The well-developed Jurassic and Cretaceous strata of northeastern China are mostly of non-marine origin. The definition of the nonmarine Jurassic/Cretaceous (J/K) boundary in northeastern China is based mainly on the age assignment of the well-known non-marine Jehol Biota of eastern Asia. Although the Eosestheria–Ephemeropsis– Lycoptera-bearing strata in China, Mongolia, and Transbaikalia (Russia) were originally assigned to the Early Cretaceous in the 1920s, the age of the entire Jehol Group of western Liaoning, northeastern China, which contains the Jehol Biota in the lower part and the Fuxin Biota in the upper part, was revised to Middle–Late Jurassic during the early 1960s. This age revision was further supported by the recovery of an apparent Bathonian (Middle Jurassic) Arctocephalites ammonite fauna and a Late Jurassic Buchia fauna from eastern Heilongjiang Province in the middle 1980s. During the early 1990s, through revisions of the ages of the above-mentioned marine faunas of eastern Heilongjiang from Jurassic to Early Cretaceous, the Jehol Biota was re-dated as Early Cretaceous by some authors. At the same time, the recovery of feathered dinosaurs, early birds, mammals, and angiosperms from the Yixian and Jiufotang formations encouraged precise radiometric dating of the Jehol Group and its underlying strata in western Liaoning and northern Hebei. The new radiometric dating indicates that the non-marine J/K boundary in northern China falls within the contemporaneous Houcheng Formation (northern Hebei) and Tuchengzi Formation (western Liaoning), which are stratigraphically much lower than the Jehol Group of western Liaoning.


Spinal motor neurons are critical to the ability of animals to move and thus essential to survival. Motor neurons that project axons to distinct limb-muscle targets are topographically organized such that central nervous system position reflects the location of the muscle in the limb. The central positioning of limb-projecting motor neurons arises during development through motor neuron migration followed by a period of coalescence into discrete groupings of motor neurons which project axons to an individual muscle. These so-called motor pools are a common feature of motor organization in higher vertebrates. Recent work has highlighted the critical role for armadillo family member catenin-dependent functions of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules in directing the organization of motor neurons. Cadherin function appears to be important for both the motor neuron migration and coalescence phases of the emergence of motor neuron topography. Here, I review this recent work in the context of our understanding of the general development of spinal motor neurons.


Omni-directional vision sensor (ODVS) is one of important components of sensor networks. Design of ODVS, embedded Linux ODVS, video server of ODVS, and software development of ODVS applications are studied in this paper. In addition, the applications of multi-object automatic tracking systems based on ODVS are described in details. Moreover, experimental results are proposed. This research is significant for sensor networks to be efficiently and effectively implemented.


Recently pollution of the environment has gathered an increased global interest. In this respect, contamination of soils with heavy metals has always been considered a critical challenge in the scientific community . Remediation of soil contaminated by heavy metals is necessary in order to reduce the associated risks, make the land resource available for agricultural production, enhance food security, and scale down land tenure problems. Immobilization, soil washing, and phytoremediation are frequently listed among the best available technologies for cleaning up heavy metal contaminated soils but have been mostly demonstrated in developed countries. Nonedible African plants –Sida acuta and Duranta erecta were used to study the absorption of Cadmium, Lead Zinc and Cobalt from soils inoculated with the metal ions. 0.1M, 0.5M and 1M solutions of the metal ions were used in the inoculation. The Leaves, stems and roots of Sida acuta and the stems and roots of Duranta erecta were collected in the first instance at six weeks, and then, at ten weeks of planting. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer was used to determine the metal ion concentration in the plants' parts. Lead was more absorbed by Sida acuta than did Duranta erecta, with the highest absorption of 1.223mg/kg in the former occurring in the roots. Absorption increased as the concentration of the inoculant solution increased, and also on moving from 6 weeks' to 10 weeks' samples for concentrations less than 0.1M. Cadmium was the only absorbed by Sida acuta, with a highest value of 6.495mg/kg in the roots,. Duranta erecta was poisoned by Cd in all concentrations. Zinc was more absorbed by Duranta erecta than did Sida acuta, with the highest absorption of 7.898mg/kg in the former occurring in stems. Absorption increased as the concentration of the inoculants solution increased. Cobalt was most absorbed by Sida acuta with the highest value of 9.354mg/kg found in the stem. Generally, Phytotoxicity was shown in the plants at inoculants concentration above 0.5M, after 6 weeks except for Duranta erecta inoculated with Zn. The tolerance for Lead, Cadmium, and Cobalt by Sida acuta show a good promise for its phytoremediation and recovery.


Currently, a significant factor in economic development is a diffusion of innovations. Due to limited resources, no country can isolated carry out innovate activity in accordance with the closed models of the innovation process. Transfer of innovation is an effective tactical mean which allows to achieve high rates of economic growth in the short and medium term. But its success depends on the ability of economic agents perceive innovations and their high innovative activity.


There are two deposits of Drift–gravel at West Wickham upon which I propose to offer a few remarks. The first occupies the bottom of a valley which winds round the southern and western sides of Hayes Common and thence to Bromley. This is shown on the Geological Survey map, but there it appears that the Drift–gravel terminates somewhat abruptly near Keston. The valley itself, however, runs much farther south, extending to the North Downs near Tatsfield and roughly coinciding with the direction of the boundary–line between Kent and Surrey, but following a course varying from 2 miles to mile east of that boundary. A fairly good section of the gravel in the bottom of this valley may be found in a pit at Gates Green, a point near the junction of the three parishes of West Wickham, Hayes, and Keston. The beds exposed consist of rolled flints, fragments of Chalk, and bands of sand containing minute fragments of flint and portions of Chalk–fossils, including a large proportion of foraminifera. The beds also contain a few rolled fragments of ferruginous sandstone, probably derived from the Lower Greensand. The character of these beds is precisely what might be expected from the destruction of Chalkbeds. The fragments from the Lower Greensand also go to show that these gravels have a definite, although perhaps not direct, relation to the forces which excavated and denuded the Wealden area. The bands of sand indicate, I would submit, periods of comparative tranquillity


The health care record is a highly prized document. It is important to the consumer, vital to the provider, and demanded by a great variety of third parties. In the face of these demands--many sanctioned by statute and regulations--providers are offered guidelines for evaluating their policies and procedures against the background of consumer concerns and their own ethical and professional standards.


In the present study we investigated the influence of two common air pollutants, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) on ciliary beat frequency (CBF). Ciliated cells were obtained by nose brush from 12 healthy volunteers and placed on a polycarbonate membrane which was in contact with Ringer's electrolyte solution. This allowed the supply of the cells by capillarity in parallel to the reaction of the pollutants with the cell surfaces. In an exposure chamber the cells were exposed for 30 min. at 37 degrees C either to SO2 (2.5-12.5 ppm) or to NO2 (3.0-15.0 ppm), or to a mixture of NO2 (12.0 ppm) and SO2 (2.5 or 5.0 ppm). CBF was measured by video-interference-microscopy. With SO2 we observed a dose-dependent decrease in CBF with Ringer's solution. 2.5 ppm SO2 caused a 42.8% decrease and 12.5 ppm a decline of approximately 100% (8.10 +/- 0.24 Hz vs. 0.28 +/- 0.20 Hz). In parallel, we observed a decrease in the pH-value from 7.4 to 3.6. 30 min. NO2 exposure (3.0-15.0 ppm) induced a significant dose dependent increase in CBF from 8.4 +/- 0.34 Hz to 9.4 +/- 0.44 Hz. Exposure to a mixture of SO2 and NO2 with Ringer's solution revealed that SO2 exerts a stronger influence on CBF than NO2. Exposure to both pollutants resulted in the same as exposure to SO2 alone. Our findings demonstrate a strong correlation between SO2-modified pH values and CBF. Exposure to a combination of two pollutants revealed the dominant influence of SO2 on CBF while the augmented effect of exposure to NO2 alone might be due to the oxidative potential of this gas.


This study examines the relationship between operation-level agility and firm performance in service industries. The study is augmented by investigating the role of IT resources and competence to achieve this specific type of agility. As of to date, most of the published literature in this stream of research has focused on manufacturing industry. This research is an early attempt to examine the strategic value of IT-enabled operational capabilities in service industry. We propose a theory-based model of the positive relationships among IT service competence, operation-level agility, and firm performance. Survey data of medium to large-size enterprises in service industries in the United States were used to validate the proposed model. The results indicate that operation-level agility is a significant driving force of firm performance in the service industries and that IT service competence significantly determines the operation-level agility. The results emphasize that IT-supported operation-level agility significantly leads to a better performance.


Extending state-of-the-art object detectors from image to video is challenging. The accuracy of detection suffers from degenerated object appearances in videos, e.g., motion blur, video defocus, rare poses, etc. Existing work attempts to exploit temporal information on box level, but such methods are not trained end-to-end. We present flow-guided feature aggregation, an accurate and end-to-end learning framework for video object detection. It leverages temporal coherence on feature level instead. It improves the per-frame features by aggregation of nearby features along the motion paths, and thus improves the video recognition accuracy. Our method significantly improves upon strong singleframe baselines in ImageNet VID [33], especially for more challenging fast moving objects. Our framework is principled, and on par with the best engineered systems winning the ImageNet VID challenges 2016, without additional bells-and-whistles. The code would be released.


The roles of G(o), a heterotrimeric GTP binding (G) protein with a 40-kDa alpha subunit and which is localized predominantly in neuronal cells, in exocytosis have been discussed recently. PC12 pheochromocytoma cell line is a convenient model in which to study the Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms of the neurosecretory process. The stimulation of ATP receptors or addition of KCl stimulated an elevation of cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and [3H]noradrenaline (NA) release in PC12 cells. In this study, we investigated the roles of G(o) in ATP- and KCl-stimulated reactions. Nerve growth factor treatment for 2 days and transfection of PC12 cells with cDNA of subunit of (G(o alpha) had no effect on ATP-stimulated [3H]NA release, although both treatments increased levels of the G(o alpha) and its trimeric form by about twofold over those in unstimulated cells. The [Ca2+]i rise induced by ATP in NGF-treated cells was similar to that in control cells, although the maximal response was slightly smaller. Cholera toxin treatment for 2 days inhibited ATP- and KCl-stimulated NA release, although this treatment caused an approximately twofold increase in the level of G(o). Pertussis toxin treatment, which ADP ribosylated over 90% of endogenous G proteins such as G(o), had no effect on ATP-stimulated reactions. These findings show that G(o) does not directly regulate ATP-stimulated Ca2+ channels or the NA release process in PC12 cells. Cholera toxin-sensitive protein(s) may regulate exocytosis.


Ropivacaine, a new long–acting amino–amide local anaesthetic agent, and bupivacaine, in various concentrations with or without addition of adrenaline, were tested in a randomized, double–blind study using intradermal wheals. Ten non–smoking, healthy, young male volunteers participated. In series I plain solutions of ropivacaine (0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) and bupivacaine (0.25%, 0.5% and 0.75%) were injected intradermally and in series II the same concentrations, with the addition of adrenaline 5 ug ml‐1 (1:200 000), were used. The same volunteers took part in both series, with an interval of at least three weeks between the experiments. Saline was included as control in both series. Pin–pricking was used to assess the dermal analgesia. Plain solutions of ropivacaine produced significantly longer durations of dermal analgesia than did plain solutions of bupivacaine, in all tested concentrations. A significant increase in duration was seen for both local anaesthetics when adding adrenaline. Local vascular effects at the injected areas were determined by visual inspection (nil, pink, pale). Local blanching (pale) was significantly more frequent for plain solutions of ropivacaine, in all tested concentrations. Local redness (pink) was significantly more frequent with plain bupivacaine, in a dose–dependent relation. An initial redness was frequently observed for both local anaesthetics containing adrenaline, followed by blanching at most sites.


New Mexico ranks fourth in the nation in natural gas and natural gas liquids production. It is seventh in crude oil and lease condensate extraction, has 55% of the country's uranium, and ranks first in providing this crucial energy fuel. Over 120 billion tons of coal lie between the surface and 3,000 ft (915 m) in northern New Mexico with 3 to 6 billion tons of low-sulfur coal accessible for relatively inexpensive strip mining. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates that the Valles Caldera of the Jemez Mountains alone contains geothermal fluids capable of sustaining 2,700 Mw of electrical generating capacity for 30 years. Solar insolation in southern New Mexico is within 10% of the maximum received anywhere in the world. Energy in all its forms will be the major force in New Mexico's economic future. More than half of the state's gross product is now derived from energy-oriented activities. It is not unreasonable to expect that, just as a century or so ago major communities and industrial enterprises developed around transportation corridors of rivers and railroads, the new commerce of the next decades will locate where assured energy supplies exist. Massive service, social, financial, and environmental burdens and impacts must be addressed by industry, government, and citizens if the state is to provide orderly, stable, and beneficial development, to avoid the potential misfortunes of "boom and bust" cycles, and to preserve its unique environment and life style. End_of_Article - Last_Page 560------------


The present article studies the interplay of self-control and perceived sanction risk in crime causation. Several hypotheses are formulated. The General Theory of Crime suggests that sanction certainty effects are greater for individuals of high self-control. Their inability to devote thought to the negative long-term consequences of their behavior renders persons characterized by low self-control immune to the risk of formal punishment. From Situational Action Theory (SAT), it follows that sanction certainty effects are larger for persons with low self-control ability. Individuals with a poor capacity for self-control will more often feel tempted to engage in criminal behavior, which brings perceived sanction risk into play as a potential deterrent. The theory's emphasis on the moral filter as a determinant of the nature of the perceived action alternatives implies additionally that the self-control/deterrence interaction may be stronger for those holding weak law-consistent moral beliefs. The various hypotheses are tested using longitudinal data from the British Peterborough Adolescent and Young Adult Development Study. Results provide more support for the propositions derived from SAT. An individual's level of self-control conditions the impact of perceived sanction risk, with sanction certainty estimates being most influential among adolescents of low self-control. There is also some indication of a three-way interaction according to which the observed interplay of self-control and deterrence is most pronounced among persons characterized by weak morality.


The Longtoushan Au deposit, located in the Qin-Hang Metallogenic Belt, South China, is a breccia-hosted epithermal Au deposit. It is characterized by the distinctive occurrence of magmatic-hydrothermal tourmaline-cemented breccia. Tourmaline-group minerals have an extensive range of chemical composition that could reflect their host environments, including some of economic interest. To investigate the potential of tourmaline as a geochemical indicator for ore exploration, chemical and boron isotope compositions of tourmaline from the Longtoushan Au deposit have been determined. Tourmaline mainly occurs as orbicular aggregates, clusters and veinlets in rhyolite porphyries, granite porphyries and in spatially associated hydrothermal breccias (Au-mineralized and Au-barren). Three types of tourmaline (I, II and III) are recognized at Longtoushan, most of which being alkali-deficient schorl-dravites. The pre-ore Tourmaline I in the rhyolite porphyry is Fe-rich schorl, contrasting with the dravitic ore-stage Tourmaline II in the mineralized breccia and Tourmaline III in the granite porphyry. Locally, Tourmaline II shows concentric zoning which correlates with core-rim chemical variations (higher Fe, Al in the rim than in the core). Tourmalines from Longtoushan are characterized by a dominant MgFe-1 exchange vector and have relatively low Na contents (avg. 0.66 apfu; formula normalized on 15 total cations), indicating they possibly crystallized in reduced fluids of low-salinity. The δ11B values of tourmalines from this study fall in a narrow range of −14.5 to −10.2‰, indicating dominant magmatic-hydrothermal fluids of continent crust origin. The results suggest that tourmaline from Longtoushan may originate from boron-rich vapor fluids unmixed from felsic magmas. Tourmaline breccia was likely formed by hydraulic fracturing, with open spaces infilled by boron-rich boiling fluids released from the magma. The fluid boiling process during brecciation would be critical for Au-bearing pyrite precipitation, which could compete with coexisting tourmaline for Fe, leaving tourmaline Fe-depleted. We propose that the Fe-poor dravitic tourmaline in the hydrothermal breccia could be used as prospecting guide at the Longtoushan Au deposit. Supplementary material: major element and boron isotope composition analyses of tourmaline are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4468808


Organismal proteostasis is maintained by intercellular signaling processes including cell nonautonomous stress responses such as transcellular chaperone signaling (TCS). When TCS is activated upon tissue-specific knockdown of hsp-90 in the Caenorhabditis elegans intestine, heat-inducible hsp-70 is induced in muscle cells at the permissive temperature resulting in increased heat stress resistance and lifespan extension. However, our understanding of the molecular mechanism and signaling factors mediating transcellular activation of hsp-70 expression from one tissue to another is still in its infancy. Here, we conducted a combinatorial approach using transcriptome RNA-Seq profiling and a forward genetic mutagenesis screen to elucidate how stress signaling from the intestine to the muscle is regulated. We find that the TCS-mediated "gut-to-muscle" induction of hsp-70 expression is suppressed by HSF-1 and instead relies on transcellular-X-cross-tissue (txt) genes. We identify a key role for the PDZ-domain guanylate cyclase txt-1 and the homeobox transcription factor ceh-58 as signaling hubs in the stress receiving muscle cells to initiate hsp-70 expression and facilitate TCS-mediated heat stress resistance and lifespan extension. Our results provide a new view on cell-nonautonomous regulation of "inter-tissue" stress responses in an organism that highlight a key role for the gut. Our data suggest that the HSF-1–mediated heat shock response is switched off upon TCS activation, in favor of an intercellular stress-signaling route to safeguard survival.


—Differential dynamic programming (DDP) is a widely used and powerful trajectory optimization technique, however, due to its internal structure, it is not exempt from local minima. In this paper, we present Differential Dynamic Programming with Escape Network (DDPEN) - a novel ap- proach to avoid DDP local minima by utilising an additional term used in the optimization criteria pointing towards the direction where robot should move in order to escape local minima.Inorder to produce the aforementioned directions, we propose to utilize a deep model that takes as an input the map of the environment in the form of a costmap together with the desired goal position. The Model produces possible future directions that will lead to the goal, avoiding local minima which is possible to run in real time conditions. The model is trained on a synthetic dataset and overall the system is evaluated at the Gazebo simulator. In this work we show that our proposed method allows avoiding local minima of trajectory optimization algorithm and successfully execute a trajectory 278 m long with various convex and nonconvex obstacles.


beta 2-Agonists have been the main bronchodilator drugs used in the symptomatic treatment of asthma. Regular use of beta 2-agonists, however, is well known to produce tolerance to their bronchoprotective effect. It has been pointed out that the over-treatment with beta 2-agonists may be associated with worsening asthma and increased risk of life-threatening attacks. To reduce the cardiovascular side effects, compounds with advanced beta 2-selectivity have been examined and established. Newly developed beta 2-selective agonists are structurally stable and long-acting. Some of them are reported to be effective for treatment of late asthmatic response, although conventional beta-agonists are thought to be relatively ineffective.


We present an algorithm to generate complete evolutionary profiles that represent the topology of the molecular phylogenetic tree of the homologous group. The method, based on the multidimensional QR factorization of numerically encoded multiple sequence alignments, removes redundancy from the alignments and orders the protein sequences by increasing linear dependence, resulting in the identification of a minimal basis set of sequences that spans the evolutionary space of the homologous group of proteins. We observe a general trend that these smaller, more evolutionarily balanced profiles have comparable and, in many cases, better performance in database searches than conventional profiles containing hundreds of sequences, constructed in an iterative and computationally intensive procedure. For more diverse families or superfamilies, with sequence identity <30%, structural alignments, based purely on the geometry of the protein structures, provide better alignments than pure sequence-based methods. Merging the structure and sequence information allows the construction of accurate profiles for distantly related groups. These structure-based profiles outperformed other sequence-based methods for finding distant homologs and were used to identify a putative class II cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CysRS) in several archaea that eluded previous annotation studies. Phylogenetic analysis showed the putative class II CysRSs to be a monophyletic group and homology modeling revealed a constellation of active site residues similar to that in the known class I CysRS.


Canada's political regime is centred on the existence of a federal system of government within the institutions of Westminster parliamentary democracy. This system places a great deal of political power in the hands of cabinet ministers, and while cabinet systems of government in Canada have evolved at different speeds in different federal and provincial governments, they have, over the last two decades, increased centralization of administrative and legislative control in ever fewer hands. This shift has been well demonstrated by scholars such as Donald J. Savoie regarding the federal system, but little examined in the context of provincial governance. Executive Styles in Canada places equal emphasis on both levels, explaining how and in what way cabinet systems have conformed to or diverged from this general pattern. This unique collection is the only systematic, cross-provincial study of its kind, and is certain to be of great benefit to anyone interested in the structure of government in Canada.


A mathematical model is proposed that takes into account interaction between drops or bubbles in a swarm as well as the effect of particle size distribution. The model is used to solve the equations for unsteady state mass transfer with and without chemical reaction when the drops or bubbles are suspended in a nonextraordinarily purified agitated fluid. Steady state diffusion to a family of moving drops with clean interface and without interaction and chemical reaction has been also analyzed. The model demonstrates the sort of error that may arise when one applies uniform drop size assumptions to drop populations. It is shown quantitatively that this error is usually small when one replaces the variable particle size by the mean. By using variables that can be determined and predicted, the equations presented permit the estimation of diffusion rate per unit area of interface, as well as the average concentration and the total average rate of mass transfer in the disperser under pseudo steady state conditions.


The effect of nitrogen limitation on the cell density, biomass, chlorophyll a, total carotene, protein and lipid content of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Bohlin), Bacillariophyceae, cultured in photobioreactors outdoor was investigated. Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultivated in an appropriate medium as the control group, at the same time it was cultured in a medium of which nitrogen was reduced to 50%. At the end of the study, it was determined that 35.04% lipid with 0.980±0.02 gL biomass and 8.87% protein content, meanwhile, in the control group, 16.93% lipid, 1.036±0.025 gL biomass and 31.05% protein were determined. As a result, it was observed that while nitrogen limitation increased to the lipid amount, decreased the biomass and chlorophyll a, total carotene and protein of the cell.


The concurrent existence of ferroelectricity and magnetism within a single crystalline system characterizes the multiferroic materials discovered in recent years. To understand and develop the multiferroic phenomenon, we need to investigate the unusual coupling between spin and lattice degrees of freedom. Spins in multiferroics are expected to be elastically coupled to phonons. Therefore, the time-dependent study can be a crucial factor in understanding the coupled dynamics. Here, we report the observations of strong dynamic spin–lattice coupling in multiferroic LuMnO3. A coherent optical phonon of 3.6 THz and its temperature dependence is measured for the first time from our femtosecond IR pump and probe spectroscopy. Also, we observed a coherent acoustic phonon of 47 GHz similar to a previous report (Lim et al 2003 Appl. Phys. Lett. 83 4800). Temperature-dependent measurements show that both optical and acoustic phonons become significantly underdamped as temperature decreases to TN, and they disappear below TN. These observations reveal that phonons are coupled to spins by magneto-elastic coupling, and the disappearance of phonon modes at TN is consistent with the isostructural coupling scheme suggested by Lee et al (2008 Nature 451 805).


Abstract. Göreme Valley located in the center of Cappadocia, Turkey is famous for its spectacular landscape characterized by erosion. There are more than one hundred rock-hewn churches in Göreme Valley and some of them have distinct wall-paintings in the Byzantine style. Although a significant place for Byzantine art many of the churches here are at risk of collapse due to erosion. Furthermore there is no comprehensive documentation of the churches concerning both the wall-paintings and their three-dimensional shapes This paper aims: 1) to present two kinds of virtual restoration using 3D-modeling by photogrammetry, virtual toning and virtual restoration, based on Göreme Valley's special context, in which many churches were painted by the same painter/workshop; 2) to discuss the value of the use of 3D-modeled materials as a museum exhibition.


Explicitly parallel programs have the potential for greater performance than their implicitly parallel counterparts. However, this benefit can be accompanied by additional programming difficulties. We address one particular problem that has implications for both scalability and portability: the need for programs do accommodate diverse data decompositions. We explain why programs with explicit communication have difficulties in handling changes in data decomposition, and we present a solution to this problem which involves the notions of derivative functions and configuration parameters. We illustrate the technique by using three different data decompositions to solve the Modified Gram-Schmidt method on four parallel machines.<<ETX>>


Abstract Seedlings of 2 varieties of honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa var. glandulosa and P. glandulosa var. torreyana) were exposed to 2 concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) (368 and 704 μmol · mol−1) in environmentally controlled glasshouses under near-optimal temperature and soil water conditions to determine if CO2 enrichment alters above- and belowground growth responses. CO2 enrichment substantially enhanced both above- and belowground growth variables of both varieties for all harvest dates (8, 16, and 24 days postemergence). This growth enhancement was greater for aboveground variables (21%–35%) at the first harvest, greater for belowground variables (36%–40%) at the second harvest, and similar for both above- (13%–68%) and belowground (10%–40%) variables at the last harvest. Differences in temporal growth enhancement associated with CO2 enrichment suggest changing carbon allocation priorities, with initial carbon investment allocated primarily aboveground to develop photosynthetic machinery, and later carbon allocations predominately directed toward increased investment in roots. The absence of significant CO2 × variety interactions at any harvest date provides evidence that CO2 enrichment did not exaggerate growth responses between the 2 varieties. These results suggest that varietal differences in rooting and other characteristics did not modify the size advantage of the glandulosa over the torreyana variety, as the absolute differences in sizes did not change as a function of CO2 treatment. Although CO2 enrichment did not exaggerate growth differences between varieties in this species, it is evident that honey mesquite seedlings possess the capacity to respond markedly to CO2 enrichment. The greater root depth of honey mesquite seedlings exposed to CO2 enrichment confers a competitive advantage to mesquite seedlings over grass seedlings, assuming that C3 and C4 grass seedlings will not respond as vigorously to CO2 enrichment. As such, this species should continue to aggressively encroach into grasslands in future CO2-enriched environments.


We consider the optimization of power in incremental redundancy (IR) based hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) schemes when the maximum number of (re)transmissions is fixed. We formulate two optimization problems: (i) minimizing the packet drop probability (PDP) under a total average transmit power constraint, and (ii) minimizing the average transmit power under a fixed PDP constraint. We consider in detail the special case of only two allowed transmissions, and we prove that the two optimization problems are equivalent. For this special case, we also provide a sub-optimal root-finding solution and compare its performance with the optimal solution obtained through an exhaustive search. The results show that the optimal power allocation can provide significant gains over the equal power solution in terms of average transmit power spent. The performance of the proposed root-finding solution is practically the same as that of the optimal solution.


ABSTRACT This study explores the relationship between guests' perceptions of local food and the motivations leading to its consumption at restaurants. Applying practice theory to consumption studies, the research draws on the "practical turn" in social theories and the renewed interest in "everyday life" and "lifeworld". In doing so, the study uses Schatzki's and Reckwitz's reformulation of practice as a routinised set of behaviours interconnected with one another and rooted in a background knowledge made up of understanding, know-how, state of emotion and motivational knowledge. The research is organised as a case study collecting data from 162 potential guests of local restaurants in the municipality of Ooststellingwerf, in the northern Netherlands, via a survey questionnaire. The dataset was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science [SPSS] software, focusing on customers' understanding of "local food" and the factors motivating them to order a local dish at restaurants. The exploratory findings contribute to the understanding of the conceptualisation of "local food" from the consumers' perspective and shed light on the use of practice theory in tourism studies with regard to consumers' pro-sustainability behaviour.


The search of natural compound with cytotoxic and antitumoural activities is one of the current priorities of the fight against the cancer; being necessary to analyze new extracts of plants. The objective in this paper was to evaluate the cytotoxic activity of the methanolic extract (ME) of the black, purple and yellow ecotypes of Lepidium peruvianum, Chacon (at present Lepidium meyenii Walp.), Maca, on the cellular lines HeLa (Human Epithelial Carcinoma) and HT-29 (Human Colon Adenocarcinoma). For the cellular line HT-29, the inhibitory concentration of 50% of the cellular growth (IC50) with the black, purple and yellow ecotypes was of 8,32 mg/ml, 9,28 mg/ml and 0,487 mg/ml, respectively; while for the cellular line HeLa was of 2,4 mg/ml, 1,93 mg/ml and 0,66 mg/ml respectively. Additionally, ME of the yellow ecotype was evaluated with two years of storage (10oC) determining an IC50 4,29 mg/ml for HT-29 and 4,17 mg/ml for HeLa. We concludes that the cytotoxic effect of the yellow ecotype on HT-29 and HeLa went high to the showed by the black and purple ecotypes; that the most sensitive cellular line to the yellow, black and purple ecotypes is HeLa, and that the ME of the yellow ecotype conserved its cytotoxic properties in spite of the time of storage.


Botswana has invested considerable amounts of its revenue in the formulation of an effective procurement method with the aim of improving service delivery. Gaborone Technical College procures for technical trades and administration. It specifically procures IT equipment and equipment for construction, electrical, textile and beauty therapy. The idea is that with these investments, there should be positive results in service delivery and transparency in the use of the Government funds but this has not yielded the desired results. The study examined the efficiency of the procurement function at Gaborone Technical College (GTC). This was achieved by focusing on the procurement strategy and the impact it had on the efficiency of the procurement function. In exploring the propurement strategy of GTC, the phases in the procurement strategy were considered. To enable draw conclusions from the findings of the study, a null hypothesis stating that there was no significant relationship between efficiency of the procurement process and the strategy formulation and implementation was adopted. A quantitative research design approach was adopted where 131 members of staff at GTC were administered with a highly structured questionnaire designed by the researcher. However, only 108 questionnaires ·were completed and utilised. The findings of the study revealed that the performance of the procurement function was not as it should be. In addition, the procurement strategy was found to have a significant influence on the performance of the procurement function. After further exploration of the phases followed in formulation of the procurement process, the phases were found to be poorly executed. It was recommended to GTC that in order to improve on the performance of the procurement function the institution should review its procurement formulation process. For further studies, it was recommended that a review of the efficiency of the institution's functional strategies besides procurement strategy· be examined. Through that, a procurement effectiveness tool would be created that fitted the needs of the institution. The tool would· focus on ·evaluation the other effects of procurement and on creating a common alignment for determining the cost savir1gs produced.


The purpose of this study was to examine the in-class physical activity opportunities across game classifications. A total of 221 (male, 100; female, 121) Year 9/10 physical education students were used within this study. Each student was engaged in four sport-based units (target, net/wall, striking/fielding, and invasion). Physical activity data were collected during each lesson using an accelerometer. For analysis of data, descriptive statistics were used to examine whether students met physical activity thresholds, and repeated measures ANOVAs were used to examine unit differences. Results indicated (a) none of the lessons met the percentage of time standard for quality physical activity and (b) significant differences between games classifications in regard to moderate to vigorous physical activity were identified. These results indicate that unit of study (i.e., different games classifications) should be considered when focusing on in-class physical activity.


Food security concerns are currently escalating in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) due to poor soil management practices on the fragile soils. This review describes the role of organic resources acting both as amendments and fertilizers in improving soil nutrient status and productivity potentials in SSA. The use of organic resources has achieved significant strides in improving soil fertility in many agro-ecological zones in SSA. Balanced fertilization of soils through synchronized supply of adequate nutrients to growing crops as well as increasing soil organic matter content over the long term are major gains realized through application of organic resources. Constraints that limit utilization of organic based soil nutrient management systems were also highlighted; with the conclusion that more committed research activity and better adoption of developed technologies would lead to promotion and establishment of the gains of procuring and utilizing organic resources for soil fertility improvement in SSA.

 Key words: Organic resources, soil fertility, soil organic matter, food security, soil management.


Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) is a type of 3-dimensionally structured polymer gel produced by Acetobacter that has recently attracted increased interest in wound healing concerns. To produce an effective antibacterial wound dressing, researchers investigated the manufacturing and structural features of honey-infused BNC reinforced gelatin/aldehyde-modified Guar gum films (H/BNC/Ge/AD-GG). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mechanical characteristics, water solubility, and degradability were all used to assess the produced films. In addition, the influence of honey addition on the produced films' various properties has been examined. Antibacterial activity, better degradation capability, improved mechanical qualities, and excellent cell adhesion and proliferation by NIH-3T3 fibroblast cells were among the outcomes. The cytotoxicity assay in vitro revealed good cytocompatibility. As a result of the findings, the produced H/BNC/Ge/AD-GG films appear to have a high potential for antibacterial wound dressing applications.


The effects of teamwork depend to a large extent on the organizational skills of the manager. In health care units a physician/ward head is responsible for coordinating the work of a therapeutic team. The study was undertaken to discover to what extent doctors and nurses are aware that the ward head manages the work of the therapeutic team, and how they evaluate the skills of their managers. The study covered 161 doctors and 339 nurses from 4 hospitals with accreditation and 17 health units which did not possess the Quality Certificate. The study was conducted by the method of a diagnostic survey, and the technique was a questionnaire form. The results of the survey showed that charge nurses in hospitals with accreditation and ward heads in hospitals without the Quality Certificate significantly more often perceived the effectiveness of managing a therapeutic team by a ward head/manager of a clinic in positive terms. A greater number of negative evaluations were expressed by charge nurses in hospitals without accreditation and ward head nurses in hospitals with the Quality Certificate. It was confirmed that doctors and nurses from hospitals with accreditation significantly more frequently perceived the ward head as the manager of the therapeutic team, compared to the staff of hospitals without the Quality Certificate.


This paper contributes to the debate about the adequacy of the United States' fragmented, networked, federal system of privacy protection, an outlier among modern industrialized Western democracies, by taking the perspective of an individual seeking redress for privacy invasions. We analyze five actual privacy cases from the Canadian private sector, investigated by the Privacy Commissioner of Canada, and examine whether the privacy "wrong" experienced by Canadian complainants would be illegal in the U.S., how an individual would proceed with a complaint and what the outcome might be. We attempt therefore to bring the debate away from the typically abstract institutional and legal approach to the level of the regime's practical effectiveness. Despite well-documented flaws in the Canadian privacy protection system, from the point of view of the average citizen, it provides a more consistent, transparent, accessible and effective means for making privacy complaints and having them investigated and resolved, especially when the personal data is captured online.


Abdominal wall endometriosis is a rare condition that occurs after a cesarean section or pelvic surgery and it has an incidence of 0.03%-1.5% in women with previous cesarean delivery. The predominant clinical picture is cyclic pain. We report two cases of abdominal wall endometriosis. The first was a 36-year-old female patient who presented for recurrent cyclic abdominal pain and was found to have endometriosis near the cesarean scar. The second was a 40-year-old female who had the same clinical presentation and was found to have endometriosis away from the scar. These cases highlight the need to have a high index of suspicion when treating women with recurrent cyclic abdominal pain.


This study presents a sociolinguistic analysis of two linguistic variables of French, subject doubling and subject-verb inversion in wh-questions. First, factor and cluster analyses led to a grouping of the sample into four distinct lifestyle types. Then, statistical tests show that lifestyle, gender, and age are significant external factors, and that lifestyle exhibits the most salient effect. While the lifestyle associated with orthodoxy correlates with a high inversion rate (formal linguistic style) and low doubling rate (informal linguistic style), the group associated with heterodoxy demonstrates the inverse pattern. It stands to reason that sociolinguistic studies can uncover more patterns of variation if they go beyond the standard sociodemographic variables (such as age, gender, etc.) and a 'narrow' concept of class.


Rambutan-like heterostructures consisting of Ni microspheres coated with oriented multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were synthesized by the one-pot thermal decomposition of a mixture of organic matter and Ni precursors. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy were used to reveal the formation mechanism. The growth of MWCNTs capped by Ni nanoparticles on the surface of the Ni nanoparticle-built microspheres followed a tip-growth mode. The composition and morphology of the rambutan-like heterostructures were easily controlled by changing the reaction time, mass ratio δ of polyethylene glycol (PEG) 20 000 to NiO, as well as type of C source and Ni precursor. Increasing the δ favored not only the increased C mass fraction but also the morphological conversion from Ni/C film core–shell structures to rambutan-like Ni/MWCNT heterostructures. Such changes caused the decreased saturation magnetization and enhanced permittivity properties with δ. Owing to intensive eddy current loss and multiresonance behaviors, rambutan-like Ni/MWCNT heterostructures with long MWCNTs exhibited significantly improved complex permeability and magnetic loss. Ni/MWCNT heterostructures coated by short MWCNTs showed an optimal microwave absorption property with a minimum RL value of −37.9 dB occurring at 12.8 GHz. This work provides effective guidelines for devising and synthesizing highly efficient microwave-absorbing materials.


A simple and sensitive UV spectrophotometric method was developed and validated for the determination of pregabalin in bulk, pharmaceutical formulations and in human urine samples. The method was linear in the range of 0.5–5.0 μg/ml. There is no generally accepted method for the determination of pregabalin. The absorbance was measured at 210 nm. The method was validated with respect to accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness, and robustness, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. This method was used successfully for the quality assessment of five pregabalin drug products and in human urine samples with good precision and accuracy. This is found to be simple, specific, precise, accurate, reproducible and low cost UV Spectrophotometric method.


Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) can hurt the rabbit intestinal wall with the eae gene products characteristic of human EPEC strains; they can be classified into sero/biotypes. The present paper updates the Italian EPEC distribution and examines the isolation frequency of EPEC strains during the 1999-2004 period. The biotype classification of 6274 Escherichia coli field strains, the eae gene detection in 2106 isolates, as well as the O typing of 498 strains, allowed us to consider the B12, B14, B20, B30 eae + and B28 eae + biotypes as the most frequent panel of the EPEC strains and the B19, B31, B30 eae - and B28 eae - biotypes as the most frequent panel of the not EPEC strains. Compared to biotyping, O-typing did not give additional information seeing that most of O103 strains resulted EPEC, while not all EPEC belonged to O103 serogroup and several resulted not typeable. At the present colibacillosis represents one of the most important causes of enteric disease in Italian rabbit breeding units. During the last 5 years of diagnostic experience a low reduction of EPEC strains was observed from 1999 to 2002, then an increase was registered and, at present, approximately 45% of Escherichia coli isolates posses the eae gene.


Knowledge of the frequencies of highly explosive, moderately explosive, and nonexplosive eruptions would be useful in a variety of volcano studies. Historical records are generally incomplete, however, and contain very little quantitative data from which explosive magnitude can be estimated. Only the largest eruptions have a complete record back to the early 19th Century; other important explosive events went unrecorded prior to about 1960. Only a handful of the very biggest eruptions are represented in the geologic record, so it will be impossible to augment historical records post facto. A composite estimate of the magnitude of past explosive eruptions, termed the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI), is proposed as a semiquantitative compromise between poor data and the need in various disciplines to evaluate the record of past volcanism. The VEI has been assigned to over 8000 historic and prehistoric eruptions, and a complete list is available in a companion document.


Within the next three years, at least 15 deep space cubesat 'prototypes' will have been launched, testing the viability of cubesat paradigm in deep space. Three of the EM1-deployed cubesat missions, the first de facto deep space cubesat 'cluster', will be science requirements driven lunar orbiters with remote sensing instruments for lunar surface/subsurface volatile characterization. These include: Lunar Ice Cube (1-4 micron broadband IR spectrometer and microcryocooler, volatile distribution as a function of time of day), Lunar Flashlight, (active source laser and NIR detector, polar surface ice), and LunaH-Map (neutron spectrometer, polar ice to 1 meter).


This thesis presents a technique to determine whether a user is actively interacting with a device from inside the network. By the observation of user's traffic, network operators can use the detection method to improve traffic management by prioritizing user facing flows. Understanding whether a user is using a device from inside the network requires separating user generated traffic from the one that is automatically generated by a machine in the background. To accomplish this, we apply three filtering methods, looking at request URLs and at the inter events distance and periodicity. Using real world data from eight devices in the UK collected with a tool capable of recording not only network traffic, but also user input, we show how our method separates the traffic generated by the user.


The biogenesis of ribosomes is a central process in all dividing cells. Eukaryotic ribosomes are composed of a large 60S and a small 40S subunit, each comprising a complex assembly of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and ribosomal proteins (r-proteins). The synthesis of these constituents is spatially separated, with r-proteins being produced by translation in the cytoplasm, while rRNA is generated by transcription in the nucleus. Hence, the arrangement of r-proteins and rRNA into large ribonucleoprotein complexes requires dedicated mechanisms ensuring their encounter in the same compartment. To this end, r-proteins need to be safely delivered to the nucleus where they assemble with the rRNA. Beyond these initial challenges, the synthesis of ribosomes does not merely comprise the joining of r-proteins with rRNA, but occurs in a complex assembly line involving multiple maturation steps, including the processing and folding of rRNA. R-proteins usually have composite rRNA binding sites, with several different rRNA helices contributing to the full interaction. Not all of these interaction sites may already be accessible at the point when an r-protein is incorporated, necessitating that some of the r-protein-rRNA contacts are formed at later maturation stages. In our two recent studies, we investigated the ribosome assembly path of r-proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae using the small subunit r-protein S3 (Rps3) as a model. Our studies revealed intricate mechanisms to protect the protein, transport it into the nucleus, integrate it into pre-ribosomal precursor particles and promote its final stable association with 40S subunits.


A versatile approach to the valorization of propargylic alcohols is reported, enabling controlled access to three different products from the same starting materials. Firstly, a general method for the hydroamination of propargylic alcohols with anilines is described using gold catalysis to give 3-hydroxy imines with complete regioselectivity. These 3-hydroxyimines can be reduced to give 1,3-aminoalcohols with high syn seletivity. Alternatively, by using a catalytic quantity of aniline, 3-hydroxyketones can be obtained in high yield directly from propargylic alcohols. Further manipulation of the reaction conditions enables the selective formation of 3-aminoketones via a rearrangement/hydroamination pathway.


Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were generated in situ, during pyrolysis, from whole-cell bacterial samples and analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS). The FAME profiles obtained by an in situ thermal hydrolysis methylation (THM) step were compared with gas chromatography (GC) and MS analyses of the chemically extracted and methylated fatty acids. This correlation was based on the ability of each technique to differentiate a representative group of 15 bacteria at the species level as predicted by principal component analysis. All three analyses, GC/FAME, pyrolysis-MS/FAME, and in situ THM-MS/FAME differentiated the studied bacterial sample set into three discrete clusters. The bacteria comprising each cluster were the same for all three analyses, showing that taxonomic information of the lipid profiles was preserved in the Py-MS/FAME and in situ THM-MS/FAME analyses of whole cells. Contributions from saturated, unsaturated, cyclopropyl, and branched bacterial fatty acids to the differentiation of microorganisms were identified for all three analyses. The in situ THM-MS/FAME approach is simple, requires small samples (approximately 2 x 10(6) cells/profile), and is rapid, with a total analysis time under 5 min/sample.


Background: Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection causes hemorrhagic colitis and is diagnosed based on symptoms such as cramps, stomach pain, and watery diarrhea. Shiga-like toxins (Verotoxin) produced by Escherichia coli O157:H7 damages endothelial cells of both kidney and brain, causing renal dysfunction and neurological problems.
Methods: The present study focuses on identifying the prevalence of Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 among diarrheal inpatients at Erode Government Hospital, India, and its antibiogram. Further, the Verotoxins were characterized by using SDS-PAGE analysis. A total of 123 samples were collected both from diarrheal stools, and strains from 37 samples (43.02 %) were found to have the presence of E. coli.  The organisms were identified based on their colony morphology on various media, cell morphology, and biochemical tests. The Shiga-like toxin production was identified by non-fermentation of sorbitol on SMAC agar plates. Confirmation of Shiga-like toxin was performed using agglutination assay.
 Results: In total, 12 isolates showed agglutination and these isolates were confirmed to be E. coli O157:H7. The molecular weight of the Verotoxin was found to be between 20 and 29 kD. The antibiogram profile of the four isolated strains against 10 standard antibiotics was determined.
Conclusion: The results of this study show the occurrence of drug resistance on hemorrhagic colitis causing E. coli O157:H7.


Background/Aims Few studies have investigated the prognosis of non-gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) under the modified National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria in Korea. This study aims to clarify the clinical usefulness of the modified NIH criteria for risk stratification. Methods From January 2000 through October 2012, 88 patients who underwent curative resection for primary GISTs were included in this study. The enrolled patients were stratified to predict recurrence by the original NIH criteria and modified NIH criteria. Results In all, 88 patients had non-gastric GISTs, including 82 and 6 patients with GISTs of the small intestine and colorectum, respectively. The mean age was 57.3±13.0 years, and the median follow-up duration was 3.40 years (range, 0.02-12.76 years). All patients who were placed in the intermediate-risk category according to the original NIH criteria were reclassified into the high-risk category according to the modified NIH criteria. Therefore, the proportion of cases in the intermediate-risk category declined to 0.0% from 25.0% (22/88), and the proportion of cases in the high-risk category increased to 43.2% (38/88) from 18.2% (16/88) under the modified NIH criteria. Among the 22 reclassified patients, 6 (27.3%) suffered a recurrence during the observational period, and the recurrence rate of high-risk category patients was 36.8% (14/38). Conclusions Patients in the high-risk category according to the modified NIH criteria had a high GIST recurrence rate. Therefore, the modified NIH criteria are clinically useful in selecting patients who need imatinib adjuvant chemotherapy after curative surgical resection.


Abstract The Euphrosinidae (Polychaeta: Amphinomida) collected during cruises of the R/V Polarstern, and described by Hartmann-Schröder & Rosenfeldt (1988, 1992) are re-examined. In all, four of five species are here assigned to two previously described taxa: Euphrosine monroi, and Euphrosinella cirratoformis and a fifth species, Euphrosine antarctica, is newly referred to the genus Euphrosinopsis, as a new combination. Euphrosinopsis antarctica n. comb., has priority as type species of the genus, rendering Euphrosinopsis antipoda as the junior synonym. We suggest that Euphrosine magellanica is a misidentified Euphrosinella cirratoformis. Previous Antarctic records of Euphrosine cirrata are also referred to the genus Euphrosinella Detinova, 1985, and are likely E. cirratoformis. Diagnoses or additional descriptive information and appropriate illustrations are provided for all taxa.


OF DISSERTATION The relationship between Lowell Mason (1792–1872) and the Boston Handel and Haydn Society (est. 1815) has long been recognized as a crucial development in the history of American music. In 1821, Mason and the HHS contracted to publish a collection of church music that Mason had edited. While living in Savannah, GA, Mason had imported several recent British collections that adapted for church tunes works by Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, and Ignaz Pleyel. His study with German émigré Frederick L. Abel allowed him to harmonize older tunes in standard counterpoint. In the historiography of American music, the collection has ever since been named as one of the chief forces establishing standard counterpoint in the mainstream of American music. The collection's profits also helped the HHS survive the next several years, and the prestige of eventually being known as the collection's editor helped launch Mason's influential career in church music, music education, and music publishing. In 1827, that career took a dramatic turn when Mason returned to Boston to assume the presidency of the HHS and the care of music in several churches. This project shows that the social ties between Mason and the HHS begin earlier and are far more indebted to Calvinist orthodox Christianity than previous studies have shown. With special attention to Mason's personal papers housed at Yale University, to the HHS records held at the Boston Public Library, and to newly indexed Savannah newspapers, it shows that Mason's relationship with the Society grew from relationships begun before he left his native Massachusetts in 1812. The depth of the relationship grew steadily until 1827, marked at first by indirect contact and in 1821 by Mason's trip to Boston. Mason's 1827 return to Boston, often surprising to scholars, appears here as a logical consequence of the support given by the Society's previous president, Amasa Winchester, for Mason's work in church music. Mason's departure from the Society seems to be based on his zeal, closely related to his evangelical goals, for universal music education.


We examined the differntiation and maturation of neurons and glia of the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) in the retina of a human fetus of 15 weeks gestation. Serial, ultrathin sections were cut from a resinembedded specimen from the posterior pole of the retina. The region of the putative fovea was defined by the absence of rod photoreceptors from the outer nuclear layer; only sections through the putative fovea were studied. Cell somata were classified on the basis of morphological criteria and, through the analysis of serial sections, morphological characteristics of the cell processes were established. In the inner plexiform layer (IPL), the types of synapses were analysed. The majority of cells in the INL and GCL were differentiated and could be identified. Ganglion cell somata were observed in the GCL and INL. Of 186 somata analysed in the INL, 66 were Muller cells, 21 amacrine cells, and 2 ganglion cells; a further 7 cells were classified as either amacrine or ganglion. Bipolar cells were thought to comprise the majority of the remaining 90 somata, but these could not be positively identified, as it was not possible to trace bipolar cell axons to their cell bodies deep in the INL. A detailed description of the morphological characteristics of the identified cells and their processes, and of the axonal processes of bipolar cells, is provided. Puncta adherentia and other simple intercellular junctions were commonly seen in the IPL and involved all cell types. Amacrine cell synapses and immature, monad bipolar cell synapses were common within the IPL. Dyad bipolar synapses were uncommon at this stage of development. A possible sequence of synaptogenesis in the IPL is discussed.


Whilst the application of BIM continues to be acknowledged and prevailing, design practitioners and academics find themselves in a paradox with an on-going discussion on the impact of BIM tools on design creativity and innovation. Literature suggests that BIM tools can hinder design creativity due to: parametric limitations; interoperability; and the demand for detailed information at preliminary design stages. However, other literature shows that BIM tools increase design creativity, and at some point provide limitless opportunities to be creative. The aim of this paper is to identify and verify the impact of BIM tools on design creativity. It is important for architectural students and practioners to be aware of the impact of BIM tools on the design. A literature review was used to identify the benefits and constraints of BIM tools on design creativity; a questionnaire survey was used to verify its impact. The questionnaire survey was conducted with the top 100 UK architectural firms group one and CNBR Yahoo Group group two. It was found that BIM tools do not affect design creativity and innovation in the opinion of the respondents. This paper enlightens the status-quo of BIM tools on creativity and innovation, but will focus on the impact of BIM tools on architectural design creativity in the early design phase more closely. This research would be important to both academics and architectural designers using BIM in their various applications.


In this paper, we have studied spin transport, spin injection and electrical detection in multiterminal mesoscopic spin-valve structures based on Cu and Al as the non-magnetic media, connected to ferromagnetic (Py,Ni and Co) electrodes, with transport contacts.


These are challenging times for all of us. Reconfiguration, redundancy and redeployment abound and uncertainty is often the only certainty. The pressure on individuals can feel immense but this is not the era for the faint hearted. This is the time for real leaders to come to the fore, focus on the horizon and create the future.


Abstract:This article explores how the policy field of anti-trafficking has been further complicated by a shift of focus from female migrant sex workers to migrant workers in Denmark. As a discursive terrain established through various discourses produced by articulations, practices, and interests, Danish anti-trafficking is an excellent example of how highly regulated and different state institutions together with trade unions establish regimes of prostitution, migration, crime, and labor market. Together, these regimes create the complex policy field of anti-trafficking. The article demonstrates how a trade union, as a part of the labor market regime, is a new player. Despite this new player in the anti-trafficking policy field, the article argues that the figure of "the migrant worker" becomes invisible as logics and categories of "labor exploitation" and "labor rights" collide with the ideas of rescuing poor migrant women selling sex.


The affinity of nanoparticles for hematopoietic organs could be valuable for the targeting of certain stimulating factors to those tissues, but this affinity should also be taken into account in the toxicological evaluation of those carriers, especially when they are loaded with antimitotic compounds such as doxorubicin. However, the cells responsible for the capture of the nanoparticles and their localization in these organs is an important point to know before trying to modulate the nanoparticle's tissue distribution. Thus, we have studied, in this paper, the capture, the localization, and the retention in the bone marrow and in the spleen of biodegradable poly(isohexyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles as well as of nonbiodegradable polystyrene nanoparticles. The histological localization of these nanoparticles has been completed by cytological localization with a method used in cytochemistry for the evaluation of intracellular accumulation of various substances, such as iron deposits in bone marrow sideroblasts. These data indicate that, in the bone marrow, after a quick passage through the endothelium, nanoparticles were dispersed throughout in the tissue and captured by all types of phagocytizing cells. In the spleen, nanoparticles were mainly localized in large angular capturing cells in the marginal zone of the lymphoid follicles.


Many studies of social perception and judgment have required individuals to make evaluations of social parameters (such as trustworthiness) based on static presentations of social stimuli (faces). In the current study, we assessed whether individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls differed on their judgments of others based on a series of encounters, which more closely simulated the development of impressions of others based on multiple interactions over time. Twenty-eight healthy controls and 29 individuals with schizophrenia completed 25 gambling interactions with three different partners -- one who reciprocated about equally (neutral), one who gave the subject more money (positive), and one who kept more money for themselves (negative). After interacting with each partner, subjects indicated how much they liked, trusted, and would like to play again with each partner; these judgments were combined to create a social evaluation variable. Analyses found that both healthy controls and individuals with schizophrenia rated the positive partner most positively, the negative partner most negatively, and the neutral partner between these levels. Additionally, while individuals with schizophrenia and healthy controls did not differ in their ratings of gambling partners, individuals with schizophrenia had a different gambling strategy compared to healthy controls; the amount gambled with each partner did not differ for individuals with schizophrenia, whereas healthy controls gambled the most with the positive partner, gambled less with the neutral partner, and the least with the negative partner. These results suggest that individuals with schizophrenia did not adjust their behavior with the different gambling partners despite evaluating the partners similarly to the healthy controls. The results of this study are discussed within the context of social judgment and decision making.


This article demonstrates the central place occupied by the literature in the construction of the presidential role. In the course of the history of the Fifth Republic, several models followed one another: the president-writer with a double charisma (the general de Gaulle); the leader of political party conjugating the literary ambition and the duty to speak in the name of a collective (Francois Mitterrand); the current political personalities juxtaposing political programmes and autobiographies.


With the decrease in the average donor age and the increase in the proportion of female donors, both donor safety and cosmetic appearance are major concerns for some living donors in living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) because a large abdominal incision is needed that may influence the donor's quality of life. In all, 429 donors who underwent donor hepatectomy for LDLT from April 2010 to February 2013 were included in the study. Donors were divided into 3 groups based on the type of incision: conventional inverted L incision (n = 268; the C group), upper midline incision (n = 147; the M group), and transverse incision with laparoscopy (n = 14; the T group). Demographics, perioperative outcomes, postoperative complications for donors and recipients, and questionnaire‐derived donor satisfaction with cosmetic appearance were compared. The mean age was lower (P < 0.001), the female ratio was higher (P < 0.001), and the body mass index (BMI) was lower (P = 0.017) in the M and T groups versus the C group. The operation time (P < 0.001) and the hospital stay duration (P = 0.010) were lowest in the M group. The postoperative complications did not differ by the type of incision and also did not show any significant effect in a multivariate analysis (P = 0.867). In the assessment of questionnaire‐derived donor satisfaction matched by age (±5 years), sex, graft, height, weight, and BMI, a more satisfactory cosmetic result and more self‐confidence were noted in the M and T groups versus the C group. In conclusion, the use of a minimal incision is technically feasible for some donor hepatectomy cases with a favorable safety profile. The patient satisfaction levels were greater with improved cosmetic outcomes in cases of minimal incision versus cases of conventional incision. Liver Transpl 21:72‐78, 2015. © 2014 AASLD.


With the widespread application of digital library, the problems it causes have become more obvious, such as difficulties in locating information, lack of interoperability in heterogeneous system, lack of the operating mechanism and network copyright of massively distributed data. Service-oriented Grid architecture can be merged into Dl system to solve these problems. Talking from the whole framework of application system in DL grid, we mainly discuss the composing framework of service management in DL grid and analyze the flow and structure of service management in DL grid's application system and describe the function and the key point in service description, service publication and discovery. In the end, we also analyze the influence of service management brought to users in digital libraries and the change in the process of information management and sharing flow.


In this paper, we propose to use fuzzing techniques to discover vulnerabilities in programs hosted into smart cards used for telecommunications or banking purposes (SIM cards, credit cards, secure element into NFC mobile devices...). Those programs - called applets - usually host sensitive applications and manipulate sensitive data. A flaw by design or by implementation in one of those applet could have disastrous consequences. The proposed approach uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the vulnerabilities search. We illustrate the benefit of the proposed method on a MasterCard M/Chip applet through experimental results.


The therapy of parasitic diseases has relied, until recently, on the use of a very limited number of drugs, most of them of low efficacy, leading to side effects and in certain cases with high toxicity. This review focuses on the chemother- apy to treat diseases caused by Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas' disease), Trypanosoma b. gambiense and Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense (sleeping sickness), Plasmodium (malaria) and Leishmania (leishmaniasis). Therefore, we will summarize drugs currently available and future specific chemotherapy against these neglected diseases under clinical evaluation. The most advanced antichagasic candidates are represented by posaconazole, TAK-187 and albaconazole, which have com- pleted their pre-clinical development as anti-T. cruzi agents, while new quinines concerning to ferroquine, tafenoquine and AQ-13 are in phase I or II of clinical trials as promising candidates for the treatment of malaria. Although parafuramidine has been under phase III clinical trials to treat Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), its development was discontinued due to liver problems. Finally, new approaches for the treatment of leishmaniasis were achieved by using miltefosine and, more recently, the aminoglycoside paromomycin, which was approved after clinical trials and, owing to its milder adverse effects and low cost, is being considered as a potential first-choice treatment for the disease. Thus, this review aims to highlight the available drugs to treat four endemic parasitic diseases, as well as promising therapeutic approaches and their corresponding targets under development, but it is not intended to be an exhaustive survey on the subject.


These days networks are not getting any smaller, they are increasing in size and it is becoming tedious job for network administrators to debug the network, since they rely on traditional tools such as ping and traceroute for this job. This paper puts forward an automated and systematic approach to test and debug a network called Automatic Test Packet Generation (ATPG). ATPG produces a model which is not dependent on devices after reading configuration from routers. The model is used to generate minimum number of test packets to cover every link in a network and each rule in network. ATPG is capable of investigating both functional and performance problems. Test packets are sent at regular intervals and separate technique is used to localize faults. The working of few offline tools which automatically generate test packets are also given, but ATPG goes beyond the earlier work in static checking (Checking liveness and fault localization).


Following the February 2011 earthquake in Christchurch, New Zealand (NZ), the authors participated in counselling local residents, and debriefing and supervising support teams. Indications were that risk for mental health disorders, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), may be elevated in residents, and that this risk may continue for some time. Patients may be de-prioritising their mental health issues when these become normalised throughout the city's population. The authors recommend that primary care patients are assessed using a brief, comprehensive tool (for example, the Case-finding and Help Assessment Tool) that targets many health and behavioural issues identified as increasing in the city following the earthquake. Anxiety and mood disorder symptoms may indicate assessment is appropriate to reduce harm arising from increased risk for PTSD. Concern also is raised for primary health care providers who may have experienced the trauma and additionally may be vicariously affected by patients' reported trauma.


This paper presents a new Post Distortion Cancellation (PDC) Gilbert-mixer for Ku-band applications to minimize the third-order nonlinear current of transconductance transistors. To illustrate the effectiveness of this scheme, distortion analysis using Volterra series is given. An extra inductor is added between source nodes of switching transistors to decrease the deteriorating effect of parasitic capacitances. The proposed mixer has been simulated in a 0.18-µm RF-CMOS technology and consumes only 6-mW from a 1.8-V supply. Compared to conventional Gilbert-mixer, it typically improves IIP3 by 4.2dB, power conversion gain by 1.1dB and noise figure by 1.4dB.


The ordered activation of the ubiquitin protein ligase anaphase-promoting complex (APC) or cyclosome by CDC20 in metaphase and by CDH1 in telophase is essential for anaphase and for exit from mitosis, respectively. Here, we show that CDC20 can only bind to and activate the mitotically phosphorylated form of the Xenopus and the human APC in vitro. In contrast, the analysis of phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated forms of CDC20 suggests that CDC20 phosphorylation is neither sufficient nor required for APC activation. On the basis of these results and the observation that APC phosphorylation correlates with APC activation in vivo, we propose that mitotic APC phosphorylation is an important mechanism that controls the proper timing of APC(CDC20) activation. We further show that CDH1 is phosphorylated in vivo during S, G2, and M phase and that CDH1 levels fluctuate during the cell cycle. In vitro, phosphorylated CDH1 neither binds to nor activates the APC as efficiently as does nonphosphorylated CDH1. Nonphosphorylatable CDH1 mutants constitutively activate APC in vitro and in vivo, whereas mutants mimicking the phosphorylated form of CDH1 are constitutively inactive. These results suggest that mitotic kinases have antagonistic roles in regulating APC(CDC20) and APC(CDH1); the phosphorylation of APC subunits is required to allow APC activation by CDC20, whereas the phosphorylation of CDH1 prevents activation of the APC by CDH1. These mechanisms can explain the temporal order of APC activation by CDC20 and CDH1 and may help to ensure that exit from mitosis is not initiated before anaphase has occurred.


This article analyses policing, ill-discipline, and crime in the Australian–American alliance during the Second World War. Though these topics have received considerable scholarly attention, previous studies have been narrowly focused both geographically and thematically. Providing a broad analysis of these subjects, this article places these issues within their wider political and legal context, and examines the nature of cooperation between Australian police (both military and civil) and their US allies. It also traces general patterns of ill-discipline and crime in Australia and its territory of Papua and mandate of New Guinea, highlighting policies that successfully limited inter-Allied violence.


Similar in principle to recent implementations of a lidar system at 355 nm [Opt. Lett. 25, 1231 (2000), Appl. Opt. 44, 6023 (2005)], an incoherent-detection Mie Doppler wind lidar at 1064 nm was developed and deployed in 2005 [Opt. Rev. 12, 409 (2005)] for wind measurements in the low troposphere, taking advantage of aerosol scattering for signal enhancement. We present a number of improvements made to the original 1064 nm system to increase its robustness for long-period operation. These include a multimode fiber for receiving the reference signal, a mode scrambler to allow uniform illumination over the Fabry-Perot interferometer, and a fast scannable Fabry-Perot interferometer for calibration and for the determination of outgoing laser frequency during the wind observation. With these improvements in stability, the standard deviation of peak transmission and FWHM of the Fabry-Perot interferometer was determined to be 0.49% and 0.36%, respectively. The lidar wind measurements were validated within a dynamic range of +/-40 m/s. Comparison experiments with both wind profiler radar and Vaisala wiresonde show good agreement with expected observation error. An example of 24 h continuous observations of wind field and aerosol backscatter coefficients in the boundary layer with 1 min and 30 m temporal and spatial resolution and 3 m/s tolerated wind velocity error is presented and fully demonstrates the stability and robustness of this lidar.


Traditionally, perforations of duodenal ulcers are managed by suturing followed by peritoneal lavage and the underlying cause is addressed secondarily. Laparoscopy provides a means of meeting the different therapeutic needs. From May to October 1993, we treated 6 consecutive perforations of duodenal ulcers laparoscopically. In 5 cases, the perforation was the first manifestation of acute duodenal ulceration and the other case was chronic. The laparoscopic operation included peritoneal lavage and simple suture of the ulcer. The immediate post-operative period was uneventful. With a current follow-up of 3.6 months, 5 patients are asymptomatic and ulcer cicatrization has been confirmed by fibroscopy. In the sixth case with a past history of chronic duodenal ulcer, re-operation was required after a delay of 2 months for acido-fundic vagotomy (performed laparoscopically). The local presentation was satisfactory in this patient. Extensive peritoneal lavage, which can be performed with laparoscopy together with suture when the ulcer is recent, allows managing such patients according to Taylor's method. The usefulness of vagotomy can then be addressed and performed later laparoscopically after the initial lavage. This new approach offers a means of complete cure and has all the advantages of the classical technique.


Edge fracture prediction in high strength cold formed components still being a challenge for automotive part manufacturers. Even though several experimental methodologies have been proposed in the last years to assess edge formability, the material properties governing edge cracking sensitivity of high strength sheet materials are not clearly defined. This work investigates the correlation between the fracture toughness of various 1000 MPa Dual Phase and Complex Phase steel grades and their edge fracture resistance, evaluated by means of hole expansion tests according to ISO 16630. The good linear correlation observed between these parameters shows that fracture toughness is a reliable indicator of edge cracking resistance in advanced high strength steel sheets. However, it is well known that edge formability does not only depends on the material properties but also on the edge quality. In order to evaluate the effect of the edge condition on edge formability, additional hole tension tests are performed in some of the investigated steel grades with different punch to die clearances. It is shown that steels with greater fracture toughness present higher strain at fracture and lower cutting clearance sensitivity. According to these results, the fracture toughness is proposed as a relevant material property to understand the edge formability of high strength metal sheets.


Around 15% of colorectal cancers (CRCs) show microsatellite instability (MSI). A characteristic high passenger mutation load has discouraged systematic mutation screens in MSI CRCs. To systematically search for novel MSI CRC oncogenes, the exomes of 25 MSI CRC-normal pairs were sequenced as the discovery set. Observed hot spots were confirmed by Sanger sequencing and further validated in a set of 86 MSI CRCs. Mutational hot spots were confirmed in 15 genes and three genes showed additional hot spot mutations in the validation set. These three sites were highly conserved across species. The hot spot sites of these three genes were screened in 75 microsatellite stable CRCs and 12 MSI CRC cell lines with negative results. Next, we analyzed the subcellular localization of wild-type and mutant proteins. The findings of this study support the idea that cancer genomes are heterogeneous and characterized by few, frequently mutated "mountains" (e.g. BRAF and KRAS) and numerous, less frequently mutated "hills". The identified mutational hot spots may prove important in developing personalized tumor profiling and therapy. Citation Format: Alexandra E. Gylfe, Johanna Kondelin, Mikko Turunen, Heikki Ristolainen, Riku Katainen, Esa Pitkanen, Eevi Kaasinen, Ville Rantanen, Tomas Tanskanen, Heli J. Lehtonen, Kimmo Palin, Minna Taipale, Jussi Taipale, Laura Renkonen-Sinisalo, Heikki Jarvinen, Jan Bohm, Jukka-Pekka Mecklin, Ari Ristimaki, Sari Tuupanen, Auli Karhu, Outi Kilpivaara, Pia Vahteristo, Lauri A. Aaltonen. New candidate oncogenes discovered in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3156. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3156


Abstract: This article will explore the importance of sound relationship-based practice in the supervision and assessment of social work students in practice learning. It will consider the origins of relationship-based practice and explore and analyse the literature and most notable theorists in this area. It will go on to explore the links between attachment theory and relationship-based practice in order to demonstrate its pivotal importance to social work practice. It will draw parallels between good relationship-based practice in the supervision of social work students and the formation of successful and meaningful working relationships between the students and the people they support on placement, giving attention to the theoretical concept of parallel process. It will provide practice examples from student supervision sessions to model how sound relationship-based practice compliments the assessment process with students, and leads to good partnership working and shared goals on placement. By providing practice examples it will demonstrate that good relationship-based practice between student and supervisor can lead to successful outcomes for students on placement which, in turn, can lead to successful outcomes for the people the students go on to support. It will argue that good relationship practice is the basis for all good social work practice and its foundations should be laid early within the practice teaching relationship between supervisor and student.
Keywords: relationship-based practice; social work students; practice teaching; supervision; assessment


Non-confluent and non-terminating rewrite systems are interesting from the point of view of programming. In particular, existing functional logic languages use such kind of rewrite systems to define possibly non-strict non-deterministic functions. The semantics adopted for non-determinism is call-time choice, whose combination with non-strictness is not a trivial issue that has been addressed from a semantic point of view in the Constructor-based Rewriting Logic (CRWL) framework. In a recent serie of works we have investigated how to express call-time choice and non-strict semantics from a point of view closer to classical rewriting. We propose a notion of rewriting which uses an explicit representation for sharing with let-constructions and is proved to be equivalent to the CRWL approach. During this talk we will address the following issues: We will briefly review some of the main existing approaches for describing the semantics of functional logic languages: CRWL, traditional rewriting and Curry's à la Launchbury operational semantics. We will present the let-rewriting relation for first order functional logic programs, and its semantic equivalence with CRWL logic. We will discuss the relation between all these semantic approaches, and present some technicall results concerning this relations. We will see some interesting properties of the combined framework CRWL/letrewriting, and show by a case study (correctness of bubbling) the usefulness of the achieved combination of semantic and reduction notions. We will extend our let-rewriting relation providing a notion of let-narrowing which is adequate for call-time choice as proved by soundness and completeness results of let-narrowing with respect to let-rewriting. Completeness is based on a lifting lemma for let-rewriting similar to Hullot's lifting lemma for ordinary rewriting and narrowing.


For axial subcritical crack growth in dissimilar metal (DM) welds due to Primary Water Stress Corrosion Cracking (PWSCC), the crack growth in the length direction is limited to the weld width since the base materials are not susceptible to this type of cracking mechanism. However, the crack may continue to grow in the depth direction until it penetrates the wall thickness. Since the weld width can be much less than the pipe wall thickness, axial cracks have the potential of growing much deeper than they are long. Published stress intensity factor influence functions for semi-elliptical axial cracks in pipe suggest that as the half crack length (c) becomes smaller than the crack depth (a), the stress intensity factor at the deepest point of the crack begins to decrease. These solutions suggest that in many cases, these types of cracks may arrest before penetrating the wall thickness. However, natural flaw growth using the Advanced Finite Element Method (AFEA) suggests that these cracks will not arrest and the stress intensity factor does not decrease in a manner suggested by idealized flaw growth analyses using semi-elliptical crack influence functions.In this paper, modifications to idealized flaw growth analyses are proposed to predict the natural PWSCC axial crack growth within DM welds. A series of modified flaw growth predictions are presented and compared to published AFEA results. The simplistic rules developed in the paper allow the use of standard influence functions in predicting the time to leakage for axial cracks in DM welds without having to conduct the more complex AFEA analyses.Copyright © 2013 by ASME


Like the mines of every other part of the writer has spent two years immediately connected world, something have been said and written of with the mines of the country and has personally vi- those in this republic. All connected with the mi- sited the more important properties here mentioned. ning industry know the nature and effect of such Physical conditions notes are given from personal writings. It is a well-known fact that the press knowledge, and are corroborated by reports made throughout the States have given space to reviews at various times by eminent engineers. Statistical of this sort relative to all known mining districts, facts observed are taken from original mint retur- the authenticity of which has not always been ns, assay certificates, and bills of sale now in the without question. This articles in many instances file of the owners of the mines. As there is proba- have been produced by special reporters, who bly no bet er way of judging the future than by the have spent limited time in their preparation, with past, I have thought it of interest to give some his- the prime purpose of obtaining readable matter, tory, especial y with reference to the mines of the and with the result that facts have been sacrificed Aguacate Mountain, for which I am indebted to to give due credit to the legends and traditions met Don Francisco Maria Yglesias, who, with his father with in all mining communities.


1. FUNDAMENTALS. Sets of Real Numbers. Absolute Value. Solving Equations (Review and Preview). Rectangular Coordinates. Visualizing Data. Graphs and Graphing Utilities. Equations of Lines. Symmetry and Graphs. Circles. 2. EQUATIONS AND INEQUALITIES. Quadratic Equations: Theory and Examples. Other Types of Equations. Inequalities. More on Inequalities. 3. FUNCTIONS. The Definition of a Function. The Graph of a Function. Shapes of Graphs. Average Rate of Change. Techniques in Graphing. Methods of Combining Function. Iteration. Inverse Functions. 4. POLYNOMIAL AND RATIONAL FUNCTIONS. APPLICATIONS TO OPTIMIZATION. Linear Functions. Quadratic Functions. Using Iteration to Model Population Growth (Optional Section). Setting up Equations That Define Functions. Maximum and Minimum Problems. Polynomial Functions. Rational Functions. 5. EXPONENTIAL AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS. Exponential Functions. The Exponential Function y = ex. Logarithmic Functions. Properties of Logarithms. Equations and Inequalities with Logs and Exponents. Compound Interest. Exponential Growth and Decay. 6. THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS. Radian Measure. Trigonometric Functions of Angles. Evaluating the Trigonometric Functions. Algebra and the Trigonometric Functions. Right-Triangle Trigonometry. 7. GRAPHS OF THE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS. Trigonometric Functions of Real Numbers. Graphs of the Sine and the Cosine Functions. Graphs of y = A sin(Bx-C) and y = A cos(Bx - C). Simple Harmonic Motion. Graphs of the Tangent and the Reciprocal Functions. 8. ANALYTICAL TRIGONOMETRY. The Addition Formulas. The Double-Angle Formulas. The Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas. Trigonometric Equations. The Inverse Trigonometric Functions. 9. ADDITIONAL TOPICS IN TRIGONOMETRY. Right-Triangle Applications. The Law of Sines and the Law of Cosines. Vectors in the Plane, a Geometric Approach. Vectors in the Plane, an Algebraic Approach. Parametric Equations. Introduction to Polar Coordinates. Curves in Polar Coordinates. 10. SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS. Systems of Two Linear Equations in Two Unknowns. Gaussian Elimination. Matrices. The Inverse of a Square Matrix. Determinants and Cramer"s Rule. Nonlinear Systems of Equations. Systems of Inequalities. 11. ANALYTIC GEOMETRY. The Basic Equations. The Parabola. Tangents to Parabolas (Optional). The Ellipse. The Hyperbola. The Focus-Directrix Property of Conics. The Conics in Polar Coordinates. Rotation of Axes. 12. ROOTS OF POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS. The Complex Number System. Division of Polynomials. Roots of Polynomial Equations: The Remainder Theorem and the Factor Theorem. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Rational and Irrational Roots. Conjugate Roots and Descartes" Rule of Signs. Introduction to Partial Fractions. More About Partial Fractions. 13. ADDITIONAL TOPICS. Mathematical Induction. The Binomial Theorem. Introduction to Sequences and Series. Arithmetic Sequences and Series. Geometric Sequences and Series. DeMoivre"s Theorem. Appendix 1: Using a Graphing Utility. Appendix 2: Significant Digits and Calculators. Tables. Answers to Selected Exercises. Index.


A temporal relationship between changes in soluble sugar content and the activity of their hydrolytic enzymes of netted melon fruit during development and senescence was investigated. Analysis for the sugars content of the commercial cultivars 'Sunpower' and 'MVP' revealed the major soluble sugars in pulp tissue of melon fruit were sucrose, glucose, fructose. In addition, raffinose and stachyose were also found during the ontogeny of the fruit. During a rapid fruit growth, up to 30 days after pollination (DAP), the amount of sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose remained substantially low, ranging from 0.0 to 0.1 miligram per gram fresh weight. However, the level of fructose and glucose maintained relatively high in the tissue, ranging 10 to 25 miligram per gram fresh weight. In accordance with this result, the activity of both acidic and neutral invertase showed a fairly high upto 20 DAP, and followed by a sharp decrease in the activities during maturation and senescence of the fruit. A similar pattern of the change in the activity of both acidic and neutral ɑ-galactosidase also observed during the fruit development and senescence. Concomitantly to this, there was a rapid increase in the pool size of sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, substantiating an increase in soluble sugar contents in the aging fruit. From the present study, it was suggested that in netted melon fruit both invertase and ɑ-galactosidase play an important role in regulating the accumulation of the soluble sugars, which, in turn leads to an increase sweetness of the fruit.


Summary Future global environmental change will have a significant impact on biodiversity through the intersecting forces of climate change, urbanization, human population growth, overexploitation, and pollution. This presents a fundamental challenge to conservation approaches, which seek to conserve past or current assemblages of species or ecosystems in situ. This review canvases diverse approaches to biodiversity futures, including social science scholarship on the Anthropocene and futures thinking alongside models and scenarios from the biophysical science community. It argues that charting biodiversity futures requires processes that must include broad sections of academia and the conservation community to ask what desirable futures look like, and for whom. These efforts confront political and philosophical questions about levels of acceptable loss, and how trade-offs can be made in ways that address the injustices in the distribution of costs and benefits across and within human and non-human life forms. As such, this review proposes that charting biodiversity futures is inherently normative and political. Drawing on diverse scholarship united under a banner of 'futures thinking' this review presents an array of methods, approaches and concepts that provide a foundation from which to consider research and decision-making that enables action in the context of contested and uncertain biodiversity futures.


The development of formal systems for reasoning about knowledge is one of the main research issues in Artificial Intelligence. A reoccuring problem in most of the systems is the one of logical omniscience or consequential closure which expresses the notion that when a reasoning agent knows anything he knows all its logical cosequences. This result is neither intuitively admissable nor computationally feasible. The paper explores the possibilities of restricting the omniscience in an intensional context.