The success of information and knowledge management depends on understanding and supporting the user's need to know. This requires understanding humans' abilities, limitations, and inclinations in seeking of information and knowledge. This paper explores these phenomena in the context of two decades of studying human decision making in the domains of research, design, and management. The findings summarized are discussed in terms of implications for design, development, and deployment of information and knowledge support systems.


A controversial cult classic, Sybil by Flora Rheta Schreiber is the extraordinary story of a woman who suffered from multiple personality disorder. 'How are you today?' the doctor asked. 'I'm fine', was the reply. 'But Sybil isn't. She was so sick she couldn't come. So I came instead.' A collaboration between journalist Flora Rheta Schreiber and Sybil's psychiatrist, Dr. Cornelia Wilbur, Sybil is the story of a woman with sixteen separate personalities, and was instrumental in influencing the definition and diagnosis of multiple personality disorder. Sybil's diagnosis has since been called into question - but, forty years after it was first published, her story remains a gripping and disturbing account of one woman's struggle for mental stability and happiness.


The paper deals with two-sensor interception of cyclostationary signals in the presence of additive non-Gaussian noise. The locally optimum approach is considered as a starting point to derive cyclostationarity-exploiting receiver structures for detecting a weak signal and locating its emission source through time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) measurements. To obtain analytical information about the detection performance of the proposed receivers, the deflection in both constant and variable noise-level environments is evaluated. Monte Carlo simulations, aimed at evaluating the detection performance in terms of detection probability and false-alarm probability, and the TDOA estimation accuracy, have been carried out. The results show that the cyclostationarity-exploiting receivers can significantly outperform the radiometric receivers in both signal detection and source location, when the noise level is unknown or variable and/or strong interfering signals are present.


In 2017, individual gifts were accountable for approximately 70% of all donations to charity in the USA. Prior literature identified several predictors of giving behavior, among which gender, age, income and education. This thesis aims to investigate the effect of providing additional information on the price elasticity of giving behavior. A survey was designed where subjects were asked to divide money between themselves and UNICEF, against different price ratios (1:1, 1:2 and 1:3) and with different initial amounts. Subjects within the treatment groups received either emotional or reference information before making their decisions about the deviation of money. The results show that females are more sensitive to changes in price compared to males, because they donate a significantly higher amount of money to charity when it becomes cheaper to donate. Moreover, the payoff to UNICEF from females is significantly higher in both treatment groups compared to males, suggesting that females are more sensitive to additional information. However, no hard evidence was found to conclude that donations within the treatments are higher in comparison with the control group.


Subunit components of R-phycoerythrins (R-PEs) prepared from five marine macro red algae were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate -polyarylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by isoelectric focusing (IEF) in pH gradients range of 3.0 to 9.5, 2.5 to 5.0 and 4.0 to 6.5. Riboflavin was used to catalyze polymerization of IEF gel in acidic pH gradients, and ethanolamine and HEPES were selected as cathode buffers for IEF. The pIs of the R-PE subunits existed between pH 4.9 and 5.7. A larger number of bands could be identified from IEF relative to SDS-PAGE, demonstrating that some subunits of the R-PEs which showed a certain apparent molecular weight have different pIs. This revealed that local net charge differences exist among the subunits of the R-PEs which have even the same molecular weight as well as those with various molecular weights, therefore charge-charge interaction among the subunits of the R-PEs may play an adequate role in R-PE assembly, which is consistent with the fact that the R-PEs are insensitive to surface-active reagents.


Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) establish the genetic code. Each aaRS covalently links a given canonical amino acid to a cognate set of tRNA isoacceptors. Glycyl tRNA aminoacylation is unusual in that it is catalyzed by different aaRSs in different lineages of the Tree of Life. We have investigated the phylogenetic distribution and evolutionary history of bacterial glycyl tRNA synthetase (bacGlyRS). This enzyme is found in early diverging bacterial phyla such as Firmicutes, Acidobacteria, and Proteobacteria, but not in archaea or eukarya. We observe relationships between each of six domains of bacGlyRS and six domains of four different RNA-modifying proteins. Component domains of bacGlyRS show common ancestry with i) the catalytic domain of class II tRNA synthetases; ii) the HD domain of the bacterial RNase Y; iii) the body and tail domains of the archaeal CCA-adding enzyme; iv) the anti-codon binding domain of the arginyl tRNA synthetase; and v) a previously unrecognized domain that we call ATL (Ancient tRNA latch). The ATL domain is found only in bacGlyRS and in the universal alanyl tRNA synthetase (uniAlaRS). Further, the catalytic domain of bacGlyRS is more closely related to the catalytic domain of uniAlaRS than to any other aminoacyl tRNA synthetase. The combined data suggest that the ATL and catalytic domains of these two enzymes are ancestral to bacGlyRS and uniAlaRS, which emerged from common protein ancestors by bricolage, stepwise accumulation of protein domains, before the last universal common ancestor of life.


Calculations of correlated remote ion scattering limited mobility of modulation delta-doped GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures are presented. The scatterers are modelled as a two-dimensional Coulomb gas whose distribution is determined directly through Monte Carlo simulations. Trends in the variation of the mobility with correlations in scatterer distributions (Coulomb gas temperature), density of the scatterers, density of electrons and the spacer width are discussed.


The status and economic efficiency of Fish Seed Multiplication Farms are analysed based on production target and achievement, and net earnings of fish farms. Data were collected from government and private farms located in 10 different districts in Bangladesh. Most of the farms could not achieve the target of production due to some problems and constraints but all the farms, both government and private earned a reasonable profit.


In this paper the performance of a split-phase motor and a three-phase induction motor drives for soft starting is evaluated. The paper systematically investigates and compares the characteristics of a variable voltage fed induction motor drive for two different types of soft starters; one based on IGBT and another based on Thyristor. Experimental validation is done using analogue circuit based system, developed in the laboratory. The novelty of the work lies in the development of simple and flexible models for simulation purpose and their experimental validation. Keywords: Variable speed electric drives, Soft starter, Thyristor, IGBT


We examined the link between ethnic diversity and social capital to test Putnam's hypothesis on the negative impact of ethnic diversity on social capital. Data came from a representative survey in two multicultural regions of Russia (N = 2,061). To assess the level of ethnic diversity, an ethnic diversity index was calculated using data from the latest National Population Census in Russia. Data were analyzed using two-level structural equation modeling. The results did not confirm Putnam's hypothesis and showed that ethnic diversity, as assessed in the latest National Population Census in Russia, was not negatively related to social capital in Russia. We argue that the long-standing ethnic diversity in Russia is positively related to informal sociability, and does not affect generalized trust and community organizational life. It is concluded that Putnam's hypothesis does not have universal validity, presumably because the link between diversity and social capital is moderated by various regional and national characteristics.


This paper develops a novel framework to evaluate the integral performance of order picking systems with different combinations of storage and order picking policies. The warehousing literature on order picking mostly considers minimizing either elapsed time or distance as the sole objective, whereas warehouse managers in a supply chain have to look beyond single-dimensional performance and consider trade-offs among different criteria. Thus managers still need a unified and efficient framework to select a portfolio of appropriate order picking policies from a multi-criteria and contextual perspective. Our framework—combining data envelopment analysis, ranking and selection, and multiple comparisons—provides an efficient methodology to simultaneously analyze several interrelated problems in order picking systems with multiple performance attributes, such as service levels and operational costs. We demonstrate our approach through comprehensive evaluations of order picking policies in three low-level, picker-to-parts rectangular warehouses facing demand variations.


Much of the literature and the academic discussion about the impact of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOC) in institutional strategic planning has been centred on the US context. However, data shows that although the US are responsible for the largest MOOC platforms and the most successful course provision, it is the European region which accounts for the highest percentage of global MOOC participation. Differently from the US Higher Education system framework, however, in Europe public policy and in particular the European Commission is now driving MOOC institutional uptake. Given the very different institutional, political and cultural contexts, it is interesting to analyse how in these two different regions Higher Education institutions are responding to the challenges of the MOOC phenomena and are integrating it in their own strategic planning. The current research presents the first attempt to conduct a benchmarking study of institutional MOOC strategies in Europe and the US. It's based on a survey launched by the EU-funded project HOME and compares results with a similar survey launched in the US. Results show that are significant differences in how US and European institutions understand the impact of massive forms of open education and also how they perceive the efficiency of digital education and online learning.


Subclinical hypothyroidism is also known as mild hypothyroidism, early thyroid failure, preclinical hypothyroidism and decreased thyroid reserve. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration and normal serum total or free thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations associated with few or no symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism and thus subclinical hypothyroid disease is diagnosed by laboratory findings.Subclinical hypothyroidism is far more common than overt hypothyroidism. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism is relatively high and ranges from 4%-8.5% and maybe as high as 20% in women older than 60years. Subclinical hypothyroidism is more common in elderly women than men. It is found twice as often in women as in men. Thyroid hormones have a known effect on heart rate & cardiac excitability. Cardio vascular system is the major system affected by subclinical hypothyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism patients have an increased risk of "atherosclerosis" & coronary artery disease. Subclinical hypothyroidism patients will have an increased level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein and decreased level of high-density lipoprotein, leading to "atherosclerosis". This study was conducted totally on 110 human subjects of age group 18-60 years. Among the 110 human subjects, 55 were Euthyroid controls and 55 were subclinical hypothyroid cases. Serum total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum low-density lipoproteins, levels were increased in subclinical hypothyroid cases than Euthyroid controls with a high statistical significance with the P-value <0.001 and serum high-density lipoproteins levels are decreased in subclinical hypothyroid cases than Euthyroid controls with a high statistical significance with the P-value <0.001. Hence, it should be made mandatory that the estimation of lipid profile should be made as a routine investigation in all cases of subclinical hypothyroidism.


Background: The mortality rate from tuberculosis in Korea is the highest among OECD countries. However, general public's knowledge of tuberculosis is limited. Currently, exposure to tuberculosis in high school students is a big problem. Methods: A written questionnaire was distributed to 78 high school students in Busan. Results: Almost all the students had heard of tuberculosis (95%). However, their knowledge of tuberculosis was very superficial and limited. The attitude about tuberculosis was 'nothing to worry about' and there was no systemic education in the school or home. Conclusion: Although tuberculosis is quite serious in Korea, most people know little about it and have the wrong attitude. In particular, high school students are easily exposed to tuberculosis because they spend most of their time as a group. Therefore, education of high school students on tuberculosis is strongly recommended in schools and the home. In addition, medical practitioners should play a role in education and prevention programs.


The purpose of the study: to evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopic greater curvature gastric plication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Methods. The study involved 32 patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and obesity on average 6.87 ± 1.9 years. Results. Participants in a year lost an average weight of 25 kg. Fasting glucose levels dropped significantly within six months after the operation, which correlates with the trend in the weight loss during this period. The average HbA1c for the cohort gradually decreased during the study period from 9.8% to 5.6%. Much of this change occurred during the first six months. Diabetes Remission was achieved in 92% of patients. In patients with remission, hypoglycemic agents were canceled after 4-22 weeks after surgery. Conclusions. Laparoscopic greater curvature gastric plication lowest altering the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract, lowers blood glucose levels in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes and obesity.


As the generalization of using computer and the internet, most people, who would decide the acceptance of new information technology (IT), may consider the current systems which have been used so far. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationships between technology acceptance model (TAM) and the switching costs which may incur during switching from the current system into another on. For this purpose, this study suggested the hypotheses, in which continuity cost and setup cost, two types of switching costs in IT adoption, would influence perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use respectively. Moreover, the moderation effects of system types, hedonic system and utilitarian system, on the relationships between switching costs and TAM, were also suggested as the hypotheses. In order to prove the validity of the hypotheses, two groups were surveyed. Before surveying, to the one group who were believed to be a user of 'Cyworld', a new blog service, Naver Blog, was introduced. Similarly, to another group, Google Docs was introduced. The analysis by Partial Least Square (PLS) approach showed that most hypotheses in this study were statistically supported.


This article challenges popular and sometimes academic ideas regarding the importance of ethnicity for the identity of the people of God in the Bible. It seeks to demonstrate through the study of some key biblical narratives that ethnicity is irrelevant when it comes to belonging to the people of God even in the Old Testament. This article reviews stories in the Old and New Testaments where «outsiders» become part of the people of God and «insiders» are excluded. The article concludes that both as a theological concept and as a practical reality the people of God is multi-racial and multiethnic from the very beginning.


In Alianza y Condena (1965), Claudio Rodriguez's third collection of poems, the poetprotagonist faces a dilemma that is at once semiotic and ethical: how is it possible simultaneously to participate in the world through language and to maintain one's critical vision of reality? The surrender of the self that, in all of Rodriguez's poetry, is the basis of a more authentic engagement with reality would appear to be incompatible with the search for the truth behind deceptive appearances. Alianza resembles Don de la ebriedad, Rodriguez's first book, in its more explicit concern with the problems of poetic language. As in Don, the poet attempts to overcome the duplicity of the linguistic sign in order to integrate himself once more into the world. The most significant difference, however, is that in the later book the poet's consciousness of the arbitrariness of the sign is irrevocable. The more innocent vision of reality to which he attempts to return is ultimately paradoxical. The task facing the poet-protagonist of Alianza y Condena, then, is to reconcile language with the world, but without sacrificing his critical vision of both language and reality. In his attempt to resolve this dilemma he explores the ambiguities inherent in the notion of the arbitrariness of the sign. Language, although it is essentially deceptive, can also reveal the truth: its capacity to deceive, in fact, is inseparable from its capacity to uncover deceit. The "truth" concealed or revealed in language, in turn, is itself a duplicitous sign. The stripping of illusions normally unmasks a negative, destructive reality, but this reality itself might also conceal another, more positive truth. These exceptions to a predominately negative view of language allow the poet to go beyond his critical vision and develop a more complete vision of the sign. A series of dialectical transformations of lan-


A 47-year-old patient presented to the emergency room with an attack of acute severe asthma. In spite of all primary measures, the patient was deteriorating. Arterial blood gases showed hypercarbia and acidemia. The patient was shifted to the intensive care unit connected to noninvasive ventilation for 3 h, without any obvious improvement. Decision was taken to intubate, ventilate, and keep her deeply sedated. On the 4th day of ventilation, the patient developed sudden tension pneumothorax and she was near to arrest. Management for tension pneumothorax was immediate and successful. After that, chest X-ray and computerized tomography scan showed hemopneumothorax, for which a chest tube was inserted in both chest sides and blood transfusion was initiated immediately. After this incidence, the patient's parameters improved dramatically. Four days later, the patient was extubated and kept in intensive care unit till the chest tubes were removed and then shifted to the ward and discharged on day 15 from admission.


Duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) is one of the most deadly pathogens that endanger the duck industry. Most viruses usually turn off host translation after infection to facilitate viral replication and translation. For the first time report to our knowledge, DHAV-1 can induce eIF2α phosphorylation and inhibit cellular translation in duck embryo fibroblasts (DEFs). Moreover, the activity of DHAV-1 in the cells caused obvious eIF2α phosphorylation, which has nothing to do with the viral protein. Subsequently, we screened two kinases (PERK and GCN2) that affect eIF2α phosphorylation through inhibitors and shRNA. Notably, the role of GCN2 in other picornaviruses has not been reported. In addition, when the phosphorylation of eIF2α induced by DHAV-1 is inhibited, the translation efficiency of DEFs restores to a normal level, indicating that DHAV-1 induced cellular translation shutoff is dependent on eIF2α phosphorylation.


A new report jointly issued by six United Nations agencies claims that worsening AIDS TB and malaria epidemics are not inevitable; the strategies that developing countries have deployed to turn back these diseases and prevent the deaths they cause have been successful. The targets for reducing the toll of these illnesses set by the world's leaders at successive summits over the last year are feasible. What is needed are the funds and systems that will enable widespread implementation of actions that have shown to be effective the report says. In a joint report issued in December – "Health a Key to Prosperity: Success Stories in Developing Countries" – the World Health Organization (WHO) the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) the United Nations Joint Programme on AIDS (UNAIDS) the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and the World Bank outline key factors for combating AIDS tuberculosis malaria childhood diseases and maternal and perinatal conditions even in resource-poor settings. (excerpt)


A model of stress drawn from work by Lazarus and his associates was explored. The model suggests, first, that the more motivated individuals are to achieve a goal, the more likely they are to perceive the goal as threatened when potentially threatening stimuli are directed toward it. Second, the more motivated individuals are to achieve goals they perceive are threatened, the more negative affect they experience. And, third, the more negative affect they experience, the greater are their attempts to cope with it.

These three hypotheses were tested in a simulation of international politics in which Ss assumed the roles of national decision makers. Usable Ss were 163 Navy Petty Officers. Each S was instructed to assist his government in achieving specified goals. Threats, differing in intensity and decision time, were directed toward these national goals by six experimental situations introduced into the simulation activities. The Ss rated their goal motivation before each intervention and recorded their feelings after each situation. Participation in reacting to the experimental situation was used as a general measure of coping behavior.

The analysis used those experimental interventions that the Ss perceived to threaten one of their goals and which aroused high, moderate, and low negative affect. These data supported the first and third hypotheses but not the second. Increases in motivation were not associated with increases in negative affect. Differences in negative affect appeared to be a function of the characteristics of the threat. Related to increases in negative affect were generalization of threat to other goals, a tendency to increase motivation in the threatened goal, and higher post-threat motivation.

The implications of the results for the model of stress were discussed.


INTRODUCTION
The aim of this study was to analyze and describe the incidence and mortality trends of ovarian cancer in North Sardinia, Italy, in the period 1992-2010.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data were obtained from the tumor registry of Sassari province which makes part of a wider registry web, coordinated today by the Italian Association for Tumor Registries.

RESULTS
The overall number of ovarian cancer cases registered in the period under investigation was 600. The mean age of the patients was 62 years. The standardized incidence and mortality rates were 11.2/100,000 and 5.1/100,000 respectively. A substantially stable trend in incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer was evidenced. Relative survival at five years from diagnosis was 44.2%.

CONCLUSIONS
The incidence and mortality trends of ovarian cancer in North Sardinia remained relatively stable in the last decades, while prognosis remains relatively poor.


Today, bio-clinical endeavours are incoming the subcellular level, which is seen with the quick creating grounds of nanomedicine, nanodiagnostics and nano therapy related to the execution of nanoparticles for ailment counteraction, analysis, treatment and development. Nanoparticles or nanocontainers offer favourable circumstances counting high affectability, lower poisonousness and enhanced security—attributes that are exceptionally esteemed in the oncology ield. Malignant growth cells create and multiply in complex microenvironments prompting heterogeneous infections, regularly with a deadly result for the patient. Even though counteracting agent-based treatment is generally utilized in the clinical consideration of patients with muscular tumours, its productivity certainly needs improvement. Restrictions of antibodies result for the most part from their colossal size and helpless entrance in healthy tissues. Nanobodies are a novel and unique class of antigen-restricting parts, gotten from naturally happening substantial chainjust antibodies present in the serum of camelids. Their boss properties, for example, small size, high soundness, solid antigen-restricting partiality, water solvency and common starting point make them reasonable for advancement into cutting edge bio drugs. Under 30 years after the disclosure of useful hefty chain-just antibodies, the nanobody subordinates are as of now broadly utilized by the biotechnology research network. Also, various nanobodies are under clinical examination for a wide range of human sicknesses including irritation, bosom malignancy, cerebrum tumours, lung maladies and irresistible ailments.


The play Miss Julie is about the portrayal of the new image of feminist woman in the Victorian period. The playwright August Strindberg is mainly considered to be a misogynist as evidenced in his preface to Miss Julie, in which he defines miss Julie as man-hating and half woman with a "degenerate brain". This representation of Miss Julie by a male author is likely to promote the idea that Strindberg presents the new 'feminist' woman as inferior and weak with a downfall in the end. However, the paper will dwell into the play by employing reader-response criticism to interpret the play to discover its multiple meanings rather than following the mainstream readings that rely on characteristics of the Victorian period. By employing a critical reading method, the paper will attempt to problematize social Darwinism in relation to gender roles as represented in the play, and by doing so it will challenge if not transform the social constructions of "weak women" that ideologically pertains today.


The correct identification of burst events is crucial in many scenarios, ranging from basic neuroscience to biomedical applications. However, none of the burst detection methods that can be found in the literature have been widely adopted for this task. As an alternative to conventional techniques, a novel neuromorphic approach for real-time burst detection is proposed and tested on acquisitions from in vitro cultures. The system consists of a Neuromorphic Auditory Sensor, which converts the input signal obtained from electrophysiological recordings into spikes and decomposes them into different frequency bands. The output of the sensor is sent to a trained spiking neural network implemented on a SpiNNaker board that discerns between bursting and non-bursting activity. This data-driven approach was compared with 8 different conventional spike-based methods, addressing some of their drawbacks, such as being able to detect both high and low frequency events and working in an online manner. Similar results in terms of number of detected events, mean burst duration and correlation as current state-of-the-art approaches were obtained with the proposed system, also benefiting from its lower power consumption and computational latency. Therefore, our neuromorphic-based burst detection paves the road to future implementations for neuroprosthetic applications.


Proposals for standards, technologies and infrastructure for the Semantic Web must take into consideration the current Web infrastructure. In this direction, this paper presents an infrastructure for Semantic Web Services deployment that uses the infrastructure of the current Web: iSWS. This infrastructure includes the implementation of tools and modules in order to achieve publication, discovery and composition of Semantic Web Services. Some experiments were performed and results are presented.


We report, for the first time to our knowledge, the observation of optical nonlinearity by an optically thin film of water-in-oil microemulsion (AOT/water/decane). The new effect is observed in the L2 area of the phase diagram, near the percolation line and far from the one-phase two-phase boundary line. In this point, the material turbidity is very low. Experimental results have been obtained by self-phase modulation. Two slightly different configurations have been used: sample at the focal plane and sample behind it. Optical theory is introduced for a quantitative analysis of results. Traditional sources of nonlinearity in artificial Kerr-like media cannot completely explain the material behavior. Microemulsions now appear to be suitable as low-cost media for nonlinear optics devices.


In an audit of 1392 basal cell carcinomas arising in 1165 patients, excised under the care of one consultant in the 10 years from 1988 to 1997, 99 (7%) were reported histologically as incompletely excised. Lateral margins alone were involved in 54 (55%), deep margins in 36 (36%) and both in 9 (9%). Although the policy throughout this period was to re-excise all such lesions, 74/99 (75%) were re-excised (compared with an average re-excision rate of 30% through other published series). For those patients undergoing re-excision, residual tumour was reported histologically in 40/74 (54%). Peri-orbital lesions showed an overall incomplete excision rate of 13% (range 11-17%); however, only 4/16 of re-excisions in this area revealed residual tumour. Many clinicians have traditionally observed patients with incompletely excised basal cell carcinomas. The present study reports the largest series of re-excisions after incomplete excision of basal cell carcinoma, and has revealed that on the balance of probability such re-excisions will reveal residual tumour. Re-excision appears the appropriate course in almost all the anatomical areas studied although, with the exception of the inner canthus, periorbital lesions will have a low probability of residual tumour being identified.


The upcoming Third International Fascia Research Congress will have much exciting information for the clinician, as well as for the clinical and basic science researcher. This paper provides a perspective from a clinician/scientist, including the fascial network of body-wide connections between and within individual cells, and sharing of loads between muscle and fascia. Basic studies of fibroblast cell shape show the impact of manual therapy, acupuncture, and yoga-like stretching at the cellular level. Advances in scientific equipment have made it possible to study a layer of hyaluronan fluid, which allows sliding between deep fascia and muscle. Collagen fibers within fascia affect both blood flow to muscles and lymphatic fluid flow.


Translational and rotational swimming at small Reynolds numbers of a planar assembly of identical spheres immersed in an incompressible viscous fluid is studied on the basis of a set of equations of motion for the individual spheres. The motion of the spheres is caused by actuating forces and forces derived from a direct interaction potential, as well as hydrodynamic forces exerted by the fluid as frictional and added mass hydrodynamic interactions. The translational and rotational swimming velocities of the assembly are deduced from momentum and angular momentum balance equations. The mean power required during a period is calculated from an instantaneous power equation. Expressions are derived for the mean swimming velocities and the mean power, valid to second order in the amplitude of displacements from the relative equilibrium positions. Hence these quantities can be evaluated for prescribed periodic displacements. Explicit calculations are performed for three spheres interacting such that they form ...


A multihypothesis motion compensated prediction (MHMCP) scheme, which predicts a block from a weighted superposition of more than one reference blocks, is proposed and analyzed for error resilient visual communication in this research. By combining these reference blocks effectively, MHMCP can enhance the error resilient capability of compressed video as well as achieve a coding gain. In particular, we investigate the error propagation effect in the MHMCP coder and analyze the rate-distortion performance in terms of the hypothesis number and hypothesis coefficients. It is shown that MHMCP suppresses the short-term effect of error propagation more effectively than the intra-refreshing scheme.


Future belongs to Islamic Banking and Finance (IBF), if one is ready to take a cue from the subprime crisis, Lehman brothers and many other giants vanishing from the financial landscape, global economic melt-down, impending double-dip recession, trillions of dollars belonging to 99% common men pumped (in the name of bailouts) by governments into the coffers of behemoth corporations (1%), and subsequent Occupy Wall Street movement. The question is, does IBF provide a better solution? IBF has already proven to be a formidable claimant to be the future of banking and finance, with 400% growth booked during last 7 years, amid severest of recessionary pressures. IBF promises to internalize ethics into business, remove the gamble of greed leading to ever-rising debt burden, and gift the inhabitants of this earth a financial world order founded on real assets and rock-solid humanitarian values of fairness & distributive justice. By replacing interest with shared risk & profit, delivering real output, not worthless paper, IBF nurtures a system that delivers public good, not ravenous self-indulgence. Are they keeping the promises? Is IBF ephemeral? How can it become sustainable? Read on ...


The present investigation was undertaken to study combining ability for yield and yield components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Of the seven parents in this study, P–9624 and ICP–71 were good combiners for yield per se and also for most of the yield characters. It is evident from the results of g.c.a. and s.c.a. effects that seed yield is largely dependent upon pod number and 100-seed weight. General combining ability variances were higher than s.c.a. variances for plant height, flowering time, pod number and 100-seed weight. Simple breeding procedure involving selection based on progeny performance, which is expected to mop up additive variances effectively, has been suggested for improving these traits. For branch number and yield per se s.c.a. variances were more important indicating the predominance of non-additive genetic variances in the inheritance of these characters. Therefore, genetic advance for branch number and yield per se will be difficult by simple selection. Recurrent selection can be effectively used for making improvement in these two characters. It is further concluded that simple selection by progeny testing and recurrent selection should be used to evolve high yielding lines in this crop.


Recombination: The birds and the yeast Apes and mice have a specific gene, PRDM9, that is associated with genomic regions with high rates of recombination, called hotspots. In species with PRDM9, hotspots move rapidly within the genome, varying among populations and closely related species (see the Perspective by Lichten). To investigate recombination hotspots in species lacking PRDM9, Singhal et al. examined bird genomes, which lack a PRDM9 gene. They looked closely at the genomes of finch species and found that recombination was localized to the promoter regions of genes and highly conserved over millions of years. Similarly, Lam and Keeney examined recombination localization within yeast, which also lacks PRDM9. They found a similar more-or-less fixed pattern of hotspots. Thus, recombination in species lacking a PRDM9 gene shows similar patterns of hotspot localization and evolution. Science, this issue p. 913, p. 928; see also p. 932 DNA recombination hotspots are targeted to functional genomic features and maintained over long evolutionary times in yeast. [Also see Perspective by Lichten] The nonrandom distribution of meiotic recombination shapes heredity and genetic diversification. Theoretically, hotspots—favored sites of recombination initiation—either evolve rapidly toward extinction or are conserved, especially if they are chromosomal features under selective constraint, such as promoters. We tested these theories by comparing genome-wide recombination initiation maps from widely divergent Saccharomyces species. We find that hotspots frequently overlap with promoters in the species tested, and consequently, hotspot positions are well conserved. Remarkably, the relative strength of individual hotspots is also highly conserved, as are larger-scale features of the distribution of recombination initiation. This stability, not predicted by prior models, suggests that the particular shape of the yeast recombination landscape is adaptive and helps in understanding evolutionary dynamics of recombination in other species.


AGU has a long and proud history of publishing. The Union's most visible and stalwart publication, the Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR), traces its roots to 1896, when the journal Terrestrial Magnetism first appeared. Since then, AGU's publications have come to include more than a dozen journals, books, maps, and the venerable Eos Transactions, which you are reading now.

By far, the largest amount of AGU's published output has been in the form of printed media. Print communications have served scholars for centuries, and they remain valuable. However, today's investigators expect to conduct research in the digital environment of the Internet, where material can be more easily found, accessed, and utilized. Consequently, it is common for scholarly publishers these days to convert their older, print content so that it is accessible and usable on the Internet, a process often called 'retrospective digitization.' AGU is embarking on such a process.


Subantarctic New Zealand is an oceanographycally dynamic region with the Subtropical Front (STF) to the north and the Subantarctic Front (SAF) to the south. This thesis investigates the ocean structure of the Campbell Plateau and the surrounding New Zealand subantarctic, including the spatial, seasonal, interannual and longer term variability over the ocean properties, and their connection to atmospheric variability using a combination of in-situ oceanographic measurements and remote sensing data.  The spatial and seasonal oceanographic structure in the New Zealand subantarctic region was investigated by analysing ten high resolution Conductivity Temperature and Depth (CTD) datasets, sampled during oceanographic cruises from May 1998 to February 2013. Position of fronts, water mass structure and changes over the seasons show a complex structure around the Campbell Plateau combining the influence of subtropical and subantarctic waters.  The spatial and interannual variability on the Campbell Plateau was described by analysing approximately 70 low resolution CTD profiles collected each year in December between 2002 and 2009. Conservative temperature and absolute salinity profiles reveal high variability in the upper 200m of the water column and a homogeneous water column from 200 to 600m depth. Temperature variability of about 0.7 °C, on occasions between consecutive years, is observed down to 900m depth. The presence of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW) on the Campbell Plateau is confirmed and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) reported for the first time in the deeper regions around the edges of the plateau.  Long-term trends and variability over the Campbell Plateau were investigated by analysing satellite derived Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) time series. Links to large scale atmospheric processes are also explored through correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Southern Annular Mode (SAM). SST shows a strong seasonality and interannual variability which is linked to local winds, but no significant trend is found. The SLA over the Campbell Plateau has increased at a rate of 5.2 cm decade⁻¹ in the last two decades. The strong positive trend in SLA appears to be a combination of the response of the ocean to wind stress curl (Ekman pumping), thermal expansion and ocean mass redistribution via advection amongst others.  These results suggest that the variability on the Campbell Plateau is influenced by the interaction of the STF and the SAF. The STF influence reaches the limit of the SAF over the western Campbell Plateau and the SAF influence extends all around the plateau. Results also suggest different connections between the plateau with the surrounding oceans, e.g., along the northern edge with the Bounty Trough and via the southwest edge with the SAF. A significant correlation with SOI and little correlation with SAM suggest a stronger response to tropically driven processes in the long-term variability on the Campbell Plateau.  The results of this thesis provide a new definitive assessment of the circulation, water masses and variability of the Campbell Plateau on mean, annual, and interannual time scales which will support research in other disciplines such as palaeoceanography, fisheries management and climate.


By a classical result of Schafer and Kahn ([12], [6]), oriented topological sphere bundles have well defined rational Pontrjagin classes. In the smooth case, we show that the corresponding Pontrjagin character is proportional to the higher Franz-Reidemeister torsion invariant in each degree when the fiber is even dimensional and we discuss the relationship in the odd dimensional case.


In this paper, a deterministic mathematical model was proposed and analyzed to understand the dynamics of tuberculosis based on the SEIRS model. The disease-free equilibrium, the endemic equilibrium, and their stabilities were examined. The R0 (basic reproduction number) was derived using the Next Generation Matrix method and its sensitivity analysis showed that the birth rate and infectious rate were the most sensitive parameters of R0. The behaviour of exposed individuals at the latent period with varied treatment rates were examined through numerical simulation. From the analysis carried out, the effect of variations of the treatments of latent TB shows that it affects the disease burden. This implies that testing and treatment of latent TB are important in preventing it from becoming infectious. The re-infection rate was examined to see the effect it had both on the recovered and susceptible populations. The study concludes by recommending the extension of the model to an age structured model with co-infection with another respiratory infectious disease like COVID-19.
Keywords: Epidemiology; Latent TB treatment; Basic Reproduction Number; sensitivity analysis; numerical simulation


A total of 97 surface sediment samples were collected from the continental shelf and slope of the western Bay of Bengal to assess the potential application of Asterorotalia trispinosa as a paleomonsoon proxy. The relative abundance of living as well as total (living and dead) A. trispinosa ranges from being absent to a maximum of ~31%. The highest abundance of A. trispinosa is close to the outfall region of Ganga-Brahmaputra Rivers and decreases away from the river mouths. Contrary to that, A. trispinosa is rare in front of both the Cauvery and Pennar river outfall regions, in the central part of the western Bay of Bengal. The living A. trispinosa abundance is the lowest in between two major river systems, viz. Ganga-Brahmaputra-Mahanadi and Krishna-Godavari. The relative abundance of both the total and living A. trispinosa is strongly positively correlated with ambient seawater temperature, and negatively correlated with %Corg and salinity. Based on the spatial distribution, we conclude that A. trispinosa is stenohaline in nature, rather than euryhaline and further that the increased relative abundance of A. trispinosa indicates warmer and only marginally hyposaline environment. Even though the ecological preference of A. trispinosa suggests it as a potential paleomonsoon proxy, the restricted distribution implies limited application.


Despite the debate regarding the timeframe and rate of penetration of Autonomous Vehicles, their potential benefits and implications have been widely recognized. Therefore, assessing the readiness of individual countries to adopt such technologies and adapt to their introduction is of particular importance. This paper aims to enrich our understanding of EU readiness regarding the introduction of autonomous vehicle technologies by assessing the case of Greece. Thus, through a literature review, the criteria upon which such an assessment should be based are established and analyzed. Subsequently, the case of Greece is assessed based on those criteria by finding relevant sources that support and justify any assessment. Regardless of the outcome concerning the readiness of Greece, such an assessment should help identify areas in which focus should be given in order to ensure a smoother transition to such technologies. This contribution is expected to assist policy makers in Greece.


In accordance with the characteristics of empirical legal research using secondary data and the approach to this research is taken from legislation and revelation. Then the instrument used in this study is the cluster technique or called area sampling and interviews. The results showed; First, that there are too many statutory arrangements relating to bribery from time to time, there is no significant change from the description of the articles, it's just that the threat of punishment is getting heavier, and even overlaps with each other. Second, that the Medan District Court basically in adjudicating and deciding cases of bribery in corruption cases have used the prevailing laws and regulations, namely Law no. 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crime as amended by Law no. 20 of 2001 concerning Amendments to Law no. 31 of 1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption Crime, however in applying the articles against the defendant still using a subjective interpretation. Third, that the responsibility for a criminal act only refers to prohibition and threatening of an act with a crime, whether the person who commits the act is then sentenced to punishment, this depends on whether in doing this act he has an error ( Geen straf zonder schuld; Actus non facit reum nisi mens sist rea ). This principle is not stated in written law but in unwritten law which also applies in Indonesia. The fiscal criminal law does not use mistakes. In fiscal punishment, if a person has violated the provisions, then he will be given a fine and confiscation. Corruption Crime Court. Whereas criminal responsibility for corruption perpetrators in the perspective of Islamic law is a lot of expert opinions, some are proposing cutting off hands, ta'zir , imprisonment and even the death penalty due to criminal acts of corruption which relies on syariqoh, ghulul , risywah and so on.


Efficient database management means reducing the number of redundant data elements to increase retrieval time and decrease storage needs. Overzealous database users can decrease their productivity by tracking everything. Ask these questions. Would this data be tracked if a computer were not in use? Are the data being tracked useful? Are the data being tracked easily retrieved? Clinical tracking, monitoring research projects, task analysis, personnel reviews, productivity analysis, and quality assurance are a few of the applications for a DBMS. Selecting a system to meet identified needs will require some homework. Visit a local bookstore and call database sales professionals. A prepared needs assessment will provide these professionals with the necessary information to assist in the right product selection.


A study has been made of the survival of Rhizobium trifolii, suspended in simple media and applied to glass beads and seeds of subterranean clover, and held in atmospheres of controlled relative humidity (R.H.) within the range 0–100%, at 26° and at atmospheric pressure. Under drying conditions, two distinct phases could be recognized: a period of approximately 24 hr in which the main loss of water occurred and in which there was rapid death, and a storage period in which the death rate was reduced. Cells of Rh. trifolii lost viability rapidly when suspended in glass-distilled water and spread on glass beads, under both drying (0 and 20% R.H.) and non-drying (100% R.H.) conditions. Suspension in 9% maltose, though without effect on rate of water loss, reduced the death rate considerably during drying and storage at low R.H., and permitted multiplication at 100% R.H. As a protectant during drying and storage, maltose was markedly superior to yeast extract, sorbitol, and five other sugars, including its s-isomer, cellobiose. These materials were, however, superior to water alone, in contrast to sodium chloride and Ringer's solution (equiosmolar with maltose), which gave no protection. Low maltose concentrations (0.9 and 3.6%) were inferior to higher concentrations (9, 18, and 27%). Seeds of subterranean clover and a seed extract tested on beads increased the early death rate. This acceleration of death was not affected by maltose and was most marked at 100% R.H. and during the first few hours of drying (0% R.H.), when water was still abundant. Gum arabic gave some protection against this toxic action, as well as being slightly more protective than maltose on glass beads. The death rate during drying of cells in water appeared to be inversely related to the concentration of inoculum. Maltose removed any such dependence on inoculum size. Under conditions where survival during storage was measurable (maltose and glass beads), 60% R.H. was inferior to 0 and 20%.


We study the relationship between the levitation gap change and losses in a superconducting magnetic bearing (SMB) system. We develop a polarization modulator bearing for a cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization experiment. The heat generated by the polarization modulator needs to be kept very low. Therefore, it is essential to model the effect of the levitation gap change of a rotor due to gravity on the rotational loss. We have constructed a prototype small experimental platform of an axial-flux SMB with an array of high-temperature superconductors, YBCO, and a permanent magnet ring. In this system, the weight of the rotor can be set. We measured the effect of the change in the levitation gap of the rotor due to gravity on the loss. When the levitation force was 5.5 N and 16.0 N, the losses generated in the rotor were 9.1 × 10−3 W and 1.6 × 10−2 W, respectively. It was confirmed that the loss increases with the increase in the levitation force of the SMB.


This article considers how the digital media lives of Latino and African American youth are evolving. Latino and African American youth are just as likely as their white and Asian America counterparts to go online, manage a social networking site, and use a mobile phone. The shifting digital media practices of black and Latino youth raise crucial questions and suggest that producing a more equitable digital future requires more than access to technology. Even as black and Latino participation in the digital media world continues to evolve, we know little about the content or the context of their digital lives. One of the most urgent challenges regarding technology, diversity, and equity is the need to expand digital literacy. That is, the development of young people's capacity to not only access digital media but also use digital media in ways that are connected to the everyday lives and situations of youth and their communities. Finally, the article considers the extent to which Latino and African Americ...


The aim of this paper is to describe the implementation of a transmission line model, suitable for electromagnetic transient studies, in a real-time simulation environment with hardware-in-the-loop capabilities. The real-time transmission line model is the first step towards a comprehensive power systems simulation environment where fast electrical transient phenomena can be studied with accuracy and ease. This area is a matter of current interest to the electricity supply industry world-wide. Extensive verification against EMTP simulations and comparisons with field measurements are used to assess model correctness.


Balanced steady‐state free precession (SSFP) techniques provide excellent contrast between myocardium and blood at a high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Hence, SSFP imaging has become the method of choice for assessing cardiac function at 1.5T. The expected improvement in SNR at higher field strength prompted us to implement SSFP at 3.0T. In this work, an optimized sequence protocol for cardiac SSFP imaging at 3.0T is derived, taking into account several partly adverse effects at higher field, such as increased field inhomogeneities, longer T1, and power deposition limitations. SSFP contrast is established by optimizing the maximum amplitude of the radiofrequency (RF) field strength for shortest TR, as well as by localized linear or second‐order shimming and local optimization of the resonance frequency. Given the increased SNR, sensitivity encoding (SENSE) can be employed to shorten breath‐hold times. Short‐axis, long‐axis, and four‐chamber cine views obtained in healthy adult subjects are presented, and three different types of artifacts are discussed along with potential methods for reducing them. Magn Reson Med 51:799–806, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


LPS from Klebsiella pneumoniae O3 (KO3 LPS) exhibited an extremely high anticomplementary activity by the hemolysis assay using human sera. The free lipid A isolated from KO3 LPS by acid hydrolysis and R form LPS from a mutant lacking the O-specific polysaccharide portion possessed lower anticomplementary activity, and the O-specific polysaccharide fraction isolated from KO3 LPS alone did not activate the C system. It was suggested that the O-specific polysaccharide moiety enhanced the C activation by the lipid A portion. This was also supported by the finding that modification of the O-specific polysaccharide moiety with Con A or tyramine decreased anticomplementary activity of KO3 LPS, and that the other LPS preparations possessing the mannose homopolysaccharides as the O-specific polysaccharide portions such as KO3 LPS, such as LPS from Klebsiella O5, Escherichia coli O8 and O9, exhibited a high anticomplementary activity. KO3 LPS could activate the C system in either the classical or the alternative pathway, whereas the lipid A or R form LPS activated the classical pathway alone. The intensity of anticomplementary activity of LPS was parallel to that of their adjuvant action on antibody response to deaggregated BSA. The role of the anticomplementary activity in the expression of the adjuvant action of LPS is discussed.


Introduction : Accelerated ageing and cellular senescence have been implicated in the pathogenesis of COPD but data comparing senescence in the large and small airways remains limited. The role of senescence in bronchiectasis is currently unknown.

Aims : To evaluate expression of senescence markers in large and small airway epithelial cells of patients with COPD or bronchiectasis.

Methods : Lung tissue was obtained from 11 smokers (controls), 19 patients with COPD (GOLD III-IV) and 14 patients with bronchiectasis. Expression of the anti-ageing molecule human sirtuin (SIRT1), the proliferation marker Ki-67 and senescence markers γH2AX, p16 and p21 were investigated by immunohistochemistry and airway epithelial expression quantified by a semi-quantitative method.

Results : Epithelial SIRT1 expression was decreased in both large (3-fold, p < 0.001), and small (2-fold, p < 0.05) airways of patients with COPD compared to controls. SIRT1 levels were decreased only in large airways of patients with bronchiectasis (1.5-fold, p < 0.01). Ki-67 expression was reduced in large airways of patients with COPD (2-fold, p < 0.05) in comparison to patients with bronchiectasis and controls. We observed increased expression of γH2AX in small airways of patients with COPD (2-fold, p < 0.01) and patients with bronchiectasis (1-fold, p < 0.05). A similar increase in p16 expression was observed (p < 0.05). Cytoplasmic staining for p21 was documented, however no difference in nuclear staining was observed between patient groups.

Conclusions : These results suggest that large and small airway epithelial cell senescence occurs in COPD and prompt further investigation into the potential role of senescence in bronchiectasis.


Abstract The aim of this research was to describe the role of spirituality in coping with the demands of the hospital culture amongst fourth-year nursing students. Qualitative, descriptive, hermeneutic interpretive research was done. A case study of 14 female Canadian nursing students was asked to write an essay on their experiences of the demands of the hospital culture. Content analysis was used and positive psychology served as the interpretive lens. Trustworthiness and ethicality were ensured. The findings indicated that although the nursing students expressed themselves in religious and spiritual words, they did not significantly illustrate the theoretically associated intra-, interpersonal and sacred behaviours to be referred to as being spiritual in their experience as a care giver in the hospital culture. They also did not illustrate behaviours linked to other positive psychology constructs such as sense of coherence, resilience, engagement or emotional intelligence. Rather, the nursing students experienced identity crises. Recommendations for the inclusion of mentoring in the curriculum of nursing students were formulated.


A variety of microbial dechlorination mechanisms have been demonstrated in laboratory microcosms, pure cultures, and in situ sedimentary environments. New perspectives on in situ processes from these efforts allow the design of more realistic bioremediation strategies that complement natural processes regardless of whether the strategy used is one of engineered accelerated bioremediation or natural attenuation. Since 1994 the scientific community has acquired considerable knowledge regarding natural attenuation of organochlorine compounds. Natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents has been documented at a number of field sites. Reductive dechlorination driven by co-contaminants or naturally occurring organics as substrates in combination with aerobic or co-metabolic degradation contains certain chlorinated solvent plumes. Although natural attenuation is not a panacea, at sites where it is applicable, it offers a scientifically sound, cost-effective method to remediate groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents.


A novel multiconverter conditioner topology and its control stage are proposed in this paper. It is formed by an active conditioner in parallel with a hybrid conditioner composed of an active filter in series with one or more passive filters. This topology allows the reduction of the inverter ratings, constituting an effective solution at high-power levels. Collaborative control strategies are developed for the new topology, which share the compensation objectives between the two converters. These control strategies and the tracking techniques are based on estimating the load current, achieving new algorithms with a reduction in the number of meters in the control stage. The conditioner operates properly in three-phase four-wire systems reducing the harmonic distortion and/or imbalance and attaining the unity displacement power factor. Experimental results are included for the testing of the topology and its control.


The intensive use of antibiotics (for human, veterinary, and agricultural purposes) has steadily increased over the last 30 years. Large amounts of antibiotic residues are released into aquatic systems, mostly due to inefficient wastewater treatment. Conventional wastewater treatments are not designed to remove emerging contaminants (such as antibiotics) from wastewater. Therefore, algae treatment (phycoremediation) has emerged as a promising choice for cost-effective, eco-friendly, and sustainable wastewater treatment. For this reason, we investigated the removal performance of a well-established algal consortia (Chlorella protothecoides and Chlorella vulgaris) used in passive wastewater treatment ponds (Mosselbay, South Africa). Five antibiotics (sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin, trimethoprim, ofloxacin, and clarithromycin) were selected for their ubiquity and/or low removal efficiency in conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). For each antibiotic, two concentrations were used: one environmentally relevant (10 ppb) and another 10 times higher (100 ppb), tested in triplicate and collected at two-time points (7 and 10 days). The algae remained viable over the exposure period (which is similar to the retention time within maturation ponds) and exhibited the capacity to remove sulfamethoxazole (77.3% ± 3.0 and 46.5% ± 5.3) and ofloxacin (43.5% ± 18.9 and 55.1% ± 12.0) from samples spiked with 10 and 100 ppb, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential and innovation of algal remediation for contaminants in a developing country context, where minimal infrastructure is available.


Imagine a pack of predators stalking their prey. The predators may not always move directly toward their target (e.g., when circling around it), but they may be consistently facing toward it. The human visual system appears to be extremely sensitive to such situations, even in displays involving simple shapes. We demonstrate this by introducing the wolfpack effect, which is found when several randomly moving, oriented shapes (darts, or discs with "eyes") consistently point toward a moving disc. Despite the randomness of the shapes' movement, they seem to interact with the disc—as if they are collectively pursuing it. This impairs performance in interactive tasks (including detection of actual pursuit), and observers selectively avoid such shapes when moving a disc through the display themselves. These and other results reveal that the wolfpack effect is a novel "social" cue to perceived animacy. And, whereas previous work has focused on the causes of perceived animacy, these results demonstrate its effects, showing how it irresistibly and implicitly shapes visual performance and interactive behavior.


This thesis was conducted to apply new techniques for measuring photosynthesis in Antarctic sea ice diatoms. A systematic approach of investigations was applied to obtain precise measurements of photosynthesis under natural conditions in the field from which questions were derived for further analysis in the laboratory. In situ measurements with the tracer 14C through the entire thickness of a young sea ice floe revealed that algae are able to actively assimilate dissolved inorganic carbon under extreme conditions (e.g. -7°C, < 10 µmol photons m-2) after inclusion into newly formed sea ice. These measurements were conducted with ice slices suspended in a new incubator. Unfortunately such bulk measurements did not provide encompass photosynthesis prevailing in the network of brine channels, pockets or bubbles. New sensors (oxygen micro-optodes) were therefore introduced into sea ice research which withstand freezing without damage, an important prerequisite to measuring oxygen dynamics directly within brine channels or brine pockets without disturbing the ice texture or brine chemistry. A new laboratory sea ice microcosm was developed to simulate natural conditions of sea ice and to cultivating a sea-ice diatom (Fragilariopsis cylindrus) directly within brine channels. Hence, changes of environmental conditions (e.g. melting, freezing, nutrient and light limitation) can now be simulated in the laboratory and effects on diatom photosynthesis can be investigated with the optodes without disturbing the habitat. However, how changes of environmental conditions influence photosynthesis and how these diatoms are generally adapted to their habitat still remained unresolved. Consequently, the first molecular data base of an obligate psychrophilic diatom (Fragilariopis cylindrus) was conducted using an EST (expressed sequence tag) approach under freezing conditions. This preliminary EST-library consists of 189 unique sequences. More than half (59%) of these sequences could not be identified by GenBank comparison, indicating the existence of many unknown genes. A subset of identified genes and additional genes responsible for photosynthesis, respiration and cold adaptation were cloned and arranged on a macro-array to investigate gene expression under freezing conditions. These molecular measurements were paralleled by biophysical and biochemical investigations. Experimental results revealed that acclimation of diatom photosynthesis under freezing temperatures of sea water and different resource limitations (light, nutrients) requires chaperons and repair mechanisms in order to sustain chloroplast membranes and proteins which are responsible for energy generation and carbon dioxide fixation.


—Cast products form component parts in many manufacturing industries, especially in the automotive sector. To keep pace with the rapid growth of automotive and other manufacturing industries in Thailand the country's foundry industry has had to develop its production capacity and technical capability at a relatively rapid rate. The Thai-owned SME companies have had to build up their production capabilities without strong back-up experiences and technology. Limited investment, lack of applied R&D, inadequate testing and metrology services, plus a general shortage in engineering skills and overall training have significantly restricted their technical development. Against this background and with particular respect to the automotive SME sector, this short review examines some of the strengths and weaknesses of the Thai Foundry industry and the improvements that need to be made for companies in this sector to survive and prosper in an increasingly competitive quality-driven marketplace.


Much of the Hong Kong landscape consists of densely vegetated steep hillside and may give the impression of natural terrain untouched by man-made activities. However, much evidence of old human activities occurs in our vegetated landscape. The old lead mine workings in the Lin Ma Hang district of the northeast New Territories form a significant industrial heritage site now hidden by dense vegetation. Extensive old anthropogenic activities are seen in site reconnaissance. Most of the man-made features were formed during the mining period (1860-1960) and the WWII (1941-45) occupation of the mine site. Some features have more obscure origins associated with cycles of agricultural activity and settlement of more than 1000 years. The unique and diverse nature of the Lin Ma Hang hillsides provides an ideal case study to demonstrate the benefits of systematic assessment of anthropogenic features in Natural Terrain Hazard Assessment. Some of these man-made features may create impacts as potential adverse Hillside Pocket scenarios and require inventory and classification during natural terrain hazard and other geotechnical studies (Ho & Roberts, 2016). Over the past decade, the application of airborne LiDAR data for site characterization has grown significantly, in part due to advances in handling of very large data sets. Through 3D topographic models using LiDAR in combination with visual data, landforms are revealed and terrain classification is enhanced allowing identification of anthropogenic features of varying scale and origin within their geomorphological setting. The authors discuss the application of a digitally aided approach for terrain mapping with emphasis on the identification and classification of anthropogenic features based on size, type, origin, material, extent and location. These are classified within a Hong Kong-based framework of an 80 class classification following from Styles & Law (2012).


An orthogonal point-set embedding of a planar graph G on a set S of points in Euclidean plane is a drawing of G where each vertex of G is placed on a point of S, each edge is drawn as a sequence of alternate horizontal and vertical line segments and any two edges do not cross except at their common end. In this paper, we devise an algorithm for orthogonal point-set embedding of 3-connected cubic planar graphs having a hamiltonian cycle with at most (5n over 2 + 2) bends, where n is the number of vertices in G. We also give an algorithm for finding an orthogonal point-set embedding of 4-connected planar graphs with at most 6n bends. Both the algorithms run in linear time. To the best of our knowledge this is the first work on orthogonal point-set embeddings with fewer bends.


A new magnetic grain alignment technique has been applied to produce biaxially aligned YBCO coated tapes. A biaxially aligned dispersion of orthorhombic Y2Ba4Cu7O15 (Y-247) powder was settled on untextured silver substrates. The Y-247 tapes were then melt processed to achieve high critical current YBa2Cu3O7 (Y-123) tapes with CuO as a secondary phase. The biaxial alignment is preserved after the densification process and a clear enhancement of Jc relative to identically prepared untextured or uniaxially textured samples is obtained. Critical current densities of up to 5000 A cm-2 at 77 K in self-field and 1500 A cm-2 in 0.5 T magnetic field at 65 K were obtained in films from 20 to 40 µm thick. Problems were experienced in achieving fully densified thick films while retaining biaxial texture. The initial grain size distribution was found to have a major influence on the final microstructure. Provided significant improvements in Jc can be obtained this method offers an alternative to coated tape processes based on epitaxial growth which has the advantage that it does not require textured substrates. The biaxial alignment technique described here intrinsically acts on the bulk material rather than at surfaces. This offers the possibility of texturing without thickness limitations.


The concept of dissecting human body revolutionized Anatomy as a sacred discipline. Evaluating sources of cadaver adds values to care of human remains with due respect to body donors for their magnanimous and selfless act in furtherance of medical education and research. This study aimed at bridging communication gap in getting the rightful cadavers for anatomic education with specific objectives addressing the challenges involved.  The department's Cadaver Registry contained: date and source of cadaver, gender, race, likely age, cause of death, autopsy report, type of embalmment, mode of release, financial expenditure and mode of disposal. Data were subjected to simple statistical analysis while Kendall's Coefficient of Concordance was adopted for test of significance. Forty-one adult cadavers procured from five mortuaries were analysed with male to female ratio of 13 to 1 while student to cadaver ratio was 5 to 1. Unclaimed body dominated cause of death with 68.3% while the rest was armed-robbery. Autopsy was earlier performed on 9.8% of cadaver before acquisition. Undisclosed payment transpired on 80.5% before release from provincial mortuaries. Tests of significance amongst the characteristics were statistically-significant proven the itemized factors to be independent. Elucidative programmes were identified in checking the strong socio-cultural heritage against whole body bequeaths to acquire rightful cadavers. Main sources were from unclaimed body and legally executed criminals. Gender and student to cadaver ratios were promising for anatomic utilization. The proposed amendment on old anatomic act in Nigeria should be sagely incorporated with whole body bequeath affairs


Participatory modeling aims to incorporate stakeholders into the process of developing models for the purpose of eliciting information, appropriately reflecting stakeholder interests and concerns, and improving stakeholder understanding, and acceptance of the analysis. Participatory modeling, using causal loop diagramming (CLD), was used to explore the impact of climate change on public health in Long Beach, California. CLD, commonly used in participatory modeling, provided useful information to serve as the basis for a quantitative system dynamics model to protect the citizens of Long Beach, and potentially other cities or regions affected by climate change. Diverse stakeholders constructed CLDs depicting the impacts of climate change on public health in Long Beach. This exercise aimed to (1) identify public health issues that might be caused or exacerbated by climate change; (2) examine the systemic connections between climate change and other drivers of public health/illness and mortality; and (3) identify feedback loops to gain an understanding of how climate change could impact public health over coming decades. Six groups of five stakeholders were tasked with depicting the impacts of climate change on public health. Each group designated a key health outcome of concern on a citywide scale, including critical drivers of the outcome at higher and lower scales if necessary (for example, state laws, or household-level decisions that affect health outcomes in the aggregate). Social, environmental, political, and economic variables were all considered. After the small group diagramming exercise, groups presented diagram results to other participants, and the discussion around the diagrams was recorded.


Weather Index-based Crop Insurance (WII) scheme have been introduced as an innovative way of mitigating downside risk effects, especially for smallholder farmers in developing countries.  The uptake and effectiveness of such a scheme, especially in Kenya is not well documented. A stratified random sampling procedure was employed to get a representative sample of 330 smallholder farm households. This paper uses a double hurdle model to establish factors influencing adoption and the eventual extent of uptake of a weather-based crop insurance, what in Kenya is referred to as Kilimo Salama meaning safe farming in English. The results show that, access to extension, perception and group membership had significant positive effects on adoption (at 1% level),  household head education level (at 5% level) whilst, adoption was negatively influenced by distance to agrovet and distance to the extension agent office (at 1% level), farming experience, age of household head and size of cultivated land (at 10% level). Distance to agrovet negatively influenced extent of adoption at 1% level while distance to extension agent together with farm size positively influenced the extent of adoption at 5 and 10% level respectively. To enhance participation by farmers in Kilimo Salama insurance scheme and consequently reduce production risks in their farming business, interventions that would enable farmers access to agricultural information, membership to groups, reduction of transaction costs and training farmers on benefits of an insurance scheme should be encouraged.

 Key words: Kilimo Salama, adoption, double hurdle model, crop insurance, Kenya.


On 19 August 2016, Transport for London (TFL) launched their first Night Tube, which offers 24-hour service on Fridays and Saturdays. With more lines coming in autumn 2016, London follows the lead of other cities such as New York, Berlin, and Tokyo to be deemed a 24-hour city. Aside from debates concerning the energy waste, pollution, and security caused by the policy, one question is evident: How does the city 'work' at night? Humans navigate through space using vision which involves cue or landmark recognition, turn angle estimation, network comprehension, and route plotting strategies (Golledge, 1995). The situation changes at night when the configuration of space is altered by the presence of artificial light. This applies predominantly to outdoor spaces where lighting designers or urban planners classify the type of luminaires according to the street hierarchy: white light is used for the 'core' areas and main roads, yellow light for secondary roads, and reddish light for residential pathways (Meier, 2015, p.251). This study aims to explore whether or not there is a change of selected or most frequently used routes due to the impact of altered visual perception of space, and how the locus and quantity of the artificial illumination may change the perceived urban structure. It uses Dalton's (2001) research on cognition and movement, and the theory of natural movement (Hillier et al., 1993) as a base. Two parks in London were selected as the main case studies: Green Park and Clapham Common, along with a pilot project in The Meadows, Edinburgh. The parks were examined using a combination of street network analysis, detailed observations on people's movement and occupancy patterns, and survey on the existing lighting conditions. Correlations between movement, space, and lighting were analysed using 'multiple linear regression' method to discover a link between the fields of urban planning and lighting design. The results reveal that artificial illumination at night alters the perception of the spatial configuration. These results may contribute to the development of lighting master plans in cities. The research presented here produces parallel results with a recent study by Del-Negro (2015) that reveals how the lighting situation affects people's choice of routes through a series of experiments conducted in Lisbon and London. The correlation between Normalised Angular Choice and illuminance values suggests that these two factors are reliable predictors in an urban configuration at night, which allows us to use the illumination factor as a variable when applying Space Syntax analytical methods to predict nocturnal movement patterns.


We study point and higher symmetries for the hydrodynamic-type systems with two independent variables $t$ and $x$ with and without explicit dependence of the equations on $t,x$. We consider those systems which possess an infinite-dimensional group of the hydrodynamic symmetries, establish existence conditions for this property and, using it, derive linearizing transformations for these systems. The recursion operators for symmetries are obtained and used for constructing infinite series of exact solutions of the studied equations. Higher symmetries, i.e. the Lie-Backlund transformation groups, are also studied and the interrelation between the existence conditions for higher symmetries and recursion operators is established. More complete results are obtained for two-component systems, though $n$-component systems are also studied. In particular, we consider Hamiltonian and semi-Hamiltonian systems.


The VUV conferences series The international conferences on vacuum ultraviolet radiation physics started in 1962, and are now being held every third year. VUV-8 took place at Lund University, August 4–8, 1986. VUV-9 will be arranged at the University of Hawaii, USA, August 14–18, 1989, with Prof. C S Fadley as conference chairman. Chairman of the international advisory board for the period 1986–89 is Prof. L Hedin. The theme of the series can be summarized as experimental and theoretical progress in research fields utilizing the interaction of VUV radiation with matter. The topics cover broad areas within atomic and molecular physics, solid state physics and VUV instrumentation. The conferences emphasize interdisciplinary aspects. To these belong common experimental techniques as, e.g., synchrotron radiation instrumentation, and common theoretical foundations for the description of photon interactions with matter. The VUV-8 conference The VUV-8 conference in Lund was attended by 300 participants from 26 countries. An address list of the participants is given at the end of this volume. There were 33 invited papers given as plenary or key-note talks. As many as 229 posters were presented; 49 of them were also given orally. These numbers are typical for the VUV conferences, except for the number of posters, which was unusually large. In the conference planning the poster sessions were stressed, and particular care was taken to provide a good atmosphere at these sessions. Thus the posters were kept up during the whole conference, coffee was served in the hail with the posters and there were convenient places to sit down close to the posters. Considering the wide scope of the conference it was necessary to emphasize a limited number of topics of high current interest and importance. Thus besides traditional topics, several rapidly expanding fields were discussed in special sessions. At VUV-8 there were the following sessions. Theory of atoms and molecules photoabsorption and -ionization of atoms and molecules and related phenomena multiphoton and other dynamical processes plasma physics VUV lasers time resolved spectroscopy instrumentation for VUV radiation synchrotron radiation centres solid state spectroscopy dynamical processes involving localized levels fundamental aspects of photoemission spin-polarized photoemission inverse photoemission semiconductors organic materials adsorbates Proceedings of VUV-8 The present volume contains most of the invited papers (28 out of 33). Regarding the contributed papers, over 50 are now being published in regular issues of PHYSICA SCRIPTA. These papers will also appear in a reprint volume, PHYSICA SCRIPTA RS4, which soon will be available. Abstracts of invited and contributed papers appeared in three conference volumes as follows: Volume I: Atomic and molecular physics. Instrumentation. Volume II: Solid state physics. Volume III: Post deadline papers. These books have been registered in an international data base and can thus be cited as published documents. Copies may be received from the conference secretary.* Acknowledgements We would like to thank our sponsors, which are listed on the following page, the members of the international program committee, and all others who helped in the planning of the program. Above all we like to thank those who worked with the local organization. Due to their dedicated efforts the conference ran very smoothly with a pleasant atmosphere.


We generalize the canonical problem of Nash implementation by allowing agents to voluntarily provide discriminatory signals, i.e., evidence. Evidence can either take the form of hard information or, more generally, have differential but nonprohibitive costs in different states. In such environments, social choice functions that are not Maskin-monotonic can be implemented. We formulate a more general property, evidence monotonicity, and show that this is a necessary condition for implementation. Evidence monotonicity is also sufficient for implementation in economic environments. In some settings, such as when agents have small preferences for honesty, any social choice function is evidence-monotonic. Additional characterizations are obtained for hard evidence. We discuss the relationship between the implementation problem where evidence provision is voluntary and a hypothetical problem where evidence can be chosen by the planner as part of an extended outcome space.


Purpose:To outline the development and implementation of the Canadian Intercollegiate Sport Injury Registry (CISIR), to examine its validity, including the data collection forms, the recording of athlete exposure, and the mechanism of injury, and to determine the ability of the CISIR to meet its stated objectives of assessing rates and risks of injury. Design:Prospective cohort study. Setting:Canadian intercollegiate athletics. Subjects:344 varsity football players from five western Canadian universities. Assessment of Risk Factors and Outcome Measures:Three data collection instruments were developed to capture the principle types of information forming the cornerstones of the CISIR: a medical form for preseason assessment of risk factors, a weekly exposure sheet (WES) for the documentation of daily individual athlete participation, and an individual injury report form (IIRF) for collection of injury-related information. Design and implementation input was provided by therapists and physicians through initial meetings, pilot testing, site visits, questionnaire, and final consensus meeting. The completeness of injury reporting was assessed through cross-referencing with participation time loss data. An item analysis was conducted on the principal elements of the IIRF. The categorization of participation itself was also examined, as was the diagnostic agreement between the therapists and physicians involved in data collection. The recorded mechanism of injury was compared with that noted through a video analysis for game-related injuries. Lastly, a test analysis was conducted to extract data and compute rates and risks of injury. Results:This developmental phase was successful, with 99.7% subject enrollment, high therapist satisfaction, and good flow of data. A relational database, incorporating dual-entry data verification, was designed and functioned well. The collection process revealed that 100% of the WESs were submitted, and the data therein was 99.7% complete. The injuries resulting in participation time loss were recorded on an IIRF 97.9% of the time. The exposure (participation) codes were thought to be overly precise, and a simplification of these categories is suggested. The diagnostic agreement between physicians and therapists was 70%. It was possible to validate game exposures, but no standard was identified to permit validation of the categories of exposure. Likewise, the mechanism of injury as recorded by the therapists was thought to be more precise than the video analysis. After two modifications in the table structure of the relational database, it was possible to extract data relating to rates and risks of injury. Conclusions:This study demonstrated a high degree of validity for many elements of the CISIR. One limitation was that no reference standard existed for some components, limiting some aspects of validity assessment. With the suggested revisions, the CISIR represents the current standard in athletic injury reporting in terms of individual injury risk assessment. This system will be used in the future to explore the prediction and prevention of sport injuries.


Moving toward the age of industry 4.0, the increasing complementarities between goods and services lead to questions regarding how the divided trade rules for goods and services will be applied. How does the servitization of manufacturing render such divides problematic? How can we determine the nature of a regulation when the measures in a dispute are components of a complex regulatory landscape? Is there a need to break down goods/services legal silos? If so, how do we treat goods and services together? This article expands upon the existing assertions from various angles, and in particular, the increasingly 'dual nature' of domestic regulations brought about by technological developments, as well as systematic problems related to the concurrent application of the goods/services trade rules. Just as the regulatory developments toward goods/services converge in many areas of law, international economic law (IEL) is now faced with challenges in surviving the myth of the goods/services dichotomy. Evidently, silo-based systems trigger a great level of legal uncertainty and inconsistency in the application of trade rules. The final part of this article further explores the 'mission impossible' migration to a new trade regime. There are positive lessons to be learned in terms of the convergence of goods/services governance from the experiences of the Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs). Political interest in moving away from the increasingly outmoded vertical silos, in placing trade policy on a more sure empirical footing, and in establishing a new overarching trading paradigm may increase over time.
Servitization, Industry 4.0, Goods-Services Dichotomy, Goods-Services Convergence, Dual Nature, Hybrid Measures, Domestic Regulation, Legal Silos.


Two objects made of the exotic materials known as topological insulators could repel one another through the quantum-mechanical forces that cause most other solids to attract, theorists predict.


Prince and Lucy were a troublesome team, given to rebellion, at times taking the bit and running away. My father, fractious as they were, enjoyed a contest. One day they bolted into a mowed but rocky field, while Daddy, with wicked glee, urged them on with slapping checklines and raucous yells. We flew in narrowing circles, the wagon bucking, wheels throwing spumes of dirt, while I clutched the sideboard, my hat long gone in the breeze. When the commotion wound down, the same dark and wild look was in the eyes of my father and the beasts. And I, shaken, pieced together my courage—and laughed.


Protection of critical national infrastructure has received significant attention in the past recent years. As a result, researchers have developed methods to preserve and maintain critical infrastructure systems and minimize their vulnerability to disasters and disruptions. However, these models are often customized to meet the characteristics and functionality requirements for a particular system, and are computationally intensive and require simplifying assumptions. In this study, we first develop a tractable and relatively comprehensive model for optimizing maintenance planning of generic network-structured systems. We considered both linear and nonlinear objective functions for our problems. We then reformulate the model in order to enhance its computational effectiveness for large scale complex problems. The proposed modeling framework inherently captures the network topography, the stochastic nature of disruptions, and can be applied to network-structured systems for which performance is assessed based on network flow efficiency and mobility. A hypothetical small-sized network is used to illustrate the developed models, and the proposed models are also applied to analyze a larger scale real network in order to assess their relative computational effectiveness and robustness. We selected the Istanbul highway network for the latter purpose because of its critical location and also because it has been considered in previous studies, which enables us to compare the effectiveness of our models with an existing model in the literature. We designed several test cases (considering single and multiple treatment types, and linear and nonlinear objectives), and solved them on the NEOS server using different available software. The results demonstrate that our models are capable of attaining optimal solutions within a very short time. Furthermore, the linear model is shown to yield a good approximation to the nonlinear model (it determined solutions within 0.3% of optimality, on average). Moreover, in both cases (our hypothetical illustrative example and the Istanbul highway network), the optimal policies obtained appear to favor the selection of fewer links and to apply a higher quality treatment to them. To the memory of Azeem


The review presents a rare clinical case of right-sided infective endocarditis (IE), a variant of early diagnosis using contrast-enhanced multispiral computed tomography (CE-MSCT), and successful surgical treatment for septic pulmonary embolism and right-sided IE. The clinical manifestation of the disease lasted about 3 weeks. The diagnosis was established according to the results of an emergency complex CE-MSCT study. At 4 hours after the patient went to the clinic, a combined operation (removal of part of the venous port and thrombectomy from the left pulmonary branch) was successfully performed. There was a complete coincidence of CE-MSCT study data and intraoperative results; staphylococcal septic focus was confirmed in a laboratory. The total length of stay in hospital was 9 days; that of full performance restoration was 3 weeks. The presented case has proven that the CE-MSCT may be the only sufficient technique for detecting septic pulmonary embolism and deciding in favor of surgical treatment, eliminating the need for a different kind of instrumental diagnosis, which significantly reduces the time of diagnosis.


Membranes were isolated and purified from nutrient broth-yeast extract- and hexadecane-grown cells of Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N. Two membrane fractions were isolated from nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells, the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. In addition to these two membrane fractions, a unique membrane fraction was isolated from hexadecane-grown cells (band 1) and characterized as a lipid-rich, low-density membrane containing high concentrations of hexadecane. The outer membrane preparations of Acinetobacter, obtained from nutrient broth-yeast extract- and hexadecane-grown cells, exhibited a low ratio of lipid phosphorus to protein and contained phospholipase activity and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid. Phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase, adenosine triphosphatase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase were recovered almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The cytoplasmic membrane fractions contained 20 to 25 polypeptide species on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and the outer membrane fractions contained 15 to 20 polypeptide species. A major polypeptide species with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 42,000 to 44,000 was found for all outer membrane fractions. The buoyant densities of the cytoplasmic membrane fractions and the outer membrane fractions were closely similar, necessitating their separation by differential centrifugation. Band 1 of hexadecane-grown cells had a ratio of lipid phosphorus to protein that was almost twice that of cytoplasmic membrane and a correspondingly low buoyant density (1.086 g/cm3). Enzyme activities associated with band 1 were identical to those associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The electrophoretic banding pattern of band 1 was essentially identical to the banding pattern of the cytoplasmic membrane. The phospholipid and neutral lipid compositions of the isolated membrane fractions were determined as qualitatively similar, with significant quantitative differences. The ultrastructure characteristics of the respective membrane fractions were examined by the negative-stain technique.


Individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) show diminished metabolic activity when studied with positron emission tomography (PET) with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Since blast injury may not be localized in the same specific anatomical areas in every patient or may be diffuse, significance probability mapping may be vulnerable to false-negative detection of abnormalities. To address this problem, we used an anatomically independent measure to assess PET scans: increased numbers of contiguous voxels that are 2 standard deviations below values found in an uninjured control group. We examined this in three age-matched groups of male patients: 16 veterans with a history of mild TBI, 17 veterans with both mild TBI and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and 15 veterans without either condition. After FDG administration, subjects performed a modified version of the California Verbal Learning Task. Clusters of low uptake voxels were identified by computing the mean and standard deviation for each voxel in the healthy combat veteran group and then determining the voxel-based z-score for the patient groups. Abnormal clusters were defined as those that contained contiguous voxels with a z-score <-2. Patients with mild TBI alone and patients with TBI+PTSD had larger clusters of low uptake voxels, and cluster size significantly differentiated the mild TBI groups from combat controls. Clusters were more irregular in shape in patients, and patients also had a larger number of low-activity voxels throughout the brain. In mild TBI and TBI+PTSD patients, but not healthy subjects, cluster volume was significantly correlated with verbal learning during FDG uptake.