Most advances in humanity have been related to the discovery or introduction of new innovations and/or technology. There should be no suggestion that all technology is pathological or that major advances in health, science, and well-being have not come from industrial and technological advances. However, just like the invention of the wheel would have no doubt caused people to be injured and modern lifesaving medicines can have side effects, modern technology can have a downside, which needs to be recognized. This article explores some of the pathologies linked to small screen and internet technologies (personal computers, communication devices, and the internet). The uptake and impact of this set of technologies is pivotal in redefining our lifestyle behaviors and environment: the way we work, shop, seek entertainment, communicate, socialize, reproduce, interact with the environment, and seek information.


ABSTRACT A compact, high temperature demonstration transformer was constructed, using a moly permalloy powder core and Teflon-insulated copper wire. At 50 kHz and 200 oC, this 1:2 ratio transformer is capable of 98% efficiency when operating at a specific power of 6.1 kW/kg at 4 kW. This roughly 7 cm diameter transformer has a mass of 0.65 kg. Although Teflon is unstable above 200 oC, about the same electrical performance was seen at 250 oC. A plot of winding loss vs. frequency illustrates the need to control these losses at high frequency. COMPACT HIGH TEMPERATURE TRANSFORMER OPERATES EFFICIENTLY AT 200 oC Readily available magnetic and wiring materials suitable for use at elevated temperatures were used to construct a transformer that demonstrates the consequences of pushing these materials beyond their conservative temperature ratings. The critical elements above 200 C are the magnetic material and wire insulation. The present transformer was based on a moly permalloy powder (MPP) core wound with Teflon insulated copper wire. Commercial MPP cores are normally not rated for operation above about 140 oC, although they are regularly equipped with 200 oC coatings. Their intrinsic magnetic material, being roughly 80-20 % Ni-Fe, is known to have good soft magnetic characteristics up to 300 oC. But the properties of the binder material may be expected to have a deleterious influence at such high temperatures. Occasional measurements at NASA Glenn indicate that over short durations (hours, not thousands of hours) certain MPP cores have nearly the same core loss and inductance at 250 oC as at 23 oC. Long-term stability under high temperature is unknown. Above 200 oC, no wire insulation is known that is compact, has a high dielectric strength, and is stable and mechanically durable. Ceramic beads or sleeves may be acceptable in high frequency designs that can use relatively few turns of winding. Such windings have been used to characterize Supermendur up to 900 oC in a NASA magnetic materials testing program. Teflon insulation was chosen here, for its good dielectric strength and ease of winding. Indeed, Teflon film is used as the dielectric in some commercial, hermetically sealed capacitors rated up to 200 oC. Above 200 oC, Teflon materials start to outgas rapidly and soften and hence would not be suitable for long duration aerospace applications at such temperatures. However, in the present, short-duration demonstration tests, Teflon insulation served quite well to 250 oC. Using Teflon insulated windings on an MPP core, 98% efficiency was shown to 250 oC, for a 1:2 ratio transformer capable of power densities over 6 kW/kg, when operated at 50 kHz. This is all fairly predictable and nothing new was found. Nevertheless, the demonstration reviews an important point regarding the distribution of core and winding losses at high frequencies.


We prove that the base change theorem in rigid coho- mology holds when the rigid cohomology sheaves both for the given morphism and for its base extension morphism are coherent. Apply- ing this result, we give a condition under which the rigid cohomology of families becomes an overconvergent isocrystal. Finally, we establish generic coherence of rigid cohomology of proper smooth families under the assumption of existence of a smooth lift of the generic fiber. Then the rigid cohomology becomes an overconvergent isocrystal generi- cally. The assumption is satisfied in the case of families of curves. This example relates to P. Berthelot's conjecture of the overconver- gence of rigid cohomology for proper smooth families.


Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced DNA damage is repaired by the base excision repair pathway. However, the effect of chromatin structure on BER protein recruitment to DNA damage sites in living cells is poorly understood. To address this problem, we developed a method to specifically produce ROS-induced DNA damage by fusing KillerRed (KR), a light-stimulated ROS-inducer, to a tet-repressor (tetR-KR) or a transcription activator (TA-KR). TetR-KR or TA-KR, bound to a TRE cassette (∼90 kb) integrated at a defined genomic locus in U2OS cells, was used to induce ROS damage in hetero- or euchromatin, respectively. We found that DNA glycosylases were efficiently recruited to DNA damage in heterochromatin, as well as in euchromatin. PARP1 was recruited to DNA damage within condensed chromatin more efficiently than in active chromatin. In contrast, recruitment of FEN1 was highly enriched at sites of DNA damage within active chromatin in a PCNA- and transcription activation-dependent manner. These results indicate that oxidative DNA damage is differentially processed within hetero or euchromatin.


Keratohyalin granules of frozen newborn rat epidermis were stained histologically and immunohistochemically and studied by light and electron microscopy. They showed a variety of reactivity to eosin, hematoxylin, uranyl acetate and rabbit monospecific antikeratin IgG. We found that good preservation of ultrastructure can be obtained from quickly frozen skin, and filamentous components remain after extraction of tissue substances by 0.14 M NaCl in 0.1 M-Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0. Furthermore, filaments in keratohyalin granules became immunologically reactive with rabbit anti-keratin IgG after extraction. Poststain with uranyl acetate further facilitated ultrastructural demonstration of filaments in the granules. These results indicate that filaments are one of the constituents of keratohyalin granules and the staining property changes occur in tonofilaments as they associate with other components to form keratohyalin granules.


Microfabricated patch clamping devices comprising planar arrays of individually addressable nozzles, fluidic channels and electrodes have been developed. Patch clamp based electrophysiological techniques are among the most widespread methods in neurophysiology and are used to address a broad range of cellular physiology and quantitative biological questions. Among the limitations of the technique are the difficulty of obtaining multiple patches on connected cells or on the same cell, limited stability of patches, and constraints on chemical and optical access to the patched membrane. The parallel array device will enable the formation of multiple seals simultaneously. The structure facilitates visualization of the interior of the patched membrane during electrical recording, as well as delivery of chemicals. The microfabrication technique gives precise control over the capacitive and resistive characteristics of the electrode channels, as well as the flow resistance, which are important factors in patch clamp recording. The device is fabricated using an SOI wafer and Deep Reactive Ion Etching to create an array of cylindrical nozzles, each of which has a core of silicon dioxide and interior walls of silicon nitride. Vertical channel segments and plumbing holes are fabricated by deep reactive ion etching through the wafer. Important electrical properties of the device were characterized, and patch clamping was attempted.


The concern over the use of melittin in honey bee venom due to its adverse reaction caused by allergens such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and hyaluronidase (HYA) has been an obstacle towards its usage. We developed a novel single-step method for melittin purification and the removal of PLA2 and HYA. This study explores the influence of pH, buffer compositions, salt concentration, and types of cation-exchange chromatography resins on the recovery of melittin and the removal of both HYA and PLA2. Melittin was readily purified with a strong cation-exchange resin at pH 6.0 with sodium phosphate buffer. It resulted in a recovery yield of melittin up to 93% (5.87 mg from a total of 6.32 mg of initial melittin in crude bee venom), which is higher than any previously reported studies on melittin purification. PLA2 (99%) and HYA (96%) were also successfully removed. Our study generates a single-step purification method for melittin with a high removal rate of PLA2 and HYA, enabling melittin to be fully utilized for its therapeutic purposes.


The architecture design and assessment system (ADAS), a set of computer-aided design tools for the synthesis and analysis of service algorithms and their hardware implementations at the architectural level, is described. The ADAS was used to evaluate the performance of a fault-tolerant architecture development by an advanced information processing system (AIPS) relative to a typical aircraft control system. A typical flight-control application was modelled using ADAS. Several candidate AIPS architectures were considered to find a suitable architecture on which the flight-control system would execute efficiency. Potential bottlenecks are described, and architecture modifications to relieve the bottlenecks are presented.<<ETX>>


An algorithm which simultaneously applies the Fuzzy c-Means clustering and the correspondence analysis is developed. Maximization of an objective function yields memberships of fuzzy clusters and assigns values to categories and patterns. A regularization term is introduced in the objective function and we apply the Lagrangean multiplier method and an adaptive method using eigenvalues in the correspondence analysis.


"On Your Bike!" is a visually stunning book that truly captures the spirit of cycling in the twenty-first century. Warmly and accessibly written by author and Guardian columnist Matt Seaton, this is a brand new take on cycling that will appeal to anyone who has ever experienced the thrill and the freedom of the open road. Filled with great graphics and illustrations of cycling through the ages, as well as film posters, vintage advertising, and beautiful photography, "On Your Bike!" takes the reader on a scintillating freewheelin' ride. With chapters on maintenance, cycle sport and urban cycling, this book covers all of today's key biking issues. The bicycle has played a unique part in human civilisation, it has travelled the world and, in its time, carried entire nations to work and sometimes even to war. "On Your Bike!" chronicles this cultural and social history of the bicycle, one of the most popular inventions of all time. "On Your Bike!" also looks to the future, raising pertinent questions about what governments and cyclists could be doing to further enhance cycle awareness and cycle safety. A comprehensive resource that should be in every cyclists' saddlebag, "On Your Bike!" is an engrossing book that should thrill both veteran and novice alike.


In this study, polarization Raman spectra were collected for binary mixtures of formic acid/methanol and formic acid/acetonitrile with different volume fractions. The broad band of formic acid in the CO vibration region was divided into four vibration peaks, corresponding to CO symmetric and anti-symmetric stretching vibration from cyclic dimer, CO stretching from open dimer, and CO stretching from the free monomer. The experiments showed that as the volume fraction of formic acid in the binary mixture decreased, the cyclic dimer gradually converted to the open dimer, and at a volume fraction of 0.1, fully depolymerized into monomer form (free monomer, solvated monomer, and hydrogen bonding monomer clusters with solvent). The contribution percentage of the total CO stretching intensity of each structure at different concentrations was quantitatively calculated using high resolution infrared spectroscopy, and the results were consistent with the conclusions predicted by polarization Raman spectroscopy. Concentration-triggered 2D-COS synchronous and asynchronous spectra also confirmed the kinetics of formic acid diluted in acetonitrile. This work provides a spectroscopic method for studying the structure of organic compounds in solution and concentration-triggering kinetics in mixtures.


Background: Established risk factors for breast cancer (BC) only explain 25% to 47% of BC incidence. The Gail model is commonly used to assess BC risk and determine eligibility for prevention trials. Unfortunately, it has a discriminatory accuracy of 58% at the individual level. A greater understanding of BC risk factors is needed to offer improved risk stratification and prevention. It is plausible that BC risk may be related to deficiencies or abnormalities in DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoints because of their importance in maintaining genomic integrity. Recent epidemiologic studies support this hypothesis. In this pilot project, the bleomycin mutagen sensitivity assay (MSS), a measure of genetic susceptibility was performed on women of low, intermediate, and high risk based on commonly used risk models to determine if there was any correlation between MSS and established BC risk factors. Methods: Women in the Prevention Clinic at RPCI consented to donate blood for this study as part of the Data Bank and BioRepository (DBBR). Gail and Claus Models were calculated using CancerGene. Women were stratified into three groups low ( 35%) lifetime BC risk. For logistic regression analysis, women were grouped into low risk ( Results: A total of 78 women were enrolled in the study. MSS were performed on 70 blood samples and 67 had evaluable slides. There were 30, 26 and 11 women in the low, intermediate, and high risk groups respectively. The mean age was 49.1 years. There was no statistical difference between the three groups with respect to age, race, menopausal status, proportion of patients with a family history of BC or another cancer, and smoking status (never, former, or current). The mean MSS score was not significantly different among the three risk groups: mean ±SD = 0.86±0.37, 0.84±0.37 (p=0.565), and 0.76+0.44 (0.361) for low, intermediate and high risk groups respectively. Spearman correlation revealed that MSS score did not correlate with Gail lifetime BC risk score (r=-0.054, p=0.668) or Claus model-10 year risk score (r=-0.057, p=0.722). Using the median in low risk women as a cut point, when women who had higher MSS score were compared with women had lower MSS score, the adjusted OR was 1.16 (95% CI, 0.29 to 4.57), adjusted for age, race, smoking status, BMI and menopausal status. When the MSS score were categorized into quartiles, no significant dose-response relationship was observed. Conclusions: In this pilot study, there was no correlation between commonly used breast cancer risk assessment models based on hormonal, family and biopsy history and the MSS in our study population. Previous case-control studies have consistently shown that MSS is significantly associated with BC risk. The lack of correlation between mutagen sensitivity and Gail or Claus risk score suggests that mutagen sensitivity may measure the host susceptibility factors that are not considered by Gail or Claus risk models. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 6067.


Consistent stock performance contradicts random adjustment of stock prices in efficient markets and is thus anomalous despite the potential of generating significant profits for investors. This research set out to test the existence of consistent stock performance in the NSE during the years 2001 to 2010 and to examine whether consistent stock performance is  associated with efficiency of NSE. Balanced monthly closing average stock price data was employed for 32 sample stocks drawn using purposive sampling technique from a population of 56 stocks listed in the NSE during the study period. In order to identify consistent stock performance, frequency tests were employed. In order to test association between consistent stock performance and efficiency of NSE 3 tests were employed including: t-test to test the significance of abnormal returns of consistent stock performance. Runs serial correlation test was employed to test serial correlation of stock returns. Spearman rank correlation was also employed to test volatility of stock prices with time. The results indicated weak presence of consistent stock performance in the NSE and that abnormal returns of consistently performing stocks were insignificant. There was also zero serial correlation of stock returns and stock prices of consistently performing stocks exhibited low volatility with time. The overall results indicate that NSE may be weak form efficient. This research contributes to new knowledge by combining the alternative definitions of consistent stock performance to minimize on the inherent weaknesses of each definition(cross sectional and longitudinal) which have in the past been studied independently. Key Words: Consistent stock performance, serial correlation, volatility, abnormal returns, stock market efficiency.


Objective To investigate the effect of insulin secretion function on the development of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and diabetes mellitus (DM) in obesity. Methods Plasma glucose and serum insulin were measured by 100 g flour tolerance test and insulin releasing test in 30 cases of non diabetic with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) (BMI27). They have been followed for 15 years. Insulin secretion index (HOMA IS) and insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was calculated. Results In obese group, the mean fasting serum insulin (FINS) level was significantly higher ( P 0.001) and well positively correlated with HOMA IS( P 0.01). Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was significant lower ( P 0.01) and negatively associated with Fasting serum glucose (FPG) ( P 0.001). The prevalence of IGT was 63.3% in the obese group, and the prevalence of type 2 DM was 50%. Conclusion Obesity had significant effect on the incidence and development of IGT and DM. Weight control was a key factor in the development of IGT.


The metal atom in the title compound, [Cd(C15H13N2O4)(2)]center dot-2C(2)H(6)OS, is twice O,N,O'-chelated by two symmetry-related Schiff base ligands to define a trans-N2O4 octahedral geometry. Each anion occupies meridional sites of the octahedron; the metal atom lies on a special position of site symmetry 2. The dimethyl sulfoxide molecule is a hydrogen-bond acceptor to the -NH- unit, and O-H center dot center dot center dot O hydrogen bonds link molecules into a supramolecular chain.


Perspective on the paper by Bodamer et al (see page 483)

It has been a half century since MacQuarrie called attention to the serious issues of paediatric hypoglycaemia with his presidential address to the American Pediatric Society on "idiopathic hypoglycaemia of infancy".1 He pointed out that "idiopathic hypoglycaemia" could lead to seizures or permanent brain damage, and that it might have a genetic basis; however, he speculated that it was unlikely to involve insulin since insulinomas rarely occur in childhood. Over the years, there have been two types of reactions to MacQuarrie's formulation of "idiopathic hypoglycaemia of infancy". All too often it has been the ostrich approach of assuming that "idiopathic hypoglycaemia" is a specific entity, forgetting that "idiopathic" is the medicalese equivalent of "I dunno!". The second type of response has been to search for underlying causes in children labelled as "idiopathic hypoglycaemia". The latter approach has been much more rewarding, yielding an ever expanding list of new disorders, including genetic defects of hepatic glucose production (for example, deficiencies of fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, glycogen synthase, and the GLUT1 and GLUT2 transporters); a baker's dozen defects in ketone synthesis and utilisation (for example, deficiencies of medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, plasma membrane carnitine transporter, and HMG-CoA lyase and synthase); and congenital glycosylation disorders. In addition, …


Clostridium botulinum is the main causative agent of botulism, a neurological disease encountered in humans as well as animals. Nine types of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) have been described so far. Amongst these "toxinotypes," the A, the B and E are the most frequently encountered in humans while the C, D, C/D and D/C are mostly affecting domestic and wild birds as well as cattle. In France for instance, many cases and outbreaks are reported in these animal species every year. However, underestimation is very likely at least for avifauna species where the detection of dead animals can be challenging. Knowledge about BoNTs C, D, C/D, and D/C and the diseases they cause in animals and humans is still scarce and unclear. Specifically, the potential role of animal botulism outbreaks in cattle and poultry as a source of human illness needs to be further assessed. In this narrative review, we present the current knowledge about toxinotypes C, D, C/D, and D/C in cattle and poultry with, amongst various other aspects, their epidemiological cycles. We also discuss the zoonotic potential of these toxinotypes and some possible ways of risk mitigation. An adapted and effective management of botulism outbreaks in livestock also requires a better understanding of these less common and known toxinotypes.


An enantioselective formal [3+3] annulation reaction of cyclic ketones with enones has been developed. In the presence of 20 mol % of pyrrolidine-thiourea 1a or N-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamide 1i, the reactions afford bicyclo [3.3.1] adducts in moderate to good yields with good to high enantioselectivities under mild conditions.


Plant growth is often constrained by the limited availability of resources in the microenvironment. Despite the continuous threat of attack from insect herbivores and pathogens, investment in defense represents a lost opportunity to expand photosynthetic capacity in leaves and absorption of nutrients and water by roots. To mitigate the metabolic expenditure on defense, plants have evolved inducible defense strategies. The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) is a key regulator of many inducible defenses. Synthesis of JA in response to perceived danger leads to the deployment of a variety of defensive structures and compounds, along with a potent inhibition of growth. Genetic studies have established an important role for JA in mediating tradeoffs between growth and defense. However, several gaps remain in understanding of how JA signaling inhibits growth, either through direct transcriptional control of JA-response genes or crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Here, we highlight recent progress in uncovering the role of JA in controlling growth-defense balance and its relationship to resource acquisition and allocation. We also discuss tradeoffs in the context of the ability of JA to promote increased leaf mass per area (LMA), which is a key indicator of leaf construction costs and leaf life span.


Survivorship care planning is a process that focuses on the transition from active cancer treatment to a coordinated and comprehensive care system to address patients' unique needs. Survivorship care plans (SCPs) are increasingly viewed as a key component of survivorship care planning. SCPs have been recommended for >10 years to promote care coordination, communication, and record-keeping efficiency; however, SCP implementation has been challenging. We elaborate on the challenges of SCP implementation, summarize evidence regarding potential methods of promoting SCP implementation, and describe a research agenda for generating more definitive evidence to support SCP implementation in practice.


Upper cervical spine injuries associated with the characteristic alterations of the axis are termed by the international literature as hangman's fracture (HF). The specific changes of the clinical picture include fracture of the bilateral pedicles of the axis, dislocation of the arch, luxation and discopathy between the second and third (C2-C3) vertebrae, eventually other accessory fractures of vertebrae C2-C3 (Fig. 1). There are two kinds of it, i.e. (i) one of a hyperextensive-distractive mechanism with the very severe neurological lesion leading to the classical injury due to hanging and (ii) one of a hyperextensive-compressive mechanism without neurological lesion of current traffic injuries or with slight neurological symptoms. The latter more often occurring type of injury encompasses a relatively wide range, which can be classified into three types: The stable injuries can be managed by conservative treatment, the unstable ones by Halo treatment or ventral surgical therapy meeting the up-to-date requirements. Prognosis is good. The authors have been the first in Hungary to present a critical and detailed survey of the world literature and their 11-year experience, in the form of a clinical study.


Xikeng Reservoir is one of the major water supply reservoirs in Shenzhen. The water quality of Xikeng Reservoir has been poor, with much of the pollution coming from nonpoint sources. An innovative low impact development type of BMP called the BioBox was used at the Administration Building parking lot location, as a research site and demonstration project to show how small alterations to parking lot designs can dramatically decrease pollutant loads. Manual samples were collected during storm events and analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS); five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5); ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP). In summary, the ranges of removal rates of the BioBox are: TSS 70% - 90%; BOD5 20% - 50%, and ammonia and phosphorus 30% - 70%. The BioBox system effectively reduced the concentrations of pollutants in the parking lot runoff.


This research was conducted through a literature review, case studies, and interviews with experts on award-winning works in international design competitions. Through qualitative analysis of these design projects, the author identified several paths leading from imaginative constructs to conceptual development in the design process: thematic relationships, conjunctive interpretation, the transfer of attributes, inherited attributes, causal relationships, analogical relationships, multi-level inclusive relationships, and the interpretation of contrasting meaning. Lastly, statistical analysis was used to determine the weight of each conceptual development mode in the design process. Results show that the most significant mode of conceptual development in the overall design process is causal relationships, followed in decreasing order by multi-level inclusive relationships, the interpretation of contrasting meaning, and lastly, the interpretation failure. It is hoped that the results of this study will serve as a useful reference in design education, particularly with regard to the development of imaginative and creative capacity.


The first total synthesis of (+/-)-nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols is described. The synthetic route involves the RCM methodology for the ring formation and a selective 1,2 addition of MeLi to cyclodecenone. By altering the order of the last synthetic steps, TBSO-protected (+/-)-(1Z,6E)-nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols (+/-)-(5S*,8R*)-16 and -(+/-)-(5S*,8S*)-16 were obtained. The synthetic strategy via cyclodecenone offers the possibility of preparing different analogues of the title compounds through addition of other nucleophiles. Moreover, nor-germacrene D could be accessed from the target molecule by methylenation of its carbonyl moiety. (+/-)-nor-1,6-Germacradien-5-ol [(+/-)-(1E,5S*,6E,8S*)-2] was synthesized in eight steps from isovaleric acid. The 10-membered ring was formed by RCM, and the tertiary alcohol moiety was introduced in the last step via a highly diastereoselective addition of MeLi to (+/-)-(1E,6E)-1,6-cyclodecen-5-one (+/-)-E,E-5. Addition of MeLi to cyclodecenone (+/-)-Z,E-5 also occurred with complete selectivity to provide (+/-)-(1Z,5S*,6E,8S*)-2. A slightly different synthetic pathway was also explored, in which the order of the final synthetic steps was switched: the enone formation and the addition of MeLi were conducted prior to the cyclization. When the hydroxy group was protected as a TBS ether, the newly formed olefin had exclusively Z configuration. Thus, TBSO-protected (+/-)-(1Z,6E)-nor-1,6-germacradien-5-ols (+/-)-16 were obtained as a 1:1 (5S*,8S*)/(5R*,8S*) mixture. The NMR spectra of these two diastereomers confirmed the relative stereochemistry of natural (-)-1,6-germacradien-5-ol (1) at C5 and C8.


Summary Background The aim of this study was to assess head and neck squamous cell cancer and surrounding tissue in computed tomography contrast enhanced and perfusion studies, and to examine the role of perfusion imaging in depiction of tissue infiltration. Material/Methods We prospectively evaluated 43 primary malignant head and neck tumors, using standard CT followed by perfusion. Blood flow, blood volume, mean transit time, and permeability values were obtained using regions of interest (ROIs) over lesions and surrounding tissue. Results were compared with histological analysis of resected tissue. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values were calculated for both methods. Results We found significant differences between infiltrated and non-infiltrated tissue, especially with regard to muscles. In case of bone and salivary gland infiltration, change in perfusion parameters did not allow proper diagnosis. Conclusions CTP shows promise in depicting malignant infiltration. The combined use of CECT plus CTP results in correct staging of the majority of head and neck tumors.


Patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) are susceptible to debilitating, persistent, and refractory infections of the skin, nails, and mucous membranes with yeasts of the genus candida, most often by the species Candida albicans . The underlying defect is thought to be an impairment of immune defences but the nature of the defect(s) has not been defined.1 Candida albicans is an opportunistic yeast inhabiting, as a commensal, the mucous membranes of > 80% of adults, becoming invasive only if the existing balance is disrupted. Various non-immunological factors are known to predispose to candida overgrowth and thrush (diabetes, obesity, systemic antibiotics, systemic and local steroid treatment, dentures, and occlusion—for example, nappies and tight clothing, etc); however, these infections are characteristically resolved as soon as the predisposing factors are removed and should not be confused with a persistent inability to clear candida, as is seen in CMC.2 Patients with CMC do not constitute a homogenous group and numerous classifications have been proposed, mostly based on the presence or absence of endocrinopathy, juvenile or mature onset, and familial or sporadic occurrence.3 Associated findings include alopecia, vitiligo, malabsorption disorders, and infections with encapsulated microorganisms.4 Patients with CMC and endocrinopathy are now frequently referred to as having the APECED (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis ectodermal dysplasia) syndrome,5 previously known as APS-1 (autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1). In these patients, a genetic defect has recently been identified showing (various) mutations in the AIRE (autoimmune regulator) gene, which probably encodes a DNA transcription factor. The link between the identified gene defect and the inability to clear candida remains unknown. No gene defect has as yet been identified in patients with CMC without endocrinopathy, although there have been occasional reports of such patients where multiple family members through several generations were affected, again suggesting an …


The optimal conditions under which confined plasmas can reach ignition are identified, referring in particular to the parameters of the Ignitor machine. The key importance of the radial profiles of the particle density, of the associated plasma pressure and of the thermal energy diffusivity, is shown. Peaked density profiles, such as those obtained in the Alcator A and C experiments (at about the same central density and magnetic field as those in Ignitor), characterized by minimal thermal diffusivities and high plasma purity, are best suited for ignition. The H mode regime can be accessed in Ignitor but is not considered a priority because of the typically flat density profiles it involves. The roles of collective modes and their interaction with both high and low energy alpha particle populations are assessed. For the modes generating sawtooth oscillations and involving magnetic reconnection the stabilizing effect of `shoulder' q(ψ) profiles is pointed out.


In this article, we explore the implications of contemporary populist challenges to established forms of expertise in the UK, USA and elsewhere. Drawing on a Foucauldian conception of knowledge and power as always articulated, we argue for a conjunctural approach to understanding the ways in which formations of expertise become stabilized and de-stabilized, vulnerable to challenge and contestation. We trace the role of economic expertise in defining the limits of political and policy "realism" before and after the crash of 2007–8. We then consider the rise of nationalist-populist political mobilizations which challenged existing "expertise" in the name of popular wisdom. In the context of de-stabilized forms of expertise, we ask about emergent attempts at reconfiguring knowledge, power and politics in different ways.


A personal genetic testing company, 23andMe, has launched in the United Kingdom despite restrictions in the United States.

For £125 (€158; $196) customers can receive a personalised DNA service with reports on more than 100 health conditions and traits, ranging from Alzheimer's disease to male pattern baldness. Customers receive a DNA collection kit through the post and then send a saliva sample to a laboratory for analysis.

The company's website (www.23andme.com) said, "Find out how your genetics relate to things like abnormal blood clotting, cystic fibrosis, or response to certain medications. You can also see if your body metabolises …


Among the transition metal oxides as anode materials for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), the MnO material should be the most promising one due to its many merits mainly relatively low voltage hysteresis. However, it still suffers from inferior rate capabilities and poor cycle life arising from kinetic limitations, drastic volume changes and severe agglomeration of active MnO particulates during cycling. In this paper, by integrating the typical strategies of improving the electrochemical properties of transition metal oxides, we had rationally designed and successfully prepared one superior MnO-based nanohybrid (MnO@C/RGO), in which carbon-coated MnO nanoparticles (MnO@C NPs) were electrically connected by three-dimensional conductive networks composed of flexible graphene nanosheets. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that, the MnO@C/RGO nanohybrid not only showed the best Li storage performance in comparison with the commercial MnO material, MnO@C NPs and carbon nanotube enhanced MnO@C NPs, but also exhibited much improved electrochemical properties compared with most of the previously reported MnO-based materials. The superior electrochemical properties of the MnO@C/RGO nanohybrid included a high specific capacity (up to 847 mA h g−1 at 80 mA g−1), excellent high-rate capabilities (for example, delivering 451 mA h g−1 at a very high current density of 7.6 A g−1) and long cycle life (800 cycles without capacity decay). More importantly, for the first time, we had achieved the discharging/charging of MnO-based materials without capacity increase even after 500 cycles by adjusting the voltage range, making the MnO@C/RGO nanohybrid more possible to be a really practical anode material for LIBs.


A measurement of the proton EDM to better than 10-29ecm, or better, allows us to probe physics in a new regime up to ~3PeV mass scale. The use of the storage ring EDM technique permits 5 orders of magnitude improvement over current indirect measurements of dp (from Hg) and 3 orders magnitude more sensitivity on (cid:0)QCD inferred from neutron EDM measurements. Non-zero values of the pEDM would unambiguously point to the existence of NP. We describe the design of an electric-only ring that combines the frozen spin technique with counter-rotating proton beams that can deliver these physics objectives. The experimental and technological challenges have been addressed in detail over the last 5 years; developments in magnetic field shielding now make this a low risk and relatively low cost experiment. We present a summary of the major machine and detector components required to build this experiment


To determine how to set optimal oral L-serine (serine) dose levels for a clinical trial, existing literature was surveyed. Data sufficient to set the dose was inadequate, and so an (n = 10) phase I-A calibration trial was performed, administering serine with and without other oral agents. We analyzed the trial and the literature data using pharmacokinetic (PK) modeling and statistical analysis. The therapeutic goal is to modulate specific serine-related metabolic pathways in the liver using the lowest possible dose which gives the desired effect since the upper bound was expected to be limited by toxicity. A standard PK approach, in which a common model structure was selected using a fit to data, yielded a model with a single central compartment corresponding to plasma, clearance from that compartment, and an endogenous source of serine. To improve conditioning, a parametric structure was changed to estimate ratios (bioavailability over volume, for example). Model fit quality was improved and the uncertainty in estimated parameters was reduced. Because of the particular interest in the fate of serine, the model was used to estimate whether serine is consumed in the gut, absorbed by the liver, or entered the blood in either a free state, or in a protein- or tissue-bound state that is not measured by our assay. The PK model structure was set up to represent relevant physiology, and this quantitative systems biology approach allowed a broader set of physiological data to be used to narrow parameter and prediction confidence intervals, and to better understand the biological meaning of the data. The model results allowed us to determine the optimal human dose for future trials, including a trial design component including IV and tracer studies. A key contribution is that we were able to use human physiological data from the literature to inform the PK model and to set reasonable bounds on parameters, and to improve model conditioning. Leveraging literature data produced a more predictive, useful model.


Rationale: The progress of COVID-19 from moderate to severe may be precipitous, while the heterogenous characteristics of the disease pose challenges to the management of these patients. Objectives: To characterize the clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with COVID-19 during two successive waves. Methods: We leveraged the multi-center SuPAR in Adult Patients With COVID-19 (SPARCOL) study and collected data from consecutive patients requiring admission to the intensive care unit from April 1st to November 30th, 2020. Measurements and Main Results: Of 252 patients, 81 (32%) required intubation and mechanical ventilation. Of them, 17 (20.9%) were intubated during the first wave, while 64 (79%) during the second wave. The most prominent difference between the two waves was the overall survival (first wave 58.9% vs. second wave 15.6%, adjusted p-value=0.006). This difference is reflected in the prolonged hospitalization during the first wave. The mean ICU length of stay (19.1 vs. 11.7 days, p=0.022), hospital length of stay (28.5 vs. 17.1 days, p=0.012), and days on ventilator (16.7 vs. 11.5, p=0.13) were higher during the first wave. A significant difference between the two waves was the development of bradycardia. In the first wave, 2 (11.7%) patients developed sinus bradycardia only after admission to the intensive care unit, while in the second wave, 63 (98.4%) patients developed sinus bradycardia during hospitalization. Conclusions: Survival of critically ill patients with COVID-19 was significantly lower during the second wave. The majority of these patients developed sinus bradycardia during hospitalization.


This article examines the way in which Jews and Christians are portrayed in the hisba treatise by the Andalusian Islamic jurist from Seville, Ibn c Abdūn (12th century). The first part is devoted to describe his comments on these religious communities in connection with previous Islamic juridical tradition. The second one deals with the relationship between the theoretical and practical dimensions of the juridical information that he provides in regard to the influence of the Almoravid rule over the legal conditions of Jews and Christians. Finally, the article includes an appendix with the English translation of Ibn c Abdūn's references to Jews and Christians.


This paper demonstrates that "grandfathering" of pollution rights may be inefficient when existing polluters enjoy market power or when there are increasing returns to abatement efforts. On the other hand an "auction and refund" approach, by effectively charging producers for the pollution they cause and refunding them in proportion to the value of their economic output levels, will result in greater efficiency and equity. Moreover, this will resolve the possible complaint that a revenue-raising auction constitutes a "taking" of private property, and will address the worry that emission rights auctions may lead to higher electricity prices. It is argued that thin trading of emission rights need not undermine the value of the emission rights auction.


This study was to determine the prevalence of entomophagy in the post independence era (after 1980) in Zimbabwe given that the social status of many families has changed. A cross-sectional non probability sampling was used to determine who ate which insect and how much they ate and where they came from. The availability of each insect was determined at provinces and through key informants. Data were collected through questionnaires and physical visits to all provinces of Zimbabwe to collect empirical data. The population of those that never participated in entomophagy was less than 10% across the age groups in the sampled populations. In the order, Lepidoptera, which comprises several species the larval stages are mostly consumed in the fourth instar after degutting. The caterpillars are known locally as madora. Imbrasia belina was consumed by more than 90% of the respondents. In the order Isoptera Macrotermes sp. [ishwa] were consumed by more than 80% of the respondents. In the order Coleoptera Eulepida sp, [mandere] and Sternocera orissa [zvigakata] are also widely consumed. In the order Hemiptera only, Encosternum delegorguei [Haruwa] adult is consumed. In the order Homoptera only Loba leopardina [Nyeza nyeza] adult is consumed. In the order Hymenoptera only Carebara vidua [Tsambarafuta] adult is consumed. In the order Orthoptera Brachytrupes membranaceus [Gurwe], Locusta migratoria [mhashu] and Ruspolia differens [Nswabanda] are consumed. Records of quantities of insects harvested are here presented. Protein content of fully grown Imbrasia belina done by the Kjeldahl method was 54-58%. Matebeleland province had the highest tonnage of insects, most of which were exported to other provinces even to neighbouring countries. Manicaland harvested the least quantities of insects. Most of those who consumed insects preferred them in the dried form which were said to have improved organoleptic properties. Drying the insects prolonged their shelf life. Food security strategies for Zimbabwe should include management of harvesting and storage of these insects. Key words : Entomophagy, Food, Nutrition, Zimbabwe, insects


: The Chinese tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ) is a traditional, precious fish in China. Due to the large growth difference between males and females, the investigation of their sex determination and differentiation mechanisms receives a great deal of attention. Forkhead Box O ( FoxO ) plays versatile roles in the regulation of sex differentiation and reproduction. Our recent transcriptomic analysis has shown that foxo genes may participate in the male differentiation and spermatogenesis of Chinese tongue sole. In this study, six Csfoxo members ( Csfoxo1a , Csfoxo3a , Csfoxo3b , Csfoxo4 , Csfoxo6-like , and Csfoxo1a-like ) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these six members were clustered into four groups corresponding to their denomination. The expression patterns of the gonads at different developmental stages were further analyzed. All members showed high levels of expression in the early stages (before 6 months post-hatching), and this expression was male-biased. In addition, promoter analysis found that the addition of C/EBP α and c-Jun transcription factors enhanced the transcriptional activities of Csfoxo1a , Csfoxo3a , Csfoxo3b , and Csfoxo4. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of the Csfoxo1a , Csfoxo3a , and Csfoxo3b genes in the testicular cell line of Chinese tongue sole affected the expression of genes related to sex differentiation and spermatogenesis. These results have broadened the understanding of foxo 's function and provide valuable data for studying the male differentiation of tongue sole.


Intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor nanocrystals seem to be good candidates for modern era optoelectronic and photo-catalytic applications due to their size tunable photo-physical and photo-chemical properties. In the present investigation, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) capped quencher impurity (Ni) doped ZnS nanocrystals have been synthesized using facile bottom-up synthesis technique; colloidal chemical co-precipitation method. Crystallographic and morphological characterization of synthesized nanomaterials have been carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), respectively. Photo-catalytic activity of the synthesized nanomaterials has been studied using methylene blue (MB) dye as a test contaminant. Photo-catalytic behavior dependence on dopant concentration, UV radiation curing and annealing of synthesized semiconductor nanomaterials have been studied in detail under sun light exposure.


Is the performance of western democracies in decline? Which countries show the best performance? Do institutions matter for political performance? This book offers a comprehensive analysis of twenty-one OECD countries by systematically examining all major domestic policy areas - domestic security policy, economic policy, social policy, and environmental policy - and using outcome indicators. The quality of democracy is assessed both at the level of the four policy areas and at a general level encompassing all policy areas. The question of trade-offs between policy areas is studied in an unprecedented way and, for the first time, national types of policy patterns are identified. The findings of this book confront widely-held assumptions about the performance of democracies. Western democracies as a whole did not converge at a lower level of performance, and trade-offs between different policy areas did not increase. The question 'do institutions matter?' can only partially be answered in the affirmative. Political institutions do matter, but formal and informal institutions cause different effects and both matter only sometimes and to a limited degree. The Performance of Democracies is a book with significant theoretical implications. It stresses that the effect of institutions is more complicated than most of the neo-institutionalist approaches assume. No clear predictions can be made on the basis of institutional factors. Consequently, it does not support the established assertion that fundamental political problems can simply be resolved through institutional reforms of liberal democracies. Comparative Politics os a series for students and teachers of political science that deals with contemporary government and politics. The General Editors are Max Kaase, Professor of Political Science, Vice President and Dean, School of Humanities and Social Science, International University Bremen, Germany; and Kenneth Newton, Professor of Comparitive Politics, University of Southampton. The series is produced in association with the European Consortium for Political Research.


The positive image of the city plays a strong role in determining the success of city branding. The positive image of the city makes it easier to form competitive advantages. These city images can be communicated in various ways, and one of them through culture. This research was conducted to determine the influence of the image of traditional markets as a part of the culture of Solo in attracting residents and tourists to stay and visit. Multiple linear regression is used to test and find traditional market image factors that influence the success of city branding. The study used 120 samples consisting of residents and tourists. Sampling uses the combined sampling method. The results of the study show that there is an influence between the traditional market image on the success of city branding. Traditional markets have been proven to be able to influence the formation of a positive image of Solo although it is not the only determinant of the success of city branding. Traditional market condition and traditional market reputation are significant factors in attracting residents and tourists to stay and visit Solo.


Summary Fold and thrust mountain structures are the consequence of compression of the earth's crust, but beyond that simple fact there has been wide divergence of opinion on the causal mechanism. The seen geological evidence of the compression zones which weave intricate patterns through all continental areas, and the presumptive evidence that they continue into the oceans, have been undervalued and, instead, deductions drawn from geophysical observations—seismic, gravity and magnetic— have unduly influenced geological opinion. The Mohorovičić seismic discontinuity at about 35 km. depth, where there is a velocity increase to 8-1 km./sec, has been interpreted as a change in composition from a "granitic" layer to a "peridotitic" layer because at the surface these rocks give corresponding velocities. The continents are said to float on this mobile layer and hence the assumption of the isostatic principle. Geological evidence shows the extreme improbability that there can be a layered arrangement of this type and that the observed compression structures can terminate downwards within such a thin crust. An alternative explanation of the seismic facts, more acceptable geologically, is that the discontinuities result from phase modifications at critical pressure levels with consequent marked changes in density and elastic characteristics. The compressed rocky crust with the same pattern as seen at the surface, though with increasing metamorphism downwards, may have a thickness of many hundreds of kilometres; and there is now no reason to assume any important change in chemical composition even at deeper levels. The old theory of a nickel-iron core is no longer necessary to explain the physical data. Contraction of the earth's surface due to shrinkage of the interior is the only adequate explanation of the compression zones, but the amount attributable to cooling is thought to be inadequate. Estimates of the extent of compression during the Alpine, Hercynian, Caledonian and at least three Pre-Cambrian phases give a contraction of the earth's circumference of at least 3000 km. and perhaps much more. The processes of compression, mountain-forming and erosion were already an established regime at the time of the oldest exposed Archaean rocks, and in consequence there is no geological evidence on the nature of the primordial crust and certainly no hint that it was at one time molten. Assuming no important change in the mass of the earth since the Archaean, the average density at that, already advanced, stage of compression may have been about 4–5 g/cm3 compared with the present value of 5–517. Adiabatic compression may have generated more heat than has been lost by radiation and hence the basis of the assumption of a cooling earth is very insecure. The planetesimal theory of Chamberlin and Moulton for the formation of the earth is the most acceptable geologically. The present-day moon may illustrate the appearance of the earth at some pre-Archaean stage, the moon's craters being interpreted as infall craters of meteorites.


We describe our recently developed neural machine translation (NMT) system and benchmark it against our own statistical machine translation (SMT) system as well as two other general purpose online engines (statistical and neural). We present automatic and human evaluation results of the translation output provided by each system. We also analyze the effect of sentence length on the quality of output for SMT and NMT systems.


This article has discussed how critical thinkers solve problems. The ideas are intended to help pharmacists analyze problems and communicate recommendations. The ideas are intended to help pharmacists analyze their process for dealing with problems and to help with communication skills that facilitate information gathering and recommendations. The scientific method provides a framework for focused problem solving. Biases may adversely affect problem solving; critical thinkers work consciously to minimize them. Critical thinkers continually evaluate the quality of their information sources. Finally, critical thinkers practice effective communication skills. Each day, pharmacists make numerous decisions that have great impact on patient outcomes. These decisions must often be made with little warning and in a brief period of time. Providing pharmaceutical care demands that the critical-thinking process operate efficiently at all times. Just as sound clinical judgments depend on applying accepted principles of pharmacotherapy to individual patients, critical thinking must also be individualized. There is no single model for critical thinking. Many factors, including personality, environmental influence, and genetics, determine the critical-thinking process for a given individual. Critical thinking, however, is not an innate talent. It must be practiced and developed.


Concurrency bugs are becoming increasingly important due to the prevalence of concurrent programs. A fundamental problem of concurrent program bug detection and testing is that the interleaving space is too large to be thoroughly explored. Practical yet effective interleaving coverage criteria are desired to systematically explore the interleaving space and effectively expose concurrency bugs.
 This paper proposes a concurrent program interleaving coverage criteria hierarchy, including seven (including five new) coverage criteria. These criteria are all designed based on different concurrency fault models. Their cost ranges from exponential to linear.


This article explores Pakistan's Shariat judicial system's understanding of what is required by a constitutional and legal system, in order for that system to be considered Islamic. In the main part of this article, I present some of the Pakistani Shariat judicial system's landmark cases, interpreting them and demonstrating how they build and structure the Islamic system of constitutional and legal governance that I believe they do. As I argue, these cases emphasize the importance of Muslim community consensus in determining those laws which will be enforced by an Islamic legal system.This article adds to the literature on Islamic law in a couple of different ways. First of all, most theories of Islamic constitutionalism root themselves in the exegesis and discussion of Islamic religious texts and precedents. My argument, however, emphasizes the importance of extant political realities - in particular, the Muslim sectarian divide in Pakistan - in contemporary discussions of Islamic constitutionalism.Moreover, in the concluding section of my article, I compare Pakistan's approach to defining Islamic law and constitutionalism with India's approach. India, as I argue, has emphasized a more top-down, state-led approach to defining Islam. While this has often resulted in admirably progressive interpretations of Islamic law, I argue that Pakistan's approach - one that is more of a community-led, bottom-up approach - is likely to be needed as well, if Islamic legal reform is to be a sustainable and peaceful enterprise.


The physiologic and pathologic cellular and molecular changes occurring with age in the human colon affect both the inflammatory process leading to mucosal injury and the regenerative capacity of the epithelium. On the one hand, age-related telomere shortening and inflamm-ageing may lead to the development of colonic inflammation, which results in epithelial damage. On the other hand, the altered migration and function of regenerative stem cells, the age-related methylation of mucosal healing-associated genes, together with the alterations of growth factor signaling with age, may be involved in delayed mucosal regeneration. The connections of these alterations to the process of ageing are not fully known. The understanding and custom-tailored modification of these mechanisms are of great clinical importance with regard to disease prevention and modern therapeutic strategies. Here, we aim to summarize the age-related microscopic and molecular changes of the human colon, as well as their role in altered mucosal healing.


Autoreactive T cells represent a natural repertoire of T cells in both diseased patients and healthy individuals. The mechanisms regulating the function of these autoreactive T cells are still unknown. Ob1A12 is a myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive Th cell clone derived from a patient with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mice transgenic for this human TCR and DRA and DRB1*1501 chains develop spontaneous experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The reactivity of Ob1A12 is reported to be restricted to recognition of MBP peptide 85–99 in the context of DRB1*1501. DRA/DRB1*1501 and the patient's other restriction element, DRA/DRB1*0401, differ significantly in their amino acid sequences. In this study we describe an altered peptide ligand derived from MBP85–99 with a single amino acid substitution at position 88 (Val to Lys; 88V→K), that could stimulate the Ob1A12.TCR in the context of both DRA/DRB1*1501 and DRA/DRB1*0401. Analysis of a panel of transfected T cell hybridomas expressing Ob1A12.TCR and CD4 indicated that Ob1A12.TCR cross-reactivity in the context of DRA/DRB1*0401 is critically dependent on the presence of the CD4 coreceptor. Furthermore, we found that activation of Ob1A12.TCR with MBP altered peptide ligand 85–99 88V→K presented by DRB1*1501 or DRB1*0401 resulted in significant differences in TCRζ phosphorylation. Our data indicate that injection of altered peptide ligand into patients heterozygous for MHC class II molecules may result in unexpected cross-reactivities, leading to activation of autoreactive T cells.


Aims: Numerous measures exist that assess dimensions of spirituality and religiosity in health, theological and social settings. In this review, we aim to identify and evaluate measures assessing factors relating to spirituality and religiosity in clinical settings. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, EMBASE and PsycINFO databases with search terms relating to spirituality, religiosity that also included well-being, needs, distress and beliefs used in self-reporting and clinician-administered measures. Only articles relating to the validation and subsequent administration of measures used in clinical settings were eligible for review. Results: Of 75 measures selected for initial screening, 25 had been validated and used in clinical settings and were reviewed for this study. Most measures were validated in oncological and palliative care settings where the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy Spiritual Well-being (FACIT-Sp12) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Spiritual, Religious and Personal Beliefs (WHOQOL-SRPB) were most validated and frequently used. Only six measures were found that assessed spiritual distress and/or the needs of which only two had been investigated more than twice. Two measures assessing spirituality and religious beliefs in healthcare staff were also reviewed. Conclusions: This review provides a current summary of measures evaluating several dimensions of spirituality and religiosity used in clinical settings. Currently there is a lack of reliable measures evaluating spiritual needs and distress.


Clinical disturbances incident to mild deficiency of vitamin B 2 in the diet, as opposed to frank deficiencies such as beriberi and pellagra, are commonly believed to be very rare in man and are thought to occur only when the diet is grossly abnormal or when there is serious interference with absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract. Certain observations made in this Gastro-Intestinal Section, however, have suggested that clinical evidences of such partial deficiency may develop on given for the first five months a diet moderately deficient in vitamin B though adequate in every other known requirement and the effects of this diet were studied. When clinical signs suggestive of deficiency were manifest, various vitamin B fractions were added to the diet, in series, and the effects of their administration studied. The second patient (Case 2), who entered the hospital with fully developed clinical evidence of deficiency, was likewise placed on a diet restricted in


This research examines the issue of organizational social capital. This research tries to analyze the role of organizational social capital in improving the organizational performance, the efforts to develop the organizational social capital, and the constraints faced in optimizing the organizational social capital at PKP2A I LAN. This research employed a descriptive-explanative, qualitative method. The analysis results showed that the role of organizational social capital at PKP2A I LAN represented an important and fundamental factor in determining the organization's performance although the elements of social capital as a whole have not been optimally practiced by all employees in building cooperation to achieve the performance and objectives of the organization. In the context of PKP2A I LAN, it was found that the elements of social capital, such as mutual trust, mutual giving, mutual respect, participation, and commitment had relatively strong implications in achieving the organizational performance, compared to the values (IPIP) and norms. The efforts to develop the organizational social capital at PKP2A I LAN were conducted through formal and informal activities. The efforts through these activities provided positive implications for the socialization and internalization of various attitudes, values and norms that become important elements of organizational social capital at PKP2A I LAN


Departing from a fascinating analogy between financial and climate fluctuations proposed by Tonino Perna under the category of "extreme events", this conversation addresses crucial issues in contemporary society, such as the relationship between financial capitalism and real economies, the controversies around alternative development models, and the role of the media in fabricating emergencies and crises. Whereas Perna interrogates macro-economic historical trends, Pellegrino and Salemmi put forward an STS approach into the topic, in order to frame the role of information infrastructures, controversies and the media (Pellegrino) and questioning the primacy of Economics as objective science through the hypothesis of economical medicalization of our society (Salemmi).


In this paper we search for and analyze the atomic components of general governance systems and discuss whether or not they can be informated, i.e. tangibly represented within the digital realm of information systems. We draw a framework based on the theories of Downs, Jellinek, and Hohfeld and find that the therein identified atomic components cannot be informated directly, but only indirectly, due to the inherent complexity of governance. We outline pending research questions to be addressed in the future.


Rationale C-Tb is a novel specific skin test, based on ESAT-6 and CFP10, combining the field friendliness of Tuberculin (TST), with the specificity of IGRA. Methods The TESEC-06 trial included 979 participants from 13 sites in Spain with risk of M.tb infection. The TESEC-05 trial included 1090 participants with symptoms of TB and 100 endemic controls both from South Africa. C-Tb and TST were done blinded. Skin indurations were read 2-3 days later, ≥5mm was considered positive for TST and C-Tb. IGRA testing (QFT) was done prior to skin testing. Results Test specificity was assessed in 212 presumed unexposed controls. C-Tb had comparable specificity to QFT (both 97%). Previous BCG vaccination had a strong negative impact on TST specificity, 62% (67/108) compared to 95% in unvaccinated (p In contacts, there was a strong trend in increasing C-Tb test positivity with M.tb exposure, at-par with QFT. The impact of age and HIV infection on C-Tb reactivity was assessed in 1090 suspects of TB disease, C-Tb as well as TST and QFT was negatively impacted by age Discussion C-Tb has comparable diagnostic performance to QFT, and addresses the problem of false positive TST results in BCG vaccinated. The C-Tb test could allow for improved target treatment of M.tuberculosis infected in resource restraint settings.


Illness implies, to a lesser or greater extent, a "vital crisis", and it is sometimes the only visible part of the maelstrom. The medical conception of illness, based on cut out nosological entities with specific organic or mental locus, splits the patient's reality. Such an approach fosters and spreads illness, since it leads the dynamic field of doctor-patient relationship to stagnation. The example is given of a case treated by a member of a (modified) Balint group, an endocrinologist who sees the patient after many derivations, and focuses the therapy on the one symptom his speciality enables him to deal with most proficiently: excess overweight. Such an approach was unfit to grasp the whole of the patient's behaviour and protheic symptoms. The group points to the need for a change to a wider and more comprehensive approach. The practitioner understands such a need, which implies also a change in his own previous technical patterns; he now views himself as the "organizer" of the patient's situation, and succeeds in integrating a comprehensive conception of the total illness. This change involves more than just a technical switch; a slight apparent variation, implying deep changes in the doctor's personality is achieved the way Balint encourages which in turn modify the whole ideology at the basis of conceptions of illness and of being-ill. We hold that illness doesn't have either a "natural history" or a unique determinant, but that different medical conceptions and ideologies are at the basis of many different ways of evolving and developing the situation of "being ill".


Open source server operating system mostly still usestext-based user interface and it makes hard to learn to new userin Vocational High School of Computer Network Department.This problem will be dealt by providing Graphical User Interface(GUI) in the server operating system accompany Command LineInterface feature. This paper describes the development of opensource server operating system which provides serverconfiguration in text mode and graphics mode. This researchmethod involves the study of literature and the development ofoperating systems with remastering concept including selectingfeatures, selecting graphics display, selecting the basic system,remastering, and testing to the Server PC. Research productcalled Net.OS (Network Technology Server OS) was tested incomputer networks to validate the server functions. The resultsshow that all functions can work successfully. Net.OSimplementation can provide a user friendly to configure theserver in a web-based graphical mode, text mode, moreover itbecomes a bridge of Linux newbie to learn the serverconfiguration using GUI.


Nanogenerator (triboelectric nanogenerator and piezoelectric nanogenerator) has experienced a rapid development since it was proposed. This technique can covert various mechanical energies into electric energy, including human motion energy, wind energy, acoustic energy and ocean energy. The converted electricity can be used for health monitoring and physiological function regulation, such as pulse detection, bioelectrical stimulation and cardiac pacing. This review summarizes the structure, working mechanism, output performance of nanogenerator and its latest progress in circulatory system, nervous system, biological tissue, sleep and rescue system. Additionally, a further analysis was also made on the application challenge of nanogenerator in clinical treatment. In the future, nanogenerator is expected to be an auxiliary power source, or even to replace battery to power medical electronic device and realize the self-powered health monitoring and physiological function regulation of human body.


Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC

Tumor suppressor p53 is critical for protection against cancer. Over 50% of human cancers harbor mutant p53 which is hyper-stabilized and blocks p53 family member p73/p63 activity. Mutations not only abrogate the p53 tumor suppressor function, but also endow mutant p53 with gain-of-function (GOF) as pro-oncogene which contributes to tumor progression and chemotherapy resistance. Targeting mutant p53 to restore the p53 pathway is a promising strategy for cancer therapy. Small molecule restoring p53 pathway is mostly based on conformational change in mutant p53 or upregulation of wild-type p53. It is barely reported about small molecule compound with ability to both restore p53 pathway and deplete mutant p53 GOF. In this study, we describe a new small molecular compound, NCI-8 that specifically depletes mutant p53 protein and activates p73 to induce p53 responsive transcriptional activity and cell death in mutant p53 colorectal cancer cells. NCI-8 treatment increased p53 responsive bioluminescence and p53 target gene expression such as P21, Puma and DR5 specifically in mutant p53 colorectal cancer cells. Accompanied with p53 pathway restoration, NCI-8 down-regulated mutant p53 in cancer cells with no evident wild-type conformational change in mutant p53. NCI-8- mediated down-regulation of mutant p53 was rescued by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor and nutlin-3, an MDM2 inhibitor. NCI-8 induced ubiquitination of mutant p53. Taken together these results indicate that NCI-8 induces mutant p53 protein degradation via an MDM2-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Further, we examined the role of p73 in NCI-8 action to p53 pathway restoration. NCI-8 enhanced p53-responsive bioluminescence with10-fold increase in cells overexpressing p73, but only 2-fold increase in p53-overexpressing cells. NCI-8- induced p53-responsive bioluminescence was significantly reduced by knock-down of p73, but not by knock-down of mutant p53. Knock-down of p73 significantly reduced NCI-8 induction of p53 target genes in mutant p53 cancer cells. These results indicate that p73 is required for NCI-8 to restore the p53 pathway in mutant p53-expressing cancer cells. Importantly, NCI-8 induced cell death in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. No genotoxicity of NCI-8 was detected in cancer and normal cells. Knock-down of p73 reduced cell apoptosis in mutant p53-expressing cancer cells treated with NCI-8, while, overexpression of p73 sensitized these cancer cells to NCI-8 induced cell death. Combination treatments demonstrate that NCI-8 synergizes with CPT11chemotherapy to induce cell death in mutant p53 colorectal cancer cells. These results suggest that p53 pathway restoration and cell death induced by NCI-8 occur via activation of p73 and depletion of mutant p53 GOF. NCI-8 is a promising lead compound specifically targeting mutant p53 for the development of new anti-cancer drugs.

Citation Format: Shengliang Zhang, Lanlan Zhou, Bo Hong, Noel Warfel, Antonius Van den heuvel, David Dicker, Levy Kopelovich, Wafik El-Deiry. A new small molecule compound restoring p53 pathway induces cell death via active p73 and degradation of mutant p53 in colorectal cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2171. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2171


The Kelch-like 1 protein (KLHL1) is a neuronal actin-binding protein that modulates calcium channel function. It increases the current density of Cav3.2 (α 1H) calcium channels via direct interaction with α 1H and actin-F, resulting in biophysical changes in Cav3.2 currents and an increase in recycling endosomal activity with subsequent increased α 1H channel number at the plasma membrane. Interestingly, removal of the actin-binding Kelch motif (ΔKelch) prevents the increase in Cav3.2 current density seen with wild-type KLHL1 when tested with normal square pulse protocols but does not preclude the effect when tested using action potential waveforms (AP). Here, we dissected the kinetic properties of the AP waveform that confer the mutant Kelch the ability to interact with Cav3.2 and induce an increase in calcium influx. We modified the action potential waveform by altering the slopes of repolarization and/or recovery from hyperpolarization or by changing the duration of the depolarization plateau or the hyperpolarization phase and tested the modulation of Cav3.2 by the mutant ΔKelch. Our results show that the recovery phase from hyperpolarization phase determines the conformational changes that allow the α 1H subunit to properly interact with mutant KLHL1 lacking its actin-binding Kelch domains, leading to increased Ca influx.


Therapeutic modulation of TREM2-dependent microglial function provides an additional strategy to slow progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). Although studies on animal models suggest that TREM2 is protective, the trigger of increased TREM2 expression during disease progression and its clinical and pathological consequences in AD remain unclear. We measured longitudinally soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) as a surrogate marker for protective TREM2-signalling in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from participants in the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN) observational study. In mutation carriers (MC), the longitudinal sTREM2 increase followed the earliest aggregation of Aβ42 captured by CSF-Aβ42 decrease, but not yet by Pittsburg compound-B Positron Emission Tomography (PiB-PET). Higher sTREM2 increase rates provided protection from Aβ-deposition, whereas lower rates enhanced p-tau increase associated with PiB-PET increase. Moreover, presymptomatic MC with high or low sTREM2 increase rates have opposite associations between CSF Aβ42 and PiB-PET longitudinal changes, suggesting that TREM2 modifies Aβ plaque deposition and compaction. Finally, higher sTREM2 increase rates protected from cortical shrinkage and cognitive decline. Our findings position the TREM2 response within the amyloid cascade right after the first pathological changes in Aβ42 aggregation, support ongoing efforts to develop TREM2 modulating therapies, and predict a very early window for therapeutic intervention.


The characteristic morphology of the branched tap-root system of an adult plant is determined by the number and location of lateral root meristems initiated by the primary root during the course of its development. Much interest has centered around the identification of the specific factors responsible for the initiation of the cellular divisions leading to the precise formation of lateral root primordia. It was shown by Thimann (16) and others that auxin plays a role in the initiation of lateral roots in the primary root of such plants as the garden pea, Pisum sativum. Evidence from recent studies of isolated pea roots grown in sterile nutrient medium (17) indicated that some other factor or factors act together with auxin to control lateral root formation in this plant. The continued study of these unknown factors revealed some remarkable effects of light on root growth? effects which may contribute to our understanding of the processes controlling root growth. Relatively few investigators have described direct effects of illumination on the growth of this usually subterranean organ of the plant body. Scattered reports in the literature including such early work as that by Darwin (2) and others (7), demonstrated an inhibitory effect of white light on root elongation. Segelitz (15) reported that isolated corn roots grown in culture in the dark extend more rapidly than roots exposed to white light, an effect attributed to the production of auxin by roots in the light. Robbins and Maneval (14) reported that the growth of excised corn roots was favorably influenced by light, an effect also reported by White (20) for the excised roots of wheat grown in sterile culture. Naundorf (8) showed that illumination causes increased auxin production in the roots of intact or seedless Helianthus plants, which results in a slight acceleration of root elongation. According to Naundorf, auxin stimulation of root elongation may occur when suboptimal concentrations of auxin are normally present in the root. Phototropic responses by roots, either positive or negative, are recorded for a number of different species of plants and attempts have been made (8) to explain these responses in terms of differential auxin production in the light and dark. White (21) has stated that light has no observable effect on the growth of tomato roots in a sterile nutrient medium. Robbins (13) reported a peculiar periodic formation of root hairs by isolated roots of Datura grown in


Introduction: Treatment for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) may become a problem when the patients show no adherence to the treatment and feel bored with its long duration. This condition may lead to the drop out in the treatment. Therefore, this study aimed at analyzing the effects of self-management education on the quality of life of patients with pulmonary TB. Method: The design of this study is quasi-experiment conducted in 3 Puskesmas (Community Health Center), in which 150 respondents was divided into 2 groups: 75 respondents in the control group and 75 respondents in the treatment group. They were chosen as the samples by using simple random sampling technique. The data were collected by conducting pretest to measure the quality of life, doing intervention through selfmanagement education, and finally providing posttest. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by using Mann Whitney U test and Wilcoxon signed rank test.Result: Change in perceptions that this disease is infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the right place for the treatment is Puskesmas or hospitals, and a high hope for the cure needs supports form the family and medical workers Conclusion, self-management education increases the quality of life of the patients with pulmonary TB. The future research is expected to analyze their life expectancy more deeply.


Purpose: Paraquat is one kind of widely used herbicide with highly toxic compound, which is severely harmful for human and animals. Acute poisoning cases occurred frequently, and the fatality rate increases year by year because there is no effective antidote. This study investigated whether coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae can reduce paraquat induced lung damage in mice.
Material and Methods: We hypothesize that Coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae (CAD) may have a protective effect of Acute Lung Injury (ALI) in mice, so we adopt ALI-caused by paraquat injection infected mice models, observed the mice after PQ infected with CAD protection affects animal mortality rates and the pathological changes of lung tissue, as well as for various oxidase in lung tissue homogenate and influence of the content of inflammatory cytokines in the CAD on the ALI-induced by paraquat protection research. Adult male mice were chosen and divided into 3 groups-control, paraquat and paraquat+coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae, mice in paraquat and paraquat+coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae (120 mg/kg) group received paraquat (50 mg/kg) daily for three weeks.
Results: As expected, paraquat could lead to significant changes of shape and structure of the lung. Coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae attenuated paraquat induced morphological damage of lung of experimental animals.
Conclusion: Our results showed that coumarin of Angelicae dahuricae could decrease the toxic effect of paraquat in lung.


A new filtration method for leucocyte and chloride ion depletion of erythrocyte concentrates in one step by DEAE cellulose was developed. After passage of the packed red cells through this filter material a chloride depletion of 70-80% and a leucocyte depletion of 90% could be reached. The 25 degrees C storage of this in-line-filtered red cells characterized by metabolic parameters (ATP, 2,3-DPG) suggests the possibility of a long-term red blood cell storage.


Formability of a material is defined as its ability to deform into desired shape without being fracture. There will always be a need for formability tests, a larger number of tests have been used in an effort to measure the formability of sheet materials. Aluminium Alloy 2024 is a magnesium and silicon alloy of aluminium. It is also called as marine material as it has high corrosion resistance to seawater. In this paper Formability test of AA2024 sheet is done by Forming Limit Diagram (FLD) Analysis. FLD or Forming Limit Curve (FLC) for the forming processes of AA2024 sheets is obtained by Experimental method and FEM. Experimental method involves Deep drawing test of the sheet and ANSYS software is used for FEM.


OBJECTIVE
The present study aims to study the influences experimental navigation and intensive exercise on immune-neuroendocrine network of the male rats and the effects of PNS to this influence.

METHOD
Thirty 6-week Sprague-Dawley male rats (SD rats) were randomly located into three groups: Quiescent control (QC) group, training control (TC) group and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) group. Rats from QC group were not given any stimuli, and samples were taken after 7-day intragastric administration of saline. Rats from TC group underwent 10-day run training of increasing load on treadmill and received 7-day intragastric administration of saline. PNS group were subjected to the same procedure of run training as group TC, and received intragastric administration of PNS at the dose of 0.2 g x kg(-1). Blood samples were immediately obtained at the end of the tests to determine the serum levels of corticosterone (Cort), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beta-endorphin (beta-EP), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) by RIA. Expressions of Pituitary ACTH, NPY were observed use the immunohistochemistry method and correlation analyses conducted. And the ultrastructural changes of the pituitaries and the adrenal cortex cells were examined by electron microscope meanwhile.

RESULT
The serum beta-EP and Cort levels in TC group were significantly increased compared to the QC group; whereas Expression levels of pituitary ACTH, NPY were markedly higher after experimental navigation and intensive exercise. In Group PNS, the plasma Cort, ACTH and NPY levels decreased significantly compared to Group TC. Meanwhile we found expression levels of pituitary ACTH, NPY also lower than group TC. There was no significant difference about the ultrastructure of anterior pituitary and adrenal cortex of QC and PNS group. However, a obvious change of ultrastructure occurred to TC group rats.

CONCLUSION
These results suggest that immune-neuroendocrine network function of rats were confused by negative psychological stresses and intensive exercise. PNS therapy may exert regulation effects to the network.


: Role reversal is one of the core techniques of psychodrama therapy. According to Jacob Levy Moreno, the founder of psychodrama, the self emerges from the role that we play. On the basis of Morenian role theory, rich clinical experience has been accumulated in contemporary psychodrama therapy, but it lacks an explanatory theory to comprehensively explain the working mechanism of psychodrama therapy. Starting from the analysis of role reversal experience, predictive processing theory explains interpersonal interaction and role construction in the process of role reversal. According to predictive processing theory, role reversal is a kind of self-construction process. From a single role reversal treatment to different aspects in the process of psychotherapy, this self-construction process is as follows. First, role reversal brings about the change of the signal type. Second, role reversal results in model update. Third, the new model is constructed and generated in the interaction between the individual self and the other. The conclusion turns out that explaining the structural features of role reversal according to predictive processing theory can promote this technology so as to play a better role in clinical treatment.


Chronological divergence between the different early Irish annals has hampered the use of their many unique records of events in Ireland, Britain and the European continent as historical sources. This paper reviews recent work which has demonstrated that their original chronological apparatus consisted of a kalend (Kł) followed, until at least the mid‐seventh century, by the ferial of 1 January, and from this a consistent chronology has been restored for the annals over the years AD 1–722. In addition, critical examination of their regnal and episcopal successions has established that the 'world history' section of these annals and Bede's Chronica maiora are not mutually dependent, but rather share a common source which has been identified as a kalend‐plus‐ferial chronicle composed by Rufinus of Aquileia in the early fifth century.


The Road Accident Fund Amendment Act 19 of 2005 came into effect on 1 August 2008. This Act limits the Road Accident Fund's liability for compensation in respect of claims for non-pecuniary loss to instances where a "serious injury" has been sustained. A medical practitioner has to determine whether or not the claimant has suffered a serious injury by undertaking an assessment prescribed in the Regulations to the Act. The practitioner has to complete a RAF 4 report. In doing so the practitioner must assess the injury in terms of the American Medical Association's Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (6th ed). If the injury is considered to have resulted in less than 30 per cent of the whole person impairment the medical practitioner should apply the narrative test. The article focuses on the narrative test but also discusses reasons why the regulations do not fulfil the requirements of the Act; reasons why the Guides is not adequate to the task; the impact of the circumstances of an injured person on disability; problems with the existing wording of the narrative test; shortcomings on the RAF 4 form; the administrative process as well as the appeal tribunals.


This essay focused on the institutions of education and language to articulate the relations between the colonial, the patriarchal and the question of national culture focusing on the Shona society in Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions . It located the novel's strength in how the author's writing develops a political drive that questions colonial and native patriarchal ideologies. This study defined the narrative as a literary resistance and suggests a redefinition of the1960s-1970s Zimbabwean national culture that subdues women. Furthermore, while the narrative can be read as an expression of national consciousness, this essay argued that the author employed a multidimensional approach to the reading and study of the predicament facing Rhodesia, contemporary Zimbabwe, and Africa at large. Keywords: Culture, Language, Identity, Education, Nation(alism)


In the paper we present a new approach based on application of neural networks to detect SQL attacks. SQL attacks are those attacks that take advantage of using SQL statements to be performed. The problem of detection of this class of attacks is transformed to time series prediction problem. SQL queries are used as a source of events in a protected environment. To differentiate between normal SQL queries and those sent by an attacker, we divide SQL statements into tokens and pass them to our detection system, which predicts the next token, taking into account previously seen tokens. In the learning phase tokens are passed to recurrent neural network (RNN) trained by backpropagation through time (BPTT) algorithm. Teaching data are shifted by one token forward in time with relation to input. The purpose of the testing phase is to predict the next token in the sequence. All experiments were conducted on Jordan and Elman networks using data gathered from PHP Nuke portal. Experimental results show that the Jordan network outperforms the Elman network predicting correctly queries of the length up to ten.


This paper is focused on design and development of an advanced serious game for the maritime domain. The authors propose an innovative approach to developing training and educational support for navy vessels and/or off-shore platforms. This serious game is a distributed and multi-user simulation framework that allows the reduction of time, costs, and risks of training, by introducing the crew to operating procedures before having to carry out real tests at sea. The research is based on development of educational programs and virtual frameworks supporting cooperative training for complex operations management.


The study was carried out to determine the profitability of backyard poultry production in Sokoto metropolis. Multistage sampling was used to draw 100 samples of backyard poultry farmers used for the study. Data were obtained using structured questionnaire. Data analyses were done using descriptive statistics, farm budgeting and linear regression. Results showed that majority of the backyard poultry farmers were aged between 21-30 years (57.14%). Most of them were male (62%) and have acquired tertiary education (82%). The flock size owned by the majority (64%) was between the ranges of 10-50 birds. The major source of investment capital of the enterprise was personal savings (82%). The results further showed that variable costs were the most important costs accounting for 88.41% of the total cost and the net farm income per respondent was N48, 745.58 per annum. The linear regression
result revealed that cost of chicks (P< 0.01), housing (P< 0.1) and drinkers (P< 0.1) had significant positive contribution while cost of heating (P< 0.01) had significant negative contribution to output generation from the enterprise. Disease outbreak was the most serious problem affecting backyard poultry production in the study area. It is concluded that the enterprise was profitable and it was dominated by male who were mostly married. There was no credit availability to boost the enterprise
and farmers in the business were faced with the problem of disease outbreak. These invariably affected the overall performance of the enterprise. It was therefore, recommended that credit institutions be encouraged to make loan available to those people engaged in the enterprise.


PURPOSE
Noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries carry significant short- and long-term morbidity, particularly in females. To combat this epidemic, neuromuscular training has evolved aimed at modifying high-risk lower-limb biomechanics. However, injury rates and the gender disparity in these rates remain, suggesting that key components of the injury mechanism continue to be ignored. This study examined the potential contributions of neuromuscular fatigue to noncontact ACL injuries.

METHODS
Ten male and 10 female NCAA athletes had 3D lower-limb-joint kinematics and kinetics recorded during 10 drop jumps, both before and after fatigue. Mean subject-based initial-contact (N = 9) and peak stance-phase kinematic (N = 9) and normalized (mass x height) kinetic (N = 9) parameters were quantified before and after fatigue and submitted to a three-way ANOVA to determine for the main effects of leg, gender, and fatigue. A Bonferroni corrected alpha level of 0.002 was adopted for all statistical comparisons.

RESULTS
Females landed with more initial ankle plantar flexion and peak-stance ankle supination, knee abduction, and knee internal rotation compared with men. They also had larger knee adduction, abduction, and internal rotation, and smaller ankle dorsiflexion moments. Fatigue increased initial and peak knee abduction and internal rotation motions and peak knee internal rotation, adduction, and abduction moments, with the latter being more pronounced in females.

CONCLUSIONS
Fatigue-induced modifications in lower-limb control may increase the risk of noncontact ACL injury during landings. Gender dimorphic abduction loading in the presence of fatigue also may explain the increased injury risk in women. Understanding fatigue effects at both the central and peripheral levels will further afford elucidation of the ACL injury mechanism and, hence, more successful prevention strategies.


Corruption is defined as an act which was not good as embezzlement, receiving kickbacks and so forth. Corruption has penetrated in every layer of authority, whether in the executive, legislature and judiciary, in both of the layers at the central level to the village level. The quantity and quality is also increasing, along with the improvement of democracy in Indonesia. While the State Administration can be interpreted as directives, government, implementation activities, activity guidance, the creation of the principles of public policy implementation, activity analysis, balancing and presentation decisions, policy considerations, as the work of individuals and groups in producing public goods and services, and as an arena field of academic and theoretical work, in the state government. This study uses the methodology of normative juridical deduction, the judicial approach. At the end of the discussion will be found the answer from the legal issues that the law of the State Administrai important role in the prevention and eradication of corruption. With prescriptions for a legal solution.Â


The computational investigation of photochemical processes often entails the calculation of excited-state geometries, energies, and energy gradients. The nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) approach treats specified nuclei, typically protons, quantum mechanically on the same level as the electrons, thereby including the associated nuclear quantum effects and non-Born-Oppenheimer behavior into quantum chemistry calculations. The multicomponent density functional theory (NEO-DFT) and time-dependent DFT (NEO-TDDFT) methods allow efficient calculations of ground and excited states, respectively. Herein, the analytical gradients are derived and implemented for the NEO-TDDFT method and the associated Tamm-Dancoff approximation (NEO-TDA). The programmable equations for these analytical gradients as well as the NEO-DFT analytical Hessian are provided. The NEO approach includes the anharmonic zero-point energy (ZPE) and density delocalization associated with the quantum protons as well as vibronic mixing in geometry optimizations and energy calculations of ground and excited states. The harmonic ZPE associated with the other nuclei can be computed via the NEO Hessian. This approach is used to compute the 0-0 adiabatic excitation energies for a set of nine small molecules with all protons quantized, exhibiting slight improvement over the conventional electronic approach. Geometry optimizations of two excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer systems, [2,2'-bipyridyl]-3-ol and [2,2'-bipyridyl]-3,3'-diol, are performed with one and two quantized protons, respectively. The NEO calculations for these systems produce electronically excited-state geometries with stronger intramolecular hydrogen bonds and similar relative stabilities compared to conventional electronic methods. This work provides the foundation for nonadiabatic dynamics simulations of fundamental processes such as photoinduced proton transfer and proton-coupled electron transfer.


ABSTRACT
 The clam Anadara inaequivalvis (Bruguière) is a bivalve mollusc now populating several areas of the Mediterranean Sea seafloor where it competes with other molluscs harvested as food. In fact, even though Anadara inaequivalvis has valuable nutritional properties, it has no commercial value in European countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively fatty acid content in this bivalve mollusc and to compare 11 extraction methods: conventional procedures such as Folch, Bligh and Dyer, and Soxhlet with different solvents, as well as accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and methods using low-toxicity solvents as substitutes for chloroform (CHCl3) and methanol (MeOH). The best method was ASE CHCl3-MeOH, affording yields of total lipids, total fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly higher than any other method. The estimated range of total lipids was 2.29%–6.99% (on the dry sample), and the range of fatty acids was 0.74%–1.78%. Yields of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) ranged from 0.10% to 0.40%. The solvent mixture hexane—isopropanol as substitute for CHCl3-MeOH did not afford good results. PUFAs were 22.5% in the total fatty acids and the ratio between PUFAs n-3 and PUFA n-6 was 2.74:1.