The operation of the ferroelectric nonvolatile memory field effect transistor is theoretically examined extensively for the first time. The ferroelectric transistor device properties are derived by combining the silicon charge‐sheet model of metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistor device operation with Maxwell's first equation which describes the properties of the ferroelectric film. The model we present describes ferroelectric transistor I‐V and C‐V behavior when time‐dependent voltages are applied which result in hysteresis due to ferroelectric switching. The theoretical results provide unique insight into the effects of geometrical and material parameters on the electrical properties of the transistor. These parameters include the ferroelectric spontaneous and remanent polarization, the coercive field, and dielectric layer thicknesses. We have found that the conventional concept of threshold voltage is no longer useful, and that increasing the spontaneous polarization has only a minor impact ...


There are only 3 extant medical book titles from 2 authors of the Liao Dynasty, from which almost no medical books were handed down; these include Zhi lu gu mai jue (Zhilugu's Pulse Study in Verse), Zhi lu gu zhen jiu shu (Zhilugu's Book of Acu-moxibustion) and Medical Book on Pulse and Prescriptions Translated by Yelü Shucheng. The former two books are written by Zhilugu during the reign of Taizong Emperor (927-947) of the Liao Dynasty, and the last one, by Yelü Shucheng during the reign of Xingzong Emperor (1031-1055) of the Liao Dynasty.


The supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is a well-known system for studying the cell membrane and membrane proteins. It is also promising as a platform for studying cell processes: the cell adhesion, the cell membrane receptors, and the intercellular signaling processes. SLBs made of natural lipids appeared to be protein and cell repellent. Thus, to use the SLB as a substrate for cells, one should functionalize them to provide adhesion. In the present paper, we describe a simple approach to promote adhesion of neuronal cells to the SLB without using proteins or peptides, by introducing positively charged lipids 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) into the SLB made of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC). We show that neurons adhere to these bilayers and grow for at least 10 days. The SLBs themselves were found to degrade with time in cell culture conditions, but maintained fluidity (as revealed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching), demonstrating the possibility of using SLBs for studying neuronal cells in culture.


ABSTRACT This article argues that the storying of fossiliferous geological strata opens up geopolitical possibilities for climate justice and ethical energy futures. Our more-than-human approach to the fossil-fuel industry and more specifically coal trade is sparked by ongoing political controversies and protests that have erupted over the development of the Galilee coal Basin in central Queensland, Australia by Indian mining conglomerates. Through a focus on this case study, we first draw attention to toxic border thinking on development, fossil fuel energy futures and climate change enabled by state-corporate collusions. Second, we argue for opening up decolonial horizons by dwelling in the border – the border that alerts us to the distributed agency of geologic life and vitality of fossilised seed ferns. Thinking with deep time and geological strata we explore the geopolitics of 'clean coal' and limitless groundwater that justifies mining in the Galilee basin and the establishment of new thermal plants on Adivasi lands in India. Attention to the materiality of fly ash and its transformation into cement for construction in India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Bhutan highlights more sustainable energy use, but we argue that this carbonised cement would also linger as a future fossil from the Anthropocene that refuses extinction. Finally, by thinking with the artwork Towards a Glass Monument (2017–2019) by Tom Nicholson and Geoffrey Wallace we encounter a method for shifting viewer perspectives on coal from its identity as a homogeneous fuel source to a delicate historical record of past flora. The article demonstrates that even when worlds inhabited by racialised and marginalised peoples are silenced, the materiality of coal, ash, water and the visual echo of fossiliferous plant spores seed more-than-human framings of justice. We position both our case study exploration and Towards a Glass Monument as examples of how to story strata with the aim of opening up geopolitical possibilities for more-than-human climate justice.


Three cases of retrosternal diaphragmatic hernia (Morgagni hernia) are reported. Diagnosis have been made by conventional radiology (Chest X-ray, Upper G-I series) in 2 cases: the third one was found incidentally during a laparotomy. Peritoneography, CT scan, NMR are recommended in the difficult cases. ONe case presented as acute gastric outlet obstruction secondary to an intra-thoracic volvulus of the herniated stomach. Surgical treatment is indicated in all cases of retrosternal diaphragmatic hernia because of the high-risk of complications (gastric volvulus, colonic obstruction). Surgery through an abdominal approach is preferred and post-operative course is benign.


【This study examined nursing care in a Newborn Intensive Care Unit (NICU) by reviewing nursing activities for the newborns. Through direct observation, time used for nursing care according to the nursing activity, shift, day of the week, and position of the nurses was measured. This study was done on November 15, 21, 24, 1999 at a university medical center hospital and included eight nurses and 179 newborns as the study subjects. The data were collected from the medical records, and by using a nursing activity record for the NICU, and a nursing activity time record for the NICU. The first step in the data collection process was to develop a list of nursing activities which was done through a literature review, examination of medical affairs and duty records. Content validity was measured by a panel of three professors who were experienced clinicians. In the second step two pre-training sessions were held with three sophomore student nurses who then measured the time for each nursing activity using a stopwatch. The data were analyzed using frequencies for nursing activities, averages, percentages and ANOVA for differences between shift and between days of the week, and percentages and t-test for differences according to position of the nurse. The results are as follows: 1) The total number of activities was 156, direct or indirect nursing activities. Direct nursing activity classified according to physical, educational, emotional/social/economic/spiritual needs. There were 109 direct nursing activities in 16 fields. 2) The order of nursing activities, according to time required, was record keeping, nutritional care, measurement/observation, medication, hygiene care, examination and specimen collection, and checking supplies, and according to frequency, measurement/ examination, record keeping, nutrition care, hygiene care, elimination care and medication. 3) According to shift, direct care during the night shift at 313.4 minutes was the longest time and indirect nursing care during the night shift at 252.2 minutes was the highest time. 4) For days of the week, Monday had the highest time for direct care 275.8 minutes (34.6%) and Wednessday had the highest time for indirect nursing care 269.6 minutes (36.1%). 5) For nursing time according to position of nurse, general nurses had the highest for direct care (330.7 minutes), nurse managers for indirect nursing activities (239.0 minutes) and general nurses for individual private time (63.9 minutes). The results of this study show that the major nursing time consuming activities included record keeping, nutrition care and measurement/examination. For newborns, time needs to be allowed for care to be sensitive, sophisticated and specialized rather than concentrated on indirect nursing tasks such as record keeping. Therefore, it is imperative to develop computerized systems that support a systematic approach to record keeping which is more efficient. Moreover, nursing needs according to shift, day or position of nurse can be utilized in assessing nursing resources through a computerized process.】


Korean territories has formed about 70% of mountainous areas that have acidified serious level to average pH 4-5. There are a number of abandoned metal mines about 1,000 in Korea. However, mine tailings and waste rock included heavy metals are exposed to long-term environment without prevention facility or treatment system. Thus, ongoing management and monitoring of soil environment are required. Most of abandoned mine scattered in forest areas of slopes. Soil erosion due to continuous rainfall in the slopy areas can cause the secondary pollution by the influence eutrophication of water system and the productivity loss of the plant. Therefore, this study would like to estimate pH leaching rate by artificial rainfall using waste neutralization-agent in lysimeter. Moreover, the potentially of secondary pollution related to precipitation is figured out through the experiments, and the optimal planting methods would examinate after neutralizing treatment in soil. Experiments composed three kinds of lysimeter; lysimeter 1 had filled only acidic soil, lysimeter 2 had neutralized soil, and lysimeter 3 had planting plants after neutralized soil. In the results, lysimeter 2 showed the lowest pH leaching, and there is not specific relativity with pH leaching of the seasonal characteristics.


Rat embryo cells at various stages of oncogenic transformation are obtained by a combination of X irradiation and transfection with the ras and the myc oncogenes. Transfection with either the ras or the myc oncogenes can lead to increased radioresistance, relative to the parental cells. X-ray-transformed clones of the transfected cells do not show additional alteration in radioresponse. Incorporation of the two oncogenes appears to lead to a higher degree of radioresistance.


PURPOSE
To study the effects of dose interpolation method on DVH computation, in order to make recommendations for quality assurance and consistency of treatment.

METHODS
We defined two IMRT plans (maximum doses: 84/79Gy) on a physical phantom using a commercial TPS, and exported four dose volumes with different spatial resolutions (2-5mm in-plane; 2.5-5mm thickness). Contours for fifteen structures were defined on the CT. Using two different voxel counting schemes (partial volume weighting or centre inside) and four different interpolation methods (structures mapped to dose resolution, or nearest neighbour, linear or cubic interpolation of dose to the CT grid), we computed 960 DVHs, each with 1024 bins. Ground truth was taken to be the partial-volume-weighted DVHs on the highest-resolution dose. These were compared to the suboptimal DVHs using the percentage of failing gammas (PFG) distance (doi:10.1088/0031-9155/55/11/N04) at nine different comparison points (dose differences 1,2,3Gy, volume changes 1,2,3%), giving 8640 PFG measurements. The effects were analysed via multi-way ANOVA.

RESULTS
DVH accuracy depended significantly on dose resolution and interpolation type (p<1e-15 in both cases). As expected, the plan, contour and PFG parameterization were also significant sources of variation. The least significant source was voxel counting method (p=0.0030). Using the etasquared measure to examine effect size, the interpolation type (eta^2=0.0209) was marginally more important than the dose resolution (eta^2=0.0312). These importances rose to eta^2=0.130 and eta^2=0.0903 respectively if comparisons used the PVW-DVHs from fine-grained doses interpolated onto the CT as ground truth instead.

CONCLUSION
For applications where DVH comparability between clinical sites with different TPS is imperative (e.g. multi-centre studies), the dose resolution and interpolation method should be strictly identical in order for DVHs to be truly comparable. For doses sampled at a lower spatial resolution, using linear - or even better, cubic - interpolation can reduce errors over nearest neighbour.


The absence of Community legislation on the value-added tax (VAT) treatment of allowances has meant that, after the detection of suspected cases of fraud, several Member States have departed from the guidelines adopted unanimously by the VAT Committee. While this situation has produced a swift reaction from the European Union (EU) through the Proposal for a Directive to amend the VAT Directive aimed at giving a unified response to the phenomenon of the plots of fraud in general, it is surprising its voluntary nature. In addition, this article will show how, given the urgency of adopting a solution, the special characteristics of the emission rights market to arbitrate other measures have not been taken into account. Likewise, it also tries to show that the general answer is, of course, forgetting the inclusion of the tax treatment of allowances in the proposed directive to prevent Member States adopt different treatments that may distort the functioning of the allowance.


Purpose – This column aims to look at various aspects of search engine optimization (SEO) and the potential risks and rewards from exposing library-related content using techniques such as microdata and descriptive frameworks such as that outlined on schema.org. Design/methodology/approach – Regular column. Findings – This column explores concepts related to SEO and is speculative in nature. Originality/value – Academic libraries can greatly benefit from exploring the potential benefits of using SEO and microdata/microformats. The landscape for SEO has changed dramatically over the past decade, and the benefit to libraries who have in once sense seen themselves as competitors with the major search engines is significant.


It is known that humans are faced with a global energy crisis, namely, an increasing shortage of nonrenewable energy resources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. However, much of the energy generated from nonrenewable energy resources is changed into thermal energy, which is hard for humans to re-use freely. Therefore, it is meaningful and challenging to manipulate the flow of heat (thermal energy). Here, by establishing temperature-dependent transformation thermotics for treating materials whose conductivity depends on temperature, we show evidence for switchable thermal cloaking and a macroscopic thermal diode based on the cloaking. Meanwhile, we also establish a theory of temperature trapping, and then propose and fabricate a new thermostat for maintaining constant temperatures (within a temperature gradient in the environment) without the need of consuming additional energy. These results suggest that our theory could be adopted for achieving novel macroscopic heat management by using thermal metamaterials, and it could provide new guidance for energy saving.


A digital coding and its application to speech transmission is described. The coder determines the amplitudes and times of sucessive extremes (relative maxima and minima) of the signal. This information is decoded at the receiver by interpolating a function between extremes so as to connect them smoothly and preserve the extremes of the original signal in the reconstructed wave, Thus, the coding is a nonlinear sampling technique. It is related to clipped speech encoding which effectively transmits only the times of the extremes. The properties of the coding for speech signals have been studied by digital simulation on an IBM 704 computer. Information rate, statistics of the extremes data, and quality of the resulting signal have been evaluated. The buffer size necessary to receive the randomly occurring data and transmit at a constant rate was measured.


ABSTRACT Campylobacter spp. are responsible for a large number of the bacterial food poisoning cases worldwide. Despite being sensitive to oxygen and nutritionally fastidious, Campylobacter spp. are able to survive in food processing environments and reach consumers in sufficient numbers to cause disease. To investigate Campylobacter persistence on processed chicken, exudates from chickens produced for consumer sale were collected and sterilized. Two types of exudates from chicken products were collected: enhanced, where a marinade was added to the chickens during processing, and nonenhanced, where no additives were added during processing. Exudates from enhanced chicken products examined in this study contained a mixture of polyphosphates. Exudate samples were inoculated with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli strains and incubated under a range of environmental conditions, and viable bacteria present in the resultant cultures were enumerated. When incubated at 42°C in a microaerobic environment, exudates from enhanced chicken products resulted in increased survival of C. jejuni and C. coli compared with that in nonenhanced exudates in the range of <1 to >4 log CFU/ml. Under more relevant food storage conditions (4°C and normal atmosphere), the exudates from enhanced chicken products also demonstrated improved Campylobacter survival compared with that in nonenhanced exudates. Polyphosphates present in the enhanced exudates were determined to be largely responsible for the improved survival observed when the two types of exudates were compared. Therefore, polyphosphates used to enhance chicken quality aid in sustaining the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria, increasing the opportunity for disease via cross-contamination or improperly cooked poultry.


Binary matrix codes with restricted row and column weights are a desirable method of coded modulation for power line communication. In this work, we construct such matrix codes that are obtained as products of affine codes—cosets of binary linear codes. Additionally, the constructions have the property that they are systematic. Subsequently, we generalize our construction to irregular product of affine codes, where the component codes are affine codes of different rates.


Digital elevation models (DEM) from satellite data are generated mainly from two types of datasets using completely different methods: photogrammetry for optical stereo images (e.g. SPOT5, IKONOS) and interferometry for Synthetic Aperture Radar data (InSAR, e.g. ERS-Tandem, SRTM). Both generation methods show advantages and disadvantages but have similar accuracy values in comparison to a reference DEM. The paper aims at showing the potential for combined usage of several DSM (derived with different sensors and methods) to improve the overall accuracy. Some results are given for DEM fusion utilizing height error maps for each DSM and for DEM integration, where single point information from another DSM is inserted during the triangulation process. The quality of the DSM derived from one source and of the combined DSM depends on the steepness of the terrain and on the land cover type. For flat terrain or moderate hilly landscapes, a height accuracy in the order of 5 meters or better can be achieved for the mentioned sensors. Two test areas are chosen, where many different data sets are available and much knowledge exists from previous studies. The first test area is a region in the south-eastern part of Bavaria comprising a mostly hilly, post-glacial landscape including lakes and also mountains of the German Alps. The second test area is located in Catalonia, Spain, and includes the city of
Barcelona as well as a mostly hilly terrain with some steep slopes and additionally the Mediterranean coast. The received DSM are compared qualitatively and quantitatively to the reference DEM with superior quality by looking at profiles and sub-area statistics. The results show that an improvement of the fused DSM and the integrated DSM can be quantitatively measured. Although the overall statistics for a larger region does show only a slight improvement, local errors can be reduced significantly so that the overall accuracy of the combined DSM is higher.


In this paper, the conception of effective co-opetition mechanism in high quality pork supply chain has been analyzed. The evolutional processes of co-opetition mechanism and related influencing factors have been studied by using the dual population evolutionary game theory. The result showed that evolution of co-opetition is influenced by 8 factors, which are cooperation cost, cooperation income, coefficient of income distribution, decrease of cooperative risk, coefficient of risk compensation, probability of risk, management scale, and coefficients of either encouragement or punishment. It also suggested that the achievement of effective competition-cooperation of high quality pork supply chain would be improved by decreasing cooperation costs, increasing cooperation incomes, and building the equitable and effective systems of income distribution, risk compensation, as well as encouragement and punishment.


Eclipse technologies are widely used for desktop and even enterprise solutions. In contrast, the use of Eclipse technologies in automation is less common. Together with our customer, we have developed a service oriented middleware based on OSGi and Eclipse for loosely coupling real-time control software with machine and process visualization applications. We will show the requirements steering us towards these technologies and will elaborate on design, implementation and deployment. The insights gained from these steps show the adequacy of selected Eclipse technologies for serving tasks in machine automation software.


Five arom. 1,4-diketones I [R = 2,4,6-(MeO)3, H, 4-Me, 4-MeO, 2,4-(MeO)2] were prepd. using succinyl chloride as acylating reagent. Arom. 1,4-diketone I [R = 2,4,6-(MeO)3] was also prepd. by using succinic anhydride as acylating reagent. The first method could be used for the prepn. of arom. 1,4-diketones with the same arom. groups, and the second for the different arom. groups. [on SciFinder (R)]


Background Detectable cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific T cells in CMV-seronegative kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) have been attributed to an absence of circulating antibodies despite CMV sensitization. The diagnostic value of CMV-specific T cells, however, needs to be implemented in risk stratification for CMV replication. Methods Three hundred twenty-six KTRs were studied and classified with respect to CMV serostatus and presence of CMV-specific T cells. Samples were collected pretransplantation, at +1, +2, and +3 months posttransplantation. CMV-specific T cells directed to CMV-IE1 and CMV-pp65 were measured by interferon-&ggr; Elispot assay. Results Nineteen (28%) of 67 D+R− KTRs showed pretransplant CMV-specific T cells. Although no differences were observed for CMV replication, KTRs with CMV-specific T cells presented with lower initial and peak CMV loads (P < 0.05). KTRs with decreasing/undetectable CMV-IE1–specific T cells pretransplantation and posttransplantation were at greatest risk of CMV replication. KTRs with stable/increasing CMV-IE1–specific T cells from pretransplantation to posttransplantation, however, showed low risk of CMV replication (P < 0.001). One hundred sixty-two (80%) of 203 R+ KTRs showed pretransplant CMV-specific T cells. Decreasing/undetectable CMV-IE1–specific T cells from pretransplantation and posttransplantation identified those R+ KTRs at increased risk of CMV replication (65/80 KTRs; 81%; P < 0.001). Conclusions Despite CMV prophylaxis, D+R− KTRs are at greatest risk of CMV disease. Our data suggest that monitoring CMV-specific T cell kinetics from pretransplantation to posttransplantation, particularly directed to CMV-IE1, offers superior risk stratification compared with CMV serostatus alone.


SUMMARY There is an increased understanding and recognition of paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with a variety of malignancies. Paraneoplastic syndromes are associated with many tumor types and can potentially affect most organ systems. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, including in the USA, and can be associated with a variety of paraneoplastic syndromes affecting many systems, including the endocrine, neurologic, dermatologic, rheumatologic, hematologic and psychiatric systems. These syndromes can cause significant morbidity; therefore, effective diagnostic and treatment strategies need to be applied to improve quality of life, enhance delivery of cancer therapy and potentially prolong survival. This review focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of major paraneoplastic neurologic syndromes associated with breast cancer.


The enamel demineralization is common in fixed orthodontics. Plaque accumulation around the bracket plays a critical role and could cause various degrees of white spot lesions (WSLs) on the surface of teeth. The 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer is a biological polymer with protein repellent and an anti-bacterial adhesion effects. In this study, the enamel shear bond strength (SBS) and protein repellent property in vitro of self-etching orthodontic adhesive with MPC were evaluated. It was found that the self-etching adhesive with 0-7.5%MPC met the orthodontic clinical requirement on the SBS values at three different points of time, The incorporation of 7.5%MPC significantly reduced the bacterial adhesion and total microorganism of the yield biofilm. Moreover, the MTT assay showed that the amount of plaque metabolism in 7.5%MPC was the lowest among the groups. To conclude, the novel protein repellent self-etching adhesive was able to inhibit biofilm formation efficiently and minimize enamel demineralization.


This piece examines emoji as conduits for affective labor in the social networks of informational capitalism. Emoji, ubiquitous digital images that can appear in text messages, emails, and social media chat platforms, are rich in social, cultural, and economic significance. This article examines emoji as historical, social, and cultural objects, and as examples of skeuomorphism and of technical standardization. Now superseded as explicitly monetized objects by other graphics designed for affective interactions, emoji nonetheless represent emotional data of enormous interest to businesses in the digital economy, and continue to act symbolically as signifiers of affective meaning. We argue that emoji characters both embody and represent the tension between affect as human potential, and as a productive force that capital continually seeks to harness through the management of everyday biopolitics. Emoji are instances of a contest between the creative power of affective labor and its limits within a digital realm in the thrall of market logic.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of toothwear in the permanent teeth of 12-18-year-old Nigerian students. The study group comprised 176 individuals (67 males and 109 females) who had no carious cavity, restoration or fracture on any of their permanent teeth. Within the group, 86% had tooth surface loss that was limited to enamel and dentine. No statistically significant differences were observed between the sexes. The most commonly affected tooth was the lower first molar, while the occlusal surface was the most frequently involved. One student had toothwear with a predominantly erosive component as a result of frequent ingestion of low pH drinks, while another displayed toothbrush abrasion. Of those with toothwear, two (13.4%) had parafunctional activities. The cause of toothwear in 73.2% of the study population could not be ascertained. Some of it may be connected with the coarse, abrasive diets that many of the students admitted to consuming on a regular basis.


In the current performance and 'excellence' culture that has so bewitched politicians and beset educators, there are no discourses available to voice and to make sense of the anxieties that consistently arise for children who are pushed towards ever-higher performance. Drawing on the findings from a study of children's transitions from primary to secondary school, this paper examines some of the structural and emotional consequences of current school-choice policy in the UK. Deep-seated fears of downward mobility held by some sections of the middle classes are potently mobilized when faced with the constraints of local secondary schools markets. Children from professional middle-class families are pushed towards high performance as a response to these fears with parents using a range of strategies to place their child in a high performing school, including entering them for selective schools' entrance examinations. In the pursuit of the kind of attainment seen to be necessary in order to ensure the successful reproduction of professional middle-class status, we argue that difficult emotions have to be suppressed or split off. For middle-class girls in particular, the constant striving for and achievement of high attainment, rather than unproblematically engendering a sense of confidence in their abilities, can produce a sense of never being good enough. Nor is it only the middle classes who are implicated in these processes. There are serious consequences for working-class children and we discuss how they are positioned in relation to UK policy initiatives that prioritize 'excellence'.


The structure and dynamics of important biological quasi-two-dimensional systems, ranging from cytoskeletal gels to tissues, are controlled by nematic order, defects and activity. Continuum hydrodynamic descriptions combined with numerical simulations have been used to understand such complex systems, but the physical interpretation of different active nematic models and their applicability to specific systems is often unclear. For instance, most works rely on theories for incompressible liquid crystals but important active 2D nematic systems are compressible due to density variations or turnover. Here, we propose a theoretical and computational framework for possibly compressible and density-dependent 2D active nematic systems. This framework is based on Onsager's variational formalism to irreversible thermodynamics, according to which the dynamics result from a competition between free-energy release, dissipation and activity. We particularize this framework to recover a standard incompressible active nematic model and further formulate an alternative model for density-dependent active nemato-hydrodynamics. We show that the variational principle enables a direct and transparent derivation not only of the governing equations, but also of the finite element numerical scheme. We exercise this model in two representative examples of active nematodynamics relevant to the actin cytoskeleton during wound healing and to the dynamics of confined colonies of elongated cells.


Introduction No current available data could be found on the health needs of this remote population of semi nomadic Masaai tribes people living in villages in the Kajiado District. Efforts are being made nationally to gather health statistics to help work towards Global Development Goals in diminishing health inequality and poverty.1 Such information is useful in planning the provision of staff and treatments for short and longer term clinics. A team including five British trained doctors visited Kirkuria, a village in the region with the support of local staff. A two day free health clinic was set up and local people were informed by radio and the churches. The nearest hospital was 17 km. No laboratory investigations or radiology was available so diagnoses were by clinical history and examination. Information was documented at each consultation. The prevalence of acute and chronic respiratory conditions was then determined. Results Total patients seen 409, Adults 240 (58%), Female 273 (66%) Respiratory presenting complaint 108 (26%) Respiratory presentations in children: n=169, cough=41 (24% of children), cough and fever=6 (3%), likely asthma=6 (3%), upper respiratory tract infection=7 (4%), chronic cough=2 (1%) Pie chart Other complaints Likely pleural effusion=1, difficulty breathing/short of breath=3, chest pain after pneumonia=1 Chronic cough included a case of possible tuberculosis, a case of recent typhoid and post infective bronchiectasis.Abstract M2 Figure 1 Respiratory presentations Conclusions The data is affected by the time of year and climate (drought). Clinics were held in two other villages but the data is comparable. The study was limited in that formal diagnoses could not be made but non respiratory cough such as reflux was coded separately and the study design was reproducible and practical in this setting. There is a significant burden of respiratory disease in this rural Masaai population including chronic conditions. These findings are important because they represent treatable conditions which if left impair quality of life. Children can lose time from school and infectious disease can spread through the community. The Masaai people are poorly served by health care and such data can target appropriate resources. Reference Kenya Health Data Collaborative.


It is often argued that the superior cognitive powers of homo sapiens enabled them to overcome the limitations of the Neanderthals through better abilities to make tools and diversify their agricultural processes. As a result, they had better nutrition and were stronger and so dominated others. Yuval Harari (2015) in his magisterial history, Sapiens, argues another case which is to do with humans' abilities to communicate and learn from such communication, or more simply the ability to gossip. It might sound trite, but from one's communicative abilities come myths, stories and fictions. And it is this which makes professions so successful – their capacity to create myths and legends to ensure their place within society (Boje 2008; Czarniawska 2004). All that has changed today is there is now intense competition among creators and interpreters of myths. The narratives told are often contradictory, even among professionals who ought to agree. Knowledge and expertise – often ignored in the studies of professions – are crucial to understanding the situation of professions and professionalisation today, which is more precarious now than before. This shift in the precariousness of professions might be put down to the following:

The democratisation of knowledge through such intermediaries as the internet.

Increasing difficulty of distinguishing between scientific and non-scientific knowledge.

The loss of self-regulation of professions, including loss of trust within and between professionals and clients.

The increased role of external regulation and audit, which are part of governmentality.

The growing role of states intervening in delivery and training of professional services and professions.

The move towards bureaucratic organisations as the mode of professional delivery with a consequent adoption of new audit methods such as New Public Management.

Increasing permeability of professional boundaries – who controls whom?

27The rise of marketisation and financialisation of professions.

Professionals' loss of autonomy and subsequent 'gain' in discretion.

The disruptive (rather than sustaining) power of technology to hollow out professional skill sets.

Better understanding of how the mind works, via cognitive science, especially in relation to hive minds versus individual limitations.


The problems of illiteracy in health contexts have been well documented in the literature and include such serious repercussions as medication non-compliance and failure to seek medical help during the course of an illness. The Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) is a standardised health literacy test developed in the United States that has been previously administered and researched in South Africa (Lecoko, 2000). It is an objective vocabulary test, designed as a screening instrument to identify the health literacy levels of patients in clinics, which uses item recognition of 66 health-related words. Lecoko found that, in a South African setting, only 8 out of the 66 words in the US-developed test could be deemed acceptable. Therefore, the current study focused on the principled relexicalisation of the REALM, using words gathered from health information and promotional texts in local clinics, hypothesising that this would improve its applicability. After administration to a statistically similar group of respondents, the number of acceptable words on the test increased from eight to 38. Thus it is concluded that principled relexicalisation may be one way of improving the applicability of standardised health literacy tests to local populations and settings. However, the limitations of standardised tests may prove to be a significant barrier overshadowing the value of relexicalisation.


Objectives In order to assess if ambient air pollution in urban areas could be related to alterations in male/female ratio this study objectives to evaluate changes in ambient particulate matter (PM10) concentrations after implementation of pollution control programmes in São Paulo city and the secondary sex ratio (SRR). Design and methods A time series study was conducted. São Paulo's districts were stratified according to the PM10 concentrations levels and were used as a marker of overall air pollution. The male ratio was chosen to represent the secondary sex ratio (SSR=total male birth/total births). The SSR data from each area was analysed according to the time variation and PM10 concentration areas using descriptive statistics. The strength association between annual average of PM10 concentration and SSR was performed through exponential regression, and it was adopted as a statistical significance level of p<0.05. Results The exponential regression showed a negative and significant association between PM10 and SSR. SSR varied from 51.4% to 50.7% in São Paulo in the analysed period (2000–2007). Considering the PM10 average concentration in São Paulo city of 44.72 μg/m3 in the study period, the SSR decline reached almost 4.37%, equivalent to 30 934 less male births. Conclusions Ambient levels of PM10 are negatively associated with changes in the SSR. Therefore, we can speculate that higher levels of particulate pollution could be related to increased rates of female births.


Measurement invariance is usually tested using Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis, which examines the change in the goodness-of-fit index (GFI) when cross-group constraints are imposed on a measurement model. Although many studies have examined the properties of GFI as indicators of overall model fit for single-group data, there have been none to date that examine how GFIs change when between-group constraints are added to a measurement model. The lack of a consensus about what constitutes significant GFI differences places limits on measurement invariance testing. We examine 20 GFIs based on the minimum fit function. A simulation under the two-group situation was used to examine changes in the GFIs (ΔGFIs) when invariance constraints were added. Based on the results, we recommend using Δcomparative fit index, ΔGamma hat, and ΔMcDonald's Noncentrality Index to evaluate measurement invariance. These three ΔGFIs are independent of both model complexity and sample size, and are not correlated with the overall fit measures. We propose critical values of these ΔGFIs that indicate measurement invariance.


Thanks to advent of Agriculture 4.0, the farmers will be able to work in an innovative way, due to acquisition of loT technology such as modern sensors, wireless network, cloud computing and other sophisticated technologies. However, for many small and medium-size farmers, the trade-off between cost of investment and the tangible benefits is a factor, which affects the decision-based adoption of new technologies. That is why, our research is focused on building of low-cost loT sensor systems that can effectively monitor and control the internal environment parameters of greenhouses, dynamically analyze and adjust them. In this paper we focus on the development of architecture of the overall greenhouse monitoring system and implementing a function of the control of actuators, which manage different types of equipment: water pumps, water valves, fans and etc.


PURPOSE
To identify if there is a difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction and in the sexual domain scores between a group of women attended at a public service and a group attended at a private service, and to investigate if there is an association between sexual dysfunction, family income and educational status.

METHODS
Transversal study including 201 sexually active women aged from 18 to 45 years, 90 of them from a public service and 111 from private services. We evaluated age, marital status, use of hormonal contraception, income and educational status, and all women were submitted to the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), an instrument for the evaluation of their sexuality. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 15.0, was used for statistical analysis. The chi(2) test was applied for categorical variables and the Student's t-test to independent samples.

RESULTS
There was no significant difference regarding the prevalence of sexual dysfunction between groups (public versus private) (20 and 23.4%, p=0.5), or concerning the domain scores, desire (3.9+/-1.3 and 3.8+/-1.0, p=0.6), sexual arousal (4.5+/-0.8 and 4.4+/-0.9, p=0.5), lubrication (5.2+/-1.2 and 5.0+/-0.9, p=0.1), orgasm (5.0+/-1.2 and 4.9+/-1.1, p=0.5), satisfaction (5.2+/-1.2 and 5.1+/-1.0, p=0.9), and pain (5.3+/-1.1 and 5.2+/-1.0, p=0.8). Sexual dysfunction was detected in 28% of the women with income between two and four minimum wages, in 17.5% of those with an income of five wages or more, and in 14.3% among those with an income of one wage or less (p=0,1). The dysfunction occurred in 30.2% of women with elementary education, in 24.2% of those with high school education and in 13.4% of those with higher education (p=0.09).

CONCLUSIONS
There was no significant difference in the prevalence of sexual dysfunction or in the sexual domain scores between groups, nor was there an association with income or education status.


Journalism history took its initial shape from the memoirs of newspaper conductors who also subsidized its initial archives, which consisted primarily of the collected files of newspapers. It then helped form the core of professional education in journalism. This original journalism history tended to assume a hegemonic notion of journalism and to promote a Whiggish grand narrative of journalism. Recent generations of journalism historians have been trying to break out of familiar patterns. New developments, including digital archives and systemic changes in both media industries and journalism education, promise to change the architecture that has produced the dominant styles of journalism history and to encourage instead a more interesting and useful history of the news environment.


Paper is devoted to the work on drawing up a new dictionary of terms of mechanical engineering. Neologisms with the "nano-" prefix are presented as examples.


In March 1986 and March 1987, 351 samples of chickpea were collected. There was a wide range of variability for seed types, including desi types, kabuli types and intermediates, leaf size, plant height and growth habit. Twin podded types were seen in many fields. The 100-seed weight ranged from 7.0 to 39.1 g with a mean of 15.94 g. Seeds were deposited at the Genetic Resources Unit, ICRISAT.


Abstract Background: The reporting of medical research in the mass media is often the only way for the general public to learn about it, as most people do not read, nor have access to, scientific papers. Aims: We wished to map non-communicable disease (NCDs) research stories in two UK newspapers, the Daily Mail and The Guardian, and an Irish newspaper, the Irish Times, in 2002–13. Methodology: We identified relevant stories by means of the Factiva database, and obtained details of the cited research papers from the Web of Science. We compared coverage of research on five NCDs with the disease burden, and with the amount of research, in the two countries. We also analysed the sex distribution of the journalists, the researchers whose work was cited and any commentators mentioned in the stories. Results: There were 3921 stories in total (1990 in the Daily Mail, 1127 in the Irish Times, and 804 in The Guardian). Cancer and mental health disorders research attracted most attention. The other NCDs were cardiovascular disease & stroke, diabetes, and respiratory diseases. The stories tended to focus on epidemiological research, and means to reduce the risk of disease, rather than treatment. Both countries over-cited their own research, particularly Ireland. Conclusions: Coverage of the five NCDs tended to mirror the amounts and changes in the disease burden, both in time and between the two countries, notably for dementia and depression. Male researchers and commentators received more attention than females, and so reinforced existing gender stereotypes.


This article examines the debate surrounding an ice hockey museum in Örnsköldsvik, Sweden. In 2013, the local ice hockey club, Modo Hockey, received a loan from Örnsköldsvik municipality to build an ice hockey museum in its home arena. The ice hockey museum was a part of a bigger heritage project that involved various sites in the area around Örnsköldsvik, with the intention of increasing the number of tourists and branding the region as an attractive destination. However, the museum was never built in its intended form. The financial resources were instead used to cover regular costs for the club. This led to a conflict between Modo Hockey, Örnsköldsvik municipality and parts of the civil society. Theoretically, this study is inspired by heritage theory, stating heritage as a social constructed collective memory, yet also something that can be used for marketing and commercial branding. Lastly, the article is positioned against previous research about sports heritage in general, revealing that the planned ice hockey museum in Örnsköldsvik could be seen as an example of the priority conflict between balancing the heritage and continuing to be a financially strong elite club.


The eclectic and inclusive nature of art making today poses a number of challenges for teachers who wish to extend their art curriculum in schools to encompass contemporary visual art. These range from practical concerns such as the availability of resources, multi-media training and appropriate classroom/studio space, to subject-related questions about meaning-making and the value of contemporary visual art in contributing to the art curriculum and to pupils' lives. This paper argues that in order to support teachers in expanding their curricula, it is necessary to teach the skills of interpretation to pupils. It explores the particular challenges posed by the process of interpretation in contemporary visual art as evidenced through an action research project undertaken at Tate Modern's Summer Institute for Teachers in 2002. For the purposes of the paper, the field of contemporary visual art is seen, in the words of Linda Weintraub, as one from which, 'No topic, no medium, no process, no intention, no professional protocols, and no aesthetic principles are exempt.' To this we would add that the work of contemporary visual artists is as much defined by their ideas as by their media. As such, being able to engage with these ideas is as important as knowing how to manipulate media. While debates around the value and character of interpretation are familiar to the language and practice of contemporary art, and the disciplines of art history and art criticism, they are yet to find a place in the school art and design curriculum. The Schools Programme at Tate Modern is premised on the belief that there is an intimate relationship between interpreting art and making art. The displays from Tate's collection offer pupils hundreds of ideas made manifest through material means. If pupils are to have a meaningful encounter with these works they need to know how to look at and interpret them in order to engage with these ideas. New research by the National Foundation for Educational Research, commissioned by the Arts Council of England and Tate, suggests that 'it may be appropriate to reconsider the balance between developing art skills ... and the distinct opportunities for intellectual challenge afforded by the study of art'. It seems, however, that scant attention is paid to interpretation as a fundamental component within pupils' visual arts education. Instead, classroom practice in visual art takes as its dominant vocabulary the formal language of art making – of line, shape and colour – in which the teaching of practical skills dominates. Teaching practical skills, particularly those gained through experimenting with a range of different media, is integral to visual arts education, TATE'S ONLINE RESEARCH JOURNAL


This paper describes a photolithographic method to create sub-micron-scale patterns of cation-cross-linked poly(acrylic acid) (CCL-PAA). PAA can be cross-linked with a wide range of metal cations-including, but not limited to, Ag, Ca, Pd, Al, La, and Ti. Upon patterning a positive photoresist (diazonaphthoquinone-novolac resin) on a film of CCL-PAA, the exposed regions of CCL-PAA were etched by either an aqueous NaOH or EDTA solution. The initial cross-linking cation could be exchanged for a second cation that could not be patterned photolithographically. We used these patterned films of CCL-PAA i) to host and template the reduction of metallic cations to metallic nanoparticles, and ii) to fabricate porous, low- dielectric substrates.


The in vitro incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into spleen cells was used to show that rabbits with experimentally-induced inflammatory arthritis of 1-4 months duration often develop cellular immunity to purified homologous cartilage proteoglycans, type I and III collagens and, less frequently, to type II collagen. Responses to collagens were primarily directed to antigenic determinants exposed on peptides in degraded molecules, whereas responses to proteoglycans were seen with both native and degraded molecules. These in vitro blastogenic responses were shown to be completely dependent on the presence of T lymphocytes in the cultures. This expression of immunity was not demonstrable in rabbits with long duration arthritis (7-12 months) with any of the antigens tested. Some rabbits injected with homologous proteoglycans demonstrated T-cell-dependent cellular, but not humoral, immunity to the injected antigens. In contrast, rabbits injected with heterologous human proteoglycans developed cellular and humoral immunity to the immunizing proteoglycan, but failed to develop cellular immunity to rabbit proteoglycan. Some of these rabbits did, however, produce circulating antibodies which reacted with rabbit proteoglycans. Moreover, antibodies produced by immunizing rabbits with proteoglycans from bovine, chicken and rat cartilages and the hyaluronic acid binding region from rat cartilage proteoglycan often cross-reacted with rabbit proteoglycan, indicating that there are species-common antigenic determinants present in these proteoglycans and in the hyaluronic acid binding region and that these are recognizable in rabbit proteoglycans by rabbit antibodies. This ability to induce selectively cellular or humoral immunity to proteoglycans should be useful for future investigations of the role of such immunity in the pathogenesis of arthritis, although induction of immunity to proteoglycan was not accompanied by any demonstrable synovitis in these rabbits as has been observed in some strains of rats and mice for type II collagen.


The capping process of self-assembled InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs(100) substrates by molecular-beam epitaxy is studied by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. GaAs capping at 500°C causes leveling of the QDs which is completely suppressed by decreasing the growth temperature to 300°C. At elevated temperature the QD leveling is driven in the initial stage of the GaAs capping process while it is quenched during continued overgrowth when the QDs become buried. For common GaAs growth rates, both phenomena take place on a similar time scale. Therefore, the size and shape of buried InAs QDs are determined by a delicate interplay between driving and quenching of the QD leveling during capping which is controlled by the GaAs growth rate and growth temperature.


The COVID-19 pandemic is a major health issue, which leads to psychological and behavioural changes. In particular, among various negative feelings, fear seems to be one of the main emotional reactions that can be as contagious as the virus itself. The actual pandemic is likely to function as an important stressor, especially in terms of chronic anxiety and lack of control over the succession of unforeseeable environmental events. In this direction, the psychological impact of previous quarantine measures showed important negative psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTTS) with long-lasting effects. The presence of psychological discomfort and disturbances due to negative contextual factors can be studied using the nocebo phenomenon as a possible theoretical explanatory framework. Although in the absence of studies linking nocebo to Covid-19 and data-driven evidence, the context of the actual pandemic may be seen as a fertile ground for amplified discomfort and anxiety. The media provide dramatic and negative descriptions and often present conflicting sources of information, which can lead to physical and mental health problems, diminishing response to treatment. This can be worse when supported by conspiracy theories or misinformation. The aim of this perspective review is to propose a new theoretical framework for the COVID-19 pandemic, which should be supported by future empirical studies. In particular, the negative contextual factors, which can predispose individuals to psychological distress and the onset of the nocebo phenomena will be presented here, in order to suggest possible guidelines to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19.


It has been said that Calvin's preaching demonstrates a doctrine of a 'kerygmatic real presence'. So in preaching, and in the reading of, the word, Christ is present to the believer. This might also be spoken of in terms of an encounter with God through his word, or as a personal confrontation with God and eventual justification, or as the experience of the grace of God, or perhaps as the practice and experience of faith trusting in the word. In these many ways Calvin's theology has been identified as being, to some extent, both didactic and affective. Gerrish helpfully speaks of Calvin's theology as 'gift and response' or 'grace and gratitude'. It is in Calvin's preaching that this dynamic of affective and didactic, grace and gratitude is enacted.


By means of computer assisted morphometry and microdensitometry it has been possible to characterize aging processes in transmitter identified neurons demonstrated at the presynaptic level by immunocytochemistry and at the postsynaptic level by receptor autoradiography. Three-month- and 24-month-old rats were used in the present study. It was discovered that the DA neurons innervating the striatum and nucleus accumbens underwent degeneration in the aging brain both at the pre- and post-synaptic level, while the DA synapses within the tuberculum olfactorium remained intact. In this quantitative receptor autoradiographical analysis 3H-spiperone and 3H-N-propyl-norapomorphine were used as radioligands for DA receptors. In comparison with the aging induced changes in DA receptors in the striatum and in the nucleus accumbens the alpha 2- and the beta-adrenergic receptors appeared to be more resistant to the aging process. In the analysis of the opiate receptors of the aging brain it could be demonstrated by quantitative receptor autoradiography using both radioligands for the mu-type (3H-etorphin) and delta-type (3H-d-ala2-d-leu5-enkephalin) of opiate receptors that there is a marked and widespread disappearance of both types of opiate receptors in the aging brain. It must be emphasized that no correlation exists in the degeneration pattern of the mu- and delta-type of opioid receptors indicating that they may represent two separate entities with separate trophic regulation. In contrast, it was discovered in the quantitative receptor autoradiographical analysis that 3H-flunitrazepam binding was increased in many areas of the aging brain compared with the adult rat brain. These results underline the heterogeneity in the degenerative patterns which take place in transmitter receptors in relation to aging. Thus, these results indicate that the simple replacement therapy in aged patients may not give optimal results. As a matter of fact, such treatments can lead to a further unbalance between the various types of transmitter identified neurons building up the neuronal networks of the brain, which are undergoing degeneration.


Peoples of the 'Third World', from the origins of the colonial encounter to the present, have too long been the objects of theory; thought about, thought against, thought for, as the 'Other'. But who is this Other? To whom is s/he Other? Implicit in Eurocentric thinking about the Other is a particular assumption of the sovereignty of location. This essay begins from the position that the Other is only Other-ed by theory. A different location of rebellious thought is present and possible; one that does not obsess with the inclusion of the Other into theory, but rather, begins with and from the Ban (adapting Agamben), as 'border thinking'. From this beginning, the essay traces the historic and contemporary contexts of Bans, from the pasts of colonialism to the presents of global totalitarianism. A reconfigured 'Three Worlds' under the contemporary contexts of global totalitarianism is presented, comprising First Worlds of 'sovereign-citizens, Second Worlds of subject-citizens, and Third Worlds of rightsless citizens; they represent radically demarcated locations of theory not inviting of easy resolution. The essay then follows to suggest the implications of 'thinking from the Ban', of thinking from locations of rightslessness, on the three pillars of Eurocentric theory - History, Justice, and Legality - arguing instead for their abandonment for memories, judgements and illegalities.


The research group E-Virtual from the Universidad de Medellin has been working on the implementation of bimodal courses since six years ago. In 2009, with the support of the Ministery of National Education (MEN), it was implemented the non-face-toface class modality with a virtual methodology in the pedagogic framework of the University. This new activities took the group to think about the didactic and pedagogic characteristics that should be considered when face-to-face and virtual education are combined. To achieve this, we asked lectures and students about the perception of this new methodology. The data was collected by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. As a result, we obtained an introductory process, communicative interactions, virtual learning objects, and clues about the use of the platform. In this paper we provide the preliminary results of our study, emphasizing on the positive aspects, and the aspects to improve.


The mechanism of action of levansucrase of Bacillus subtilis was investigated by initial velocity measurements of reactions catalyzed by this enzyme and initial velocity of isotopic exchange at equilibrium. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical results derived from various postulated mechanisms, supports a "ping-pong" mechanism, involving the intermediate participation of a fructosyl-enzyme. Rate constants for each step of this sequential mechanism were estimated.


Pentafulvenes with weakly electron-donating substituents at C(6) (X = SMe) may be submitted to cationic polymerization which had been reported before only for 6-alkyl-, 6-aryl-, and 6,6-dialkylpentafulvenes. This procedure does not work for pentafulvenes like 1c with strong electron-releasing substituents at C(6) (X = Me2N). Based on bromination-elimination experiments with model compound 6, it has been shown that direct bromination of polyfulvene 2a → 10a is very efficient. This result is important in view of the synthesis of polymers 3a with pentafulvene structural elements. So far, only partial HBr elimination of polymer 10a has been achieved, while I2 treatment of 10a gives a insoluble charcoal-like black polymer absorbing in the whole UV/VIS range.


In recent decades, the economies of many countries have produced increasingly unequal outcomes for the rich and poor. This economic trend has attracted interest from members of the media, public and political classes as well as researchers who are interested in its societal implications. While this research has traditionally been the purview of economists and sociologists, there has been a burgeoning growth in research that has sought to understand the psychology of economic inequality. In this review, we summarize this work, focusing on two major themes: (1) how people perceive the scale of economic inequality and appraise its significance, and (2) how living in an economically unequal environment shapes people's social lives. Together, this work affirms claims that economic inequality is 'the defining issue of our time' (Obama, 2013) with a great deal of destructive potential. We identify important questions that await further research attention.


An organization or company cannot be separated from the activity of managing risk. Management must decide how to manage economic resources according to the goals of the organization or company. Risk is a hazard or a threat or possibility of an action or event that has an impact which is contrary to the objectives to be achieved. The method used in this research is descriptive analysis with a qualitative approach where this approach describes research on a subject. Sources of data are secondary data obtained through library research in the form of journals, news articles, and books related to research. The data that has been collected will be classified, then verified whether it is in accordance with the research and then analyzed. The results of the study found that a leader must be brave in making decisions because the determination of decision making greatly affects the achievement of organizational goals and also an action to solve problems.


A major consideration in the original design and in the expansion of any computer-communication network is the provision of a network which will be relatively invulnerable to failures of its components. This paper considers the reliability analysis of such networks. Two indices of reliability for a network are introduced. Methods for the calculation of these indices are illustrated by carrying out a detailed reliability analysis of the ARPA Computer Network. This analysis includes sensitivity calculations to protect against inaccuracies of measured system parameters and the evaluation of possible improvements in reliability through modification of network configuration.


uPARAP (urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-associated protein) is a receptor for collagen and belongs to the macrophage mannose receptor family. uPARAP binding of collagens leads to collagen internalization and degradation and thus may contribute to matrix remodeling. Both collagens I and IV play an important role in lung development. To gain insight into the role of uPARAP-mediated collagen degradation during lung development, we studied the expression pattern of uPARAP by immunohistochemistry. Lungs were dissected from C57BL/6 mice from embryonic day 12.5 through postnatal day 14 and frozen in OCT. Five micrometer sections were obtained and immunohistochemistry was performed using polyclonal antibodies against uPARAP and collagen IV. uPARAP immmunoreactivity was detected in interstitial mesenchymal cells and airway smooth muscle cells at E 12.5, the earliest time point examined. uPARAP continued to be detected throughout lung development in interstitial cells and vascular and airway smooth muscle cells on postnatal days 2, 8, and 14. Increased immunoreactivity of uPARAP was seen with increasing developmental age, up to postnatal d.14. uPARAP co-localized with collagen IV primarily around airways and vasculature smooth muscle. We speculate that uPARAP-mediated collagen degradation plays a role in lung remodeling during embryonic and postnatal lung development.


Electromagnetic backscattering from a sparse distribution of lossy dielectric particles having random orientation and position is studied. The paper begins by using the Foldy approximation to find an equation for the mean field. From this equation, an effective permittivity for the scattering medium is obtained. The correlation of the scattered field is found by employing the distorted Born approximation, i.e., particles embedded in the effective medium are assumed to be single scatterers. The above method is then used to find the backscattering coefficients from a leaf canopy. The leaf canopy is modeled by a half space of dielectric discs that are small in comparison to a wavelength. Numerical results show that the depolarized cross section is a sensitive function of leaf inclination angle statistics.


This paper gives a report on the current views of psychosomatic theories on chronic pain. Based on Melzack's and Wall's "gate-control theory", Freud's ideas on hysteric neurosis, and Engel's "pain-prone patient" the unidirectional nociceptive model of pain is replaced by a cybernetic system of biopsycho-social etiology. The psychodynamic theories of pain-proneness, the narcissistic mechanism in the etiology of pain, the mechanism of conversion, states of psychovegetative tension and processes of learning are presented. In addition the impact of gain from illness, life-events, coping, the doctors behavior and the comorbidity of affective disorders on pain syndromes becoming chronic is pointed out. As an example the multifactorial etiology of chronic low back pain is demonstrated.


ABSTRACT We systematically examine the existing evidence and compute meta-analytic averages for the effects of scaled-up, publicly funded pre-kindergarten (pre-K) programmes in the United States on student mathematics and reading achievement. The analysis is restricted to experimental and quasi-experimental research designs with the highest internal validity. We synthesise the short-term cognitive effects of pre-K and find large positive effects of scaled-up public pre-K programmes on student pre-kindergarten test scores from seven studies. In particular, we find that the overall effect on mathematics scores is over a third of a standard deviation and the overall effect on reading scores is three-fifths of a standard deviation. More research is needed on the sustained effects of pre-K as policymakers debate whether to expand or adopt such programmes.


OBJECTIVE
To test the reliability of a simple rating system to describe hyperkinetic facial lines.

METHODS
A rated numeric kinetic line scale was developed and presented to 11 postresidency physicians specializing in aesthetic facial care. These physicians independently reviewed photographs of 20 patients, first at rest, then with activation of the frontalis, corrugator, and orbicularis oculi muscles. Kappa statistics for multiple raters were used to assess interobserver reliability.

RESULTS
The nonweighted kappa values were between 0.4 and 0.8 for the frontalis, corrugator, and orbicularis muscle groups. This represents moderate to substantial observer agreement and is highly significant for each muscle group.

CONCLUSIONS
A new rating scale for hyperkinetic facial lines accounts for facial appearance at rest and with expression. It is easily used and has interobserver reliability. As the only objective and validated scale for hyperkinetic facial lines, this rated numeric kinetic line scale is recommended for the evaluation of pretreatment and posttreatment results in patients undergoing therapy for this problem. Moreover, an alternative scale rating resting and kinetic lines as independent variables is also being developed. Both must be considered to evaluate treatment outcomes when using neurotoxins.


Pressure sore is tissue ulceration due to unrelieved pressure, altered sensory perception, and exposure to moisture. Geriatric patients with organic problems and patients with spinal cord injuries are the high-risk groups. Soft tissues over bony prominences are the common sites for ulcer development. About 95% of pressure ulcers occur in the lower part of the body. Ischial tuberosity, greater trochanter, sacrum and heel are common sites. In addition to these, pressure sores at unusual sites like nasal alae, malar eminences, cervical region and medial side of knee have also been described. Only 1.6% of the patients present with sores in areas outside the pelvis and lower extremity. In a paraplegic patient, pressure sores are usually over extensor surface of knee and heel but pressure ulcer over popliteal fossa are extremely rare. We herein report a case of a 36-years-old diabetic and paraplegic male, who presented with multiple bed sores involving the sacral area, heels and bilateral popliteal fossa. Popliteal fossa is an unusual site for pressure sores. Only one similar case has been previously reported in the literature.


Learning sentence representations is an essential and challenging topic in the deep learning and natural language processing communities. Recent methods pre-train big models on a massive text corpus, focusing mainly on learning the representation of contextualized words. As a result, these models cannot generate informative sentence embeddings since they do not explicitly exploit the structure and discourse relationships existing in contiguous sentences. Drawing inspiration from human language processing, this work explores how to improve sentence-level representations of pre-trained models by borrowing ideas from predictive coding theory. Specifically, we extend BERT-style models with bottom-up and top-down computation to predict future sentences in latent space at each intermediate layer in the networks. We conduct extensive experimentation with various benchmarks for the English and Spanish languages, designed to assess sentence- and discourse-level representations and pragmatics-focused assessments. Our results show that our approach improves sentence representations consistently for both languages. Furthermore, the experiments also indicate that our models capture discourse and pragmatics knowledge. In addition, to validate the proposed method, we carried out an ablation study and a qualitative study with which we verified that the predictive mechanism helps to improve the quality of the representations.


This paper presents a dynamic congestion charging framework that includes a dynamic user equilibrium (DUE) network model to optimize a tolling scheme, whose objective(s) may be determined by the transport planner. The framework presented may be utilised to evaluate potential charging regimes; this paper concentrates on the feasibility of extending the concept of minimal-revenue tolls from the static to time-varying environment. We discuss the limitations in the transference of this optimisation objective and propose a pragmatic approach designed to allow the planner to balance the effect of extracting additional toll revenue against achievable network benefit. We investigate the ability of this framework to incorporate various tolling scenarios and to illustrate the production of low-revenue tolls. The numerical tests use a fixed toll across the entire time period for a range of demand scenarios and a fairly stable tolling solution is observed.


The biological control of frui flies interacts with a set of integrated management strategies, meeting the demands of consumer markets. Biological control can serve as a tool available to the producer to control this pest, resulting in fruit with lower levels of pesticide residues and impact on the environment. Therefore, the biological control of fruit flies can be a process that can partially replace other methods of control in integrated management programs for these insects, especially the use of agrochemicals, presenting economic and environmental advantages for tropical fruit. Therefore, this study aimed to bring together information on the biological control of fruit fly, by entomopathogenic fungi, insect predators and parasitoids.


Proceedings: AACR 106th Annual Meeting 2015; April 18-22, 2015; Philadelphia, PA

Background

Precision oncology is a clinical approach aimed towards tailoring treatment strategies for patients based on the genetic profile of each patient's malignancy. Available cell line models are greatly limited in recapitulating the genetic profile of the tumor and tumor microenvironment of patients and therefore limit preclinical evaluation of new targeted agents. Furthermore, a high failure rate of drug candidates can be attributed in part to use of two dimensional (2D) monolayer cultures as the initial screening method that frequently produces inaccurate results and does not predict chemoresistance. The ability of three dimensional (3D) cultured tumor cells derived directly from patients to recapitulate tumor-like microenvironment suggests that engineered tumor models may provide more accurate and reproducible information for drug testing. At the Institute for Precision Medicine, we grow patient-derived 2D cell strains and engineer 3D tumor spheroids for patient`s tumor specific drug testing.

Design

Fresh tissue samples from 30 different solid tumors were digested in Type II or IV Collagenase (Gibco) and then re-suspended in growth factor reduced Matrigel (BD), plated on plastic, and overlaid with cell type specific cell growth media tsCM, which consists of either serum free Advanced DMEM/F12 (Gibco) with multiple growth factors optimized to propagate benign primary tumor cells, or FBS enriched DMEM/F12 media. Cultures were maintained at 37°C in 5% CO2. Once established, early cell strain culture passage and tumor spheroids size < 500 μm were cryopreserved. Specific drug testing was performed following 3 models: 2D monolayer culture, 2D monolayer culture converted in a 3D system using the hanging drop system from Biomatrix 3D®, and engineered 3D tumor spheroids.

Results

Our success rate in generating 2D- cell strains and 3D tumor spheroids is about 30%-40%. In the initial 30 samples, we were able to establish 11 continuous 2D and 3D tumor spheroid cultures derived from distinct primary and metastatic cancers including prostate, kidney, bladder and endometrium, as well as sarcomas and a neuroendocrine tumor. Tumor content in biopsy represents a major factor for successful growth. Histology and cytology examination demonstrates that 3D tumor spheroids recapitulate harvested tumors. Next generation sequencing shows the presence of same genomic alterations compared with original tumor without generating additional mutations.

Conclusion

We have developed individual patient-derived 2D tumor cell strains and 3D engineered tumor spheroids as well as models for patient`s tumor specific drug testing. This effort has been implemented for Precision Care and Clinical Trials at our Institution.

Citation Format: Chantal Pauli, Jonathan Pauwels, Myriam Kossai, Nikolai Steklov, Andrea Sboner, Rema Rao, Kenneth Hennrick, Brian Robinson, Juan Miguel Mosquera, Himisha Beltran, Mark A. Rubin. Development of 2D - cell strain and 3D - tumor spheroid models for Precision Medicine. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4672. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4672


This case report describes the anaesthetic management of a patient with sporadic‐type long QT interval syndrome (LQTS), and increased QT dispersion, who presented for removal of an ovarian cyst. Beta adrenergic blockade and adequate depth of anaesthesia for successful management is emphasized. The Successful use of epidural administration of lignocaine and opioids in addition to general anaesthesia is described.


Nowadays, a number of important developments affecting international flows of goods and international logistics are: globalization (globalization of the production process), the empowered consumer (growing competition in international trade, time-based competition), power shift in the supply chain (supply chain management strategies), technology (growth of computerization, electronic data interchange "EDI" and global e-commerce) and deregulation (elimination of quotas or embargoes and freight rates is more flexible according to the laws of supply and demand).


Anal fissure in childhood usually heals quickly after treatment with stool softeners and a local anaesthetic ointment; infection does not usually occur. Two cases are reported in which Lancefield group A beta haemolytic streptococci were isolated from cultures from the perianal skin, which was erythematous and excoriated.


Abstract:  According to the cognitive activation theory of stress (CATS), a formal system of systematic definitions, the term "stress" is used for stress stimuli, the stress experience, the nonspecific, general stress response, and the experience of the stress response. The stress response is normal, healthy, and necessary alarm. If sustained there may be a risk of illness and disease. The level and duration of the alarm depend on the expectancy of the outcome of stimuli and the specific responses available for coping. The most common health complaints are subjective health complaints like muscle pain, tiredness and mood changes. These are normal aches of short duration and low intensity for most people. For some the pains and complaints are substantial and longlasting with serious implications for functioning. There are no sharp or obvious limits in the distribution of health complaints, separating "normal" and endurable pain and complaints, and intolerable complaints that need professional help. These conditions are most often unspecific, and are the most common reason for encounters with health professionals, and the most frequent reason for sick leave and disability. There is a striking comorbidity for all these conditions. This may be explained by psychobiological sensitization within neural loops, maintained by sustained activation, which has been suggested as a mechanism for these conditions.


In order to divert urine from the bladder it has been the usual practice either to implant the ureters into the large bowel, or to bring them to the skin. During the last 40 years ureterocolic anastomosis has taken precedence over cutaneous ureterostomy and it has long been a standard operation in surgery. Throughout this period, however, there are to be found occasional reports of attempts to create an artificial bladder able to contain urine uncontaminated by contact with the exterior or with the bowel. It seems likely that by 191o most, if not all, of the possibilities had been considered and some had been put to experimental and to clinical trial. Because of the technical difficulty of many of them they found no real place in surgery. However, with the advances in surgical technique during the last decade, some of these operations have been rediscovered and used successfully. Sufficient experience of some of them has now been gained to be able to give an interim report on their usefulness. An artificial bladder may be created either to replace the urinary bladder entirely or to replace a part of the bladder in order to increase its capacity. This may be necessary because a part of the bladder has been removed, or because the bladder has become shrunken by disease.


We reported that zinc oxide (ZnO) films deposited by direct current (DC)-mode electrocyclotron resonance (ECR) and radio frequency (RF)-mode ECR sputtering systems had shown excellent piezoelectric properties and c-axis orientations. The RF-mode ECR sputtering system was capable of depositing ZnO films on glass substrates without evidence of column and fiber grains in cross-section analysis while driving a 1.1-GHz fundamental Rayleigh surface acoustic wave (SAW). In this paper, we investigate the properties of ZnO film deposited by an RF-magnetron-mode ECR sputtering system which has added magnets to the outside of a cylindrical zinc metal (Zn) target of the RF-mode ECR sputtering system. The ZnO film on the glass substrate deposited by this system was capable of driving a 1.3-GHz fundamental Rayleigh SAW. This shows a higher frequency than the previously reported ZnO film. This film exhibits most of the same effective electromechanical coupling factors (keff) as the theoretical keff values calculated by finite-element method (FEM) using the constants of ZnO single crystal (that is, 97 percent of theoretical value) and 0.6 ∼ 3.6 dB lower insertion loss in comparison with the films deposited by the DC-mode ECR and the RF-mode ECR. A (1120) plane epitaxial ZnO film was deposited at low temperatures on an R-plane sapphire substrate using this system and was capable of driving a 2.54-GHz Sezawa wave. By measuring the photoluminescence property of a thin, 1.2-μm, epitaxial ZnO film, free exitons are observed for the first time.


Orientation: Emotional intelligence (EI) is highlighted by the literature as an important attribute that enables an individual to cope with changes and pressures in the work environment and subsequently yields consistent performance. However, some scholars debate the role of demographic diversities and their impact on levels of EI amongst individuals.Research purpose: This study examined the influence of demographic variables on EI levels amongst early career academics (ECAs).Motivation for the study: The study interrogates demographic variables and EI, two issues important in the 21st-century workforce setting. The relationship between the two may be of value to the debate surrounding the success of early career professionals in the higher education sector. The success of ECAs should be of importance to institutions of higher learning.Research approach/design and method: A quantitative approach was followed in conducting the study. Data were collected from a sample of 220 ECAs in a selected university in South Africa. A self-administered questionnaire was sent to the participants using SurveyMonkey online data collection tool. EI was measured using the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale.Main findings: Significant EI level differences were observed based on the participants' ethnic background. However, no significant differences in EI levels could be found based on the respondents' gender, age and work experience.Practical/managerial implications: The findings may be relevant to career management and human resources forecasting.Contribution/value-add: The study adds to the literature on EI and career success of early career professionals.


The 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake within the Bayan Har block allows us to understand the lithospheric mechanical properties in northeastern Tibet. We analyze possible postseismic processes by modeling the six-month postseismic deformation from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar data. Our optimal afterslip-poroviscoelastic model is not only physically more reasonable but also has the best data fit. The postseismic deformation is dominated by afterslip located at depths of 10–20 km, revealing a complementary pattern with the up-dip high-coseismic slip. Yet ignoring poroelasticity and viscoelasticity will result in errors in afterslip of >12 cm locally. Poroelastic rebound contributes to significant postseismic line of sight (LoS) deformation, up to ∼14 mm, near the northwest and southeast fault segments. The steady-state viscosities in the lower crust and upper mantle are 4×1019  Pa·s and 2×1020  Pa·s, respectively, consistent with the "jelly sandwich" model but not with the crustal-flow models featuring much lower viscosity.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between tourism and hospitality education and work in terms of employability development as well as to discuss how higher education can contribute to such a development. To begin with, as a background, the relation between higher education and work has been described based on the already mentioned discrepancy discussion. Later, the concept of employability will be explored and discussed in general terms as well as regarding the tourism and hospitality. Finally, different ways of integrating employability in higher education curricula are discussed. Based on this discussion, we have some suggestions regarding the employability development within the tourism and hospitality industry.


We study the stationary reflected Brownian motion in a non-convex wedge, which, compared to its convex analogue model, has been much rarely analyzed in the probabilistic literature. We prove that its stationary distribution can be found by solving a two dimensional vector boundary value problem (BVP) on a single curve for the associated Laplace transforms. The reduction to this kind of vector BVP seems to be new in the literature. As a matter of comparison, one single boundary condition is sufficient in the convex case. When the parameters of the model (drift, reflection angles and covariance matrix) are symmetric with respect to the bisector line of the cone, the model is reducible to a standard reflected Brownian motion in a convex cone. Finally, we construct a one-parameter family of distributions, which surprisingly provides, for any wedge (convex or not), one particular example of stationary distribution of a reflected Brownian motion.


Extending the seismic signal frequency towards the low frequencies has become almost standard on Vibroseis seismic projects, owing to the benefits it provides in terms of vertical resolution, signal penetration, inversion workflow results or ease of interpretation. However, the emission of this new low-frequency bandwidth is associated with levels of distortion much higher than with the conventional sweep bandwidth, owing to the inherent design of seismic vibrators based on hydraulic actuators. Several solutions have been proposed in recent years to prevent the generation of this distortion, but their field implementation remains thus far quite restricted due to either limited performance or proprietary technologies, not commercially available to third parties. This abstract presents a new approach for reducing the low-frequency distortion, embedded in the vibrator electronics itself and easy to implement and use during seismic operations. Field tests performed with different vibrators on various terrains confirmed the efficiency of this new approach.


Carsharing provides members access to a fleet of shared-use vehicles in a network of locations on a short-term, as-needed basis. It allows individuals to gain the benefits of private vehicle use without the costs and responsibilities of ownership. The dynamic vehicle allocation problem is addressed in a carsharing context, that is, as a decision-making problem for vehicle fleet management in both time and space to maximize profits for the carsharing service operator. A multistage stochastic linear integer model with recourse is formulated that can account for system uncertainties such as carsharing demand variation. A stochastic optimization method based on Monte Carlo sampling is proposed to solve the carsharing dynamic vehicle allocation problem. Preliminary results are discussed and related insights are presented on the basis of a five-stage experimental network pilot study.


This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in transition metal-catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of heteroarenes using alkenes (covering literature from 2000 to late 2021). Based on elementary reactions on metals for substrate activation, these reactions are broadly classified in several categories: (A) concerted oxidative addition of heteroaryl C-H bonds on rhodium(I) and iridium(I), (B) ligand-to-ligand hydrogen transfer (LLHT) on low-valent 3d metal complexes of nickel and cobalt, (C) different ways for deprotonation of heteroaryl C-H bonds by late transition metal complexes, especially palladium, including electrophilic aromatic substitution and a related mechanism, base-assisted intramolecular electrophilic substitution, concerted and nonconcerted metalation deprotonation, (D) σ-bond metathesis by d0 early transition metal complexes, (E) electrophilic activation of olefins by Pd(II), Pt(II) and Au(I), and (F) metal hydride insertion of aryl olefins and dienes. The demand to achieve enantiocontrol in the heteroarylation reactions has also driven innovation in chiral ancillary ligands, exemplified by extremely bulky, chiral N-heterocyclic carbenes for nickel catalysts, bulky monodentate oxazolines for Wacker-type reactions and chiral cyclopentadienyl ligands for half-sandwich complexes of scandium.


With research method of numerical calculation combined with model test,the current load of an ultra deepwater semi-submersible drilling unit to be worked in South China Sea area was analyzed and studied.The test results were compared with those of the analytical solutions,and the analytical solutions were verified.This work can be served as a basic foundation for the analysis of system safety and design of the DP thruster system.


This paper explores the geographic overlap of trade and technology shocks across local labor markets in the United States. Regional exposure to technological change, as measured by specialization in routine task-intensive production and clerical occupations, is largely uncorrelated with regional exposure to trade competition from China. While the impacts of technology are present throughout the United States, the impacts of trade tend to be more geographically concentrated, owing in part to the spatial agglomeration of labor-intensive manufacturing. Our findings suggest that it should be possible to separately identify the impacts of recent changes in trade and technology on U.S. regional economies.


In this paper we address the problem of vector quantization of speech in a noisy environment. We show that the performance of a vector quantization system can be improved by adapting the distortion measure to the changing environmental conditions. The proposed method emphasizes the distortion in spectral regions where the speech signal dominates. The method functions well even when conventional pre-processor methods fail because the noise statistics cannot be estimated reliably from speech pauses (as, e.g., in tandeming operations). Objective tests confirm that the use of environmentally adaptive measures significantly improves estimation accuracy in noisy speech, while preserving the quality in the case of clean input.


PUF is a security primitive that exploits the fact that no two ICs are exactly the same. To verify a new PUF design, several metrics including uniqueness, reliability, and randomness must be evaluated, which requires various resources and a long set-up time. In this live demonstration, we have developed an automatically evaluation platform for the PUF design. To the authors' best knowledge, this is the first automatic evaluation platform for the PUF test. The evaluation platform can be used for both FPGA and ASCI PUF testing.


Financial institutions across the globe are still recovering from the meltdown of 2008 and several nations continue their struggle to stabilize national economies. However, there might be some important lessons to be learned from this debacle. Some economies, notably the emergent ones, were more resilient to this slowdown than the developed ones. In fact, the banking sector in some of these economies posted a robust growth in spite of the downturn in global banking. We report on a detailed study of a multinational bank operating in the emergent economy of India with a random national sample of over 9,000 of their customers. Our research provides valuable insights into a market driven bank's drive for customer satisfaction and referrals and examines antecedents and consequences of such initiatives. We provide empirical evidence suggesting that responsiveness to customer enquiries and complaints might be a strong driver of customer satisfaction, irrespective of the outcome of the resolution process. Our finding that responsiveness supersedes a positive outcome in service provider-customer conflict resolution is a contribution of this research to extant literature with important strategic and managerial implications for firms.


Air is an environmentally benign alternative to SF6 for use in medium-voltage load-break switches. A simple, axisymmetric test switch has been used for empirical studies of the thermal phase of current interruption in atmospheric air. The purpose is to quantify how the pressure drop across the nozzle influences the interrupting capability at a different rate of rise of the recovery voltages (RRRVs) and with different current amplitudes. Tests with pressure drops in the range 0.1-1.1 bar, RRRVs of 40, 80, and 160 V/ μs, and currents of 300, 600, and 900 A were carried out. In general, the current that can be successfully interrupted is proportional with the pressure drop. Likewise, a steeper RRRV requires a proportionally higher pressure drop for the interruption to be successful. For compact air load-break switches for the important 24 kV/630-A class, it seems sufficient to provide a pressure drop of around 0.25 bar lasting for at least 20 ms to comply with the "mainly active load" test-type requirements.


Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of pancake mix containing Dioscorea batatas powder. In order to optimize the formulation ratio of the pancakes, steaming process was used to develop health-oriented products by adding D. batatas saponin and improved blood circulation. Methods: D. batatas powder was substituted into pancake at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% of the total weight of wheat flour. Results: The viscosity of batter tended to increase as the ratio of D. batatas powder increased whereas the measures of spreadability were not significantly changed. In addition, the L-value and b-values decreased gradually while a-value increased. Among the textural characteristics cohesiveness tended to increase in proportion to the amount of D. batatas powder. Conclusion: The results of the sensory evaluation showed that pancake made with 20% D. batatas powder was the most preferable in appearance, flavor, taste, texture, and overall acceptability.


The cellular and molecular mechanisms that presumably underlie the progressive functional decline of the myelomeningocele (MMC) placode are not well understood. We previously identified key players in posttraumatic spinal cord injury cascades in human MMC tissues obtained during postnatal repair. In this study we conducted experiments to further investigate these mediators in the prenatal time course under standardized conditions in a retinoic-acid-induced MMC rat model. A retinoic acid MMC model was established using time-dated Sprague-Dawley rats, which were gavage-fed with all-trans retinoic acid (RA; 60 mg/kg) dissolved in olive oil at E10. Control animals received olive oil only. Fetuses from both groups were obtained at E16, E18, E22. The spinal cords (SCs) of both groups were formalin-fixed or snap-frozen. Tissues were screened by real-time RT-PCR for the expression of cytokines and chemokines known to play a role in the lesion cascades of the central nervous system after trauma. MMC placodes exhibited inflammatory cells and glial activation in the later gestational stages. At the mRNA level, IL-1b, TNFa, and TNF-R1 exhibited significant induction at E22. IL1-R1 mRNA was induced significantly at E16 and E22. Double labeling experiments confirmed the costaining of these cytokines and their receptors with Iba1 (i.e., inflammatory cells), Vimentin, and Nestin in different anatomical SC areas and NeuN in ventral horn neurons. CXCL12 mRNA was elevated in control and MMC animals at E16 compared to E18 and E22. CX3CL1 mRNA was lower in MMC tissues than in control tissues on E16. The presented findings contribute to the concept that pathophysiological mechanisms, such as cytokine induction in the neuroplacode, in addition to the "first hit", promote secondary spinal cord injury with functional loss in the late fetal time course. Furthermore, these mediators should be taken into consideration in the development of new therapeutic approaches for open spinal dysraphism.


UV light‐induced fluorescence is widely used as a key to reveal residual shell colour patterns of Neogene and Palaeogene molluscs. However, only few examples of fluorescent colour patterns are known from Mesozoic marine shells and little is known about the nature of fluorescence in fossils. Here, UV light‐induced fluorescence reveals previously unseen abundance and diversity in the colour patterns of the basal pectinid Pleuronectites laevigatus from the Middle Triassic Muschelkalk of Central Europe. In addition to known variations of radial bands, a multitude of zigzag and zigzag‐related patterns was found. The diversity of colour patterns is comparable to modern pectinids and is interpreted as colour pattern polymorphism. Raman spectra of the colour patterns indicated the preservation of residual organic pigments with aromatic moieties. The fluorescence properties of P. laevigatus and other basal pectinids from the Muschelkalk of Germany and France are described in detail, suggesting that colour pattern fluorescence is due to colourless diagenetic products of the pigments, not to the fossil pigments themselves. A remarkable feature of the colour patterns of P. laevigatus is the presence of different fluorescence colours. Because a gradual shift of the fluorescence colour from yellow to red with decreasing intensity to finally non‐fluorescent is observed, which correlates with the provenance of the specimens, the fluorescence properties are interpreted to reflect differences in diagenetic history. The results show that the fluorescence colour of fossil molluscs, especially of Mesozoic molluscs, may be affected by diagenesis and should only be used with caution for taxonomic purposes.