Atmosphere Plasma of Gas Discharge (APGD) has been used in plasma sources for material processing such as etching, deposition, surface modification and so on due to having no thermal damages. The APGD researches on AC source with high frequency have been mainly processed. However, DC APGD studies have been not. In order to understand APGD further, it is necessary to study on fundamental properties of DC APGD. In this paper, we developed a one-dimensional fluid simulation model with capacitively coupled plasma chamber at the atmosphere pressure (760 [Torr]). Nine kinds of Ar discharge particles such as electron (e), positive ions (Ar?, Ar₂?) and neutral particles (Ar m *, Ar r *, Ar h *, Ar₂*(1), Ar₂*(3) and Ar gas) are considered in the computation. The simulation was worked at the current range of 1~15 [mA]. The characteristics of voltage-current were calculated and the structure of Joule heating were discussed. The spatial distributions of Ar DC APGD and the mechanism of power consumption were also investigated.


Knowledge is fast becoming a key factor in economic and social development worldwide. Rapid innovations in science, communications and computing technologies are opening up new opportunities for countries to harness knowledge and participate more fully in the global economy. Developing countries that successfully make the transition to the knowledge-based economy will have unprecedented possibilities to become more competitive in world markets and to participate in the global information society. New technologies can also extend the benefits of knowledge to all segments of society and help countries close the gap in living standards among their citizens. This book defines a knowledge-based economy as one where knowledge is created, acquired, transmitted and used effectively by enterprises, organizations, individuals and communities. It does not focus narrowly on high-technology industries or on information and communications technologies, but rather presents a framework for analyzing a range of policy options in education, information infrastructure and innovation systems that can help usher in the knowledge economy. It also makes the case for better co-ordination among the government, the private sector and civil society to enhance competitiveness and advance economic and social development.


For double negative materials (DNMs), these are usually observed in artificial metamaterials or some metal/ceramic composites. Here, an interesting negative permittivity behavior of single-phase perovskite La1−xSrxMnO3 (LSMO) is found. The LSMO bulks with an x value of 0.2 or 0.5 were prepared by a sol–gel/sintering process. From microstructure characterization, the bulks are nearly in single phase and the major phase belongs to the perovskite structure; meanwhile, the bulks are of high density. Furthermore, the experimental data of the plasma-like negative permittivity are fitted well by a lossy Drude model, suggesting a plasma frequency of 3.85 GHz (x = 0.5). The complex permeability of LSMO presents a negative susceptibility (μ′ < 1) at a frequency range of 0.2–1 GHz (x = 0.2) and 0.6–1 GHz (x = 0.5). These results have important implications for the realization of double negative properties in single-phase LSMO as a promising candidate for DNMs.


Utilization of smartphone technology and English language, emerging English language and smartphone technology in non-academic and academic activities for learning purposes, student's perception towards the usage of smartphone apps for English learning purposes, and smartphone apps for enhancing English proficiency are the area where this study is focused, gained from Indonesian High School students. Two hundred participants from 10th-12th grader of private high schools in Surabaya - Indonesia participated by completing an anonymous questionnaire and 16 participants of each grade were randomly selected and interviewed to gain further understanding towards the findings. The findings indicated smartphone technologies are mostly used by the participants for communication and social media purposes. On the other hand, smartphone is also used incontrovertibly by participants for the certain educational purposes.  In addition, learning English via smartphone mobile apps, and diverse types of teenager's online activities were discovered, as well as area of their English skill improvement. The findings suggest that: the students are considerably enthusiastic for using apps to support learning and they also view that smartphones bring substantial potentials and should be optimized for learning through systematic and purposeful activities properly designed for school learning-related activities


Accessory parotid glands are an anatomic variation. Pathologic alterations, which occur in these tissues, are related to those found in the parotid gland. At this time, first-line therapy consists of total resection. In consideration of the delicate anatomy in this region, a careful approach through a lateral parotidectomy or a facelift incision is recommended. In this report, we give an account of a minimally invasive surgical alternative through a peroral approach with facial nerve monitoring. The histologically secured pleomorphic adenoma was completely removed. During surgery, a branch of the facial nerve was detected and secured with active nerve monitoring. We are confident that the peroral resection, supported by active and passive facial nerve monitoring, is a discussable alternative for well-selected tumors of accessory parotid glands.


The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship and the influence of financial inclusion toward poverty alleviation and income inequality in Indonesia. The analysis methods in this study were Index Inclusion and regression-correlation of panel data. The variable of financial inclusion was obtained from Index of Financial Inclusion (IFI) value measured by dimensions; banking penetration, banking services availability, and the use of banking services. The data was time series from 2014-2016 and cross section from 33 provinces in Indonesia obtained from Bank Indonesia, Financial Service Authority, and Central Bureau Statistics. The results showed; (1) most provinces in Indonesia had moderate financial inclusion level, (2) financial inclusion had a negative and significant relationship and influence toward poverty. (3) financial inclusion had a positive and not significant relationship with income inequality, but it had a negative and significant influence toward income inequality. It means that financial inclusion can reduce poverty, but it has not been able to reduce the economic gap of society well.


Climate change was already shown to increase species numbers in high elevations. In contrast, grazing might interfere with climate change effects. To disentangle both the effects remains a major challenge of alpine ecology. The present study investigated both the effects on species diversity along an elevation gradient in the Austrian Central Alps. We aimed to answer the following questions: How do species diversity and frequency of subalpine–alpine–subnival plant communities change in grazed sites with time? Do competitive plant species increase in the communities? How does grazing exclusion affect species diversity, functional groups, and strategy types? Are environmental changes (temperature, sunshine duration, precipitation) responsible for diversity changes or does grazing override climate effects? The study was carried out for 18 years along an elevation gradient from 1,958 to 2,778 m a.s.l. at Obergurgl (Tyrol, Austria), including six different plant communities. A total of 11 grazing exclusions were established. At each community, the frequency of the species was counted in 1 m2 plots yearly or at least every 3–4 years. Environmental data were obtained from the weather station Obergurgl. Changes of the community parameters and the species composition were analyzed by partial redundancy analyses and mixed-effect models. Species diversity increased with time at all grazed sites, but this increase was suppressed under grazing exclusion. Grazing exclusion effects became pronounced after 5 years. The most consistent result was the increase of bryophytes throughout. At the subalpine grassland, tall-growing species expanded in the exclosures; at the upper alpine Carex curvula grassland, snow bed species decreased with grazing exclusion. Among the environmental factors, sunshine duration of the previous year's autumn quartal was found to be the essential variable for the changes. We concluded that diversity increases in grazed communities of the Austrian Central Alps can be attributed to climate change. An indication of slightly reduced and altered weather effects under grazing exclusion was found.


In this paper we present a novel compressed sensing (CS) algorithm for the recovery of compressible, possibly time-varying, signal from a sequence of noisy observations. The newly derived scheme is based on the acclaimed unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and is essentially self reliant in the sense that no peripheral optimization or CS algorithm is required for identifying the underlying signal support. Relying exclusively on the UKF formulation, our method facilitates sequential processing of measurements by employing the familiar Kalman filter predictor corrector form. As distinct from other CS methods, and by virtue of its pseudo-measurement mechanism, the CS-UKF, as we termed it, is non iterative, thereby maintaining a computational overhead which is nearly equal to that of the conventional UKF.


Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) has been successfully used in artifact suppression form the recorded electroencephalography (EEG) signals using a data-adaptive subband filtering approach. The higher computation burden of EMD processing is the main obstacle in online implementation of brain-computer interfacing (BCI). To resolve such limitation, multivariate wavelet transform with higher computation speed is introduced in this paper to decompose multichannel EEG signals into a finite set of subbands. The energy based subband filtering is implemented to separate the higher frequency noise components to clean the noisy event-related potential (ERP) signals. An auditory oddball BCI experiment is conducted to test cleaning performance followed by the BCI classification of single trial ERP using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The experimental results illustrate that the classification performance is increased noticeably with the cleaned single-trial ERP data using proposed algorithm. It requires lower computational cost compared to EMD based cleaning approach.


Critical policy analysts aim to serve policy actors in dealing with the intricate problems they face by facilitating productive communication, critical learning and sustainable change. Action research is a valuable approach for living up to this ambition. As it is rarely used in the field of critical policy analysis, this symposium further explores what action research has to offer. In this introduction, we draw out the main principles, practices and dilemmas of action research, provide an overview of the four contributions to the symposium and set out an agenda for future action research. We argue that action research is a useful approach for generating reflexivity, learning and change among the actors implicated in the problem at hand and its wider context, as well as for grasping the meaning of 'knowledge' and 'research' within current science-practice relations. At the same time, it is challenging because, in practice, it means facing the diverse, contested meanings of usable knowledge in both of these settings. Hence, we encourage future action research to further come to terms with the actual possibilities and constraints of the transformative ambitions of CPS.


: A dried differential nutrient medium for the isolation of V. cholerae has been developed. The medium is sufficiently sensitive, has pronounced differentiating properties and greatly inhibits the appearance of microbial associations. During the cultivation of V. cholerae with the use of this medium the cultural, morphological and agglutination properties of the initial strains are retained.


Objective: growth stage is one of important factors in component of essential oil, both from quantity and quality aspects. Nepeta crispa (Lamiaceae) with "Mofarrah" as local name is one of endemic plants with several traditional uses in Iran. It's aerial parts are used to prepare infusions and beverages for use as sedative, relaxant, carminative, tonic for respiratory and nervous disorders. Evaluation of the essential oil pattern in two above mentioned growth stages was the aim of this study. Methods: Aerial parts of plant in both stages of growth were dried, powdered and essential oils were isolated by Clevenger type apparatus. Obtained essential oils were injected to GC/MS. Results: In vegetative stage 32 constituents were identified which the main components were: 1,8-cineol (43.8%), α-Terpineol(11.03%), 4aα,7α,7aα-Nepetalactone (10.36%), δ-Terpineol(4.95), α-Bisabolene (4.55),  4aα,7β,7aα-Nepetalactone (3.67) and  4-Terpineol (3.65) and in flowering stage, 31 compounds were identified while, 1,8-Cineole (44.25%), 4aα,7α,7aα-Nepetalactone (24.72%), α-Terpineol (6.3%), δ-Terpineol (2.99) had the major amounts.  Conclusion: these results present that the N. crispa essential oil in two growth stages were different both of content and presence of compounds.


The factors influencing student learning is a shared concern internationally. The role of student demographics, the nature of their schools, and the wealth and inequality of their countries are established factors in academic achievement (Marchant & Finch, 2016). Identifying factors that impede learning is not a difficult task. Factors such as poverty, discrimination, and inequality all undermine efforts to educate children; however, it is more difficult to identify feasible and efficient solutions to improve learning outcomes or overcome disadvantages. Short of one-to-one instruction, the strategies students employ when approaching learning tasks may be one factor that could offset some of the other universal negatives.A large body of research has examined the use of academic strategies, which entail a variety of tactics that may facilitate achievement (Boss & Vaughn, 2002; Ward & Traweek, 1993; Zimmerman, 2002). Although, multiple perspectives are discussed within the literature, and the terminology may differ slightly across these perspectives, some of the most common types of strategies include cognitive and metacognitive strategies (Cantrell et al., 2010; Pintrich, Smith, Garcia, & McKeachie, 1993). It should be noted that there are differences in the terminology and classification of academic strategies. Many have also classified various academic strategies into two broad categories of learning strategies and metacognitive strategies (PISA, 2009; Woolfolk, 2014). In particular, this perspective is consistent with the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA, 2009) which served as the primary data source for this study. From this perspective, learning strategies may entail both cognitive strategies and control strategies that are used to optimize students' learning of content. Cognitive strategies include a variety of actions but some popular strategies include memorization, elaboration, or summarization (PISA, 2009; Pintrich et al., 1993; Woolfolk, 2014). A common theme among these strategies is that they enhance learning by compensating for limitations on one's cognitive abilities. For example, one may choose to use a memorization strategy, such as rote repetition or creating an acronym, because without the support of such a strategy, the number of pieces of information to be remembered would exceed or strain the learner's memory capacity. Relatedly, another cognitive strategy, elaboration, entails creating connections between prior learning and new information, which supports learning by capitalizing on cognitive predispositions to remember content that is connected to prior knowledge.On the other hand, control strategies have been defined in multiple ways within the literature; however, PISA (2009) describes control strategies as the actions that students take to identify the key purpose of a task or identify the main concepts. From this perspective, control strategies are considered to be within the larger category of learning strategies because the identification of key information should enhance learning (Gardner, Brown, Sanders, & Menke, 1992).In contrast to learning strategies, another class of strategies within the PISA, 2009 measures include metacognitive strategies, which help a learner "think about his or her thinking" (Bruning, Schraw, & Norby, 2011). For example, a metacognitive strategy to check one's understanding of a paragraph immediately after reading the paragraph might increase the reader's awareness that he or she did not understand the text. Similarly, one may summarize a paragraph into their own words to monitor how well they understood the text. A primary benefit of metacognitive strategies is that increased awareness, especially when a learner is struggling, provides an opportunity for the learner to take actions, such as utilizing learning strategies, to improve learning.Learning Strategies, Metacognitive Strategies, and AchievementResearch has been relatively consistent in showing that metacognitive strategies are related to achievement and learning across many content areas, but especially reading, mathematics, and science. …


area. From 1961 to 1963 he served as an adviser to the Prime Minister of Somalia. Providing a background through the history of European negotiations over boundaries now in contest Drysdale sets the scene for the current conflicts. His observations concerning the nature of the Somali peoples, their character, their tribal organization and their nomadic life provide a useful insight into the nature of the Somali as an actor-protagonist in this drama. Drysdale presents a substantial case for the incorporation of the disputed territories into the Republic of Somalia. Somali claims, he holds, should be accepted on ethnic and historic grounds. He provides weighty evidence that should the future of the areas be determined through self-determination, the association with Somalia would be assured. Great Britain, often accused of villainy by Somalis for not turning over to Somalia the NFD territory before Kenya became independent, comes in for a major share of fault in Drysdale's eyes. He holds that she pursued a policy of temporizing, arousing false hopes in Somalia's officials to postpone protest until it was too late, until Kenya was in control of the disputed lands. This was a policy of duplicity which aggravated the hostility of the Somalis toward Great Britain and encouraged contacts with Peking and Moscow. The Somali case as Drysdale presents it is indeed formidable. Yet one has the haunting suspicion that there may be more to this dispute than that which the author sets out. Is there not a Kenyan side, an Ethiopian view, a British and an OAU attitude on this matter? Their concerns and their approach to'ihis matter are largely avoided. In the last analysis this book might have a much greater claim to scholarship and objectivity if the positions of the other protagonists were examined with the same care and thoroughness as was that of the Somalis.


The origin of dust in galaxies >1 Gyr old has remained an unsolved mystery for over a decade. One proposed solution is dust produced by core collapse supernovae (CCSNe). Theorists have shown that 0.1-1 M of dust must be produced per supernova for this to work as an explanation for the dust in young galaxies. SN 1987A has produced ∼1 M of dust since its detonation. However, most supernovae have been found to only produce 10−4 − 10−2 M of dust. The energetic type IIn SN 2010jl is located in UGC 5189, in a dense shell of CSM. As dust condenses in the SN ejecta, we see, (1) a sudden decrease in continuum brightness in the visible due to increased dust extinction, (2) the development of an infrared excess in the SN light curve arising from dust grains absorbing high-energy photons and re-emitting them in the infrared, and (3) the development of asymmetric, blue-shifted emission-line profiles, caused by dust forming in the ejecta, and preferentially extinguishing redshifted emission. A dense circumstellar material (CSM) may increase the dust production by supernovae. We observe signs of strong interaction between the SN ejecta and a dense CSM in SN 2010jl. SN 2010jl has been a source of much debate in the CCSN community, particularly over when and how much dust it formed. The light curve shows strong signs of dust formation after 260 days. Arguments over these subjects have been based on the evolution of the light curve and spectra. We present new optical and IR photometry, as well as optical spectroscopy, of SN 2010jl over 2000 days. We estimate dust masses using the DAMOCLES and MOCASSIN radiative transfer


The implementation of the death penalty for corruptors has never been decided by any judges throughout the history of law enforcement in Indonesia. However, Law No. 31 of 1999 jo Law No. 20 of 2001 on Corruption Eradication has established the criteria or conditions for a corruptor to be sentenced to death. This was an empirical legal study which was conducted by library research. This article examines judge decisions by a descriptive analysis. The theory used in this research was maqāṣid al-syarī'ah. The paradigm was used to determine the dynamics of Islamic law in analysing the death penalty for corruptors. This study was based on the Social Assistance (Bansos) corruption committed by former Minister of Social Affairs, Julia Peter Batubara, during the Covid-19 pandemic. The corruption was committed by Julia Peter Batubara when there was an epidemics and national economic crisis. This study found that the death penalty for corruptors is affected by political power, allowing corrupt officials to escape the death penalty.


Abstract. Deriving large-scale and high-quality precipitation products from satellite remote sensing spectral data is always challenging in quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE), and limited studies have been conducted even using the China's latest Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) geostationary satellite. Taking three rainstorm events over South China as examples, a Random Forest (RF) model framework for FY-4A QPE during daytime/nighttime is established by using FY-4A multi-band spectral information, cloud parameters, high-density precipitation observations, and physical quantities from reanalysis data. During daytime (nighttime), the probability of detection of the RF model for precipitation is 0.99 (0.99), while the correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error between the retrieved and observed precipitation are 0.77 (0.82) and 1.84 (2.32) mm/h, respectively, indicating that the RF model of FY-4A QPE has high precipitation retrieval accuracy. In particular, the RF model exhibits good spatiotemporal predictive ability for precipitation intensities within the range of 0.5–10 mm/h. For the retrieved accumulated precipitation, the precipitation intensity exhibits a greater impact on the predictive ability of the QPE algorithm than the precipitation duration. Due to the higher density of automatic stations in urban areas, the accuracy of FY-4A QPE over such areas is higher compared with rural areas. Both the accumulated precipitation and the distribution density of automatic stations are more important factors for the predictive ability of the RF model of FY-4A QPE. In general, our proposed FY-4A QPE algorithm has advantages for near-real-time monitoring of summer precipitation over East Asia.


Stochastic stability is applied to the problem of exchange. We analyze the stochastic stability of two dynamic trading processes in a simple housing market. In both models traders meet in pairs at random and exchange their houses when trade is mutually beneficial, but occasionally they make mistakes. The models differ in the probability of mistakes. When all mistakes are equally likely, the set of stochastically stable allocations contains the set of efficient allocations. When more serious mistakes are less likely, the stochastically stable states are those allocations, always efficient, with the lowest envy-level. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C7, D51, D61, D63.


This article presents an overview of the main issues, policies and programs related to aging and elderly care practice of Japan based on the available published evidence to date. The Japanese enjoy the world's longest and healthiest lives. This fortunate situation, however, is also causing concern. The rate of population aging in Japan is much greater than that in other developed countries. In Japan, the nuclear family, female employment, decreased fertility rate and changing patterns of family roles have combined to make it more difficult or less desirable to provide that care informally and there are greatly increased demands for community and institutional care. The aging process of Japan not only increased the ratio of the elderly in the population but also accompanied a fundamental change in family and community. Therefore, the various systems which are affected by these changes, such as pensions, medical care and long term care, need to be rebuilt. The aging issue requires a long term commitment with enough foresight; policies must be created as soon as possible with consideration for cultural and social conditions specific to each country and each city. I think the care of the elderly therefore involves a holistic combination of health care, socio-economic care and the provision of suitable environment. In Japan the Long Term Care Insurance Plan and the New Gold Plan alongside other policies and programs are directed towards the care and welfare of elderly people. These policies and programs are actually imitable for countries like Nepal, where are no any substantial policies and programs for caring the elderly. So that we can learn various experiences of coping aging and elderly problem from Japan both in policy and program level. However, Nepal should develop its own policies and programs based on its own cultural traditions, economic capacity and social transitions in the society. Key Words : Aging; elderly care; fertility; policy; programs; Japan; Nepal . DOI: 10.3126/dsaj.v3i0.2781 Dhaulagiri Journal of Sociology and Anthropology Vol.3 2009 41-82


OBJECTIVE
To observe the differences in the therapeutic effects on chronic perianal eczema between auricular point sticking therapy and auricular sticking pseudo-press therapy on the basis of the treatment with western medication.

METHODS
Ninety patients were randomized into an auricular therapy group and an auricular pseudo-press therapy group (pseudo group), 45 cases in each one. The western medication was used in both of the groups. In the auricular therapy group, the auricular sticking method with semen vaccariae was added at Fengxi (SF1,zi), Shenshangxian (TG2p), Duipingjian (AT1,2,4i), Fei (CO14), Pi (CO13), Gangmen (HX5). The patients were advised to press each auricular point every day. In the pseudo group, the plaster was applied to the same auricular points without semen vaccariae used and pressing manipulation given. The auricular sticking therapy was used once every three days in the two groups. The treatment for 2 weeks was as one session and one or two sessions of treatment were given accordingly. The severity of perianal itching, the area of skin lesion, the form of skin lesion and the score of dermatology life quality index (DLQI) and the clinical therapeutic effects were compared before and after treatment in the two groups. The adverse reaction and recurrence rate in 1-year follow-up visit were observed during treatment.

RESULTS
After treatment, the itching degree, the area of skin lesion, the form of skin lesion and DLQI score were all reduced apparently as compared with those before treatment in the patients of the two groups (all P<0.05). The results in the auricular sticking therapy group were better than those in the pseudo group (all P<0.05). The curative and markedly effective rate and the total effective rate in the auricular sticking therapy group were apparently better than those in the pseudo group[52.3% (23/44) vs 19.0% (8/42), 97.7% (43/44) vs 76.2% (32/42), both P<0.05]. The recurrence rate in the auricular sticking therapy group was lower apparently than that in the pseudo group[7.0% (3/43) vs 37.5% (12/32), P<0.05]. No severe adverse reactions were found during the treatment in the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The auricular sticking therapy combined with western medication effectively release itching in chronic perianal eczema and local skin lesions, improve the living quality and reduce recurrence rate.


The climatic change constitutes an important problem of world scale that its negative consequences appear in our days. The greenhouse gases such as dioxide of coal (CO2) and the ozone (O3) that they are emitted by the ships, contribute negatively to the phenomenon of greenhouse. Regulations, that are continuously modified, have been established for the reduction of ships' emissions, in the Annex VI of MARPOL 73/78. The recent amendments in the annex VI of MARPOL include a system for determining the energy efficiency for new ships through the Energy Efficiency Design Index - EEDI. This index, which is called attained EEDI, is expressed in g-CO2/ton mile which are emitted by each new ship and should be less than a certain value or reference line, which is called required EEDI, depending on the type of the ship, its capacity or deadweight. One other index which has been adopted by IMO for monitoring CO2 emissions is the Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI). This index is expressed in g-CO2/ton mile which are emitted by a vessel and can assist shipowners and ships' operators in the evaluation of the performance of their fleet with regard to CO2 emissions. As the amount of CO2 emitted from a ship is directly related to the consumption of bunker fuel oil, the EEOI can also provide useful information on a ship's performance with regard to fuel efficiency.


The cover picture shows that tuning the size of the catalyst particles provides a powerful synthetic tool for controlling not only the selectivity and yield, but also the direction of the chemical transformation. Soluble mononuclear and dinuclear phosphine complexes of palladium are excellent catalysts for stereoselctive E–E (E = S, Se) bond addition to alkynes. However, these complexes are poor catalysts for E–H bond addition to alkynes. Increasing the size of the catalyst particles changes the reactivity: polymeric species of nickel and palladium become efficient catalysts of E–H bond addition under heterogeneous conditions, while they are totally inactive in E?E bond addition. The unique self-organized catalytic system shown in the background (magnified by scanning electron microscopy) combines the best features on the polynuclear metal complex and supported catalyst. Details are presented in the Microreview by I. P. Beletskaya and V. P. Ananikov on p. 3431 ff.


Introduction. Both the level and the specific character of the organisational culture of preschool pedagogical staff influence the degree of psychological comfort of the environment in which younger children are brought up. The relevance of the research is related to the need to improve the quality of preschool education through the creation of emotionally favourable conditions for forming pupils' individuality and preserving their health. In addition, it is important to acquaint the staff of nursery schools with the content of the new methodological requirements (the formation of interaction between a tutor, a child and parents) recorded in the Federal State Educational Standard. The aim of this research paper was to identify the specific features of teachers' ethical choices when dealing with difficult professional situations according to the type of organisational (corporate) culture established in a pre-school educational institution. Methodology and research methods. In the course of the research, teachers were selected to participate in an anonymous online poll and a follow-up questionnaire. The authors developed a face-to-face feedback approach using the cases of difficult professional situations and parameters to build the corporate culture profile of the organisation. The obtained data were processed by qualitative and quantitative means through the approaches of content analysis, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and intercrossing of confidence intervals calculated by a standard procedure in the R programming language. Results and scientific novelty. A model of differentiated types in the organisational culture of the system of education was designed. "Democratic", "leaderfollowing", "laissez-faire" and "bureaucratic" (these terms do not carry an evaluation characteristic) kinds of the corporate cultures of preschool educational institutions were identified and characterised. The concepts of "ethical dilemma" and "difficult situation requiring a direct professional action" were clarified. The first abovementioned concept refers to a contradiction between two equivalent values, while the second denotes a confrontation between new, progressive approaches to implementing professional duties with the stereotypes and traditions entrenched in the teaching process. The diagnostic tools allowed the authors to establish that different solutions to resolving problem situations or ethical dilemmas are often derived from the different values prevailing among preschool teachers as representatives of the various types of organisational cultures.  Practical significance. The authors concluded that to ensure permanent improvement of preschool education (increase in the efficiency of participants' interaction of the learning process) it is important to count not on members' formal characteristics, but on basic characteristics which often can be seen as implicit representations. The diagnostic tools proposed by the authors and the joint interpretation of findings by all members of the teaching staff with participation of the invited experts and parents will help to identify formal and basic characteristics.


Simultaneous presence of an epithelial and lymphoid tumor of the digestive tract is quite rarely met in literature. In this paper, we describe a case which presented such an association. Diagnosis was established by histological study, followed by immunohistochemistry. It is a synchronous colon tumor, associating a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma to a colon adenocarcinoma. The 57-year-old male patient has been clinically diagnosed with a tumor of the left abdominal quadrant and paraclinically (imaging and endoscopic) with colon neoplasm. Exploratory laparotomy revealed two tumors: one tumor of five centimeters in the sigmoid, with firm consistency, mobile on lower plans and the second tumor in the ceco-ascending colon, measuring about 7 cm, irregular, with firm consistency, mobile on lower plans, with lymph nodes extending to retroperitoneal space. The urinary bladder, kidneys, liver and stomach were of normal aspect. Subtotal colectomy was performed with latero-lateral ileo-sigmoid anastomosis. Microscopic examination revealed sigmoid tumor as G1 adenocarcinoma and cecal tumor as B-cell type lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry established the final diagnosis of cecal localization being a diffuse immunoblastic large B-cell non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphoma. The final diagnosis of this patient was actually a synchronous manifestation of a colon adenocarcinoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. This association puts into question synchronous tumors etiopathogeny matter.


15-Deoxy-∆(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ ligand, has been reported to have antiproliferative activity in certain types of cancer. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effect of 15d-PGJ(2) on endometrial cancer cells, as well as the mechanism of action. Endometrial cancer-derived cells (HHUA, Ishikawa and HEC-59) were treated with various concentrations of 15d-PGJ(2), and its effects on cell growth, the cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated in vitro. Using cDNA microarrays, some potential targets of this drug were identified. All endometrial cancer cell lines were sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effect of 15d-PGJ(2). Cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis were observed. Concerning the gene expression changes induced by 15d-PGJ(2) treatment, the upregulation of aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) and the downregulation of anterior gradient homolog 3 (AGR3) and nitric oxide synthase 2A (NOS2A) were confirmed using western blot analysis in all the cell lines examined. These results suggest that 15d-PGJ(2) may be a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of endometrial cancer.


Two recent publications provide contrasting yet congruent pictures of university science education in Australia. The Science Standards Statement (Jones, Yates & Kelder 2011) presented a set of threshold learning outcomes (TLOs) for bachelor level science graduates. These nationally agreed TLOs are the product of an extensive nation-wide consultation with academics, representatives of employer groups and professional societies, and students. The five TLOs encompass: understanding science; scientific knowledge; inquiry and problem-solving; communication; personal and professional responsibility. While it might be argued that for some programs at least, these TLOs are currently aspirational, the Science TLOs represent a consensus view of the minimum level of achievement expected of any science graduate, all of whom should be ready to enter the workforce as a scientifically literate member of society. In contrast, Harris (2012) sought to understand the broad influences of studying science upon the lives of Australian university graduates. Study participants were asked to reflect on the impact of their science education on their lives in general, and to offer opinions regarding priorities for university science education. 'Thinking skills' (e.g. critical thinking) and 'questioning' rated highly, and one in four described the value they placed on the 'science knowledge' they had gained as students. They cited 'knowledge', 'ways of thinking', and other skills including presentation skills, research skills, technical and problem-solving skills as priorities for inclusion in university science curricula.

In this presentation, I will reflect on these publications as intersecting perspectives on the role and value of a university science education, and discuss how they provide some important signposts towards priorities for us in curriculum development.


The present article considers main aspects of creative heritage of V.I. Vernadsky in the sphere of global processes. It is shown that Vernadsky's theory of three main components of sustainable economic development (labor, capital, and creativity) is fundamental in the development of contemporary economy. The economic processes taking place in the present-day world are largely directed towards making a profit in the speculative turnover of capital, rather from using scientific and technological progress to meet the needs of people. The analysis of the interrelations of global problems of sustainable development in the economy, environment, and social sphere, allowed drawing the conclusion that the world could be destroyed by global fraud of speculative capital rather than by global warming. Based upon the latest report of the Club of Rome (2017), this path, disastrous for the modern world, has found understanding of the public.  It is the aspiration for enrichment that creates some "global" problems. This is primarily related to the "global warming" problem. There is no such problem. There is a problem of global processes in the climate and the desire of economic elites to profit from this problem. The solution to global problems is associated with the noosphere balances and acceptable, equitable, and feasible conditions for sustainable development. The creative heritage of Vernadsky indicates the right way to address global challenges. This is creative thought, complementing the global natural balances based on homeostasis, and noospheric balances based on the world mind. Sustainable development embarks on a path of noosphere genesis, i.e. it is based on noospheric development, which is reasonable not only from the viewpoint of the mind of a single individual, but on the basis of the world mind and collective intelligence.


The gravitational radiation emitted by a point particle freely moving in the spacetime of a straight supermassive ( 1/8 <G mu < 1/4 ) cosmic string as a model example of manifestation of the gravitational radiative Aharonov-Bohm effect is calculated. The explicit expressions for the spectrum and total radiated energy are obtained. The non-relativistic and relativistic limits of motion are considered.


The examination of a PhD thesis marks an important stage in the PhD student journey. Here, the student's research, thinking and writing are assessed by experts in their field. Yet, in the early stages of candidature, students often do not know what is expected of their thesis, nor what examiners will scrutinise and comment on. However, what examiners look for, expect and comment on has been the subject of recent research. This article synthesises the literature on examiner expectations into a framework and tool that can assist students to understand PhD thesis examination expectations. Suggestions of how this tool may be used as part of a broader supervision pedagogy are offered.


Most of esthetic post systems depend on having a prefabricated post, ceramic or resin based,
that require drilling of the canal to the size and shape of that post. This is followed by either
building a composite core on the post after its cementation or heat pressing ceramic core
onto the ceramic post. In rounded canals with sufficient bulk of dentinal walls, a
prefabricated post can have intimate adaptation to the prepared canal along its length. Yet in
wide, noncircular cross-section or extremely tapered canals with minimum thickness of
dentinal walls, these posts will not have intimate adaptability. They depend in their retention
on strength of thick layer of cement that fills the gap around them. Therefore, the need for
custom-made esthetic post with high strength is crucial. CAD-CAM technology is used to
fabricate a custom made ceramic post and core. It utilizes the same initial steps of creating a
direct resin pattern of cast post and core. Then instead of investing and casting it into metal,
the pattern is scanned, milled and sintered into yttrium tetragonal zirconium polycrystals (Y -
TZP) ceramic material. This technique would create a high strength post and core with
maximum adaptability to the canal and appropriate esthetics.


Synthetic triclinic calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals were uniformly trace-labeled with Ytterbium-169 (169Yb), a pure gamma-emitting isotope with a halflife of 31 days. The solubility of the labeled crystals was similar to that of cold synthetic crystals. The clearance rate of labeled sterile crystals, sieved to obtain the desired size, was determined after injection of microgram quantities into 4 arthritic huuman and 3 normal adult rabbit joints and corrected by the observed rate of clearance of free 169Yb. The derived rate constants were then used to calculate the time required for half of the injected dose of CPPD to be cleared from the joint. Crystal clearance was found in all instances. Crystal removal from normal rabbit joints was much more rapid than from the much larger human arthritic joints and was inversely proportional to the size of the crystals injected.


The COVID-19 pandemic has negatively the Egyptian economy and dramatically slow microfinancing programs for women empowerment. This triggered this paper to explore the applicability of microfinance based on waqf model for women's empowerment in Egypt. The study is adopting qualitative approach. Using semi-structured interview. Data was collected from five (i.e., academician, practitioners, regulators) experts in Egypt on microfinance, women empowerment, and Waqf. The findings disclosed that there was consensus among the interviewees that the Waqf model can give women various advantages, which can be seen as important aspects of gender equality and access to funding. In addition, there are no legislation issues and obstacles to apply model, the legislations are clear to women empowerment. Lastly, the challenges are miss use of waqf-microfinance by women, the confidence by donors, how to maintain the Waqf assets and demographic challenges. While women are requiring awareness, concentration, and the responsibility, cooperation, and seriousness. The microfinancing Waqf-based model can provide a practical shariah compliances model to empower Egyptian women. Furthermore, this proposed model can fuel the gap of funding women entrepreneurs in Egypt.This is one of the earliest qualitative studies focusing on microfinancing Waqf-based model to empower Egyptian women. Therefore, this study could be an initial reference for the extension of future research on microfinancing Waqf-based model and empowerment.


This gathering of distinguished Lasallian educators, in what I understand will be an annual event, takes place at a particularly important moment in the history of the De La Salle Christian Brothers. In Rome, just this past spring, and for the first time ever, our 42 nd General Chapter, that deliberative body representative of the entire Institute, invited lay persons, men and women, to participate in its discussions and to have a voice in establishing policies on the mission of the Institute. The substance of these exchanges has been published in a message addressed to the global Lasallian Family on what we now call the shared mission. Having been involved in the discussions in Rome myself, in this presentation I should like to develop and nuance the ways in which the Lasallian Institute now understands the mission that we share.


Objective: To assess the effect of providing free fruit and peer support in the workplace, on employees' consumption of fruits and high fat snacks at work and home. Methods: Three worksites, including 75 employees, were randomly assigned to a free fruit condition (Group A), a free fruit and peer education and modelling condition (Group B), and a control group (Group C). Groups A and B had free fruit delivered to their workplace each morning for four weeks. Consumption of fruit and high fat snacks was measured pre- and post-intervention, and after a two week maintenance period. Results: Despite a small sample, the intervention increased employees' fruit intake at work, decreased high fat snacks and was more successful in those who were not currently meeting the recommendations of two pieces of fruit per day. Peer support led to increased fruit consumption at work and sustained decreases in unhealthy snacks post-intervention. Conclusions: The provision of fruit in the workplace with peer support is a simple and effective method for improving fruit consumption at work in the short-term, particularly in those not meeting current recommendations. In addition, those participating in the intervention reduced their consumption of high fat snacks. Further research is necessary to determine whether a longer larger scale intervention can sustain dietary changes and thereby reduce risk for chronic disease in the Australian population.


In order to completely understand and analyse the transmission mechanism, it is necessary to observe all factors conditioning its overall efficiency as well as the efficiency of individual transmission channels. This paper focuses on countries that have successfully passed the transition period and have experience with implementing different monetary policy regimes. The evolution of monetary policy resulted in the development of instruments through which central banks influence the real sector activity by means of a transmission mechanism. The empirical analysis based on econometric tools investigates the efficiency of transmission mechanism channels, or more precisely, their significance in the monetary targeting regime. With a view to reaching the conclusion about the direction in which it is necessary to develop the structure of the real and financial sector, aimed at a better functioning of monetary policy instruments, the paper features a theoretical analysis of the characteristics of the monetary policy in the developed economies, as well as the structural characteristics of these economies.


Introduction: The effect of the treating surgeon's subspecialty training on the outcomes of managing displaced supracondylar humerus fractures in the pediatric cohort remains under debate. The objective of this study was to examine patient outcomes and treatment variables for these injuries based on the surgeon subspecialty training. Methods: A retrospective study of children who had undergone primary closed reduction and percutaneous fixation for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures was done from January 2012 through May 2019. The following four groups with differing orthopaedic subspecialty training were evaluated: (1) pediatric fellowship trained (2) trauma fellowship trained, (3) sports medicine fellowship trained, and (4) all others. Outcomes examined included time to surgery, surgical time, fluoroscopy usage, postoperative follow-up protocols, radiographic measurements of alignment, and complications between surgeon groups. Results: Two hundred thirty-one cases were included (mean age 6 ± 2 years). Pediatric fellowship-trained surgeons took patients to surgery in a more delayed fashion (>12 hours, P = 0.02). Surgical time and fluoroscopy usage were significantly shorter for pediatric fellowship-trained surgeons (P < 0.001). No statistical difference was noted in pin configuration constructs between the groups. Pediatric fellowship-trained surgeons, on average, saw patients two times postoperatively within a year with most patients being within 30 days. Complications were not statistically different between the groups. Conclusions: Pediatric fellowship-trained orthopaedic surgeons provide more efficient care on a more delayed basis for displaced supracondylar humerus fractures than other subspecialty-trained orthopaedic surgeons. However, if barriers exist that limit the practicality or availability of these specialists, nonpediatric fellowship-trained surgeons achieve similar and satisfactory outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level III retrospective cohort study


Lithium–oxygen (or Li–air) cells have attracted increasing interest in recent years due to their extremely high theoretical energy density. A reasonable design of the catalytic cathode is essential to realize a high performance of Li–O2 cells. In this work, a unique core–shell MnO2@NiCo2O4 array cathode with a porous structure has been deposited directly on carbon cloth by a facile hydrothermal route. The array structure facilitates electrode wetting and oxygen gas transportation. The porous structure supplies free space for Li2O2 loading. The MnO2@NiCo2O4 array cathode exhibits a high catalytic effect enabling the conformal growth of Li2O2 with the array structure retained. This growth behavior of Li2O2 makes the decomposition of Li2O2 easy upon charging. Li–O2 cells with the MnO2@NiCo2O4 cathode can sustain a stable cycling of 168 cycles with a limited capacity of 500 mA h g−1 at 400 mA g−1, which is superior to those with the NiCo2O4 cathode.


A case of Prune Belly Syndrome associated with High Anorectal Anomaly and Unilateral Lung Cyst occurring in a uniovular twin is hereby presented.
The twin brother has no clinical evidence of congenital anomaly in any system. We therefore ask; is this a new finding or a case of improper documentation of data.
 Keywords : Prune Belly Syndrome Uniovular twins. Tropical Journal of Medical Research Vol. 10 (2) 2006: pp. 26-27


A small population of Prairie Falcons (Falco mexicanus) (mean = 6 pairs/year) nesting in northcentral Wyoming quit nesting in response to a severe spring snowstorm in 1984. Temperatures during the April storm were similar to years when the falcons reproduced successfully, but the monthly snowfall was 89.2 cm as compared to the 30-yr monthly average of 29.92 cm (90% CI = 21.44 -38.40 cm). Analysis of prey abundance suggested that significantly fewer prey-sized birds were present on the study area in 1984 than in 1985, possibly as a result of the storm. The nesting failure may have been in response to reductions in avian prey populations.


John Tingle, Lecturer in Law, Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham, discusses some reports on patient admission and discharge that have important patient safety and legal implications.


In this paper it is shown how the set of all portfolios which are second-order stochastic dominance efficient can be characterized by using a series of mixed-integer linear constrains. Our derivation employs a combination of the first-order conditions of the utility maximization problem together with a judicious use of binary variables. Our main result is illustrated by presenting a theoretical and empirical application, which tackles in a general way spanning and intersection in the context of SSD-efficiency.


The growing demands placed upon the field of computer vision have renewed the focus on alternative visual scene representations and processing paradigms. Silicon retinea provide an alternative means of imaging the visual environment, and produce frame-free spatio-temporal data. This paper presents an investigation into event-based digit classification using N-MNIST, a neuromorphic dataset created with a silicon retina, and the Synaptic Kernel Inverse Method (SKIM), a learning method based on principles of dendritic computation. As this work represents the first large-scale and multi-class classification task performed using the SKIM network, it explores different training patterns and output determination methods necessary to extend the original SKIM method to support multi-class problems. Making use of SKIM networks applied to real-world datasets, implementing the largest hidden layer sizes and simultaneously training the largest number of output neurons, the classification system achieved a best-case accuracy of 92.87% for a network containing 10,000 hidden layer neurons. These results represent the highest accuracies achieved against the dataset to date and serve to validate the application of the SKIM method to event-based visual classification tasks. Additionally, the study found that using a square pulse as the supervisory training signal produced the highest accuracy for most output determination methods, but the results also demonstrate that an exponential pattern is better suited to hardware implementations as it makes use of the simplest output determination method based on the maximum value.


We further develop a strategy for a line-by-line assignment of complex high-resolution overtone spectra. A search for specific line patterns in the spectrum allows to identify upper rotational states by extending the concept of ground state combination differences (GSCD). Simultaneous use of all GSCDs relating to a given upper state significantly reduces a probability of incorrect assignments. To test this approach, we have analysed a newly recorded spectrum of methanol in the first OH-stretch overtone region, 2νOH, between 7170 cm-1 and 7220 cm-1 at temperature of 19 K by combining a tunable-laser-diode absorption spectrometer with a slit-jet supersonic expansion. The spectrum consists of 1002 lines at this low temperature reflecting the fact that methanol is an asymmetric rotor with a hindered internal rotation. In total, 295 lines have been reliably assigned, representing 63% of the total intensity. Rotational energies and rotational quantum numbers for 52 upper states have been determined. Many of these states have the same quantum numbers, suggesting couplings to a manifold of 'dark' vibrational states in this overtone region.


Abstract Temporary epicardial pacing wires are used routinely in the postoperative period to prevent brady-arrythmias and maintain hemodynamic condition. Their safety and efficacy have been widely accepted with a low incidence of complications. Complications associated with temporary epicardial pacing wires may occur during removal or may be related to retained wires. Migration is one of the well-established but rare complications of retained epicardial pacing wire. Though migrations to various organs have been well documented in the literature, there are only few reports on intra-aortic migration of pacing wires in the postoperative period. Further, it is important for radiologists to know and identify these epicardial pacing wires as they may be associated with complications like superadded infection, migration to surrounding or distant areas, and injury to the heart and vessels.


This research is motivated by the low motivation of entrepreneurship that is owned by graduates of life skills education in the field of fashion skills in learning activities in the District of Lima Puluh Kota, seen from 30 graduates who only a few people who are entrepreneurs. Researchers suspect that the cause of the low motivation for entrepreneurship in graduates of Life Skills education is due to the lack of adversity intelligence possessed by graduates. This study aims to describe the relationship between adversity intelligence and entrepreneurial motivation for life skills education graduates in fashion management skills. This research is a quantitative research with a correlational type. The population in this study were 30 people. The sampling technique used was simple random sampling, a sample of 65% as many as 19 people. Data collection techniques using questionnaires and data collection tools using a list of statements (questionnaires). The results of the study showed that the description of adversity intelligence graduates of life skills education in nursing skills was categorized as low.Keywords: Adversity Intelligence, Entrepreneurial Motivation


Since Wellington's establishment as a British colonial town in 1839 its townscape has evolved rapidly - becoming aesthetically complex, multifaceted and increasingly incoherent. New Zealand cities have characteristically borrowed an array of architectural ideas from other countries and applied them with little consideration of local context. In Wellington, as elsewhere, the result has been a townscape that has no common aesthetic base to build from and no shared design language. Yet from this aesthetic confusion, some informal but strong local typologies have emerged. In searching for an architectural solution to the problem of Wellington's aesthetically incoherent townscape, this thesis takes the stance that it is these unique local typologies that must be built upon. Attention to local context and an awareness of site specifics are of most importance in the development of a strong design language for the city. The existing special qualities that give Wellington its personality must be carried through to develop a more coherent townscape. In this way local identity will eventually prevail and the aesthetics of the city will become something that speaks of clarity and truth. For logistical purposes, one particular block in the Te Aro neighbourhood has been focused upon. This thesis advocates an intimate understanding of place and so the site specifics of this block are looked at closely. The philosophy and methodology could be applied to other neighbourhoods and cities, with designs developed in response to their particular local conditions. Within the inner city there are many thresholds and blurred boundaries between what is private and public space. New Zealand cities are particularly interesting to study, because historically the inner city neighbourhoods have not been densely occupied for residential purposes. But this has been changing recently, and rapidly, in our larger cities. Te Aro is a good example of this trend. The relationships between public and private spaces within the city, and the spaces between these realms, are what this thesis is particularly concerned with. By applying the discipline of landscape architecture to revive and make use of these small, neglected interstitial spaces, it is hoped that the overall visual coherence of the inner city will be improved and some strong local typologies enhanced.


BACKGROUND:
Leptospirosis has been considered an infrequent zoonoses in India for a long period of time.But for the past two decades there has been a steady increase in incidence of leptospirosis cases in many Indian states particularly Kerala, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. Hence this study on the clinical profile of Leptospirosis and its pattern of multiorgan involvement was carried out and the results were
analysed.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
1. To study and analyse the clinical profile of leptospirosis.
2. To study the incidence of multiorgan involvement of leptospirosis.
METHODS:
This is a cross sectional descriptive study carried out in KMCH during the period ranging from Jan 2015 to August 2015.Data for the proposed study was collected in a pre tested proforma which includes various socioeconomic parameters like age, sex, occupation etc. Clinical, Biochemical and hematological profile of these patients were obtained from the date of admission, during the hospital stay. The analysis of the data was made on the basis of important statistical parameters like the Mean, Standard deviation, Standard error, T-test and proportion test where applicable
RESULTS:
The various epidemiological factors as well as pattern of multiorgan involvement which frequently manifested as Acute Hepatitis and Acute Renal Failure were studied and correlation between the various studies were analysed in depth. The most common clinical signs were conjuctival congestion (83.6%), Hepatomegaly (88%) followed by Icterus (58.2%). Among the 67 patients included in the study 16 cases (23.9%) had no complications whereas 76% (51 cases) developed various complications. Notable among them was ARF (46.3%), Hepatitis (58.2%). The occurrence of myocarditis was rare (3%).
CONCLUSION:
Thus leptospirosis proves to be an important health problem in Indian subcontinent particularly the southern states and hence early diagnosis and initiation of treatment is important in preventing morbidity and mortality. More emphasis should be laid on preventive measures that would decrease the incidence of the disease.


Academia may be one of the world's most globalized industries, but the humanities and social sciences are not immune to parochialism at various levels. In this interview with Media Asia editor Cherian George, Krishna Sen reflects on an academic career spent transcending national and disciplinary boundaries. Born in India, she made her mark as a leading scholar of Indonesian media and a senior administrator in Australian academe. Sen explains what drew her to study a country she had never visited, and the parallels she found with her own homeland. She shares the advice she gives to junior scholars when charting a course between disciplinary depth and breadth. And she wonders if the breaking of walls has gone too far, flattening qualitative distinctions that are required for sensible moral and esthetic judgment.


The Lyapunov exponent has been investigated both numerically and analytically for various plasma states. With the use of a three-dimensional particle code that calculates Coulomb forces among individual particles, instantaneous expansion rates of nearby trajectories in a phase space are studied. It is found that the Lyapunov exponent has different dependences on the Coulomb coupling constant corresponding to dilute, liquid and solid plasmas. An analytical model is also developed and it gives a relation between the Lyapunov exponent and the dielectric response function. The model indicates that the Lyapunov exponent is of the order of the plasma frequency in a dilute plasma, which agrees with simulation results. In a dilute plasma, large fluctuation of the instantaneous expansion rate is shown to be caused by a close encounter which breaks the symmetry of force and leads to trajectory instability.


Ring cavity lasers employ an Er doped or a semiconductor gain medium including a wavelength selective element for tuning a lasing wavelength. For a wavelength tuner, a tunable optical filter can be realized using a rotatable grating, Fabry-Perot cavity or an acousto-optic element. In the paper, we demonstrate the fiber ring laser tuned by controlling polarization states along the birefringent optical fiber loop. The ring laser consists of a semiconductor optical amplifier, a polarization controller combined with a rotatable intra-cavity polarizer for a wavelength selective element, and a 9:1 coupler. The ring also includes a polarization independent in-line optical isolator for providing unidirectional operation and an attenuator to adjust a loop loss.


Cancer drug resistance is a major problem for cancer therapy. While many drugs can be effective in first line treatments, cancer cells can become resistant due to genetic (mutations and chromosomal aberrations) but also epigenetic changes. Hence, many research studies addressed epigenetic drugs in circumventing resistance to conventional therapeutics in different tumor entities and in increasing efficiency of immune checkpoint therapies. Furthermore, repositioning of already approved drugs in combination with epigenetic modifiers could potentiate their efficacy and could thus be an attractive strategy for cancer treatment. Summarizing, we recapitulate current data on epigenetic drugs and their targets in modulating sensitivity towards conventional and immune therapies, providing evidence that altering expression profiles by epigenetic modifiers holds great potential to improve clinical outcome of may cancer patients.


Since conventional silencers in acoustic ducts have problems of size limitations at low frequencies and being prone to high backpressure, locally resonant aluminum patches are introduced in acoustic duct walls aiming at creating frequency stop bands in the low frequency region (below 1 KHz). With these flush mounted patches, promising noise reductions, with no such drawbacks, can be obtained, building on local resonance phenomenon implemented in acoustic metamaterials techniques. The objective of the current paper is to experimentally validate the performance of an array of flexible side-wall-mounted patches inside ducts. The experimental results are compared with Analytical Green's function method as well as Numerical Finite Element Method and a close agreement was found. The results show that the presence of the patches singly or periodically can play a prominent role in designing any acoustic bandgap materials. The effect of the arrays of patches on the effective dynamic density and bulk modulus has also been investigated.


Abstract The reported wide-range nonstoichiometric Ni1+xTe2, 0≤x≤0.83, and Ni1+xSe2, 0.57≤x≤0.92, CdI2/NiAs structure type solid solution fields have been carefully reinvestigated via electron and X-ray powder diffraction to search for evidence of Ni/vacancy ordering and superstructure phases. In the case of telluride, evidence is thereby found for a Ni3Te4 superstructure phase attempting to condense out at x∼0.5 while, in the case of selenide, three quite distinct phases have been identified within the Ni1+xSe2 solid solution field. An intriguing characteristic honeycomb diffuse-intensity distribution has also been observed across the solid solution field in the case of the Ni1+xTe2 system. Its presence has been attributed to low frequency phonon modes along certain very specific directions of reciprocal space.


As a key technology of digital broadcast and TV, blind equalization overcomes inter-symbol interference to improve the effect of receiving signals. A new QAM blind equalization algorithm based on fuzzy neural network classifier was proposed. Simulation shows that the new algorithm improves convergence speed and reduces residual error and BER (bit error ratio).


A tunable process for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanoslit fabrication is developed for nanofluidic applications. A microcontact printing (μCP) of a laterally spreading self-assembled hexadecanethiol (HDT) layer, combined with in situ curing of a sliding SU-8 droplet, enables precise and independent tuning of a nanoslit-mold width and height using a single μCP master mold. The SU-8 nanoslit-mold is replicated using a hard-soft composite PDMS to prevent channel collapse at low (<0.2) aspect ratio (height over width). The fluidic characteristics as well as dimensions of nanoslits fabricated with various conditions are analyzed using a fluorescein sample and AFM images. Finally, concentration polarization-based sample preconcentration is successfully demonstrated at the nanoslit boundary where an electric double-layer is overlapped.


Tasks are a fundamental unit of work in the daily lives of people, who are increasingly using digital means to keep track of, organize, triage, and act on them. These digital tools – such as task management applications – provide a unique opportunity to study and understand tasks and their connection to the real world, and through intelligent assistance, help people be more productive. By logging signals such as text, timestamp information, and social connectivity graphs, an increasingly rich and detailed picture of how tasks are created and organized, what makes them important, and who acts on them, can be progressively developed. Yet the context around actual task completion remains fuzzy, due to the basic disconnect between actions taken in the real world and telemetry recorded in the digital world. Thus, in this paper we compile and release a novel, real-life, large-scale dataset called MS-LaTTE that captures two core aspects of the context surrounding task completion: location and time. We describe our annotation framework and conduct a number of analyses on the data that were collected, demonstrating that it captures intuitive contextual properties for common tasks. Finally, we test the dataset on the two problems of predicting spatial and temporal task co-occurrence, concluding that predictors for co-location and co-time are both learnable, with a BERT fine-tuned model outperforming several other baselines. The MS-LaTTE dataset provides an opportunity to tackle many new modeling challenges in contextual task understanding and we hope that its release will spur future research in task intelligence more broadly.


The aim of this study was to improve the physicochemical properties and oral bioavailability of dasatinib (DST) by the amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) approach using cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) as a carrier. Various formulations of ASD (DST:CAB 1:1 to 1:5) were prepared by the solvent evaporation method. ASDs were characterized for physicochemical attributes, stability and pharmacokinetics. Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transformed infrared, X-ray powder diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry confirmed the transformation of the crystalline drug into amorphous phase. ASD formation resulted in a 3.7–4.9 fold increase in dissolution compared to DST or physical mixture. The ASDs formulation exhibited relative stability against transformation from the unstable amorphous phase to a stable crystalline phase that was indicated by spectral and X-ray powder diffraction data, and insignificant (p > 0.05) decrease in dissolution. Tmax, Cmax and AUC0-∞ of ASD were 4.3-fold faster and 2.0 and 1.5 fold higher than the corresponding physical mixture. In conclusion, the ASD of DST significantly improved dissolution and oral bioavailability which may be translated into a reduction in dose and adverse events.


Data in the world states that 462 million are underweight, 47 million children under the age of 5 are wasting, 14.3 million are very thin, and 144 million are stunting. Previous study reports about 45% of child deaths <5 years are related to malnutrition—the study aim to analyzing the relationship between poverty and nutritional status of the toddler in Indonesia ecologically. The study used secondary data from the official report of the Indonesia Ministry of Health. The study takes all provinces as samples. Moreover, the study used the percentage of poor people as an independent variable. On the other hand, the researchers analyzed three other variables as dependent variables: the proportion of underweight toddlers, the proportion of stunting toddlers, and the proportion of wasting toddlers. The study examined the data using a scatter plot to determine the relationship. The results show that the greater the percentage of an underweight toddler in a country, the higher the proportion of underweight toddler in that region. Meanwhile, the more significant the proportion of the deprived population in an area, the more considerable proportion of stunting in that area. Moreover, the higher the poor people in the province, the higher the proportion of wasting in that province. The study concluded that poverty has a relationship with nutrition status of the toddler in Indonesia.


bouring hospital, where the four sections are similar but are tied together as separate chapters in a book. This method, for the reasons I have given, has not proved entirely satisfactory. There are of course equally efficient and better ways of managing medical records already in use in hospitals throughout this country, and before we are all committed irrevocably to an experiment in standardization it would be reassuring to know that somewhere the new method had already been tried and proved.-I am, etc.,


The underlying cause of anemia is one of the problems to be solved in malaria research. Many factors are involved in reducing the quantity of uninfected red blood cells (RBC) in addition to those infected RBC destroyed by malaria parasites. In the Plasmodium yoelii (P.y.)-mouse model, the amount of [51Cr]-labelled normal mouse RBC destroyed in peripheral blood as well as the quantity phagocytized by spleen cells during acute and chronic infection in vivo is reported in this paper. Our results show that compensatory enlargement of the spleen, which cleans up a large amount of the damaged uninfected RBC, may be the major cause of anemia in chronic malaria infection. In acute malaria infection destruction of uninfected RBC in peripheral circulation is higher than that in normal mice. Neither malaria antigen, mouse autoantibody nor immune complex was detected on the surface of normal RBC from infected mice using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) or [3H]-isoleucine-labelled P.y. antigen (P.y.Ag) in vitro. This suggests that malaria immune complexes do not play an important part in RBC destruction in circulating blood. Since no obvious hemolysis was observed by mixing RBC with P.y. culture supernatant in vitro, it is possible that physical and chemical changes in uninfected RBC induced by malaria metabolites are the prerequisite for their destruction in circulating blood in vivo. Hemolysis occurs due to external stresses, such as those incurred when damaged RBC run into each other in the blood stream or when they change their shape to pass through capillaries.


Financial globalization has increased dramatically over the past three decades, particularly for advanced economies, while emerging market and developing countries experienced more moderate increases. Divergences across countries stem from different capital control regimes, and factors such as institutional quality and domestic financial development. Although, in principle, financial globalization should enhance international risk sharing, reduce macroeconomic volatility, and foster economic growth, in practice its effects are less clear-cut. This paper envisages a gradual and orderly sequencing of external financial liberalization and complementary reforms in macroeconomic policy framework as essential components of a successful liberalization strategy.


This paper proposes an economic method for the nonlinear modeling of dynamic processes using feedback neural networks, by undersampling the training sequences. The undersampling (i) allows a better exploration of the operating range of the process for a given size of the training sequences, and (ii) it speeds up the training of the feedback networks. This method is successfully applied to the training of a neural model of the electromagnetic part of an induction machine, whose sampling period must be small enough to take fast variations of the input voltage into account, i.e, smaller than 1 /spl mu/s.


Anaphylactic degranulation of guinea pig basophilic leukocytes, induced in vitro either with Concanavalin A or sheep serum (antigen), was resolved by transmission electron microscopy into two phases: (1) fusion of cytoplasmic granule membranes to form degranulation sacs communicating with the extracellular space by narrow pores and (2) resolution of degranulation sacs with concomitant granule matrix extrusion. Fusion of granule membranes occurred in the absence of obvious alterations of cytoplasmic filaments or microtubules but was preceded by a rapid increase in the number of 50- to 70-nm. cytoplasmic vesicles, a process evident 1 minute after exposure to lectin. By 5 minutes and at later intervals up to 20 minutes, as individual granule membranes fused to form degranulation sacs, vesicle frequency plunged to values one-half or less of control levels. Cytoplasmic vesicles were apparently incorporated into degranulation sacs and may have had a role in joining together the membranes of adjacent granules. Histamine release, detected at 5 minutes and maximal at 20 minutes, occurred at times when communications between degranulations sacs and the extracellular space were so narrow as to retain most recognizable granule matrix material. Resolution of degranulation sacs proceeded over a period of a day in culture and, in Concanavalin A-induced anaphylaxis, was sometimes incomplete even after 36 hours. During this phase, the frequency of cytoplasmic vesicles returned to normal or supernormal values, and the thin cytoplasmic processes forming the walls of degranulation sacs developed prominent, longitudinally disposed cytoplasmic filaments and ultimately retracted into the main cell body, depositing the membrane-free cytoplasmic granule matrix material outside the perimeter of the cell. Guinea pig basophil anaphylactic degranulation thus differs morphologically and kinetically from mast cell and basophil degranulation in other species in which granule membrane fusion and granule matrix extrusion occur nearly stimultaneously and are complete within minutes. The guinea pig basophil provides a useful model for dissociating these two intrinsic components of the degranulation process.


To determine the need and appropriate timing of catheter removal in patients with candidemia, the records for 404 patients with cancer and central venous catheters (CVCs) who developed candidemia during the period of 1993-1998 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the total 404 cases of candidemia, 241 (60%) were due to a primary source, 111 (27%) were catheter related, and 52 (13%) were secondary cases of candidemia caused by a source other than the catheter. Multivariate analysis showed that catheter removal < or =72 h after onset improved response to antifungal therapy exclusively in patients with catheter-related candidemia (P=.04). Clinical characteristics that suggested a noncatheter source for the candidemia were disseminated infection (P<.01), previous chemotherapy (P<.01), previous corticosteroid therapy (P=.02), and poor response to antifungal therapy (P<.03). CVC removal < or =72 h after onset should be considered in patients with suspected catheter-related candidemia who have no evidence of dissemination, recent corticosteroid therapy, or chemotherapy.


The quality of education of a study program can be measured from the level of customer satisfaction with the existing service. In accordance with ISO 9001: 2008, an organization should measure and obtain information related to customers and customers. Measurements and information that can be done survey data on customer satisfaction. From this survey data, Informatics and Computer Education Study Program can follow which aspect need improvement for program quality. One way to get survey data by doing the evaluation. In the Study Program of Informatics and Computer Engineering, evaluation using application form online form. The study program does not yet have its own evaluation information system. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to produce information technology and pelaynaan web-based program in the Study Program (Prodi) Educational Engineering and Computer Informatics and to determine the level of the feasibility of information. In this study used research and development model with the first phase of the preliminary study, the second stage of product development and the last stage. At the product development stage is done by using software development model. From the stages of inputs obtained from the assessment of students on lecturers' lectures and prodi services in Education Program Informatics and Computer Engineering. The result of evaluation of lecturers' lectures and prodi services by selected students with their rena as output that can be seen by lecturer and admin. A system that can be used to help the services that have been given to the students, both in lecturers' lectures and prodi services. The results of this study, first, has created information and web-based programming services in Educational Informatics and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Second, the feasibility of information and product and service development, Informatics and Computer Engineering Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Sebelas Maret conducted by expert system with percentage 89,34% and get very eligible category, from material expert gets 91,76% with category very eligible and from the students get the percentage of 83.32% with very decent category.


In recent years, we have witnessed an incredible advance in the development of molecular techniques, in particular new DNA sequencing technologies. Genomics and Metagenomics along with Molecular Ecology will revolutionize ecological sciences, giving birth to a New Ecology, with new questions and approaches to those studied by classical ecology. These new methodologies open the possibilities of new approaches to the study of microbial communities, allowing the simultaneous analysis of taxonomical and functional characterization of the community. In this review we discuss some of the advances of this New Ecology, describing its explanatory potential when used along with other disciplines. In general, it allows us to analyze natural microbial communities, including unculturable organisms. In addition, it produces information on the diversity, trophic structure of the community and functioning and nutrient cycling in the ecosystem. This represents a huge leap towards the understanding of organism evolution in its environment, and how this environment shapes evolutive patterns within phylogenetic lineages. Finally, we present our perspectives on the future development of this nascent discipline.


Abstract : This thesis explores the hardware requirements of a local area network and then constructs a multiuser software library package for Turkish Battleships. The software implementation is designed as an expandable package so that future requirements can be met. The software package consists of three major parts. These are Personnel Evaluations, Combat Information Center and Damage Control. Listings of the programs developed are presented, as well as instructions for their effective use. It is concluded that a PC Local Area Network with the proper library programs is feasible for Turkish Battle Ships computing requirements. Keywords: User manuals, Turkey, Personal computers. (kr)


We show that incentive conflicts between firms and their creditors have a large impact on corporate debt policy. Net debt issuing activity experiences a sharp and persistent decline following debt covenant violations, when creditors use their acceleration and termination rights to increase interest rates and reduce the availability of credit. The effect of creditor actions on debt policy is strongest when the borrower's alternative sources of finance are costly. In addition, despite the less favorable terms offered by existing creditors, borrowers rarely switch lenders following a violation.


A computational field-programmable gate array (FPGA) realisation for edge detection that is particularly immune to noise by a digital approximated Gaussian smoothing filter is described. The proposed systolic array architecture was examined for convolution operation in order to put simplicity and regularity to the design. Moreover, most of the presented processing structures are highly pipelined, so that the goal of real-time computing is substantially achieved with the processing frame rate reaching up to 280 frames per second. For an efficient hardware mapping, the absolute difference mask algorithm was adopted because of its regularity and independent operations, as well as its important property of performing one-pixel-edge localisation. A scalable first in, first out (FIFO) design was also proposed to make the edge detector applicable to five different image sizes. The FPGA realisation on the presented versatile development platform shows that the proposed design improves both the speed and the hardware usage. This is attributed to the utilisation of the proposed parallel and pipelined structure so that a fast operating speed of 73.6 MHz, which is about 265 times faster than the digital signal processing environment, is obtained in the present investigation.


We consider the problem of reconstructing an audio signal from multiple observations, each of which is contaminated with time-varying noise. Assuming that the time-variation is different for each observation, we propose an estimation formulation that can adapt to these changes. Specifically, we postulate a parametric reconstruction and choose the parameters so that the reconstruction minimizes a cost function. The cost function is selected so that audio signals are penalized less compared to arbitrary signals with the same energy. As cost functions, we experiment with a recently proposed prior as well as mixed norms placed on the short time Fourier coefficients.


This letter is from the Charles B. Moore Collection. It is written by Minnie O. Rawlings to Charles B. Moore. In this letter, Rawlings informs Moore that she has received the invitation to Linnet's wedding courtesy of her mother and she details that it may be a difficult time for Moore as he will have an empty nest. She wishes a long and full marriage for Linnet and notes that with Linnet's happiness, Mary and Charles will also be happy. She discusses her teaching position in Mexico city, how she enjoys the climate, and how she is well health-wise. She describes the climate in detail and how is affects the growth of flowering plants. She notes that Mexico has an abundance of historical places that would be of interest to Charles, primarily Chapultepec. She describes Chapultepec and the Alameda, noting that the school she teaches at is a half block from the Alameda. She details her plans for Christmas vacation and details upcoming and past events. She closes the letter by sending warms wishes to Mary Ann, Linnet, and Charles. The envelope is included with the letter.


Linear black-box modeling techniques are applied to both steady state and dynamic data gathered from two electronic nose experiments involving cyanobacteria cultures. Analysis of the data from a strain identification experiment shows that very simple low order MISO black box model structures are able to produce very high success rates (up to 100%) when identifying the toxic strain of cyanobacteria. This is comparable with the best success rates for steady state data reported elsewhere using artificial neural networks. Analysis of data from a growth phase identification experiment using MIMO black-box models produces success rates of 82.3% for steady state data and 76.6% for dynamic data. This compares poorly with the best performing nonlinear artificial neural networks, which obtained a 95.1% success rate on the same data. This demonstrates the limitations of these linear techniques when applied to more difficult problems.


The paper deals with a singular nonlinear initial value problem with a φ-Laplacian (p(t)φ(u′(t)))′ + p(t) f (φ(u(t))) = 0, t > 0, u(0) = u0 ∈ [L0, L], u′(0) = 0. Here, f is a continuous function with three roots φ(L0) < 0 < φ(L), φ : R → R is an increasing homeomorphism and function p is positive and increasing on (0, ∞). The problem is singular in the sense that p(0) = 0 and 1/p may not be integrable in a neighbourhood of the origin. The goal of this paper is to prove the existence of unbounded solutions. The investigation is held in two different ways according to the Lipschitz continuity of functions φ−1 and f . The case when those functions are not Lipschitz continuous is more involved that the opposite case and it is managed by means of the lower and upper functions method. In both cases, existence criteria for unbounded solutions are derived.


Knowledge of the drugs currently approved to treat erectile dysfunction (ED) is important for nurses who care for male patients, especially those men of middle age or older and those who have concurrent health problems or are taking medications that may contribute to ED. This article provides a very basic look at ED and the drugs currently approved and used for treatment. Informed nurses can increase patient understanding of ED, make suggestions for necessary referrals, and help patients and their sexual partners understand the appropriate use and cautions associated with drugs used to treat ED. On the surface, one might question why orthopaedic nurses would need knowledge about drugs currently used to treat ED. However, when one considers that a large proportion of patients in any orthopaedic setting are men, the need for knowledge about the use and safety of these medications becomes a valid component of total patient care. This is an especially important subject today, when media advertising has heightened public awareness of the medications used to treat ED but has not provided much toward a basic understanding about ED or the safe use of the advertised therapeutic agents. Nurses who have some knowledge about ED and the medications used to treat ED are better able to serve as a patient resource for education and referral.


OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to compare anthropometric measurements of children/adolescent (6th grade - 8th grade) and use these measurements to determine fit by ethnicity and grade level across three common classroom desks and chairs.

STUDY DESIGN
Eighty-eight Caucasian-American (CA), 65 Mexican-American (MA), and 58 African-American (AA) 6th, 7th, and 8th graders participated in the study (n = 211 students). Students were seated (shoeless) on a horizontal seating surface with an adjustable footrest to obtain 90 degrees angles at the hips, knees, and ankles. Standing height and five seated measurements were obtained using a stadiometer. Desk measurements were obtained from the most common desks used for each grade level. Six measurements (seat height, seat depth, seat slope, desk height, desk clearance, desk slope) were obtained with a tape measure and angle finder. Mismatch was operationalized apriori to determine fit of student dimensions and desks.

RESULTS
Multivariate analysis (SPSS 10.1) revealed significant differences in anthropometric dimensions at each grade level for ethnicity and gender (p < 0.05). Only one 6th grade MA male fit both seat height and depth criteria. One-way ANOVA's and Scheffe post hoc tests revealed significant differences between fit by ethnicity for chair 1 and chair 2. No students experienced knee/desk clearance problems. Only one student was able to find a desk surface that did not exceed their maximum functional elbow height.

CONCLUSIONS
AA's had longer lower extremity lengths versus their ethnic counterparts at all grade levels. Subjects did not fit chairs and desks regardless of age or ethnicity. Ethnicity played a significant role in seat height fit for two of the three chairs. These disparities may create a generation with an increased incidence of musculoskeletal problems carrying over to adulthood and the adult workplace.


Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach) is a very serious condition that occurs when the ventricles are driven at high rates. The abnormal excitation pathways make ventricular contraction less synchronous resulting in less effective filling and emptying of the left ventricles. However, almost half of the V-tach alarms declared through processing of patterns observed in electrocardiography are not clinically actionable. The focus of this study is to provide guidance on determining whether a technically-correct V-tach alarm is clinically-actionable by determining its "hemodynamic impact". A supervisory learning approach based on conditional inference trees to determine the hemodynamic impact of a V-tach alarm based on extracted features is described. According to preliminary results on a subset of Multiparameter intelligent monitoring in intensive care II (MIMIC-II) database, true positive rate of more than 90% can be achieved.


Hypoglycemia is a frequent complication of diabetes, limiting therapy and increasing morbidity and mortality. With recurrent hypoglycemia, the counter-regulatory response (CRR) to decreased blood glucose is blunted, resulting in hypoglycemia unawareness. The mechanisms leading to these blunted effects remain incompletely understood. Here, we identify, with in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and the tissue clearing capability of iDisco, that GHRH neurons represent a unique population of arcuate nucleus neurons activated by glucose deprivation in vivo. Repeated glucose deprivation reduces GHRH neuron activation and remodels excitatory and inhibitory inputs to GHRH neurons. We show low glucose sensing is coupled to GHRH neuron depolarization, decreased ATP production and mitochondrial fusion. Repeated hypoglycemia attenuates these responses during low glucose. By maintaining mitochondrial length with the small molecule, mdivi-1, we preserved hypoglycemia sensitivity in vitro and in vivo. Our findings present possible mechanisms for the blunting of the CRR, broaden significantly our understanding of the structure of GHRH neurons and for the fist time, propose that mitochondrial dynamics play an important role in hypoglycemia unawareness. We conclude that interventions targeting mitochondrial fission in GHRH neurons may offer a new pathway to prevent hypoglycemia unawareness in diabetic patients.


An investigation was conducted to determine the existence and extent of ergonomic education in dental hygiene curricula to prevent musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). A survey was mailed to the 216 accredited dental hygiene programs in the United States with items addressing demographics, existence and extent of basic and additional ergonomic education, continuing education sponsorship, and incidence of musculoskeletal pain in students. The majority of dental hygiene programs provide basic ergonomic education (patient/operator positioning and instrumentation), but additional education (beyond patient/operator positioning and instrumentation; for example, body mechanics or preventive exercises) is generally unavailable or available only on a limited basis to dental hygiene students. The most frequently cited reasons for the lack of additional education were a lack of space in the current curricula and that this type of education was never discussed as a possibility. Integration of ergonomic education in dental hygiene curricula may help prevent MSDs in dental hygienists by enabling them to begin their dental hygiene careers with awareness of MSDs and good ergonomic work habits.


In sheep and also in cows net absorption of magnesium from gastrointestinal contents occurs mainly before these reach the duodenum, i.e. at the forestomach-stomach level (Rogers & van't Klooster, 1969; Pfeffer et al. 1970; Horn & Smith, 1978). In sheep the reticulo-rumen has been identified as the main site of absorption by both in vivo (Tomas & Potter, 1976) and in vitro experiments (Martens, 1978), absorption being by active, sodium-linked transport (Martens, 1978). In contrast, working with young steers, Horn & Smith (1978) found that only negligible amounts of Mg were absorbed from the reticulo-rumen. They concluded from their studies that the main site of pre-intestinal Mg absorption was the omasum. This conclusion has been confirmed experimentally by studies carried out in young steers by Edrise & Smith (1979). The present study was conducted to clarify further the contradictory results in cattle as compared with sheep, and to obtain information on the mechanism of Mg absorption from the rumen in heifers.


Neighbourhood groups play a variety of roles in the communities in which they operate, including significant activities that contribute to community building and as agents of local knowledge in community planning processes. In a city with distinct socioeconomic lines and development patterns, the inclusion of a range of public voices representing the diversity of needs and community assets in planning processes is integral to ensuring decisions will be meaningful to those they impact most. This research considers how neighbourhood groups may contribute to community planning
decision-making in Toronto through the conveyance of local knowledge and the potential role they may play through City Planning's processes for public participation.

Key Words: Neighbourhood Groups; community planning; local knowledge; public
engagement


At the turn of the twentieth century, German authorities were increasingly confronted with the desire of couples of different nationalities to marry. This article analyses the administrative and political handling of the authorities, and thus explores the survey, production, circulation and adaption of administrative knowledge regarding these specific love constellations. The prevalent forms of regulating society and individuals' sexuality from the late nineteenth century until the end of the Weimar Republic are discussed.