Communication theory in museums approaches museum as medium which can generate interactions between museums and their visitors. The roles of museums as communicators can be examined in two perspectives: communication between objects and visitors, and communication between museums and their visitors. The functions of museums originating the communication between museums and their visitors, convey internal characteristics of an object, symbolic value and significance of the object and relation between the object and the other objects to the visitors, by approaching and interpreting with scientific methods. Eventually museums de-contextualize, re-contextualize and proto-contextualize objects. Through this process museums transmit information about objects by interpreting language understandable to visitors. In order to fulfill the interpretative function, museums need to gather information about cognition system of visitors and the pattern of communication. In this paper, I represent the communication models of researchers such as of Cameron, Shannon and Weaver, Knez & Wright. The communication model shows the process which sends the message symbolizing the contents of particular situation in which a sender communicate with a receiver through a medium. Whether or not the message is understood will depend on its decoders, and the sender must therefore identify and understand them. In the process of communication, if the noise occurs, the message cannot be accurately as well as completely transmitted to receivers. Finally, to learn whether or not the message accomplished its objective, the sender needs feedback The communicator must comprehend the message before he or she can send it, which broadly constructed in an institutional setting means understanding the museum its mission statement, goals, needs, activities as well as specific purpose that the message is intended to serve. It is also important to know the most appropriate channels of communication that will most effectively relay the message to the target audience. Communication between museum and visitor can be analyzed in terms of audience development. Audience development is a prime objective of museum today. Museum can acquire some information about the spectrum of visitors, characteristics" attitudes, motivations and purposes of museum visiting through visitor survey. The more information about visitors museums gather, museums can plan programs, reflecting visitors needs and expectations and improve services in short term, and can establish the plans for attracting visitors and management for museums in the long term by analyzing positive and satisfactory experiences of visitors. Museum visitors are composed of three groups such as enthusiasts, interested. and non-interested/non-participant. Audience can be identified along the lines of gender, age, ethnicity, race, social status, income, occupation, members of the family, educational background, leisure participation and life style. The factors influencing visitors behaviors and museum-visiting are location, cost of transport, distance to be traveled, availability of transport, type of transport, knowledge of museum, time for transportation, pricing policy, appeal of subject, facilities! service available, accessibility, previous visits and experience, weather, time of year, available time, personal interest and so on. The primary motivation and purpose of museum visiting can be for the purpose of education, sociability(social interaction), leisure participation(recreation) and entertainment. As the paradigm of role and function of museum has been shifted from collecting to visitor service, visitors expectation and attitude toward museum experience also have been changed. From this point of view, museums must recognize their roles as communicator and send messages through the most effective channels and media. As a conclusion, in order to survive not as incapable system but as living organism museums should obtain and analyze the information about their visitors. They also need to develop a new model through the empirical research as well as to set up forward plan. Also, museums need to understand the needs of visitors, to minimize the factors which influence the museum visiting, and provide motivation to visitor to museum-going by focusing the way of thinking on visitors.


Although instability from torsional interaction can be predicted through eigenvalue analysis, there has been little understanding of the physical phenomenon. Recently, Kilgore, Ramey and Hall [1] outlined the fundamentals of what is essentially a phase modulation theory. This paper develops their ideas into a rigorous and complete theory whereby quantitative predictions can be made and compared. The torsional instability regions in series capacitor compensated generators can now be explained. Both round rotor and salient pole machines are considered.


Executive Summary This study explores the potential for energy storage to contribute to the delivery of resilient, low carbon and cost effective community-scale energy systems in order to provide insights for a range of stakeholders, including project developers, investors, policy makers and community organisations. The work involves an integra ted analysis of a number of candidate community-scale energy business models comprising both electrical and thermal energy storage, and ~he roles of key stakeholders involved in financing, delivering and operating such projects. It also includes the results of techno-economic modelling carried out for a range of technical platforms comprising embedded energy generation technologies utilised together with electrical and thermal energy storage systems. The insights provided are intended to underpin decision making in policy development, investment planning and project delivery as part of the UK's journey towards a cost-effective low-carbon energy infrastructure. The aims of the work covered in this study were: • To identify stakeholders in the community energy storage sector, and consider stakeholder roles, benefi ts and barriers • To evaluate potential business models, usin,g relevant recent studies as well as stakeholder input • To assess storage and re lated technologies in the near, medium and long terms, and identify candidate energy storage platforms at both device and system levels through a system-of-systems approach • To examine relevant markets for energy storage, and assess potential value streams applicable to community-scale projects • To carry out a financial feasibility and risk analysis study for specific community-scale scenarios The key findings of the work are summarised below.


BACKGROUND: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent cause of liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in obese patients identifies the risk group with increased incidence of liver-related deaths. AIM: To clarify the role of serum adiponectin and its receptor liver gene expression in the progression of liver damage in NAFLD. METHODS: Fifty four (54) obese patients with NAFLD preliminary diagnosed by liver ultra-sound were recruited. Full medical history, anthropometric measurement, biochemical studies, serum adiponectin level, liver biopsy for histological examination and NAS score to identify NASH patients, and assessment of adiponectin receptor gene expression by RT-PCR, were conducted for each patients. Fifteen ages matched average weight healthy adult had been chosen as a control for serum adiponectin level. RESULTS: According to NAS score, patients were divided into non- NASH (8 patients), and NASH (46 patients). Serum adiponectin level was significantly lower in NAFLD patients compared to normal participants (p < 0.004). Serum adiponectin level was lower in NASH patients (4.437 ± 2.569 ng/dl in NASH vs. 5.138 ± 2.841 ng/dl in non-NASH). Adiponectin receptor liver gene expression was lower in NASH patients (0.8459 ± 0.4671 vs. 1.0688 ± 0.3965 in non-NASH). CONCLUSION: Both adiponectin deficiency and resistance had a role in progression of simple liver steatosis to severe injury in obese patients.


This research aims for revealing and clarifying ethnography of communication of Marqus Flavious Aquilla, the major character in The Eagle movie (2011) by Kevin Macdonals using SPEAKING grid.The type of research conducted by the researcher is descriptive qualitative method. The reason of
writer conducts this research is to identify the ethnography of communication found in the Marqus utterances. The object of the research is ethnography of
communication of Marqus Flavious Aquilla as major character in The Eagle Movie (2011). The data of this research are utterances or dialogues which exist of settings, participants, ends, acts, keys, instruments, and genres by Marqus Flavious Aquilla in The Eagle Movie. The data source is taken from The Eagle movie by Kevin Macdonald. The method of collecting data employed by writer is analyzing document and conducting observation toward the movie. The method of data collection employed by writer is analysing document and conducting observation toward the
movie. The writer does the following steps; watching the movie repeatedly, for understanding the movie deeply, collect the data of Marqus dialogues, noting the data on notebook, classifying the data based on the criteria. In analyzing the data, the writer uses Dell Hymes speaking theory for analyzing the ethnographic of communication of Marqus Flavious Aquilla. It means that the writer analyzes
them as referred to the sociolinguistic context as follows: collecting the data from the Eagle movie, determining the Marqus dialogue based on the Dell Hymes theory, analyzing the ethnographic of communication of Marqus dialogues,
drawing conclusion and proposing suggestion toward the data.
The writer conducts research Ethnography of Communication of Marqus Flavious Aquilla, The Major Character in The Eagle movie (2011) which uses SPEAKING grid by Hymes for analyzing. SPEAKING grid of ethnography of communication is Settings or Scene, Participants, Ends, Keys, Instruments, Genre. The writer doesn"t involve the term "norm" because particular reason which is discussed in previous chapter. The clear description of Ethnography of communication by Marqus is as follows,
1. This research findings ethnography of communication of Marqus is as follows: Setting of ethnography of communication by Marqus dialogues is
at garrison, at uncle"s home, at jungle, at government office. The scene of particular settings is firstly at garrison the scene of Marqus is surprised, secondly the scene is emotional toward the uncle"s home setting. Thirdly
x the scene at the jungle is a firm. The last is at government office, the scene is happy.
2. Participant of Marqus communication is the sender and receiver. The sender is as commander, as ex society member, as employer, and as friend while the receiver is as ex-commander, as employer, and as patient.
3. End of communication by Marqus is to command, to get honor, to get information, and to believe.
4. Act sequences of Marqus communication is commanding, getting the honor, getting information, believing.
5. Keys of Marqus communication consists of two aspect, those are tone and manner. The tone of Marqus utterances is flat, tense, worried, and intimidate, while manner of Marqus utterances is low intonation and high intonation.
6. Instruments of Marqus communication involves two aspect, those are verbal communication and non-verbal communication. The verbal communication consists of formal style and informal style, while the nonverbal communication is by lifting the thumb.
7. Genre of Marqus communication is command, and prayer.
According to the research findings in chapter four, so the writer concludes briefly of the research. Marqus communication has been influenced by the society which is gaining the rumor, many more contribution of Roman society in growing Marqus intellectuality. The intellectuality relate to cognitive process who can affects somebody in delivering speech. Rome is civilized people who like to
establish, expand land territory for colonialism. The people like to employ the savage, so it affects the paradigm of Marqus toward the tribe people outside of
Rome. Marqus is tension and high intonation when he delivers speech. Temperamental and emotional person when talk to other is his character. Being commander who ambitiousness to find the honor back to his family with struggle not to let dishonor himselves in leading.
The social class of Rome culture toward the savage also makes him elevates the prestige. Especially the great cause of family about the honor, they are government military legion from the grandfather so it flows military blood to
Marqus which has higher position than generally society member. He sees that the common people must follow what he decides to. Hymes delivers SPEAKING (settings, participants, ends, act, keys, instruments, norms, and genre) aspect in analyzing communicative events. The writer
eliminates an aspect from SPEAKING in analyzing the data. The writer removes "norms". The reason is norms can"t be analyzed from movie data. It needs in real society data communication in particular time, more than just a section time.


Predicting the part thermal history during the selective laser melting (SLM) process is critical to understand the influence of the process parameters to the part quality. Existing finite element based thermal analysis is mainly associated with simplifications in mesh configuration, heat source model, and domain size. The proposed work presents an efficient adaptive remeshing technique that enables part-scale SLM process simulations and helps reduce model size without sacrificing accuracy. The proposed work enables the part-scale simulation computationally efficient using existing commercial solvers. In this paper, the SLM process simulation for an entire part was developed considering different process parameters. The model predicts the influence of the process parameters on part thermal history, melt pool statistics, and lack-of-fusion porosity. The predicted results find an agreement with the experimental results in literature. Furthermore, the remeshing technique is demonstrated to be more computationally efficient than the existing element death and birth approach and also shows clear advantages compared with existing adaptive remeshing approaches.


We have used infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode to analyze the interactions between the polymeric base and solvent with a photochromic material (spyropiran). We used cellulose acetate as polymeric base and the spyropiran; 1,3,3 trimethyl indoline-5-nitro benzopyrane. Thin films with different weight concentrations of SP were deposited in the polymeric base. The infrared spectra show bands whose frequencies are associated to several molecular bondings. It was observed a decreasing in intensity of absorbance for C = O stretching mode of the acetate group at 1720 cm−1 and for C = C stretching mode for the main chain at 823 and 982 cm−1 both associated to the presence of SP in polymeric films.


This group, which is concerned with the applications of mathematics to agricultural science, was formed in 1970 and has since met at approximately yearly intervals in London for one-day meetings. The thirty-seventh meeting of the group, chaired by J. Craigon of The University of Nottingham, was held in the Kohn Centre at the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London on Friday, 8 April 2005 when the following papers were read.


. Change detection is an important research direction in the field of remote sensing technology. However, for hyperspectral images, the nonlinear relationship between the two temporal images will increase the difficulty of judging whether the pixel is changed or not. To solve this problem, a hyperspectral change detection method is proposed in which the transformation matrices are obtained by using the constraint formula based on the minimum spectral angle, which uses both spectral and spatial information. Further, a kernel function is used to handle the nonlinear points. There are three main steps in the proposed method: first, the two temporal hyperspectral images are transformed into new dimensional space by a nonlinear function; second, in the dimension of observation, all the observations are combined into a vector, and then the two transformation matrices are obtained by using the formula of spectral angle constraint; and third, each pixel is given weight with a spatial weight map, which combined the spectral information and spatial information. Study results on three data sets indicate that the proposed method performs better than most unsupervised methods. © 2022 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) [DOI: 10.1117/1.JRS.16.016503]


To what extent, and under what conditions, have workfare reforms shaped public opinion towards the unemployed? This article unpacks the punitive and enabling dimensions of the workfare turn and examines how changes to the rights and obligations of the unemployed have influenced related policy preferences. To do so, it presents a novel dataset on these reforms across a diverse set of welfare states and investigates potential feedback effects by combining our data with four waves of survey data from Europe and North America. Results suggest that while enabling measures generate more lenient attitudes towards the unemployed, punitive measures have no clear effect on public opinion – but they do accentuate the gap between the preferences of high- and low-income individuals. This leads us to conclude that the trend towards punitive and enabling measures since the 1980s has not broadly undermined solidarity with the unemployed, though it has increased income-based polarization.


Abstract Learning curves have been described for different health technologies, mainly new surgical or diagnostic procedures, but learning curves for a new hospitals laboratory procedures have not been systematically studied. To monitor the timeliness (turnaround time) of stat tests from the Emergency Department as a marker of laboratory quality and to address the issue of a learning curve for procedures performed in a new hospital laboratory, we employed a computerized system for collecting data of turnaround time (from order entry to result verification) on stat tests from the Emergency Department of a newly opened (July 24, 2000) 471-bed general hospital. The data collection operates without user intervention. We evaluated the turnaround times of stat complete blood count and biochemistry tests from August 2000 to December 2001. Results show that it took 6 to 12 months before the turnaround times reached a plateau, we believe that this is the learning curve of a new hospital laboratory. Computer-generated turnaround times for Emergency Department stat tests appear to be a useful tool for monitoring the quality of laboratory tests and can demonstrate the learning curve of a new hospital laboratory. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41(10):13731378


Postnatal muscle growth and repair is supported by satellite cells--myogenic progenitors positioned between the myofiber basal lamina and plasma membrane. In adult muscles, satellite cells are quiescent but become activated and contribute differentiated progeny when myofiber repair is needed. The development of cells expressing osteogenic and adipogenic genes alongside myoblasts in myofiber cultures raised the hypothesis that satellite cells possess mesenchymal plasticity. Clonal studies of myofiber-associated cells further suggest that satellite cell myogeneity and diversion into Mesenchymal Alternative Differentiation (MAD) occur in vitro by a stochastic mechanism. However, in vivo this potential may be executed only when myogenic signals are impaired and the muscle tissue is compromised. Such a mechanism may contribute to the increased adiposity of aging muscles. Alternatively, it is possible that mesenchymal interstitial cells (sometimes co-isolated with myofibers), rather than satellite cells, account for the nonmyogenic cells observed in myogenic cultures. Herein, we first elaborate on the myogenic potential of satellite cells. We then introduce definitions of adult stem-cell unipotency, multipotency, and plasticity, as well as elaborate on recent studies that established the status of satellite cells as myogenic stem cells. Last, we highlight evidence in favor of satellite cell plasticity and emerging hurdles restraining this hypothesis.


Spin fluctuations in the paramagnetic phase of the spin-density-wave antiferromagnet Cr are greatly reduced by doping with V, as observed directly by inelastic neutron scattering, and indirectly by the effect on the nuclear magnetic relaxation time, the nature of the Neel transition, the electrical resistivity, the thermal expansion and bulk modulus, and the magnetic susceptibility. The collation here of these previously reported experimental results shows their significance, while the effect of V doping on the magnetoelastic properties of Cr is represented directly, rather than through the change in the magnetic Gruneisen parameter, as previously.


In Sri Lanka, university entrance is highly competitive with only two percent of students having the opportunity for admission. This situation manipulates a severe competition among students and it gives rise to the establishment of private universities. This establishment creates numerous issues on social and economic aspects. Recently in Sri Lanka, there is an increase in demand on private university degree programs. This study attempts to examine the socio economic factors that can affect the demand for private university education of undergraduates in South Asian Institute of Technology & Medicine and Sri Lankan Institute of Information Technology. This study would help the policy makers to improve the quality of undergraduate education.The sample subjects comprised 150 out of undefined number of undergraduates covering both private and public sector universities in Colombo district and the data were gathered through questionnaires. Contributing elements were identified through extensive review of literature and a preliminary study. Finally an instrument was designed with 29 statements with a 5 point rating scale and open ended questions. Chi-square, Multiple Regression Model, Binary Logistic Regression Model method were utilized to analyze the data. The findings revealed that gender, living sector, parents' educational level, occupation of parents, ethnicity, A/L Stream, A/L attempt, ability to enter to a state university, degree type, specified area of the degree, place of residence and satisfaction of the degree, have a significant impact on undergraduates' education. This study concludes the above socio-economic factors have a significant impact on the demand of private university degree programs.


The emerging field of Linked Data for Digital Cultural Heritage presents new challenges and possibilities for memory institutions and the way they model their digital collections for open access. The essay reviews current semantically-informed practices and conceptualisations, standards and applied frameworks on this topic, with a focus on Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). In particular, the essay identifies and reviews the scope of applied frameworks for a semantically informed digital documentation of intangible cultural heritage by memory institutions, a topic with limited contributions in academic literature so far. The essay starts with an overview of the current digital transformation in the GLAM sector. Following a data centered approach, it analyses conceptual models of linked data in connection to digital heritage. It further reviews the working models and metadata schemas of linked data in particular for Intangible Cultural Heritage including innovative examples and finally, discusses challenges and new concepts for future research on the topic.


According to the traditional probability theory, events with a positive but very small probability can occur (although very rarely). For example, from the purely mathematical viewpoint, it is possible that the thermal motion of all the molecules in a coffee cup goes in the same direction, so this cup starts lifting up. In contrast, physicists believe that events with extremely small probability cannot occur. In this paper, we show that to get a consistent formalization of this belief, we need, in addition to the original probability measure, to also consider a maxitive (possibility) measure.


A detailed derivation of the exact expression for the average work done in a transverse f ield quench of the quantum Ising model ground state is presented. In the thermodynamic limit, it is proved that the average work done generally has inflection points at the critical field for the pre-quench quantum phase transition. The first divergent field derivative is calculated and is shown to diverge logarithmically. We also demonstrate that the average work done is equal to the product of the transverse magnetization of the pre-quench ground state and the change in the magnetic f ield. Keywords: Quantum quench, quantum Ising model, quantum phase transition


Agrochemicals are regulated very thoroughly at both the national and international levels. Toxicology tests generally include lifetime rodent studies to determine whether or not the the compound is capable of causing cancer. In addition, a battery of shorter duration tests designed to evaluate an agent's genotoxic potential are conducted. These studies provide insight into the toxicological mechanisms of the agents tested and provide an opportunity to evaluate the relationship between activity at the molecular level and observations made in cancer studies. In this article, the major tests required by regulatory authorities have been described and the results obtained for many agrochemicals are presented. The main databases used were IARC, USEPA and CDPR and the main publications considered were Eastmond and Balakrishnan (2001), Gold and Ames (2001), and Sasaki et al. (2000). Tumor sites are also presented and correlations drawn, where possible, between genotoxic activity and reported oncogenicity. Furthermore, a number of types of cancer are described where the primary cause may not be a genotoxic event, but instead an epigenetic phenomenon, and some possible examples are given. Finally, some suggestions are provided for potentially improving the regulation of pesticides that cause cancer using the tools of molecular biology.

Keywords:

allele;
aneuloidy;
auxotroph;
base-pair substitution;
cancer;
carcinogen;
codon;
epigenetic;
frame-shift mutation;
gene;
genetic toxicology;
genome;
locus;
mitotic gene conversion;
mutation;
mutagen;
prototroph;
tumor


A three dimensional adjustable supporting system is described which is useful in achieving a trouble-free mandibular position in asymmetrical myoarthropathies. The reproducible adjustment of the supporting point makes it possible to compare different favourable positions of the condyle with least expenditure of technique and time. The description is supplemented by a case report.


Techniques described herein provide innovation directed to forming a temporary, ad hoc network. A first node can receive a request to initiate an ad hoc distributed network with at least a second node. A connection with the second node can be initiated based on a determination that the second node is an authorized member of the ad hoc distributed network in which the determination is based on fulfilling a condition within a smart contract that manages membership. A tunnel can be generated from the first node to the second node to send packets to the second node. Based on an event within a distributed ledger of the first node describing shutting down the ad-hoc distributed network, a copy of the distributed ledger can be sent to storage and the connection with the second node can be shut down. Previously available blockchain systems do not employ abilities to track products beyond mere custody information. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Many traditional storage systems are centralized storage systems. In such storage systems, one or more servers serve as a central repository that stores information. The central repository is accessible to various client devices. The central repository is often managed by a business entity that typically charges a fee to access the central repository. In some instances, there is a transaction fee associated with each transaction. For example, there is often a transaction fee for writing information that pertains to a new transaction, and another transaction fee for accessing information related to an old transaction. As such, centralized storage systems tend to be relatively expensive. Some centralized storage systems are susceptible to unauthorized data manipulation. For example, in some instances, a malicious actor may gain unauthorized access to a central repository and may surreptitiously change information stored in the 2 Venable et al.: DYNAMIC GENESIS AND COLD DEATH OF DISTRIBUTED LEDGER SYSTEMS Published by Technical Disclosure Commons, 2019 2 5884X central repository. In some scenarios, the unauthorized changes may not be detected. As such, the information stored in a centralized repository is at risk of being inaccurate. In a distributed ledger environment (blockchain), the nodes (e.g., network routers and other devices) are 'approved' members of a blockchain while 'unapproved' nodes are excluded. In blockchain parlance, node admission is via Proof of Authority in the smart contracts; e.g., the blockchain is hosting a distributed certificate authority that is censorship resistance because its policies and actions are automated via the smart contracts running in the network. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) mesh overlays can implement secure endto-end routing and cryptographic message protection. SSL/VPN meshes are also possible in a PKI environment. With the blockchain, novel new addressability mechanisms arise. The concept of building a new blockchain on the fly for a temporary purpose also has appealing applications. Interposing routers (e.g. devices from certain competitors or countries, etc.) are oblivious to these networks, which may be persistent or temporary or intent-driven. Figure 1, below, is a schematic diagram of a distributed ledger environment.


An analysis is presented of a single-axis rate gyro subjected to linear feedback control mounted on a space vehicle that is spinning with uncertain angular velocity ωZ(t) about its spin of the gyro. The stability of the nonlinear nonautonomous system is investigated by Liapunov stability and instability theorems. As the electrical time constant is much smaller than the mechanical time constant, the full singularly perturbed system is obtained. We study the stability of the system by forming a Liapunov function candidate as a linear combination of the Liapunov functions for the reduced and boundary-layer systems. When the perturbation near angular velocity ωZ(t) of the space vehicle is harmonic, the feedback control system reduces to a planar system of parametrical excitation by the singular perturbation theory. Using the Melnikov technique, we can give criteria for the existence of chaos in the gyro motion. The numerical results, in which the existence of chaos is demonstrated, are presented in the form of phase plane, Poincaré maps, bifurcation diagrams and Lyapunov exponents.


intoxication. This is due, he claims, to the accumulative effect-of the alcohol.' 3. With an excessive dose of glucose not only is the glycogenic function stimulated to meet the demand for a uniform blood sugar content, but more glucose is oxidized, as evidenced bv a rising respiratory quotient. Sugar has a specific dynamic action, alcohol has no such specific dynamic action; and, moreover, a high alcohol concentration in the blood not only limits its own oxidation, but also the oxidation of other sources of energy.2 These facts, coupled with many others, lie" behind such a dictum as: " Throughout the body generally the prese'nce of even a slight amount of undecomposed alcohol leads to a diminution of the chemical energy of the cells, which inter. feres with metabolism and may result in chronic disease. . The habitual consumption of alcohol in quantities which, though insufficient to produce any outward and visible signs of intoxication, are yet beyond the immediate oxidizing power of the cells, may end in playing ha'voc "withthe tissues." -I am, etc., Beckenham, Kent, March 26th. COURTENAY C. WEEKS.


This paper presents a model for measuring personal knowledge development in online learning environments. It is based on Nonaka's SECI model of organisational knowledge creation. It is argued that Socialisation is not a relevant mode in the context of online learning and was therefore not covered in the measurement instrument. Therefore, the remaining three of SECI's knowledge conversion modes, namely Externalisation, Combination, and Internalisation were used and a measurement instrument was created which also examines the interrelationships between the three modes. Data was collected using an online survey, in which online learners report on their experiences of personal knowledge development in online learning environments. In other words, the instrument measures the magnitude of online learners' Externalisation and combination activities as well as their level of internalisation, which is the outcome of their personal knowledge development in online learning.


Abstract Optical burst switching (OBS) has been regarded as the next generation optical switching technology. In this paper, the routing problem based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm in OBS has been studies and analyzed. Simulation results indicate that, the PSO based routing algorithm will optimal than the conversional shortest path first algorithm in space cost and calculation cost. Conclusions have certain theoretical significances for the improvement of OBS routing protocols.


Objectives This study assessed preferences for human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling if offered as an alternative to clinician-based screening at the point of invitation for cervical screening. Setting and Methods An online questionnaire was completed by screening-eligible women living in England (n = 3672). Logistic regressions explored associations between demographic characteristics and screening preferences, stratified by previous screening attendance. Reasons for preferences were also assessed. Results Half of participants (51.4%) intended to choose self-sampling, 36.5% preferred clinician screening, 10.5% were unsure, and <2% preferred no screening. More irregular and never attenders chose self-sampling, compared with regular attenders (71.1% and 70.1% vs. 41.0% respectively). Among regular attenders, self-sampling was preferred more frequently by the highest occupational grade, older and lesbian, gay and bisexual women, and those with experience of blood self-tests. In the irregular attender group, older women and those with experience of blood self-tests were more likely to choose self-sampling. In 'never attenders', self-sampling was less popular in ethnic minority groups. Conclusions If offered a choice of screening, around half of women in England may choose self-sampling, but a substantial proportion would still opt for clinician screening. Screening providers will need to manage a high take-up of self-sampling if many regular attenders switch to self-sampling.


The paper proposes one approach to predict the behavior of complex dynamic systems based on monitoring data presented as time series. The general idea of the approach is a decomposition of a prediction task of the behavior of a complex dynamic system possessing substantial structural and parametric uncertainty. The prediction task is performed in two stages. The first stage realizes the retrospective situational modeling for individual time periods resulting in a set of situational models in the form of simple regressions. The second stage comprises inductive modeling based on the previous situational modeling results. According to the approach, the prediction by means of such combined situational-inductive modeling is aimed at establishing relevant situational models of regression type being adequate in the future within certain limited time periods. The approach allows using simultaneously both the principle of optimization in modeling and the principle of adaptation to situational changes occurring in dynamic systems. Keywords—mototoring data; predictive modeling; situational and inductive models; time series


DNA methylation is a key epigenetic modification in the regulation of cell fate and differentiation, and its analysis is gaining increasing importance in both basic and clinical research. Targeted Bisulfite Sequencing (TBS) has become the method of choice for the cost-effective, targeted analysis of the human methylome at base-pair resolution. Here we benchmarked five commercially available TBS platforms, including three hybridization capture-based (Agilent, Roche, and Illumina) and two RRBS-based (Diagenode and NuGen), across 16 samples. A subset of these were also compared to whole-genome DNA methylation sequencing with the Illumina and Oxford Nanopore platforms. We assessed performance with respect to workflow complexity, on/off-target performance, coverage, accuracy and reproducibility. We find all platforms able to produce usable data but major differences for some performance criteria, especially in the number and identity of the CpG sites covered, which affects the interoperability of datasets generated on these different platforms. To overcome this limitation, we used imputation and show that it improves the interoperability from an average of 10.35% (0.8M CpG sites) to 97% (7.6M CpG sites). Our study provides cross-validated guidance on which TBS platform to use for different features of the methylome and offers an imputation-based harmonization solution for improved interoperability between platforms, allowing comparative and integrative analysis.


Parallel optical links are promising key techniques for increasing the transmission capacity and distance of high-throughput interconnections in B-ISDN systems. The most important requirements in these links are small size, low power consumption, and low cost. These requirements cannot be met using the optical devices and modules used in conventional long-haul, large-capacity optical transmission systems. This paper describes some new parallel optical links and their array technologies.


Tthe structure of the title compound, C15H24O5, has been redetermined at 103 (2) K, with much improved precision. The title compound was first reported by Luo, Yeh, Brossi, Flippen-Anderson & Gillardi [Helv. Chim. Acta (1984). 67, 1515–1522]. It is a derivative of the antimalaria compound artemisinin and consists primarily of three substituted ring systems fused together. A cyclohexane ring (with a distorted chair conformation), is fused to a tetrahydropyran group (also with a distorted chair conformation), and is adjacent to an oxacycloheptane unit containing an endoperoxide bridge. This gives the molecule a unique three-dimensional arrangement. The crystal packing is stabilized by intermolecular C–H⋯O and O–H⋯O interactions between an H atom from the cyclohexane ring and an O atom from the endoperoxide bridge, as well as between the hydroxyl H atom and an O atom from a tetrahydropyran ring.


The advent of computerized consumer products, such as for example automobiles, mobile systems, etc., has produced a large increase in the need for dependable (or robust) systems. As cost is a relevant issue for such systems, the cost of dependability has to be kept low. Furthermore, as the replication of software is virtually free compared to the replication of hardware, the trend is to implement more and more functions in software. This motivates the search for methodologies for cost efficient design and assessment of dependable software.
An established approach for designing dependable software entails addition of error detection mechanisms (EDM's) and error recovery mechanisms (ERM's). The effectiveness of these mechanisms, however, is achieved only if their composition is matched with their placement in locations where they are actually effective. It is the development of a systematic methodology to profile software in order to compose and locate EDM's and ERM's, that this thesis endeavors to achieve.
Presented in this thesis is a set of approaches for profiling software such that the most vulnerable and/or critical modules and signals can be identified in a quantifiable way. The profiling methodology relies on the analysis of error propagation and error effect in modular software. The results obtainable with these profiles indicate where in a given software system, errors tend to propagate and where they tend to cause the most damage as experienced by the environment.
The main contribution of this thesis is a software profiling methodology that encompasses development of the fault injection tool suite PROPANE (Propagation Analysis Environment) and the analysis framework EPIC (Exposure, Permeability, Impact, Criticality---the four main metrics introduced in the framework). The vision is that this contribution can aid software developers in the design and assessment of dependable software in the early stages of development.


Body image and its relationship to women's well-being has been researched extensively partially because of its links with dangerous dieting behaviors. However, research has been limited to investigating specific aspects of self-concept and has failed to look at beliefs about the body in the more specific context of women's lives. The study extended research by examining the interaction between body image, goal striving, and well-being in a clinical and nonclinical sample. It was hypothesized that the extent to which body image is a main goal in a woman's life and the extent to which she sees it to be related to striving for other life goals (embeddedness) would influence how strongly body dissatisfaction impacts on her well-being. Women (N= 161) completed a questionnaire. Results indicated that embeddedness of body image moderated the relationship between body and life satisfaction for all women and that this effect was consistent over a 3-month follow-up. Clinical differences were found. Results highlight the importance of seeing body image in the context of women's lives, not just for those with eating disorders but for those without. Suggestions for therapeutic intervention are made.


To the Editor. –I read with interest and chagrin the article "Mycotic Aneurysm of the Carotid Artery" ( Arch Surg 109:496, 1974) by Ledgerwood and Lucas, which was followed by an editorial comment by one of the Archives' editors. This article reported three cases of mycotic aneurysms in the carotid artery. Treatment included proximal ligation of the innominate, left carotid, and left internal carotid arteries. In the first two patients, a second operation was required to place the distal ligature on the involved vasculature. The thrust of this article seemed to emphasize proximal ligation, followed by an interval of seven to 14 days for antibiotic therapy, and then distal ligation. Vascular reconstruction "will almost always be prevented by the absence of an uninvolved tissue plane, due to the extent of soft tissue infection." They avoided any discussion of the possibility of carotid artery stump pressures as a means of determining which


Epidural venography is a relatively simple and highly accurate method of diagnosing disc herniations in the lumbar region. Good opacification of the epidural venous plexus can be obtained by selective catheterization of ascending lumbar and/or internal iliac veins. Experience with 227 cases is described. The examination appears to be at least as accurate as myelography at the L4-L5 level and more reliable than myelography in cases of lateral disc herniations at L5-SI. Epidural venography is recommended as the examination of choice in patients with suspected lumbar disc herniation.


Paired comparison models in loglinear form are generalised linear models and can be fitted using the IWLS algorithm. Unfortunately, the design matrices can become very large and thus a method is needed to reduce computational load (relating to both space and time). This paper discusses an algorithm for fitting loglinear paired comparison models in the presence of many nuisance parameters which is based on partition rules for symmetric matrices and takes advantage of the special structure of the design matrix in Poisson loglinear models. The algorithm is implemented as an R function. Some simple examples illustrate its use for fitting both paired comparison models and (multinomial) logit models. (author's abstract)


Current trends in processor design are pointing to deeper and wider pipelines and superscalar architectures. The efficient use of these resources requires speculative execution, a technique whereby the processor continues executing the predicted path of a branch before the branch condition is resolved. In this paper, we investigate the implications of speculative execution on instruction cache performance. We explore policies for managing instruction cache misses ranging from aggressive policies (always fetch on the speculative path) to conservative ones (wait until branches are resolved). We test these policies and their interaction with next-line prefetching by simulating the effects on instruction caches with varying architectural parameters. Our results suggest that an aggressive policy combined with next-line prefetching is best for small latencies while more conservative policies are preferable for large latencies.


In this paper, we prove some integral-norm inequalities for the polar derivative of lacunary-type complex polynomials having zeros in closed exterior or closed interior of a circle. The results obtained besides derive polar derivative analogues of some classical Bernstein and Tur?n-type inequalities for the uniform-norm also include several interesting generalizations and refinements of some integral-norm inequalities for polynomials as well.


ABSTRACT Comparative gene identification-58 (CGI-58), also known as α/β hydrolase domain containing 5, is the co-activator of adipose triglyceride lipase that hydrolyzes triglycerides stored in the cytosolic lipid droplets. Mutations in CGI-58 gene cause Chanarin–Dorfman syndrome (CDS), an autosomal recessive neutral lipid storage disease with ichthyosis. The liver pathology of CDS manifests as steatosis and steatohepatitis, which currently has no effective treatments. Perilipin-3 (Plin3) is a member of the Perilipin–ADRP–TIP47 protein family that is essential for lipid droplet biogenesis. The objective of this study was to test a hypothesis that deletion of a major lipid droplet protein alleviates fatty liver pathogenesis caused by CGI-58 deficiency in hepatocytes. Adult CGI-58-floxed mice were injected with adeno-associated vectors simultaneously expressing the Cre recombinase and microRNA against Plin3 under the control of a hepatocyte-specific promoter, followed by high-fat diet feeding for 6 weeks. Liver and blood samples were then collected from these animals for histological and biochemical analysis. Plin3 knockdown in hepatocytes prevented steatosis, steatohepatitis, and necroptosis caused by hepatocyte CGI-58 deficiency. Our work is the first to show that inhibiting Plin3 in hepatocytes is sufficient to mitigate hepatocyte CGI-58 deficiency-induced hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis in mice.


This paper presents the development of a multi laser tracker system (MLTS) used as position feedback sensor, which can track a retro-reflector mounted on the moving kinematic. Four laser trackers build up the MLTS. In the first part of the study, we present the required algorithms that enable the MLTS to measure the position of the retro-reflector. The algorithms include the localization of the retro-reflector, the communication between the laser trackers as well as the tracking control of the laser beam. The localization algorithm is designed to find the retro-reflector within an initialization phase, which is based on an Archimedean spiral derived in polar coordinates. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm allows the single laser tracker to search the retro-reflector in the complete working range. To accelerate the initialization phase a communication channel between the laser trackers of the MTLS is designed. In the case that two laser trackers at least hit the target, the position information is utilized to support the residual laser trackers of the MLTS to localize the retro-reflector. In the second part of this study we present the tracking control to follow the retro-reflector. After the initialization phase is finished the tracking control algorithm is activated to follow the retro-reflector. The model-based control consists of a PID controller in combination with disturbance compensation.


Purpose: The antimicrobial resistance of Helicobacter pylori is one of the critical factors in failure of eradication therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial resistance of H. pylori in Korean children. Methods: Gastric mucosal specimens for H. pylori were obtained from children with dyspepsia who were cared for at Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital in Seoul, Korea between 2003 and 2009. Antimicrobial resistance tests were performed using the disk diffusion method for clarithromycin and amoxicillin and the E-test for metronidazole and tetracycline. Most children with H. pylori infections were treated using triple therapies. Results: Thirty-three children had positive H. pylori cultures, although a resistance test was only performed in 28 patients. Resistant strains were found in 9 children (32.1%). The resistance rates to clarithromycin and metronidazole were 25% and 17.8%, respectively. There was no resistance to amoxicillin or tetracycline. The resistance rates decreased from 44.4% (2003∼2006) to 26.3% (2006∼2009) during the study period. Conclusion: Korean children demonstrated relatively high antimicrobial resistance to H. pylori in this study. However, there was a temporarily decreasing trend during the study period. A larger multi-regional study may be needed to determine the optimal antimicrobial treatment for pediatric patients infected with H. pylori. (Korean J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011; 14: 45∼51)


Abstract This paper reports a new liquid metal embrittlement (LME) system in which a dual-phase Al0.7CoCrFeNi (equimolar fraction) high-entropy alloy (HEA) is embrittled by lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) at 350 and 500°C. At 350°C, (Ni, Al)-rich BCC phase is embrittled, leading to intragrain cracking within this phase, while the predominant cracking mode changes to BCC/FCC phase boundary decohesion at 500°C. At both temperatures, cracks are rarely seen in the (Co, Cr, Fe)-rich FCC phase, indicating that this phase is immune to LME. Furthermore, the results suggest a transition from an adsorption-dominated LME mechanism at 350°C to a phase boundary wetting-dominated LME mechanism at 500°C.


In the context of increasing global environmental challenges associated with anthropogenic destructive impact on the environment, the bioeconomic direction of sustainable development in combination with a closed production cycle becomes relevant, the development of which would help to overcome the imbalance of the ecological and economic system and minimise the burden on the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to comprehensively consider the prerequisites for the establishment of a framework of categories for combining green concepts of sustainable development, in particular, to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations for interpreting the fundamental features of circular bioeconomy to form a specific vision of the issue. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special theoretical and empirical methods, in particular inductive and deductive, heuristic method, graphic, analysis and synthesis, etc. At the empirical level, descriptive, comparative, and observational approaches are used. The theoretical level covers the historical, abstract-logical, hypothetical, formalisation method as a manifestation of logical thinking and theoretical generalisation for formulating the results of the study. This study systematises the ideas of leading scientists on the positioning of circular economy and bioeconomy, highlights similarities and differences in the process of combining concepts, identifies fundamental generic and specific features, establishes complementary relationships to generate the author's position and formulate a fundamental vision of the problems of circular bioeconomy. The practical significance of the study is conditioned by scientific substantiation of the terminological platform of the problems of circular bioeconomy. Further research is aimed at developing criteria for regulating the bioeconomic system with subsequent evaluation of results


Gray leaf spot (GLS), caused by the sibling species Cercospora zeina or Cercospora zeae-maydis, is cited as one of the most important diseases threatening global maize production. C. zeina fails to produce cercosporin in vitro and, in most cases, causes large coalescing lesions during maize infection, a symptom generally absent from cercosporin-deficient mutants in other Cercospora spp. Here, we describe the C. zeina cercosporin toxin biosynthetic (CTB) gene cluster. The oxidoreductase gene CTB7 contained several insertions and deletions as compared with the C. zeae-maydis ortholog. We set out to determine whether complementing the defective CTB7 gene with the full-length gene from C. zeae-maydis could confer in vitro cercosporin production. C. zeina transformants containing C. zeae-maydis CTB7 were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation and were evaluated for in vitro cercosporin production. When grown on nitrogen-limited medium in the light-conditions conducive to cercosporin production in other Cercospora spp.-one transformant accumulated a red pigment that was confirmed to be cercosporin by the KOH assay, thin-layer chromatography, and ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Our results indicated that C. zeina has a defective CTB7, but all other necessary machinery required for synthesizing cercosporin-like molecules and, thus, C. zeina may produce a structural variant of cercosporin during maize infection.


elongated because the computer printer prints out characters leaving more space between rows than between columns.discussion of the technique and comparison of language. a set of subrou-tines for solving elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations.A programming system for the simulation of systems described by partial differential equations. comment This algorithm algebraically expands arbitrarily parenthesized expressions into monomials. Distribution is direct, without intermediate expansion of lower level expressions. The algorithm has been used as a part of algebra programs in theoretical physics [2, 3]. It was devised by H. J. Kaiser [1] and reconstructed by M. J. Levine. Expansion proceeds in two steps: First, parsing an input expression into a sequence of variable-operator pairs with associated parenthesis-level information, and then picking out the variables which belong together as factors of monomial terms. EXPAND accepts an abbreviated ALGoL-like syntax: (variable) ::= A [B I C]D [E]FIG (primary) ::= (variable) I ((expression)) (term) ::= (primary) I (term) × (primary) (expression) ::= (term) I (expression) + (term) REFERENCES : 1. KAISER, H. J. Trace calculation on electronic computer. Nuclear Physics tfl (1963), 620. 2. LEWNE, M. J. Dirae matrix and tensor algebras on a computer. comment There are two problems in distribution: first, to select the variables in an expression which belong together as factors of the current monomial, and then to alter the reference marks in USED to indicate the next monomial. A Boolean value in USED is associated with each variable-operator pair. The expression is scanned from the left to select the first unused variable, and then any variables in an additive relation to the selected variable are skipped before continuing the scanning for other factors. For the next monomial, the first selected variable followed by a "-t-" is marked used, and the marks on all the variables to the left are altered, depending on


Wisconsin's death rate due to falls among adults 65 years and older is more than twice the national average. The hospitalization rate due to falls-related injuries in Wisconsin increased slightly from 1995 to 2002, with an injury rate of 2159 per 100,000 in 1995, and 2263 per 100,000 in 2002. Emergency department (ED) utilization and hospitalization rates for falls-related injury are higher for women than for men in Wisconsin. In 2002, the total statewide charges for hospitalizations and ED visits for falls-related injuries were more than $96 million. Two thirds of those admitted to the hospital for a falls-related injury were discharged to a nursing home or rehabilitation facility. Multifactorial intervention strategies have been shown to decrease the rate of falls in randomized, controlled trials. The purpose of this paper is to describe trends in falls-related injury fatalities, hospitalizations, and ED visits in Wisconsin. Also included are cost data related to falls, identification of risk factors, and descriptions of the possible role of physicians and other health care professionals in interdisciplinary, multifocal programs to prevent falls-related injuries in high-risk older adults.


Changes in microbiome (dysbiosis) contribute to severity of allergic asthma. Preexisting epidemiological studies in humans correlate perinatal dysbiosis with increased long-term asthma severity. However, these studies cannot discriminate between prenatal and postnatal effects of dysbiosis and suffer from a high variability of dysbiotic causes ranging from antibiotic treatment, delivery by caesarian section to early-life breastfeeding practices. Given that maternal antibiotic exposure in mice increases the risk of newborn bacterial pneumonia in offspring, we hypothesized that prenatal maternal antibiotic-induced dysbiosis induces long-term immunological effects in the offspring that also increase long-term asthma severity. Therefore, dams were exposed to antibiotics (gentamycin, ampicillin, vancomycin) from embryonic day 15 until birth. Six weeks later, asthma was induced in the offspring by repeated applications of house dust mite extract. Airway function, cytokine production, pulmonary cell composition and distribution were assessed. Our study revealed that prenatally induced dysbiosis in mice led to an increase in pulmonary Th17+ non-conventional T cells with limited functional effect on airway resistance, pro-asthmatic Th2/Th17 cytokine production, pulmonary localization and cell-cell contacts. These data indicate that dysbiosis-related immune-modulation with long-term effects on asthma development occurs to a lesser extent prenatally and will allow to focus future studies on more decisive postnatal timeframes.


OBJECTIVES
To depict the CT and MRI characteristics of salivary gland lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) and provide more diagnostic information for this malignancy.

METHODS
103 salivary gland LEC subjects were retrospectively reviewed. The subjects include 35 males with a mean age of 40.8 years and 68 females with a mean age of 49.4 years. Of the 103 subjects, 86 had carcinomas in the parotid gland, 5 in the submandibular gland, 1 in the sublingual gland, 3 in the cheek and 8 in the palate. All subjects underwent routine CT and MRI (plain and contrast-enhanced scans) prior to surgical treatment and histopathological examination.

RESULTS
Based on the pathological outcomes, all the salivary gland LECs were classified into two types from CT and MRI scans: solitary LEC (56 cases, 54.4%) and multiple LEC (47 cases, 45.6%). The latter included solitary salivary gland LEC with extraglandular lymph-node metastases (12 cases), parotid gland LEC with ipsilateral intraglandular lymph-node metastases (11 cases), parotid gland LEC with ipsilateral intra- and extraglandular lymph-node metastases (23 cases) and bilateral parotid gland LEC (1 case). The salivary gland LEC was depicted on CT and MRI scans as a lobular mass in 64 of 104 (61.5%), homogeneous mass in 65 of 104 (62.5%) or enhanced neoplasm in 94 of 104 (90.4%).

CONCLUSIONS
Salivary gland LEC has a predilection for females in the fourth to fifth decade of life and the parotid gland. CT and MRI findings between solitary and multiple salivary LECs vary. A majority of multiple parotid gland LECs are characterized by metastasis of ipsilateral intraglandular lymph nodes, which may accompany with or without extraglandular lymph-node metastases.


Pharmacovigilance (or drug safety surveillance) is a branch of science which deals with adverse reactions of pharmaceutical products enclosing collection, detection, monitoring, assessment and prevention of adverse reaction of pharmaceutical products. It is one of the crucial steps in drug development process, which ensures safety of newly developed pharmaceutical product. This study is conducted before post marketing surveillance, which helps in assessing the risk benefit ratio of new pharmaceutical product. Thus the formulation gets approval from FDA for further processing.


This paper analysis economic and social impact of electoral revolutions in two early cases: Bulgaria and Slovakia. The analysis finds that while the pivotal elections were clearly a success in a narrow understanding of de-powering the illiberal incumbents, the improvements in socioeconomic development varied. The post-electoral success in a broad sense of bringing tangible improvements was context dependent and materialized to the greatest extent in the dimension where the country had the most difficulties prior to the electoral revolution. While the main motivation of 'regime change' in Slovakia was dissatisfaction with Meciar's semi-authoritarianism, economic crisis was the main factor behind the quest for change in Bulgaria. Hence, the main gains were political in Slovakia while in Bulgaria they materialized mainly along (macro-) economic lines. In neither of the cases, however, was the sizeable improvement in democratization and in macroeconomic criteria accompanied by similar improvement in social dimension.


When factory industrial development occurs in a region, people's livelihoods shift from the agrarian to the industrial sectors. The factory industry makes job opportunities available to people from all walks of life. The purpose of this research was to identify the strategies employed by factory workers to ensure their own survival. The study used qualitative descriptive methods. Research was conducted in Mojokerto Regency, Indonesia. The research used observations, interviews, and documentation. The findings were as follows: (1) survival mechanisms used by factory workers to meet their own needs are very diverse. They include doing side work, bringing family members to work, borrowing money from friends and cooperatives, and saving money for family expenses. They are all done to meet their own needs. (2) Workers' attempts to keep working are carried out by operating various machines, demonstrating the best work abilities possible, following factory rules, and attempting to win the approval of superiors so that their employment contracts might be extended. They act in order to be able to survive in competition with other factory workers.
Keywords: factory workers, job opportunities, Mojokerto Regency, needs fulfilment


Maturity-onset diabetes of the young 3 (MODY3) is an autosomal dominant monogenic diabetes mellitus characterized by defective β-cell function and non-insulin-dependent early-onset diabetes mellitus. The facts that patients with MODY3 are often misdiagnosed as type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus and genetic diagnosis is expensive, make its diagnosis very challenging. In this study, we reported a case of MODY3, which was verified to be caused by a mutation in hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α gene (c.598C>T, p.Arg200Trp). In addition, the patient had a neuroendocrine tumor simultaneously, and a KMT2D gene mutation (c.5587C>G, p.Pro1863Ala) might be associated with this leson.


The incidence of cancer increases exponentially with age and a large number of cancer patients are the older members of society. In many developing and some developed countries, the disease is usually detected at a stage when it is too late for aggressive anticancer therapy to have the desired effect. Most cancer patients suffer moderate to severe pain during the terminal phase of the disease. This pain is unpredictable and produces fear and anxiety in patients and family members. Morphine is the gold standard analgesic to control this pain, but its availability is restricted. The fear of diversion of morphine for non-medical uses has led to severe control on its availability. Studies have shown that diversion of medical morphine is not really an issue. This paper describes attempts to increase morphine availability through the courts in India. The courts have issued directives to improve the availability of the drug, yet 97% of Indian patients have very poor access to the drug. There is a need to improve access to pain-free end-of-life care. In the absence of morphine, physicians lack experience in its use. They need to be educated to provide for their patients a pain-free life. Patients and their families need to be educated that cancer need not end in a painful death. It is not adequate to be able to manage cancer alone; one needs to free the society from fear of cancer.


There is some experimental evidence that the E×B flows have radial structure that may be linked to rational surfaces. This flow structure may result from a self-organization process involving nonlinear flow amplification through Reynolds stress and fluctuation reduction by sheared flows. In stellarators, a large contribution to the Reynolds stress comes from the coupling of the magnetic field component of a vacuum field island with a plasma instability. In this process, the self-organization principle seems to be marginal stability for the fluctuations driving the flow.


Professor Herity is one of the leading archaeologists in the Early Christian period in Ireland. These papers document a sustained interest in the early development of Irish Christian monasteries and hermitages between the years 400 and 700. Major concerns include the form and layout, buildings and other monuments of these early foundations, particularly those on islands in the Atlantic, most of which were founded before 600. Examination of their cross-carved slabs and pillars has led to a study of the forms of the Tomb of the Founder Saint and the characteristic pilgrimage round known in Irish as an Turas and still performed today. The development of ideas based on the pioneer work of Francoise Henry is documented in two papers on Fechin's hermitage at Ardoilean or High Island off the Galway coast in 1977 and 1990. Recent papers are also concerned with the forms of the Chi-rho and other early crosses in the insular context.


Declining profit margins have forced Mississippi Delta cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) producers to consider conservation tillage as a means of reducing production inputs. Due to limited experience and research with conservation tillage in the Mississippi Delta, our objectives were to determine how no-till production affected cotton growth, light interception, dry matter partitioning, yield, and fiber quality compared with conventional tillage. Six cotton genotypes were evaluated in no-till and conventional tillage systems in 1997 and 1998. Data for dry matter partitioning, light interception, bloom counts, nodes above white bloom (NAWB), lint yield, yield components, and fiber quality were collected. Slower emergence delayed development of the no-till cotton throughout both seasons. No-till plants averaged 42% less leaf area index (LAI) during prebloom and 27% less LAI at midbloom than plants in conventional tillage before recovering to have similar late-season LAI. Conventional tillage plants intercepted 28% more sunlight during prebloom and 17% more sunlight at midbloom before both tillage treatments reached canopy closure late in the season. Flower production and cutout (NAWB = 5) were delayed in no-till compared with conventional tillage. Lint yield was 11% lower in the no-till treatment than in conventional tillage due primarily to an 8% reduction in the number of bolls m -2 . Fiber quality traits were inconsistently altered by tillage treatments across years. The delayed blooming period of the no-till plants meant that these plants may have encountered slightly different weather during bloom, possibly contributing to the yield and fiber quality differences between treatments.


A large number of factors have an impact on leadership effectiveness. One of the most commonly cited is the leadership potential of the leaders themselves. Leaders as individuals are defined in this manner by their inherited qualities and the personality-trait development they have either received or actually achieved themselves. Furthermore leadership (the conduct of leaders) is closely connected to leaders' motivation, values and work ethic, and the power and authority that leaders acquire or build. To determine the extent to which leadership effectiveness is related to personality-trait based leadership potential, the paper presents a proposed model of effective leadership in the public sector, which covers the formation of personal leadership potential and identifying leadership effectiveness. The paper presents a trial application of the model in Slovenia, which offers a realistic representation of leadership potential and leadership effectiveness, which are at a relatively low level due to past neglect of this field in Slovenian central government units.