Introduction Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare subtype of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in which the genomic factors determining the clinical behavior are not fully understood. The genetic heterogeneity in MCL motivates us to characterize the genetic landscape, to define pattern of clonal evolution, and to determine molecular subgroups.
 Methods We performed whole-exome sequencing on 152 DNA samples derived from 134 MCL patients, which includes 123 untreated and 11 relapsed patients, and 16 with longitudinal samples. 95 patients received high dose cytarabine-based immunochemotherapy from BDH-MCL01 clinical trial (NCT02858804). 48 samples have matched RNA sequencing data for which 42 from untreated and 6 from relapsed patients. We used GATK, MutSig2CV, and GISTIC2.0 to identify driver genetic lesions, applied MutationalPatterns to define mutational signatures, and utilized ABSOLUTE and PhylogicNDT to determine pattern of clonal evolution. We applied NNMF consensus clustering to identify subgroups and evaluated association between genomic features and clinical outcomes.
 Results The median non-silent mutational burden was 29 per sample (range 8-72). 34 recurrently mutated genes were identified, containing previously reported driver mutations (TP53, ATM, CCND1, KMT2D, NSD2, SMARCA4, ARID1A, NOTCH1, NOTCH2, BIRC3, TRAF2, UBR5) and novel mutations (SP140, SVEP1, LRP1B, LRP2, PCDH10). 7 copy number gain and 13 loss regions were detected as recurrent somatic copy number alterations (frequency>10%, q<0.1) (FigA). In multivariable Cox models of PFS and OS, TP53 mutation/del(17p13), SP140 mutation/del(2q36), and mutations in NOTCH1, PCDH10, and del(9p) showed prognostic value independent of MIPI risk and IGHV mutation status.
 We defined the clonal status of genetic lesions and pattern of clonal evolution. Del(11q22) and del(9p) tend to be clonal while mutations in NSD2, LRP1B, CTNNA2 were more likely to be subclonal (q<0.05) (Fig B). Clonality analysis further enabled inference of temporal relationships between pairs of events. We further determined clonal evolution pattern by measuring the dynamic changes of fraction of cancer cells harboring each genetic lesion. 11 of 16 (69%) longitudinal samples had extreme clonal evolution (CCF change > 0.5), 4 with modest evolution (0.2 ≤ CCF change ≤ 0.5), 1 without evolution (CCF change < 0.2). Patients with extreme evolution had inferior survival than with those with modest and no evolution (median survival from first sampling was 47.5 months vs not reached, p=0.041, second sampling was 17.1 months vs not reached, p=0.023).
 We classified MCL into four subsets based on genetic lesions, each with distinct gene expression profile and clinical behavior (Fig C, D). Cluster 1 (C1) and cluster 2-4 (C2-4) were associated with indolent and aggressive types of MCL. Consistent with different cellular origins for two types of MCL, C1 and C2-4 were enriched for gene expression signatures of memory and CCR6 negative light zone B cells, respectively. C1 featured mutated IGHV, CCND1 mutation, amp(11q13) and active BCR signaling. C2 was enriched with del (11q22), del (1p21), ATM mutation and had upregulation of genes involved in the NF-kB and DNA repair pathways while C3 was characterized by mutations in SP140, NOTCH1 and NSD2 and downregulation of gene expression in the NF-kB, BCR signaling, MYC and inflammatory pathways. Interestingly, C4 had the highest incidence of blastoid or pleomorphic MCL (23.7%, p=0.016) and harbored del(17p), del(13q), del(9p) and mutations in TP53 and TRAF2. This cluster carried enrichment of MYC pathway activation and hyperproliferation signatures. These unique gene expression signatures indicated that coordinate genomic factors captured biologic heterogeneity. Importantly, patients in these four clusters had distinct outcomes with median PFS of not reached for C1, 41.2 months for C2, 30.7 months for C3, and 16.1 months for C4 (log rank, p<0.001). The differences of OS and PFS remained significant when only considered 95 patients with high dose cytarabine-based immunochemotherapy.
 Conclusion Our study provides a portrait of the MCL genetic landscape, uncovers pattern of clonal evolution in MCL, classifies patients with genetic features, links the cluster with gene expression and clinical outcome. The outcome-associated genetic signatures will guide the development of therapies in patients with the greatest need.
 Figure

 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The propagation of microwave radiation through YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// and Tl/sub 2/Ba/sub 2/Cu/sub 1/O/sub 6/ films deposited on Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/, MgO, LaAlO/sub 3/ and LaSrAlTaO single crystal substrates, as well as through the bare substrates, has been studied in the 60-600 GHz frequency range. The angular dependence of the transmitted radiation was found to have a rather complicated structure. The dependence is affected by anisotropy of the substrate due to birefringence, resonance in substrate modes, non-homogeneity and the granular structure of the HTS film. To reduce reflections from the surface of the substrate, quarter-wave matching layers were used at selected frequencies. After correction for stray effects, the common feature is the presence of four maxima with a period of /spl pi//2 with four minima in between that can be due to the energy gap anisotropy in d-wave superconductors.


The study aimed at comparing the effects of the supplementation of natural antioxidant sources to a reduced crude protein diet on the performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, liver antioxidant enzyme activities and meat lipid peroxidation of Japanese quails exposed to heat stress. A total of 640 14-day-old male Japanese quails were exposed to two different temperature treatments (TT): thermoneutral (TN) or heat stress (HS)and were fed five different dietary treatments (DTs). A normal-protein diet (SCP) was formulated according to the National Research Council (24% CP). The reduced crude protein diet (RCP) was formulated to contain 3% less protein than that of the SCP diet. Three additional diets were prepared by supplementing the RCP with200 mg/kg of α-tocopherol acetate (RCP+TA200), pomegranate peel extract (RCP+PPE200) or apple peel extract (RCP+APE200). HS significantly deteriorated the growth performance of quails throughout the experiment. Quails fed the SCP and RCP+PPE200 presented higher hematocrit values. Feeding the RCP+TA200 and RCP+PPE200 diets reduced the blood heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratio compared with the other diets. Quails fed the SCP, RCP+TA200, RCP+PPE200 and RCP+APE200 diets presented higher liver catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, plasma uric acid level, and lower meat malondialdehyde value at 7days of age compared with those fed the RCP diet. In conclusion, the results show that the extracts of pomegranate peel and apple peel can be used as alternative natural antioxidant sources to vitamin E in the diets of Japanese quails exposed to heat stress and fed a reduced crude protein diet.


Warner-Bratzler shear force measures of tenderness were taken on 2 muscles from 2661 carcasses from 3 tropically adapted breeds: Belmont Red, Brahman and Santa Gertrudis. The data were used to determine suitable methods of editing the raw data and to partition sources of variation for meat tenderness measured in 2 different muscles. The effect of different methods of electrical stimulation was examined: non-stimulated, extra low voltage or high voltage. The results showed stimulation method had a large effect on the mean and variance of the shear force. Non-stimulated slaughter groups were more variable than high voltage treated groups, which were more variable than low voltage treated groups. The effect of stimulation method was greater for shear force measured in M. longissimus dorsi than in M. semitendinosus. The variability in tenderness associated with different methods of electrical stimulation and the larger effect seen for the M. longissimus muscle suggest cold shortening, a processing effect, may have occurred in some of the slaughter groups. Several methods of editing outlier records were used and the effects of removing these records on the partitioning of variances among the independent variables of tenderness were examined. Removal of non-stimulated slaughter groups and other outliers resulted in a large reduction in slaughter group variance and residual variance, with the estimate of heritability for shear force of the M. longissimus increasing from 19 to 39%. Beef tenderness, as measured mechanically, could be improved by selection. However, the fluctuating heritability estimates reflect differences in handling pre- and post-slaughter and thus highlight difficulties in measuring tenderness consistently. The low genetic correlation between the 2 muscles (r g = 0.34) suggests improving overall tenderness of the carcass may be difficult. The large variance of the slaughter date effect within an abattoir (15% of the total variance) presents a problem in achieving consistently tender meat.


Thalassemia's are genetic disorders inherited from a person's parents. Thalassemia's are prevalent worldwide with 25,000 deaths in 2013.Highest rates are in the Mediterranean, Italy, Greece, Turkey, West Asia, North Africa, South Asian, and Southeast Asia. Highest carriers(30% of the population) in the Maldives.Thalassemia's are classified into alpha-thalassemia, Beta-thalassemia, thalassemia intermedia, and beta thalassemia minor. The severity of alpha and beta thalassemia depends on how many of four genes for alpha or two genes for beta globin are missing. Hemoglobinopaties imply abnormalities in the globin proteins themselves. Health complications are mostly found in thalassemia major and intermediate patients. Signs and symptoms include severe anemia, poor growth and skeletal abnormalities during infancy. Untreated thalassemia major eventually leads to death, usually by heart failure.Diagnosis by hematologic tests, hemoglobin electrophoresis, and DNA analysis. Individuals with severe thalassemia require blood transfusion, drug therapy i.e.,deferoxamine,deferasirox, deferiprone,and bone marrow transplant. Most drugs have side effects. Prevention includespremarital screening,carrier detection, and genetic counselling.


This thesis describes analysis of data from the DELPHI Very Small Angle Tagger (VSAT) calorimeter at LEP1. The VSAT consists of four Silicon-Tungsten calorimeter modules symmetrically positioned 7.7 meters away from the interaction point. It measures elastically scattered electrons and positrons, Bhabha events, within the polar angular region between 5-12 mrad. Trigger efficiency and reconstruction procedures for the energy and position measurement of VSAT data are described. Off momentum electron background and online luminosity monitoring with the VSAT are also discussed. The extraction of various beamparameters from analysis of the impact point of Bhabha pairs reveal the ability to measure variations in beam angles with a precision of 50 microrad. The relative luminosity measurement of the VSAT with a precision level of 0.1% for the 1993-1994 Z scan is also presented. Through the study of double-tag two-photon events, using the VSAT for measuring the energy of both scattered electrons, the behaviour of the total hadronic two-photon cross section is for the first time investigated up to invariant masses of 35 GeV. (Less)


We have studied the problem of coherent tunnelling through a double-barrier structure of GaAs-AlGaAs in the presence of light, considered to be present all over the structure: emitter, well and collector, with a frequency in the infrared range. By means of a canonical transformation, and in the framework of the time-dependent perturbation theory approach, we have calculated the transmission coefficient and the electronic resonant current. Our calculations have been compared with experimental results, turning out to be in good agreement.


A comparison is made between the predicted theoretical values of the Rayleigh number at the onset of instability in both the stationary and oscillatory modes with the observed experimental values of Nakagawa's (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 242, 81‒88 (1957)), when a layer of mercury is heated from below and simultaneously subjected to the effects of a magnetic field and rotation. The theoretical cell sizes and the gyration frequencies for the onset of oscillatory instabilities are also presented.


Despite major advances in acute interventions for myocardial infarction (MI), adverse cardiac remodeling and excess fibrosis after MI causing ischemic heart failure (IHF) remain a leading cause of death worldwide. Here we identify a profibrotic coagulation signaling pathway that can be targeted for improved cardiac function following MI with persistent ischemia. Quantitative phosphoproteomics of cardiac tissue revealed an upregulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in human IHF. Intervention in this pathway with trametinib improves myocardial function and prevents fibrotic remodeling in a murine model of non-reperfused MI. MAPK activation in MI requires myeloid cell signaling of protease-activated receptor 2 linked to the cytoplasmic domain of the coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF). They act upstream of pro-oxidant NOX2 NADPH oxidase, ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and activation of profibrotic TGF-β1. Specific targeting with the TF inhibitor nematode anticoagulant protein c2 (NAPc2) starting 1 day after established experimental MI averts IHF. Increased TF cytoplasmic domain phosphorylation in circulating monocytes from patients with subacute MI identifies a potential thromboinflammatory biomarker reflective of increased risk for IHF and suitable for patient selection to receive targeted TF inhibition therapy.


Paracetamol , a safe and effective drug that is commonly used and in many countries and is available as over the counter (OTC) preparation and hence dispensed by the pharmacist without a prescription. Paracetamol is widely used for the management of common cold, dysmennorhea, head ache, fever and pain. Because of its safety profile and cost, it is one of the preferred drugs and is used as a household remedy. This condition develop to the indicipline and misuse of paracetamol consumption. The studies that have been conducted by pharmacologist have proofen that the large dose, not regimen dose, of  paracetamol is safe to be consumed. They do not realize that paracetamol is a deadly painkiller, even at the recommended dose. Paracetamol poisoning is associated with many complications and may affect and hepatotoxicity is the major complication leading to death. The lack of knowledge on the part of patient on the side effects makes it dangerous for them to consume the drug. Without explicit warning on the packs of these drugs, it is putting the patient under severe risk pertaining to toxicity, particular the liver. This article try to describe that paracetamol consumption could intervere body health particularly the liver. Some case reports about liver damage after paracetamol ingestion also included to show that people must be aware  about the drug consumption even it is looks like safe and no harm for human body like paracetamol. It is ironic if the medicine we take to make us better just make us more suffer with other health problem which could be deadly. Keywords : paracetamol, recommended dose, liver damage


C-V characteristics of Pd/c-Si(n) diodes have been studied before and after hydrogenation. It has been found that there is a substantial deviation from theoretical calculations in the C-V plots in forward bias. It has been explained in terms of hydrogen-related acceptor-like states at 0.57 eV, spatially located at 0.15 mu m from the interface.


The ERA vaccine strain of rabies virus propagated on continuous porcine kidney tissue culture cells (PK15) was inoculated into the yolk sac of embryonated chicken eggs for the purpose of oral vaccine distribution. Two inoculated eggs were subsequently fed to each of 12 serologically rabies-negative foxes. Six (50%) of the foxes developed demonstrable rabies serum-neutralizing antibody within 4 weeks of vaccination and resisted challenge to street virus 14 weeks postvaccination. Testing of inoculated eggs for virus stability in the presence and absence of a casein hydrolysate-sucrose stabilizer at 6, 22, and 37 C for up to 15 days revealed no advantage to the stabilizer-vaccine mixture in eggs.


A progress management in construction projects plays an important role in providing as-built information for project planning, control, cost engineering, and many others. However, progress information has not been collected through objective methods or criteria but mainly based on an individual's own experience or subjective judgment, which results in the limits of consistency, objectiveness, and accuracy in the progress management. This research aims at proposing a progress measurement framework that allows managing and applying various measurement methods dependent on work items to overcome the problems and limits of the current progress management. The framework was developed with a focus on integration of work breakdown structure, cost breakdown structure, and progress measurement methods, and it consists of three main objects: work, activity, and progress measurement unit. Base on the framework, an information system named PROSYS (project PRogress management SYStem) was developed to generate activities and progress measurement units depending on the characteristics of projects and work items, and to keep track of project progress more efficiently and effectively.


A survey provided a description of Internal Labor Market (ILM) practices across a sample of 694 U.S. establishments. An establishment was defined as a business address and was distinct from a company. Interviews were conducted by telephone. Findings indicated that about 35 percent of private sector establishments with 50 or more employees had achieved substantial use of flexible work organization. The adoption of these forms of work organization was correlated with three factors: being in an internationally competitive product market, having a technology that required high levels of skill, and following what could be termed a "high road" strategy that emphasized variety and quality in contrast to low cost. Employer values were also important in determining whether aa establishment undertook work reorganization. Evidence was also found that certain human resource practices such as high levels of training and innovative pay systems were associated with adoption of flexible work organization. (Contains 38 references as well as definitions, and 6 data tables.) (YLB) * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** ROW COMMON IS WORKPLACE TRANSFORMATION AND ROW CAN WE EXPLAIN WHO ADOPTS IT? Results From A National Survey January, 1993 Paul Osterman Sloan School M.I.T. ...A., This research was supported by a grant from the Spencer \---) Foundation. and Frank Levy for comments on an earlier draft of this paper. I am grateful to Peter Cappelli, Thomas Kochan,


The extent to which the 6T SRAM bit cell can be perpetuated through continued scaling is of enormous technological and economic importance. Understanding the growing limitations in lithography, design and process technology, coupled with the mechanisms which drive systematic mismatch, provides direction in identifying more optimum solutions. We propose an alternative, ultra-thin (UT) SRAM cell layout topology as a means to address many of the challenging bit cell design constraints facing the most advanced CMOS process technologies today. Compared to the industry standard 6T topology, the newly proposed cell offers: 1) a lower bit line capacitance, 2) reduced M1 complexity and 3) notchless design for improved resistance to alignment induced device mismatch.


BACKGROUND
This study investigates the situated organization in a workplace producing intensive care, that is an intensive care unit (ICU). The workplace research tradition concerns work and interaction/communication in technology-intensive environments. Communication is seen as social action and cannot be separated from production or from the context in which the activities are situated.

AIM
The aim of the present study was to explore how intensive care is produced by analysing a recurrent situated activity in the ICU, namely the delivery and reception of a patient coming from the operation unit.

METHOD
In the fieldwork, participant observations was used to study everyday practice in an ICU, combined with written field notes.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Intensive care is to a great extent produced through routine practices. The division of labour is marked and is taken for granted: everyone knows what to do. The actors' physical location in the room is connected to their functions and work with supportive tools. Verbal reports, visual displays and activities make the information transmission available to everyone in the patient room. Shared understanding of the situation seems to make words redundant when the activities of competent actors are co-ordinated. There is also coordination between the actors in the ICU and the technological equipment, which constantly produces new information that must be interpreted. Enrolled Nurses are physically closest to the patients, the physician is the one most physically distant from patients and Registered Nurses bridge the gap between them. These actors produce and re-produce intensive care through constant sense-making in the here and now at the same time as the past is present in their activities.


OBJECTIVE
To compare the clinical efficacy and safety of rectal dihydroartemisinin (DATM--Cotecxin) and intravenous quinine in the treatment of severe malaria in children and adults.

SETTING
Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya between July and November 1998.

PATIENTS
A total of sixty seven patients aged two to sixty years with severe malaria were studied.

DESIGN
This was an open randomised comparative clinical trial.

OUTCOME MEASURES
These were parasite clearance time, fever clearance time, efficacy and the side effect profile of the two drugs.

RESULTS
The two groups were comparable on admission on the clinical and laboratory parameters. The parasite clearance time was shorter in the rectal DATM group than quinine group. There was no statistical difference on the fever clearance time and cure rates in the two groups. The adverse reaction profile was better with rectal DATM than with quinine, tinnitus observed more in the quinine group.

CONCLUSION
Rectal DATM is faster in parasite clearance than quinine and is a safe and convenient alternative to quinine in the treatment of severe malaria.


Dynamic Positioning (DP) operation on offshore auxiliary vessels emerges as a challenge in need of ensured high-powered bow thruster stability. DP operation is widely adopted under an open electrical system (open bus). Open bus-configured DP usually has low electricity disturbance. However, open bus-configured DP is always attributed to its low efficiency. Our study revealed that DP ships using closed bus configuration are prone to the unbalance three-phase electric load problem. Unbalanced load, which always results in the unbalance three-phase voltage problem, can affect the performance of the motor or another electrical component. Our simulation successfully showed the effect of unbalance load on the ship's electric stability. By using commonly electric ship configuration as simulation testing, the ship grid configuration with the power supply of two generator thruster and one diesel generator with the 2-bow thruster and a static load can indicate unbalanced load on AHTS vessels with variations up to 75%. By minimizing the variation of percentages of the bow thruster operating point and other loads, minimum allowable three-phase deviation of the unbalance, which indicated by the three-phase voltage operating point could be met. The simulation study was done using MATLAB as a tool.


The Model Driven Architecture is a promising approach aiming to fill the productivity gap due to the increasing technology and time to market pressure. In the field of real time embedded systems, this approach requires the use of well-adapted formalisms in a reliable process that guarantees the quality of the products. MARTE, the new standardized UML profile, provides those formalisms that are applied in the process defined in the MoPCoM SoC/SoPC research program, aiming to develop SoC and SoPC applications. In this paper, we discuss the main phases of this process and their use of MARTE.


The divorce trend in Indonesia is increasing every year. In 2018, Indonesia's divorce rate reached 408,202 cases, an increase of 9% compared to the previous year. The biggest causes of divorce in 2018 were disputes and ongoing bickering with 183,085 cases. Economic factors rank second with 110,909 cases, while other problems are husband / wife leaving (17.55%), domestic violence (2.15%), and drunkenness (0.85%). The phenomena resulting from divorce are generally inconsistencies in child care or seizure of marital property. Therefore, in an effort to overcome the continuing increase in divorce in society and disputes due to the breakdown of marriage, it is necessary to provide counseling to the prospective bride and groom regarding the marriage law, KHI and also for those who have been married for a long time need to be reminded again about the rights and obligations of married couples with outreach to the community of Duri Kosambi Village, Kec. Cengkareng, West Jakarta, which is around the Trisakti University campus. The implementation method used was normative and descriptive extension, which was then analyzed qualitatively by using feminist theory of jurisprudence in explaining and answering questions, and opening legal aid posts. The results of the PKM implementation were quite successful considering that 70% of the participants who attended asked about the participants' personal cases in the question and answer session and at the legal aid post were able to understand that the arrangement for the distribution of marital assets due to divorce was not always fair, especially in the case of marital assets from women. Therefore, cases related to the distribution of marital assets do not always have to be the same, but study cases and divide proportionally so that they are gender equitable.


Heterozygous pathogenic variants in SPTB cause autosomal dominant hereditary spherocytosis, an important cause of neonatal nonimmune hemolytic anemia. Biallelic mutations are rarely reported, all with severe neonatal presentation. We describe rapid (68 h) genomic diagnosis of homozygous β-spectrin deficiency in a newborn with severe transfusion-dependent hemolytic anemia, conjugated hyperbilirubinemia, and progressive liver failure. Trio whole-exome sequencing identified a novel biallelic SPTB variant (c.6119C>T; p.Thr2040Ile) located in the critical spectrin repeat region. Pretransfusion blood film showed marked spherocytosis including microspherocytes and nucleated erythrocytes, and eosin-5-maleimide (E5M) staining was markedly reduced, supporting pathogenicity. Both asymptomatic heterozygous parents demonstrated mildly reduced E5M staining, with occasional spherocytes and elliptocytes. Early molecular diagnosis facilitated hypertransfusion to suppress ineffective erythropoiesis and reverse hepatic dysfunction. This report broadens the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of spectrin deficiency and highlights the utility of rapid genomic testing in facilitating early diagnosis and informing targeted therapy in critically ill patients.


Objective: To examine if the quality of primary medical care varies with remoteness from urban settlements. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of publicly available data of 18 process and intermediate outcome measures for people with coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes and stroke. Setting and participants: Populations registered with 912 general practices in Scotland grouped into three categories by level of remoteness from urban settlements: not remote, remote and very remote. Main outcome measures: Mean percentages achieving quality indicators and interquartile range scores. Results: Remote and very remote practices were more likely to have characteristics associated with low Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) total points score (smaller, higher capitation income, dispensing practice, and had lower statin prescribing despite higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes). However, in contrast with previous research, there was little evidence that quality of care was lower in more remote areas for the 18 process and intermediate outcome measures examined. The exception was significantly lower cholesterol measurement and control in people with CHD, diabetes and stroke attending very remote practices (p<0.01) and β-blocker prescription in CHD (p = 0.01). Conclusions: Under QOF, there are few differences in the quality of care delivered to patients in practices with different degrees of remoteness. The differences in achievement for cholesterol were consistent with lower rates of statin prescribing relative to disease burden in very remote practices. No differences were found for complex process measures such as retinopathy screening, implying that differences under QOF are more likely to be due to slower adoption of evidence-based practice than access problems. Examining this will require analysis of individual patient data.


Infectious diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria lead to a considerable increase in human morbidity and mortality globally. This requires to search potential actinomycete isolates from undiscovered habitats as a source of effective bioactive metabolites and to synthesis metabolite-mediated antibacterial silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The main purpose of the present study was to identify actinomycetes isolated from Thika waste dump soils that produce bioactive metabolites to synthesize antibacterial AgNPs. The synthesis of metabolite-mediated AgNP was confirmed with visual detection and a UV-vis spectrophotometer, whereas the functional groups involved in AgNP synthesis were identified using a FTIR spectrophotometer. The antibacterial activity of the metabolite-mediated AgNPs was tested by a well diffusion assay. Identification of actinomycete isolates involved in the synthesis of antibacterial AgNPs was done based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The visual detection showed that dark salmon and pale golden color change was observed due to the formation of AgNPs by KDT32 and KGT32 metabolites, respectively. The synthesis was confirmed by a characteristic UV spectra peak at 415.5 nm for KDT32-AgNP and 416 nm for KGT32-AgNP. The FTIR spectra revealed that OH, C=C, and S-S functional groups were involved in the synthesis of KDT32-AgNP, whereas OH, C=C, and C-H were involved in the formation of KGT32-AgNP. The inhibition zone results revealed that KDT32-AgNP showed 22.0 ± 1.4 mm and 19.0 ± 1.4 mm against Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi, whereas KGT32-AgNP showed 21.5 ± 0.7 mm and 17.0 ± 0.0 mm, respectively. KDT32 and KGT32 isolates were identified as genus Streptomyces and their 16S rRNA gene sequences were deposited in the GenBank database with MH301089 and MH301090 accession numbers, respectively. Due to the bactericidal activity of synthesized AgNPs, KDT32 and KGT32 isolates can be used in biomedical applications.


General criteria for performing a rigorous statistical error determination in X-ray absorption fine-structure data analysis are formulated. The equivalence of the residual function increment approach ( lambda : R(( lambda ))<Rmin+ chi p,0.952) with more rigorous Monte Carlo procedures is demonstrated in the case of the analysis of the Br2 spectrum. The possible existence of nonlinear effects in parameter space is discussed and a specific example referring to the S-C=O molecule case is illustrated. Practical suggestions are given to improve data collection procedures and to select appropriate fitting parameters in the analysis.


Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter is a former student of Marc Raeff, renowned historian of Tsarist Russia, well-known primarily for his comparison between the state and the administration (especially the police) in Prussia and Russia. Since the early 1990s, Wirtschafter has published quite a number of original analyses in the field of Russian history. Her Ph.D. thesis, which appeared in 1990, focused on the peasant-soldier in Russia and highlighted the relationship between imperial expansion, state building, training an army, and the rise of serfdom. The author also stressed the complex legal and social relationship between the soldier and the farmer. Wirtschafter's second book focused on ''social orders'' (or legal estates under the old regime). She showed in particular that soldiers, having completed their military service, were reclassified into groups other than serfs: either as peasants of the state or urban residents, especially in the subgroup of raznochintsy, i.e. ''people of different ranks'', a residual category which also included artisans and merchants outside corporations, worker-peasants, and musketeers. The existence of this category in itself led the author to question the traditional argument which claimed that the legal and social ''orders'' under old-regime Russia were completely fixed until 1905, if not 1917. Wirtschafter, however, stressed the significant degree of social mobility in Tsarist Russia, even before serfdom was officially abolished in 1861. Wirtschafter subsequently published a volume on all social groups in Russia in which she extended her analysis of soldiers and raznochintsy to the whole society. In recent years, Wirtschafter has studied the Russian theatre as an expression not only of the arts but also of politics (the representation of the court and absolutism). All these elements are present in her latest book, a synthesis on Russia at the time of serfdom, i.e. from 1649, the year in which the code enserfing the peasantry was adopted, to 1861, when serfs were emancipated. This book is the first of a series of three, coordinated by Simon Dixon, a scholar of Tsarist Russia, that will provide a new synthesis of Russian history from the seventeenth century to the present day. The main aim of this series is to incorporate the historiography of the past fifteen to twenty years, which has seen the opening of the archives of the former Soviet Union. Dixon believes that these new materials will add significantly to our understanding of many aspects of Russian history. Wirtschafter takes this task seriously; her book covers politics, culture, the economy, religion, and society. It is divided into three parts, each comprising three chapters. Part 1 studies the formation of the absolutist monarchy and the role of Peter the Great in the construction of the administrative and fiscal apparatus, in the definition of ranks, and in the ''Westernization'' of Russian culture. Part 2 is devoted to the author's specialist field, society and the legal ''orders''. The third and final part examines the dynamics of Russian society, particularly the emergence of a civil society and the limits of bureaucratic control. These three parts are ordered by subject and chronology. Part 1 focuses on the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries until the death of Peter the Great in 1725, the second part covers much of the eighteenth century (from the death of Peter the Great to that of Catherine II in 1796), while Part 3 ends with the abolition of serfdom in 1861. The image of Russia that emerges is one of a country far less rigid than that suggested by the


In many cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contains segregated smooth and rough domains, but the mechanism of this segregation is unclear. Here, we used a HeLa cell line, inducibly expressing a GFP fusion protein [GFP-b(5)tail] anchored to the ER membrane, as a tool to investigate factors influencing ER organisation. Induction of GFP-b(5)tail expression caused proliferation of the ER, but its normal branching polygonal meshwork architecture was maintained. Experiments designed to test the effects of drugs that alter ceramide levels revealed that treatment of these cells with Phenyl-2-decanoyl-amino-3-morpholino-1-propanol-hydrocholride (PDMP) generated patches of segregated smooth ER, organised as a random tubular network, which rapidly dispersed after removal of the drug. The effect of PDMP was independent of its activity as sphingolipid synthesis inhibitor, but could be partially reversed by a membrane-permeant Ca2+ chelator. Although the smooth ER patches maintained connectivity with the remaining ER, they appeared to represent distinct domains differing in protein and lipid composition from the remaining ER. PDMP did not cause detachment of membrane-bound ribosomes, indicating that smooth ER patch generation was due to a reorganisation of pre-existing ribosome-free areas. Our results demonstrate a dynamic relationship between smooth and rough ER and have implications for the mechanisms regulating ER architecture.


This paper presents a review of the unusual occurrences of various marine species found upstream in the Neretva River and its wider delta zone in the last two decades. The occurrences of at least eight different marine species were
reported by local fishermen, representing very rare records of these species in the upstream areas of rivers. Although some of these species generally inhabit both saltwater and brackish waters, their occurrences high upstream are probably the consequence of changes in hydrological conditions in Neretva River. Namely, more intense saltwater intrusion into the river observed in the last two decades provides suitable conditions for mass penetration of euryhaline organisms high into the Neretva River. In this biodiversity rich area which hosts a significant number of endemic species, such phenomena can threaten the local freshwater communities.


The DNA synthesis of mouse retina from the 19th prenatal day through 12 months postnatal has been studied by light microscopic radioautography after the injection of tritiated thymidine. A peak of the labeling index after incorporation of tritiated thymidine was found at fetal day 19. The labelled cells decreased gradually with the developing of the eye from the first postnatal day and were completely disappeared in two weeks after birth. The data also indicated obvious regional differences of the incorporation of tritiated thymidine during the periods of the retina development. The labeling index was the greatest in the anterior region compared to the equator region and the posterior region in the same group of age. The average number of the silver grains in labelled nucleus lead to a decrease with the development of the retina after birth, but there was no significant regional differences found in the same group of age. The data shown from this study suggest that the cell differentiation in mouse retina proceed from posterior to anterior region.


Both the partially reduced and non-reduced multi-component heteropoly compound catalysts with Keggin structure were prepared and used for the selective oxidation of propane. The catalysts were characterized by IR, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD, SEM and XRD. The addition of Cs increased the selectivity of acrylic acid and acetic acid. The selective oxidation performance was greatly improved with the addition of As. Among all of the tested catalysts, the catalytic performance of the Cs1.8Fe0.16HxPVAs0.4Mo11O40 (non-reduced) was the best and the maximum yield of acrylic acid reached 16.42%.


TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introducing an Intricate Relationship, Marie-Luisa Frick & Andreas Th. Muller 2. Islam and International Law, Awn S. Al-Khasawneh I. THE USE OF FORCE: CONTESTED VIEWS ON THE JUS AD BELLUM AND THE JUS IN BELLO IN ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW 3. The Siyar Laws of Aggression: Juridical Re-interpretations of Qur'anic Jihad and Their Contemporary Implications for International Law, Asma Afsaruddin 4. Meaning and Method of the Interpretation of Sunnah in the Field of Siyar: A Reappraisal, Mohd Hisham Mohd Kamal 5. Apostasy as a Matter of Islamic International Law, Necmettin Kizilkaya 6. Suicide Attacks: Martyrdom Operations or Acts of Perfidy?, Muhammad Munir II. FOSTERING PEACE IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS NOW AND THEN: DIPLOMACY AND RULE OF LAW AS A GENUINE CONTRIBUTION OF ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW? 7. Islamic Diplomacy: Views of the Classical Jurists, Labeeb Ahmed Bsoul 8. Al-Shaybani and Aman: Treatment of Foreigners in the Classical Islamic State with Special Focus on Diplomatic Envoys, Khaled Ramadan Bashir 9. The Ottoman Empire and the Institutionalization of European Diplomacy, 1500-1700, Harriet Rudolph 10. Promoting the Rule of Law: UN, OIC and ILA Initiatives Approaching Islamic Law, Irmgard Marboe III. ISLAM AND THE INDIVIDUAL: CHALLENGES OF AND TO ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW IN CONTEMPORARY HUMAN RIGHTS DISCOURSES 11. New Muslim Perspectives in the Human Rights Debate, Abdulmumini A. Oba 12. The Shari'ah, International Human Rights Law and the Right to Hold Opinions and Free Expression: After Bilour's Fatwa, Javaid Rehman 13. Religious Considerations in International Legal Discourse - The Example of Religious Defamation, Lorenz Langer 14. Muslim States and the Implementation of the Convention on the Rights of the Child: With Special Reference to Malaysia, Abdul Ghafur Hamid @ Khin Maung Sein 15. Islamic Law and International Protection of Minority Rights in Context, Mashood A. Baderin IV. INTERNATIONAL CRIMES AS A COMMON CONCERN OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY: BRIDGING DIVIDES OR PROVOKING CLASHES? 16. Islamic Law and International Criminal Law, Markus P. Beham 17. Islamic Criminal Procedure and the Principle of Complementarity of the International Criminal Court, Matthias Cernusca V. ISLAMIC IDENTITY AND WORLD ORDER: RECONSIDERING ISLAMIC INTERNATIONAL LAW IN LIGHT OF THE REALITIES OF A GLOBALIZING WORLD 18. Islam and Islamic Law in Contemporary International Relations, Maurits S. Berger 19. Islamic Views of Global Order and their Impact on International Law , Gregor Novak 20. Islam and the Future of the International Community, Muddathir 'Abd al-Rahim


A proposed method (M.J. Dutch et al. 1986) for driving steady poloidal and toroidal currents in a tokamak by means of RF currents in double sets of m=1 helical coils is investigated using a simple theoretical model. Numerical results are presented that show a strong dependence of the current drive mechanism on the strength of the static toroidal magnetic field. Contrary to previously published theoretical results, it is shown that in general the driven toroidal current does not vanish at some point close to the magnetic axis.


The authors explore the influence of social and human capital in defining the prospects of young women business owners as emerging entrepreneurial leaders. They propose a number of factors that mean many young women seeking to assume an entrepreneurial leadership role in society are insufficiently resourced in terms of their social and human capital. Such deficits have consequences for the effectiveness of their leadership potential and the development of their enterprises.


Daco-Romance dialects inherited the effects of two distinct sound changes which coincidentally gave rise to almost identical distributional patterns of alternation in the inflectional paradigm of the verb. Once the original phonological conditioning of the alternants (apparently) ceased to operate, what was left was a frequently encountered yet 'nonsensical' pattern of paradigmatic distribution, irreducible to any coherent common set of morphosyntactic features. It appears to have been, in the terminology of Aronoff, 'morphomic'. Drawing on a large body of historical and comparative dialectological data, I chart the history of this apparently morphomic pattern. For much of the history of Daco-Romance, it constitutes a kind of leitmotiv of paradigmatic organisation, practically inviolable in its distribution and providing a recurrent distributional model for novel types of alternation, unconnected with the original sound change. Yet, in relatively recent times, the distributional coherence has collapsed in apparent chaos. My analysis of these diachronic facts will suggest that there are morphological phenomena which may properly be seen as morphomic while also retaining elements of extramorphological, phonological conditioning.


For as long as the Vietnamese people fought against foreign enemies, women were a vital part of that struggle. The victory over the French at Dien Bien Phu is said to have involved hundreds of thousands of women, and many of the names in Viet Cong unit rosters were female. These women were living out the ancient saying of their country, "When war comes, even women have to fight." Women from Hanoi and the countryside fought alongside their male counterparts in both the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese military in their wars against the South Vietnamese government and its French and American allies from 1945 to 1975. Sandra Taylor now draws on interviews with many of these women and on an array of newly opened archives to illuminate the motivations, experiences, and contributions of these women, presenting not cold facts but real people. These women were the wives, mothers, daughters, and sisters of men recruited into military service; and because the war lasted so long, women from more than one generation of the same family often participated in the struggle. Some learned to fire weapons and lay traps, or to serve as village patrol guards and intelligence agents; others were propagandists and recruiters or helped keep the supply lines flowing. Taylor relates how this war for liberation from foreign oppressors also liberated Vietnamese women from centuries of Confucian influence that had made them second-class citizens. She reveals that communism's promise of freedom from those strictures influenced their involvement in the war, and also shares the irony that their sex gave them an advantage in battle or subterfuge over Western opponents blinded by gender stereotypes. As their country continues to modernize, "Vietnamese Women at War" preserves these women's stories while they remain alive and before the war fades from memory. By showing that they were not victims of war but active participants, it offers a wholly unique perspective on that conflict. It is a rare study which reveals much about gender roles and cultural differences and reminds us of the ever-present human dimension of war.


Professors Jennifer Levi and Giovanna Shay review Dean Spade's new book "Normal Life: Administrative Violence, Critical Trans Politics, and the Limits of Law." They argue that Professor Spade's theoretical approach, which he describes as "critical trans politics," is most useful when employed to analyze issues relating to criminal punishment and mass incarceration, and that it is less appropriate as a critique of the marriage equality movement. Despite some areas of disagreement with Professor Spade, the Authors conclude that the book makes an important contribution.


Three rhizosphere bacteria, Pseudomonas sp., Enterobacter sakazakii and Klebsiella oxytoca, were analyzed for genetic variation. DNA fingerprint patterns of the three bacteria were markedly different when amplified with different primers. In total, 68 bands were produced by the three primers, 62 of which where variable. The number of polymorphic RAPD loci per isolate ranged from one to 13. Cluster analysis indicated that E. sakazakii and K. oxytoca are the most closely related of the three.


In the presented paper the authors evaluated the results of treatment in patients following primary total knee arthroplasty using bone grafts due to sever valgus or varus deformity. The clinical material from the years 2000-2004 consists of 18 patients aged from 64 to 77; namely, 14 women (77.8%) and 4 men (22.2%). The longest time of follow-up was 3 years and the shortestwas 17 months. The authors evaluated achieved results in the period between 17th and 24th month since total knee arthroplasty in 18 patients on the basis of the time criteria referring to the time of healing the bone implants and on the basis of the modificated HSS knee rating scale. We achieved 15 well, 2 sufficient and 1 insufficient based on time criteria and 9 very well, 5 well, 3 sufficient and 1 insufficient results based on modificated HSS knee rating scale.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Spiritual health is the basis of family and community health. In marital relationships, several factors led to the satisfaction of wives from each other. In the meantime, the role of spirituality is crucial from surrounded on all aspects of human life. This study was performed with aim of analyzing the relationship between spiritual health with marital satisfaction and Comparison of them between men and women. METHODS: The sectional study was conducted on 341 married students of Medical Sciences in Azad University, Sari branch. Criterion variable (spiritual health) and predictor variable (marital satisfaction) were measured by standard questionnaires including Paloutzian & Ellison (1982) and Enrich(2000) with 5-item Likert scale with a minimum score of 1 (very low) to maximum score of 5 (very high) and also two groups of men and women were compared. FINDINGS: Spiritual health had direct and meaningful relationship with marital satisfaction (CI-95% R= 0.009).There was no difference of marital satisfaction in men with average of 3.36±0.35 and women with average of 3.44±0.43 (p=0.342) but, the spiritual health in men with average of 2.7±0.25 was more than women with average of 2.6±0.14 (p=0.000). CONCLUSION: According the results, there was no difference of marital satisfaction in man and woman but, the spiritual health in men was more than women. Marital satisfaction had increased by increasing spiritual health in men and women students.


We employ China's mandatory corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting requirement as a natural experiment to evaluate firm-level responses to a Chinese rule that required public firms to issue CSR reports beginning in 2009. Our difference-in-differences analyses of firm-level data indicate that firms required to issue CSR reports decreased overall pollution levels after the mandate. Conventional wisdom (the "Traditional View") argues that pollution reductions cannot be achieved without profit sacrifice. Conversely, under the Porter Hypothesis, non-prescriptive regulations can stimulate innovations that improve process efficiency and lead to both pollution reductions and improved long-term shareholder returns. Our results reveal evidence of reduced asset returns among firms required to issue CSR reports after 2008, consistent with both hypotheses. However, consistent with the Porter Hypothesis and not the Traditional View, positive three-day stock returns surrounding the release of CSR report information suggest that shareholders favorably view the overall long-term effects of required CSR reports.


We present a rare case of a 72-year-old man with recurrent hepatic abscesses secondary to transgastric migration of a toothpick into the liver parenchyma and left portal venous branch. Prior to identification of the foreign body, the patient received multiple courses of antibiotics and underwent image-guided catheter placement without resolution of infection. Given his refractory abdominal pain, fevers, and chills, a repeat abdominal CT was obtained and demonstrated a radio-opaque object extending through the prepyloric gastric submucosa into the liver parenchyma and left portal vein. EGD confirmed a pre-pyloric fistula tract with purulent discharge. The patient subsequently underwent exploratory laparotomy, cholecystectomy, porta hepatis exploration, removal of foreign body, and ligation of porto-enteric fistula tract. A wooden toothpick was removed in its entirety. Interval CT demonstrated resolution of hepatic abscesses and no evidence of persistent porto-enteric fistula. This exceptional case demonstrates the value of multidisciplinary care, hypervigilance for patients with refractory pyogenic liver abscesses of unknown origin, and the importance of careful preoperative planning.


Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a modern metabolic disorder. T2DM is related with modern lifestyle and results when the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin or respond properly to insulin, which is the hormone that regulates the levels of glucose in blood. The aim of this project was to define novel targets for the possible development of drugs for T2DM. In the thesis we developed 3 models that can assist the screening of novel drugs for T2DM. . In the first model that is presented in this thesis it is shown that resistin downregulation in mouse adipocytes would provide an alternative for PPARγ agonist activity, and assay frequently used in the past to define novel drugs for T2DM. The results revealed a significant correlation between the EC50 for PPARγ activation in a reporter gene cell line and the IC50 for resistin downregulation in adipocytes. The outcomes indicate that PPARγ mediated downregulation of resistin might promote insulin sensitivity and that resistin can be used as a target for searching insulin sensitizing compounds. In the second model presented in this thesis, the detection of TLR-4 mediated gene expression was investigated as a possible bioassay to detect candidate antidiabetic drugs able to inhibit resistin mediated TLR-4 activation and subsequent effects. Inhibition of LPS mediated TLR-4 signaling by two known TLR-4 inhibitors could be demonstrated as well as the inhibition of resistin mediated TLR-4 signaling by these two known TRL-4 inhibitors. It was concluded that the TLR-4 reporter gene cell line provides a novel tool for detection of resistin antagonists and might be of use as a new target to screen for a possible new type of antidiabetic drugs. A third in vitro model that is presented in this thesis for the search on novel targets for T2DM drugs consists of a model that mimics inflamed adipocytes. Adipocytes (3T3-L1) were co-cultured directly with activated macrophages (RAW264.7) producing an environment for testing compounds under conditions more similar to the in vivo situation in T2DM patients. A comparison of our results to a study on human visceral fat of obese non-diabetic and obese diabetic patients indicated that AUH, NAGK, pCYT2, NNMT, STK39 and CSNK2A2 genes and proteins have the potential of being prognostic biomarkers. To further increase the possibility for identification of novel targets for antidiabetic drugs via the possible role of resistin, the mechanism behind resistin mediated effects was investigated. Human adipocytes were exposed to resistin and the effects on gene expression were analysed by RNA sequencing. Based on these observations it was proposed that resistin dependent gene expression is related to modifications in cellular maintenance processes, slowing down metabolic changes resulting in energy conservation. Under these circumstances of metabolic adaptation in the presence of resistin, excess food consumption as in modern societies can result in obesity, inflammation and insulin resistance. Altogether, there is a sincere hope that the models presented in this thesis will contribute to the definition of novel therapeutic strategies and enable answering some of the questions about a complex disease such as T2DM that has been studied for so long time.


The human papillomavirus (HPV) major structural protein L1 composes capsomers that are linked together through interactions mediated by the L1 C terminus to constitute a T 7 icosahedral capsid. H16.U4 is a type-specific monoclonal antibody recognizing a conformation-dependent neutralizing epitope of HPV thought to include the L1 protein C terminus. The structure of human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) complexed with H16.U4 fragments of antibody (Fab) was solved by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image reconstruction. Atomic structures of virus and Fab were fitted into the corresponding cryo-EM densities to identify the antigenic epitope. The antibody footprint mapped predominately to the L1 C-terminal arm with an additional contact point on the side of the capsomer. This footprint describes an epitope that is presented capsid-wide. However, although the H16.U4 epitope suggests the presence of 360 potential binding sites exposed in the capsid valley between each capsomer, H16.U4 Fab bound only to epitopes located around the icosahedral five-fold vertex of the capsid. Thus, the binding characteristics of H16.U4 defined in this study showed a distinctive selectivity for local conformation-dependent interactions with specific L1 invading arms between five-fold related capsomers.


Drawing on auto-ethnographic descriptions from four decades of my own work as a Jewish guide for Christian Holy Land pilgrims, I examine how overlapping faiths are expressed in guide–group exchanges at Biblical sites on Evangelical pilgrimages. I outline several faith interactions: Between reading the Bible as an affirmation of Christian faith or as a legitimation of Israeli heritage, between commitments to missionary Evangelical Christianity and to Judaism, between Evangelical practice and those of other Christian groups at holy sites, and between faith-based certainties and scientific skepticism. These encounters are both limited and enabled by the frames of the pilgrimage: The environmental bubble of the guided tour, the Christian orientations and activities in the itinerary, and the power relations of hosts and guests. Yet, unplanned encounters with religious others in the charged Biblical landscape offer new opportunities for reflection on previously held truths and commitments. I conclude by suggesting that Holy Land guided pilgrimages may broaden religious horizons by offering an interreligious model of faith experience based on encounters with the other.


After 20 years of undeserved neglect, nitroglycerin ointment is now coming into its own. The need for it is obvious. Sublingually administered nitroglycerin, with its fleeting effect, is inadequate for unstable nocturnal or variant angina. Long-acting nitroglycerin preparations for oral administration lose much of their effectiveness through inactivation of nitrate in the liver. In bypassing the portal circulation, nitroglycerin ointment offers a logical alternative. That the alternative is also practical has been confirmed by recent clinical trials. Reichek and associates 1 reported gratifying subjective and objective results with the use of this ointment. Not only was angina forestalled in the 14 patients they studied, but there was a substantial enhancement of exercise capacity, lowering of systolic blood pressure, increase in heart rate, and diminution of exerciseinduced ST segment depression. These effects, which lasted three to five hours, were undiminished after a three-month trial in six of these patients. No evidence


Philippe Aries, who often brought his history students to despair with far-reaching genealogies and ramified diagrams, once wrote, 'genealogy, chronology and synopsis were proof of a clumsy eagerness to grasp history in its totality'. I Since the period when comprehensive theories of history became popular, art history has been especially affected by this common 'eagerness'. After 1800, art historians made use of supposedly objectifying models of history such as family trees, chronologies and diagrams. Although they claimed historical objectivity, they seemed oblivious to the politics of drawing pedigrees in the fields of arts and ideas.


The minimal inhibitory concentrations of clindamycin and gentamicin alone and in combinations were determined by a microdilution method for 163 aerobic, facultative, and anaerobic clinical isolates. All 77 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Diplococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and anaerobic bacteria (except for three strains of Clostridium) were inhibited by 1.6 μg or less of clindamycin per ml. Gentamicin did not interfere with the activity of clindamycin within the range of concentrations tested (0.1 to 100 μg/ml); for some strains combinations were synergistic. Sixty-two (94%) of 66 strains of Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited by 6.2 μg or less of gentamicin per ml. Combinations of clindamycin and gentamicin were indifferent for 29 strains and synergistic for 33 strains. All 20 strains of enterococcus, three strains of Clostridium, three strains of Escherichia coli, and one strain of Proteus rettgeri were resistant to both clindamycin (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than 3.1 μg/ml) and gentamicin (minimal inhibitory concentration greater than 6.2 μg/ml). Combinations of clindamycin and gentamicin were indifferent for 16 and synergistic for 11 of the resistant strains. Except for clindamycin-sensitive isolates, synergy was usually observed only at concentrations of one or both drugs which are not readily obtainable in vivo. Antagonism was never observed.


Seismic attributes, which are extracted from seismic information, are physical indexes used specificallyfor the measurement of geometric, dynamic, or statistical characteristics of seismic data. Current methods for seismic multi-attribute inversion include linear and nonlinear methods. By adopting the wireless module of NFC24l01, combined with the seismic data acquisition sensor, constitutes an intelligent network sensor, and then it sends the collected data to the topmost machine for analysis.Methods for the nonlinear inversion of seismic multi-attributes usually employ tools such as neural networks and support vector machines (SVMs)for mapping. Hence, inversion results obtained via nonlinear methodsare more accurate than those obtained via linear methods. In this work, with spontaneous-potential (SP) curves as the objective of nonlinear inversion, an optimized seismic attribute combination for the inversion of SP curves was identified, and the nonlinear inversion of seismic multi-attributes was achieved via the use of a deep neural network (DNN) to obtain 3D SP data. Finally, the foresetting process of a sand body of the intermediate section in Member 3 of the Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Delta was illustrated via the horizon slice of the SP data.


The study is exploratory in nature and attempts to disclose the major barriers and challenges towards women entrepreneurship development, major problems faced by women entrepreneurs in bangladesh. More women entrepreneurs are getting involved in economic activities of the country especially in the small scale of business and more or less they are playing a significant role to boost up our economy. Paucity of fund is one of the major problems along with lacking of knowledge, lacking of sufficient information are other mentionable problems. Besides, institutional support from different government and non-government institutions is required for development and growth of women entrepreneur. Moreover, legal and institutional guidelines are also highly required to make a trade-off between challenges and future prospects of women entrepreneur so that they can feel encourage creating new venture with new hope. To accomplish the objective of the study primary and secondary data were used. The study also suggests that both government and non-government institution have to come forward together for the development of women entrepreneurship in bangladesh.


To get a better insight into the dynamic interaction between cells and their environment, we developed the agonist-induced Functional Analysis and Cell Sorting (aiFACS) technique, which allows the simultaneous recording and sorting of cells in real-time according to their immediate and individual response to a stimulus. By modulating the aiFACS selection parameters, testing different developmental times, using various stimuli and multiplying the analysis of readouts, it is possible to analyze cell populations of any tissue, including tumors. The association of aiFACS to single-cell transcriptomic allows to build a tissue cartography based on specific functional response/s of cells. As proof of concept, we used aiFACS on the dissociated mouse brain, a highly heterogenous tissue, enriching it in interneurons upon stimulation with an agonist of the glutamate receptors and upon sorting based on calcium levels. Further single-cell RNA-seq of these aiFACS-selected interneurons resulted in a nine-cluster classification. Furthermore, we used aiFACS on interneurons derived from the brain of the Fmr1-KO mouse, a rodent model of Fragile X syndrome. We show here that these interneurons manifest a generalized defective pharmacological response compared to wild type, affecting all the analyzed cell clusters at one specific post-natal developmental time.


The expression "malignancy" is now reserved for such pathologic new formations that will often return after removal and form metastases, if not entirely removed. As the first depends upon incomplete removal, mostly depending on dissemination of tumorgerms in the various forms of the primary growth, the latter property only is the true feature of malignant tumors. To clear up the nature of this property is a task of the highest scientific and practical importance, and it seems always convenient to review our notions on these points, even though they are not wholly conclusive. At least, such an examination of facts will show the way for further investigation and secure the practitioner and pathologic investigator from mistakes, by removing misunderstandings. Separating the infectious tumors from the organoid growths, in the second part of my "General Pathology" (1889) I think I have placed the question somewhat clearer. The organoid tumors spread by


Itch sensation is one of the major sensory experiences of humans and animals. Recent studies using genetic deletion techniques have proposed that gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) is a key neurotransmitter for itch in the spinal cord. However, these studies are mainly based on behavioral responses and lack direct electrophysiological evidence that GRP indeed mediates itch information between primary afferent fibers and spinal dorsal horn neurons. In this review, we reviewed recent studies using different experimental approaches and proposed that glutamate but not GRP acts as the key neurotransmitter in the primary afferents in the transmission of itch. GRP is more likely to serve as an itch-related neuromodulator. In the cerebral cortex, we propose that the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays a significant role in both itch and pain sensations. Only behavioral measurement of itch (scratching) is not sufficient for itch measurement, since scratching the itching area also produces pleasure. Integrative experimental approaches as well as better behavioral scoring models are needed to help to understand the neuronal mechanism of itch and aid future treatment for patients with pruritic diseases.


Background Thyroid surgery is increasingly demanding in terms of cosmetic neck outcomes and protection of anterior neck function, so we have adopted an alternative sternocleidomastoid intermuscular approach (SMIA) for open/conventional thyroidectomy. The protection of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) and external branch of superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN) is the key and difficult point in thyroid surgery. The aim of this study was to testify the feasibility of RLN and EBSLN functional protection during SMIA thyroidectomy with the intraoperative neuromonitoring. Methods A total of 39 patients and 39 RLN and EBSLNs who underwent monitored SMIA thyroidectomy were included. Thyroid gland is revealed and excised anterior to the cervical sheath between the sternal and clavicular heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Standardized intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) procedures and postoperative laryngeal examination were performed to audit the SMIA. Following the four-step method, V1, R1, R2, and V2 were monitored and the signal values were recorded. Statistical analysis was used to evaluate the change of IONM amplitude of RLN, combined with the results of laryngoscopy before and after operation to determine the status of RLN. EBSLN injuries were identified from changes in cricothyroid muscle (CTM) twitch and EMG. SMIA video vignette is detailed. Results All RLN and EBSLNs [17 on the left and 22 on the right] were monitored in 39 patients [5 men, 34 women; mean age 34.1±8.7 years; mean body mass index 22.5 (±3.0, 17.0–30.8) kg/m2] undergoing SMIA. For RLN of the affected side, we compared the V2 and V1 (1,236±672 vs. 1,240±428, P=0.973), R2 and R1 (1,676±778 vs. 1,656±765, P=0.849) signals separately, and the results were not statistically different (P>0.05). Comparing the V1 (1,240±428 vs. 1,309±395, P=0.601) signals of the bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve, there was no statistical difference (P>0.05). CTM twitch and EMG were preserved. Conclusions The SMIA technique appears feasible. RLN and EBSLN are easier to be exposed during thyroid surgery of SMIA, which is beneficial to the neuroprotection during the operation. At the same time, it can protect the anterior cervical function and improve the cosmetic effect after operation.


Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors suffer severe attenuation when they are immersed in fluids because the predominantly surface-normal components of particle displacement excite fluid compressional waves. This effect is minimized in the leaky SAW (LSAW) sensor, where the predominant displacement is in the plane of the surface. The measurements have shown that the most significant loss mechanism for an unshielded LSAW sensor is electrical dissipation, induced by the conductivities and dielectric loss tangents of many fluids. This kind of loss can be eliminated by shielding the sensor with a metal film. The sensitivity of a shielded sensor is eventually limited by the effects of mechanical damping, due to fluid viscosity. Methods for characterizing the dielectric properties of fluids are described, experimental results are presented, and a sensitivity limit for liquid-loaded LSAW sensors is postulated.<<ETX>>


It is shown that curvature-squared gravity would be split into five essentially different variants at D)4. Every variant possesses its own number of physical degrees of freedom. The classification explicitly depends upon the dimension. The Dirac constrained canonical formalism is developed and its general structure is exhaustively studied. Explicit expressions of the first- and second-class constraints are specific for every variant of the theory.


Mobile Social Networks (MSN) are increasing nowadays as the mobile users would like to share the knowledge with their community. Even though some of the social networks are available, users are unable to communicate only to their individual communities. The difficulty exists to communicate with the separate set of people. To improve the situation, community aware opportunistic routing algorithm has been proposed along with reverse dijkstra's algorithm to efficiently reduce the delivery delay of nodes in the network. The communications among the mobile users are made to traverse in a secured manner. Since communications among the users happen in the network of community homes, computational and maintenance cost of contact information are greatly reduced. This work also proves that energy levels of mobile nodes are


Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a global pandemic as it has affected millions of individuals and caused hundreds of fatalities. This pandemic has posed serious challenges to health care professionals related to the treatment and management of cancer especially chronic myeloid leukemia patients. Objectives: This review has summarized some latest studies and case reports conducted to evaluate the prevalence and effects of COVID-19 infection in chronic myeloid leukemia patients and how anti-neoplastic drugs act as antiviral agents. Methodology: All the literature were searched by using different electronic databases. Results: The rate of COVID-19 infection in cancer patients is higher as compared to the normal population. The reason may be immunosuppression due to cancer progression or a therapeutic approach applied to control the progression of cancer. Studies have indicated a low risk of infection in chronic myeloid leukemia patients who received tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Conclusion: It has been found that tyrosine kinase inhibitors may act as an antiviral agent. That gave the idea that anti-neoplastic agents could be repurposed as antiviral agents to fight the battle against the current pandemic. This will provide new insights into the management of COVID-19 infection in chronic myeloid leukemia patients.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the extent to which the health needs were met or unmet in children with epilepsy attending a tertiary care outpatient setting.

PATIENTS AND METHOD
A semi-structured interview was used to collect relevant information from the parents. It focused on ascertaining the quality of health care received by the children, including the extent to which attention was given to epilepsy related physical, behavioural, social and educational impairments that were identified by the parents.

RESULTS
There was satisfactory seizure control in the majority. Most children received only one anticonvulsant and side-effects were reported to be minimal. A large majority had behavioural problems, and social and educational difficulties to a lesser extent. Parents were concerned about the implications of these problems, but there was little communication about them in the doctor-patient contact. Even where the problems were communicated, parent satisfaction about the interventions was low. Parents identified the availability of more consultation time and provision of more information on epilepsy as their expectations from doctors.

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows that awareness and communication about the multiple health problems of children with epilepsy are necessary to improve the quality of health care given to them.


Work environment in the organization is one of important issues that is important all the time and the importance of and how to create a conducive environment and efficient human resources is emphasized; An environment with the proper definition of privacy and jurisdiction, can increase the growth and productivity of personnel and their values affect. With the complexity of structure and organizational performance, organizing work and creating a relaxed atmosphere and productivity, that leads to the activation of more manpower,their vitality, eliminate risk, increase quality in work, reducing depressants, growth in services is positive and ultimately achieve the desired productivity is the concerns of executives and supervisors of organizations. Today, with the advancement of technology and their help we can create environments to help resolve problems in the workplace and finally positive and high quality services for employees and managers who spend a lot of time working for companies and organizations. In this paper for qualitative analysis and comparison of samples it was tried to define the notion of privacy and its impact in the workplace has been associated with decreased anxiety. Keywords : work environment, Privacy, territory, Work quality


The latest chemical management policies require toxicological evaluation of marketed but untested chemicals. Furthermore, in Europe, for animal welfare reasons sales of cosmetics and raw materials for which animal experiments were conducted were totally banned, in 2013. Responding to these regulatory trends, a strong demand exists to develop new in vitro test methods and to improve in silico prediction models for safety assessments. In recent years, the development of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) has been actively promoted in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Since it is difficult to replace a particular in vivo animal test with a single in vitro test method or in silico prediction model, integrated approaches to testing and assessment (IATA) have been studied based on AOP information. With regard to skin sensitization, several in vitro test methods that measure key events of AOP have been established, and integrated strategies using in vitro tests have been examined using AOP. Currently, numerous AOPs are under development for a wide range of complex toxicity endpoints in the OECD AOP program. The AOPs are expected to contribute to the development of many accurate in vitro test methods and to establish IATA as well as to evaluate safety in humans of many substances, including household chemicals, food-related chemicals, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.


Argumentation has become an increasingly recognized focus for science instruction---as a learning process, as an outcome associated with the appropriation of scientific discourse, and as a window onto the epistemic work of science. Only a small set of theoretical conceptualizations of argumentation have been deployed and investigated in science education, however, while a plethora of conceptualizations have been developed in the interdisciplinary fields associated with science studies and the learning sciences. This paper attempts to review a range of such theoretical conceptualizations of argumentation and discuss the possible implications for the orchestration of science education; the goal being that the science education research community might consider a broader range of argumentation forms and roles in conjunction with the learning of science. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed92:473–493, 2008


Contract farming is a practice in order to decrease the risk and uncertainty commonly done on farming. Generally, contract farming is divided into two types that are production contract and market contract. Contract farming is commonly done on the strategic and high-risk agricultural? commodities, one of them is the potato. Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a commodity with high risk. One of the contract farming done on potato commodity is a contract occurred between farmer group and PT. "KLM" in Ijen District Bondowoso Regency, East Java Province Indonesia. The writer would like to review more related to the contract farming pattern occurred and compare the potato farmers' income following the contract farming and independent contract. This research was done from February until April 2019. Samples in this research used probability sampling on 106 potato farmers consisting of 76 farmers incorporated within contract farming and 29 farmers independently. The research results showed that contract farming intertwined was the contract farming type of market. The comparison of potato farmers income following the contract farming was lower than independent potato farmers income with the difference of IDR 4,515,417.49.


In recent years there has been a growing interest in the development of methodologies related to the formulation and appraisal of projects. This is reflected in an increasing number of scientific papers and courses offered at different levels on the subject, most of which are directed for application in less developed countries. A wide variety of institutions are contributing in different ways to this development. Resulting from this interest, several operational procedures have been suggested which enable the analyst to perform financial as well as social appraisal of projects, where financial refers specifically to appraisal for the private and/or public participants in the project, and social refers to analysis from the perspective of economy-wide effects. The main objective of this paper is to review the most important operational procedures that have been suggested as a means to incorporate value judgements on income distribution in a systematic way into social cost benefit analysis. In fact, one of the main reasons that explain why methods to formally incorporate distribution concerns in project analysis are not a common practice, is a general lack of knowledge of those procedures which have been suggested and tried in case studies.


Indigo Operations, subdivision of FLIR Systems, has designed, fabricated, and tested a mixed-signal readout integrated circuit (ROIC), the ISC9717, for instrumentation and flat panel X-ray applications. This off-the-shelf, high performance, lownoise, 128-channel device is fully programmable with a multistage pipelined architecture and a 9 to 14-bit programmable A/D converter per channel, making it suitable for numerous instrumentation detector types, especially for X-ray imaging applications. Each 80-micron pitch amplification channel includes a low noise integrator, a low pass filter with programmable time constant, a correlated double sampling to remove kTC and 1/f noise, and a programmable A/D converter (9 to 14-bit). Both integrator and correlated double sampling have programmable gains to cover a wide range of input signal dynamic range. The ISC9717 integrates both charge polarities, making it suitable for Silicon (Si), Amorphous Silicon, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs), Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CdZnTe) detector materials and Selenium (Se) or Cesium Iodide (CsI) flat panel arrays. The ROIC is designed to interface along one or two sides of the detector or flat panels like TFT, where ROICs are abutted, each reading out charge from pixels multiplexed on to 128 read lines.


In recent years it was intensified by companies the action of incorporating their strategic and operational concepts related to Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainability and Stakeholder Theory. The confluence and interaction of the concepts of these three constructs both in doctrine and in the actions of companies generated in these very different answers, speaking on strategies, policies and shares representing idiosyncratic interpretations of each concept, showing a unique relationship between them situation that hinders the proper classification of each entrepreneur performance. As a first objective, this bibliographic research analyzes the historical evolution of the three named concepts, examining their origins and initial ideas and their mutual interaction and interrelation. The second objective, we sought to develop an instrument that would allow a more accurate characterization of entrepreneurs socio-environmental actions on firmer foundations that denominations that companies allocated to these actions. Based on the investigation, and adapted for this scheme Galbreath (2006), it was possible to obtain a tool to differentiate entrepreneurs socio-environmental actions based on the theory on which design their policies and actions fundamentals. Also, this instrument facilitates the ordering of the doctrinal contributions in these issues. Finally, a prospective hypothesis of the three concepts developed in research is proposed.


The world of computer games has shown a very rapid progress in the course of the last decade, and computer gaming in adolescents has often (without any sufficient evidence of causality) been associated with socially undesirable phenomena such as violence or various types of addiction (Nespor a Csemy, 2007; Gentile et al., 2004). Hence, the main research objective of this pilot study was to obtain more information about potential connections between selected personal variables and adolescent computer gaming today.


Although modern bridge are carefully designed and well constructed, damage may occur in them due to unexpected causes. Currently, many different techniques have been proposed and investigated in bridge condition assessment. However, evaluation efficiency of condition assessment has not been paid much attention by the researchers. A fast evaluation of the urban railway bridge condition based on the cloud computing is presented. In this paper dynamic FE model and Artificial neural networks technique is applied to model updating. The cloud computing model provides the basis for fast analyses. It was found that when applied to the actually railway bridges, the proposed method provided results similar to those obtained by experts, but can improve efficiency of bridge


Thirty-three children in whom a diagnosis of cyclic or periodic vomiting was made did not present evidence of intrinsic disease of abdominal and other viscera, and the cause of the symptoms had not been determined. They were then studied for evidence of a cerebral origin of the recurrent, paroxysmal autonomic symptoms which would justify classification of the syndrome as an autonomic epilepsy.
 Supportive evidence was found in a preponderance of the following: A family or personal history of epilepsy, migraine, or related episodic nervous system disorders; a history or signs of acquired damage to the brain; abnormalities of the electroencephalogram, and the beneficial effect of medication of proven value in epilepsy or in autonomic dysfunction.
 Each of the 33 children in this study could qualify, in our opinion, for a diagnosis of autonomic epilepsy. Five illustrative case histories are related.


The case of a 39-year-old woman with vertical strabismus with no concordance between intraoperative findings and the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been presented here. Orbital MRI revealed apparent agenesis of the inferior rectus muscles. After undergoing surgery a satisfactory postoperative result with reduction of lateral incomitance has been observed.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the level of disaster preparedness of institutional care and sheltered housing services provided by the private sector in Finland.

Design/methodology/approach

A web-based questionnaire was completed by businesses producing institutional care and sheltered housing services in Finland. They answered questions on disaster preparedness, impacts of recent hazards, measures taken during the hazards and connections to disaster risk management actors and relatives of their residents during the hazards.

Findings

The study showed that only 19 percent of the private service providers had a disaster preparedness plan, and only 11 percent reported that it was a requirement agreed on with the service purchaser. The size of the unit predicted only partly the differences in the level of preparedness. The major impacts of storms were on energy supply, leading to disruptions in the daily activities of the services.

Practical implications

The most vulnerable to disasters are people dependent on others, which include those receiving social services. Consequently, this study recommends that preparedness planning should be legally mandated requirement for all social service providers. In addition, the local governments' service purchasers should include private services in their disaster preparedness activities.

Originality/value

Private businesses are increasingly involved in producing social services in Finland; hence, their preparedness to face hazards and connection with disaster risk management partners is vital. This study increases knowledge of private institutional care and sheltered housing services' disaster preparedness, which has seldom been the focus of studies.


BACKGROUND
The electronic medical database (EMD) has been increasingly used for clinical research as it reflects a real-world practice with large and heterogeneous samples. However, few studies have reported on the validity of EMD from community hospitals for research purposes.

OBJECTIVE
To assess the validity of EMD based on data from patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving care from community hospitals in Phitsanulok Province, Thailand.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The validity of EMD was determined using hand-written out-patient medical records (OPMRs) as a criterion standard. One hundred ninety three records of patient with ICD-10 of AF (148) were retrieved from the EMD of two community hospitals between August 2007 and July 2008. For each patient, data of a randomly selected visit from the EMD was matched to data of the same visit from OPMRs, abstracted by a standardized data collection form. The EMD was cross-validated with OPMRs based on patient's diagnosis of AE co-morbidities (risk factors for stroke) and bleeding events. All data were tabulated in a 2 x 2 format to calculate sensitivity, specificity and the Cohen's Kappa.

RESULTS
Out of 193 AF patients retrieved from the EMD, 169 (87.56%) were documented as having a diagnosis of AF in OPMRs. The EMD data on risk factors for stroke showed moderate to high sensitivity (range: 66.67-100%) and high specificity (range: 98.77-100%). The agreement between the two databases was considered good to very good (calculated kappa range: 0.7942-0.9681). The specificity based on major bleeding was 100%; however, sensitivity and the Cohens Kappa could not be determined as the major bleeding diagnosis was found in neither the EMD nor the OPMRs.

CONCLUSION
The EMD of AF patients from community hospitals in Phitsanulok was valid and in good agreement with the OPMRs. The EMD from community hospitals appeared suitable for health research in patients with AF


By Anthony Neilson First shown at the Royal Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh, 1 to 4 September, and now running at the Theatre Royal, Plymouth, until 25 September


A simple numerical model was developed to solve a forced version of the two-dimensional barotropic vorticity equation, on a β-plane stretched around the Earth. The model is designed to produce a turbulent flow and a crude representation of the Northern Hemisphere storm track. The probability distributions of vorticity produced were analysed, with a particular focus on the extreme values attained. Two different experiments have been performed with the model firstly without differential rotation (β = 0), and secondly with a mid-latitude value of β ('geostrophic turbulence'). These experiments produced qualitatively similar turbulence to previous numerical modelling studies coherent, isolated vortices for β = 0 and stretched vortices confined to a latitude band for β > 0, more representative of the real atmosphere. Through analysis of the statistical moments of the time distributions of vorticity it was shown that higher order moments are dominated by extreme values of vorticity. This has demonstrated that, although commonly used, care should be exercised when using standard moment measures to summarise turbulence. The standard moments were compared with quantile moments and they produced similar results, though the quantile moments are more robust to extreme value outliers. The geostrophic turbulence produces moments that are qualitatively similar to the patterns of observations of White (1980). Generalised Extreme Value (GEV) probability models were fitted to the extremes of both positive and negative vorticity produced in the model. In the β = 0 case it was found that the extreme distribution shape parameters of positive and negative vorticity extremes are anti-symmetric, but with a low statistical significance. This effect is also observed in the atmosphere as low pressure systems become more extreme than high pressure systems. However, it was also shown that this effect is initial condition dependent in the model. In the geostrophic case, this asymmetry is not present, though there is a strong latitudinal variation of the extreme distribution shape parameter. Converting the extremes of vorticity to pressure through scaling relations produces values comparable to the extreme pressures observed in the real atmosphere.


A novel protocol has been constructed for the synthesis of four types of pyridin-2-ones via solvent-free cascade reactions of 2-cyanoacetamides, various ketones, and acetone via multicomponent reactions to prepare target compounds with good to excellent yields. As a result, functionalized pyridin-2-ones bearing quaternary centers, specifically, spiropyridin-2-ones, were generated by piperidine under solvent-free conditions. Also, a double bond has been introduced into the target compounds through aryl substituted 2-cyanoacetamides under the same conditions. The advantages of this approach include no solvents, simple and practical operation (multi-component one-pot), high yields (up to 95%), and a product with potential biological activity.


It is easy for Americans to think that the world's most egregious human rights abuses happen in other countries. In reality, our history is plagued by injustices, and our present reality is still stained by racism and inequality. While the Michigan Journal of International Law usually publishes only pieces with a global focus, we felt it prudent in these critically important times not to shy away from the problems facing our own country. We must understand our own history before we can strive to form a better union, whether the union be the United States or the United Nations. Ambassador Susan Page is an American diplomat who has faced human rights crises both at home and abroad. We found her following call to action inspiring. We hope you do too.


In this review, an attempt was made to substantiate the possibility for neurotrophins to be involved in the development of immune tolerance based on data accumulated on neurotrophin content and receptor expression in the trophoblast and immune cells, in particular, in natural killer cells. Numerous research results are reviewed to show that the expression and localization of neurotrophins along with their high‐affinity tyrosine kinase receptors and low‐affinity p75NTR receptor in the mother‐placenta‐fetus system indicate the important role of neurotrophins as binding molecules in regulating the crosstalk between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems in pregnancy. An imbalance between these systems can occur with tumor growth and pathological processes observed in pregnancy complications and fetal development anomalies.


Optical absorption in the bi-layered manganites La2 − 2xSr1 + 2xMn2O7 (x = 0.3 and 0.4) was studied and metallic clusters were revealed in the temperature range TC < T<270 K in the composition with x = 0.4. The existence of metal clusters is considered as the principal cause of magnetoresistance, the tails of magnetization and ferromagnetic correlations, which are observed in this manganite up to temperatures several times exceeding the temperature TC of 3D magnetic ordering.


Spondylocostal dysostosis is a genetic defect associated with severe rib and vertebrae malformations. In recent years, extensive clinical and molecular diagnosis advancements enabled us to identify disease-causing variants in different genes for such severe conditions. The identification of novel candidate genes enabled us to understand the developmental biology and molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the etiology of these rare diseases. Here, we discuss the clinical and molecular targets associated with spondylocostal dysostosis, including clinical evaluation, genes, and pathways involved. This review might help us understand the basics of such a severe disorder, which might help in proper clinical characterization and help in future therapeutic strategies.


Titanium doxide (TiO2) thin films were deposited on quartz substrates by spray pyrolysis method using titanium tetrachloride as precursor solution. Thin films were deposited at temperature substrate 350 ◦C and annealed at 550 ◦C in air for 120 min. Polycrystalline thin films with anatas crystal structure, as evidenced from X-ray diffraction pattern. Optical study shows the optical band gap has been increased with increasing of dopant. Electrical properties have been studied by means of electrical resistivity and Hall measurement. The sensitivity of TiO2: 5% Cr to NH3 gas with concentration 5ppm at room temperature has been modified to (93) % as compared with a pure TiO2.


Encryption is imperative in the world of computers. Delivery of data requires a technique that the data is free from attack. Hill Cipher is the popular cryptography method. There are so many techniques that have been made to dismantle the message. Hill Cipher uses the symmetric key model. This key must be distributed to the recipients so that they can restore the ciphertext into plaintext. To avoid the key interception, the Three-Pass Protocol can be implemented to this situation. It avoids the key delivery. By using this technique, either the sender or the recipient does encryption and decryption by their keys respectively without sharing them with each other. It is impossible to the attacker to get the key since the both participants keep the keys safely. Hence, the information transmission is more secure than not using this concept.


In approximately two-thirds of the epileptic cats in this article, an idiopathic epilepsy had to be assumed. It began between six and 36 months of age with a single seizure, which usually occurred during rest or sleep. Symptomatic epilepsy was frequently observed during the first two years of life and in old age, beginning frequently with multiple seizures or status epilepticus and less often during sleep or rest. In both types, grand mal seizures are predominant. Seizure clusters or status epilepticus caused extensive neuron necroses and scleroses in Ammon's horn. Diazepana and phenobarbital are antiepileptics of first choice for the cat; primidone and phenytoin are less suitable.


In the study in vitro alternatives to a non-validated and harmful animal test for the absence of extraneous virus in live vaccines were investigated. For evaluation of a suitable in vitro method the porcine herpesvirus (Aujeszkyvirus, Pseudorabiesvirus) was used as a model virus. In artificially contaminated live vaccines the aujeszkyvirus could be detected by moleculargenetical and cellular methods. Regarding the threshold values of virus detection in vitro tests showed to be more efficacious than animal testing. Meanwhile the European Pharmacopoeia Commission deleted the animal test for extraneous virus from two monographs. The discussion, if respective animal testing can be cancelled for the other live vaccines as well, is still ongoing. The study was supported by the German Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Technology.