the assets (e.g., mean condition, probability of applying maintenance) were computed using Monte Carlo simulation. The impact of the different maintenance strategies in the claddings' service life is discussed, comparing the different alternatives also from an economic point of view.


Background/Aims: The expression and localization of several distinct glucose transporters (GLUT1, GLUT2, GLUT4, and SGLT1) was recently characterized in the parotid gland of normal rats by quantitative real-time PCR analysis, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The major aims of the present study was to compare the mRNA expression of these glucose transporters in both the parotid gland and submaxillary gland of control rats, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and hereditarily diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats. Methods: Quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed in the parotid and submaxillary salivary glands and, for purpose of comparison, also in the heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle and pancreas from control animals and either streptozotocin-treated or Goto-Kakizaki rats. Results: The expression of GLUT4, but not GLUT1 or SGLT1, mRNA was decreased in the diabetic rats. The results also allow comparing both the mRNA expression level of the four glucose transporters in salivary glands and six other organs, and the diabetes-induced changes in such an expression in distinct locations. Conclusion: The mRNA expression of the insulin-dependent GLUT4 transporter was the sole to be significantly decreased in the salivary glands of diabetic animals. The possible consequence of such a decrease in terms of the control of salivary glucose concentration requires further investigation.


Gastrodia elata Bl. (GE) is a traditional herbal medicine used for the treatment hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect and blood pressure control ability of the GABA containing fermented Gastrodia elata Blume. The fermentation strain provided by Dr. Gi in Seoul National University is L. brevis GABA100, excellent strain of GABA production, which is involved in the ability to degrade gastrodin glycosides and activation of brain function. The Gastrodia elata Blume fermented by Lactobacillus brevis GABA 100 showed antioxidant activity (total phenolic contents, DPPH radical and ABTS anion scavenging activities) than unfermented Gastrodia elata Blume. In the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the concentration of fermented Gastrodia elata Blume was administered at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg for 8 weeks. Systolic blood pressure decreased statistically significantly (p<0.05), especially 2 weeks after feeding fermented Gastrodia elata Blume. Also, it showed a significant decrease in low, medium, and high concentrations of fermented Gastrodia elata Blume at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. These results indicated that Gastrodia elata Blume fermented by the excellent strain of GABA production L. brevis GABA100 shows the antioxidant function and the effect of suppressing the increase in blood pressure.


A numerical model for shallow water flow has been developed based on the unsteady Reynolds-averaged NavierStokes equations with the hydrodynamic pressure instead of hydrostatic pressure assumption. The equations are transformed into the σ-coordinate system and the eddy viscosity is calculated with the standard k - e turbulence model. The control volume method is used to discrete the equations, and the boundary conditions at the bed for shallow water models only include vertical diffusion terms expressed with wall functions. And the semi-implicit method for pressure linked equation arithmetic is adopted to solve the equations. The model is applied to the 2D vertical plane flow of a curent over two steep-sided trenches for which experiment data are available for comparison and good agreement is obtained. And the model is used to predicting the flow in a channel with a steep-sided submerged breakwater at the bottom, and the streamline is drawn.


Confounding affects the causal relation among the population. Depending on whether the confounders are known, measurable or measured, they can be divided into four categories. Based on Directed Acyclic Graphs, the strategies for confounding control can be classified as (1) the broken-confounding-path method, which can be further divided into single and dual broken paths, corresponding to exposure complete intervention, restriction and stratification, (2) and the reserved-confounding-path method, which can be further divided into incomplete exposure intervention (in instrumental variable design and non-perfect random control test), mediator method and matching method. Among them, random control test, instrumental variable design or Mendelian randomized design, mediator method can meet the requirements for controlling all four types of confounders, while the restriction, stratification and matching methods are only applicable to known, measurable and measured confounders. Identifying the mechanisms of confounding control is a prerequisite for obtaining correct causal effect estimates, which will be helpful in research design.


An increased secretion of gonadotropic hormone was found in hyperthyroid males despite the high basal serum total testosterone and oestradiol levels. This suggests that hyperthyroidism affects the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis to sexual steroid hormones. While in the hyperthyroid patients the elevation of the serum testosterone level in response to chorionic gonadotropin was lower than normally, the LH and FSH responses to LRH were increased. The results indicate that male hyperthyroidism is associated with a loss of responsiveness of the Leydig-cells to adequate stimuli, to which the pituitary reacts by a compensatory increase in its LH-secretion and by an increased reactivity to LRH. It is suggested that in addition to the direct effect of the increased thyroid hormone levels, a secondary elevation of the oestradiol concentration plays a major part in the alterations in question.


In the San Francisco Bay Area, Seattle, and Los Angeles, urban development decreased the poor's access to water and marine resources. Modernization in these cities either reduced services to the poor and to ethnic minorities, be they Native Americans, Asian Americans, or Hispanic Americans, or diminished these groups' ability to supplement their incomes by fishing or foraging. Industrial development, shipping channels, and sewers all contributed to a larger pattern of environmental racism and environmental inequity in the United States. This forum contributes to the study of environmental justice by exploring how marginalized peoples adapted to urban growth and the reallocation of resources in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.


This paper describes an application of signature analysis techniques to oil pressure signals of internal combustion engines for monitoring the status of an engine lubrication system. The dynamic characteristics of a lubrication flow network are presented. The state of the lubrication system is reflected not only in the mean or D.C. component, but also in higher frequencies of the signal. Experimental results are presented for both periodic and position locked components of the pulsatile signals. The signal characteristics are altered if a defect is present in the engine. Signal characteristics are affected due to perturbations introduced by the defect present downstream in the lubrication system. The changes in oil pressure signals are sensitive to oil temperature and proximity of the defect to the monitoring point. Results are presented to indicate limitations of such analysis techniques for lubrication system fault detection.


This is a key industry text containing authoritative information and advice on the main issues facing insurance companies, their partners and in-house lawyers when creating partnering distribution agreements. Readable and accessible in style, it deals with all aspects of the distribution of insurance through third party providers, the responsibilities and liabilities within the context of current law, and good practice. Written by leading experts and fully supported by research findings, it also contains practical examples from partnering companies of varying size and sector.


Immunoglobin G (IgG) quantitation was performed by a commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kit on 528 plasma samples obtained from llamas. Fifty samples encompassing the range of values obtained were selected for further evaluation. The IgG concentration of these samples was measured by a second commercially available single radial immunodiffusion kit and a sodium sulfite precipitation kit. γ-Globulins also were measured. IgG values predicted by the single radial immunodiffusion kits were not in agreement. Failure to appreciate this lack of agreement could result in misinterpretation of a llama's IgG level derived from one kit when clinical guidelines established using the other kit are followed.


Alpine skiers should physically prepare for skiing due to the specifi c body movements it requires. As balance is essential for the success of competitive alpine skiers, we investigated its importance during preparation for alpine skiing in recreational skiers. We included 24 male participants ; twelve recreational skiers just aft er 10 days of alpine skiing, and twelve alpine ski novices. All participants were tested with two balance tests (BAL40 and GYKO). Participants of the two groups did not diff er signifi cantly in the results of the BAL40 standard balance test. In contrast, we found signifi cant diff erences in four out of six variables measured with the GYKO test performed on BOSU trainer during the two-feet stand. Participants specifi cally diff ered in the variables overall average body tilt (p=0.02), overall average deviation of body tilt (p=0.00), overall medio-lateral average body tilt (p=0.01), and overall medio- lateral average deviation of body tilt (0.00). Average results were lower for participants of the group of recreational skiers than for participants of the novice alpine ski group, suggesting that balance is important for recreational skiers, either as an acquired trait during skiing, or the result of conditioning training in the preparation period for skiing. According to the results, we would advise recreational skiers as well as people planning to be involved in alpine skiing as a new recreational activity to include balance exercises in the preparation period.


In the first part of this paper we outline the constructions and properties of Fedosov star product and Berezin-Toeplitz star product. In the second part we outline the basic ideas and recent developments on Yau-Tian-Donaldson conjecture on the existence of Kahler metrics of constant scalar curvature. In the third part of the paper we outline recent results of both authors, and in particular show that the constant scalar curvature Kahler metric problem and the study of deformation quantization meet at the notion of trace (density) for star product. We formulate a cohomology formula for the invariant of K-stability condition on Kahler metrics with constant Cahen-Gutt momentum.


In this study, the class-C fly ash, lime and phosphogypsum were used with water to produce fly ash-lime-phosphogypsum (FaL-G) based binders. The dry unit weight, water absorption, compressive and flexural strength of the specimens was determined after 28 days of their preparation. On the basis of the test results, it was concluded that phosphogypsum decreased the compressive and flexural strength while fly ash increased. It was also concluded that the curing conditions have an important influence on the strengths of FaL-G specimens. These binders gain furthers strength after 28 days. For the strength requirements, phosphogypsum content should be constant as 20%. The water absorption and thermal conductivity of the specimens increases with the increase in phosphogypsum content. Also the increase in the amount of phosphogypsum addition caused a reduction in the dry unit weight of the specimens. The test results show that these binders may be utilized in production of construction elements such as blocks, masonry mortars and controlled low-strength materials.


Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are the most violent eruptions in the solar system. They are one of the main drivers of the heliospheric variability and cause various interplanetary as well as planetary disturbances. One of their very common in-situ signatures are short-term reductions in the galactic cosmic ray (GCR) flux (i.e. Forbush decreases), which are measured by ground-based instruments at Earth and Mars, as well as various spacecraft throughout the heliosphere (most recently by Solar Orbiter). In general, interplanetary magnetic structures interact with GCRs producing depressions in the GCR flux. Therefore, different types of interplanetary magnetic structures cause different types of GCR depressions, allowing us to distinguish between them. In the interplanetary space the CME typically consists of two structures: the presumably closed flux rope and the shock/sheath which is formed ahead of the flux rope as it propagates and expands in the interplanetary space. Interaction of GCRs with these two structures is modelled separately, where the flux-rope related Forbush decrease can be modelled assuming that the GCRs diffuse slowly into the expanding flux rope, which is initially empty at its center (ForbMod model). The resulting Forbush decrease at a given time, i.e. heliospheric distance, reflects the evolutionary properties of CMEs. However, ForbMod is not yet able to take into account complex, non-self-similar evolution of the flux rope. Nevertheless, Forbush decreases can undoubtedly give us information on the CMEs in the heliosphere, especially where other measurements are lacking, and with further development, Forbush decrease reverse modelling could provide insight into the CME evolution.


Gastropods were established to be able to absorb decapsulated and encapsulated Trichinella larvae located in muscle tissue. Trichinella larvae remain viable and infectious for 24 to 48 hours after passing through the gastrointenstinal tract of gastropods.


ABSTRACT Background Hospital and community pharmacists are increasingly involved in patients' medication interventions related to the transition of care from the hospital to a patient's home. These interventions may enable pharmacists to collaborate across healthcare sector boundaries. However, little is known about pharmacists' views on intraprofessional collaboration across healthcare sectors and what affects the establishment of such collaboration. Objectives The aim of this study was to understand the views and perspectives of hospital pharmacists (HPs) and community pharmacists (CPs) on establishing an intraprofessional collaboration in relation to newly discharging patients. Methods Joint focus group interviews with HPs and CPs in the Zealand region of Denmark were conducted. The HPs were employed at the only hospital pharmacy in the region (Region Zealand Hospital Pharmacy). Five HPs and six CPs participated in two focus groups. The focus groups were analyzed using theoretical thematic analysis. Results Three themes and seven subthemes were identified. The first theme, "Context", was divided into two subthemes: "Prioritization of new tasks in the intraprofessional collaboration" and "The lack of insight into the patient's hospital stay". The second theme, "The hospital physicians and GPs as the focal points for the HPs' and CPs' work", was divided into three subthemes: "The limitation of the CPs and HPs based on current roles and organizations", "Lack of regular access to the physician gives the patients more responsibility" and "Lack of support from the GPs for the work conducted by HPs and CPs". The last theme, "Individuals", had two subthemes: "The motivation for working intraprofessionally" and "CPs' hesitancy towards the new tasks in the intraprofessional collaboration". Conclusion Both HPs and CPs are highly influenced by their work context in regard to establishing a new intraprofessional collaboration. Limited resources for intraprofessional collaboration should be taken into account. Likewise, the collaboration should fit into daily routines, which may eliminate hesitancy towards new forms of collaboration and tasks shared between HPs and CPs. The physician was identified as an important key professional, since the work tasks of both HPs and CPs depend on the physician, which in turn limits the capability and success of solely intraprofessional collaboration.


We define a Zk-equivariant version of the cylindrical contact homology used by Eliashberg-Kim-Polterovich (2006) to prove contact non-squeezing for prequantized integer-capacity balls B(R) × S ⊂ R × S, R ∈ N and we use it to extend their result to all R ≥ 1. Specifically we prove if R ≥ 1 there is no ψ ∈ Cont(R × S), the group of compactly supported contactomorphisms of R × S which squeezes B̂(R) = B(R) × S into itself, i.e. maps the closure of B̂(R) into B̂(R). A sheaf theoretic proof of non-existence of corresponding ψ ∈ Cont0(R × S), the identity component of Cont(R × S), is due to Chiu (2014); it is not known if this is strictly weaker. Our construction has the advantage of retaining the contact homological viewpoint of Eliashberg-Kim-Polterovich and its potential for application in prequantizations of other Liouville manifolds. It makes use of the Zk-action generated by a vertical 1/k-shift but can also be related, for prequantized balls, to the Zk-equivariant contact homology developed by Milin (2008) in her proof of orderability of lens spaces.


In order to evaluation of chemical fertilizers (nitrogen and phosphorus) and Nitroxin biofertilizer (containing Azospirillum, Azotobacter and phosphate solubilizing bacteria from Pseudomonas genus) and Phosphate Barvar2 (containing 2 strains of bacteria, p5 and bacteria p13) application on grain yield and some qualitative traits of sweet corn, an experiment was conducted as factorial split base on randomized complete block design with three replications at research farm of Gachsaran Agricultural Education Center in 2010-11. The main factor was included two factor of chemical fertilizers nitrogen (3, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha) and Nitroxin biofertilizer (with one lit/ha application and without application of Nitroxin biofertilizer) and second factor was included four phosphorus compound (75, 150 kg/ha triple super phosphate, 75 kg/ha triple super phosphate with 100 g/ha phosphate Barvar2 and 100 g/ha phosphate Barvar2 without chemical fertilizer. Results showed the most of chlorophyll a in 100 kg/ha nitrogen chemical fertilizer and 75 kg/ha phosphorus chemical fertilizer with application Nitroxin and phosphate barvar2 biofertilizers treatment and the most of chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll contents, carotenoids and protein content in leaf and grain in the treatment of 150 kg/ha nitrogen and 75 kg/ha phosphorus chemical fertilizer with phosphate Barvar2 and Nitroxin biofertilizer application. The most of grain and leaf phosphorus and potassium contents was obtained with application of 150 kg/ha nitrogen and 100 g/ha of phosphate Barvar2 and Nitroxin biofertilizer.


Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) side effects are numerous and negatively impact prostate cancer patients' quality of life. There is considerable discrepancy though among Canadian urologists regarding what ADT side effects and side effect management strategies. Little is known about global differences in ADT patient education. Methods International respondents were recruited via online posting and at an international urology conference. Hypotheses suggest that economic and cultural differences influence patient education practices; therefore, international respondents were divided into 3 categories (high, medium, and low gross domestic product). Results No differences were found between responses from Canadian urologists and high GDP countries. Compared to responses from low GDP countries, Canadian urologists are more likely to endorse informing patients about: osteoporosis, loss of muscle mass, weight gain, fatigue/sleep disturbance, relationship changes, cognitive changes, and loss of body hair. Infertility was the only side effect more often disclosed by urologists in low GDP counties. Recommended management strategies for hot flashes are more likely to be pharmaceutical in Canada, and behavioral in low GDP countries. Management strategies for gynecomastia are emphasized more in low GDP countries. Physical exercise is endorsed consistently more often by Canadian urologists. Conclusions ADT educational practices vary greatly between Canada and lower GDP countries. Factors that could contribute to differences include economics (e.g., ADT drug costs), differences in side effect presentation due to different ADT drugs used, racial differences in perceived side effect burden, disease status at ADT commencement, and cultural differences in patient-physician shared-decision making.


Neurogranin (Ng) is a post‐synaptic protein involved in formation of long‐term potentials, and thus plays an important role in learning and memory. The concentration of Ng is increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of people with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and CSF Ng is considered to be a biomarker for synaptic dysfunction in AD. The expression of Ng protein in the human brain and its association with AD pathology, however, are less well studied.


This paper presents a nonlinear state-estimation algorithm that combines the Frobenius-Perron operator theory with the Bayesian estimation theory. The Frobenius―Perron operator is used to predict evolution of uncertainty in the nonlinear system and obtain the prior probability density function in the estimation process. The Bayesian update rule is used to determine the posterior density function from the available measurements. The framework for this filter is similar to particle filters where the density function is sampled using a cloud of points and the system dynamics are integrated with these points as the initial condition. The key issue in particle filters is that the weight for the sample points are typically determined using histograms to obtain the prior density function, and thus requires many samples for acceptable accuracy. Moreover, the weights of the majority of the particles converge to zero after a few iterations, rendering them useless for state-estimation purposes. This issue can be resolved with the application of the Frobenius―Perron operator, which determines the time evolution of the weights along sample paths. This greatly simplifies the determination of the prior density function and can be achieved with fewer sample points. Consequently, the associated computational time is also greatly reduced. The presented algorithm is demonstrated on a hypersonic reentry problem with uncertain initial states, with given initial probability density functions. The performance is compared with particle filters, and it is observed that the proposed algorithm is computationally superior as expected.


Density functional theory (DFT), Moller-Plesset (MP) perturbation theory, and coupled-cluster calculations are used to examine low-energy minima on the potential energy surface of the formic acid tetramer (HCOOH)(4). The potential energy surface is rather flat with respect to rotation of one of the dimers, relative to the other dimer in an aligned stack, about the axis passing through the inversion centers of the dimers. Our best calculations suggest that an aligned pi-pi stack of two dimers is very likely to be the global minimum but there are two other pi-pi stacks within 0.5 kcal /mol. Moreover, a fourth pi-pi stack, a planar association of two dimers held together by C-H...O interactions, and a bowl structure all lie within 1 kcal /mol of the lowest-energy structure.


Galaxy cluster number counts are an important probe to constrain cosmological parameters. One of the main ingredients of the analysis, along with accurate estimates of the clusters' masses, is the selection function, and in particular the completeness, associated to the cluster sample one is considering. Incorrectly characterising this function can lead to biases in the cosmological constraints. In this work, we want to study the completeness of the Planck cluster catalog, estimating the clusters' probability of detection in a realistic setting using hydrodynamical simulations. In particular, we probe the case in which the cluster model assumed in the detection method differs from the shape and profiles of true galaxy clusters. We create around 9000 images of the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect from galaxy clusters from the IllustrisTNG simulation, and use a Monte-Carlo injection method to estimate the completeness function. We study the impact of having different cluster pressure profiles, as well as that of complex cluster morphologies on the detection process. We find that the cluster profile has a significant effect on the completeness, with clusters with steeper profiles producing a higher completeness than ones with flatter profiles. We also show that cluster morphologies have small impact on the completeness, finding that elliptical clusters have slightly lower probability of detection with respect to spherically symmetric ones. Finally, we investigate the impact of a different completeness function on a cosmological analysis with cluster number counts, showing a shift in the constraints on $\Omega_m$ and $\sigma_8$ that lies in the same direction as the one driven by the mass bias.


The Emu Chick prototype implements migratory memory-side processing in a novel hardware system. Rather than transferring large amounts of data across the system interconnect, the Emu Chick moves lightweight thread contexts to near-memory cores before the beginning of each remote memory read. Previous work has characterized the performance of the Chick prototype in terms of memory bandwidth and programming differences from more typical, non-migratory platforms, but there has not yet been an analysis of algorithms on this system. This work evaluates irregular algorithms that could benefit from the lightweight, memory-side processing of the Chick and demonstrates techniques and optimization strategies for achieving performance in sparse matrix-vector multiply operation (SpMV), breadth-first search (BFS), and graph alignment across up to eight distributed nodes encompassing 64 nodelets in the Chick system. We also define and justify relative metrics to compare prototype FPGA-based hardware with established ASIC architectures. The Chick currently supports up to 68x scaling for graph alignment, 80 MTEPS for BFS on balanced graphs, and 50% of measured STREAM bandwidth for SpMV.


333 Previous accounts of the complex trap pollination mechanism in Arum maculatum L. (Araceae) are briefly reviewed; they conflict in some details and are incomplete. Our own study showed that the species is selfincompatible; it traps female owl-midges Psychoda phalaenoides as the main pollinator, and papillae on the spathe and column surfaces stop them escaping. A fluid, consisting of a dilute sugar solution, surrounds the stigmas in most plants. This is not taken by the flies but acts as a site for pollen deposition and germination. One pollen-bearing fly can carry over 150 pollen grains and can effect full pollination of the female flowers but, in our study sites, the numbers of flies were limited and some inflorescences failed to set fruit owing to lack of pollination. Experimental removal of parts of the inflorescence led to a reduction in the numbers of flies caught and in the number of inflorescences setting fruit, contrasting with previous work. It is concluded that all parts of the trap mechanism are essential to ensure full fruit set. In addition, the more flies that are caught, the more likely a plant is to act as a pollen donor to other plants.


*Corresponding Author: Justin Presseau; email: firstname.lastname@example.com Much of our behaviour acts in service of pursuing our goals (Carver & Scheier, 1998). However, research into goal pursuit has mostly focused upon the study of single isolated health goals and behaviours. As Gebhardt (this issue) discusses, life is more complex; people pursue multiple goals via numerous behaviours (health related and not), which all potentially compete for limited resources. Further investigation is needed using multiple goal approaches that account for this complexity. This thought piece describes a comprehensive unit of analysis and an associated methodological framework for conducting research on multiple goals, and provides suggestions for its potential application in health psychology.