We analyze precipitating electron fluxes connected to 18 crossings of Io's footprint tail aurora, over altitudes of 0.15 to 1.1 Jovian radii (RJ). The strength of precipitating electron fluxes is dominantly organized by "Io‐Alfvén tail distance," the angle along Io's orbit between Io and an Alfvén wave trajectory connected to the tail aurora. These fluxes best fit an exponential as a function of down‐tail extent with an e‐folding distance of 21°. The acceleration region altitude likely increases down‐tail, and the majority of parallel electron acceleration sustaining the tail aurora occurs above 1 RJ in altitude. We do not find a correlation between the tail fluxes and the power of the initial Alfvén wave launched from Io. Finally, Juno has likely transited Io's Main Alfvén Wing fluxtube, observing a characteristically distinct signature with precipitating electron fluxes ~600 mW/m2 and an acceleration region extending as low as 0.4 RJ in altitude.


Funding for health care programs has over the years been an important challenge for health and health care services. However with the advent of financing, part of this problem was resolved. Through these investments, lives were saved, many destinies recovered and some obsolete systems reengineered. Major proofs of these expenditures are number of people reached and sometimes number of sites opened/supported, which in several cases, are not entirely verifiable. Sustainable development from these funds is limited, and far and in between. This is despite the fact that supports for health care and health care services have been ongoing for more than 60 years. As long as these funds are seen as aids to developing countries, they will continue to fail to achieve their primary objectives. But looking at these as investments in supported countries will significantly improve the outcome, health system impacts, as well as engineer sustainable health system strengthening and improvement. Such a re-branding will reduce the politics of support, improve effectiveness and efficiency in the use of the resources, and empower receiving nations towards better health systems.


Abstract It has often been observed that the emergence of states in a region is typically preceded by an earlier transition to agricultural production. Using new data on the date of first state emergence within contemporary countries, we present a global scale analysis of the chronological relationship between the transition to agriculture and the subsequent emergence of states. We find statistically significant relationships between early reliance on agriculture and state age in all sub-samples and also when we use alternative sources of data at different levels of geographical aggregation. A one millennium earlier transition to agriculture among non-pristine states predicts a 317-430 year earlier state emergence. We uncover differences in cases where states were imposed from outside or when they emerged through internal origination. The agriculture-state lag is on average 3.1 millennia in internally originated (including pristine) states, and 2.7 millennia in externally originated states. We also explore some of the mechanisms through which agriculture is believed to have influenced the emergence of states. Our results indicate that the rise of social classes was often an intermediate step towards the presence of early states.


Abstract Population genomic analyses of high-altitude humans and other vertebrates have identified numerous candidate genes for hypoxia adaptation, and the physiological pathways implicated by such analyses suggest testable hypotheses about underlying mechanisms. Studies of highland natives that integrate genomic data with experimental measures of physiological performance capacities and subordinate traits are revealing associations between genotypes (e.g., hypoxia-inducible factor gene variants) and hypoxia-responsive phenotypes. The subsequent search for causal mechanisms is complicated by the fact that observed genotypic associations with hypoxia-induced phenotypes may reflect second-order consequences of selection-mediated changes in other (unmeasured) traits that are coupled with the focal trait via feedback regulation. Manipulative experiments to decipher circuits of feedback control and patterns of phenotypic integration can help identify causal relationships that underlie observed genotype–phenotype associations. Such experiments are critical for correct inferences about phenotypic targets of selection and mechanisms of adaptation.


The Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Dehsard mafic volcanic rocks crop out in the southeastern Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (SSZ), composed primarily of basalts and basaltic andesite with subordinate dolerite. They are influenced to some degree by hydrothermal alteration under zeolite-greenschist facies. Using fairly immobile trace elements, the mafic volcanic rocks show subalkaline (tholeiitic) affinities. They commonly have similar designs with somewhat strong enrichment in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large ion lithophile elements (LILEs) and depletion in high field strength elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti) and nearly flat heavy rare earth element (HREE) patterns. The negligible or absence of negative Eu anomalies indicate that plagioclase played an insignificant role during magma evolution. The low La/Nb (1.03-2.31) and Nb/Y (0.12-0.46) ratios, relatively high Zr/Y (4.03-8.18) and Th/Ta (2.25- 9.64) ratios, steady enhanced normalized patterns, and moderate La/Nb ratios hint at an island arc and most likely a back-arc basin environment for the formation of Dehsard mafic volcanic rocks. The arc magma resulted from partial melting of depleted mantle source that experienced assimilation and fractional crystallization and was enhanced by melts of subducted sediments or contribution of slabderived fluids in an intraoceanic subduction environment in the Neo-Tethyan Ocean. Therefore, the presence of an island arc setting (Dehsard island arc) must be investigated in the south of the SSZ prior to the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous as the Neo-Tethys oceanic crust was subducting north beneath the southern margin of the Central Iranian Microcontinents. The later collision of the arc with SSZ led to tectonic proximity of the Dehsard mafic volcanic rocks to SSZ components.


By attaching a rotating collimator and a table with a top moving in a circular motion to an Anger scintillation camera, four tomographic images can be obtained simultaneously using a modified CRT display. The device exhibits essentially the same resolution and sensitivity as a normal camera, depending on the particular collimator used. The tomographic effect is sufficient to determine clearly the depth of an object within 2.5 cm for objects with sharp outlines. A rotational speed of up to 2 revolutions per minute, which should not cause any patient discomfort, allows tomographic scintiphotos to be taken in as little as 30 seconds. Since the table and collimator can be removed in a few minutes, the camera can be used interchangeably either in its normal mode, or as a tomographic camera.


Changes in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) levels in the brain and various segments of the spinal cord of birds fed subchronic repeated oral doses of 0-(4-bromo-2,5 dichlorophenyl) 0-methyl phenylphosphonothioate, (leptophos, 15 mg/kg/day) is reported. The effect of leptophos on the histological structure of the spinal cord has also been described. Three birds each of four groups tested were sacrificed 7, 14, 21 and 35 days after treatment. AChE levels in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar cord were depressed from 29%-33% after 7 days to 34%-56% after 14 days of leptophos administration. This was followed by a gradual recovery at 21 days post treatment with a further decrease (23%-48%) at 35 days post treatment. Similar decreases in brain AChE levels were also observed. Spinal cord lesions in the cervical and thoracic segments were restricted to the anterior and lateral columns, while lumbar cord lesions were restricted to the anterior column. It is concluded that routine histopathology correlated with AChE levels in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar sections of the spinal cord may be useful in monitoring the onset of clinical neuropathy in laboratory animals fed prolonged subacute doses of neurotoxicants.


Abstract The jump performance of ten youth soccer players (mean age 15.8 years, s = 0.4) was assessed before and after 42 min of soccer-specific exercise performed on a non-motorized treadmill. A squat, countermovement, and drop jump were performed on a force platform and simultaneously surface EMG activity of four lower limb muscles was collected. Jump height deteriorated across all conditions with mean reductions of −1.4 cm (s = 1.6; P < 0.05), −3.0 cm (s = 2.9; P < 0.05), and −2.3 cm (s = 1.7; P < 0.01) in the squat, countermovement, and drop jump respectively. The impact force in the drop jump was the only force variable to show a significant change with fatigue (P < 0.05). Following the prolonged exercise, reductions in total muscle activity were non-significant for the squat jump, approached significance for the countermovement jump (P = 0.07), and achieved significance for the drop jump (P < 0.05). The results showed that completing soccer-specific exercise reduced performance in all jump tasks. Reductions in muscle activity were greatest for the drop jump, suggesting an influence of muscle stretch and loading on reduced muscle activity when fatigued.


Summary form only given. Holographic data storage offers the potential of extremely high storage densities and high data transfer rates. The search for read-write storage systems based on the photorefractive effect has been limited by the availability of materials that combine good optical quality, high sensitivity and index modulation, long dark lifetime and/or viable fixing mechanisms. Organic photorefractive materials have been the subject of great interest during the past several years, but experiments involving practical data storage schemes have not been reported. We describe the results of recent investigations into high-density digital data storage in photorefractive polymer materials.


Abstract Background: The presentation of vocal fold palsy with associated goitre has historically been considered to be due to malignancy with recurrent laryngeal nerve involvement. Method: In total, 830 consecutive patients who underwent thyroid surgery were reviewed. Patients with vocal fold paralysis and thyroid disease were examined to determine the aetiology of the paralysis. Results: Nine patients were identified with new onset vocal fold paralysis prior to thyroid surgery. Six of the patients with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis had benign thyroid disease, and for three of the patients the paralysis was secondary to malignancy. Conclusion: Recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis in the presence of thyroid disease is not pathognomonic for malignancy. The current literature may underestimate the association between vocal fold paralysis and benign thyroid disease. The paper also highlights the importance of recurrent laryngeal nerve preservation in patients who present with palsy and thyroid disease; the relief of benign compression often leads to complete recovery of recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis.


The article focus on the phenomena of the 'radical change' (transformation) brought by new ICT technologies, associated with the information and communication revolution, both on the level of the collective: bringing disruptive changes within economic, social and cultural sphere, and on the level of the individual, evoking fundamental, yet subtle, changes within our psyche impacting our identity (ies). The multiple scientific discourses, when analyzing the impact of new technologies, usually focus on changes in the economic, social or cultural sphere, defining them within the context of its semantic field (resulting different explanatory models built around different theoretical concepts, together with the accompanying different methodology). The main hypothesis of the 'radical change' (transformation) brought by new technologies, usually described in reference to new paradigm change, refers to constantly increasing impact (direct mediation) of ICT technologies in almost all spheres of our lives: social, economical and cultural, but hardly ever discuss the extremely subtle reconfiguration of our psychological space made under the influence of new technologies. As such the article focuses mainly the impact of new technologies upon the psyche and post-modern identity, trying to fully grasp and understand both the visible (direct) and the invisible (subtle) changes, from the perspective of psychological approach, with special reference to Jung's analytical psychology. The core element (novelty) is the attempt to fully grasp (understand) the phenomena of moving (living) 'in between' real and virtual (identity/ environment), mainly from the point view (implications) of psychological as well as philosophical (ontological), not as in majority of cases ( discourses) from the technological, economical, sociological perspective. Cultural anthropology evokes the concept of liminality to denominate the boundaries between two different states : functioning within the existing normative (institutional) governance and stepping outside or aside of it, meaning suspension of the existing norms and standards (and break in or pause within the existing culture). The post-modern individual is somehow forced to move 'in between' and experience two different environments simultaneously the physical environment, embedded in real space and time continuum, where we live at the very moment and digital environment created by new technologies (virtual and/or digital space). As such this continuous transition from reality to virtuality evokes the characteristics (attributes) of the liminal World Scientific News 78 (2017) 41-57 -42experience. Critical analysis of the defined phenomena implies the need of interdisciplinary approach based on the comparative methodology, both from the point view of theoretical discourses as well as more empirical approach, based mainly on the interdisciplinary approach of Jungian Analytical Psychology, as the outlined theme moves 'in between' new technologies, culture (as well as economy or social science) and psychology.


The adoption of and adherence to object-oriented design and programming principles have allowed the software industry to create applications of ever-increasing complexity. A concomitant need arises for strategies to identify, manage, and, wherever possible, reduce this software complexity. One such strategy is the systematic collection, interpretation, and analysis of software metrics, mappings from software objects or constructs to sets of numerical features that quantify relevant software attributes. We describe a novel approach that employs various graph theoretic algorithms to analyze the higher level, application-wide class relationship graphs that emerge from object-oriented software. In addition to the software's overall inheritance tree characteristics, these algorithms will use metrics that reflect information on the import and export coupling of class-attribute and classmethod relationships. Further, we incorporate information relating to the response sets for each object in the software, that is, the number of methods that can be executed in response to messages being received by objects.


Pairwise models are commonly used to describe many-species communities. In these models, an individual receives additive fitness effects from pairwise interactions with each species in the community ('additivity assumption'). All pairwise interactions are typically represented by a single equation where parameters reflect signs and strengths of fitness effects ('universality assumption'). Here, we show that a single equation fails to qualitatively capture diverse pairwise microbial interactions. We build mechanistic reference models for two microbial species engaging in commonly-found chemical-mediated interactions, and attempt to derive pairwise models. Different equations are appropriate depending on whether a mediator is consumable or reusable, whether an interaction is mediated by one or more mediators, and sometimes even on quantitative details of the community (e.g. relative fitness of the two species, initial conditions). Our results, combined with potential violation of the additivity assumption in many-species communities, suggest that pairwise modeling will often fail to predict microbial dynamics. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.25051.001


Background Pneumolabyrinth is a rare inner ear clinical manifestation. To date, only about 50 cases have been reported—all as case reports. Consequently, the rate and clinical characteristics of pneumolabyrinth have not been evaluated. Methods Of the 38, 568 patients who visited our emergency department for head trauma, 466 underwent temporal bone computed tomography (CT). One hundred seventy-five patients had temporal bone fracture (13 bilateral temporal bone fractures; 188 ears with temporal bone fractures), and 14 patients had pneumolabyrinth (15 ears with pneumolabyrinth; 1 bilateral case). A retrospective review of their medical records and radiologic findings was performed. Temporal bone fractures were classified by two different systems: the traditional classification and an otic capsule–based classification. Results Pneumolabyrinth occurred in 8.0% of all temporal bone fractures, 4.0% of longitudinal temporal bone fractures, 16.1% of transverse or mixed temporal bone fractures, and 48.4% of otic capsule–violating temporal bone fractures. In all cases, pneumolabyrinth was found on CT, which was performed within 3 days, but not on follow-up CT performed 5 days or longer after head trauma. All patients complained of hearing loss and dizziness. Hearing in most patients (83.3%) did not improve, whereas dizziness improved in 91.7% of patients. Air was located only in the vestibule or semicircular canal in 53.3% and in the vestibular or semicircular canal and cochlea in 46.6% of ears with pneumolabyrinth. The initial hearing threshold and recovery rate using pure-tone audiometry were not different according to the air location in the inner ear. Conclusion Pneumolabyrinth was more common than expected; we believe that the timing of evaluation affects its rarity. Pneumolabyrinth was detected in nearly 50% of patients with otic capsule–violating temporal bone fractures when CT scanning was performed early after trauma.


Generalizing the mapping between the Potts model with nearest neighbour interaction and the six vertex model, we build a family of "fused Potts models" related to the spin k/2 Uqsu(2) invariant vertex model and quantum spin chain. These Potts models have still variables taking values 1, . . . , Q ( √ Q = q + q) but they have a set of complicated multi spin interactions. The general technique to compute these interactions, the resulting lattice geometry, symmetries, and the detailed examples of k = 2, 3 are given. For Q > 4 spontaneous magnetizations are computed on the integrable first order phase transition line, generalizing Baxter's results for k = 1. For Q ≤ 4, we discuss the full phase diagram of the spin one (k = 2) anisotropic and Uqsu(2) invariant quantum spin chain (it reduces in the limit Q = 4 (q = 1) to the much studied phase diagram of the isotropic spin one quantum spin chain). Several critical lines and massless phases are exhibited. The appropriate generalization of the Valence Bond State method of Affleck et al. is worked out. 1Work supported in part by DOE grant DE-AC02-76ERO3075 2Work supported in part by DOE contract DE-AC02-76ERO3075 and by the Packard foundation. Address after january 1993: Dept. of Physics and Dept. of Mathematics, USC, University Park, Los Angeles CA 90089


Peroneal spastic flat foot is most often caused by intertarsal fusions and of these the most important are medial talocalcaneal bridge and calcaneonavicular bar. In most cases the tarsal anomaly is easy to demonstrate by appropriate roentgenographic technique. Rudimentary forms of the medial talocalcaneal bridge are less easy to recognize because the roentgenographic findings are not quite so characteristic as is the case in complete medial talocalcaneal bridge. In such instances a medial operative approach will often demonstrate a rudimentary form of bridge.

More knowledge of this problem is still required. Every opportunity should be utilized to determine the exact cause in every case of peroneal spastic flat foot which comes to operation. If the lesion is medial talocalcaneal bridge, or one of its variants, the operations should be performed from the medial side to determine the exact nature of the lesions as well as to facilitate the corrections of the valgus deformity.


The COVID-19 pandemic has impacted how the construction industry operates around the world. To fight the risk of transmission, new health, safety, and environmental (HSE) protocols have been put in place. Among these protocols are social distancing and limiting the number of workers per area, where social distancing acts as a so-called protective bubble for each worker. Contractors are now required to attempt to achieve (and be prepared to keep) social distancing among their workers whenever needed and possible. Otherwise, they could be forced to halt operations due to having an unsafe environment. Accordingly, construction plans, and corresponding workspace assignments, should be revised in a four-dimensional (4D) environment to ensure fulfillment. Even after the end of this pandemic, the new HSE awareness achieved during this experiment is expected to reshape the so-called new normal of construction. Therefore, this paper presents a novel workspace simulation and management solution comprising a theoretical framework and a semiautomated tool to incorporate physical distancing during 4D planning. The semiautomated tool creates a 4D building information model, loaded with workspaces and social distance bubbles as stochastic variables, and utilizes Monte Carlo simulation to model uncertainties occurring onsite. The uncertainties considered are both temporal and spatial, i.e., changes in productivity and workspace sizes, respectively. This tool surpasses existing workspace management solutions in that (1) it has a schedule generation module to recompute schedule projections based on temporal uncertainties, (2) its workspace generation module can automatically create physical distance buffers around selected workspaces, as per site conditions, (3) its 4D simulation can realistically mimic the work progress on the site, and (4) its 4D clash detection module can smartly detect and report both soft and hard operational clashes. Additionally, the proposed analytics target three levels of clash resolution: site, workspace, and activity level. The framework and developed tool were tested against a residential building case study. Over the course of 155 days, 26 activities with 257 workspace assignments were examined. The proposed solution was able to capture the critical schedule duration (21 out of 155 days), the impactful 4D clashes (44 out of 2,900), and the activities involved in the most sever clashes (5 out of 26). Hence, the proposed method and the developed software tool will help planners/construction managers understand the space requirements for construction operations considering social distancing and other required safety buffering, identify critical spatiotemporal zones, and suggest resolution strategies for the resulting clashes based on the analytics. © 2022 American Society of Civil Engineers.


Among the carbon based nanostructured materials, Carbon Nanofibers (CNF) have got unique prominence since past decade due to excellent mechanical and electrical properties combined by their cheap and easy fabrication process. CNF with graphene layered structure were developed by electrospinning of PAN (Polyacrylonitrile) and subsequent post treatments under specialized conditions. The assembly of graphene layers in the form of patches on the CNF surface was examined by Raman spectroscopy and TEM. Structural changes of CNF under different temperatures from 800°C 1500°C in reducing atmosphere have been investigated. Crystallite size, ID/IG, and FWHM for D and G characteristic bands were evaluated via Raman peak fitting and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy. Results have shown that CNF carbonized at 1500°C with prior external straining (creep stress) applied during the oxidative stabilization process showed emergence of a symmetrical sharp 2D peak in Raman spectrum with I2D/IG ratio of nearly multi-layer graphene. High temperature heat treatment along with creep stress during the stabilization process results in transforming more of the amorphous carbon into the ordered graphitic domains, leading to assembly of graphene layers on carbon nanofiber surface.


It is a brand new attempt to examine the thoughts of the religious reformer Martin Luther and the Enlightenment thinker Rousseau from the grand vision of modernity. Although the ideological theories of the theologian Luther and the Enlightenment philosopher Rousseau are substantially different in terms of their own position and method, in the context of modernity, they two touch upon some key themes of the Enlightenment movement such as "reason", "nature", "autonomy", "freedom", "personality", "belief" and etc.,  and  have made a profound discussion. Meanwhile, they two have some reflective and critical insights into Enlightenment movement, which in turn provide useful enlightenment for thinking about the crisis of modernity in our times.


For graphs $H$ and $F$, let $\text{ex}(n,H,F)$ be the maximum possible number of copies of $H$ in an $F$-free graph on $n$ vertices. The study of this function, which generalizes the well-known Turan number of graphs, was systematically studied by Alon and Shikhelman recently. In this paper, we show that for any $m$ and $t\ge 2m-3\ge3$, \[\text{ex}(n,K_{m},K_{2,t})=\Theta(n^{\frac{3}{2}}).\] This result improves some results of Alon and Shikhelman (J. Combin. Theory Ser. B, 121:146-172, 2016). We also study the $k$-partite $K_{s,t}$-free graph, we show that for any $k\ge3$ and $t\ge(k-1)(s-1)!+1$, \[\text{ex}_{\chi\le k}(n,K_{s,t})\ge\frac{k-1}{2k}n^{2-1/s}+o(n^{2-1/s}).\] Moreover, we give a new construction of $3$-partite $K_{2,2t+1}$-free graphs with many edges.


In this note, we discuss some mathematical properties of Gamow vectors. We start with the definition and properties of the approximate Gamow vectors that are Hilbert space vectors with similar properties to Gamow vectors and are defined by integration over the Hamiltonian spectrum and not over the whole real line, as is the case with ordinary Gamow vectors. We also discuss some properties of Gamow dyads, which are density operators constructed with Gamow vectors.


Over the recent years, the vast variety of widely accessible cloud computing services along with the need to combine transportation services either from public or private providers, have led to the rise of the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept. The main feature of MaaS is that it gives users access to a set of heterogeneous transportation services from a single access point (i.e., an app). The ever-increasing adoption of MaaS by service providers introduces a variety of new business models and technologies that can successfully support the design and deployment of MaaS services. However, the outcome of this process depends on the definition of a data model for the transportation services, and its proper implementation that will ensure a seamless service provision within the MaaS platform. Towards this direction, this paper presents a definition of the transportation service data model suitable for a MaaS platform, as well as two different implementation approaches. In particular, a custom-design approach and an ontology-based approach are presented and compared with each other based on a set of key performance indicators (KPIs) such as code complexity, code maintainability, and performance. The two approaches were quantitatively compared using both artificially generated and real data derived from a 1 Corresponding author real-world MaaS platform, namely the one developed in the context of the H2020 European research project MyCorridor. The preliminary results present the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches for the implementation of the defined transportation service data model in the context of a real-world MaaS platform.


The first necessary step in researches to treat spinal cord injuries (SCI) is to understand complexities related to the neurophysiology and neurobiology changes of human SCI with stem cell therapy(SCT). The aim of this study is to identify these changes. The level of injuries is important in treatment and determination of this injury (whether it is complete, incomplete, or discomplete) is valuable too. Loss of all neurological functions affected by this injury and physiological or anatomical continuity of central nervous system tracts occur across this lesion. Obviously, a result that is achieved is that the maximum number of tracts can remain, be maintained, and increase in the acute phase of illness. Stimulating the axonal regeneration by neutralizing inhibitory factors, adding positive tropisms, and creating a permissive environment is suitable. Better results that had been obtained are achieved by filling gaps with peripheral nerve grafts or transplanting Schwann cells, and fibroblasts that genetic engineering has been done on them. Ability of poly potential cells to differentiate and create neural tissues is remarkable. The relatively good success in obtaining the proper repair for axons has been reported. However, this issue also should be considered that human spinal cord injuries have significant differences with spinal cord injuries in laboratory animals. In order to be successful in doing this research, the changes of human SCI must also be considered and the use of stem cells in treating human SCI must be performed due to these changes.


Conventional schemes of rollback recovery with checkpointing for concurrent processes have overlooked an important problem: contamination of checkpoints as a result of error propagation among the cooperating processes. Error propagation is unavoidable due to imperfect detection mechanisms and random interprocess communications, and it could give rise to contaminated checkpoints which, in turn, result in unsuccessful rollbacks. To counter the problem of error propagation, a damage assessment model is developed to estimate the correctness of saved checkpoints under various circumstances. Using the result of damage assessment, determination of the "optimal" checkpoints for rollback recovery-which minimize the average total recovery overhead-is formulated and solved as a nonlinear integer programming problem. Integration of damage assessment into existing recovery schemes is also discussed.


Introduction Adolescents overweight are rising in both developing and developed countries. Overweight and obese adolescents are more likely to become obese adults which stimulate the risk of Non-communicable diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and so on. Adolescence is the critical period for development of unhealthy life styles and food choices which increases the risk of NCDs. The loss of productivity, premature deaths and disability has been associated with NCDs at younger ages. This study focuses on identifying the prevalence and associated risk factors with adolescents overweight. Methods A school based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gokarneshwor municipality of Nepal. A random sample of 558 students aged 10-19 years from nine schools was included in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was filled out by the study participants. Anthropometric indices were measured and categorized using BMI for age Z-score. Descriptive statistics were carried out. Variables were considered for multivariable logistic regression if a Wald test p-value was ≤0.25 during bivariate logistic regression. The odds ratio with a 95% CI was calculated and a p-value of ≤0.05 was considered to declare the statistical significance of variables after fitting into the multivariable logistic regression. Results The prevalence of overweight among school adolescents was 17.9% (95% CI 14.7 to 21.1). The female adolescents were more likely to get overweight as compared to male adolescents (AOR 1.53, 95% CI 0.97 to 2.39). Similarly, the adolescents staying with more than four family members were less likely to get overweight as compared to their counterparts (AOR 0.57, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.95). There was no statistical significant association between adolescent overweight and age group, family type, school type, mothers' occupation or fruits consumption. Conclusion The study findings highlighted the accelerated increase in the prevalence of overweight among school adolescents in Nepal. Therefore, appropriate nutritional intervention focusing on tackling overweight should be formulated and implemented so that the prevalence of overweight-associated non-communicable diseases can be minimized.


Abstract Historians have correctly interpreted the Gilded Age and Progressive Era as periods in which African Americans faced unpreceded violence, a significant decline in franchise, and the loss of many civil rights. These years however, were far more complex when viewed from the vantage point of African American families who attempted to empower themselves through education, securing employment in white-collar occupations, such as teaching, and working to advance themselves through race betterment groups, including women's clubs and civil rights organizations. Yet some middle-class Black families like the Stewarts not only rejected white society's widely held belief of Blacks as racially inferior and incapable of progress. They also embraced migration as a constructive strategy to advance their individual careers and to elevate the race. In an era when the majority of Black workers had minimal literacy and worked unskilled menial jobs, T. McCants Stewart and his children each graduated from college or professional school, worked in white-collar or professional jobs, and paved the way for the next generation. Yet each also understood that migration outside of the Jim Crow South, including to Africa, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the territory of Hawaii, held the key to their success. Thus, the Stewarts constructed a new vision of freedom and opportunity and believed that even despite the repressive conditions imposed upon Blacks during the Gilded Age and Progressive Era that there was room for growth and an opportunity to advance their careers. Migration, therefore, should be reconsidered as a viable strategy that some Black families adopted to find their place in American society.


Within the framework of diffuse interface methods, we derive a pressure‐based Baer–Nunziato type model well‐suited to weakly compressible multiphase flows. The model can easily deal with different equation of states and it includes relaxation terms characterized by user‐defined finite parameters, which drive the pressure and velocity of each phase toward the equilibrium. There is no clear notion of speed of sound, and thus, most of the classical low Mach approximation cannot easily be cast in this context. The proposed solution strategy consists of two operators: a semi‐implicit finite‐volume solver for the hyperbolic part and an ODE integrator for the relaxation processes. Being the acoustic terms in the hyperbolic part integrated implicitly, the stability condition on the time step is lessened. The discretization of nonconservative terms involving the gradient of the volume fraction fulfills by construction the nondisturbance condition on pressure and velocity to avoid oscillations across the multimaterial interfaces. The developed simulation tool is validated through one‐dimensional simulations of shock‐tube and Riemann‐problems, involving water‐aluminum and water‐air mixtures, vapor‐liquid mixture of water and of carbon dioxide, and almost pure flows. The numerical results match analytical and reference ones, except some expected discrepancies across shocks, which however remain acceptable (errors within some percentage points). All tests were performed with acoustic CFL numbers greater than one, and no stability issues arose, even for CFL greater than 10. The effects of different values of relaxation parameters and of different amount equations of state—stiffened gas and Peng–Robinson—were investigated.


An important challenge facing recreation and park managers is the change in the ethnic and racial profile of constituents. Past research has tended to ignore the fact that ethnic and racial minorities are heterogeneous. It is likely that immigrants from any one country vary markedly in how they experience leisure constraints. Past studies have also not determined the full range of factors that are likely to impact how different immigrants experience constraints. In this study, we sought to better understand what constraints limit participation in desired leisure activities among Korean immigrants in the United States and how these constraints vary by level of acculturation. Questionnaires were sent to Koreans living in six major U.S. cities. Results showed that lack of time was the most frequently reported constraint to participation in desired activities and experienced equally by all respondents. Lack of English proficiency and fear of discrimination were regarded as far less important by respondents as a whole. Nevertheless, these two constraints varied by level of acculturation. Korean immigrants who ate English food, watched American movies, and listened to American music were less constrained by poor English skills compared to immigrants who were more loyal to Korean culture. Two dimensions of acculturation were significantly related to fear of discrimination: perceived prejudice and cultural heritage. In this case, Koreans who perceived a high degree of prejudice and discrimination but who were devoted to American ways were more likely than others to report that discrimination prevented them from participating in desired leisure activities. This study provides some guidance for service delivery. Like other Americans, time is a chief constraint to participation in leisure activities among Korean immigrants. Leisure service organizations can build into their marketing and programming efforts specific strategies that help mitigate time constraints among immigrants. Leisure service organizations should also target Korean immigrants who feel their English skills impede their participation in desired activities. Managers can effectively address this issue by developing a website and promotional literature that contain information about leisure opportunities in Korean. Managers may also develop programs that specifically target Koreans who have poor English skills. Finally, managers should be particularly mindful of Korean immigrants who lack strong ethnic group ties and who are not fully accepted by other Americans. These immigrants are highly constrained and may be the most likely to be at risk from stress that accompanies acculturation.


Accidental hydrocarbon ingestion may lead to aspiration and chemical pneumonitis in children. In this review article, the clinical course of hydrocarbon pneumonitis, chest radiographic abnormalities, complications, and treatment interventions are summarized. Most children remain asymptomatic and without complications following ingestion of a hydrocarbon. In approximately 15% of ingestions, aspiration pneumonitis occurs and evolves over the first 6–8 hr presenting with fever, tachypnea, hypoxemia, and tachycardia. A symptom zenith is reached within 48 hr followed by progressive improvement. Up to 5% of pneumonitis cases progress rapidly to acute respiratory failure. Chest radiographic abnormalities develop by 4–8 hr after ingestion, but they are not always predictive of clinical pneumonitis. Patients with history of hydrocarbon ingestion should be monitored for 6–8 hr in the emergency department and a chest radiogram should be obtained at the end of the observation period. Spontaneous or induced emesis and gastric lavage have been related to aspiration pneumonitis. Children who are symptomatic are admitted to the hospital for cardiorespiratory status monitoring and supportive care. Approximately 90% of hospitalized patients have a benign clinical course. Increased work of breathing with or without altered sensorium and seizures are indications for admission to the intensive care unit. Hypoxemia unresponsive to supplemental oxygen and/or severe central nervous system involvement require mechanical ventilation. Corticosteroids do not seem to offer any benefit and antibiotics are administered in cases of bacterial superinfection. Pneumatoceles may become evident after the first 6–10 days of symptoms on follow‐up chest radiograms and they resolve up to 6 months later. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:560–569. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


A 50-year-old man had an episode of alcohol-induced acute pancreatitis 1 month before presenting with melena, which required six units of transfused blood for hemodynamic stabilization. After hemodynamic resuscitation, the patient underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Upper endoscopy showed a bulge with overlying ulceration in the second part of the duodenum. Side-viewing endoscopy showed a pulsatile bulge with a large overlying ulcer (▶Fig. 1). Abdominal ultrasound showed a pseudoaneurysm of size 3.8 ×5.6 cm arising from the gastroduodenal artery (GDA). Abdominal computed tomography with angiography showed a saccular pseudoaneurysm of size 4×6cm in relation to the GDA (▶Fig. 2). Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) from the duodenal bulb showed a pseudoaneurysm of size 4.1 × 5.8 cm arising from the GDA (▶Fig. 3 a). Radiological or EUS-guided interventions were considered. The patient selected the option of EUS-guided coil embolization (▶Video1). Under EUS and fluoroscopy guidance, five 10-mm coils were placed within the pseudoaneurysm through a 19-gauge EUS needle (▶Fig. 3b). After coil embolization, contrast injection into the pseudoaneurysm showed partial filling of the pseudoaneurysm. Follow-up EUS 1 day after coil embolization showed high flow in the pseudoaneurysm. Around 30% of the pseudoaneurysm was obliterated. On the third day, 6mL of human thrombin (3000 IU) was injected in six boluses of 500 IU each (▶Fig. 3 c). After thrombin injection, high velocity flow was confined to the neck and periphery of the pseudoaneurysm. A further 2mL of ▶ Fig. 1 Side-viewing endoscopy showed a pulsatile bulge with a large overlying ulcer.


This is an empirical study which a/ describes and evaluates
the role of day centres with regard to young people with
physical impairments aged between 16 and 30, b/ describes
and evaluates the interactions between users and staff
within the day centre environment, c/ outlines and assesses
the level of user participation in the centres with
reference to activities, the decision making process and
control, and d/ suggests a set of policy recommendations
which are applicable to both the service studied and day
services generally for this user group.

Four ideal types of day centre for the younger physically
impaired are identified. All are criticised on the basis
that they are inherently segregative, emphasize difference
and perpetuate stigma. Within this context day centres are
perceived as the 'dumping ground' for those people who are
excluded, because of physical impairment, from the normal
social and economic life of society. Empirical evidence to
support this view is provided firstly by the overtly
negative features of the general organization and admission
policies of the system studied, secondly by the degree of
social and economic disadvantage experienced by the users
interviewed prior to day centre use, and thirdly by the
manner in which they were similarly labelled and 'directed'
toward the centres. I argue that day centre use reinforces
disadvantage because a/ although helper/helped relations
within the system are viewed positively by both users and
staff, user participation and control of services is low
and, b/ while the system provides a range of facilities
which give many users a level of self determination
unavailable in the community at large, its capacity to
extend those experiences beyond the day centre boundary is
limited to only a few. Consequently attendance for the
majority will be long term.

I list a number of recommendations, including the
formulation of a national policy clarifying the role of day
services for this user group, which might help to alleviate
this problem. I conclude that present policies which
successfully disable young people with impairments are no
longer simply socially unacceptable. They are economically
inept.


The state of the art of several in-situ monitoring techniques for gas assisted focused ion beam and focused electron beam induced processing (FIBIP and FEBIP) is presented. The monitoring techniques discussed comprise (a) the stage current and secondary electron signal for topographic information, (b) mass sensors to determine process yields, deposit density, molecule coverage and adsorption, (c) electrical resistance measurements, (d) reflectometry, (e) annular dark field sensing, and (f) SEM integrated mechanical measurements.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development and maintenance cardio vascular
diseases, especially hypertension. The relationship between ROS and hypertension has been demonstrated in several models of experimental hypertension. Accumulating evidence has suggested that the key mechanism through which Angiotensin II (Ang II) influences blood pressure is via its ability to activate ROS signaling pathways. Ang II, by stimulating angiotensin AT1 receptors, involved in the activation of NAD(P)H oxidase, which is a major source of ROS production. Despite many elegant studies that have been accumulated regarding ROS/Ang II signaling, there is still much to be elucidated in the role of ROS in neurogenic hypertension. The present review mainly discussed some recent findings documenting about the signaling mechanisms of Ang II-induced ROS in neurogenic hypertension and therapeutic target.


This article is an introductory discussion of a special collection of articles on food, all based on research that looks at the world through the food lens, exploring the role of food as a medium for addressing 'controversies' that are not necessarily about food. The authors highlight major theoretical concepts from anthropology and the sociology of food and eating which arise out of seven research articles based on ethnographies from Malta, Great Britain, Spain, Indonesia, Central America and Slovenia. The first part of this article discusses the concept of a proper meal and related subjects, such as homemade food, health and the medicalisation of the everyday diet; the second part introduces theoretical accounts of the role of food in the perpetuation of social and ethnic differences, the appropriation of foreign foods into local cultures, and the revival of 'authentic' food practices through the process of inventing traditions.


Vibrational properties (band position, Infrared and Raman intensities) of the acetonitrile C[triple bond]N stretching mode were studied in 27 gas-phase medium intensity (length range: = 1.71-2.05 angstroms; -deltaE range = 13-48 kJ/mol) hydrogen-bonded 1:1 complexes of CH3CN with organic and inorganic acids using density functional theory (DFT) calculations [B3LYP-6-31++G(2d,2p)]. Furthermore, general characteristics of the hydrogen bonds and vibrational changes in the OH stretching band of the acids were also considered. Experimentally observed blue-shifts of the C[triple bond]N stretching band promoted by the hydrogen bonding, which shortens the triple bond length, are very well reproduced and quantitatively depend on the hydrogen bond length. Both predicted enhancement of the infrared and Raman nu(C[triple bond]N) band intensities are in good agreement with the experimental results. Infrared band intensity increase is a direct function of the hydrogen bond energy. However, the predicted increase in the Raman band intensity increase is a more complex function, depending simultaneously on the characteristics of both the hydrogen bond (C[triple bond]N bond length) and the H-donating acid polarizability. Accounting for these two parameters, the calculated nu(C[triple bond]N) Raman intensities of the complexes are explained with a mean error of +/- 2.4%.


Os odontoideum (OO) is a rare anomaly of the odontoid process first described by Giacomini in 1886. There is considerable debate about the origin of this anomaly, whether congenital or acquired, though a growing body of evidence favors the latter. Using PubMed, we reviewed the literature on OO with regards to its etiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic modalities, and management. Manuscripts cited in reviews were also searched manually. Because the medical literature on this condition is limited, our understanding of the natural history and management of OO is still vague. The management guidelines for asymptomatic OO are preliminary. Therefore, we need more large-center studies to investigate this condition further.


Currently, the ultimate compressive strain of shear walls with no boundary confinement, which is a crucial factor in determining the ductility of shear walls, is empirically assumed to be 0.003 to 0.005. In this study, a fundamental study involving experimental and numerical works was undertaken, to investigate how the actual size and load conditions of plastic hinge region affect the ductility of high-rise shear wall. According to the cyclic loading test, in the case of high-rise shear wall with no boundary confinement, early crushing failure occurred and the ultimate compressive strain was smaller than 0.004 which was generally expected value, because of the size and load condition of high-rise shear wall. According to the additional experimental study and nonlinear analysis conducted for compression zone of high-rise shear wall, it is recommended that for unconfined high-rise shear walls, the maximum compressive strain allowable for ductility design should conservatively be the strain corresponding to the maximum concrete strength and boundary confinement should be provided in the compressive zone where the strain exceeds this ultimate strain.


Hypertension and diabetes often occur in the same patient, and this observation inspired the search for a new common pathogenetic hypothesis. The onset of diabetes during hypertension also could modify cardiovascular autonomic arousal. To identify a peculiar hemodynamic and psychophysiologic reactivity, a male population of mild essential hypertensive (166 +/- 6/102 +/- 8 mm Hg) patients (EH) and non-insulin-dependent hypertensive (169 +/- 10/101 +/- 7 mm Hg) diabetic subjects (HD) underwent a session of stress tests. Four tests, Mental Arithmetic, Incomplete Phrases, Cold Pressor, and Handgrip, were preceded and followed by a 10-minute recovery period. Functional tests were performed to identify any possible cardiac autonomic neuropathy. During the entire session, by means of a beat-to-beat noninvasive computerized device, hemodynamic and extracardiovascular functions were measured. The findings suggested the presence of a sympathetic hyperactivity in both HD and EH. In particular, HD showed a peculiar "tropism" for the peripheral vasculature. In these patients, in fact, total vascular resistance and peripheral temperature responses were 89.2% and -64.2%, respectively, versus 33.7% and -50.6%, which were found in EH. On the other hand, the ejection ventricular index was more depressed in HD (-27.9%) than in EH (-23.8%), although they did not seem to be affected by cardiac autonomic damage. The different profiles appear to confirm the increase of functional vascular damage in diabetic hypertensive patients, probably because of the insulin resistance or obsolete muscular cardiac damage.


A silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR)-incorporated BJT with high holding voltage is developed for electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in a 0.6 μm high-voltage 10 V process. This device consists simply of a floating P+ diffusion incorporated in a parasitic NPN BJT. A robust 6-7 kV ESD threshold and high-latchup-immune holding voltage of 15-18 V can be achieved by layout optimization of the NPN-N+ -collector to floating P+ -diffusion spacing and the floating P+ diffusion width. It can be equivalently regarded as parallel connection of an incorporated PNPN SCR part and an NPN BJT part. The incorporated SCR part is further composed of a parasitic SCR in series with a reverse-biased PN diode formed by the floating P+ region and N-well. The further analysis shows that the floating P+ diffusion is the key part of this SCR-incorporated BJT. The parasitic reverse-biased PN diode sustains most of the high holding voltage. The parasitic NPN BJT plays a major role in ESD current conduction, while the incorporated SCR in series with the reverse-biased PN diode is the secondary conduction path.


We have recently designed a CS 1 course that integrates event-driven programming from the very start. Our experience teaching this course runs counter to the prevailing sense that these techniques would add complexity to the content of CS 1. Instead, we found that they were simple to present and that they also simplified the presentation of other material in the course. In this paper, we explain the approach we used to introduce event-driven methods and discuss the factors underlying our success.


Self-healing as one of the most important features of smart distribution networks that increases network reliability and resiliency. Considering the necessity of studying the challenges facing outage management in smart distribution networks and developing the proposed solutions in this field, this paper investigate the impact of self-healing and automatic outage management on smart distribution networks on network reliability. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed to evaluate the reliability of smart distribution networks by describing the problem scope and providing a control and operation model in both normal and self-healing modes. In the proposed algorithm, the Monte Carlo method is used to simulate equipment outage scenarios. In each outage scenario, in the optimization problem framework, the status of the controllable switch to create the structure of the multi microgrid, direct load control program and the scheduling of thermal sources and energy storage in the fault period are determined. The capabilities of the proposed model are to consider the wind resources uncertainties and the distribution network operational constraint such as voltage constraints and line thermal constraints. The results of the implementation of the proposed algorithm on the modified IEEE RBTS network will improve the reliability of the network by adopting outage management strategies in smart distribution networks .


We study perturbations of relativistic stars in scalar-tensor theory of gravity and examine the effects of the scalar field on the corresponding oscillation spectrum. We show that the frequency of the emitted gravitational waves is shifted proportionally to the scalar field strength. Scalar waves which might be produced from such oscillations can be a unique probe for the theory, but their detectability is questionable if the radiated energy is small. However we show that there is no need for a direct observation of scalar waves: the shift in the gravitational wave spectrum could unambiguously signal the presence of a scalar field.


The use of children as sexual objects is a detestable phenomenon and a major cause of reproductive health problems among this cohort. Not enough is known about children's participation in issues affecting them including sexual abuse and prevention strategies. This study was designed to document sexual abuse experiences among female adolescent hawkers, factors increasing their victimization and suggested prevention and safety strategies in Nigeria. This cross-sectional survey explored female adolescent hawkers' experience, factors increasing their victimization, prevention and safety strategies to sexual abuse. About 410 hawkers purposively sampled were interviewed using a 49-item questionnaire while interviews were conducted for consenting hawkers to provide more depth. About 52.9% of respondents have attained junior secondary education with mean age 14.4±1.8 years. Majority (68.3%) reported a recent (3 months) experience of sexual abuse which included unwanted touch (49.8%), verbal abuse (31.0%), unwanted kissing (16.1%), exposure to pornographic materials (13.7%), attempted rape (12.9%), genital rubbing (8.5%) and rape (6.6%). Predictors of being a victim of sexual abuse include having boyfriends. In-depth interview revealed child maltreatment, deception, being overly lonely and engaging in a physical fight with a potential perpetrator as factors increasing hawkers' victimization to sexual abuse. Four-level preventive strategies to sexual abuse were highlighted including Personal – avoidance of idle discussion with males and screaming for help (53.4% vs 24.4%); Communal – hawking in groups (43.2%); Policy – strict implementation of legal punitive measures against perpetrators and ban on sale and view of pornographic movies (55.4% vs 16.8%); Familial – Carers should always see to the welfare of their children especially the girl-child (33.9%). Sexual abuse among children especially females is a major problem. Interventions including age-appropriate sexual abuse prevention education, increased legislation and implementation of child safety and protection policies and aggressive address of underlying socio-economic determinants are recommended to deal with this problem.


Unidirectional spin Hall magnetoresistance (USMR) has been widely reported in the heavy metal/ferromagnet bilayer systems. We observe the USMR in Pt/α-Fe_{2}O_{3} bilayers where the α-Fe_{2}O_{3} is an antiferromagnetic (AFM) insulator. Systematic field and temperature dependent measurements confirm the magnonic origin of the USMR. The appearance of AFM-USMR is driven by the imbalance of creation and annihilation of AFM magnons by spin orbit torque due to the thermal random field. However, unlike its ferromagnetic counterpart, theoretical modeling reveals that the USMR in Pt/α-Fe_{2}O_{3} is determined by the antiferromagtic magnon number with a non-monotonic field dependence. Our findings extend the generality of the USMR which pave the ways for the highly sensitive detection of AFM spin state.


Background: Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a genetic syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, facial features with synorphrys or fused eyebrows, upper limb anomalies and atypical growth. It is caused by spontaneous mutations in genes responsible for structural or regulatory function of cohesin complex.
Report: We present two newborns cases admitted to our NICU with characteristic dysmorphic features of microcephaly, ectrodactyly and thick eyebrows. One baby also had associated congenital heart defect and sensorineural hearing loss. Both babies are under followup with developmental early intervention programs. Parents were offered genetic counselling for future pregnancies.
Conclusion: Cornelia de Lange is predominantly a clinical diagnosis by identifying typical dysmorphic features. Labelling a syndromic diagnosis helps to provide genetic counselling to the parents, identify associated co-morbidities at earlier stages and improve the quality of living of such children.


In patients with severe drug-resistant partial epilepsy, undergoing Stereo-EEG investigations, spatial definition of the "epileptogenic area" is mainly based on spontaneous seizures recordings, but also on seizures induced by intracerebral electrical stimulation (ES). Only "trains" ES (TES, 50 pps) are currently used with this aim; "shocks" ES (SES, 1 pps) are principally applied to localize motor pathways. We have shown, during a prospective study concerning 10 temporal lobe epileptic patients, that SES could frequently induce seizures, especially when stimulation is applied in the anterior part of the Ammon's horn. Even if its efficacy seems lower than by TES, this kind of stimulation, in the majority of the cases, does reproduce isolated ictal subjective symptomatology, allowing the visualization of the progressive organisation of ictal electrical discharges, and avoids "unexpected" ("false positive"?) clinical responses.


This paper presents a cloud-based building energy management system, underpinned by semantic middleware, that integrates an enhanced sensor network with advanced analytics, accessible through an intuitive Web-based user interface. The proposed solution is described in terms of its three key layers: 1) user interface; 2) intelligence; and 3) interoperability. The system's intelligence is derived from simulation-based optimized rules, historical sensor data mining, and a fuzzy reasoner. The solution enables interoperability through a semantic knowledge base, which also contributes intelligence through reasoning and inference abilities, and which are enhanced through intelligent rules. Finally, building energy performance monitoring is delivered alongside optimized rule suggestions and a negotiation process in a 3-D Web-based interface using WebGL. The solution has been validated in a real pilot building to illustrate the strength of the approach, where it has shown over 25% energy savings. The relevance of this paper in the field is discussed, and it is argued that the proposed solution is mature enough for testing across further buildings.


IEEE 1149.4 infrastructure has been aimed primarily for printed circuit board (PCB) interconnect test, parametric test of discrete components and functional test of IC cores. Methods to perform these tests have been published and experimental results using evaluation samples of IEEE 1149.4 ICs have been reported. So far, most attention has been paid to test and measurement techniques for the first two issues. Proposed methods typically employ IEEE 1149.4 infrastructure in the function of a built-in test probe that enables external test and measurement equipment to access the internal PCB points via the analog test bus. This paper describes an alternative approach based on functional transformation of the tested board by means of the existing IEEE 1149.4 resources. In this way, efficient go no-go functional test can be performed. Case studies are given to illustrate the proposed approach.


This research aims to find out and to explore, describe, explain and map human resources required by Islamic Banking Industry in Indonesia and the development of human resources in IBS Yogyakarta. This study is a field research using a qualitative approach. The design use qualitative descriptive design which is supported with interview, observation, documentation and library studies in collecting the datas. The datas which were collected, are analysed with descriptive and content analysis. The result shows that human resources required by Islamic Banking Industry in Indonesia, are more than bankers. They have to own multi dimension, competence with integrated sciences. To fulfill this, the development of human resources in IBS Yogyakarta is desiged with four main competences, so that they get ahead in entering the Islamic banking industry. The competencies are: core competencies, behavior, functional and managerial competence.


Stakeholders in the scientific field must always maintain transparency in the process of publishing research results in journals. Unfortunately, although research misconduct has stopped, certain forms of manipulation continue to appear in other forms. As new techniques of scientific publishing develop, science stakeholders need to examine the possibility of inappropriate activity in these new platforms. The National Institute of Polar Research in Japan launched a new data journal Polar Data Journal (PDJ) in 2017 to review the quality of data obtained in the polar region. To maintain transparency in this new data journal, we investigated the possibility of inappropriate data manipulation in peer reviews before the inception of this journal. We clarified inappropriate activity for the data in the peer review and considered preventive measures. We designed a specific workflow for PDJ. This included two measures: (i) the comparison of hash values in the review process and (ii) open peer review report publishing. Using the hash value comparison, we detected two instances of inappropriate data manipulation after the start of the journal. This research will help improve workflow in data journals and data repositories.


Modeling movements in office is useful for smart indoor ad hoc networks. People carrying PDA or cell phones can encounter others and in some cases are able to establish connections and transfer data between them. Currently, commonly used mobility models, such as Random Walk and Random Waypoint Model, do not capture the real movements in real life scenarios, especially in office environments where three typical patterns of heterogeneous behavior, i.e., entity movements, group movements and regular movements, often occur.

In this paper we propose a novel mobility simulation framework based on behavior patterns for office environments. The base part is Simulation Time Controller, on which we model the structure of offices and define behavior patterns. In this paper we define three typical patterns of behavior to simulate the heterogeneous movements mentioned above.To simulate more real movements, people can add more patterns of behavior to this framework, which is the main motivation of our framework. We also derive theoretic results of hitting time, which determines the packet delivery delay in Delay Tolerant Networks. Simulation studies show our expressions have error always under 10%. And the staying ratio of our simulation, i.e., the ratio between the time people spend in main place and the total time, is close to the MIT real traces.


The advancement in technology has brought a new era in terrorism where Online Social Networks (OSNs) have become a major platform of communication with wide range of usage from message channeling to propaganda and recruitment of new followers in terrorist groups. Meanwhile, during the terrorist attacks people use OSNs for information exchange, mobilizing and uniting and raising money for the victims. This paper critically analyses the specific usage of OSNs in the times of terrorisms attacks in developing countries. We crawled and used Twitter's data during Westgate shopping mall terrorist attack in Nairobi, Kenya. We then analyzed the number of tweets, geo-location of tweets, demographics of the users and whether users in developing countries tend to tweet, retweet or reply during the event of a terrorist attack. We define new metrics (reach and impression of the tweet) and present the models for calculating them. The study findings show that, users from developing countries tend to tweet more at the first and critical times of the terrorist occurrence. Moreover, large number of tweets originated from the attacked country (Kenya) with 73% from men and 23% from women where original posts had a most number of tweets followed by replies and retweets.


SUMMARY— The iodimetric procedure for determining the amount of reduction of an alkaline potassium permanganate solution which is used as a measure of the content of volatile reducing substances (VRS) has been substituted by a colorimetric one. The net absorbance at 610 mp is determined from the difference in absorbance between the unreacted and reacted 0.02N KMnO4 in N NaOH solution. The microequivalents of reduction corresponding to the net absorbance value is read off a graph showing the linear relationship between the net absorbance and the amount of VRS.


Abstract Background: Orthodontic maxillary expansion is a commonly-performed treatment approach to correct transverse maxillary deficiencies by separating the mid-palatal suture. To obtain a successful treatment result and prevent relapse, the expanded maxillary sutures require maintenance by means of qualified bone reorganisation. Aim: To assess the effects of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on sutural bone formation after the expansion of the inter-premaxillary suture in rats. Methods: Sixteen male Wistar rats, 6 to 8-week old, were used. The expansion appliance comprised a helical spring fabricated from 0.014 inch stainless steel wire (Dentaurum, Ispringen, Germany). The rats were divided into two equal groups and randomly assigned to the LIPUS treatment group or a sham-operation group. LIPUS was delivered via a 2.5 cm diameter ultrasound transducer (Exogen, Smith and Nephews, Inc., Memphis, TN, USA) for 20 minutes per day during 7 days of post-expansion retention. Following retention, the rats' maxillae were surgically removed and histologic and immunohistochemical specimens were prepared and examined. Results: The number of osteoblasts and blood vessel dimensions in the ultrasound group increased but was not significant, compared with the control group. A statistically significant difference in osteocalcin, VEGF and TGF-β immunoreactivities (p < 0.01) was found in the area of the mineralising tissue. Only VEGF immunoreactivity was significant between two groups (p < 0.01) in the fibrous tissue area. Conclusions: The area of mineralising tissue in the LIPUS-applied group expressed activity markers for osteocalcin, VEGF and TGF-β compared with a surrounding area of fibrous tissue. Cellular activation in the LIPUS group was greater than that of controls. Therefore, LIPUS may be accepted as a useful approach to enhance sutural bone formation.


While official measures of business dynamism have seen a long-term decline, early-stage venture financing of new companies has reached levels not observed since the late 1990s, resulting in a sharp debate about the state of American entrepreneurship. Building on Guzman and Stern (2015a; 2015b), this paper offers new evidence to inform this debate by estimating measures of entrepreneurial quality based on predictive analytics and comprehensive business registries. Our estimates suggest that the probability of a significant growth outcome (either an IPO or high-value acquisition) is highly skewed and predicted by observables at or near the time of business registration: 69% of realized growth events are in the top 5% of our estimated growth distribution. This high level of skewness motivates the development of three new economic statistics that simultaneously account for both the quantity as well as the quality of entrepreneurship: the Entrepreneurial Quality Index (EQI, measuring the average quality level among a group of start-ups within a given cohort), the Regional Entrepreneurship Cohort Potential Index (RECPI, measuring the growth potential of firms founded within a given region and time period) and the Regional Entrepreneurship Acceleration Index (REAI, measuring the performance of a region over time in realizing the potential of firms founded there). We use these statistics to establish several new findings about the history and state of US entrepreneurship using data for 15 states (covering 51% of the overall US economy) from 1988 through 2014. First, in contrast the secular decline in the aggregate quantity of entrepreneurship observed in series such as the Business Dynamic Statistics (BDS), the growth potential of start-up companies (RECPI relative to GDP) has followed a cyclical pattern that seems sensitive to the capital market environment and overall economic conditions. Second, while the peak value of RECPI is recorded in 2000, the level during the first decade during this century was actually higher than the late 1980s and first half of the 1990s, and also has experienced a sharp upward swing beginning in 2010. Even after controlling for changes in the overall size of the economy, the second highest level of entrepreneurial growth potential is registered in 2014. Third, the likelihood of start-up firms for a given quality level to realize their potential (REAI) declined sharply in the late 1990s, and did not recover through 2008. These findings suggest that divergent assessments of the state of American entrepreneurship can potentially be reconciled by explicitly adopting a quantitative approach to the measurement of entrepreneurial quality.


BACKGROUND
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a relatively common form of congenital heart disease. Although polygenic inheritance has been implicated, no specific gene defects causing PDA have been identified to date. Thus, a positional cloning strategy was undertaken to determine the gene responsible for the Char syndrome, an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by PDA, facial dysmorphism, and hand anomalies.

METHODS AND RESULTS
A genome scan was performed with 46 members of 2 unrelated families in which the disease was fully penetrant but the phenotype differed. Significant linkage was achieved with several polymorphic DNA markers mapping to chromosome 6p12-p21 (maximal 2-point LOD score of 8.39 with D6S1638 at theta=0.00). Haplotype analysis identified recombinant events that defined the Char syndrome locus with high probability to a 3. 1-cM region between D6S459/D6S1632/D6S1541 and D6S1024.

CONCLUSIONS
A familial syndrome in which PDA is a common feature was mapped to a narrow region of chromosome 6p12-p21. Additional analysis with other families and polymorphic markers as well as evaluation of potential candidate genes should lead to the identification of the Char syndrome gene, which will provide insights into cardiogenesis as well as limb and craniofacial development.


Abstract The restoration of balance skills is an important aspect of stroke physiotherapy, but the lack of appropriate outcome measures has been identified as a factor hampering development of the evidence base. In recent years instrumented measurement tools such as those measuring postural sway have become popular for research and clinical use. A systematic review of ways to measure balance using instrumented measurement tools was undertaken. CINAHL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE databases were searched for tests which measured balance post-stroke and could be used in clinical settings. They were assessed for reliability, validity, sensitivity to change, suitability for use in clinical settings and with a wide range of stroke severity. Forty-three papers were identified. For clarity and ease of presentation, these were divided into tests of postural sway, weight distribution, and responses to external perturbations. All had some information about their psychometric properties but none had been comprehensively tested and none fulfilled the criteria for an outcome measure for stroke physiotherapy interventions. Platform measures of postural sway had limited reliability and validity as a measure of balance disability, while responses to external perturbations had been insufficiently tested. Measurement of weight distribution showed more promise however. Here, there was reasonable evidence of reliability and validity, the equipment was simple to use although it could be expensive and difficult to move, but simple 'low-tech' methods (for standing balance) have been suggested which merit further investigation.


The phage attachment site, attP, and the integrase-encoding gene, int, are sufficient to promote site-specific integration of the temperate phage mv4 genome into the chromosome of the Lactobacillus delbrueckii host (L. Dupont, B. Boizet-Bonhoure, M. Coddeville, F. Auvray, and P. Ritzenthaler, J. Bacteriol. 177:586--595, 1995). The mv4 genome region containing these elements was compared at the nucleotide and amino acid levels with that of the closely related virulent phage LL-H. Complex DNA rearrangements were identified; a truncated integrase gene and two sites homologous to the mv4 attP site were detected in the genome of the virulent phage LL-H. These observations suggest that the two phages derive from a common temperate ancestor.


Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a rela- tively new surgical procedure which is enjoying ever- increasing popularity and presenting new anesthetic challenges. The advantages of shorter hospital stay and more rapid return to normal activities are com- bined with less pain associated with the small limited incisions and less postoperative ileus compared with the traditional open cholecystectomy. The efficacy of laparoscopic appendectomy and hemicolectomy has been recently evaluated. However, there have been no prospective randomized studies to date comparing lap- aroscopic with traditional laparotomy techniques. The physiological effects of prolonged pneumoperitoneum and the longer duration of surgery with the laparoscop- ic techniques are of concern. The application of lapa- roscopic inguinal hernia repair may be limited be- cause, unlike traditional surgical hepair, general anes- thesia is required and concerns have been expressed about the duration of surgery and the possibility of hernia recurrence. Notwithstanding case reports and series describing successful diaphragmatic and hiatus hernia repair using a laparoscopic surgical technique, the frequently encountered complications of cervical surgical emphysema, pneumothorax, and pneumome- diastinum, attributed to passage of insufflating gas through weak points or defects in the diaphragm, must be of major concern. Anesthesiologists must maintain a high index of suspicion for these potential complica- tion and must undertake appropriate monitoring. If there is clinical evidence of a tension pneumothorax, immediate chest tube decompression is indicated. Intraoperative complications of laparoscopic sur- gery are mostly due to traumatic injuries sustained during blind trocar insertion and physiological changes associated with patient positioning and pneumoperito- neum creation. The choice of anesthetic technique for upper abdominal laparoscopic procedures is most fre- quently limited to general anesthesia. Controlled ven- tilation avoids hypercarbia, and an anesthetic tech- nique incorporating antiemetics and nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents has reduced postoperative nausea and vomiting following laparoscopic cholecys- tectomy. The use of nitrous oxide during laparoscopic procedures remains controversial. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a major advance in the management of patients with symptomatic gall- bladder disease. However, in the present era of cost containment, older and sicker patients may present for this procedure on the day of surgery without adequate preoperative evaluation. Anesthesiologists should thus be prepared to recommend deflation of the pneu- moperitoneum and possibly conversion to an open procedure if hemodynamic, oxygenation, or ventila- tion difficulties arise during the procedure.


Introduction: Hormone receptors ER and PgR are routinely assessed by pathologists using immunohistochemical (IHC) assays to guide treatment decisions. Patients who are hormone receptor positive are offered hormonal therapy, such as tamoxifen, which improves survival. Although both ER and PgR are evaluated, ER is primarily utilized for patient management as the clinical utility of PgR has not been clearly established according to CAP/ASCO guidelines. Notably, a meta-analysis by the Early Breast Cancer Trialists9 Collaborative Group reported that PgR status was not significantly predictive of response to adjuvant tamoxifen, suggesting that PgR may not have a role in breast cancer management. More recently, the level of PgR expression has been hypothesized to be important in predicting response to endocrine therapy, where high PgR levels are more indicative of estrogen-dependent tumors, and thus more sensitive to hormonal treatment. In this study, we evaluate PgR expression using the current cut-point (Allred>2), as well as an optimized cut-point (Allred>5 to identify PgR high tumors), with regards to 15yr disease-free survival (DFS) and disease-specific overall survival (DSOS) using three commercially available ready-to-use (RTU) IHC assays from Dako, Leica and Ventana in an ER+ cohort. Methods: The Calgary tamoxifen breast cancer cohort (Calgary cohort) is a TMA series that includes 532 patients diagnosed with primary breast cancer (1985-2000) who received tamoxifen treatment regardless of hormone receptor status. All RTU assays followed vendor recommended protocols. Specific details regarding the cohort and IHC assays have been previously described (Kornaga et al. Mod Path 2016). All analyses were performed using Stata 12, and multivariate models were adjusted for age, grade, size, lymph node and HER2 status. ER status was defined by the corresponding vendor specific IHC assay. Results: Multivariate models looking at DFS are presented in Table 1. None of the assays were significant when the clinical cut-point was used; however, when the optimized cut-point was investigated, all assays found high expression of PgR was significantly associated with improved DFS. Table 2 presents the multivariate models looking at DSOS. Similarly, PgR was not found to be associated with improved DSOS using the current cut-point. When the optimized cut-point was examined, Dako and Leica assays were significantly associated with improved DSOS: The Ventana assay did not reach significance. Conclusions: High PgR expression (Allred>5) is associated with improved 15yr DFS and DSOS in a tamoxifen-treated cohort, where PgR positivity defined using current guidelines is not associated with improved DFS or DSOS. Additionally, differences were noted between the vendor RTU assays with regards to DSOS. Citation Format: Kornaga EN, Paterson AHG, Feng X, Morris DG, Magliocco AM, Klimowicz AC. Clinical utility of PgR with various cutpoints using 3 commercial assays relative to 15yr survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-09-20.


The values on parameters describing longitudinal driving behavior in car-following models differ substantially between drivers. Different individual interactions with the environment are assumed to play an important role, which might be explained through mental workload. Therefore a driving simulator experiment with a repeated measures design was performed to investigate to what extent perception of an incident in the other driving lane influences physiological indicators as well as subjective estimates of mental workload and longitudinal driving behavior. As almost none of the current models of car-following behavior incorporate mental workload as a determinant of driving behavior, an investigation was conducted by using a calibration approach for joint estimation to determine whether these models, represented by the intelligent driver model and the Helly model, adequately described longitudinal driving behavior in case of incidents in the other driving lane. The results indicated that perception of an incident in the other driving lane influenced mental workload as measured by physiological indicators and longitudinal driving behavior. In addition, the results indicated that current car-following models did not adequately describe driving behavior in case of incidents in the other driving lane.


The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the forage yield and quality of Canavalia ensiformis in the establishment stage. Three AMF species and a control were evaluated, in a randomized block design with four treatments and three repetitions. The evaluated variables were: aerial dry biomass yield, efficiency index, crude protein, NPK extraction, colonization and visual density of the roots. The inoculation with AMF species surpassed the control in all the variables. The highest dry biomass yield values were found in Funneliformis mosseae/INCAM-2, and the lowest ones in the control, with significant differences at p< 0,05 (8,30 and 4,35 t ha-1, respectively). The extraction of N, P2O5 and K2O reached values of 254,73; 32,26; 210,96 and 120,43; 15,03; 77,00 for F. mosseae /INCAM-2 and the control, respectively (p < 0,05). F. mosseae/INCAM-2 and Glomus cubense/INCAM-4 showed the highest values of colonization and visual density, although the latter did not differ from Rhizoglomus intraradices/INCAM-11. It is concluded that the different inoculated AMF strains surpassed the control in the dry matter yield, crude protein and extraction of macronutrients from the soil, although the highest effectiveness in any of these variables was obtained with the inoculation of the strain F. mosseae /INCAM-2.


Abstract A primary impediment in achieving sustainable mobility objectives is the multi-level and cross-sectoral nature of land-use and transport planning. This paper investigates whether changes in structural conditions have affected the ability of Norwegian regional authorities to succeed in sustainable mobility planning. The effects of the changes were minor, as the national government acted in ways that undermined the power of regional authorities. By analysing the fine-grained inter-agency dynamics, this study contributes richer and more nuanced theoretical understandings of the challenges involved in sustainable transport planning. The new insights could assist discussions in many countries on how land-use and transport planning can be organized to facilitate more sustainable mobility patterns.


The CEOs of Gazprom and China's CNPC signed a contract concerning Russian gas supplies to China on 21 May 2014 in Shanghai. The contract had been under negotiation for many years and was signed in the presence of the two countries' presidents. Under this 30-year deal, ultimately 38 billion m3 of natural gas will be exported annually from eastern Siberian fields (Chayandinskoye and Kovyktinskoye) via the Power of Siberia pipeline planned for construction in 2015–2019. The lengthy negotiation process (initial talks regarding this issue began back in the 1990s), the circumstances surrounding the signing of the contract (it was signed only on the second day of Vladimir Putin's visit to Shanghai, and the Russian president's personal engagement in the final phase of the talks turned out to be a key element) and information concerning the provisions of the contract (the clause determining the contract price has not been revealed) all indicate that the terms of the compromise are more favourable for China than for Russia. This contract is at present important to Russia mainly for political reasons (it will use the future diversification of gas export routes as an instrument in negotiations with the EU). However, the impact of this instrument seems to be limited since supplies cannot be redirected from Europe to Asia. It is unclear whether the contract will bring the anticipated long-term economic benefits to Gazprom. The gas price is likely to remain at a level of between US$350 and US$390 per 1000 m3. Given the high costs of gas field operation and production and transport infrastructure development, this may mean that supplies will be carried out at the margin of profitability. The Shanghai contract does not conclude the negotiation process since a legally binding agreement on gas pipeline construction has not been signed and not all of the financial aspects of the project have been agreed upon as yet (such as the issue of possible Chinese prepayments for gas supplies).


The cellular immunotherapy field has achieved important milestones in the last 30 years towards the treatment of a variety of cancers due to improvements in ex-vivo T cell manufacturing processes, the invention of synthetic T cell receptors, and advances in cellular engineering. Here, we discuss major preclinical models that have been useful for the validation of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies and also promising new models that will fuel future investigations towards success. However, multiple unanswered questions in the CAR-T cell field remain to be addressed that will require innovative preclinical models. Key challenges facing the field include premature immune rejection of universal CAR-T cells and the immune suppressive tumor microenvironment. Immune competent models that accurately recapitulate tumor heterogeneity, the hostile tumor microenvironment, and barriers to CAR-T cell homing, toxicity, and persistence are needed for further advancement of the field.


Introduction Acquired Aplastic Anemia (AA) and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) are ultra-rare diseases with a yearly incidence 2 to 4 per million (AA) and of 1.3 to 2 per million (PNH. While much is known about pathophysiology and treatment of these interrelated diseases, less is known about patients (pts.) psycho-social issues. Quality of life (QoL) evaluation tools used in all studies for AA and PNH are rather unspecific and were initially designed for cancer patients (e.g. the European Organization of Research and Treatment (EORTC) QLQ-C30). Given the complexity of AA and PNH, the variation in symptoms and different treatment approaches (immunosuppression, bone marrow transplantation, complement inhibition or others and eventually sequences of all in some pts.), the often young age of the pts., and the fact that marrow failure syndromes are not classified as malignant diseases, it is likely that the cancer-specific questionnaires used so far are inappropriate to adequately assess the QoL and illness intrusiveness in these pts.Based on these considerations and funded by German patient support groups (Aplastische Anamie e.V., pnh-aa.info), we therefore initiated the development and validation of an AA/PNH-specific QoL-instrument (QLQ-AA/PNH).

Methods Generation of a QLQ-AA/PNH was performed according to EORTC QoL group guidelines, i.e. after identification of QoL issues by literature review, a focus group of pts. and physicians were interviewed (phase I). After screening of documented interviews, QoL issues were generated and reworded in a preliminary questionnaire (phase II). In phase III the questionnaire with generated items was evaluated in a representative group of patients. Pts. were recruited through participating physicians, the internet and through word-of-mouth by other pts., pts. internet forums and pts. conferences. Individual pts. in more than 25 German and Swiss cities were visited and personally interviewed. Currently, psychometric validation of the final questionnaire is ongoing through patients included in the German PNH-registry. Eventually, the QLQ-AA/PNH will be further evaluated as part of a prospective clinical interventional trial performed within the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation Working Party Aplastic Anemia (EBMT WP-AA). In addition, patients were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their supportive care needs, (e. g. informations, support by medical staff, psychosocial counseling, patient support groups.) and potential iatrogenic problems (e. g. delay in diagnosis, appreciation of QoL problems by health care professionals).

Results In phase I, 19 pts. and 8 physicians specialized in treatment of AA/PNH were interviewed. 649 resulting QoL issues were condensed to 175, which were then again graded according to their importance by 30 pts. (10 AA, 10 PNH, 10 PNH/AA), and 14 physicians (phase II). Altogether, 97 issues were rated important. Physicians rated fatigue the most important issue while pts. rated mutual trust between physicians and pts. as the most important QoL-aspect. 11/30 EORTC QLQ-C30 issues (e.g. loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea) were not mentioned or rated unimportant, while several new QoL aspects such as constant fear of infection and blood count variations, dependency on time-consuming therapies, and emotional strain through endlessness of disease burden were brought out. Modifications in wording and phrasing led to two questionnaires with 67 items regarding general QoL-aspects and further 20 items regarding medical care, which are currently being evaluated through interviews with 35 additional patients. The final questionnaire with no more than 40 items will then be validated.

Conclusion A detailed summary of the relevant items or questions will be presented. Up to now important QoL-aspects of PNH/AA pts. are inappropriately captured or missed the with available EORTC-QoL-tools. Even in ultra-orphan diseases industry independent development of disease specific QoL-tools is feasible with support of pts. and pt. advocacy groups.

Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The first recorded visit to Grímsvötn occurred on the 31st of August 1919. Two Swedish geology students, Hakon Wadell and Erik Ygberg, stood on the edge of a hitherto unknown large caldera. This discovery was the most significant finding in the first west-to-east transect across Vatnajökull, starting at Síðujökull on the 27th of August. This was an expedition into the unknown, but a principal aim was nevertheless to find the source of the large jökulhlaups on Skeiðarársandur. They named the ice-filled caldera "Svíagígur". Studies of written sources in the 1930s revealed that this place was indeed Grímsvötn, well known in the 17th and 18th centuries but the name and location had been forgotten in the 19th century. From Svíagígur they continued eastwards, descending down the crevassed Heinabergsjökull, reaching civilization in the morning the 6th. They announced the news that a huge volcano existed under Vatnajökull and this was the source of the jökulhlaups emerging from Skeiðarárjökull. Upon their return to Stockholm, they received a hero's welcome, but soon it all changed into no one believing them, as prominent figures in Sweden at this time insisted that a volcano can't be active beneath a glacier! After they finished their studies, both left Sweden very disappointed. Hakon Wadell had a successful geological career in America presenting a doctoral thesis in 1932 from the University of Chicago. Erik Ygberg worked as an international prospector a few years before his bad health, a result of the hardships experienced at the end of the Vatnajökull expedition, forced him back to Sweden, where he had a career at the Swedish Geological Survey. The name Svíagígur has not been used but the two nunataks marking the highest points on Grímsfjall are named in the honour of the two Swedes, Svíahúkur eystri and Svíahnúkur vestri.


We study the spin-polarized spectral properties of Yu–Shiba–Rusinov resonance states induced by magnetic impurities in 2- and 3-dimensional nematic superconductors: few layer Bi2Te3 grown on FeTe0.55Se0.45 (2D) and CuxBi2Se3 (3D). We focus on the relationship between pairing symmetry and the spatial structure of spin-polarized spectroscopy. We calculate the spin-polarized local density of states (SP LDOS) and the corresponding Fourier transformation using the T-matrix method for both the 2- and 3-dimensional materials. Various situations with different impurity orientations and different SP LDOSs have been investigated. We find that, like the quasiparticle interference spectrum, the spin-polarized spectroscopy can be applied to distinguish threefold rotation symmetric pairings, e.g. the plain s-wave pairing, chiral p -wave pairing, etc, and nematic pairings in these materials.


Nanoparticle additives are proposed to improve lubricant performance under boundary lubrication sliding, through tribofilms formation. Tribofilms consisting of the elements of the nanoparticles (NPs) could form on the sliding surface providing necessary FM and reduction in wear volume loss. The key aim of this thesis is to establish a proof-of-concept for the Polyvit NPs lubricant additives a biolubricant – rapeseed oil. The improvement potentials may either complement or replace (partially or fully) some existing additives. Lubricants and their additives are being reviewed for better alternatives regarding toxicity, biodegradability and environmental issues.

The Polyvit NPs consist of alumina (Al2O3), silica (SiO2) and graphite (C); although the TEM analysis shows silica only. The NPs were mixed at 0.1 wt. % with raw rapeseed oil and a fully formulated mineral oil - SAE15W-40. Initial tribotesting suggest possible combination of the NPs with the AW additive – zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP). This was tested experimentally on both the Plint TE 77 ball-on-flat and the Bruker UMT tribometers. Both the HFRR and UMT tests are conducted in the boundary lubrication regime at RT and 100oC respectively. The fully flooded approach is adopted with a contact load of 40 N, while the starved lubrication approach is adopted for HFRR and UMT tests under a load of 5 N.

Surface chemical analyses on the SEM/EDX show the presence of the elements of the NPs and ZDDP on sliding wear tracks. Thus, boundary lubrication tribofilm of the NPs form on the wear track. Also, the presence of ZDDP enhances formation of tribofilm of both the NPs and ZDDP on the sliding wear track at RT. Addition of the Polyvit NPs and ZDDP reduce wear at RT for the biolubricant. Also, the mineral oil lubricant can have friction and wear improvements through the addition of the NPs at low and high temperature boundary lubrication sliding.


Four previously healthy Danish homosexual men developed Kaposi's sarcoma or opportunistic infections with fever of unknown origin and lymphadenopathy. One patient died of a Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Three patients had defective cell-mediated immunity with absent leucocyte interferon production and decreased proliferative response to mitogens and antigens. T lymphocyte helper subsets and natural killer cell activity were reduced. Unstimulated mononuclear cells produced leucocyte migration inhibitor factor. Two patients were sexual partners and three had never been to the USA, where cases of severe acquired immunodeficiency have been reported. Thus, the syndrome must also be suspected in European homosexual men who present with fever of unknown origin, opportunistic infections, or Kaposi's sarcoma.