Objectives The mistreatment of medical students remains pervasive in medical education. Understanding the extent to which clinicians and students recognise mistreatment can assist in creating targeted interventions that reduce mistreatment. The objective of this study was to use clinical vignettes to assess perceptions of medical student mistreatment among medical students and clinical faculty at an Australian university. Design, setting and participants This cross-sectional study used a survey of medical students and clinical faculty in a Doctor of Medicine (MD) programme at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia. Data were collected via an online survey between 13 July and 27 July 2020. Outcome measures Fourteen clinical vignettes were developed based on commonly reported themes of mistreatment. An additional control vignette was also included, and these 15 vignettes were distributed via email to all 169 MD students and 42 teaching faculty at this teaching site. Participants were asked to rate whether the vignettes portrayed mistreatment on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). Results Respondents included 83 MD students and 34 clinical faculty. On average, students perceived mistreatment in 9 of 14 vignettes and faculty in 8 of 14 vignettes. Faculty and student perceptions aligned in themes of sexual abuse, physical abuse and in the control vignette depicting a constructive teaching style. Perceptions differed significantly between faculty and students (p<0.05) for five vignettes across the themes of gender discrimination, requests of students to perform non-educational tasks, humiliation, specialty choice discrimination and requests to perform a task beyond the student's capacity. Conclusion Agreement on what constitutes appropriate behaviour is crucial to ensuring that a culture of mistreatment can be replaced with one of kindness, equity and respect. This study demonstrated the successful use of vignettes to compare perceptions of mistreatment, with faculty and student perceptions differing across a variety of themes.


One problem of classical phase shifting for optical 3D surface reconstruction is the occurrence of ambiguities due to the use of fringe projection. We generally derive a number-theoretical approach to calculate absolute phase measurements which can be used as a base for a reliable surface reconstruction without any ambiguity. The essence of our method is the application of pattern sequences with different periods whereby we homogeneously use all pictures which were taken for the measurement. This leads to a higher average accuracy in the surface reconstruction. Furthermore we propose a technique to avoid typical calculation errors that are produced in classical phase shifting caused by discontinuities, occlusions and reflections on the surface.


The aim of this study is to define the changes within the social dimension of the functional status of women and their partners in the months following the birth of their child. A total of 90 participants were included in the study (45 women and 45 partners). Data were collected in two steps via face-to-face interviews. The first step involved administration of a personal information form and the functional status inventories to the women and their partners between the postpartum sixth and eighth weeks. The second step involved re-administration of the same functional status inventories to the women and their partners in the postpartum sixth month. Results from the examination of the functional status of the women and their partners in the postpartum second and sixth months showed that there was a significant increase in the areas of household activities (p=0,000), social and community activities (p=0,000) and self-care activities (p=0,000) for the women in the sixth month; similarly, for the fathers,  household activities (p=0,008), social and community activities (p=0,003) and child care activities (p=0,007) rose in the sixth month. Furthermore, the study found that certain sociodemographic variables had an effect on functional status (p=0,000). It is important that nurses and/or midwives support parents during the pregnancy process, particularly during the transition into their new roles as women and their partners, and help prepare them for the changes to occur as they enter into this new period of life.


Human tumor xenografts represent the gold standard method for many research areas, including drug discovery, cancer stem cell biology, and metastasis prediction. When compared to in vitro cell culture models, human tumor xenografts show a higher validity for most assays1. During the growth phase in vivo, xenografted tissue is vascularized and infiltrated by cells of murine origin. The level of infiltration is highly dependent on multiple factors like tumor subtype, growth rate, and region of transplantation. However, even when these factors are kept constant, the amount and composition of infiltrating mouse cells is highly variable. Due to this, molecular downstream analyses such as microarray-based expression profiling are biased by cross-hybridization of mouse-derived molecules to human probes. In addition, a reduction of sensitivity caused by measuring undesired mouse signals during nextgeneration sequencing analysis can be expected. To overcome these limitations, we developed a fast and easy method allowing for the effective depletion of all cells of mouse origin by using automated tissue dissociation and magnetic cell sorting (MACS® Technology). We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) of bulk human tumor xenografts from lung, bladder, and kidney cancer, and compared the results to samples depleted of mouse cells.


Abstract The potential of invasive plants to alter fuel properties over time has implications for the ranchers of semiarid rangelands throughout the world. A prime example of this phenomenon is the cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum L.) invasion of the native shrub-steppe lands in Great Basin of the western United States. The purpose of this study is to develop a bioeconomic model that optimizes simulated ranch behavior given the beginning stages of cheatgrass invasion on a public forage allotment. The bioeconomic model is applied to a typical eastern Oregon 300 cow-calf ranch. Livestock production decisions are simulated over a 40-yr planning horizon using a multiperiod linear programming model. Results showed changes in profit-maximizing ranch management strategies in the form of decreased optimal stocking rates and forage substitution. The net present value of the simulated ranch's income stream declined, and the probability that the ranch cannot meet its full costs of livestock production and would exit the industry increased as a result. These economic impacts were more pronounced with decreased sale price. Sensitivity analysis showed that overall results in terms of ranch behavior were specific neither to the assumed discount rate nor to the assumed percentage of cheatgrass cover (as long as this percentage is within the reference state) on the public grazing allotment. This study introduces a method for managers to quantify impacts on ranches from fuel-altering invasive plants on public lands, emphasizing the importance of including information about native and invasive forage production characteristics and wildfire frequency as a function of the state of invasion.


Introduction: The gut microbiome is a potentially modifiable factor in treatment related outcomes in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Prior studies have linked pre- or mid-treatment gut microbiome diversity with risk for treatment related morbidity and mortality. However, these studies have been limited by the inclusion of one or only a few institutions and the lack of longitudinal sampling with high quality metadata. These limitations complicate the interpretation of microbiome alterations over the course of HCT.
 Methods: To overcome these, we devised and implemented a large-scale biospecimen collection protocol in conjunction with BMT CTN 1703, a randomized, multicenter, Phase III trial of tacrolimus/methotrexate vs. post-transplant cyclophosphamide/tacrolimus/mycophenolate mofetil in reduced intensity conditioning (RIC) allogeneic HCT (NCT03959241). Patients enrolled on 1703 were optionally co-enrolled in the companion immune and microbiome profiling study, 1801 (MI-IMMUNE). This involved blood, urine and stool sampling before conditioning (PCON), then weekly starting on day 0 through day 77 (through day 84 for blood), and on days 98, 180, 270, 365 and 730. For all enrolled participants where the donor consented, residual donor cells were saved from the empty hematopoietic stem cell product bag for later analysis. Additionally, the protocol included one-time blood, urine and stool sample collection from consented matched related donors (MRDs) prior to stem cell collection. Starting with protocol version 4.0 on February 1, 2021, participation in 1801 stool collection was required for the first six out of eighteen sample collection timepoints. Participation in later stool and urine timepoint collections remained optional. Here we review the feasibility of creating a multi-institutional biobank. Additionally, we assess the success of our strategies by calculating sample collection compliance and standard deviation in compliance across centers for each timepoint.
 Results: On June 18, 2021, BMT CTN 1703/1801 closed to accrual with 431 patients enrolled on 1703; 323 patients from 36 centers were co-enrolled on 1801. 304 (94%) provided study samples, making this the largest prospective microbiome and immune profiling study in HCT patients to date. As of July 6, 2021, 3,683 blood, 2,668 urine, and 2,098 stool samples had been collected. Across the first 6 timepoints for all participating centers, blood, urine and stool sample collection averaged 93%, 82%, and 74% compliance, respectively. Of the 99 (30%) patients enrolled on 1801 with a MRD, 34 (34%) donors consented to sample collection. Sample collection compliance was lower for MRDs than for patients on the study with 76%, 74%, and 62% of expected blood, urine and stool samples collected, respectively, from this group.
 For stool collection exclusively, a median of 5 samples were collected per patient across the first 6 timepoints (median of 6 across all timepoints) with 93 (31%) of patients completing a full sample set through Day 28. 139 (46%) patients provided at least one sample after day 28; these represented 37% of the total samples collected to date. The PCON sample, which provides an important measure of pre-treatment gut microbiome diversity, had the third highest compliance with 74% of patients providing a sample. Surprisingly, Day 28 had the lowest compliance (66%) and highest standard deviation (37%) possibly because this timepoint often falls around the time of hospital discharge. Between PCON and day 28, the standard deviation between sites in the average collection compliance (24%) and number of samples collected per patient (1.1) was small indicating the successful adoption of stool collection across institutions. Table 1 summarizes sample collection statistics.
 Conclusion: Overall this study has resulted in a large, novel biobank of blood, urine and stool samples from patients undergoing RIC allogeneic HCT at 36 centers across the US. This will serve as a valuable resource for investigating the role of the gut microbiome in long term health outcomes following HCT. Although the results of 1801 are forthcoming given ongoing sample collection, the size and composition of the biobank to date clearly demonstrate the feasibility of implementing multi-institutional stool collection. This study represents a critical step towards the large-scale adoption of microbiome sampling as a diagnostic tool.
 Figure 1 Figure 1.

 Chhabra: GSK: Honoraria. Clark: Kadmon: Consultancy. Horowitz: Mesoblast: Research Funding; Shire: Research Funding; Vertex: Research Funding; Stemcyte: Research Funding; Vor Biopharma: Research Funding; Janssen: Research Funding; Miltenyi Biotech: Research Funding; Kiadis: Research Funding; Sobi: Research Funding; Kite/Gilead: Research Funding; Pfizer, Inc: Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Research Funding; Magenta: Consultancy, Research Funding; Medac: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding; Daiicho Sankyo: Research Funding; Xenikos: Research Funding; Omeros: Research Funding; Orca Biosystems: Research Funding; Pharmacyclics: Research Funding; Regeneron: Research Funding; Tscan: Research Funding; Takeda: Research Funding; CSL Behring: Research Funding; Genentech: Research Funding; Gamida Cell: Research Funding; Chimerix: Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Research Funding; bluebird bio: Research Funding; Astellas: Research Funding; Amgen: Research Funding; Allovir: Consultancy; Actinium: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding. Jenq: Microbiome DX: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy; Prolacta: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kaleido: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Seres: Consultancy, Current holder of stock options in a privately-held company, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Patents & Royalties, Research Funding; LisCure: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; MaaT Pharma: Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Karius: Consultancy. Levine: Equillium Bio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding; Kamada: Research Funding; Biogen: Research Funding; Omeros: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Symbio: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Talaris Therapeutics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Viracor: Patents & Royalties: GVHD biomarker patent with royalties from Viracor; Mesoblast: Consultancy, Research Funding; X4 Pharmaceuticals: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Murthy: CRISPR Therapeutics: Research Funding. Riches: ATARA Biotherapeutics: Other: Payment; BioIntelect: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Other: Payment. Sung: Merck: Research Funding; Novartis: Research Funding; Enterome: Research Funding; Seres: Research Funding; AVROBIO: Consultancy; Abbott Nutrition: Honoraria; Clasado: Other: Research Product; DSM: Other: Research Product. Al Malki: Neximmune: Consultancy; Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Inc.: Consultancy; Rigel Pharma: Consultancy; Hansa Biopharma: Consultancy; CareDx: Consultancy. Rezvani: Kaleido: Other: One-time scientific advisory board; Nohla Therapeutics: Other: One-time scientific advisory board; Pharmacyclics-Abbvie: Research Funding; US Department of Justice: Consultancy. Bolaños-Meade: Incyte Corp: Consultancy. Holtan: Incyte: Consultancy, Research Funding; Generon: Consultancy. Saber: Govt. COI: Other. Hamadani: Sanofi, Genzyme, AstraZeneca, BeiGene: Speakers Bureau; Janssen, Incyte, ADC Therapeutics, Omeros, Morphosys, Kite: Consultancy; Takeda, Spectrum Pharmaceuticals and Astellas Pharma: Research Funding. Kean: Bluebird Bio: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Patents & Royalties: From clinical trial data, Research Funding; Vertex: Consultancy; Novartis: Consultancy; Gilead: Research Funding; Regeneron: Research Funding; EMD Serono: Consultancy. Perales: Cidara: Honoraria; Servier: Honoraria; Incyte: Honoraria, Other; Equilium: Honoraria; Takeda: Honoraria; Novartis: Honoraria, Other; Nektar Therapeutics: Honoraria, Other; NexImmune: Honoraria; MorphoSys: Honoraria; Omeros: Honoraria; Karyopharm: Honoraria; Sellas Life Sciences: Honoraria; Merck: Honoraria; Miltenyi Biotec: Honoraria, Other; Medigene: Honoraria; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Honoraria; Kite/Gilead: Honoraria, Other; Celgene: Honoraria.


Against the background of the regulation 2014/910/EU [EU1] on electronic identification (eID) and trusted services for electronic transactions in the internal market (eIDAS), the FutureTrust project, which is funded within the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (Horizon 2020) under Grant Agreement No. 700542, aims at supporting the practical implementation of the regulation in Europe and beyond. For this purpose, the FutureTrust project will address the need for globally interoperable solutions through basic research with respect to the foundations of trust and trustworthiness, actively support the standardisation process in relevant areas, and provide Open Source software components and trustworthy services which will ease the use of eID and electronic signature technology in real world applications. The FutureTrust project will extend the existing European Trust Service Status List (TSL) infrastructure towards a "Global Trust List", develop a comprehensive Open Source Validation Service as well as a scalable Preservation Service for electronic signatures and seals. Furthermore it will provide components for the eID-based application for qualified certificates across borders, and for the trustworthy creation of remote signatures and seals in a mobile environment. The present contribution provides an overview of the FutureTrust project and invites further stakeholders to actively participate as associated partners and contribute to the development of future trust services for trustworthy global transactions.


A case of one month of evolution, of an 8-year-old equine of undefined breed, presenting alopecic areas, crusts on the upper eyelid, forelimbs, hindlimbs, preputial region and mainly, on the neck and scapula is reported. Pruritus was discrete. The histological analysis revealed pyogranulomatous dermatitis round blood vessels and adnexa, associated with epidermal hyperplasia, as well as orthokeratosis, parakeratosis and crusts. The follicular epithelium exhibited foci of spongiosis and exocytosis of neutrophils, with predominant chronic inflammation changes. Bacterial culture identified Staphylococcus intermedius, based on morphology, staining and biochemical tests positive for catalase, coagulase, glucose and aerobic acid production from mannitol. The equine was treated with dimethylsulfoxide, gentamicine and dexamethasone topically on a daily basis. Although some lesions presented rapid regression (7 days), it took 13 months for the complete repair of those lesions of the neck and scapula.


This study successfully established a strip warpage simulation model that is applied to the wire bonding process, and explored the effects of structural designs, material types, and processes such as molding, post and mold cure (PMC), pretreatment, and ball mounts on the strip warpage. The error between the experimental values and the simulation values is less than 13.7%. In addition, the Taguchi method is used to determine that the key factors affecting the strip warpage are the die thickness and the mold compound thickness, and that the secondary key factor is the molding temperature. This study concluded that in order to reduce strip warpage, the die thickness must be increased, while the compound thickness and the molding temperature must be decreased. To solve this problem, the structural design criteria proposed in this study use a smaller distance ratio of the neutral axis of the strip (zn) to the dice centroid (zdie). With this modification, it can reduce warpage and overall thickness of the strip. These observations indicate that the proposed model can be used to understand the effects of structural design, material types, and process parameter changes on the strip warpage. Strip design criteria are also provided in order to reduce the strip warpage, and thus, meet the requirement of thin and compact production lines, accelerate product development cycles, improve product quality, and reduce development costs.


Because of a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection (10-20%) among veterans seeking care in Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals, current US military forces were evaluated for HCV infection. Banked serum samples were randomly selected from military personnel serving in 1997 and were tested for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV). Overall prevalence of anti-HCV among 10,000 active-duty personnel was 0.48% (5/1,000 troops); prevalence increased with age from 0.1% among military recruits and active-duty personnel aged <30 years to 3.0% among troops aged >/=40 years. Prevalence among 2,000 Reservists and active-duty troops was similar. Based on sequential serum samples from 7,368 active-duty personnel (34,020 person-years of observation), annual incidence of infection was 2/10,000. Of 81 HCV RNA-positive troops for whom genotype was determined, genotypes 1a (63%) and 1b (22%) predominated, as in the civilian population. These data indicate that HCV infection risk among current military forces is lower than in VA studies and the general civilian population aged <40 years. The low level of HCV infection may be attributed to infrequent injection drug use in the military due to mandatory testing for illicit drugs prior to induction and throughout military service.


A qualitative study was performed using the focus group methodology with first year university students in Greater Lima, to learn about their drinking habits and explore the main determinants of their alcohol consumption. Four homogeneous focus groups (by gender and social class) were organized, with group sizes between 5 and 9. Content analysis of the discussions revealed that the stressors experienced by these students are similar to those of other western adolescents, yet that economic difficulties and weight concerns (among females) provide additional stress. Expectancies towards alcohol were predominantly positive and partly reflected those of American adolescents (social enhancement, tension reduction and improved cognitive/motor abilities), although additional expectancies were mentioned (pleasure, diversion, loss of inhibitions, selfconfidence and group acceptance) and others were considered less important (sexual enhancement, increased arousal, and cognitive/motor impairment). Self-efficacy to refuse alcohol was not perceived as an important determinant of alcohol use.


The effect of nutrient restriction on serum concentrations of the gonadotropins, on the pattern of LH secretion, and on sensitivity to estradiol (E2) was assessed in orchidectomized sheep (wethers). Thirty-six wethers (initial weight = 42.3 +/- 0.6 kg) were fed to gain, maintain, or lose body weight (feeding groups G, M, and L, respectively; n = 12 wethers/group). After 7 wk of controlled feeding, G, M, and L wethers weighed 57.0 +/- 1.7, 42.5 +/- 0.6, and 36.6 +/- 0.8 kg, respectively. At the end of controlled feeding, serum concentrations of LH and FSH in M and L wethers were significantly higher than levels in G wethers. During Days 51-54 of controlled feeding, six animals from each feeding group received E2 or vehicle as a continuous infusion. The pattern of LH secretion was assessed 48 h after initiation of infusion. Although E2 infusion did not affect (p > 0.05) LH pulse frequency in G and M wethers, pulse frequency was reduced (p < 0.05) in L wethers receiving E2. These data indicate that serum concentrations of gonadotropins are increased in wethers fed to maintain or lose body weight. In addition, the negative feedback potency of E2 is enhanced during prolonged weight loss.


The chapter is part of a special Gedenkschrift publication honoring the work of Professsor Brenda Zimmerman in the field of complexity thinking. The term, Gedenkschrift, borrowed from German, can be translated as celebration publication. It is a memorial publication honoring a respected person, especially an academic, created and presented posthumously.

The tribute tracks the influence of Brenda's work in formulating the heuristic developed by the author for teaching systems thinking in practice (STiP) as part of the postgraduate programme on STiP at the Open University.


BACKGROUND
Live kidney donor evaluation mandates anatomical and functional assessment of the donor kidney. Helical computed tomography (CT) with advanced 3-D techniques provides detailed description of the vascular, parenchymal, and collecting system.

METHODS
We compared the accuracy of helical CT angiography with intra-operative findings in the evaluation of 102 live kidney donors.

RESULTS
Identification of vascular anomalies was best on direct viewing of the axial images using interactive scrolling through the images and cine-loop paging. In 204 kidneys evaluated, a single renal artery was present in 74.5% and a single renal vein in 87.5%. Multiple renal arteries were more common on the left side (31%) vs the right side (20%). Early branching of the arteries was seen with equal frequency (approximately equal to 10%) on either side. Multiple renal veins were more often on the right side (20%) vs the left side (5%), and one patient was found to have double inferior vena cava. CT angiographic findings were concordant with the intra-operative findings in 97% of the cases, missing a small renal vein, an accessory artery that was visualized in retrospect, and a very early branch that was read as accessory artery. CT also revealed cortical cysts (four cases), duplex collecting system (two cases), hydronephrosis (one case), renal stone (one case), and liver haemangioma (two cases).

CONCLUSION
CT angiography is highly accurate for detecting vascular anomalies, and providing anatomical information. It may serve as the primary tool for donor evaluation.


RTP (rapid thermal processing) green fuel, a biomass-derived pyrolysis liquid, is an environmentally friendly fuel for heat and power production because it is renewable and has very low sulfur content. This paper investigates the expected air emissions, energy demands, and other environmental aspects of a fuel produced from sawmill residues in Eastern Quebec. It shows that as much as 98% greenhouse gas (GHG) emission savings is possible relative to a petroleum heavy fuel oil baseline. Most of its energy is derived from renewable biomass as opposed to fossil fuels. Other environmental benefits include lower impacts on human health, ecosystem quality, and fossil resources. Scenario analyses were also conducted to determine responses to model assumptions including different biomass feedstocks, feedstock transport mode and distance, and geographical locations of the pyrolysis process. Although GHG benefits are sensitive to these assumptions, in all cases studied, the savings in GHG emissions are above 70%.


We discuss a general model of a quantum memory for a single light mode in a collective mode of atomic oscillators. The model includes interaction Hamiltonians that are of second order in the canonical position and momentum operators of the lightand atomic oscillator modes. We also consider the possibility of measurement and feedback. We identify an interaction Hamiltonian that leads to an ideal mapping by pure unitary evolution and compare several schemes which realize this mapping using a common continuous-variable description. In particular we discuss schemes based on the off-resonant Faraday effect supplemented by measurement and feedback and proper preparation of the atoms in a squeezed state and schemes based on off-resonant Raman coupling as well as electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT).


We present a synthesis framework to map logic networks into quantum circuits for quantum computing. The synthesis framework is based on lookup-table (LUT) networks, which play a key role in conventional logic synthesis. Establishing a connection between LUTs in an LUT network and reversible single-target gates in a reversible network allows us to bridge conventional logic synthesis with logic synthesis for quantum computing, despite several fundamental differences. We call our synthesis framework LUT-based hierarchical reversible logic synthesis (LHRS). Input to LHRS is a classical logic network representing an arbitrary Boolean combinational operation; output is a quantum network (realized in terms of Clifford+T gates). The framework allows one to account for qubit count requirements imposed by the overlying quantum algorithm or target quantum computing hardware. In a fast first step, an initial network is derived that only consists of single-target gates and already completely determines the number of qubits in the final quantum network. Different methods are then used to map each single-target gate into Clifford+T gates, while aiming at optimally using available resources. We demonstrate the versatility of our method by conducting a design space exploration using different parameters on a set of large combinational benchmarks. On the same benchmarks, we show that our approach can advance over the state-of-the-art hierarchical reversible logic synthesis algorithms.


ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Correction for "Variations in atmospheric CO2 growth rates coupled with tropical temperature," by Weile Wang, Philippe Ciais, Ramakrishna R. Nemani, Josep G. Canadell, Shilong Piao, Stephen Sitch, Michael A. White, Hirofumi Hashimoto, Cristina Milesi, and Ranga B. Myneni, which appeared in issue 32, August 6, 2013, of Proc Natl Acad Sci USA (110:13061–13066; first published July 24, 2013; 10.1073/pnas.1219683110). The authors note that on page 13064, right column, first full paragraph, lines 4–7, "Some of the climatic events linked to such concerns are the severe droughts experienced by the Amazon basin in 2005 and 2010, which reportedly reduced tropical forest NPP by 1.6 to 2.2 PgC/y and increased tree mortality (50, 51)" should instead appear as "Some of the climatic events linked to such concerns are the severe droughts experienced by the Amazon basin in 2005 and 2010, which reportedly reduced tropical forest NPP and increased tree mortality by a total biomass carbon loss of 1.6 to 2.2 PgC (50, 51)." On page 13064, right column, first full paragraph, lines 12–17, "Assuming that the large reductions of tropical NPP reported previously (50, 51) are realistic, the absence of marked variations of the global CO2 growth rate after the 2005 and 2010 Amazon droughts may imply that the drought conditions also coincidently reduced tropical Rh along with NPP, resulting in (relatively) small NEE anomalies" should instead appear as "Assuming that the large reductions of tropical forest biomass reported previously (50, 51) are realistic, the absence of marked variations of the global CO2 growth rate after the 2005 and 2010 Amazon droughts may imply that the drought conditions also coincidently reduced tropical Rh along with NPP, resulting in (relatively) small NEE anomalies." These changes do not affect the conclusions of the article.


Popularity prediction for social media is an efficient way for scientists to explore advanced predictive trend and make better strategic decisions for future. In this paper, we propose a framework that uses visual-textual features combined with XGBoost for popularity prediction. More specifically, the framework contains three procedures, including visual-textual features extraction, features fusion and XGBoost regression. In order to extract the visual-textual data, on the one hand, we first adopt one-hot encoder to encode the metadata of the posts, and then apply a word2vec model to produce word embeddings. On the other hand, we adopt a shape descriptor called Hu moment to extract the visual features from the images. What's more, we exploit user's information, e.g. users' followings and users' followers, for providing extra social features to the regression. After that, we fuse the multi-modal features and input them to the XGBoost directly for popularity prediction. Extensive experiments conducted on the SMPD2019 dataset manifest the effectiveness of our system. Furthermore, our approach achieves the 3nd place on the leader board of the Grand Challenge in ACM Multimedia 2019.


Insulin is an important biotherapeutic protein, and it is also a model protein used to study amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The preparation of the protein can lead to small amounts of aggregate in the solution, which in turn may lead to irreproducible in vitro results. Using several pre-treatment methods, we have determined that pH cycling and diafiltration of the insulin removes microaggregates that may be present in the solution. These microaggregates were not detectable with traditional biochemical methods, but using small-angle neutron scattering, we were able to show that pH cycling reduces the radius of gyration of the insulin. Diafiltration removes the aggregates by size and pH cycling dissolves the aggregates by adjusting the pH through the pI of the protein. Pre-treating the insulin with either pH cycling or diafiltration allowed reproducible kinetics of fibrillation for the insulin protein. Microaggregates are a common problem in protein production, formulation, and preparation; here we show that they are the main cause for inconsistent behavior and how pH cycling and diafiltration can mitigate this problem.


This paper reviews the economic effects of collective-quality promotion through a survey of the recent literature devoted to common labeling and professional groups. Benefits and costs of common labeling and professional groups for improving quality are detailed. Some empirical facts are presented, mainly focusing on some European examples, since many European countries have a long history of producer-owned marketing programs. This paper shows that in some cases the collective-quality promotion can be a successful strategy for firms/farmers.


Determining the role of NADPH oxidases in the context of virus infection is an emerging area of research and our knowledge is still sparse. The expression of various isoforms of NOX/DUOX (NADPH oxidase/dual oxidase) in the epithelial cells (ECs) lining the respiratory tract renders them primary sites from which to orchestrate the host defence against respiratory viruses. Accumulating evidence reveals distinct facets of the involvement of NOX/DUOX in host antiviral and pro-inflammatory responses and in the control of the epithelial barrier integrity, with individual isoforms mediating co-operative, but surprisingly also opposing, functions. Although in vivo studies in mice are in line with some of these observations, a complete understanding of the specific functions of epithelial NOX/DUOX awaits lung epithelial-specific conditional knockout mice. The goal of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge of the role of individual NOX/DUOX isoforms expressed in the lung epithelium in the context of respiratory virus infections so as to highlight potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention.


Responsiveness to stimuli eliciting probing was measured in individual, suspended males of Glossina morsitans Westw. The standard stimulus was a warmed foam rubber ball offered from below; a positive response was recorded if the fly exsheathed its haustellum and probed the foam. During four days without food, probing responsiveness increased linearly from zero in mature flies, but with an initial step-up in tenerals. Each day's increase was steeper than the overall rate, and apparently modulated in the V-shaped pattern typical of other responses in tsetse flies. Starvation is thus seen to induce changes in feeding thresholds which parallel those induced in flight behaviour.


To satisfy the manufacturing of pistons with complex profile and high accuracy demand, the shaping approach of non-cylinder piston surface with CNC turning is studied in this paper. Piston surface is divided into three characteristics of middle-convex, ellipse, and varying ellipse. And three corresponding processing algorithms are proposed. By using the algorithms, lots of micro elliptic cylinders are generated, and the piston surface is approached by organizing them together. Furthermore, the surface errors produced by the algorithms are analyzed, and error formulas are also deduced. Based on these, we develop the data processing software for piston surface, providing control data of the cutter for piston machining.


James Stirling and Michael Wilford realised a significant body of work during their partnership. Considered one of the most important international architectural practices of the twentieth century, Stirling and Wilford made an exceptional contribution to contemporary architecture. Young, radical and eccentric, their work rejected the prevalent orthodoxy of the International Style, revisiting instead the early masters of heroic Modernism and achieving legendary status amongst a younger generation of architects. With early work in the UK and then Europe, from the late 1970s the practice designed buildings at four American Universities: Harvard, Rice, Cornell and UC Irvine, as well as a number of unbuilt projects. Yet, despite the significance of these projects, until now, the contribution of the practice's work in the United States to the development of late twentieth century architecture has never been fully appraised. Through texts by eminent contributors including Kenneth Frampton and Robert Maxwell, Stirling and Wilford American Buildings reassesses the importance of this body of work, establishing the legacy of the later American work of one of the twentieth century's most influential architectural practices.


Schwannomas are common, well-encapsulated benign tumors of the peripheral nerves. They rarely emerge from the median nerve in the forearm. Here we report a case of an unusual schwannoma measuring 3 × 4 × 3 cm originating from the median nerve in the proximal forearm of a 49-year-old man. The mass was painless, but Tinel's sign was positive. Ultrasonography showed a solid, hypoechoic mass with central cystic areas in the flexor muscle group in the left forearm. Magnetic resonance imaging with contrast enhancement in T1 sequences revealed that it originated from the median nerve. Surgical resection was performed by separating the nerve fibers from the tumor without any complications. Histological examination confirmed it as a schwannoma.


States may stipulate laws and rules, specifying conditions for foreigners to be admitted to another state's territory. Tightening requirements and making new restrictions for people who are going to visit a foreign country are one of efficient tools of foreign policy.International law has no norms obliging states to motivate the denial for a foreigner's admission into a foreign territory. The state cannot deny the admission for a foreigner if it contradicts obligations of the state implied in agreements concluded between the state ofresidence and an international intergovernmental organisation or in the treaties on privileges and immunities of international organisations.


The Mediterranean diet has been an area of popular and scientific intrigue for more than 30 years. Research has focused on both whole-diet compliance as well as individual component effects and many questions remain open as to the full spectrum of effects from this olive oil rich eating pattern. This paper summarizes key findings related to the Mediterranean diet including the health effects of olive oil as one tool in a whole-organism approach to modifying risk factors for cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic and other chronic illnesses. Suggestions for the utilization of these findings are summarized in a new »Holistic Food Pyramid«, optimized according to the basic principles of the Mediterranean diet and overall meta-


This study aimed to report the case of an eight-year-old patient with cleft lip and palate associated with undiagnosed syndrome presenting high level of carious lesions, difficulty on oral hygiene, no collaborative behavior and cariogenic diet. Case report: The patient underwent outpatient treatment for dental extraction and Atraumatic Restorative Treatment. Later at the following-up appointment, the child presented new active white spots and fractured restorations. Then, dental treatment under general anesthesia for amalgam restorations was indicated. Conclusion: We conclude that dental care under general anesthesia was an alternative treatment for the reported child in this clinical case that had a high prevalence of caries, cariogenic diet, loss of lip elasticity due to corrective surgeries, difficult access for oral hygiene and caregiver's fear to toothbrush near to the cleft.


The Global Financial Crisis opened a heated debate on whether inflation target regimes must be relaxed and allow for monetary policy to address financial stability concerns. Nonetheless, this debate has focused on the ability of the interest rate to "lean against the wind" and, more generally, on the accumulation of systemic risk arising from the macro-financial challenges faced by advanced economies. This paper extends the debate to emerging markets by developing micro-foundations that allow extending a simplified version of the New-Keynesian credit augmented model of Curdia and Woodford (2016) to a small-open economy scenario, and by subsequently using the same empirical strategy as Ajello et al. (2015) to calibrate the model for Mexico. The results suggest that openness in the capital account, and in particular a strong dependence of domestic financial conditions on capital flows, diminishes the effectiveness of monetary policy to lean against the wind. Indeed, in the open-economy with endogenous financial crises, the optimal policy rate is even below the level that would prevail in the absence of endogenous financial crisis and systemic risk.


Objectives Childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) is a multisystemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory organ damage by means of vasculitis. Pentraxin-3 (PTX3) is expressed locally at the sites of inflammatory processes, predominantly from endothelial cells. In adult studies, PTX3 has shown to be an indicator of active vasculitis both in large-vessel and small-vessel vasculitides, as well as in SLE. Moreover, in SLE it has found to be correlated with disease activity, and with some of the clinical manifestations and laboratory parameters. We aimed to ascertain if PTX3 might be a significant mediator in cSLE and if it might indicate active vasculitis during the course of the disease. Methods Serum PTX3 levels were measured in 76 patients with cSLE and 41 healthy subjects. We have investigated its relation with disease activity, damage, clinical features, laboratory parameters and medications. Results Serum levels of PTX3 were found to be increased in cSLE compared to healthy controls (mean ± SD; 10.6 ± 8.2 ng/mL vs 2.7 ± 1.3 ng/mL, p < 0.001). PTX3 concentrations were also in correlation with SLEDAI-2K (r = 0.57, p < 0.001). When viewed from the clinical perspective, serum PTX3 levels were significantly higher only in patients with active vasculitis (p < 0.001), Raynaud phenomenon (p = 0.006) and mucocutaneous manifestations (p < 0.001). However, an association between PTX3 and age, age at disease onset, disease duration, complement levels, PedSDI score (pediatric version of the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index), ESR, CRP, procalcitonin levels, anti-ds DNA antibody, anticardiolipin antibodies was not detected. Conclusions Patients with cSLE have increased levels of serum PTX3 compared to healthy controls. Thus, serum PTX-3 level might be a significant mediator in cSLE. Apart from these, the results support that PTX3 reflects active cutaneous vasculitis in cSLE and correlates with disease activity.


This paper presents the performance of a proposed QoS provisioning scheme - the Classified Cloning Scheme - when incoming traffic to the OBS network is self-similar. Intensive simulations were conducted using ns-2, after developing new modules for evaluation purposes. The self-similarity of the incoming traffic is depicted via cumulative distribution functions of the inter-arrival time for incoming IP packets under different load scenarios. Results show that the proposed scheme outperforms both standard OBS and the basic cloning scheme, while minimizing delay and jitter. The loss rate improvement over basic cloning and standard OBS is over 60% and 75% respectively. Moreover, the increased load due to classified cloning is considerably lower than that of basic cloning.


Prostanoids continue to be of great importance in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension (PHT). Their vasodilatory, antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant profile of effects makes them suitable substances in the treatment of PHT whose pathogenesis, vasoconstriction, proliferation, vascular modelling and in-situ thromboses play a role. Current tendency is to use other oral drugs as primary and initial treatment. But it is important not to miss the point when prostanoids are required as additional or alternative treatment. Prostanoids are indicated in current treatment algorithms for patients in NYHA class III or IV, especially those in right ventricular failure. Prostanoids can be given by continual intravenous or subcutaneous infusion, by mouth or as inhalants. Inhalant isoprost is practicable and well tolerated and improves the clinical condition and survival prognosis when given to patients with severe PHT. New developments with prostanoids apply largely to combination treatment.


Objective To investigate the value of hypernatremia in the intensive care unit (ICU) for the risk prediction of mortality in severe patients. Methods Clinical data of critically ill patients admitted to the ICU of Beijing Friendship Hospital, were collected for retrospective analysis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were employed to analyze the influencing factors. Nomograms predicting the mortality were constructed with R software and validated with repeated sampling. Results A total of 442 cases were eligible for this study. Hypernatremia within 48 hours of ICU admission, change in sodium concentration (CNa+) within 48 hours, septic shock, APACHE II score, hyperlactatemia within 48 hours, use of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) within 48 hours, and the use of mechanical ventilation (MV) within 48 hours of ICU admission were all identified as independent risk factors for death within 28 days of ICU admission. These predictors were included in a nomogram of 28-day mortality in severe patients, which was constructed using R software. Conclusion The nomogram could predict the individualized risk of 28-day mortality based on the above factors. The model has better discrimination and accuracy and has high clinical application value.


High quality synchrophasor data ensure that mission-critical applications produce trustworthy results during grid monitoring. Hence, there is a need for risk assessment activities to screen incoming data for errors, and decide if erroneous portions of data be either rejected or passed on to the dependent-applications. Visualization of prototyped PMU data errors provides a means for better identifying and understanding error mechanisms in real-life PMU data. The objective of this work is to develop a framework for the simulation of prototype PMU data errors within an emulation environment. In this work, two errors have been simulated: error due to a time skew, and error due to mislabeled flag bits during a leap second transition.


AIMS
Inhibition of the metabolism of terfenadine has been associated with torsades de pointes ventricular arrhythmias. The aim of this study was to assess in vitro the potency of the antidepressants nefazodone, sertraline and fluoxetine in inhibiting terfenadine biotransformation.

METHODS
Human liver microsomes were incubated with terfenadine and the antidepressants at various concentrations. Formation of the two major metabolites of terfenadine was determined by h.p.l.c.

RESULTS
The apparent Km for microsomes from four human livers was 11+/-5 and 18+/-3 microM (mean +/-s.e.mean) for the N-dealkylation and C-hydroxylation pathways, respectively. Nefazodone, sertraline and fluoxetine inhibited terfenadine N-dealkylation with K(i) values of 10+/-4, 10+/-3 and 68+/-15 microM respectively. Inhibition of the C-hydroxylation pathway yielded noncompetitive K(i) values of 41+/-4, 67+/-13 and 310+/-40 microM respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Nefazodone and sertraline were moderately weak in vitro inhibitors of terfenadine metabolism while fluoxetine was a very weak inhibitor. Clinically significant interaction of terfenadine is more likely with nefazodone than sertraline or fluoxetine since therapeutic plasma levels of nefazodone are comparatively higher.


We propose a system of distributed energy that combines a dynamic game model (DGM) with the Central Weather Bureau's weather data, and apply it to the power dispatch of a distributed grid. A programmable logic controller (PLC) and human–machine interface (HMI) are used to build the distributed grid for dispatching renewable energy. Moreover, the weather overview for 3 days is downloaded by using MATLAB/Simulink and the Python programming language to link to the weather forecast data, and the power generation on the next day is estimated on the basis of the weather data to dispatch the distributed energy according to the time-of-use power price and management plan announced by the power company. In addition, the weather data may change owing to the changeability of the weather. Therefore, this system can, at any time, obtain the latest weather data, apply the DGM, and dispatch the stored distributed energy in accordance with the power company's demand bidding measures, so that the power system can achieve the most economic power when there is high demand. It was found that the managed dispatch of all the power supplies and loads had optimal efficiencies, and the power company's reserve capacity was increased to achieve optimal power dispatch.


Carboxymethyl starch was modified by the incorporation of an azidophenyl group to prepare photoreactive starch, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared reflectance (FT-IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. Photo-irradiation immobilized the Az-starch on a polystyrene plate and it was stably retained on the surface. The protein containing immobilized Az-starch was also immobilized on a stripe micropatterned plate. UV irradiation time and Az-starch concentration were used to alter the physical properties of Az-starch and consequently control the rate of epidermal growth factor (EGF) release. The Az-starch that released growth factor was not cytotoxic to 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells, and the immobilized EGF maintained its activity and induced cellular proliferation in vitro. These results suggest that Az-starch could be useful as a clinical synthetic material for medical applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013


At the turn of the nineteenth century, the blurred contours of the mythical landscapes of Greece acquired sharpness and definition in Western travelers' accounts and visual representations. They were experienced from the mobile elevated platform of steamboats and filtered through the lens of new visual technologies. Traversed by a new category of organized "scientific cruisers," the Greek landscape was a repository of universal values as well as a site of tensions: between a mythical ancient past and a geopolitically dynamic present; between poetic imagination and "clear" scientific observation; between land and sea. Sailing between these tensions, a new cosmopolitan community took shape. This, however, ultimately remained a western elite sailing at a distance from contemporary Greece and its people. It remained a metaphor for ephemeral utopian visions-like the idealized dioramic landscape through which it moved.


1. Interactions of tricylic anti-depressants (TCA) and structurally related drugs with rat microsomal cytochromes P450 were studied including competitive inhibition of enzymatic activities and formation of P450 metabolite complexes. 2. All compounds examined that carry a methylated aminoalkyl sidechain formed metabolite complexes with microsomal P450 of the untreated male rat. The extent of complex formation is only slightly altered by rat pre-treatment with P450 inducers indicating that mainly constitutive P450 enzymes are involved. 3. The kinetics of in vitro complex formation differed for the di- and monomethylamino derivatives of the TCA showing either a sigmoidal or hyperbolic shape respectively. Considerable auto-inhibition of complex formation is observed at concentrations > 100 microM only with the dimethyl derivatives. 4. Besides metabolite complex formation, a further effect of the drugs is competitive inhibition of the CYP2B-dependent pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation. The inhibitory potential of the drugs depends on their degree of N-alkyl substitution. Correspondingly, the Ki is in the range of 2.8-7.1, 0.1-0.2 and 0.01 microM for the dimethyl-, monomethyl- and unsubstituted drugs respectively. 5. It has been shown that P450 interactions with tricyclic anti-depressants include several types of mechanisms and several P450 enzymes. It might be pharmacologically important that the dimethylamino compounds are demethylated in vivo by cytochromes P450 giving rise to more potent P450 inhibitors compared with the parent compounds.


Pain is one of the most common symptoms among oncological patients and has a strong negative impact on quality of life. The aim of this study is to assess if frailty and polypharmacy are associated with persistent pain in oncological patients undergoing rehabilitation. Observational, prospective, longitudinal study. Data are from oncological patients admitted to the Oncological Rehabilitation Unit. Methods: Presence of pain, its intensity and characteristics were evaluated at the admission and after 7 days. A Frailty Index (FI) was computed from Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) data. Among the 45 consecutively recruited patients (mean age 72 years, woman 44%), pain was present in 20 (44%) patients at the admission and 9 (20%) after 7 days of stay. Forty-one patients (92%) were taking more than 5 drugs at the admission (mean 9 drugs). The FI was normally distributed and descriptive statistics define our population as frail (mean 0.44; range 0.23–0.64). The FI was significantly associated with the presence of pain (OR 2.66; 95%CI 1.13–6.27, p=0.03) and its intensity after 7 days from the admission (β 4.24 95% CI 1.28–7.19, p=0.006), even after adjustment for potential confounders. Investigating frailty in cancer patients to implement multidisciplinary strategies could play an important role in improving persistent pain.


The aims of the study were to: examine how school leaders define effective school leadership, and identify the range of strategies school leaders employed in the management of their school. These aims would allow a consideration of the implications of the results for the professional development of school leaders in secondary schools in Oman.

Two questions were set: What are the head teachers' views of effective school leadership in the secondary schools, and what are some of the strategies head teachers use to lead their schools?

Two methods were used. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire completed by all head teachers of secondary schools in Oman. This questionnaire identified a number of items within seven fields and asked head teachers to indicate their level of agreement with these items. These items were drawn from a reading of the literature to identify the features of participatory school leadership. The questionnaire had 40 items divided into seven fields with between 4 and 7 items in each field. This first stage was followed by a smaller group of head teachers being interviewed with the sample being composed of one male and one female head teacher from every district in Oman.

The study investigated the profile of current secondary head teachers in Oman in terms of qualification, job experience, teaching experience and gender. Summary data for each of these aspects has been gathered. Also gender was examined in relation to the factors of qualification, length of experience as a teacher and as a manager. The study explored the views of all secondary head teachers in Oman about a participatory model of school leadership and found that there was a consistently high level of agreement with each of the items in the seven fields. The responses of head teachers were also examined for the presence of any statistically significant correlation between the views of the head teachers and each of the following variables: the head teachers' gender, qualifications, length of experience as a head teacher and length of teaching experience.


Tee flange molding is a very complex process of change. The affect of the preformed holes is very large in the molding process,so we have to calculate according to the parameters and Simulation by Dynaform in order to find the place of torn or wrinkled during the molding process. Then we can not only guarantee that the branch pipes is not wrinkled and torn but also can improve the smoothness and height of the branch pipes by optimizing of the shape of the prefabricated holes.


Although fentanyl is a short-acting narcotic analgesic, unexpected respiratory depression has been seen in the postanesthetic period several hours after the last dose. This study has defined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of fentanyl in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of the dog and determined their relationships to ventilatory depression. 3H-fentanyl citrate (10 μg/kg) was injected intravenously in dogs anesthetized with enflurane-O2. Arterial plasma and cisternal CSF were analyzed for concentration of unchanged 3H-fentanyl [F] and for total radioactivity (3H). Maximum [F] in CSF occurred 2–10 min after injection and declined at the same rate as [F] in plasma. Values of [F] in CSF averaged approximately 46 per cent of those in plasma, and reflected the binding of fentanyl to plasma proteins. There was a dose-dependent decrease in minute ventilation, and end-tidal CO2 increased. The extent of ventilatory depression correlated closely with the log [F] in arterial plasma and in cisternal CSF (i.e., Δ PETCO2 vs. log [F]CSF, r = 0.97, P < 0.01). An early phase in the recovery of ventilation paralleled the initial, rapid elimination of fentanyl from CSF and plasma. Complete recovery was protracted, and the terminal elimination phases of fentanyl from both CSF and plasma were prolonged (t1/2 = 171 ± 8 and 201 ± 25 min, respectively). It is concluded that fentanyl, a highly lipophilic drug, equilibrated rapidly between plasma and CSF, and that there was a close correlation between the concentrations of fentanyl in plasma and CSF and the intensity of respiratory depression. Recovery from the ventilatory effects of fentanyl paralleled the initially rapid elimination of the unchanged drug from CSF and plasma. However, low levels of ventilatory depression and of [F] persisted. Repeated injections of the narcotic analgesic led to the accumulation of fentanyl and increased ventilatory depression.


Abstract: The rapid growth and environmental adaptability of Eucalyptus species has favored their global cultivation for pulpwood production. On the island of Sardinia, Italy, eucalypt plantations were established in the 20th century primarily in areas reclaimed from marshland, but the trees are now grown all over the island as ornamentals or windbreaks, and for timber, pulp and honey production. In recent years, an unusual decline and mortality of unknown etiology has been observed in Eucalyptus camaldulensis (river red gum) plantations throughout the island. Given the ecological and economic importance of eucalypt ecosystems in Sardinia, a survey was carried out in 2013 to determine which insect pests and fungal pathogens are directly involved in these phenomena. Field surveys throughout the island revealed severe infestations with the red gum lerp psyllid (Glycaspis brimblecombei) at all 12 surveyed sites, with the greatest numbers of pre-imaginal stages and adults occurring between May and July. The adult population reached its peak in July, followed 2 months later by the peak population of its specific parasitoid, Psyllaephagus bliteus. Symptoms of leaf chlorosis, crown thinning, shoot and branch dieback, sunken cankers, epicormic shoots and exudations of kino gum were also observed at the 12 field sites. Symptomatic woody samples yielded fungal isolates representing three distinct families: Botryosphaeriaceae, Diaporthaceae and Valsaceae. Morphological and DNA sequence data revealed seven distinct fungal species, namely Diaporthe foeniculina, Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. mediterraneum, N. parvum, N. vitifusiforme and Valsa fabianae. Two putative new species of Cytospora were also identified. Neofusicoccum australe was the only species recovered from all 12 sites, with isolation frequencies of 51-95%. Pathogenicity trials revealed that all Neofusicoccum species except N. vitifusiforme are directly involved in the etiology of the observed decline in the E. camaldulensis population on Sardinia.


Most cells in the well-known pre-B-lymphocyte line 18-81 have correctly assembled genes for both alleles at the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. Only one allele is "active"; the other, "silent" allele contains an amber termination codon. The rate of reversion of this amber codon was determined to be 0.3-1 X 10(-4) per cell generation. This high rate is termed hypermutation.


Diabetes Mellitus (DM), a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, can be due to a defect in insulin secretion, a defect in its action, or both. Neurocognitive disorders or "organic mental disorders" present three categories: delirium, minor (or mild) impairment, and major neurocognitive disorder or dementia. These are two very prevalent conditions; several epidemiological studies have shown some characteristics common to both of them. Objective: To determine the relationship between Type 2 DM and neurocognitive disorders in an older adult population. Material and Methods: Analytical, retrospective, and secondary database study of investigations carried out between 2010 and 2015 in a population of 1,896 older adults, attended in the Geriatric service of the Naval Medical Center, the main hospital of the Peruvian Navy. Results: A higher frequency of male patients (58.4%) was found, the most frequent age group (46.4%) was 71-80 years, and the frequency of DM was 16.86%. In the bivariate analysis, 30.67% of participants with neurocognitive disorders had a history of DM, with statistically significant differences; in addition, variables such as age, sex, education, social support, polypharmacy, sedentary lifestyle and 7.03 average of glycosylated hemoglobin were also statistically significant. Conclusions: A relationship was found between DM and neurocognitive disorders. Being male seems to be a protective factor against cognitive decline. Hyperglycemia causes cognitive impairment, with glycosylated hemoglobin being a determinant test in the assessment of older diabetics with cognitive problems.


Urban travel forecasting, a component of the field of urban transportation planning, has entered its sixth decade, having been introduced in the early 1950s in North America, from which it spread to other developed countries, and then to developing countries such as China. Although this field is relatively mature, many new research directions are being pursued; at the same time practitioners experience ongoing difficulties with applying commercial software systems in correct and meaningful ways. China is presently undergoing rapid urbanization, implying major investments in road and transit systems, as well as airports and intercity surface transportation systems. Wise investment decisions require forecasts of future urban travel in China's congested cities. To understand the state of travel forecasting, the authors recently held discussions with professionals at several planning agencies of China's largest cities, as well as university departments engaged in related teaching and research. Our objective here is to relate the general findings and impressions from these discussions, as well as the message we presented to the seminar participants.


Public universities in Kenya have recorded high enrolment rates in the past two decades due to pressure from the expanded primary and secondary education and increased demand for university education among the working population. At the University of Nairobi, the rapid growth of student population has resulted in a number of challenges, including inadequacy of physical, human and financial resources. Recognizing the critical contribution of non-academic activities such as administrative procedures, financial governance and student quality of life, to academic performance and research achievements in any university, this study investigated the impact of high student enrolments (referred to in this paper as massification) on non-academic activities at the University of Nairobi. The study used both primary and secondary data; primary data were collected through in-depth interviews with university staff, whereas secondary data were obtained from departmental records and key policy documents. The study found that massification had resulted in numerous administrative challenges, financial and governance challenges, and affected the quality of on-campus life for students due to overstretched accommodation, health, catering and games facilities. To address the challenges, the university implemented a number of initiatives including, devolution of funds to cost centres, double-decking and universal computerization to increase efficiency. The study recommends the need for more responsive administrative structures.


The purpose of this paper is to highlight the relationship (official or unofficial) between training and physical education (PE) in high schools through examination of official instruction booklets, professional reviews and publications, and publications about training written by PE teachers. It shows the change in official concepts, from polyvalent training based on natural and rational gymnastic methods, to specialized sports training, and eventually tipping into the teaching of training as an end in itself. The evolution of PE aims and the diversification of sports and physical activities in society offers the framework for analyzing this progression, focusing on discussions among key actors and the choices made by institutions.


In this paper we address the reliability of policies derived by Reinforcement Learning on a limited amount of observations. This can be done in a principled manner by taking into account the derived Q-functionpsilas uncertainty, which stems from the uncertainty of the estimators used for the MDPpsilas transition probabilities and the reward function. We apply uncertainty propagation parallelly to the Bellman iteration and achieve confidence intervals for the Q-function. In a second step we change the Bellman operator as to achieve a policy guaranteeing the highest minimum performance with a given probability. We demonstrate the functionality of our method on artificial examples and show that, for an important problem class even an enhancement of the expected performance can be obtained. Finally we verify this observation on an application to gas turbine control.


Picrolemma sprucei Hook. f. (Simaroubaceae) is a medicinal plant that is used throughout the Amazon region in the treatment of malaria. No previous report has been published on the biological activity or chemical composition of the fruit of this species. In the present study, antimalarial effects of the fruit from P. sprucei was evaluated. Furthermore, a rapid and simple thin-layer chromatography-photodensitometry (TLC-PD) analytical method is utilized for the semi-quantitative determination of the quassinoids isobrucein B (1) and neosergeolide (2) in P. sprucei fruit. EtOH extracts of the whole fruit, pericarp and seeds (pits) of P. sprucei exhibited high in vitro inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.6, 1.5 and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively) against the K1 strain of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Hex, CHCl3, EtOAc, BuOH and MeOH-H2O fractions obtained by liquid-liquid partitioning of seed and pericarp EtOH extracts provided seed (IC50 = 0.01-3.7 mg/mL) and pericarp (IC50 = 0.01-9.1 mg/ mL) fractions exhibiting high inhibitory activity against P. falciparum. CHCl3 fractions had the highest in vitro antimalarial activities (IC50 = 10 ng/mL), probably due the high quassinoid content. The CHCl3 fraction of the seed extract exhibited 39.8 % (m/m) of 1 and 3.5% (m/m) of 2 while the CHCl3 fraction of the pericarp extract contained 5.0 % (m/m) of each quassinoids. The antiplasmodial activity of the fractions was due presumably to quassinoid and non-quassinoid active components. P. sprucei fruit pulp and pit have potential as phytotherapeutic agents.


A retrospective study of 36 cases of infectious keratitis in the graft following 885 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties was conducted to evaluate the spectrum of pathogens and the factors affecting graft survival. Gram positive cocci and gram negative rods were equally responsible (47% in both cases) for 94% of the infections. Epithelial defects were responsible for 64% of the ulcers; suture-related infections, for 36%. After the infectious keratitis resolved, only 50% of the patients had a clear graft. Because the visual prognosis is poor once infectious keratitis develops, aggressive treatment is essential as soon as any sign of infiltration appears.


Report (takrir) that we have discussed here and assumed that it was written at the end of 1525 and at the beginning of 1526 is one of the important sources about the first quarter of the XVI. century. It isn't certainly known who has written the report. The report includes important information about condition of Mecca, Medina, Damascus, Zabid, Yemen, Ethiopia, Jeddah, Egypt, India, Gujarat and about Portugal's invasion of India. In our study we discussed the writer of this source who hasn't attracted attention hitherto, when it was written and what kind of information it includes about the said areas


On March 7, 2017, Canadian Senator Lynn Beyak stood up in the Red Chamber and delivered a lengthy speech urging Canadians to recognise the positive aspects of the Indian Residential Schooling system that the Truth and Reconciliation Commission had failed to acknowledge. In their positions as settler teacher educators, the authors examine how Senator Beyak's statements expose the depth of systemic settler colonialism, anti-Indigenous racisms, and unsettling beneficiary narratives here in Canada. The authors call on teacher educators to examine these systemic anti-Indigenous racisms in relation to how they can confront and disrupt settler Canadian colonialism and historical settler consciousness within teacher education and school curricula. Drawing on recent research done by educational researchers at Faculties of Education across Canada, the authors maintain that settler colonial benevolence and colonial systemic anti-Indigenous racisms can be unlearned and learned through ethical relationality, truth, and a critical praxis of reconciliation.


We consider the effect of impermeable inclusions on the infiltration of water from irrigation channels in a homogeneous soil. An expression for the matric flux potential throughout the soil is obtained in terms of a boundary integral equation. A Green's function derived by Basha [ Water Resources Research , 30:2105--2118, 1994] is suitable for numerical calculations for this class of problems. This Green's function is employed in the boundary integral equation to obtain numerical values for the matric flux potential for a soil with embedded impermeable inclusions of various shapes. The numerical results indicate how impermeable inclusions may be used to effectively direct the flow from irrigation channels to particular regions below the soil surface.


The outbreak of a novel coronavirus causing severe acute respiratory syndrome in December 2019 has escalated into a worldwide pandemic. In this work, we propose a compartmental model to describe the dynamics of transmission of infection and use it to obtain the optimal vaccination control. The model accounts for the various stages of the vaccination, and the optimisation is focused on minimising the infections to protect the population and relieve the healthcare system. As a case study, we selected the Republic of Ireland. We use data provided by Ireland's COVID-19 Data-Hub and simulate the evolution of the pandemic with and without the vaccination in place for two different scenarios, one representative of a national lockdown situation and the other indicating looser restrictions in place. One of the main findings of our work is that the optimal approach would involve a vaccination programme where the older population is vaccinated in larger numbers earlier while simultaneously part of the younger population also gets vaccinated to lower the risk of transmission between groups. We compare our simulated results with those of the vaccination policy taken by the Irish government to explore the advantages of our optimisation method. Our comparison suggests that a similar reduction in cases may have been possible even with a reduced set of vaccinations available for use.


The task of semantic segmentation plays a central role in the analysis of remotely sensed imagery. This relevance is reflected in the act of classifying each image pixel belonging to a particular class. This allows the acquisition of semantic knowledge in form of a classification map, which facilitates decision-making processes. Nowadays, the task of semantic segmentation is mainly solved with Supervised pre-training. It needs plenty of labels to learn a mapping function, which produces useful features. As alternative, Self-supervised learning (SSL) techniques entirely explore the data, find supervision signals and solve a challenge called Pretext task for coming upon robust representations. The current work investigates Image Colorization (IC) as Pretext task to learn feature representations, which will be transferred to an U-Net for predicting semantic segmentations of urban scenes. The study examines two benchmark datasets for validation and generation of classification maps. The results show that the learned features through colorization achieve accurate segmentation results. This was possible both using unlabeled ImageNet training data and the actual datasets. These contain up to half a million examples, which represents a modest amount compared to the number of annotated images present in ImageNet.


In this paper, second harmonic generation (SHG) in microring (MR) resonator with Bragg reflection waveguide (BRW) is investigated numerically using finite element method. Our proposed structure uses strong modal dispersion properties of BRW for enhancement of SHG process in microrings MRs. By considering thermo-optic effect, we show that the proposed device is more sensitive to temperature in comparison with previously studied AlGaAs/AlOx waveguide, which makes it more suitable for use in thermal applications. According to the simulation results, six degrees of centigrade is sufficient for switching between active wavelengths of the structure and thermal tuning. Thermal compensation of fabrication tolerances of the structure is also investigated.


This study reports on two individuals with Temple–Baraitser syndrome, manifesting typical hallux and pollex findings, global developmental delay, and seizures. In the five previous cases identified to date, consistent craniofacial and osseous characteristics have been observed. The children described herein exhibit minor differences within this phenotype and are older, highlighting the phenotypic variability and natural history of the clinical and radiographic findings.


Indonesia is rich in plant biodiversity. Indonesia volatile oil development efforts through increased development of one plant of lemon grass, which is one of the essential oil producing plants known as Cymbopogon citratus. Lemongrass essential oil in the chemical industry used as raw materials in the manufacture of cosmetics, perfume, deodorant, deodorant soap, floor cleaners and detergents. The purpose of this study was to determine the highest yield of lemongrass essential oil distillation using the method of water distillation, water-steam, and steam to the treatment of intact leaves and chopped leaves and know the quality of essential oil of lemongrass with the treatment of raw materials and different methods of distillation, the design used by two factors: variation in the treatment of raw material (whole leaves and chopped leaves) and the distillation process variation (distilled water (boiled), water-steam distillation and steam distillation. Data obtained from the analysis of yield, specific gravity, refractive index, and oil content of the compound citral essential (lemongrass oil). This study uses three methods of distillation, the distillation of water, water-steam distillation and steam distillation is carried out on samples of intact leaves and chopped leaves of fresh lemongrass. The results yield calculation and testing of physics and chemistry, as well as in the method of analysis SPSS One-Sample Test Statistics for the lemongrass essential oil products. Based on the  results of research on the treatment of raw materials and distillation methods can be concluded that the treatment of raw materials lemongrass intact leaves with water distillation method (boiled) at both the content yield 0.52%, 71.84% citral, specific gravity 0.8967 g/mL, and the refractive index of 1.4905. It is appropriate to mention that SNI 06-39-53-1995 yield 0.3%, the specific gravity of 0.8731 g/mL, and the refractive index of 1.4586. But the content of citral not meet SNI standards are 76.1%, but according to Guenther (2006) which states citral content of between 65% to 85%.


This thesis deals with the Centralization in Architectural Form.
In Architectural form, the Center had been understood as the
Symbolic, Existential, and Constructional meaning. Centeralization,
in Structural Approach, is defined as Interaction among Center,
Periphery, and Boundary-their meeting place. In this respect,
important is what makes the relation between Center and Periphery
complementary and non-exclusive.
Here Centralization is divided into three phase-Enclosure, Layering
and Being-with, From the Analysis of Louis I.Kahn's Work, we can
discover device to make centrality (Centralization).


Application potential and development prospect of satellite precipitation products such as Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Mission (GPM) have promising implications. This study discusses causes of spatiotemporal differences on GPM data through the following steps: Initially, calculate bias between satellite-based data and rain gauge data of Xiangjiang river catchment to assess the accuracy of GPM (06E, 06 L, and 06F) products. Second, total errors of satellite precipitation data are divided into hit bias (HBIAS: precipitation detected by both GPM and rain gauge station), missed precipitation (MBIAS: precipitation detected only by rain gauge station), and false precipitation (FBIAS: precipitation detected only by GPM). Third, evaluate the impact of precipitation intensity and total precipitation on accuracy of GPM data and their influence on three error components. Several conclusions are drawn from the results above: (1) Satellite-based precipitation measurements perform better on a larger temporal-spatial scale. (2) The accuracy of TRMM and GPM data displays significant variances on space and time. Season, precipitation intensity, and total precipitation are main factors influencing the accuracy of TRMM and GPM data. (3) The detection capability of satellite products change with seasonal variation and different precipitation intensity level.


CONTEXT
Autoimmune thyroid disease develops in genetic susceptible subjects, provoked by environmental factors. Little is known of the environment in the early stages of autoimmunity.

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated environmental factors contributing to de novo occurrence of thyroid antibodies.

DESIGN
We conducted a prospective cohort study of 521 euthyroid women without thyroid antibodies in serum who were relatives of autoimmune thyroid disease patients. Follow-up was 5 yr. Baseline characteristics were related to the occurrence of thyroid peroxidase (TPO) and/or thyroglobulin (Tg) antibodies. Exposure to environmental factors in the year prior to the occurrence of antibodies was investigated in a nested case-control study.

RESULTS
The 5-yr probability for conversion to TPO antibodies (TPO-Ab) and/or Tg antibodies (Tg-Ab) was 20.1%, and for TPO-Ab alone the probability was 14.5%. None of the baseline characteristics except TSH contributed to the risk of seroconversion. Each case (occurrence of antibodies) was matched for age and duration of follow-up with two controls (no seroconversion). Exposure to environmental stimuli was similar between cases and controls except for smoking. At study entrance, current smokers among cases and controls were 31.3 and 35.5%, respectively (nonsignificant). Current smoking decreased in cases during follow-up. Consequently, the odds ratios (OR) of smoking for developing TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab were 0.62 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.37-1.04] 1 yr before seroconversion and 0.59 (95% CI, 0.35-0.99) at seroconversion; for conversion to TPO-Ab, these figures are 0.58 (95% CI, 0.31-1.09) and 0.54 (95% CI, 0.29-1.02), respectively.

CONCLUSION
Discontinuation of smoking is associated with an increased risk for occurrence of TPO-Ab and/or Tg-Ab in serum. The observation is in line with the decreased risk of hypothyroidism in smokers.


This paper extends an analysis method developed for a radial magnetized spur gear. The extension describes how a parallel magnetized spur gear can be modeled analytically. The analytical method for a parallel magnetized gear is verified with the finite element method, which showed good agreements. The results with the parallel magnetized are also compared with results from the previous developed analytical method for radial magnetized gear, and the parallel magnetized version turned out to give a better performance. A test model was also built to verify the theoretical calculations.


In biomedical research, quantification of histological images is often required. Many of the methods used are time-consuming, laborious, originate variable results and are difficult to replicate. This paper is aimed towards finding a more objective, reproducible and easy to perform method to obtain representative results in murine models of hepatic fibrosis using ImageJ software. To do so on a liver fibrosis model, the percentages of fibrotic lesion obtained in an entire section and in several different magnifications were compared. No statistically significant differences were found (p> 0.05), but the correlation was stronger between the results obtained in the entire section photograph and the two photographs at 40x (r = 0.963). Using ImageJ facilitated the definition of a methodology that originated representative results on a liver section and at the same time allowed objective measurement in a reproducible and less laborious way.


As more and more vehicles being added to the road every day, it is important to investigate new ways to meet the growing demand on ground transportation systems. One way is to adopt a fully Networked Vehicle System (NVS), where the information is exchanged and control is applied to ensure smooth traffic flow. We propose to use discrete event/hybrid system theory to model and control such an NVS in a hierarchical and distributed fashion. Control is achieved at three levels: vehicle level, infrastructure level, and system level, by vehicle supervisors, infrastructure supervisors, and master supervisors, respectively. At the vehicle level, vehicles are modeled as hybrid machines, where both continuous variables and discrete events are considered. At infrastructure and system levels, all vehicles are modeled as finite state machines with parameters, which can be viewed as abstractions of hybrid machines. Control at each level has its own control objectives and is implemented in a distributed fashion.


Introduction. In a recent paper [17] we obtained a spectral representation for the bounded normal operator solutions of a certain functional equation whose special cases include the semigroup equation (UßV = UßUv) as well as many others. In this note we continue our study of the abstract functional equation expressed in terms of algebras of measures. We shall consider therefore a mapping z -» Uz of a locally compact space Z into the set of unbounded normal operators on a Hilbert space. Since the operators are not necessarily bounded, the conditions imposed on the mapping z -» Uz vary somewhat from the conditions in the bounded case. The main result (Theorem 1) which we obtain here is a spectral representation analogous to the result valid in the bounded case [17; 18, Theorem 2, p. 8]. The methods which we use are suggested by the papers [12] and [13] of C. Ionescu Tulcea. For the general theory and terminology of unbounded operators we refer the reader to the works of E. Hille and R. Phillips [10], C. Ionescu Tulcea [11], F. Riesz and B. Sz.-Nagy [21]. Spectral representations for semigroups of unbounded operators are also discussed in A. Devinatz [3], A. Devinatz and A. E. Nussbaum [4; 5], R. Getoor [7], C. Ionescu Tulcea and A. Simon [14] and A. E. Nussbaum [19]. Theorem 1 of this paper contains the main part of Theorem 1 in [14] (and henceforth certain of the results given in [3; 4; 5; 7; 19]). The setting of the problem in algebras of measures is given in §§1, 2, and 5. Spectral families of Radon measures and direct sums thereof are summarized in §§3 and 4. The main result is stated and proved in §6. In §8 we apply the main theorem to derive a corollary which in the bounded case extends a result of S. Kurepa [16].


The case is reported of a boy aged 15 who suffered a bilateral lesion of the temporal convexity after a brain traumatism; he died 5 years later and the symptoms during that period are described. The clinical picture is adequately described neither under the title of dementia, nor under that of aphasia. The concept of an abolition involving the systems of cultural mediation (linguistic, technical) is introduced. The status of echolalia and echo-praxia is discussed.


In order to determine what constraints lead students to enroll in television-based courses, personal interviews were conducted in the fall of 1989 with students enrolled in at least one telecourse at four institutions, i.e., Governors State University in Illinois, Northern Virginia Community College, Memphis State University in Tennessee, and the University of South Dakoa. Twenty-five students were interviewed at each institution, for a total sample of 100 students. They were asked to rate the importance of and comment on potential barriers to enrolling in on-campus courses, including time, distance, transportation, responsibilities at work, family concerns, and daycare. Analyses of their responses indicate that time rather than distance seems to be the major constraint facing these students. They find that their greatest challenge is managing their limited time in view of competing demands from jobs, families, and other responsibilities. Most of them indir!ated that interaction with faculty is an important feature of distance education; however, interaction with other students is less important. Computer-based communication through use of electronic mail and computer network,, seems to be a feasible approach to providing increased communication between faculty and distance education students, and telecourse students, for the most part, are favorably disposed toward telecourses that would require them to use microcomputers in their homes. They are less inclined to take courses that require the use of computers in the work place, and would resist courses that require them to come to campus or learning centers to use computers, especially if those computers were high-powered workstations. (DB) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** CtIZ Understanding Distance Education: COD Identifying Barriers To College Attendance


During oil and gas drilling operations, formation gas (mostly methane) may enter the wellbore annulus or the drilling riser. This gas influx may get absorbed into the surrounding mud causing complexity for kick detection. Absorption mass transfer experiments of methane into four different fluid systems were performed. The continuous phase for all these fluids was Internal olefins (IO) which is widely used within the drilling industry as a base fluid. Two of the fluids were emulsions (Water as the second phase) and the other fluid comprised of Internal Olefins with Suspentone. Ultrahigh purity methane was used as the absorbing gas phase. The system pressure was kept at 100psi (0.689MPa) with a superficial velocity of 0.009 m/s. Volumetric mass transfer coefficients (kLa) from these experiments were individually determined using a bubble column with an internal diameter of 0.0381m. The volume of the liquid was kept constant during each of the tests. It was observed that methane in pure IO has the highest kLa value while its value is the lowest when it was flown through the IO/Water/suspentone fluid system. The reduction of kLa values was attributed to the increase of viscosity of the fluid and reduction of interfacial area of the IO due to the addition of water.


Pot experiments were conducted at the PMAS, Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan during
2007 repeated during 2008 to study the effect of silicon and nanoirrigation (W40) on drought tolerance
mechanism of sorghum. According to experimental design, the silicon fertilization was divided into two
levels: control (no application of potassium silicate) Si0 and application of silicon Si200 (200 mlL-1 of
potassium silicate per kg of soil). Irrigation was divided into two levels: crop upper limit (40 mm)
irrigation denoted as W40 and without irrigation, crop lower limit as Wo. Each treatment was replicated
three times with two sorghum cultivars: PARC SS-2 (drought tolerant) and Johar-1(drought
susceptible). The results showed that increase in silicon leads to increase in leaf area index (LAI),
specific leaf weight (SLW), chlorophyll content (SPAD), leaf dry weight (LDW), shoot dry weight (SDW),
root dry weight (RDW), total dry weight (TDW) and remarkably decrease in leaf water potential and
shoot to root ratio in sorghum cultivars compared to control treatment. When silicon concentration is
applied with irrigation LAI, SPAD, LDW, SDW, RDW, TDW, net assimilation rate (NAR), relative growth
rate (RGR), leaf area ratio (LAR) and water use efficiency (WUE) increased by 30, 31, 40, 30, 28, 30, 27,
35, 32, 30 and 36% respectively as compared to water deficient treatment. These results suggest that
silicon application may be useful to improve the drought tolerance of sorghum through the
enhancement of water uptake ability


Walter Benjamin, Religion, and Aesthetics is an innovative and creative attempt to unsettle and reconceive the key concepts of religious studies through a reading with, and against, Walter Benjamin. Constructing what he calls an "allegorical aesthetics," Plate sifts through Benjamin's writings showing how his concepts of art, allegory, and experience undo traditionally stabilizing religious concepts such as myth, symbol, memory, narrative, creation, and redemption.


PURPOSE
To compare three published short GDS scales and to identify a valid and reliable short-form alternative to the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale.

DESIGN
Comparative validation study via retrospective chart review of 816 acute care patients in an 830-bed academic medical center in the USA in 2001.

METHODS
Data of the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale, the Mini-Mental State Examination, and demographic data were extracted from medical records after patient discharge. Three scales: the D'Ath GDS-4, van Marwijk GDS-4, and Hoyl GDS-5, were compared to the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale.

RESULTS
The Hoyl 5-item version showed the highest sensitivity (97.9%). Concern for GDS-5 false positives when compared to the 15-item GDS (specificity 72.7%) led to re-ordering the 15 GDS items into a new two-tiered instrument, the GDS-5/15. In this study of 816 older adult inpatients, 60% were screened as "not depressed" using the first 5 items on the GDS-5/15, leaving 40% for continued screening and completion of all 15 GDS items.

CONCLUSIONS
A shorter screening tool might encourage more providers to add depression screening to routine health care visits. The GDS-5/15 is an alternative screening tool.


Libraries have got a new outlook in the age of information communication technology. New and advanced technologies have brought significant changes from collection of books to a single window knowledge bank. Open source software has opened up new vistas in the arena of library automation. This paper highlights the definition and features of open source library management software, advantages and limitations which are useful for developing digital library and institutional repositories. Keywords: Open source software, digital library, digital library software, Greenstone digital library, DSpace, Koha, E-Prints, New Genlib, open access initiative, digital library, GSDL Cite this Article A.D. Khobragade, Pranali B. Gedam. Open Source Software for Digital Library. Journal of Advancements in Library Sciences . 2019; 6(Special Issue 1): 395s–399s.


Underground coal gasification (UCG), as an autothermal process, includes processes of degasification, pyrolysis, and the gasification itself. These processes occur as a result of a high temperature and the management of coal combustion during addition of gasification agent. Air, water vapor mixed with air, air or water vapor enriched with oxygen, or pure oxygen, may be used as gasification agents. Resulting gas that is extracted in this process may vary in chemical composition, so it is necessary to adjust it. That is the reason why it is necessary to develop a mathematical model of the underground gasification process prior to any operations in coal deposit, in order to obtain as much accurate prediction of the process as possible. Numerical calculation provides prediction of gas mixture's chemical composition, which enables calculation of gas components' energy contents and total energy content of the gas in predicted underground coal gasification process. It is one of the main criteria in the economic assessment of UCG process. This paper, based on available data on researches in this area, provides a contribution to creation of mathematical model of underground coal gasification.


In an earlier paper, we proved a strong version of the redundancy-capacity converse theorem of universal coding, stating that for "most" sources in a given class, the universal coding redundancy is essentially lower-bounded by the capacity of the channel induced by this class. Since this result holds for general classes of sources, it extends Rissanen's (1986) strong converse theorem for parametric families. While our earlier result has established strong optimality only for mixture codes weighted by the capacity-achieving prior, our first result herein extends this finding to a general prior. For some cases our technique also leads to a simplified proof of the above mentioned strong converse theorem. The major interest in this paper, however, is in extending the theory of universal coding to hierarchical structures of classes, where each class may have a different capacity. In this setting, one wishes to incur redundancy essentially as small as that corresponding to the active class, and not the union of classes. Our main result is that the redundancy of a code based on a two-stage mixture (first, within each class, and then over the classes), is no worse than that of any other code for "most" sources of "most" classes. If, in addition, the classes can be efficiently distinguished by a certain decision rule, then the best attainable redundancy is given explicitly by the capacity of the active class plus the normalized negative logarithm of the prior probability assigned to this class. These results suggest some interesting guidelines as for the choice of the prior. We also discuss some examples with a natural hierarchical partition into classes.


A 9-bit 80 MS/s successive approximation register analog-to-digital converter (ADC), which is suitable for low power and a small area, is presented. The 9-bit capacitor array consists of only 16 unit capacitors and a coupling capacitor due to the proposed binary-weighted split-capacitor arrays with a merged-capacitor switching technique. The proposed ADC includes a comparator with offset cancellation and uses digital calibration for error correction. The ADC is implemented in a 65-nm complimentary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology and occupies an active area of 0.068 mm2 with a reference buffer. The differential and integral nonlinearities of the ADC are less than 0.37 and 0.40 LSB, respectively. The ADC shows a signal-to-noise-distortion ratio of 50.71 dB, a spurious-free dynamic range of 66.72 dB, and an effective number of bits of 8.13 bits with a 78 MHz sinusoidal input at 80 MS/s. The ADC consumes 3.4 mW with the reference buffer at a 1.0-V supply and achieves a figure of merit of 78 fJ/conversion step.