Objectives: (1) To examine the rate of poor performance validity in a large, multicenter, prospectively accrued cohort of community dwelling persons with medically documented traumatic brain injury (TBI), (2) to identify factors associated with Word Memory Test (WMT) performance in persons with TBI. Method: This was a prospective cohort, observational study of 491 persons with medically documented TBI. Participants were administered a battery of cognitive tests, questionnaires on emotional distress and post-concussive symptoms, and a performance validity test (WMT). Additional data were collected by interview and review of medical records. Results: One hundred and seventeen participants showed poor performance validity using the standard cutoff. Variable cluster analysis was conducted as a data reduction strategy. Findings revealed that the 10 cognitive tests and questionnaires could be summarized as 4 indices of emotional distress, speed of cognitive processing, verbal memory, and verbal fluency. Regression models revealed that verbal memory, emotional distress, age, and injury severity (time to follow commands) made unique contribution to prediction of poor performance validity. Conclusions: Poor performance validity was common in a research sample of persons with medically documented TBI who were not evaluated in conjunction with litigation, compensation claims, or current report of symptoms. Poor performance validity was associated with poor performance on cognitive tests, greater emotional distress, lower injury severity, and greater age. Many participants expected to have residual deficits based on initial injury severity showed poor performance validity.


OBJECTIVE
Our purpose was to investigate the MR features of the lacrimal glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS
Using MR imaging, we examined 58 lacrimal glands in 29 women with Sjögren's syndrome and 150 lacrimal glands in 75 female control subjects. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 76 years, and the control subjects ranged in age from 0 to 78 years. We analyzed the thicknesses and internal signal intensity patterns of the lacrimal glands and compared the results with lacrimal flow rates using Schirmer's test.

RESULTS
On the basis of the profile of normal age-related decreases in lacrimal gland thickness that we obtained from our control subjects, we categorized the lacrimal glands in the patients with Sjögren's syndrome as hypertrophic (7.8 +/- 0.8 mm), normal-sized (4.8 +/- 1.2 mm), or atrophic (2.4 +/- 0.5 mm). The patients had slower lacrimal flow rates than did the control subjects. Atrophic lacrimal glands had slower lacrimal flow rates (1.8 +/- 1.2 mm/5 min) than did normal-sized (5.2 +/- 2.8 mm/5 min) and hypertrophic (4.3 +/- 2.6 mm/5 min) glands. Normal-sized lacrimal glands with homogeneous MR features had faster lacrimal flow rates (7.6 +/- 2.2 mm/5 min) than did normal-sized glands with heterogeneous MR features (4.0 +/- 2.4 mm/5 min). Fat suppression studies showed that fat deposition was accelerated in the lacrimal glands of patients with Sjögren's syndrome.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that change in size associated with accelerated fat deposition may be the characteristic MR feature of lacrimal glands affected by Sjögren's syndrome. Thus, MR imaging could be a useful tool for assessment of the extent of lacrimal gland involvement in patients with Sjögren's syndrome.


The polychromy of Greek and Etrusco-Roman architecture comprises the chromatic effects and surface treatments of exterior façades and roofs, as well as interior floors, walls, and ceilings. Colour and/or contrasts of light and shadow are the basis for all architectural ornamentation. The practice is characterized by a large variety of materials and techniques, which draw from different genres of the visual arts such as stone, plaster and stucco working, toreutics, tessellation, sculpture, panel painting, terracotta, and glass making. The treatment of architectural surfaces is thus intimately connected to changes in both construction knowledge and building economies, while their visual effects depend on changing architectural forms and designs. Both texts and archaeological remains underline the importance of colour and material as an integral part of ancient architectural design; they play a key role for the sensory and atmospheric experience of architecture and could influence its symbolic meaning.
 Despite strong regional traditions and a general lack of standardization, a few overall developments can be pinpointed: a triple colour scheme of dark (black, blue), light (white, cream), and red hues dominated both Archaic Greek and Etrusco-Italic architectural polychromy; its chromatic polarity became fundamental for the Greek Doric order and, as a basic combination, it remained a recurring motif of architectural surfaces into the Roman Imperial periods. During the Greek Classical period, green, yellow, and increasingly, gilding joined the basic colour palette. Late Classical/Hellenistic innovations included illusionistic painting techniques, intermediality (the imitation of one material by means of another), as well as the increase of light and shadow effects. While variation (Greek poikilia) of both colours and materials was a guiding principle, it seems that there were also occasional reductions of polychrome accentuations on exteriors.
 Etrusco-Italic and Roman architecture participated in many of these developments, despite its own materiality and designs. On Italic soil, some of the Hellenistic concepts were even brought to entirely new levels of application, especially the achievement of colour effects through an antithetical combination of material colours (coloured marbles, metals), which became a veritable signature of Roman architecture. The concept of variation (Latin varietas) remained fundamentally important, especially for interiors; mono- or bichromatisms were also advanced, along with stark light and shadow contrasts achieved through surface carving and texturing. Rather than specific colour combinations, Late Antique and early Byzantine architecture favored general polychromacity and, in particular, surfaces with light-bearing qualities to create effects of glitter, brilliance, and reflectance; they were seen as a quality of divinity.


We consider the two-layer form of the planetary geostrophic equations, in which a simple Rayleigh friction replaces the inertia, on a western continental slope. In the frictionless limit, these equations can be written as characteristic equations in which the potential vorticities of the top and bottom layers play the role of Riemann invariants. The general solution is of two types. In the first type, the characteristics can cross, and friction is required to resolve the resulting shocks. In the second type, one of the two Riemann invariants is uniform, the remaining characteristic is a line of constantftH, and the solutions take a simple explicit form. A solution resembling the Gulf Stream can be formed by combining three solutions of the second type. Compared to the corresponding solution for homogeneous fluid, the Gulf Stream and its seaward countercurrent are stronger, and the latter is concentrated in a thin frictional layer on the eastern edge of the Stream.


Depending on the surface or underground source of water, the source of water supply may have an influence on consumer health and should be given special attention in terms of its protection, quality and treatability.
The sources are represented mainly by the raw waters of the rivers, as in this case, the samples taken for analysis are taken from the Chamiz River, which is where waste pollutants from the "EL TORO" for which we made the sampling of the said river, located in the mining area.
As a result of which polyethylene bottles were taken, 6 different places were selected along the river, the total route to take the samples was approximately 200m, since at this distance, residues of the socavones of the hill of the bull fall 1, Cerro del Toro No. 2, Cerro del Toro No. 4 and 5 respectively. The sample taken between each intake was 20m, all deposited in bottles and fountains in a culer, until arriving at the city of Trujillo and from there, transported to the National Police of Peru, for their respective analysis, where it could be found heavy metals such as: Fe, Cu, Pb that are toxic, which attack the health of all people living directly or indirectly near Cerro "El Toro".
Mining is economically beneficial and therefore should be supported, but do not forget the great socio-environmental impact that this activity also causes


This paper provides an application of linear and nonlinear multivariable robust predictive control to a three tanks system. The design of the nonlinear solution is based on a Multi-Input Multi-Output Nonlinear Auto Regressive with eXogenous outputs (MIMO-NARX) model and the linear controller considers a MIMO Controlled Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (MIMO-CARIMA) model. Polytopic uncertainties and structured uncertainties are adopted in order to take into account the uncertain physical dynamics of the system. Using worst case strategy, the control law is obtained by the resolution of a min-max optimization problem. However, the performance criterion to be optimized is non-convex. A genetic algorithm is adopted to solve the control problem. The efficiency of the developed strategies is illustrated on a three tanks system.


Offshore structures and operations significantly impact the surrounding environment, and future offshore renewable energy developments are no exception. Many Australian offshore oil and gas platforms have the potential to act as artificial reefs, creating an excellent opportunity for the growth of marine communities that are often in danger due to other human activities or environmental impacts. Decommissioning of these platforms will impose substantial risks to the existing ecosystem in those habitats. Therefore, there is a need to understand the environmental impacts of installation, operation, and maintenance (O and M) and decommissioning activities in new offshore renewable energy infrastructure prior to developments. This becomes more important in the case of future offshore wind farm development in Australia, where no historical information is available. This paper proposes a game-theoretical approach to identifying the optimum risk mitigation strategies for minimizing the environmental impact of future offshore wind infrastructure and operations. As a case study, the method is applied to examine the risks imposed by constructing and installing an offshore wind farm in the Bass Strait. The governments and regulators can adopt the proposed mitigation strategies to develop policies and legislation to ensure the sustainability of marine environments.


The salivary excretion of warfarin was investigated following intravenous and oral administration to rabbits. The salivary decay curves following intravenous injection (50 mg/kg) fitted to the two-compartment open model. On the other hand, following oral administration (100 mg/kg) the disposition of warfarin fitted to the one-compartment open model. There was a good linear relationship between the warfarin concentrations in saliva and plasma. The saliva vs. plasma (S/P) ratio was approximately 0.07. A good correlation was also observed between the warfarin concentrations in saliva and plasma protein-unbound fraction. The saliva vs. plasma protein-unbound fraction (S/Pf) ratio was approximately 0.92. Therefore, salivary concentration of warfarin corresponded with plasma free warfarin concentration. Furthermore, warfarin concentration in saliva was correlated with pharmacological effect, prothrombin complex activity. These results suggested that salivary warfarin concentration which was correlated with pharmacological effect had a possibility of utilization in pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring.


Abstract. A liquid crystal (LC)-modulated tunable filter is theoretically studied, consisting of an Au nanorod array and an Au film separated by a dielectric indium tin oxide (ITO) glass layer. It is well established that this system can achieve double absorptive peaks resulting from the strong plasmonic coupling between the plasmon-induced transparency effect of the nanorod array and the cavity mode of the Au microcavity structure. The positions of the double absorptive peaks can be tuned dynamically based on the electro-optic effect of LC. The simulation results reveal that a band range of 160 nm has been confirmed at near-infrared wavelengths by altering the driven voltage of LC from 0 to 8 V. The proposed structure is able to filter the two peaks with the reflection coefficients <5  %  . Compared with the existing tunable filter, it has many advantages, such as continuous tunability, low tuning voltage, and great degree of tunability.


This paper presents a Cartesian impedance control for free-flying space robots with elastic joints. In order to archive high dynamic behavior of the end-effector like a mass-spring-damper system, the control stiffness and control damping are computed online depending on the Cartesian robot mass matrix and thus time-varying. Therefore, in order to ensure passivity of the system the control law is extended using the concept of energy tank so that the system can achieve maximal performance and simultaneously shows stable behavior both in free motion and in contact with its environment. The proposed control method is very efficient and practicable. Furthermore, it is very robust with respect to dynamic parameter uncertainties, coupling dynamics, and can simultaneously provide good results in term of the dynamic behavior and position accuracy. Simulation results validate practical efficiency of the controller.


An evaluation was made of the feasibility of an instant upper-gastrointestinal endoscopy clinic for patients referred to hospital for the investigation of dyspepsia. A total of 200 patients underwent endoscopy using a small-diameter endoscope with only topical pharyngeal anaesthesia but no premedication or sedation. The procedure was successful in 187 of the patients. Its acceptability was high for both patients and doctors. The average duration of the hospital visit was 45 minutes. Instant endoscopy with a small-diameter endoscope provides a convenient and fast primary diagnostic service for patients with dyspepsia.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease with no effective therapies. It's well-known that chronic neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the onset and progression of AD. Proper neuronal-microglial interactions are essential for brain functions. However, as the main existence of immune cells, determining the role of microglia in Alzheimer's neuroinflammation and the associated molecular basis has been challenging. Herein, the inflammatory factors in the sera of AD patients were detected and the association with microglia activation was analyzed. The mechanism regarding the microglial inflammation was investigated. The IL6 and TNF-α were found to be significantly increased in the AD stage. Further analysis revealed microglia were extensively activated in AD cerebra releasing mounts of cytokines to impair the neural stem cells (NSCs) function. Moreover, ApoD induced NLRC4 inflammasome was activated in microglia, which gave rise to the proinflammatory phenotype. Targeting the microglial ApoD promoted NSCs self-renewal and inhibited neuron apoptosis. These findings demonstrate the critical role of ApoD in microglial inflammasome activation, and for the first time reveal that microglia-induced inflammation suppresses neuronal proliferation. Our studies establish the cellular basis for microglia activation in AD progression, and shed lights on cellular interactions important for AD treatment.


The use of visual representations in which retinal neurons receptive fields are not constant over the visual field is universal in the visual systems of higher vertebrates, and is coming to play an important role in active vision applications. The breaking of translation symmetry that is unavoidably associated with non-uniform sampling presents a major algorithmic complication for image processing. In this paper we use a Lie group approach to derive a kernel which provides a quasi-shift (i.e. approximate shift) invariant template matching capability, under normal convolution in the distorted (range) coordinates of the non-uniform mapping. We work out the special case of the log-polar mapping, which is of great interest in vision; in this case, we call the associated linear integral transform the "exponential chirp transform" (ECT). The method is, however, general for other forms of mapping, or warp, function.


OBJECTIVES
One of the tasks of information management is systematic planning of a Hospital Information System (HIS). However, the description and the analysis of the current state of a HIS typically create high costs and are not well supported. The aim of this paper is therefore to report about the specification of a reference model for the domain layer of a Hospital Information System.

METHODS
We developed a reference model for the domain layer of a Hospital Information System based on the requirements index for information processing in hospitals for describing the enterprise functions, and based on the object types from the Health Level 7 Reference Information Model (HL7-RIM) for describing the entity types.

RESULT
The developed reference model is a comprehensive hierarchic model of the enterprise functions of hospital information systems. The central enterprise function "patient treatment" for example is described with 35 enterprise functions and 38 entity types on a three-level hierarchy.

DISCUSSION
Reference models provide a kind of modelling patterns that can easily be used and adapted to a respective Information System. The availability of reference models should therefore provide a highly valuable contribution to keep the costs for modelling Hospital Information Systems low. We will start to evaluate the reference model by using it in the description of the information systems of a University Clinic of the Tiroler Landeskrankenanstalten GmbH (TILAK), Austria. If this pre-test is positive, it is planned to extend the use of the reference model to the overall Hospital Information System of the TILAK.


Arthritis of the laryngeal joints occurs with most of the diseases which are manifest by polyarthritis. This publication discusses an unusual extension or complication of cricoarytenoid arthritis, ulcerative necrosis of the postcricoid cervical esophagus which necessitated a total laryngectomy in a patient with advanced rheumatoid arthritis.


The coastal zone of West Rangsang is part of the Kepulauan Meranti regency, which directly faces Malacca Strait, which is one of the most crowded channels in the world. However, its shoreline is an open coast, which mostly undergoes local erosion as the defensive areas, encompassing coral rock and mangrove forest, are fragmented by nature and human exploitation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between the damaged coastline and the mangrove area changes in West Rangsang for the past 20 years. We propose a remote sensing method by satellite imagery to evaluate the coastline changes and the mangrove. Each year, the coastline positions were obtained using data processing involving geometric calibration, image cutting, and extraction. The changes were analyzed by inter-crossing the images of 1997 and 2017, further divided for four periods, i.e., 1997–2002, 2002–2007, 2007–2012, and 2012–2017. The results showed that varying erosion and accretion rates were due to shoreline exposure, strongly associated with the mangrove forests' devastation. However, this caused the physical function loss as an anchor against the coast's wear-out and as a breaker of waves and current approaching the island from the ocean. The stakeholder may use these research results to appropriate measures, such as replanting and creating mangrove-care societies, to conserve and maintain the coast.


The wish for a more engaging e-learning design and better utilization of the technology at hand has led to the pedagogic design in this study. We wanted to make a strong alternative to face-to-face teaching that was just as likely to facilitate learning as face to face teacher presentations and class discussions. The study investigates how online discussions in connection with teacher produced video presentations can generate an 'open source learning stream' in an e-learning course for teachers. We look at how an 'open source learning stream' can encourage students to give and receive peer feedback. We propose the idea that if learning in an online community is set up to follow the lines of identity building in social media (Larsen 2007) then we might get a natural momentum in the 'open source learning stream'. We try to identify demographic factors that could influence the success of the 'open source learning stream'. We found that some students in the demographic group that used computers in their childhood experience that they can learn more form video clips and online discussion than from traditional teacher presentations and face to face discussions. We also found that the demographic group that didn't use computers in their childhood believes that they learn more for traditional face-to-face teaching. This divergence in belief calls for a better defined demographic categorization of the students before dividing them into groups in e-learning. The categorization might assist the diffusion of innovation in the persuasion stage (Rogers 2010) of the implementation of the new pedagogic design so that peers would persuade each other that they can adopt the new learning practices and participate in the 'open source learning stream'. We propose the idea that significant demographic knowledge of the students in combination with learning analytics can generate a strong e-learning design. Furthermore we investigate inclusion/exclusion mechanisms in the pedagogic design and we found that a more rapid and multimodal type of reply would help some students. The study presents a critical realist analysis of the pedagogic design in question and tries to abduct a categorization of student demographics' influence on learning progression and on the utilization of web-tools at hand in the students' learning process.


Mark-recapture studies of pinnipeds commonly use double-tagging to reduce bias of parameter estimates and to allow estimation of tag retention rates. However, most tag retention estimates assume independence of tag loss. Here we were able to identify when individual New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) pups had lost both tags ; therefore, we tested the assumption of no association between the tag-loss rates of left and right tags. We also tested for differences in tag retention among three different types of plastic tag (Allflex® cattle, mini and button tags), between two attachment types (i.e., fixed or swivel), and whether retention varied among years and colonies sampled. We found strong evidence of within-individual tag loss association for most tags in most years, but little evidence that this varied among colonies. We found that ignoring within-individual association of tag loss led to a bias in estimated tag retention of 7.4-10.1%. Smaller rocks and greater crevice and ledge densities in colonies were associated with lower probabilities of tag retention. We suggest researchers should attempt to use permanent marks in combination with tags to assess unbiased estimates of tag retention.


Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular transmission disorder where well-defined autoantibodies against muscle and muscle cell membrane molecules are directly pathogenetic. All MG patients should be defined for subtype, as such a subclassification has treatment consequences. Ocular MG, early-onset MG, late-onset MG, MG with thymoma, MG with anti-muscle-specific tyrosine kinase antibodies and MG with no defined antibodies constitute the six MG categories. The MG diagnostic process includes neurophysiology, neuroimmunology, neuropharmacology and imaging. In addition to symptomatic therapy with acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, most patients need thymectomy and/or immunosuppressive drugs. Today's treatment is not immunospecific and far from antigen-specific, even if the pathogenesis is known in detail. Strategies for acetylcholine receptor tolerance induction, manipulating acetylcholine receptor antigen presentation or suppressing acetylcholine receptor-specific B-cells or plasma cells work in experimental MG, but have not yet been attempted properly for the human disease, or they do not work. Apart from the 10–15% of patients with paraneoplastic MG, the cause of the disease is not known. Until curative or antigen-specific therapy become available, the well-established treatment gives good-to-excellent results in most patients, with acceptable quality of life and no increased mortality. Acute and intensive care treatment during MG exacerbation is a cornerstone in the treatment.


The authors present a retrospective survey carried out in 23 camps of nomadic afars from Obock area (Djibouti) and concerning the traditional utilization of different types of forage from lagoon (mangrove) in relation with some of the diseases observed, particularly on calves. Four types of mangrove running are described: supply of mangrove twigs to calves less than one year old in camps and mangrove grazing for the adults; permanent feeding of mangrove associated with complementation; occasional supply of mangrove by cutting the twigs; permanent distribution of mangrove without complementation. The risk to observe diseases, namely loss of appetite, lameness, skin diseases and paralysis is 4.28 time higher when diet complementation is missing.


The rats control in environment involves the chemical control using poison baits that are composed by paraffin blocks, mixture of seeds or pellets in packs. Some products used in pest control are natural organic certified rodent. These materials can be distributed externally or around the places using indoor system or boxes, called bait stations. However, the climatic conditions during the year in tropical areas, could affect the quality of baits during the control period. Fungal growth on surface of these baits could change the attractive smell or odour. The moulds are common in the areas that show high humidity, mainly in rainy seasons. The objective of this present study was analyzed the fungal occurrence in baits spread in external environment during spring. The samples collected showed high percentage of moulds after samples incubation on Sabouraud agar in Petri dishes and the results demonstrated that baits suffer the fungal attack mainly in environmental conditions during spring season.


Cancer immunotherapy such as anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can provide significant clinical benefit in patients with advanced malignancies. However, most patients eventually develop progressive disease, thus necessitating additional therapeutic options. We have developed a novel agent, a-TEA-LS, that selectively induces tumor cell death while sparing healthy tissues, leading to increased activation of tumor-reactive T cells and tumor regression. In the current study, we explored the impact of combined a-TEA-LS + ICB in orthotopic and spontaneously arising murine models of mammary carcinoma. We found that a-TEA-LS + ICB led to increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that were associated with a reduction in tumor growth and prolonged survival. Together, these data demonstrate the potential utility of a-TEA-LS + ICB for the treatment of breast cancer and provide the rationale for clinical translation of this novel approach.


This article addresses Systems Theory as it applies to school-age children's bullying behavior. It focuses on the interrelationships, mutual influences, and dynamics of relationships within the family, and how these may affect children's behavior toward their peers. The theory helps to explain the ways family patterns are reflected in children's negative interactions with peers, particularly bullying behavior. As such, Systems Theory was used to guide development of the content and strategies that formed the family component of Friendly Schools Friendly Families, a whole-school bullying prevention intervention. The intervention was designed to systematically target parenting factors identified as protective of bullying behavior and other problem behaviors, including parent–child communication, parent modelling, parenting style, parent bullying attitudes and beliefs, normative standards about bullying, family management techniques, connectedness, and cohesion. This whole-school program thus actively engaged and enhanced the self-efficacy of both parents and teachers, and was found to be effective in reducing bullying behavior.


The authors analyse the coronary lesions in 285 patients with primary myocardial infarction (164 anterior, 121 inferior infarcts) undergoing coronary angiography an average of 4 months after infarction. The statistical study of the analytical table of the lesions according to severity and site, demonstrated a significant difference in each group (p less than 0,001): --there was a very clear dominance of occlusion of the LAD artery in anterior infarction but severe narrowing (greater than or equal to 70%) was observed mainly on the right coronary and left circumflex arteries; --in inferior infarction, the incidence of occlusion was higher on the right coronary artery and severe narrowing was divided between the LAD and left circumflex arteries. Controlateral, double or triple vessel disease was present in 74% of anterior and 85% of inferior infarcts. There were many more patients with double and triple vessel lesions than with single vessel disease. Residual angina gave no indication of the extension of the lesions in anterior infarction but patients with this complication after inferior infarction had a higher rate of triple vessel disease. Stress testing is exploitable in inferior infarction but did not give any discriminating results. In this series, angina and stress testing only allowed triple vessel disease to be suspected in patients with inferior infarction. A coronary arteriographic study, by showing the severity and controlateral extension of the lesions, comparable in primary anterior and inferior infarction, gives important prognostic information and allows assessment of surgical possibilities.


Various writings by the later Wittgenstein on the philosophy of psychology, published posthumously, express his basic critical attitude toward certain concepts and issues in the philosophy of psychology. His attitude towards folk psychology is negative in principle, leaving him opposed to the foundation of current psychological research. This critique of folk psychology and of the philosophy of psychology in general is in accord with the general method of his later philosophy, that is, dealing with philosophical problems by dissolving them. However, his critical attitude towards folk psychology has been less influential in the development of contemporary philosophy, and is in opposition to the philosophy of psychology and folk psychology as practiced today. In this paper I will analyze Wittgenstein's understanding of the concept of psychology, offering a different interpretation from that of other scholars, and explain why and how contemporary philosophers of psychology misunderstand Wittgenstein.


This is the second of two companion papers on a semantic theory for communicating processes with values based on the late approach. In the first one, [Ing95], we explained the general idea of the late semantic approach. Furthermore we introduced a general syntax for value-passing process algebra based on the late approach and a general class of denotational models for these languages in the Scott-Strachey style. Then we defined a concrete language, CCSL, which is an extension of the standard CCS with values according to the late approach. We also provided a denotational model for it, which is an instantiation of the general class. This model is a direct extension of the model given by Abramsky [Abr91] to model the pure calculus SCCS. Furthermore we gave an axiomatic semantics by means of a proof system based on inequations and proved its soundness and completeness with respect to the denotational semantics. In this paper we will give a behavioural semantics to the language CCSL in terms of a Plotkin style operational semantics and a bisimulation based preorder. Our main aim is to relate the behavioural view of processes we present here to the domain-theoretical one developed in the companion paper [Ing95]. In the Scott-Strachey approach an infinite process is obtained as a chain of finite and possibly partially specified processes. The completely unspecified process is given by the bottom element of the domain. An operational interpretation of this approach is to take divergence into account and give the behavioural semantics in terms of a prebisimulation or bisimulation preorder [Hen81,Wal90] rather than by the standard bisimulation equivalence [Par81, Mil83]. One of the results in the pure case presented in [Abr91] is that the denotational model given in that reference is fully abstract with respect to the "finitely observable" part of the bisimulation preorder but not with respect to the bisimulation preorder which turns out to be too fine. Intuitively this is due to the algebraicity of the model and the fact that the finite elements in the model are denotable by syntactically finite terms. The algebraicity implies that the denotational semantics of a process is completely decided by the semantics of its syntactically finite approximations, whereas the same can not be said about the bisimulation preorder. In fact we need experiments of an infinite depth to investigate bisimulation while this is not the case for the preorder induced by the model as explained above. An obvious consequence of this observation is that in general, a bisimulation preorder can not be expected to be modeled by an algebraic cpo given that the compact elements are denotable by syntactically nite elements. In [Hen81] Hennessy defined a term model for SCCS. This model is !- algebraic and fails to be fully abstract with respect to the strong bisimulation preorder. In the same paper the author introduces the notion of "the finitary part of a relation" and "a finitary relation". The finitary part of a relation R over processes, denoted by RF , is defined by pRF q i 8d:dRp) dRq where d ranges over the set of syntactically finite processes. A relation R is finitary if RF = R. Intuitively this property may be interpreted as algebraicity at the behavioural level provided that syntactically nite terms are interpreted as compact elements in the denotational model; if a relation is nitary then it is completely decided by the syntactically nite elements. In both [Hen81] and [Abr91] the full abstractness of the respective denotational semantics with respect to < F is shown. In [Abr91] it is also shown that if the language is sort nite and satises a kind of nite branching condition, then <F=< !, where < ! is the strong bisimulation preorder induced by experiments of nite depth, i.e. the preorder is obtained by iterated application of the functional that denes the bisimulation. Note that in general the preorder < is strictly ner than the preorder < !. However if the transition system is image nite, i.e. if the number of arcs leading from a xed state and labelled with a xed action is nite, then these two preorders coincide. As mentioned above the main aim of this paper is to give a bisimulation based behavioural semantics for our language CCSL from [Ing95]. To reflect the late approach the operational semantics will be given in terms of an applicative transition system, a concept that is a modication of that dened in [Abr90]. We generalize the notion of bisimulation [Par81, Mil83] to be applied to applicative transition systems and introduce a preorder motivated by Abramsky's applicative bisimulation [Abr90]. For this purpose we rst introduce the notion of strong applicative prebisimulation and the corresponding strong applicative bisimulation preorder. Following the standard practice this preorder is obtained as the largest xed point of a suitably dened monotonic functional. We show by an example that this preorder is not nitary in the sense described above and is strictly ner than the preorder induced by the model. Next we dene the strong applicative !-bisimulation preorder in the standard way by iterative application of the functional that induces the bisimulation preorder. This gives as a result a preorder which still is too ne to match thepreorder induced by the denotational model. This will be shown by an example. Intuitively the reason for this is that we still need innite experiments to decide the operational preorder, now because of an innite breadth due to the possibility of an innite number of values that have to be checked. Then we give a suitable denition of the notion of the \nitary part" of the bisimulation preorder to meet the preorder induced by the denotational model. We recall that in [Ing95] we dened the so-called compact terms as the syntactically nite terms which only use a nite number of values in a nontrivial way. We also showed that these terms correspond exactly to the compact elements in the denotational model in the sense that an element in the model is compact if and only if it can be denoted by a compact term. This motivates a denition of the nitary part, < F , of the bisimulation preorder < by p < F q i 8c: c < p ) c < q where c ranges over the set of syntactically compact terms. We also dene yet another preorder, < f !, a coarser version of < ! in which we only consider a nite number of values at each level in the iterative denition of the preorder. Here it is vital that the set of values is countable and can be enumerated as V al = fv1; v2; g. Thus in the denition of < f 1 we only test whether the dening constraints of the preorder hold when the only possible input and output value is v1, and in general in the denition of < f n we test the constraints for the rst n values only. (Here we would like to point out that this idea originally appears in [HP80].) It turns out that < f ! is the nitary part of < in our new sense and that the model is fully abstract with respect to < f !. We will prove both these results in this paper using techniques which are similar to those used by Hennessy in the above mentioned reference [Hen81]. The structure of the paper is as follows: In Section 2 we give a short survey of the result from the companion paper [Ing95] needed in this study. The denition of the operational semantics and the notion of applicative bisimulation are the subject of Section 3. Section 4 is devoted to the analysis of the preorder and the denition of the value-nitary preorder < f !. In Section 5 we give a denition of the notion of nitary part of a relation and a nitary relation over processes. In the same section we prove that the preorder < f ! is nitary and that it coincides with the nitary part of the preorder < . Finally we prove the soundness and the completeness of the proof system with respect to the resulting preorder. The full abstractness of the denotational semantics for CCSL, given in [Ing95], then follows from the soundness and the completeness of the proof system with respect to the denotational semantics. In Section 6 we give some concluding remarks.


Previous research outlines the correlates of childcare expulsion in the USA, yet researchers know little about how these correlates produce expulsion. This in-depth qualitative analysis of 30 childcare providers' accounts of expulsion finds a patterned process to expulsion: Teachers search for causes and solutions to challenging behaviours. When interventions fail, overwhelmed teachers shift their focus from 'struggling' children to 'bad families'. Once the explanation of behaviour changes from within to outside of the child, expulsion is imminent. Interventions in teachers' understandings, not only in children's behaviours, are discussed as a possible way to reduce expulsion.


Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. This study aims to derive a more precise estimation on pulse wave velocity (PWV) level in patients with SLE and related factors. A literature search was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and The Cochrane Library databases, studies published up to February 28, 2017, in English. Pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated by fixed-effect or random-effect model analysis. Heterogeneity test was performed by the Q statistic and quantified using I2 ; publication bias was evaluated using a funnel plot and Egger's linear regression test. Of 156 studies found, 27 met eligibility criteria, and 14 studies were finally included in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis revealed that the SLE group had significantly higher PWV levels than the control group; SMD = 0.56 and 95% CI (0.30-0.82). Subgroup analyses showed that body mass index (BMI), sample size, and disease duration were associated with PWV in patients with SLE. Overall, our study suggests that patients with SLE have a higher PWV level, and it is associated with BMI, sample size, and disease duration.


The magnetization of layered high-temperature superconductors (HTSC) with ferromagnetic nanorods as bulk pinning centers is studied in the 2D model of layered HTSC by using Monte Carlo method. Magnetic part of the interaction energy between a ferromagnetic cylinder of arbitrary radius and constant magnetization and an Abrikosov vortex was calculated in London approximation. The magnetization at different radius of magnetic defects was investigated. The results of calculations were compared with the results for extended nonmagnetic defects.


This has been a commentary on the implications of policy changes for nursing homes and rehabilitation hospital admissions. Only time will show how greatly this will affect the nursing home. However, since the 2004 implementation of the 75% Rule, nursing homes have already seen a jump in patients who are more acutely ill and have multiple medical needs. To lessen the potential burden of these changes on patient safety and comfort and to increase family satisfaction with care, we propose the following steps be considered. 1. We need better integration between hospital and nursing homes. Indeed, a strategic alliance between hospitals and nursing homes would be something that we should consider sooner rather than later. 2. All providers should understand that this is a continued push by both private and government insurance to get the patient out of the hospital sooner. As a result, patients will be discharged either to the rehab hospital or to the nursing home "sicker and quicker." 3. The implementation of the 75% Rule will probably result in a decreased use of rehab hospitals and an increased use of the nursing home. 4. In looking even further into the future, the nursing homes themselves are likely to be under continued pressure to get patients out of the nursing home more quickly. This in turn will result in what we consider the next big thing-home care.


An organic–aqueous interfacial reaction at room temperature has been employed to synthesize large-area self-assembled films consisting of PbSe single crystallites. The use of the films for the low-cost fabrication of IR-photodetectors has been explored. (111)-oriented single crystallites of PbSe self-assemble to form robust large-area films. The near-infrared photoresponse of the film measured at room temperature showed large responsivity and gain owing to trap-associated mechanisms. Low-cost, mild reaction conditions and tunability of the nature of deposits make the present strategy useful for synthesizing large-area films of functional materials for possible opto-electronic applications.


Myopic loss aversion (MLA) has been found to play a persistent role for investment behavior under risk. We study whether MLA is already present during adolescence. Quite surprisingly, we find no evidence of MLA in a sample of 755 adolescents. This finding is at odds with previous findings, and it might be explained by self-selection effects. In other dimensions, however, we are able to replicate stylized findings in our pool of adolescents, such that teams invest higher amounts than individuals and that women invest less than men.


: Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) have attracted attention for use in building integrated photovoltaics because of their large range tunability in colors, transparency, and high efficiency. However, the development of semitransparent devices based on fullerene acceptors remained almost stagnant in the early period. This was due to the weak absorption of fullerene small molecules in the visible and near-infrared regions as well as the large non-radiative energy loss, resulting in drastic open-circuit voltage loss. In addition, the energy level and chemical structure of fullerene molecules cannot be easily regulated, and the strong aggregation characteristics of fullerenes greatly limit the development of OSCs. In contrast, the designability of the chemical structures and controllability of the energy levels of non-fullerene electron acceptors has encouraged researchers to explore high-performance organic solar cells while and simultaneously stimulating the development of ST-OSCs. In this review, the recent progress in non-fullerene small molecule acceptors for ST-OSCs is summarized. The article focuses on ST-OSCs from the aspects of device structures and active layers. In view of the semitransparent device structure, except for replacing the traditional electrodes with semitransparent electrodes, researchers have introduced suitable interface layers to regulate the absorption and reflection of sunlight. The interface layers mainly contain a reflective layer (evaporated on the top electrode to reflect near-infrared light); an anti-reflection layer (located below ITO (indium tin oxide)) to mitigate light reflection at the air-glass interface and thus enhance the absorption of sunlight); and an optical outcoupling layer (simultaneously increasing reflection and transmission). From the active layer, it is mainly divided into two categories. First, researchers have optimized the photovoltaic performance of semitransparent devices from the perspective of molecular structures, mainly by broadening the absorption window of non-fullerene small molecule acceptors, thus improving the crystallinity and charge mobility of small molecules, and regulating the stacking behavior and orientation of molecules in the films. Second, regarding the active layer processing, much effort has been undertaken to optimize the light absorption, morphology, and charge carrier transport channels of blended films.


Understanding of structural, electrical, and gravimetric peculiarities of water vapor interaction with ion-intercalated MXenes led to design of a multimodal humidity sensor. Neutron scattering coupled to molecular dynamics and ab initio calculations showed that a small amount of hydration results in a significant increase in the spacing between MXene layers in the presence of K and Mg intercalants between the layers. Films of K- and Mg-intercalated MXenes exhibited relative humidity (RH) detection thresholds of ∼0.8% RH and showed monotonic RH response in the 0-85% RH range. We found that MXene gravimetric response to water is 10 times faster than their electrical response, suggesting that H2O-induced swelling/contraction of channels between MXene sheets results in trapping of H2O molecules that act as charge-depleting dopants. The results demonstrate the use of MXenes as humidity sensors and infer potential impact of water on structural and electrical performance of MXene-based devices.


Fossil Osmundaceae.-KIDSToN and GWYNNE-VAUGHAN'3 have continued their interesting investigations on the fossil Osmundaceae. In the case of the most important of the species which they describe (Thamnopteris Schlechltendalii Eichwald) there can apparently be no doubt that they have really to do with the remains of an osmundaceous fem. They find that in this species the center of the stele is marked by the presence of a mass of short tracheids without any admixture of parenchyma, which curiously enough they regard as the equivalent of a pith. It is surely begging the question as to the origin of medullarv structures, to regard tissues which admittedly are entirely tracheary and contain not the slightest admixture of parenchymatous cells as equivalent to the medulla of the higher plants. The difficulty of regarding the central mass of short tracheids in Thamnopteris as a pith is rendered insuperable, apparently, by the fact that the leaf traces originate from the stele exactly as in those cases where no pith is present, that is without giving rise to any foliar gaps. The views entertained by the present authors and the majority of English writers on anatomy encounter an additional difficulty in that they are quite unable on their hypothesis to explain the presence of internal phloem and internal endodermis in closed steles. These find apparently a very simple and natural elucidation in connection with the reduction theory now advocated by a considerable number of American anatomists.-E. C. JEFFREY.


In this paper, a new method of SVPWM implementation for 3-Phase 3-Leg 3-Level AC/DC converter known as the Vienna converter is proposed. Also the performances of PI and PR controller used in AC input current controller are compared. To verify the proposed method, PSIM, a power electronics simulation program, is utilized. The performances of the proposed new method and the two existing methods are compared through simulation and experiment. Also PI and PR controller in AC input current controller are compared through 10[kW] Vienna converter system.


It is known until now that when most printed‐circuit transmission lines are excited by a practical source of a monochromatic high frequency, the near‐field amplitude decays exponentially along the guide axis due to the excitation of a leaky mode. This is true if the excitation frequency is in the leaky portion of the guide and the leaky mode is the only physical mode at this frequency. Then, the decay rate of the field amplitude is given by the leakage constant of the physical leaky mode. However, we have recently found that although the excitation is set at the frequency at which the leaky mode is the only physical solution, there is a situation in which the amplitude decay of the near field becomes much smaller than that expected from the leaky‐mode eigenvalue. Then, contrary to our earlier belief that nonphysical solutions exert little influence on the physical field, we have recently discovered that such a slow decay in the physical near‐field amplitude is strongly influenced by an improper‐real solution, which is in the leakage portion as a nonphysical solution. We report here for the first time that the slow decay in the near field depends on how close the nonphysical improper‐real solution is to the surface‐wave curve relevant to power leakage. In this paper we present the evidence for this discovery by a discussion based on the generalized pencil of function analysis applied to the finite difference time domain data. To reinforce these discussions, we also present discussions viewed from the mutual relation between the excited‐field distributions on the guide and the evolution of the improper‐real solution on the steepest‐descent plane.


Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) have received scientific attractions due to their unique two‐dimensional (2D) structure, band gap tunability, and compositional flexibility, leading to the facile incorporation of the metal species into their layered structure. The main objective of this review is to explore the current advancement of LDH‐based photocatalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen production by focusing on the role of divalent and trivalent metal incorporations and their efficiency enhancement. Firstly, the mechanism of photocatalysis and its thermodynamics has been explicated to gain basic understanding and fundamentals. Secondly, a brief introduction to the overview of LDH photocatalysts with special attention to the effects of cationic incorporations on the optical properties and computational study towards the electronic density has been demonstrated. Besides, the thermal stability of LDH is briefly discussed, focusing on the effects of temperature towards the conversion into mixed‐metal oxide (MMO). Next, the classification of LDH based on divalent and trivalent cationic elements and their role in the brucite layer of LDH are systematically discussed. Attention is given to the mechanistic properties of the extensively studied metals, such as Mg, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Fe, V and Al, with the efficiency enhancements through various engineering aspects are demonstrated. The overview summary on the efficient design of LDH is elucidated to provide a deep understanding for improving their photocatalytic properties. Lastly, the future perspectives and recommendations are discussed to provide new insight into the potential of LDH and render them a notable place in solar energy applications.


This paper describes the high precision digital sun sensor under development at the University of Naples. The sensor determines the sun line orientation in the sensor frame from the measurement of the sun position on the focal plane. It exploits CMOS technology and an original optical head design with multiple apertures. This allows simultaneous multiple acquisitions of the sun as spots on the focal plane. The sensor can be operated either with a fixed or a variable number of sun spots, depending on the required field of view and sun-line measurement precision. Multiple acquisitions are averaged by using techniques which minimize the computational load to extract the sun line orientation with high precision. Accuracy and computational efficiency are also improved thanks to an original design of the calibration function relying on neural networks. Extensive test campaigns are carried out using a laboratory test facility reproducing sun spectrum, apparent size and distance, and variable illumination directions. Test results validate the sensor concept, confirming the precision improvement achievable with multiple apertures, and sensor operation with a variable number of sun spots. Specifically, the sensor provides accuracy and precision in the order of 1 arcmin and 1 arcsec, respectively.


Islet transplantation is a way of replacing the insulin-producing beta cells in patients whose own cells have been destroyed. Sue Swift and Steve White explain what islet transplantation involves and give a realistic summary of what can be expected as the clinical programme gets underway in the UK.


Arthroscopy offers a welcome and reliable supplement to the current tool set for the diagnosis of lunotriquetral (LT) instability. This study reports the findings of LT-lesions during arthroscopy and the clinical results obtained after using dorsal stabilisation in its surgical management using extensor retinacular split. LT-instability of grade I-III was diagnosed in 26 patients. Imaging results were normal, Reagan's ballottement and Watson tests were positive in 47% and 79%, respectively. After arthroscopic diagnosis, the procedure was immediately continued with an open repair utilising an 8-10 mm wide and radial-based extensor retinacular split for dorsal capsular reinforcement. At 39 months (range: 14 to 84) follow-up, 64% had no or only occasional mild pain and 36% had pain with overuse or lifting. Overall scoring encompassing pain, patient satisfaction, range of motion and grip strength, was excellent in 24% and good in 64%. Only three patients had fair results, one after a further injury leading to distal radio-ulnar joint (DRUJ) instability, and two with concurrent DRUJ-stabilisation. One further patient required a secondary procedure. Arthroscopy seems to allow accurate diagnosis of LT-instability and can be continued in the same session using a straightforward reconstruction procedure providing satisfactory results.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the stress and the school adjustment on the ego-resiliency of juvenile. The sample size of this study is 283, which makes it possible to do statistical inferences. As statistical methods, multiple regression analysis and hierarchical regression analysis with SPSS 10.0 is used. The results were as follows: First, friends part, among the four sub-factors of stress, affect negatively ego-resiliency. Second, interest about school life, among the three sub-factors of school adjustment, affect positively ego-resiliency. Third, observation of school norm, among the three sub-factors of school adjustment, affect negatively ego-resiliency. Based of these results, this study suggested that how to elevate ego-resiliency of juvenile delinquencies.


This paper presents the results of a field study on the infiltration characteristics of unsaturated residual soils of various weathering grades. Two field sites were studied, namely site A and site B. These sites respectively represent two of the most commonly occurring residual soils or rocks in Malaysia, that is the granitic residual soil and sedimentary (sandstone) residual soil. The water infiltration rate was found to vary depending on the soil weathering grades. For the case of granitic residual soils, soil of weathering grade IV was found to have the highest infiltration rate. Water infiltration was found to increase from grade VI to grade IV, and decrease from grade IV to grade III. Water infiltration was also found to increase with the increase in the soil porosity and void ratio, and decrease with the increase in the soil density. While for the case of sedimentary (sandstone) residual soil, the soil of weathering grade III was found to have the highest infiltration rate. Water infiltration was found to increase from grade V to grade III.


There are many questions that have to be answered concerning the role of radiotherapy in the management of primary breast cancer. Hopefully, prospective clinical trials will provide some answers, but more basic research into the biology of breast cancer and the host-tumor relationship will be needed. There are indications that radiotherapy alone, or following minimal extirpative surgery in selected cases, may be as effective for control of breast cancer as conventional mastectomies. The role of radiotherapy following segmental mastectomy, with or without axillary dissection, needs to be clarified. The possibility exists that high LET (linear energy transfer) radiation such as neutron or pi meson beams may provide better local control than conventional radiation. Thus, it may be possible to treat effectively all primary breast cancers with such radiations and obviate the need for any type of mastectomy. It remains to be demonstrated whether adjuvant chemotherapy is as effective as radiotherapy in preventing chest wall and regional node recurrences. If it is not, there may be a place for both adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of operable cancer of the breast. Likewise, effective chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy may increase the local and regional control achieved with radiotherapy alone and make more primary lesions suitable for treatment without mastectomy. Meyer (1970) recently called attention to the leukopenia and cellualr immune deficiency produced by irradiation to the thorax and mediastinum. Further study is necessary to define exactly how much immunosuppression results from radiotherapy, its clinical significance and what can be done to avoid or counter it. If Stjervsward's thesis (1974) concerning the deleterious effects of radiotherapy on survival is correct, then it is of great importance to identify those patients most likely to be adversely affected by radiotherapy. Conversely, it may be possible in the future to identify a subgroup of patients who would not be adversely affected by radiation and who would be most likely to benefit from it.


We demonstrate the feasibility to fabricate and assemble at low-cost a complex multi-level microfluidic CD hybrid system made through the assembly of only two polymer layers. The design demonstrated in this work integrate in a single molded thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) layer all the microfluidic features necessary to build a nucleic acid testing device. This design would allow for cell lysis, sample metering and clarification, mixing with PCR buffer, PCR amplification, exonuclease digestion of amplified DNA, self-venting and finally DNA hybridization on a microarray located on the upper layer of the CD.


Among the different mechanical architectures present in literature, the Watts linkage is one of the most promising ones for the implementation of a new class of mechanical accelerometers (horizontal, vertical and angular). In this paper, we present monolithic implementations of uniaxial and triaxial mechanical seismometers and accelerometers based on the UNISA Folded Pendulum mechanical configuration, optimized for low frequency characterization of sites (including underground sites) and structures as inertial sensor (seismometer). This mechanical architecture allows the design and implementation of very large band monolithic sensors (10-7Hz 102 Hz), whose sensitivities for the most common applications are defined by the noise introduced by their readouts (e.g. ¡ 10-12 m/sqrt(Hz) with classical LVDT readouts). These unique features, coupled other relevant properties like scalability, compactness, lightness, high directivity, frequency tunability (typical resonance frequencies in the band 10-1 Hz 102 Hz), very high immunity to environmental noises and low cost make this class of sensors very effective for the implementation of uniaxial (horizontal and/or vertical) and triaxial seismometers and accelerometers for ground, space and underwater applications, including UHV and cryogenics ones. Typical applications of this class of monolithic sensors are in the field of earthquake engineering, seismology, geophysics, civil engineering, characterization of sites (including underground sites), structures (e.g. buildings, bridges, historical monuments), and, in general, in all applications requiring large band-low frequency performances coupled with high sensitivities and compactness.


Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers are crucial raw materials in the manufacturing process of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Residual stresses generated inside the wafers during the fabrication process can seriously affect the performance, reliability, and yield of MEMS devices. In this paper, a low-cost method based on mechanical modeling is proposed to characterize the residual stresses in SOI wafers in order to calculate the residual stress values based on the deformation of the beams. Based on this method, the residual strain of the MEMS beam, and thus the residual stress in the SOI wafer, were experimentally determined. The results were also compared with the residual stress results calculated from the deflection of the rotating beam to demonstrate the validity of the results obtained by this method. This method provides valuable theoretical reference and data support for the design and optimization of devices based on SOI-MEMS technology. It provides a lower-cost solution for the residual stress measurement technique, making it available for a wide range of applications.


We report a case of spontaneous rupture of the ureter from an impacted calculus, paradigm of diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties of these uncommon pathologic conditions. Spontaneous rupture of the ureter from an impacted calculus should be considered in cases of persistent renal colic and atypical presentation. Diagnosis is based on urographic evidence of urinary extravasation. This should be differentiated from nephric colic from urinary extravasation arising from the renal fornices which is relatively common in nephric colic. Treatment must always include drainage of the urinoma, ureteroraphy, and urinary diversion. However, a controversy exists on the advantages and disadvantages of nephrostomy versus ureteral splinting.


A new two-dimensional allotrope of carbon known as biphenylene has been synthesized. Building on previous research investigating the superconductivity of octagraphene with a square-octagon structure, we conduct a systematic study on possible superconductivity of biphenylene with partial square-octagon structure. First-principle calculations are used to fit the tight-binding model of the material and to estimate its superconductivity. We find that the conventional superconducting transition temperature T
 c based on electron-phonon interaction is 3.02 K, while the unconventional T
 c primarily caused by spin fluctuation is 1.7 K. We hypothesize that the remaining hexagonal C
 6 structure of biphenylene may not be conducive to the formation of perfect Fermi nesting, leading to a lower T
 c. The superconducting properties of this material fall between those of graphene and octagraphene, and it lays a foundation for achieving high-temperature superconductivity in carbon-based materials.


Since 1996 a team from Victoria University, in collaboration with the NSN, has worked with teachers from schools in Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia to research school restructuring. Developing approaches to practitioner research which have engaged teachers in data collection, analysis and the generation of findings has been the methodological advance made by research. The main research finding is an extended and complex elaboration of the nature of authentic teaching and learning practices. These authentic teaching and learning practices are associated with particular conditions of organisational time and space formed when teachers engage in collaborative and reflective inquiry into students and their learning. The paper will conclude with a discussion of the pedagogical and organisational consequences which have emerged from this study of school restructuring.


BACKGROUND
Sympathetic system involvement in postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) has been targeted using peripheral sympathetic nerve blocks for a number of years with variable efficacy. The aim of this report is to present the outcomes of PHN management with concomitant use of pharmacological treatment and sympathetic nerve blocks.

METHODS
We retrospectively evaluated clinical data on 563 patients with PHN symptoms treated in the pain clinic and identified cases in which sympathetic nerve blocks were implemented in the years 1992-2010. A Numeric Rating Scale was used as a pain severity assessment, with a reduction to values under 3 considered a positive therapy result. Three time intervals were considered: years 1992-1997 (I), 1998-2002 (II) and 2003-2010 (III).

RESULTS
In group I, 27% of patients had poor treatment results, while in group II, the failure rate dropped to 18%. The same 18% failure rate was observed in group III as well. Treatment introduced early yielded the best results, but there was no difference among groups with a similar duration from herpes zoster onset to treatment commencement in the time periods assessed; however, from 1998 onward, the same rate of poor outcomes was also noted in the groups who started the sympathetic blockade, which aided pain clinic treatment up to 3 months and between 3 and 6 months from the onset of herpes zoster.

CONCLUSION
Major progress in the pharmacological treatment of PHN appears to be an obvious factor contributing to the overall improvement in PHN management (introduction of gabapentin). Nevertheless, safely administered regional anaesthesia techniques, although performed in a very similar manner for many years, appear to provide some support as part of a multimodal approach to PHN management.


We consider in this paper the gas dynamic field associated with liquid-vapour phase change between two parallel liquid surfaces. The full nonlinear equations for a compressible, viscous, heat conducting gas are considered with no limitations on the Mach number. First the inviscid problem is formulated and the exact solutions found for the temperature and velocity fields. While these solutions are qualitatively similar to those found using linearized analyses significant quantitative differences exist, especially at higher mass fluxes. Next the nonlinear, viscous field is obtained for a vapour with a Prandtl number of 0.75, as the equations simplify for this case. The results obtained show dramatic departures from the inviscid solutions: the temperature profiles, which may no longer be monotonic, can manifest both undershoots and overshoots. Cases exist, whose relevance to the phase change problem is yet to be established, where the overshoot is many times the applied temperature difference. Asymptotic solutions are also developed for small and large values of the height parameter §/H which show interesting features; for small heights the temperature profile is, surprisingly, quadratic in y while for large heights the flow field is uniform with boundary layers at both surfaces. The restriction on the Prandtl number is then removed. The solutions for arbitrary Prandtl number are shown to merge smoothly to the appropriate inviscid solution as Pr-> 0. These solutions also show that Pr= 3/4 is a very good approximation for most gases and vapours of interest. The remarkable predictions that have been made here show that the role of viscosity in the gas dynamic field in liquid vapour phase change has so far been vastly underestimated. The present results will necessitate serious rethinking on the inviscid, linearized theoretical framework that has so far, by and large, been used. These results will also have a serious bearing on any future experimental investigations of the phenomenon.


This paper introduces the concept of Multi-sensor image fusion technique for impulse noise reduction in digital images. Image fusion is the process of combining two or more images into a single image while retaining the important features of each image. Multiple sensor image fusion is an important technique used in military, remote sensing and medical applications. The images captured by five different sensors undergo filtering using five different vector median filtering algorithms and the filtered images are fused into a single image, which combines the uncorrupted pixels from each one of the filtered image. The fusion algorithm is based on quality assessment of the spatial domain from the individual de-noised images. The performance evaluation of our algorithm is evaluated using PSNR between original image and individually filtered and the fused image. Experimental results show that this fusion algorithm produce a high quality image compared to individually de-noised images.


We consider the (one-dimensional) array counterpart of contextual as well as insertion and deletion string grammars and consider the operations of array insertion and deletion in array grammars. First we show that the emptiness problem for P systems with (one-dimensional) insertion rules is undecidable. Then we show computational completeness of P systems using (one-dimensional) array insertion and deletion rules even of norm one only. The main result of the paper exhibits computational completeness of one-dimensional array grammars using array insertion and deletion rules of norm at most two.


Correlated photon pairs at 1.5μm are generated in a silicon wire waveguide (SWW) with a length of only 1.6mm. Experimental results show that the single-side count rates on both sides increase quadratically with pump light, indicating that photons are generated from the spontaneous four-wave mixing (SFWM) processes. The quantum correlation property of the generated photons is demonstrated by the ratio between coincident and accidental coincident count rates. The highest ratio measured at room temperature is to be about 19, showing that generated photon pairs have strong quantum correlation property and low noise. What is more, the wavelength correlation property of the coincident count is also measured to demonstrate the correlated photon pair generation. The experimental results demonstrate that SWWs have great potential in on-chip integrated low-noise correlated photon pair sources at 1.5 μm.


Mobile phones serve as platforms for a variety of mobile applications including text and picture messaging as well as personal information management, including data synchronization with remote servers and desktop computers. They also host a range of communication-centered applications most of which have real-time constraints. To improve the performance of the mobile phone software, we focused on the runtime software architecture - a partition of all software functions into concurrent units and a scheduling policy that delivers the best possible service to the user with available resources. The units of concurrency in most products are operating system tasks. Thus, partition of software into tasks and allocation of functionality to tasks in the form of objects or functions are the most important decisions in the design of the runtime architecture (Ran et al., 2003). In this paper, we focus on the scheduling policy and its parameters. Some problems encountered in our project can be solved by a different task design. However, task redesign often is not feasible in industrial setting since it takes a long time and has high costs.


We consider multihop networks serving multiple flows in which packets have hard deadlines. Packets not delivered to their destinations by their deadlines are of no value. The throughput of packets delivered within their deadlines is called the timely throughput. We address the design of packet scheduling, transmit power control, and routing policies that maximize any specified weighted average of the timely throughputs of the multiple flows. We determine a tractable linear program (LP) whose solution yields an optimal routing, scheduling, and power control policy, when nodes have average-power constraints. The optimal policy is fully decentralized, with decisions regarding any packet's transmission scheduling, transmit power level, and routing, based solely on the age and location of that packet. No knowledge of states of any other packets in the network is needed. This resolves a fundamental obstacle that arises whenever one attempts to optimally schedule networks. The number of variables in the LP is bounded by the product of the square of the number of nodes, the number of flows, the maximum relative deadline, and the number of transmit power levels. This solution is obtained from decomposition of the Lagrangian of the constrained Markov decision process describing the complete network state. Global coordination is achieved through a price for energy usage paid by a packet each time that its transmission is attempted at a node. It is fundamentally different from the decomposition of the fluid model used to derive the backpressure policy, which is throughput optimal when packets have no deadlines, where prices are related to queue lengths. If nodes instead have peak-power constraints, then a decentralized policy obtained by simple truncation is near optimal as link capacities increase in a proportional way.


This article critically examines the traditional American assumption that split ticket voting represents an indicator of partisan dysfunction and dealignment. It is argued that this assumption ignores the impact of system‐specific voting structures on voting patterns. Thus, we propose alternatively to explore ticket spitting in Australia, where a system of preferential vote and proportional representation creates very different structural opportunities for voters to pursue tactical votes that need not engender dealignment. Aggregate and survey data from the 1987 and 1990 federal elections are analysed. Aggregate results show a general upturn in voting consistent with tactical voting, while survey results suggest Australian ticket splitters are a tactically aware, politically interested subset who, in the context of wavering, but not supplanted partisanship, utilise especially Senate minor party votes to put a brake on major party hegemony.


Relevance. Most of the victims of road accidents die prior to the arrival of medical staff, therefore, providing first aid to injured people in the first minutes after receiving injuries is very important for saving human life and health. Timely and skillful provision of first aid to victims of road accidents prevents further deterioration of the state of the human body and can positively affect the entire process of its further treatment and rehabilitation.Aim of study. To characterize the delivery of first aid to victims of road traffic accidents at the present stage and to outline possible ways for its improvement.Material and methods. To achieve this goal, an analysis was made of the results of domestic and foreign scientific research and regulatory legal acts on the issue of providing first aid to victims of road accidents. The literature search was carried out in specialized scientific search engines eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus using the keywords: first aid, prehospital stage, road traffic injuries, road traffic accidents. For the analysis, scientific articles published between 1980 and 2020 were selected. Resources with outdated or inaccurate information were excluded, some scientific papers were found by links to articles. The state of the problem of providing first aid to victims of road traffic injuries, for the most part, reflects scientific publications over the past ten years.


Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.
 George Santayana
 The Life of Reason
 Sodium bicarbonate has long been used in neonatal resuscitation, and recommendations for its use are currently included in guidelines issued as a part of a national program to improve neonatal resuscitation.1 Given our relatively long experience using sodium bicarbonate in neonatal resuscitation, one might assume that the early experimental data on which usage was predicated were extensive and compelling and that modern data continue to support its use.
 Sodium bicarbonate was first commercially produced in the late 1950s, and soon thereafter, its use in premature neonates became commonplace, not for treating neonatal asphyxia per se, but rather as a therapy designed to prevent azotemia, hypoglycemia, and elevations in serum potassium levels as well as for correcting metabolic acidosis (the socalled Usher regimen).2


A transport analysis of the different kinds of heat pulses in JET L and H mode discharges has been made. These discharges include L-H transitions, sawtooth crashes, cold pulses initiated by the impurity ablation and giant edge localized modes (ELMs). Analysis of experiments shows that all cold pulses initiated near the separatrix propagate inward on a time-scale that is much shorter than the characteristic energy confinement time. On the other hand, outward propagation of the sawtooth heat pulse, if it is not influenced by the short lived ballistic effect, can be easily described by the usual diffusive model. Two mechanisms of very fast propagation of the heat pulses have been tested. One is based on the assumption that plasma turbulence due to either toroidal or non-linear effects generates very long correlated structures across the magnetic field. In this case, the information about a sudden change of the turbulence induced transport coefficients propagates along the radius with the group velocity of the unstable oscillations. The second mechanism is based on the idea of critical marginality, which implies the existence of a finite threshold in T* for the excitation of the turbulence. If the thermal conductivity is sufficiently large above the threshold, the temperature profile will adjust in such a way as to be close to marginal stability almost everywhere. Numerical analysis of the above mentioned heat pulses leads to the conclusion that although the critical marginality models can reproduce some of the features of the global and local transport they, unlike the global model, fail to reproduce the asymmetry in the time-scales observed during transient phenomena


Introduction. The problem of the development of reflexive abilities in the process of professional training of a teacher is relevant in view of the formation of the student's subjective position as one of the significant results of learning at a university. Of particular research interest is the study of the influence of the development of professional intelligence on the reflective abilities of students – future elementary school teachers. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of the process of vocational training on the development of reflective and cognitive abilities of students – future primary school teachers. Materials and methods. The sample of the study consisted of 104 students of the Pedagogical University studying in the field of "Primary Education". Reflective abilities were assessed by the test of reflection of V.D. Shadrikov, S.S. Kurginyan. Intellectual abilities were measured using R. Amthauer intelligence structure test. The data were analyzed by methods of primary descriptive statistics, non-parametric U-Mann-Whitney comparison test, linear and rank correlation methods of r-Pearson and r-Spearman. The results of the study. The partial nature of the development of the parameters of reflection of activity has been established, which is manifested in the fact that different tasks of vocational training require the intensification of individual reflexive abilities. The beginning of vocational training (1st year) is associated with a more intense reflection of motivation and goal setting, which is explained by the need to correlate expectations with the real conditions of study at a university; inclusion in a long and intensive pedagogical practice (3rd year) actualizes the reflection of the subject and subjective conditions of activity, as well as ways to solve pedagogical situations. A contradiction was found between the growth in the level of intellectual abilities during the learning process and the decrease in the reflection of educational and professional activities – about 80% of significant correlations between the parameters of intelligence and reflection are negative. This indicates both the specifics of the professional training of a primary school teacher and the need to reduce the volume of reproductive work in the process of educational and professional activities. Conclusion. The results of the study are of great practical importance for organizing and improving the process of professional training of students – future primary school teachers. The strategy for the formation of reflexive abilities should be non-linear, taking into account not only the individual characteristics of the student, but also the specifics of the tasks solved at different stages of professional training.


Ranging from photojournalism to landscape photography from the late 1980s to the present, this article studies the ways in which Israeli still art photography has engaged politically with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Following historical contextualization of the emergence of critical engagement in the late 1980s and the iconography of the conflict during the first Intifada, and after introducing notions from the sociology of critique, the article uses distinctions made by art photographers in classifying themselves and their peers and identifies two contrasting poles that mark the extremities of the field. Based on the understanding of the distinctness of photography as a medium with regard to the ways the photographer draws on signs from reality, the article characterizes the two modes of engagement as "indirect" or "direct." The indirect mode is metaphorical, evading the easily identifiable iconography of the conflict; the direct mode focuses on its already visually fixed expressions in order to place its image before the eyes of viewers. The article then illustrates both modes with photographers who consistently pursue either a direct or an indirect mode of engagement and argues for a close relationship between each of the two modes and a distinct conception of politically engaged photographic critique. The article argues that the two modes differ both in terms of their conception of photography and with regard to their conception of politics and political education. Without ignoring ambivalence, which is built into the medium of photography, or the ambiguities built into any attempt of classification, the aim of the article, ultimately, is to bring to the surface the contrasting foundations of the two modes and the methods of engagement to which they are tied.


The purpose of this paper is to describe the compliance of adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and some factors connected to compliance. Three hundred individuals aged 13–17 years were randomly selected from the Finnish Social Insurance Institution's register. The questionnaires were sent to the adolescents selected from the register, to be returned directly to the researcher in a self-addressed envelope. Ninety-one percent (n = 274) returned the questionnaire. Response rate was 91%. The data were analysed using the SPSS software. Frequencies and descriptive statistics were computed. The relationship between the variables was analyzed by cross-tabulation, and the significances were tested with the chi-squared test. Eleven percent of the adolescents with JRA felt that they complied fully with the health regimens, 42% placed themselves in the category of satisfactory compliance and the remaining 18% reported poor compliance. The lowest level of compliance was with medication; only 3% showed good compliance. The highest degree of compliance was observed for control visits to doctors or nurses. Variables such as exercise and smoking had statistically significant connections to compliance (P < 0.001). Good motivation; experience of results; a strong sense of normality; energy and willpower; support from the parents, physicians and nurses; a positive attitude towards the disease and treatment; no threat to social, physical and emotional well-being; and no fears of complications or uncontrolled pain explained good compliance (P < 0.001).


A theoretical basis for the integration method of predicting the strength of insulation subjected to impulses of nonstandard wave shapes is presented. Two theoretical approaches are developed for a general physical model of impulse breakdown applicable to gaseous, liquid, and solid insulation, and from an energy-balance model applied to an incipient breakdown channel in a general dielectric. It is therefore not surprising to find that the integration method is reasonably successful as a tool for predicting nonstandard wave-shape insulation strengths, using as input the data derived from tests with standard-wave-shape impulses. Numerical results are presented that provide an understanding of the shape of volt-time curves. An energy balance model has also been used to derive the resistance of the channel after breakdown has occurred. >


Soybean breeders need to evaluate alternative strategies for increasing yield, protein, and oil content. The correlated response for yield when selection is conducted for increased protein among unreplicated plant rows is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate selection for increased protein content at an intensity of 50% using unreplicated plots to determine the correlated response for yield, gross value per hectare, oil content, and the direct response for protein content. Ten populations that included 30 lines each were evaluated for yield, protein, and oil content at each of seven environments. Lines were selected solely for high protein content with one replicate at each of three selection environments and based on the average of two replicate in three selection environments. Additionally, selection was conducted on the basis of the population mean in the selection environment(s). Selected and unselected lines were evaluated in four validation environments that were not the same as the selection environments. Selection among individual lines solely for increased protein content decreased yield 70 kg ha -1 and increased protein content 7 g kg -1 , when lines were selected on the basis of the mean of two replicates and three environments. Selection among populations for increased protein content, decreased yield 110 kg ha -1 and increased protein content 5 g kg when selection was based on the population mean averaged across two replicates and three environments. On average, selection for increased protein content resulted in decreased yield.


OBJECTIVE
Antileukoproteinase (ALP) is a physiologic inhibitor of granulocytic serine proteases. The present study was undertaken to investigate its therapeutic benefit in an antibody-transfer model of erosive polyarthritis and to elucidate its potential to interfere with immune complex-dependent inflammatory pathways.

METHODS
Arthritis development was induced in male (BALB/c x B10.Q)F(1) mice by intravenous injection of two monoclonal antibodies specific for type II collagen and was quantified by clinical scoring and histopathology. Arthritis severity was assessed in a cohort of mice under systemic treatment with recombinant human ALP (daily doses of 0.1 mg for 5 days starting immediately after disease induction) in comparison with untreated controls. Concomitantly, functional assays (phagocytosis, oxidative burst, fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of integrin expression) were performed on neutrophils upon in vitro stimulation by IgG-coated latex beads.

RESULTS
ALP treatment reduced arthritis incidence and severity and had a protective effect against cartilage and bone erosion. ALP inhibited the conversion of the leukocyte beta2 integrins into an active conformation upon Fc receptor stimulation of granulocytes. ALP bound to the actin-bundling protein L-plastin and down-modulated filamentous actin assembly in response to stimulation with IgG-coated latex beads in granulocytes. ALP exerted additional inhibitory effects on neutrophil functions associated with cytoskeletal reorganization, such as phagocytosis and oxidative burst.

CONCLUSION
In addition to its antiprotease activity, ALP exerts a variety of blocking effects on neutrophil functions, probably due to modulation of cytoskeletal changes, that may contribute to this inhibitor's antiarthritis potential and qualify it as a multifunctional regulator of inflammatory responses.


Hypoxia is known to act as a selective pressure in the tumor microenvironment, often resulting in sub-populations of cells that have a propensity for more aggressive behaviour. More recently, Runx2 (an osteogenic transcription factor) has been associated with tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Previous results in our laboratory have indicated that hypoxia selects for more invasive, apoptosis-resistant prostate cancer cells. Microarray analysis revealed that both Runx2 and Bcl-2 (an anti-apoptotic protein) were up-regulated in the hypoxia-selected cells (Butterworth et al, 2008). Bcl-2 is known to be up-regulated in various malignancies, and is associated with more aggressive disease and resistance to chemotherapy. Subsequent analysis of the Bcl-2 promoter revealed two binding sites for Runx2. In the current study we confirmed regulation of Bcl-2 by Runx2 though ChIP binding and reporter assays in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Runx2 over-expressing LNCaP cells showed increased cell viability which was inhibited by Runx2 siRNA knockdown. A variety of assays demonstrated that Runx2 over-expressing cells were more resistant to apoptosis than controls. We further addressed the effect of hypoxia on Runx2 expression and the potential role Runx2 might play in the regulation of Bcl-2 expression and thus apoptosis in prostate cancer. When LNCaP cells were exposed to hypoxia, both Runx2 and Bcl-2 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased over oxic controls. In a separate in vivo study, treatment of LNCaP tumors grown on the backs of immuno-compromised mice with the anti-androgen bicalutamide resulted in a profound decrease in tumor oxygenation during the first 14 days. Over the following 14 days, oxygen levels gradually increased. Further investigation of the excised tumors showed an increase in Runx2 mRNA levels from day 7, which was further confirmed by western and immunohistochemical analyses. In summary, this study shows that hypoxia promotes over-expression of Runx2 in prostate cancer cells. The cells exhibit a survival advantage through up-regulation of Bcl-2 leading to apoptosis resistance. These results, taken together with the in vivo data, suggest that Runx2 expression (either through microenvironmental pressures or ectopic expression) promotes progression to a more apoptosis-resistant and thus malignant phenotype, highlighting Runx2 as a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4009. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-4009


Some new 3,4-disubstituted pyrroles and pyrazoles w ere prepared from the synthetic intermediate (E)-1- (4-(m- chlorobenzyloxy)-3-methoxyphenyl)-3-(4-aryl)prop-2- en-1-one on treatment with tosylmethyl isocyanide a nd diazomethane. All the target compounds were evaluat ed for antimicrobial activity. The chloro substitut ed pyrroles and pyrazoles ( 5c , 7c ) exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity parti cularly against S. aureus and P. chrysogenum


Online privacy notices are intended to promote consumer choice and reduce the risks of disclosing personal information online. However, these effects result only if consumers read and use the information contained in the notices. This study used an online survey of 2,468 U.S. adult Internet users to investigate why online consumers read privacy notices across a variety of situations. We found that reading is related to concern for privacy, positive perceptions about notice comprehension, and higher levels of trust in the notice. This suggests that effective privacy notices serve an important function in addressing risk issues related to e-commerce. We further found that reading privacy notices is only one element in an overall strategy consumers use to manage the risks of disclosing personal information online.


In this essay, I discuss formalist and finitist aspects of Hilbert's proof-theoretic programme in the 1920s and 1930s. I begin by pointing out some difficulties arising from his construction of intuitive number theory in his first paper on metamathematics in the 1920s and by characterizing the nature of his metamathematics. In what follows, I argue thatHilbert's paradigm of a transfinite axiom as well as the other "ordinary" transfinite axioms derivable from it fail to supply any formal explication of the term "infinite" or "transfinite". On the one hand, Hilbert regards both the mathematical and the logical signs as detached from all meaning once the process of formalization of contentual mathematics has been completely carried out. On the other hand, there are several places where he characterizes the finitary or real sentences of the language of formalized arithmetic, in contrast to its transfinite or ideal sentences, expressly as meaningful. I make a proposal to explain why for Hilbert it might still be of interest to be able to rely on meaningful sentences in the language of formalized arithmetic. In section 5, I critically discuss several aspects in Hilbert and Bernays's extension of the finitist point of view in the second volume of  Foundations of Mathematics (1939). In section 6, I argue that by appreciating the distinctive character of the notion of an "approximative" consistency proof we can make good sense of the nature of the consistency proofs that Hilbert outlines both in his classical papers on proof theory in the 1920s and in the first volume of  Foundations of Mathematics  (1934) . I further argue that a weak version of Hilbert's programme is compatible with Godel's second incompleteness theorem by using only what are clearly natural provability predicates.


The fluorescence characteristics of 8-anilino-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) coupled to apohemoglobin and to apohemoglobin labeled with fluorescein iodoacetamide (FIA) at beta-93 have been compared. The quenching of emission of ANS produced by FIA was measured both with steady-state and with time-resolved techniques. In this system the emission of ANS in the beta-heme pockets was totally quenched by FIA at beta-93. Steady-state measurements indicated a 57% efficiency of energy transfer between ANS in the alpha-heme pockets and FIA at beta-93. Time resolution showed that the initial (unquenched) lifetime of ANS was 18.2 ns. In the presence of FIA two new components were generated with lifetimes of 2.0 and 6.6 ns. Assuming a random orientation of the probes, the distances inferred from these measurements were near 4.6 and 3.6 nm for the time-resolved and near 48 A for the steady-state measurements. In the tridimensional model of hemoglobin the distance between the iron atom of the alpha 1 chains and the SH group of the beta 1 chains at position 93 is 3.6 nm in oxyhemoglobin and 4.1 nm in deoxyhemoglobin. To these distances 0.5-1.0 nm may be added to allow for the dimensions of the probes. Thus it appears that removal of the heme fails to produce any important enlargement of the molecule. On the contrary, the data suggest a slight shrinking of apohemoglobin, which may be consistent with a collapse of the heme pocket when heme is removed. The rest of the molecule does not seem to be greatly affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


Understanding the patterning of near bed flow around an obstacle is the first step towards understanding the processes that control the depth and extent of any resulting scour. Both newly collected and previously published data are used to describe flow patterning around a wide variety of 3D obstacles in unidirectional flow. The extent, location and asymmetry of wake features are shown to vary considerably with obstacle size, shape and orientation. The along flow extent of affected flow regions is also shown to scale with the Reynolds number, up to a critical value (Re?10^4), with implications when modelling flow interaction and hence scour at small scales in the laboratory.