Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC) have increasingly become the preferred source of stem cells for autologous transplantation due to their easier accessibility, rapid engraftment and higher safety. The harvest of PBPC in paediatric patients assumes critical importance, particularly in low-weight infants, in whom optimizing the procedure allows the collection of sufficient number of cells, with a reduced number of leukapheresis. The published data of these low-weight patients are scarce, and very likely the accumulation of cases will contribute to optimize the procedure. In this single centre study we retrospectively analyzed data of 69 large volume leukapheresis (LVL) from 36 low weight ( Mean body weight was 15,78kg (ranging 9–19Kg), and a median age of 44 months (ranging 7–88 months). Blood withdrawn at a mean rate of 33,8 mL/min (standard deviation [SD] 8,0), through central vein catheters and using 4 volemias (one case with 3), lasting a mean 133,43 minutes/procedure (ranging 212–101 min). A mean of 4881,78 ml of blood was processed (ranging 2101–7327mL). Leukapheresis was performed on the fifth day of G-CSF stimulation in most of the procedures (66,7%), while 21 patients were submitted to stimulation for a longer period (18,8% with 6 days, 7,2% with 7 days and 4,3% with eight). The mean G-CSF dose used was 203,06 μg/d (ranging 105–400 μg/d). The mean number of CD34 + cells in peripherical blood, before leukapheresis, was 20,4 ×10 6 cells (ranging 1–216 ×10 6 cells), while the PBPC collection yielded 2,73 ×10 6 CD34 + /Kg (ranging 0,1–28,94 ×10 6 CD34 + /Kg). The majority of LVL procedures (53,6%) were initiated with a peripherical blood CD34 + count inferior to 15×10 6 cells. Only 33,3% of each LVL procedure harvest sufficient PBPC (> 2,5 ×10 6 CD34 + /Kg), most of which from patients with peripherical blood CD34 + count superior to 15×10 6 cells (59,4%). There is a significant correlation between peripherical blood CD34 + count, before leukapheresis, and collected PBPC CD34 + (Pearson chi-square 18,212; p Every patient underwent a mean of 1,9 apheresis procedures (range 1–5), 20 patients required only a single apheresis to collect the minimum requirement of CD34 + /Kg, 6 patients underwent leukapheresis on two consecutive days, while 7 patients required a second course of mobilization with G-CSF in the following month, to achieve the necessary amount of CD34 + cells. The leucocyte count variation during the procedure was + 8,12 cells/μL (18,37 [SD 9,0]–26,49 cells/μL [SD 28,6]); the platelet (plt) count variation was negative 63,78 ×10 3 plt/μL (145 [SD 78,5]–81,53×10 3 plt/μL [SD 39,47]); the haemoglobin count variation was negative 1,45 g/dL (9,79 [SD 1,35]–8,34 g/dL [SD 1,49]). There were no significant differences between heart rate (105,86 [SD 22,9]–113,31 bpm [SD 22,5]) and systolic blood pressure before and after the procedure (114,28 [SD 12,54]–108,38 mmHg [SD 15,72]). There were adverse events in 14,5% of LVL procedures, most of them related with symptomatic hypocalcaemia (6 cases), corrected with calcium injection. Two cases of catheter malfunctioning were reported, one of them associated with haemodinamic instability. There was also a case of high blood pressure peak with no haemodinamic instability and another case with vomiting. All these patients underwent PBPC collection, in the following days. Twenty five percent of the cases needed transfusion support, with 9 cases requiring blood transfusion, and 8 cases requiring platelet transfusion (platelet count fell below 50×10 3 plt/μL). Nineteen patients underwent autologous transplantation, using the collected cells. There were no incidents regarding the storage of the PBPC. In conclusion, harvesting PBPC in small children is effective and safe, as this data shows. Future publications will allow to gather the necessary experience in order to optimize this procedure.


The enriched fractions of cytotoxic cells responsible for natural killer (NK) activity against both human sarcoma and neuroblastoma (LA-N2) cell lines were readily obtained by countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE). The NK cells were obtained in the larger lymphocyte fractions (fraction 6 +/- 1), having a mean cell volume of 180 u3. The cytotoxic-enriched fraction contained 51% large lymphocytes having cytoplasmic granules. On the other hand, monocytes were purified to greater than 90% and isolated in another fraction (final fraction) and these cells had the lowest NK activity against both human tumour cell lines. However, compared with the lymphocyte fractions, small and large monocytes displayed greater antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity against human B erythrocytes. These results indicate that NK found to have activity against both tumour cells lines were larger lymphocytes, not small monocytes. Thus, countercurrent centrifugal elutriation (CCE) can provide a sensitive method to obtain enriched fractions of large lymphocytes contained tumoricidal activity against human sarcoma and neuroblastoma cell lines.


This paper explores the impact of university funding reform on teaching quality competition. It shows that a graduate tax with differentiated, but state-regulated fees maximises the higher education surplus, whereas student grants as well as pure and income contingent loans do not. Fee autonomy for universities leads to results inferior to properly state controlled fees and can make the majority of students even worse off than a central student assignment system with very poor teaching incentives. JEL-Classification: H52, I22, L13


Extrapulmonary small cell carcinomas (EPSCC) are extremely rare. Most reports indicate success with therapy directed at the tumor as if it was pulmonary small cell carcinoma Primary small cell carcinoma of the breast is an uncommon form of EPSCC. Differentiating between a primary small cell carcinoma of the breast from metastatic disease to the breast is very important. According to the literature, there have been approximately 70 cases reported worldwide. Of these cases, only two cases are documented in men. Prognosis is varied and depends on stage of disease at presentation. A combination of surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiation is required to adequately treat patients with small cell carcinoma of the breast. We present a case of a male patient diagnosed with stage IV non-small cell lung carcinoma first and then subsequently diagnosed with a concurrent small cell carcinoma of the breast responding to treatment with concurrent chemotherapy and radiation.


As an innovative music teaching method, under the background of educational reform, Orff's music teaching method has increasingly attracted the attention and attention of university teachers. By applying the Orff teaching method in university music teaching, it can not only effectively promote the improvement of teaching quality, but also promote students to develop deep music exchanges and effectively cultivate students' musical literacy and innovative thinking.


In this impressive collection honouring the German scholar of Islamic art Jens Kroger on his 65th birthday, Avinoam Shalem and Annette Hagedorn bring together twenty-five contributions from a highly distinguished group of experts on Islamic art and specialists of central and south Asian art. Unpublished artefacts and new interpretations are presented in this book.


The intake of foreign bodies is a common clinical entity in Gastroenterology, most of them are expelled spontaneously, but those that are long and sharp may cause complications in 1 to 5%, therefore requiring endoscopic extraction or surgical treatment sometimes. We report the case of a patient with a history of bulimia that came to the Guillermo Almenara Hospital for symptoms of acute abdominal pain due to gastric perforation by foreign body after many years there has been the intake and whose resolution was surgery.


Abstract In the era of interdisciplinary research supported by IT solutions, a special role is played by digital source repositories. The digital turn has contributed to their considerable development, and the application of new technologies has largely changed the current methods of research work. This facilitates pooling and structuring dispersed collections e.g. as part of thematic repositories, which collect and share thematically related resources. Metadata, which allow effective searching and identification of resources, are an important element of their function. The objective of the article is to present a procedure for the development of metadata aimed at creation of a thematic database of dispersed sources remaining after the Paris Peace Conference ending World War I. Based on the metadata development procedure, the author discusses the diagnosed problems associated with e.g. the specificity of the analyzed sources.


Experimental evaluation of reverse engineering swirl-pressurized atomizer is the main Scope of this experimental work. Fuel mass flow rate, Spray cone angle, Droplet velocity and SMD are the parameters which are considered in this work. A set of twelve reverse engineering atomizers without any spray defections is contributed. A set of eight original atomizers is used as a well performed sample. More than 350 tests, mostly repeated, were performed to make the evaluation.


It has been shown that insecticide-treated bed nets or curtains may reduce morbidity and mortality from malaria in hyper-holoendemic areas of sub-Saharan Africa. This protection could partially depend on the transitory imbalance between the anti-malaria immunity acquired by the population before the intervention and the lowered sporozoite load resulting from the anti-vector measure. To verify if the efficacy of the intervention is influenced by the baseline immune status of the population, we compared the protective effect of permethrin-impregnated curtains (PIC) against malaria infection among groups with different baseline levels of anti-malaria immunity. We analyzed the impact of PIC on the Plasmodium falciparum infection rate in two rural villages of Burkina Faso inhabited by three ethnic groups: the Fulani, Mossi, and Rimaibé. These have been previously shown to differ for several malariologic indices, with the Fulani being characterized by lower infection and disease rates and by higher immune response to P. falciparum with respect to the other ethnic groups. The PIC were distributed in June 1996 and their impact on malaria infection was evaluated in groups whose baseline levels of immunity to malaria differed because of their age and ethnic group. Age- and ethnic-dependent efficacy of the PIC was observed. Among the Mossi and Rimaibé, the impact (parasite rate reduction after PIC installation with respect to the pre-intervention surveys) was 18.8% and 18.5%, respectively. A more than two-fold general impact (42.8%) was recorded in the Fulani. The impact of the intervention on infection rates appears positively correlated with the levels of anti-malaria immunity. Since decreased transmission entails a reduction of immunity, the efficacy of the intervention in the long term cannot be taken for granted. The expected complementary role of a hypothetical vaccine is stressed by these results, which also emphasize the importance of the genetic background of the population in the evaluation and application of malaria control strategies.


This paper examines political parties' approach to trade unions and the role of private and public party finance in contemporary democracies. We suggest that both unions' direct donations and states' party finance regimes may account for variation in the strength of parties' organizational links to unions. We investigate this argument with a new dataset covering parties historically aligned with trade unions and union confederations in 12 mature democracies. Our empirical analysis provides support for the hypothesis that financial contributions are positively associated with stronger organizational links but also suggests that this relationship is constrained by the level of public subsidies and state regulations of donations. The findings point to the need for more research on how private and public money affects parties' interactions with civil society actors.


Increased intake of selenium (Se) may reduce the risk of degenerative diseases including cancer but excessive intake may be toxic. Wheat is a major source of dietary Se in humans. However, the effect of Se from wheat that is agronomically biofortified with Se on biomarkers of human health status is unknown. This study aimed to investigate whether improving Se status, by increased dietary intake of Se‐biofortified wheat, affects biomarkers of cancer risk, cardiovascular disease risk, oxidative stress, and immune function in healthy South Australian men. A 24‐week placebo‐controlled double‐blind intervention was performed in healthy older men (n = 62), with increased dose of Se intake every 8 weeks. Wheat was provided as 1, 2, and 3 puffed wheat biscuits, during weeks 1–8, 9–16, and 17–24, respectively. Blood was collected to measure a wide range of disease risk biomarkers. Consumption of Se‐biofortified wheat was found to increase plasma Se concentration from a baseline level of 122 to 192 μg/L following intake of three biscuits/day, which provided 267 μg Se. Platelet glutathione peroxidase, chromosome aberrations, and DNA damage in lymphocytes measured using the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus cytome assay and with the Comet assay, plasma F2‐isoprostanes, protein carbonyls, plasma C‐reactive protein, and leukocyte number were unaffected by the improved Se status. Improvement of Se status by consumption of Se‐biofortified wheat did not substantially modify the selected biomarkers of degenerative disease risk and health status in this apparently selenium‐replete cohort of healthy older men in South Australia. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


The main objective of the democracy is "vote" by which the people can elect the candidates for forming an efficient government to satisfy their needs and requests such that their standard living can be improved. In developing countries like "INDIA" the election commission follows manual voting mechanism which is done by electronic voting machine. This machine is placed in the poll booth centre and is monitored by higher officials. due to some illegal activities the polling centre are misused and people's vote to right has been denied. This seldom occurs in rural areas as well as in urban cities because the educated people are not interested in casting their votes to candidates who represent their respective areas. To ensure 100% voting automation came into play. But this automated system have been approved only on some developed countries since security have not been ensured to a large extent. Our main aim of the proposed system is to develop a compatible voting machine with high security. The proposed system is mainly designed for our country. It has three phases. First the details of the persons who are above 18years are extracted from aadhar card database since it had became mandatory in present scenario. Automatically a new voter id with necessary details will be created and an intimation will be given to the persons through their e-mail. At the time of voting, the user can specify their id and password. To ensure more security, finger prints of the voter is used as the main authentication resource. Since the finger pattern of each human being is different, the voter can be easily authenticated. The system allow the voter to vote through his fingerprint. Finger print is used to uniquely identify the user. The finger print minutiae features are different for each human being. Finger print is used as a authentication of the voters. As soon as they cast their vote, their voter id and other details will be erased automatically and the aadhar card details which they used will be tracked and will be locked to access. This is done to preserve the security. When people cast their vote the results will be updated automatically and on the same day of election, the results will also be published. Also our proposed system supports the online voting too.


This paper considers policies for distributing requests in clustered Web servers, wherein multiple server machines are conngured to function as a single high(er) performance Web server. We evaluate various load distribution policies with respect to both their ability to achieve good load balance (the primary goal) and also to their impact on the eeec-tiveness of per-machine caching. Trace-driven simulation is employed, with workload traces from two heavily-loaded (3-8 million requests per day) commercial Web servers. Our results show that use of current state information is necessary in achieving good load balance only when the achievable per-request bandwidth is not strongly network or client limited. Use of current state information is not found to be necessary with respect to achieving good cache behaviour. Load distribution based on a static hashed assignment of the URL space is found to yield very similar cache performance to load distribution based on current cache contents. We also nd that it is possible to achieve both good cache behaviour and good load balance, but it requires use of policies that take both objectives into consideration and that make use of information concerning current server loads.


To deal with the increasing complexity of modern highly-concurrent systems, the GEMOC concurrency-aware eXecutable Domain-Specific Modeling Languages (xDSMLs) approach proposes to make explicit, in the operational semantics model, the concurrency concerns using a Model of Concur-rency (MoC). This approach initially provides only one MoC: Event Structures, based on a MoCCML model. But this MoC is not the best fit for all concurrency paradigms used in xDSMLs, resulting in complex models which are difficult to maintain or analyze. Moreover, extending the approach with new MoCs is complex: many elements must be integrated, and fit into the APIs used by the implementation. We propose to seamlessly define and integrate new MoCs through a recursive definition of the concurrency-aware xDSML approach, enabling the use of previously-defined xDSMLs as MoCs. This allows xDSMLs to always rely on an adequate MoC which also comes tooled with the generic execution and debugging facilities provided by the concurrency-aware approach. We illustrate our approach on the definition of fUML in the GEMOC Studio, an Eclipse-based language workbench.


Electric vehicle route planning (EVRP) is generated from the collaborative operation of smart grids and intelligent transportation systems. It has become an essential issue for the widespread use of battery electric vehicles. However, the existed EVRP solutions are of either high computational complexity or low efficiency for large-scale problems. Towards such issues, we propose an efficient Deep Reinforcement Learning based methodology for constraint-based routing while simultaneously considering electric vehicles' charging policies. We design a two-layer model to find near-optimal solutions and handle the broad range of problem instances according to the rewards and the preset feasibility rules. The first layer is to approximate a sequence of consecutive actions in reality and correspondingly produce a minimum time-consuming feasible route without re-training for each new problem instance. The second layer is to generate a charging scheme along the previously generated feasible path. The proposed methodology is independent of the road network topology and the electric vehicles' types. Besides, the convergence of value function in the presented model for EVRP is studied. The experiment shows that our methodology outperforms the traditional ones in computation time with comparable solution quality. Moreover, the obtained model can be directly applied to treat other problem instances on various road networks without re-training procedures.


Explaining culture change requires a multi-dimensional approach, and so does explaining cultural continuity. I combine several approaches to explain why the account given of a Mexican town's history changed between 1879 and 1992. I also identify and explain what did not change during the period, as well as during the subsequent period of fieldwork itself, 1992–2005. Rather than treat cultural continuity as the result of inertia, I follow Urban ([2001], Metaculture: How Culture Moves Through the World, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, MN) in looking for what motivates the transmission of culture as well as what pathways it takes, although I prefer to stress human agency in writing of the trajectories along which people propel culture, in this case a town's history. One approach which I draw, for explaining the trajectories of culture, is Malinowski's seminal study of Trobriand myths (1926), but I combine it with the more recent approaches that link versions of history to the interests of social groups; highlight the density of ties between person, people and place; pay attention to the genre of narratives being transmitted, and to the skewing of culture towards central places; and finally, consider shifts not just in the figure of particular narratives but in the grounds that underlie them, such as the criterion of truth against which narratives are measured.


Background and Purpose: Among patients with acute stroke symptoms, delay in hospital admission is the main obstacle for the use of thrombolytic therapy and other interventions associated with decreased mortality and disability. The primary aim of this study was to assess whether an elderly clinical population correctly endorsed the response to call for emergency services when presented with signs and symptoms of stroke using a standardized questionnaire. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study among elderly out-patients (≥60 years) in Buenos Aires, Argentina randomly recruited from a government funded health clinic. The correct endorsement of intention to call 911 was assessed with the Stroke Action Test and the cut-off point was set at ≥75%. Knowledge of stroke and clinical and socio-demographic indicators were also collected and evaluated as predictors of correct endorsement using logistic regression. Results: Among 367 elderly adults, 14% correctly endorsed intention to call 911. Presented with the most typical signs and symptoms, only 65% reported that they would call an ambulance. Amaurosis Fugax was the symptom for which was called the least (15%). On average, the correct response was chosen only 37% of the time. Compared to lower levels of education, higher levels were associated to correctly endorsed intention to call 911 (secondary School adjusted OR 3.53, 95% CI 1.59-7.86 and Tertiary/University adjusted OR 3.04, 95% CI 1.12-8.21). Conclusions: These results suggest the need to provide interventions that are specifically designed to increase awareness of potential stroke signs and symptoms and appropriate subsequent clinical actions.


Treatment with alkali is one of several methods for removing fatty acids from bacterial endotoxins and, in the process, detoxifying the material. Saponification of fatty acid esters is the major detectable chemical change produced by alkali; however, kinetic studies of mild alkaline hydrolysis of endotoxin failed to correlate rates of detoxification with rates of loss of ketodeoxyoctonates, heptose, O-acetyl groups, or fatty acid esters. The alterations occurring during the critical stages of hydrolysis apparently changed the essential chemical conformation of endotoxic particles before cleavage of a significant amount of material took place. The rates of both saponification and detoxification were markedly increased by carrying out the reaction in media of ethyl alcohol or dimethylsulfoxide instead of water.


The authors investigate whether maximal overlapping of protocol test subsequences can be achieved in polynomial time. They review the concepts related to FSM (finite state machine)-based test sequence generation and then define the optimal test sequence generation (OTSG) problem. It is proved that the OTSG problem is NP-complete. Therefore an efficient solution to the problem should not be expected in the general case. >


Whirl flutter is a specific type of flutter instability, relevant for turboprop aircraft, caused by the effect of rotating parts as a propeller or a gas-turbine engine rotor. The proposed optimisation-based analytical procedure is used to determine the critical values of the engine attachment stiffness parameters for the preselected flutter speed. For the half-span model, two design variables are used. The objective function is defined as the minimization of the engine vibration mode frequency sum. Design constraints keep the engine frequency ratio and the flutter stability at the selected velocity. However, application of a full-span model is necessary in some cases. In this case, special models of both symmetric and antisymmetric engine vibrations and four design variables must be used. Design constraints maintain the pitch mode frequency ratio, the yaw mode frequency ratio and the critical mode frequency ratio. Critical modes are dependent on the relation between the rotational direction of both propellers (identical or inverse). A flutter design constraint is applied as well. The described methodology is demonstrated on the application example of a twin-engine commuter aircraft. Demonstrated cases include symmetrical revolutions of propellers for both identical and inverse directions of rotation, cases of single engine failure and single propeller feathering, and finally, cases of unsymmetrical revolutions including the reduced and increased revolutions of a single propeller, for both identical and inverse directions of rotation.


The light pseudoscalar mesons are a powerful tool to investigate the Effective Field Theories that describe the strong interactions at low energies where the perturbative QCD is not applicable.
Recent results on pi0 and eta mesons are reviewed. The eta->3pi decay and the extraction of fundamental parameters like the masses of the light quarks is described.
The measuremens of the Transition Form Factors in gamma-gamma processes and in Dalitz decays are compared with some theoretical predictions.
Finally the search for Dark Photons in decays involving pi0 and eta is discussed.


In pre-Fitzgerald Queensland, the existence of corruption was widely known but its extent and modes of operation were not fully evident. The Fitzgerald Report identified the need for reform of the structure, procedures and efficiency in public administration in Queensland. What was most striking in the Queensland reform process was that a new model for combatting corruption had been developed. Rather than rely upon a single law and a single institution, existing institutions were strengthened and new institutions were introduced to create a set of mutually supporting and mutually checking institutions, agencies and laws that jointly sought to improve governmental standards and combat corruption. Some of the reforms were either unique to Queensland or very rare. One of the strengths of this approach was that it avoided creating a single over-arching institution to fight corruption. There are many powerful opponents of reform. Influential institutions and individuals resist any interference with their privileges. In order to cause a mass exodus from an entrenched corruption system, a seminal event or defining process is needed to alter expectations and incentives that are sufficient to encourage significant numbers of individuals to desert the corruption system and assist the integrity system in exposing and destroying it. The Fitzgerald Inquiry was such an event. This article also briefly addresses methods for destroying national corruption systems where they emerge and exist.


The requirements of energy in Indonesia are increasing. Whereas the availability of fossil energy which during the time as represents of main source energy are very limited and straight to attenuate. As the consequence, always happened the extinction of electrics which is very bother the society activity. Based on the consideration of energy conservation and the environment, claimed us to exploit the wind energy that easily available and more friendlier environment. The wind energy can be exploited as the source of energy by using the wind turbine. Wind turbine is a windmill that used to arousing the electric power. In general, the wind turbine that used is a wind turbine with type of axis horizontal which using the comparison of gears as the router of energy, so it?s need more good maintenance because of it vitaly role. Besides, at horizontal wind turbine, a rotor diameter will strightly compare with electry power. More large diameter, also will be more electric that yielded. Based on the description above, the development of design wind turbine that was exist is conducted. The design apply of usage inning belts as transmission and also usage four rotor which seri - paralel design with smaller rotor dimentions, but can yield larger electric power. Keyword : Energi; Angin; Turbin Link Terkait : http://skripsi.umm.ac.id/files/disk1/328/jiptummpp-gdl-s1-2009-mahatirabb-16386-PENDAHUL-N.pdf


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide scholarly and practical benefits by detailing the past and suggesting a future research agenda for supply chain (SC) collaboration. A literature review is utilized to examine what has been investigated prior, and what remains to be analyzed, in order to assist today's managers and researchers. The research expands the understanding of SC collaboration from a focal firm perspective while providing boundaries for future investigation and at the same time detailing the current state of collaboration to practitioners.

Design/methodology/approach

The current research utilizes a systematic review of the literature to shape a proposed research agenda on the topic of SC collaboration.

Findings

The paper provides insights into gaps in the literature as it pertains to SC collaboration. Specifically, the paper suggests investigating SC collaboration as it relates to perceived and real performance, understanding what know-how and commitment a focal firm must make to SC collaboration, and how to successfully navigate collaboration termination.

Research limitations/implications

This manuscript makes four specific contributions to the literature. First, it provides the first holistic graphic depiction of the central constructs employed in extant SC collaboration research. Next it examines three specific factor areas influencing collaboration. Overlooked issues are then revealed as suggestions for future research in SC collaboration. Finally, the method employed to conduct the systematic literature review can be used as a blueprint for future researchers in performing a similar exercise.

Practical implications

The current research seeks to provide a research agenda which meets the needs of today's business managers.

Originality/value

The paper provides a suggested research agenda for SC collaboration.


Comparison is made between the electrical and thermal conductivities of solids and the transport properties of gases, with special reference to boundary limiting effects. The transition from continuum to molecular behaviour of gases is explored using a modified mean free path. Relative intermolecular and boundary collisions are calculated and it is proposed that, by assuming the transport process to be partially continuum and partially molecular, according to such frequencies, there results a plausible account for some of the observed `anomalies' in gas flow characteristics in the transition regime.


Abstract The author refers first to the prevalent views respecting the gravels of the Valley of the Somme, namely: (1) that there are two deposits of distinct age—the upper and the lower valley-gravels; (2) that the former of these is the older; (3) that the Valley of the Somme has been excavated to the depth of 40 or 50 feet since its deposition; (4) that both gravels contain bones of extinct animals, and implements of human manufacture, the lower gravels, however, containing the greater number of species of Mollusca, and the upper the greater number of flint implements; and (5) that the height (70 feet) of the gravels at St. Acheul above the present level of the Somme is much beyond the limit of floods, and that, therefore, they could only have been deposited before the river-channel was cut down to its present level. He then points out that the general effect of these views is to refer back the remains of man found at St. Acheul to an indefinite date, separated from the historical period by an interval during which the valley was excavated. In former papers Mr. Tylor stated his belief that the upper and lower valley-gravels of the Somme are continuous and of the same age, which he considered to be close to the historical period. In this paper he states facts which appear to him to demonstrate the truth of his views, and describes a number of sections near Amiens, in which the levels were laid down from an exhaustive survey by M. Guillom, Chief Engineer of the Northern Railway of France. The conclusions he has thus been able to arrive at are the following:—(1) That the surface of the chalk in the Valley of the Somme had assumed its present form prior to the deposition of any of the gravel or loess now to be seen there; (2) that the whole of the Amiens valley-gravel is of one formation, of similar mineral character, contains nearly similar organic remains, and belongs to a date not much antecedent to the historical period; (3) that the gravel in the valley of the Somme at Amiens is partly composed of débris brought down by the river Somme and by the two rivers the Celle and the Arve, and partly of material from the higher grounds washed in by land-floods; (4) that the Quaternary gravels of the Somme are not separated into two divisions by an escarpment of chalk parallel to the river, as has been stated; (5) that the evidence of river-floods extending to a height of at least 80 feet above the present level of the Somme is perfectly proved by the gradual slope and continuity of the gravels deposited by them; and (6) that many of the Quaternary deposits in all countries, clearly posterior to the formation of the valleys in which they lie, are of such great dimensions and elevation that they indicate a pluvial period just as clearly as the Northern Drift indicates a glacial. This Pluvial period must have immediately preceded the true Historical period.


We have studied the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in [Fe3O4/Pt]-based heterostructures grown at high temperature, by measuring the ANE-induced electric field with a magnetic field applied normal to the sample surface, in the perpendicular magnetized configuration, where only the ANEs from the ferromagnetic layers or magnetic proximity effects can be detected. An ANE voltage is observed for [Fe3O4/Pt]n multilayers, and we further investigated its origin by performing measurements in [Fe3O4/Pt/Fe3O4] trilayers as a function of the Pt thickness. Our results suggest the presence of an interface-induced ANE in the metallic layer, possibly driven by a heat induced subnanometer interdiffusion which affects the nature of the Fe3O4/Pt interface. Despite this ANE, the spin Seebeck effect is the dominant mechanism for the transverse thermoelectric voltage in the in-plane magnetized configuration, accounting for about 70% of the voltage in the multilayers.We have studied the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in [Fe3O4/Pt]-based heterostructures grown at high temperature, by measuring the ANE-induced electric field with a magnetic field applied normal to the sample surface, in the perpendicular magnetized configuration, where only the ANEs from the ferromagnetic layers or magnetic proximity effects can be detected. An ANE voltage is observed for [Fe3O4/Pt]n multilayers, and we further investigated its origin by performing measurements in [Fe3O4/Pt/Fe3O4] trilayers as a function of the Pt thickness. Our results suggest the presence of an interface-induced ANE in the metallic layer, possibly driven by a heat induced subnanometer interdiffusion which affects the nature of the Fe3O4/Pt interface. Despite this ANE, the spin Seebeck effect is the dominant mechanism for the transverse thermoelectric voltage in the in-plane magnetized configuration, accounting for about 70% of the voltage in the multilayers.


In this paper, the application of deep learning methods to the task of machining feature recognition in CAD models is studied. Four contributions are made:
 1. An automatic method to generate large datasets of 3D CAD models is proposed, where each model contains multiple machining features with face labels.
 2. A concise and informative graph representation for 3D CAD models is presented. This is shown to be applicable to graph neural networks.
 3. The graph representation is compared with voxels on their performance of training deep neural networks to segment 3D CAD models.
 4. Experiments are also conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of graph-based deep learning for interacting feature recognition.
 Results show that the proposed graph representation is a more efficient representation of 3D CAD models than voxels for deep learning. It is also shown that graph neural networks can be used to recognize individual features on the model and also identify complex interacting features.


Hödl attempts to show how deeply the medical views of Blacks and Jews were embedded in racial theories in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Concepts of racial distinctiveness formed the framework that purportedly explained a specific liability of African Americans and Jews to various ailments. In particular, he compares the prevailing perception of the susceptibility of Jews and Blacks to tuberculosis in the United States from the 1840s to the early twentieth century, and shows that physicians advanced widely differing explanations for the proclivity to this disease, explanations that fall into three distinct periods. Within the same time span, however, there is continuity in the concepts of the 'sick Negro' and the 'healthy Jew'. The aetiologies were largely dependent on stereotypes of the bodily constructs of Jews and Blacks. Hödl thereby demonstrates the interdependence of racism and medicine.


On normal blood vessels, vascular mural cells (pericytes and smooth muscle cells) serve to stabilize the vessel and render the endothelium quiescent. Tumor vessels, in contrast, exhibit abnormal association between mural cells and endothelial cells which allows the endothelium to be angiogenic. The mechanism(s) by which tumors prevent mural-cell mediated vessel stabilization have not been well elucidated. We have previously demonstrated that heterotypic connexin 43 (Cx43)-dependent gap junction activity is required for mural cell-induced quiescence of endothelial cells, and that long term exposure of mural cells to media conditioned by aggressive MDA-MB-231 breast tumor cells downregulates Cx43 mRNA and protein to release endothelial cells from mural cell-mediated growth inhibition. Since Cx43 function and half-life can also be modulated by phosphorylation, we investigated the role of phosphorylation in tumor-induced regulation of Cx43 function. In the present study, we show that short-term exposure of mural cells to tumor conditioned media (CM) activates PKC signaling in mural cells, resulting in inactivating phosphorylation of Cx43 at the PKC site S368 that is both rapid and sustained. This tumor-induced inactivating S368 phosphorylation occurs in both fully differentiated mural cells (vascular smooth muscle cells [vSMC] and microvascular pericytes) as well as C3H10T1/2 mural precursor cells. Although tumor CM activates several of the PKC isoforms expressed by vSMC, using a panel of pharmacological inhibitors, we have identified PKCΔ as the isoform responsible for inhibitory phosphorylation at S368. We confirmed that the mechanisms by which tumors inactivate Cx43, by mRNA downregulation and by phosphorylation are distinct, as PKC inhibition prevents S368 phosphorylation but does not protect against Cx43 loss following long-term tumor CM treatment. Similarly, MDA-MB-231 conditioned media induces inactivating phosphorylation at Cx43 S255; while MEK1/2 inhibitor UO126 prevents S255 phosphorylation, it does not prevent Cx43 protein decrease. Importantly, using the GAP26 peptide we demonstrate that inhibition of gap junction function without protein loss is sufficient to prevent mural cell-mediated endothelial growth inhibition. Finally, we show that the vessels of xenograft tumors undergo the inactivating phosphorylation at Cx43 S368 as well. These data, together with our previous data, suggest that tumors can override mural cell inhibition of endothelial proliferation to promote angiogenesis in two distinct ways: 1) rapid inactivation of intact Cx43 protein by phosphorylation, and 2) long-term mRNA-mediated loss of Cx43 protein. Strategies to prevent vascular Cx43 loss or inactivation may therefore provide a novel means to inhibit angiogenesis or stabilize tumor vasculature for therapeutic gain. (Supported by NIH CA138727) Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1560. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1560


The influence of (+)- and (-)-oxaprotiline (OXA) given repeatedly on the behavioural effects mediated by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptors as well as on the binding to brain alpha 1-adrenoceptors was studied. (+)-OXA given repeatedly for 14 days (but not 3 or 7 days) enhanced exploratory hyperactivity of rats induced by methoxamine injected intracerebroventricularly; (-)-OXA given for 3, but not 7 or 14 days, increased the methoxamine-induced exploration in rats. The locomotor hyperactivity induced in mice by d,1-threo-3,4-dihydroxyphenylserine was increased by repeated (14 days) (-)-OXA but not (+)-OXA. Neither OXA enantiomers given repeatedly modified the clonidine-induced locomotor hypoactivity in mice. Both enantiomers given repeatedly did not change the binding of [3H] prazosin to alpha 1-adrenoceptors (Bmax, KD) in the thalamus and hippocampus. Repeated (+)-OXA increased the affinity of alpha 1-adrenoceptors for phenylephrine in the cortex, thalamus and hippocampus. A similar effect of (-)-OXA was observed in the hippocampus only. The results indicate that both OXA enantiomers are able to enhance the responsiveness of brain alpha 1-adrenergic system, probably via the increase in the affinity of alpha 1-adrenoceptors for their agonists.


The survival probability of a tree exposed to surface fire varies widely depending on its bark. To advance the understanding of insulation properties of bark, mean thickness (BT), moisture content (MCb), surface structure (BS) and density (ρb) of bark samples of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) (n=395) for four diameter classes were investigated. In addition, data from 158 heating experiments simulating low-intensity surface fires in the laboratory were used to assess the relative importance of these properties affecting thermal insulation and evaluate the applicability of two stem heating models, an analytical, one-dimensional model and the FireStem2D model. Overall, BT is the best predictor of bark insulation capacity and MCb only contributes significantly to explain the residence time of cambial temperature >60°C (τ>60), whereas ρb and BS have minor effects. Although the two stem heating models overestimate the time required for cambium temperatures to reach 60°C (τ60), FireStem2D performed better than analytical model. Furthermore, FireStem2D provides good predictions of τ>60 and maximal cambial temperature (Tmax). In addition, errors in FireStem2D may be driven mainly by the errors in temperature measurement and the limitation of a two-dimensional model. The study provides a better knowledge of interactions between bark properties and heat transfer, which may improve the predictability of fire-caused stem injury for Mongolian oak and other species with similar bark properties.


More than eight years have elapsed since the first percutaneous renal biopsy was carried out (Iversen and Brun 6 ), and so far the results of about 1800 renal biopsy attempts have been published. Experience has now become so comprehensive that it is possible to form a broad impression of the nature and frequency of the complications in this procedure. The aim of the present paper has been to examine the more than 500 renal biopsy attempts with any associated complications which have been carried out in Medical Department III of Kommunehospitalet throughout the period May, 1949, to January, 1958. The literature to date contains a number of descriptions of complications in renal biopsy which are worth mentioning in detail. Alwall 1 reported in 1952 that in 1944 he had had 1 death after renal biopsy in a series of 13 biopsies. The death occurred in a patient who went into


Purpose: There are a high number of HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the Kathmandu District of Nepal, but information on adherence and factors influencing it are scarce in this population. The present study aimed to estimate ART adherence among HIV-infected patients in the Kathmandu District of Nepal, and to determine the factors associated with ART adherence. Patients and methods: This study included 316 HIV-infected patients attending three ART centers in the Kathmandu District. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and ART use for the previous 7 days was collected via interview. Participants were considered adherent if they reported taking $95% of their ART as prescribed. The association between explanatory variables and ART adherence was measured using logistic regression and reported as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). were all independently and negatively associated with ART adherence. Use of reminder tools (OR 3.45; 95% CI 1.33–8.91) was independently and positively associated with ART adherence. Conclusion: The observed ART adherence in this study is encouraging. Travel time to ART centers, self-reported adverse effects, illegal drug use, and not using reminder tools were the major determinants of ART adherence. Interventions that take these factors into account could further improve ART adherence.


Background
Pre-eclampsia is an idiopathic pregnancy disorder characterized by appearance proteinuria and hypertension, with poorly understood etiology. It has been linked to a variety of system abnormalities, including ion transport disorders in neonatal, maternal, and placental cell lines. A new method was described to evaluate the inhibition percentage of endogenous digitalis in plasma of pre-eclampsia patients compared with normal pregnancies, with the estimation of sensitivity and specificity of the proposed test.

Methods
This was a case-control study consisting of 130 cases that were divided into three groups, 55 normal pregnancies (positive control), 30 non-pregnant women (negative control), and 45 pre-eclampsia (patients). The new method included the estimation of the percentage inhibition of endogenous digitalis by measuring specific enzyme activity of Na-K ATPase for the patient and positive control. The results were analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS®) software version 26.0. A p-value of≤ 0.05 was considered significant.

Results
In the pre-eclampsia patient, the specific activity of Na-K ATPase was significantly lower with mean= 0.239 mg/g±0.043 compared to the control group which was 0.397 mg/g±0.021, p< 0.001. While the result of inhibition percentage of endogenous digitalis showed significantly higher in the pre-eclampsia patient (mean= 35.852 mg/g %±2.692%) compared to the control group (mean= 17.964%±1.784), with a p< 0.001.

Conclusion
Pre-eclampsia is linked with lower erythrocyte sodium pump activity significantly in pre-eclampsia patients than in normal pregnancies. Also, results show the inhibited percentage of endogenous digitalis elevation in patients with pre-eclampsia compared with normal pregnancy.


Methanotroph microorganisms oxidize methane in four steps, producing methanol, formaldehyde, formate intermediers and eventually degrade methane to carbon dioxide and water. It is possible to separate the pathway into four steps in the cell free extract or after partial purification of the various enzymes. The key enzyme is a metalloenzyme, methane monooxygenase (MMO) which catalyses the oxidation of methane to methanol. MMO is also capable of biodegrading exceptionally harmful and stable chlorinated hydrocarbons. Produced by various industrial activities, most chlorinated hydrocarbons are toxic, potential and/or proven carcinogens and their decomposition challenges water treatment technologies.


The ubiquitously expressed c-Abl tyrosine kinase is activated in the response of cells to genotoxic and oxidative stress. The present study demonstrates that reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce targeting of c-Abl to mitochondria. We show that ROS-induced localization of c-Abl to mitochondria is dependent on activation of protein kinase C (PKC)δ and the c-Abl kinase function. Targeting of c-Abl to mitochondria is associated with ROS-induced loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. The results also demonstrate that c-Abl is necessary for ROS-induced depletion of ATP and the activation of a necrosis-like cell death. These findings indicate that the c-Abl kinase targets to mitochondria in response to oxidative stress and thereby mediates mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death.


Intermetallics are solid-state compounds exhibiting metallic bonding, defined stoichiometry and ordered crystal structure. It is now a century since it was recognized in an early book (Giua & Lollini Giua, 1918), written by Michele Giua, Professor of Industrial Chemistry at Turin University together with his wife Clara Lollini Giua, that numerous compounds could form. Many more were discovered in the following decades. A few gained increasing industrial interest, e.g. aluminides, but it was only in 1993 that a dedicated journal, Intermetallics, was founded by the late Robert Cahn. Now, here comes the book Intermetallics with subtitle Structures, Properties and Statistics by Walter Steurer and Julia Dshemuchadse which sets a new paradigm in the topic by analyzing the structure and classifying the tens of thousands intermetallics known to date. The book is divided in two parts: Concepts and Statistics are the content of Part I and Structure and Properties of Part II. The text is full of information filling more than 500 pages. It has an extensive literature section as well an index of chemical formulae. A useful list of abbreviations and a glossary are provided. The linguistic approach is rigorous in terminology and in making reference to theories, methods and rules. Chapter 1 gives the basic terminology concerning symmetry, lattices, atomic environment types. It is clear and well organized. I would suggest it to students of materials science courses to learn definitions properly. The second chapter summarizes the factors governing structure and stability of intermetallics with emphasis mainly on quantum chemistry. The quantum chemistry methods employed in the literature are mentioned with a short description of up to one page. For the reader not experienced in this topic, this section is of limited usefulness considering also the absence of illustrations. It is understood a more lengthy treatment would have diverted the text from its main objectives. The authors, however, direct the reader to the relevant literature for all methods. Being perhaps biased by my thermodynamic background, I felt the stability issue could have been tackled also by mentioning the methods employed to evaluate the Gibbs free energy of intermetallics, especially because the calculation of this quantity is an expanding topic for those performing phase diagram calculations including the calculation of the enthalpy of formation from first principles. The description of tilings in Chapter 3 is detailed, though concise, with good examples and images. This represents the basis for building up the structure of complex intermetallics through an accurate description of polyhedra and packings. The next step is the treatment of n-dimensional spaces to represent the structure of both complex periodic and aperiodic compounds in Chapter 4. The following Chapter 5, is the most innovative one dealing with a statistical analysis of the occurrence of intermetallics in binary (the largest number), ternary and higher order systems. This is a striking amount of work carried out with absolute competence and corroborated with several examples of structure types. The structure of compounds is classified according to the Pettifor chemical scale, which is used extensively. Apparently, the Pettifor scale is successful in indicating the zones of the plot of the Mendeleev number of constituents where structures can be found. This can be considered as an indication for predicting new compounds, although not explicitly stated in the text. I have a problem with the readability of such plots which are necessarily ISSN 2052-5206


Gambling of young people as a risky behavior is an increasingly current social problem, but also the subject of numerous researches. The gambling industry is one of the fastest-growing industries in the world, and a significant increase in availability has taken place in the Bosnian and Herzegovinan society. Young people in BiH are entering the world of gambling more often and easier. Bad economic situation, social unrest, high poverty and unemployment rates contribute to this situation. World statistics show that the increase in gambling was significantly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Omnipresent digitalization during the pandemic, movement restrictions, but also existential uncertainty have opened a new path to online gambling. Therefore, an research was conducted in which the habits of young people (N=174) and their frequency of (online) gambling were examined. The questionnaire results showed that 70.5% of respondents had played games of chance at least once in their lives. Young people usually play one-time tickets and sports betting. Of particular concern is the fact that individuals play online games of chance on a daily basis. They usually invest a smaller amount of money and more than half of the respondents have lost money on betting at least once. The data show that gambling is most often out of boredom, fun and socializing, and they do not consider such behavior to be problematic. According to self-assessment, only 5.9% of respondents believe that their gambling is somewhat or completely problematic, while 3.7% state that the degree of gambling addiction is so high that they need professional help. On the other hand, Bosnia and Herzegovina lacks prevention programs aimed at problematic youth gambling, which is why they remain deprived of professional support. All of this suggests that serious investment in public health and social policies is needed to offer quality prevention and psychoeducational programs.


Verticillium dahliae causes severe yield reductions in a variety of important annual crops worldwide. Control of verticillium wilt has relied on soil fumigation; however, the use of the main soil fumigant, methyl bromide, has been banned in the European Union since 2010, creating a demand for novel crop protectants. As such, the use of biocontrol agents (BCAs) is an appealing management strategy. Prerequisites for the development of a successful BCA are an understanding of the modes of action of the antagonist, its ecological fitness and an efficient and economically feasible delivery system. Therefore, two BCAs (Paenibacillus alvei K165 or the nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum F2) and two release strategies (seed coating or amendment of the transplant soil plug) were assessed against verticillium wilt of aubergine (eggplant). Mixing the transplant soil plug with K165 or F2, at a rate of 10 and 20% (v/v), respectively, reduced verticillium wilt symptom development. Furthermore, a positive correlation was revealed between the release strategy and the BCA rhizosphere population. Correlation analysis also showed that disease severity was negatively correlated to the rhizosphere size of the BCA population. In addition, qPCR analysis showed that both BCAs induced the expression of the pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins PR1 and PR4 in the stem of aubergines before and after inoculation with V. dahliae in a manner that suggests a link with the rhizosphere size of the BCA population.


Melanoma, which originates from the transformation of normal melanocytes, is one of the three main types of skin cancer. We aimed to explore the functions of SNHG16 and miR-132 in melanoma. CCK-8, Transwell assays were used to measure the viability and migration, respectively. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to analyze the relationship between the expression of SNHG16, miR-132 and LAPTM4B in melanoma tissues. SNHG16 was overexpressed, and miR-132 was low expressed in melanoma tissues and cell lines. Moreover, overexpression of SNHG16 was associated with poor prognosis of melanoma patients. The expression of SNHG16 had a negative connection with the expression of miR-132, and it had a positive relationship with the expression of LAPTM4B in melanoma tissues. Knockdown of SNHG16 or overexpression of miR-132 inhibited SK-MEL-2 cell proliferation and migration. In addition, we confirmed that SNHG16 directly binding to miR-132 promotes the expression of LAPTM4B, facilitating the tumorigenesis of melanoma. SNHG16 promotes the expression of LAPTM4B by sponging miR-132, thereby acting as an oncogene in melanoma. This study demonstrated that the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA signal cascade existed in melanoma, which may help elucidate the tumorigenesis and development mechanism of melanoma.


In response to recent shifts in the global economy, there has been a growing academic interest in adult education and training (AET), enabling adults to meet the ever-changing demands of the workforce. However, empirical findings offer nuanced evidence on the most influential factors among various aspects. This study aims to reexamine the previously highlighted determinants of job-related AET participation using the random forest classifiers technique. The data is drawn from the 2017 U.S. Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies, where we selected 1,334 respondents with work experience in the last 12 months. Our findings suggest that age and skills use at work were found to be the most important factors for formal AET, whereas skills use at work and organization size were the most significant factors for nonformal AET. Our results emphasize the critical role of skills utilization and organizational support in working adults' participation in AET.


The 27 May 1997 central Texas tornadic event has been investigated in a two-part observational study. As demonstrated in Part I, the 1D environment associated with this event was unfavorable for significant ( (cid:1) F2) tornadoes. Yet, the storm complex produced at least six significant tornadoes, including one rated F5 (the Jarrell, Texas, tornado). The purpose of this article is to examine the spatiotemporal interrelationships between tornadoes, preexisting boundaries, antecedent low-level mesocyclones, convective cells, and midlevel mesocyclones. It is shown that each of the six observed tornadoes that produced greater than F0 damage formed along the storm-generated gust front, not along preexisting boundaries. Half of these tornadoes formed on the distorted gust front, the portion of the storm-generated gust front whose orientation was deformed largely by the horizontal shear across the cold front. The remaining three tornadoes developed at the gust front cusp (the persistent gust front inflection located at the northeast end of the gust front distortion). Unlike the tornadoes south of the gust front cusp, these tornadoes are found to be associated with antecedent mesocyclones located in the low levels above the boundary layer. Furthermore, these mesocyclonic tornadoes are found to be larger and more destructive than the three nonmesocyclonic tornadoes. The formation of the Jarrell tornado is found to occur as a nearly stationary convective cell became collocated with a south-southwestward-moving low-level mesocyclone near the gust front cusp—a behavior that resembles the formation of nonsupercell tornadoes. It is argued that the back-building propagation/maintenance of the storm complex enabled this juxtaposition of convective cells with vorticity along the distorted gust front and may have therefore enabled tornado formation. Each of the convective cells without midlevel mesocyclones was found to remain farther from the boundaries than the mesocyclonic cells. Since the cells nearest to the boundaries were longer lived than the remaining cells, it is argued that cells near the boundaries were mesocyclonic because the boundaries yielded cells that were more likely to support temporally coherent midlevel rotation.


Using novel methodology, this study describes the kinetics of rod outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis and digestion by human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro and examines the effect of certain lysosomal enzyme inhibitors on ROS digestion in these cells. Human RPE cells displayed saturation of phagocytosis with respect to both ROS concentration and time. While surface-binding and ingestion phases of ROS phagocytosis saturated after 24-36 h, the rate of ROS digestion reached a maximal level within 24 h. Increasing the concentration of zinc in the culture medium from 1.9 to 100 microM had no significant effect on ROS digestion. The effects of swainsonine (an alpha-mannosidase inhibitor), pepstatin (an aspartic protease inhibitor), and leupeptin (a cysteine protease inhibitor) were also examined. At 6 h, ROS digestion was reduced 27.3 +/- 15.3% by swainsonine, 69.4 +/- 20.9% by pepstatin, and 77.0 +/- 14.4% by leupeptin. The effect of these inhibitors declined with increasing time. This study is the first to demonstrate the functional importance of cysteine and aspartic proteases in the digestion of ROS by RPE cells in vitro.


The paper presents fundamentals of text analytics which can be understood as a discipline that fit well into a broader concept of Knowledge Mining (KM) since text analytics is a method for extracting usable knowledge from unstructured text data through identification of core concepts, sentiments, and trends, and then using this knowledge to support decision making. The text analytics tool that discovers connections and relationships not within a single document but across a large collection of documents is also presented. Those connections and relationships can then be organized in ways that permit analysis either alone or in combination with other types of data. Key-Words: Text analytics, text mining, knowledge management, knowledge mining, unstructured information


Recent experience with X-band accelerator structure development has shown the rf input coupler to be the region most prone to rf breakdown and degradation, effectively limiting the operating gradient. A major factor in this appears to be high magnetic fields at the sharp edges of the coupling irises. As a first response to this problem, couplers with rounded and thickened iris horns have been employed, with improved performance. In addition, conceptually new coupler designs have been developed, in which power is coupled through the broadwall of the feed waveguide. A prototype "mode converter" coupler, which launches the TM/sub 01/ mode in circular waveguide before coupling through a matching cell into the main structure, has been tested with great success. With peak surface fields below those in the body of the structure, this coupler represents a break-through in the NLC structure program. The design of this coupler and of variations which use beamline space more efficiently are described here. The latter include a coupler in which power passes directly through an iris in the broad wall of the rectangular waveguide into a matching cell and one which makes the waveguide itself an accelerating cell. We also discuss techniques for matching such couplers.


A myriad of experiences call us to learn, collaborate, and grow. Through these events, individuals are ultimately able to seek meaning in their lives and work toward becoming better versions of themselves. One way in which an individual can achieve this is through service and interaction with his or her community. In the past year, I have participated in three communitybased learning classes. CBL classes aim to enrich student learning through community service and provide opportunities for students to apply knowledge gained in the classroom to specific community experiences. By participating in such curriculum, students are not only able to meet their needs academically, but are also able to meet the needs of their community. These classes have afforded me the opportunity to work with various populations and increase my awareness of the diverse groups that make up my community.


The most common way to discover extragalactic fast transients, which fade within a few nights in the optical, is via follow-up of gamma-ray burst and gravitational-wave triggers. However, wide-field surveys have the potential to identify rapidly fading transients independently of such external triggers. The volumetric survey speed of the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) makes it sensitive to objects as faint and fast fading as kilonovae, the optical counterparts to binary neutron star mergers, out to almost 200 Mpc. We introduce an open-source software infrastructure, the ZTF REaltime Search and Triggering, ZTFReST, designed to identify kilonovae and fast transients in ZTF data. Using the ZTF alert stream combined with forced point-spread-function photometry, we have implemented automated candidate ranking based on their photometric evolution and fitting to kilonova models. Automated triggering, with a human in the loop for monitoring, of follow-up systems has also been implemented. In 13 months of science validation, we found several extragalactic fast transients independently of any external trigger, including two supernovae with post-shock cooling emission, two known afterglows with an associated gamma-ray burst (ZTF20abbiixp, ZTF20abwysqy), two known afterglows without any known gamma-ray counterpart (ZTF20aajnksq, ZTF21aaeyldq), and three new fast-declining sources (ZTF20abtxwfx, ZTF20acozryr, ZTF21aagwbjr) that are likely associated with GRB200817A, GRB201103B, and GRB210204A. However, we have not found any objects that appear to be kilonovae. We constrain the rate of GW170817-like kilonovae to R < 900 Gpc−3 yr−1 (95% confidence). A framework such as ZTFReST could become a prime tool for kilonova and fast-transient discovery with the Vera Rubin Observatory.


The effect of pressure on soot particle nanostructure has been investigated by Raman spectroscopy. For the first time soot samples produced in a set of coflow methane−air laminar diffusion flames stabilized in a high-pressure combustion chamber, and collected by thermophoresis, have been analyzed to obtain chemical/structural information. The first-order Raman spectra of soot particles collected at several elevated pressures have been analyzed and compared. As a result, within the investigated range of pressures, i.e., from 10 to 20 bar, our measurements show that soot nanostructure does not depend on the pressure conditions. Changes in soot nanostructure were only observed as a function of flame residence time. The results herein presented are particularly relevant by considering the importance of nanostructure on the soot reactivity toward oxidation and on the fact that soot from practical combustion devices is mostly produced at high pressure.


A 46-year-old female patient with metoclopramide-induced parkinsonism and depression was reported in view of the rarity of the concurrent development of these side effects. A risk of metoclopramide administration is suggested.


With the policy of developing a, transparent and competitive European higher education sector, learning outcomes (LOs) are attributed a foundation stone role in policy and curriculum development. A premise for their implementation is that they bear fundamental similarities across national, institutional or professional/disciplinary contexts. In contrast, detractors suggest that LOs cannot communicate precisely across programmes or national boundaries. With this as a backdrop, this article analyses how LOs are used to communicate what students are to learn and the extent to which their use drives standardisation. The analysis is based on a case study of how LOs are formulated in study programme documents in two professional education programmes in Norway and the UK. The findings indicate that LOs can be considered to drive standardisation through the same presentation using bullet points. The study also finds that LOs are framed in different ways in the two countries and within the different study programmes and in a web of interconnected documents. This 'local' structural use of LOs disrupts their 'foundation stone' role as a vehicle for standardisation and weakens the establishment of sameness across institutions and nations.


Objective. To study efficacy and safety of "stepped" movalis therapy (parenteral administration of the drug during 3 days and subsequent oral therapy with 15 mg/day for 20 days). Material and methods. Clinical indices (pain at rest and al movement, functional disability and local inflammation degree) were assessed with 10-point scale in 30 pts with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis before treatment and at different stages of therapy. Assessment of systemic and local drug safety was performed. Results. Intramuscular movalis administration provided fast analgesic and anti-inflammatory response. Achieved significant improvement increased during the second stage of treatment with movalis (oral). Conclusion. The results of the study show high efficacy and safety of new movalis administration scheme.


ABSTRACT The koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a gammaretrovirus closely related to the gibbon ape leukemia virus and induces leukemias and immune deficiencies associated with opportunistic infections, such as chlamydiosis. Here we characterize a KoRV newly isolated from an animal in a German zoo and show infection of human and rat cell lines in vitro and of rats in vivo, using immunological and PCR methods for virus detection. The KoRV transmembrane envelope protein (p15E) was cloned and expressed, and p15E-specific neutralizing antibodies able to prevent virus infection in vitro were developed. Finally, evidence for immunosuppressive properties of the KoRV was obtained.


Relationships between the distribution and specific leaf area (SLA: leaf area per unit dry mass) of six heath (Ericaceae) species were investigated along an environmental gradient between peat bogs and conifer forest in British Columbia, Canada. I asked whether patterns in SLA could help to identify the processes shaping plant distributional patterns. Specifically, I assessed whether (i) species' distributions across the environmental gradient are correlated with SLA (ii) relationships between plant distributional patterns and SLA are similar among bogs with different shrub species (iii) intraspecific patterns in SLA parallel interspecific relationships between distributions and SLA, and (iv) intraspecific patterns are environmentally determined. Results showed that distributional patterns were often correlated with SLA; species with lower SLA were more abundant towards the centre of bogs, while species with higher SLA were more abundant in forest. Intraspecific patterns in SLA paralleled distributional patterns across the gradient; individuals located towards the centre of bogs had lower SLA than those growing in forest. A transplantation experiment showed that plants typically altered their SLA according to local environmental conditions. However, one bog showed no relationship between species' distributions and SLA. This bog lacked the two species with lowest SLA, which typically occurred at the centre of other bogs. In their absence, species with higher SLA that typically occurred in forest increased in abundance towards the centre of the bog, where they obtained lower values of SLA. Therefore, while distributional patterns were often closely associated with SLA, plasticity in SLA was associated with increased breadth of species' distributions across the gradient. Overall results indicate SLA may serve as a useful proxy for a range of life history traits to help elucidate the processes structuring plant communities.


This study presents how the degree of script coercion can affect the learning outcome in a setting for computer-supported collaborative learning. In the study, 42 junior students majoring in Informatics were randomly assigned into two study conditions: High Coercion (n=22), and Low Coercion (n=20). Initially, students worked individually, studying material and answering ill-structured problems on the Software Project Management domain in a technology-enhanced learning environment. Next, students worked in pairs reviewing each other's answers, following a review microscript. Eventually, the students had to collaborate and agree on a final common answer. Post-test result analysis showed that students obligated to submit their review comments as deliverables back into the learning environment (High Coercion) far surpassed those for whom review submission as deliverables was optional. This outcome is in line with studies emphasizing that learning is improved when technology tools require that learners make their thinking explicit.


BACKGROUND
Rupture of the hollow viscera due to battered child syndrome is an unusual clinical finding and it is even less likely when we encounter total duodenum section. The literature on child abuse does not include visceral lesions as part of the spectrum. The aim of this study was to analize if complete duodenal section is a reliable indicator of severe physical abuse. Data were statistically analyzed using chi-square tests, likelihood ratios and the Cochran-Mantel-Haentzel test.

CLINICAL CASES
Four children were admitted with a battered child syndrome diagnosis.

RESULTS
All participants were surgically treated and the finding was total section of the duodenum. The postoperative course was normal. Statistical tests were p<0.0001 and the likelihood ratio 18.7

CONCLUSION
Duodenal rupture is a statistically reliable indicator of a severe form of physical abuse in children.


Purpose: Cx43 (connexin 43) has been found to inhibit cell cycle of tumor cells. No nuclear localization sequence of Cx43 was found but the protein has been found in nucleus. The process remains unclear. We are aiming at providing the model that AKAP95 (A-kinase anchoring protein) binds to and transports Cx43 into nucleus of lung cancer cells.Methods: Lung cancer cells were arrested at preliminary stage (P), middle and late stage (M) of G1 phase and restriction point (R). Immunocoprecipitation (Co-IP) and Western blot (WB) were used to analyze expression and binding of AKAP95, Cx43, cyclin D1 and cyclin E1 at different stages of lung cancer cells during G1 phase. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to detect the location of proteins in arrested cells. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) with higher resolution was used to detect binding/aggregating and location of the above four proteins at subcellular level.Results: 1) AKAP95 transports Cx43 into the nucleus through the nuclear pore mainly at R stage. Some AKAP95 and Cx43 form protein aggregates during the process. 2) Cyclin E1 was found to be bind/aggregate with AKAP95-Cx43 complex and involved in the nuclear transport of Cx43 mainly at R stage. 3)Cyclin D1 was found to bind with AKAP95 and Cx43 respectively but not to be involved in their aggregating and nuclear transport of Cx43.Conclusions: 1) AKAP95 and Cx43 bind/aggregate to each other during G1 phase, forming AKAP95-Cx43 complexes/aggregates. After their binding/aggregating, AKAP95 targets nuclear pore and matrix, transporting Cx43 into nucleus. Formed AKAP95-Cx43 complexes/ aggregates do not dissociate in nucleus. The process can be summarized as 'forming AKAP95-Cx43 complexes/aggregates; transporting Cx43 into nucleus; functioning remaining binding/aggregating'. 2) Cyclin D1 was only found to bind to AKAP95 and Cx43 respectively and function in cytoplasm while cyclin E1 was involved in the binding/aggregation of AKAP95 and Cx43, as well as the nuclear transport of Cx43.


There are strong differences between individuals in the tendency to view the personality of others as similar to the average person. That is, some people tend to form more normatively accurate impressions than do others. However, the process behind the formation of normatively accurate first impressions is not yet fully understood. Given that the average individual's personality is highly socially desirable (Borkenau & Zaltauskas, 2009; Wood, Gosling & Potter, 2007), individuals may achieve high normative accuracy by viewing others as similar to the average person or by viewing them in an overly socially desirable manner. The average self-reported personality profile and social desirability, despite being strongly correlated, independently and strongly predict first impressions. Further, some individuals have a more accurate understanding of the average individual's personality than do others. Perceivers with more accurate knowledge about the average individual's personality rated the personality of specific others more normatively accurately (more similar to the average person), suggesting that individual differences in normative judgments include a component of accurate knowledge regarding the average personality. In contrast, perceivers who explicitly evaluated others more positively formed more socially desirable impressions, but not more normatively accurate impressions.


Coarse‐grained protein structure models offer increased efficiency in structural modeling, but these must be coupled with fast and accurate methods to revert to a full‐atom structure. Here, we present a novel algorithm to reconstruct mainchain models from C traces. This has been parameterized by fitting Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) to short backbone fragments centered on idealized peptide bonds. The method we have developed is statistically significantly more accurate than several competing methods, both in terms of RMSD values and dihedral angle differences. The method produced Ramachandran dihedral angle distributions that are closer to that observed in real proteins and better Phaser molecular replacement log‐likelihood gains. Amino acid residue sidechain reconstruction accuracy using SCWRL4 was found to be statistically significantly correlated to backbone reconstruction accuracy. Finally, the PD2 method was found to produce significantly lower energy full‐atom models using Rosetta which has implications for multiscale protein modeling using coarse‐grained models. A webserver and C++ source code is freely available for noncommercial use from: http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/PD2_ca2main/. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


To successfully develop a complex product, a firm must answer two critical questions: how to "develop the right product" and how to "develop the product right." Motivated by the real practice of Xiaomi's new product development (NPD) projects, this article responds to these calls in the following ways. To design the right product, using an enhanced PageRank algorithm to investigate customer needs, NPD managers can select appropriate function modules of the new product to meet customers' demand. To develop the new product in the right way, NPD managers should optimize the NPD organization. This article applies the multi-domain matrix (MDM) to identify the technical coordination dependency strength among different teams and then to measure the NPD organization's complexity according to its entropy. By proposing the External Entropy of Cluster (EEC) and Internal Entropy of Cluster (IEC), we develop an entropy-based two-stage clustering criterion of design structure matrix (DSM) to optimize the NPD organization. The first-stage clustering criterion maximizes the added average dependency strength of DSM, and the second-stage clustering criterion minimizes the Weighted Total Entropy, including the IEC and EEC. An industrial example is provided to illustrate the proposed model. The results indicate that the clustered DSM can reduce the organization's complexity.


People tracking and following has become an increasingly popular research topic in recent years. In this paper, two target following methods are proposed and compared. The first is an intuitive method, it sets a pseudo goal further away than the actual target location and use obstacle avoidance algorithm to reach the pseudo goal. The second method uses heuristic search to find a trajectory which can maximize target visibility and minimize the distance between robot and target at the same time. Experimental results show that the proposed trajectory optimization method greatly outperforms the intuitive approach.


Mechanobiology is an important epigenetic factor. It influences cell functioning and bears on gene induction, protein synthesis, cell growth, and differentiation. In the presence of patterned chemical cues, living cells can take shapes that are far from that of a drop of fluid. These shapes are characterized by inward curvatures that are pinned at the points of location of the cues. The mechanochemical interactions that orchestrate cell behavior is simulated and controlled by modeling the cells as made by parcels of fluid. Cells become drops that are then endowed with the presence of additional forces, generated on the fly, that effectively make them active. With the proper choice of the forces, the phenomena that emerge from the dynamics match quantitatively the experiments. A combination of hydrophilic and lipophilic forces acting between the beads of fluid allows the active drop to respond to patterned cues and form squares, pentagons, hexagons, and flowers, just as living cells do.


This study is aimed to analyze the overall effects of the additional delay caused by the vehicle in front of the queue, at the signal, to the total delay estimation. To estimate the average vehicle delay at the signalized intersection, as survey of the queue length at the intersection and traffic counts were conducted. As a result of this analysis, all of the three delay estimation methods turned out to be similar in that the estimation of the average delay for the test vehicle was less than 60 sec/vehicle. However, the average delay time for the vehicle in front of the queue only, was estimated at 60-70 sec/vehicle which is similar to the average delay of the test vehicle.


Large systems of particles interacting pairwise in $d$-dimensions give rise to extraordinarily rich patterns. These patterns generally occur in two types. On one hand, the particles may concentrate on a co-dimension one manifold such as a sphere in three dimensions or a ring in two dimensions. Localized, space-filling, co-dimension zero patterns can occur as well. This work develops an understanding of such patterns by exploring how the prediction and design of patterns relates to the stability and well-posedness properties of the underlying mathematical equations.At the outset we use dynamical systems theory to predict the types behaviors a given system of particles will exhibit. Specifically, we develop a non-local linear stability analysis for particles that distribute uniformly on a $d-1$ sphere. Remarkably, this linear theory accurately characterizes the patterns in the ground states from the instabilities in the pairwise potential. We then leverage this aspect of the theory to address the issue of inverse statistical mechanics in self-assembly, i.e. the construction of a potential that will produce a desired pattern. As the linear theory indicates that potentials with a small number of spherical harmonic instabilities may produce very complex patterns, we naturally arrive at the linearized inverse statistical mechanics question: given a finite set of unstable modes, can we construct a potential that possesses precisely these linear instabilities? An affirmative answer would allow for the design of potentials with arbitrarily intricate spherical symmetries in the ground state. We solve the linearized inverse problem in full, and present a wide variety of designed ground states. To conclude we begin the task of transferring aspects of the linear theory apply to the fully nonlinear problem. In particular, we address the well-posedness of distribution solutions to the aggregation equation $\rho_{t} + \mathrm{div}(\rho \mathbf{u} ) = 0, \; \mathbf{u} = -\nabla V * \rho$ in $\Rd$ where the density $\rho$ concentrates on a co-dimension one manifold. When the equation for such a solution is linearly well-posed, we show that the fully non-linear evolution is also well-posed locally in time for the class of bi-Lipschitz surfaces. In this aspect at least, the linear and non-linear theories therefore coincide.


AIM
Macromastia is a social health problem that causes high discomfort in the patients. Goals of reduction mammaplasty are to alleviate physical emotional and psychosocial problems and to restore a conical shaped breast, maintaining scars as short as possible. We report our approach for reduction mammaplasty with superior pedicle.

MATERIALS OF STUDY
Our method combines advantages of round block with vertical scar, using a dermal flap that is fixed to the new mammary crease. We analyzed skin and glandular resection customizing the mammaplasty.

RESULTS
The dermal flap works against the weight of residual tissue, maintaining the crease at the desired position with natural result. Benefits are an excellent projection, short scar, suitable reshaping and patient satisfaction.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
This technique can be used for mild to severe hypertrophy with various degrees of ptosis. It results in a successful aesthetic outcome with minimal scarring suitable breast remodelling and natural long-lasting projection.


Synchrotron radiation (SR) as an infrared (IR) source has several unique characteristics compared with the conventional infrared sources based on black-body radiation. When used with a microscope, an IR-SR beam can be focused to a nearly diffraction-limited spot size, which is very useful to IR studies of small samples. In addition, IR-SR is a pulsed and completely white source, which may enable time-resolved IR experiments over the entire IR region. These characteristics are also attractive for the study of photo-induced phenomena in condensed matter. This article reviews our recent studies of photo-induced phenomena using IR-SR at SPring8.


The physiopathology of the anemia of the Di Guglielmo syndrome (erythremic myelosis) was studied in 11 patients with the acute and chronic varieties of the disease. Ferrokinetic studies were performed in three additional patients.

1. The anemia was normochromic and macrocytic; in contrast to the mean corpuscular volume, which was elevated, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin was often normal. In several patients the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was slightly lower than normal, suggesting slight hypochromia.

2. Reticulocytes were often increased but bore no relationship to the degree of the anemia nor to the shortening of the red cell life span. The reticulocyte count is an unreliable index of blood production in this disease.

3. The degree of erythroblastemia was highly variable. No direct correlation existed between the degree of erythroblastemia and the acuteness of the disease, nor was there any relationship between the degree of erythroblastemia and either the degree of anemia or the degree of erythrocytic destruction.

4. The bone marrow showed striking erythroblastic hyperplasia. This was usually of the megaloblastic type. Primitive erythroblasts (erythrogones) were conspicuous. The erythroblastic hyperplasia was out of proportion to the relatively minor reticulocytosis or the relatively slight diminution in red cell survival.

5. The nucleated red cells of the marrow showed variable numbers of megaloblasts and megaloblastoid forms, suggesting the presence of a vitamin B12 deficiency (pernicious anemia). However, the vitamin B12 concentration of the serum was elevated, and there was no response to the administration of vitamin B12 or folic acid.

6. Varying numbers of erythroblasts in the bone marrow and in the peripheral blood showed periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive granules in the cytoplasm. No chemical abnormalities of hemoglobin could be detected either by the method of paper electrophoresis or by the alkali denaturation test.

7. Diminished red cell survival was present in most cases, but it was of a relatively slight degree. It was due to an "intracorpuscular" defect of the red cells.

8. The often great increase in fecal urobilinogen output as compared with a relatively minor rate of red cell destruction suggests "heme pigment diversion" or increased destruction of precursor red cells, as in pernicious anemia, where the same phenomenon has been observed.

9. The great increase in the number of erythroid cells in the bone marrow and the increased rate of iron turnover as compared with the relatively minor increase in red cell destruction and iron utilization point to an "ineffective" type of erythropoiesis. The high degree of "ineffective erythropoiesis" seen in this disease may be characteristic of the neoplastic proliferation of the red cell series.

10. In conclusion, the anemia of the Di Guglielmo syndrome is due to a combined disturbance: (1) an "ineffective" type of erythropoiesis of marked degree, perhaps due to an acquired (neoplastic) defect in the uptake or utilization of B12 by the erythroblasts and (2) increased hemolysis resulting from the increased destruction of defective red cells.


We estimate the fraction of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) that remain undetected by optical SN searches due to obscuration by large amounts of dust in their host galaxies. This effect is especially important in luminous and ultraluminous infrared galaxies, which are locally rare but dominate the star formation at redshifts of z ∼ 1–2. We perform a detailed investigation of the SN activity in the nearby luminous infrared galaxy Arp 299 and estimate that up to 83% of the SNe in Arp 299 and in similar galaxies in the local universe are missed by observations at optical wavelengths. For rest-frame optical surveys we find the fraction of SNe missed due to high dust extinction to increase from the average local value of ∼19% to ∼38% at z ∼ 1.2 and then remain roughly constant up to z ∼ 2. It is therefore crucial to take into account the effects of obscuration by dust when determining SN rates at high redshift and when predicting the number of CCSNe detectable by future high-z surveys such as LSST, JWST, and Euclid. For a sample of nearby CCSNe (distances 6–15 Mpc) detected during the last 12 yr, we find a lower limit for the local CCSN rate of 1.5+0.4− 0.3 × 10−4 yr−1 Mpc−3, consistent with that expected from the star formation rate. Even closer, at distances less than ∼6 Mpc, we find a significant increase in the CCSN rate, indicating a local overdensity of star formation caused by a small number of galaxies that have each hosted multiple SNe.


The conventional understanding of the Thirteenth amendment is that it abolished the particular antebellum southern institution that subjugated black persons as slaves. Yet, the congressional debates reveal a much more expansive vision of labor reform. This theme has largely been lost in modern interpretation. Historical events rarely result from a single cause, and a single idea rarely drives legislative action. Nonetheless, beside the more religious abolitionist arguments, one finds numerous speakers who focused on labor conditions. Consequently, this Article aims to recapture the strong pro-labor theme that runs consistently through the debates.As a whole, the Reconstruction debates reflect a desire to improve all workers' status by recognizing the dignity of labor, guaranteeing workers a wide range of opportunities for advancement, and raising the floor of legal rights accorded all working men. The pattern of discourse in the debates reveal a structure formed by three types of statements. The first addresses the historical need to rid employment relations of the master's patriarchal dominion over all laborers in his household and to accord the employee a realm of family and personal privacy free from employer control. The second describes the core concept of autonomy for laborers in their social and economic relations with employers. The final group targets certain specific labor practices as inconsistent with the spirit of labor autonomy. This three part configuration is useful in exploring the amendment's reach in restructuring baseline rights in the modem employment relation. The Reconstruction debates constitute an important resource because they record the original attempt to mandate constitutionally a minimum level of worker protection. The debates follow an interesting dialectical pattern. In order to respond to the criticisms of slavery's advocates, the Radical Republicans had to create both a positive vision as well as the negative condemnation of slavery. The free labor ideal provided its affirmative side. The free labor ideal grew out of the Republican Party's origins in the Free Soil, Free Labor Movement as well as the self-interest of the northern white working class. Together, they present a powerful argument for constitutionally grounding the protection of working people from overreaching subjugation and abuses at the hands of employers.The evidence suggests that the thirteenth amendment was animated by a conception of labor reform broader than the elimination of racial servitude which was its catalyst. From this perspective, race slavery was objectionable not only for its pernicious racism, but also as the most obvious and brutal violation of the free labor principle. Senator Henry Wilson's remarks typify this perspective when he explained the party's motivation as concern for the condition of the "worst off working man," rather than merely his formal legal reclassification.This free labor vision has potentially far-reaching implications for constitutional interpretation of the thirteenth amendment and for many aspects of the modern employment relation.


The complexities of land and natural resource cases involve multiple stakeholders ranging from the government and security forces to corporations. The conflicts that drive these cases are reflected in the Indonesian Commission on Human Rights data and in complaints from civil society. One contributing issue is driven by regulatory factors in the agrarian sector that is not in line with international human rights principles and norms. The analysis of these problems will be described in three discussions: one identifying the meaning of agrarian followed by a model for internalizing human rights instruments and principles in domestic regulations, and one affirming the responsibilities of the State and of corporations in the business. This paper concludes that differences in agrarian terms in various laws cause problems in norms and practices that affect multiple conflicts. Second, it emphasizes the urgency with which key players must evaluate different sectoral rules related to land and natural resources as well as harmonize domestic regulations with human rights principles and norms; and third, it underscores the importance of strengthening the responsibility of the State in regulating corporations to respect human rights and to make remedies for victims.
Keywords: land and natural resources, agrarian reform, human rights instruments and principles, state and corporate responsibility


Advances in fingerprint authentication technology have led to it being used in a growing range of personal devices such as PCs and smartphones. However, they have also made it possible to capture fingerprints remotely with a digital camera, putting the target person at risk of illegal log-ins and identity theft. This article shows how fingerprint captured in this manner can be authenticated and how people can protect their fingerprints against surreptitious photography. First we show that photographed fingerprints have enough information to spoof fingerprint authentication systems by demonstrating with "fake fingers" made from such photographs. Then we present a method that defeats the use of surreptitious photography without preventing the use of legitimate fingerprint authentication devices. Finally, we demonstrate that an implementation of the proposed method called "BiometricJammer," a wearable device put on a fingertip, can effectively prevent the illegal acquisition of fingerprints by surreptitious photography while still enabling contact-based fingerprint sensors to respond normally. key words: biometrics, fingerprint authentication, anti-spoofing, fake fingers, surreptitious photography