Precursor T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) represents one of the major challenges of pediatric oncology, because relapses are frequently refractory to treatment and fatal. The molecular understanding of progression to relapse in T-ALL is limited. We aimed at identifying patterns of clonal evolution and at describing mechanisms of relapse by comparing the genetic and epigenetic alterations in primary and in relapsed pediatric T-ALL.

DNA from bone marrow of 13 patients with T-ALL at primary disease, remission and relapse was analyzed by a combination of multiplex ligation- dependent probe amplification (MLPA), Illumina 450k array, whole exome sequencing (WES) and targeted deep sequencing. Targeted deep sequencing was performed after target capture with Agilent HaloPlex. In the target capture design, all loci that showed somatic mutations in WES were included. Deep sequencing was done on all primary disease and relapse samples and on a subset of remission samples. Allele frequencies by HaloPlex were highly reproducible, corresponded well to allele frequencies of loci that were well covered in WES and were consistent after serial dilutions.

Analysis of DNA methylation using the Illumina 450k array showed that methylation of relapse samples does not differ significantly from the methylation of the matching primary disease samples, with the variability between different patients being much larger than the variability within samples from the same patient.

WES identified on average 10 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 1.8 small insertions and deletions (indels) in primary T-ALL and 23.2 SNVs and 2.6 indels in the corresponding relapse samples. Only about 30% of SNVs and indels identified in relapse were already detected in primary disease by WES, while most amplifications and deletions that had been detected by the combination of MLPA and read depth analysis of WES data were conserved from primary disease to relapse. Recurrently, we identified known and novel drivers of T-ALL (NOTCH1, FBXW7, PHF6, WT1, PTEN, NRAS, STAT5B).

Targeted resequencing of mutated genes at high depth (median coverage 6233, 90% of targets covered >1000x) identified rare subclonal alleles with a sensitivity in the range of 10-2 to 10-4, depending on the coverage of each individual locus. This allowed us to distinguish de novo mutations that were acquired during treatment from mutations that had already been present at initial diagnosis and were selected for in relapse. Depending on the contribution of clonal selection or de novo mutations, at least two different patterns of relapse could be identified: In a smaller proportion of leukemias, all mutations present at first diagnosis were again detected in relapse, with some additional mutations that were specific for relapse. In most leukemias, the major clone at relapse had arisen from a minor subclone at primary disease and has acquired additional mutations, indicating that clonal selection was the main contributor to the evolution of relapse. In all cases, at least one genetic alteration was detected in samples from both time points.

The example of activating mutations in the nucleotidase NT5C2, which have previously been proposed to contribute to resistance against nucleoside analogues, illustrates the genetic plasticity of T-ALL: Activating NT5C2 mutations were identified in 4 out of 13 relapse samples. The only activating NT5C2 mutation that was already detected in a primary disease sample at low allele frequency was not present in the corresponding relapse sample but was replaced by another activating NT5C2 mutation. This indicates that mutations acquired during treatment may outcompete subclonal mutations that were present in the primary leukemia. In at least two relapse samples, subclonal NT5C2 mutations were detected, compatible with the notion that acquisition of resistance towards chemotherapy by mutation of NT5C2 is a late event on the way to relapse.

Conclusion: The acquisition of novel genetic alterations and selection of treatment resistant subclones are main contributors to T-ALL relapse. We now aim at identifying molecular signatures that characterize treatment resistant subclones, which may be included in risk stratification algorithms of primary T-ALL.

Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Although real earnings management (REM) is increasingly common, limited research examines how auditors react when they know or suspect that their clients are using REM. In addition, prior research on whether auditors react to REM is not conclusive, nor does it provide strong insights into why auditors would react to REM, given that REM does not violate GAAP. We conduct a 2x3 between-subjects experiment (client Beat or Missed the analysts' consensus forecast, with three levels of REM: Explicit REM, Potential REM, and No REM) with highly experienced auditors as participants to examine the conditions in which auditors are sensitive to REM. Informed by Correspondent Inference Theory, we predict and find evidence that, when a client beats an EPS target, auditors observing Explicit REM perceive the weakest management tone and assess the highest levels of risk, followed by those observing Potential REM, and then those observing no REM. However, we predict that, when a client misses an EPS target, auditors are less likely to view Potential REM as actual REM. Thus, we find that, when a client misses an EPS target, auditors observing Explicit REM perceive weaker management tone and assess higher levels of risk relative to when they observe Potential REM or when REM is absent. Further, when clients miss the EPS target, we find that auditor responses to Potential REM do not differ from when REM is absent. Finally, we find that auditors' perceptions of management tone mediate the relation between REM and risk assessments. Overall, the results are consistent with Correspondent Inference Theory and demonstrate how and why auditors respond to REM.


An estimated 100,000 people work today as commercial content moderators. These moderators are often exposed to disturbing content, which can lead to lasting psychological and emotional distress. This literature review investigates moderators' psychological symptomatology, drawing on other occupations involving trauma exposure to further guide understanding of both symptoms and support mechanisms. We then introduce wellness interventions and review both programmatic and technological approaches to improving wellness. Additionally, we review methods for evaluating intervention efficacy. Finally, we recommend best practices and important directions for future research. Content Warning: we discuss the intense labor and psychological effects of CCM, including graphic descriptions of mental distress and illness.


Fibrous encapsulation can impair implant osseointegration and cause implant failure but currently there are limited strategies to address this problem. Since bisphosphonates (BPs), a class of drugs widely used to treat bone diseases, was recently found to induce fibroblast apoptosis, we hypothesize that by loading BPs on titanium (Ti) implant surface, fibrous encapsulation may be inhibited with simultaneous enhancement of implant osseointegration. This strategy of local administration can also be expected to minimize the adverse side effects of BPs, which are associated with intravenous injections. To verify this hypothesis, alendronate was loaded on Ti surface via a hydroxyapatite (CaP) coating, and the effects of the loaded alendronate on fibroblast proliferation and apoptosis, and osteoblast proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and apoptosis were investigated in vitro. With a surface density of loaded alendronate 0.046 mg/cm(2) or higher, fibroblast proliferation was suppressed due to increased apoptosis, while osteoblast proliferation and ALP activity increased with minimal apoptosis. In a coculture of fibroblasts and osteoblasts in a 1:1 ratio, ~60% of the cells on these alendronate-loaded substrates were osteoblasts 1 day after cell seeding. The percentage of osteoblasts increased to about 75% 4 days after cell seeding. These results suggest that fibroblasts and osteoblasts respond differently toward the alendronate-modified substrates, and this phenomenon can potentially be capitalized to reduce fibrous encapsulation.


This paper describes a research study on video content development. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, all kinds of education and training switched from traditional classroom teaching to online and distance learning. The effect of e-learning will be the integral part of the higher education's primary structure. The challenge of online teaching in higher education is to prepare learning materials for students with corresponding quality in various types. The video contents are one of important type of teaching and learning materials. This is one of most welcomed learning materials by students during online and distance teaching. Advantages of video contents are easy to follow focus of lesson, can hear and watch simultaneously, or just can hear if want, or just can watch if not possible to hear, more realistic, gives feeling like takes lesson in classroom. But, to prepare video contents requests a lot of time and preparation. It needs corresponding skills from teacher and it is costly. To support video content with high quality can be offer well defined guidance which helps to prepare good video contents. In this study authors are explained experience-oriented guidance for video content development. In are taking part 5 of


In the first full-length study of Wallace Stevens's word-play, Eleanor Cook focuses on Stevens's skillful play with grammar, etymology, allusion, and other elements of poetry, and suggests ways in which this play offers a method of approaching his work. At the same time, this book is a general study of Stevens's poetry, moving from his earliest to his latest work, and includes close readings of three of his remarkable long poems--Esthetique du Mal, Notes toward a Supreme Fiction, and An Ordinary Evening in New Haven. The chronological arrangement enables readers to follow Stevens's increasing skill and changing thought in three areas of his "poetry of the earth": the poetry of place, the poetry of eros, and the poetry of belief.Poetry, Word-Play, and Word-War in Wallace Stevens shows how, in setting words at play and in conflict, Stevens could upset the usual relations of rhetoric, grammar, and dialectic, and thus the book contributes to the current debate about logical and a-logical uses of language. Cook also places Stevens within the larger context of Western literature, hearing how he speaks to Milton, Keats, and Wordsworth; to such American forebears as Whitman, Emerson, and Dickinson; and to T. S. Eliot, his contemporary.Originally published in 1988.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.


Purpose:The objective of the present study was to investigate the evolution of mRNA expression of the stress sensor GADD45α, the apoptosis initiator TP53 and the apoptosis executor CASP3 in the rat lens after in vivo exposure to sub-threshold dose of UVR-B.Methods:Forty six-week-old female albino Sprague-Dawley rats were unilaterally exposed to a sub-threshold dose, 1 kJ/m2 (1.1 W/m2 for 15 min), of UVR (λmax = 300 nm). Anesthetized and dilated eyes were exposed to UVB radiation. The animals were sacrificed at 1, 5, 24 and 120 h post-exposure. mRNA expression of the GADD45α, TP53 and CASP3 genes in the lenses was measured by quantitative RT‑PCR, and fold change in mRNA expression between exposed and unexposed lenses was calculated.Results:mRNA expression for GADD45α increased to a 1.2 fold change at 1 h after exposure and then returned to no change at 120 h. mRNA expression for TP53 increased with a regression coefficient of 0.04 h-1 to a maximum of 1.67 fold change. mRNA expression for CASP3 increased with a regression coefficient of 4.5 x10-3 rel. units/h to a 1.46 fold change at 120 h after exposure.Conclusions:A sub-threshold in vivo exposure to UVR-B causes a transient upregulation of the stress sensor GADD45α at 1 h after exposure, a saturating upregulation of TP53 and a subsequent constant upregulation of CASP3 in the rat lens.


Experiments were undertaken to study whether progressive processes of bovine serum albumin (BSA) nephritis in C57BL/B10-BR mice could be prevented by the treatment with methylprednisolone (MPSL), a glucocorticoid. Crescentic glomerulonephritis could be induced in 22 mice with high 95 per cent reproducibility by preimmunization of 0.2 mg of BSA four times every 2 weeks, followed by daily intraperitoneal injections of 50 mg/kg of BSA for 4 weeks (group IV, a control). In groups of 8 mice each, intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of MPSL was initiated 3 days before preimmunization (group I), before daily intraperitoneal injection of BSA (group II), and after daily intraperitoneal injection of BSA (group II), and after daily intraperitoneal injection of BSA (group III). In each group, the treatment was continued until the final day of the experiment. In group I, anti-BSA antibody titers, the levels of circulating immune complexes (CIC) and urinary protein was significantly suppressed in comparison with those in group IV. Histologically, diffuse intra- and extra-capillary proliferation observed in group IV was apparently inhibited. In group II and III, urinary protein and intra-/extracapillary proliferation were significantly diminished compared with those of group IV in spite of minor or no decrease in antibody titers and the CIC levels. These results suggest that MPSL has a suppressive effect on the progressive processes of immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis through both its immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory actions, especially when used in the early stage of immune reaction.


We describe a comprehensive study of the properties of both ordered and random alloy Ga1−xMnxAs grown on (001), (311), (201), and (110) GaAs substrates. Magnetization measurements show a systematic variation in the Curie temperature with epitaxial orientation in both types of samples, even for the same average Mn concentrations. Electrical characterization and thermal annealing of the random alloy Ga1−xMnxAs samples suggest that the density of As antisite defects depends on the growth surface, providing an extrinsic origin for the observed dependence of Curie temperature on substrate orientation.


Kim Dong-Ri's 'purity' and Kim Dong-Seok's 'poisonous claws' produced lots of critical contradiction and dogma. However their meaning in history of literature is nothing to be sneezed at. Two powers exist in the base of arguments leading Korean modern literary history, maintaining themselves as each other's rivalries. The one is the power that tries to understand and interpret literature with a sphere of purity and self-control. And the other is with the logic of progress and development related with social and historical realism. Though this is not only for Korean special quality, the point to see is that Kim Dong-Ri supporting the purity and Kim Dong-Seok criticizing him, both of them were not free from actual situation. Kim Dong-Ri was under the flag of the purity in the literature. However he was more political than anybody in realities outside of literature. Kim Dong-Seok was under the flag of realism based from dialectical materialism. However outside of the literature he showed the irony that he existed as his fate was unknown, not applying his political sense. It means that Korean modern literature history has formed particularity and universality of the literature in the functional relation between realities and literature and between life and politics. Unfortunately intermediation or middle point couldn't be established in the argument of the two. Their argument brought up lots of agenda which are still valid topics in our time, such as the purity/participation, shamanism/science, humanism/mechanism, spiritualism/materialism, poetry/prose, modernism/pre-modernism, bourgeois/proletarian, tradition/modernity, literature/politics, realities/observation, purity/enlightenment, rationalism/subjectivism, instrumental rationality/aesthetic rationality, spirit/material, and nationalism/globalism.


Job Satisfaction is the favorableness or un-favorableness with which the employee views his work. It expresses the amount of agreement between one's expectation of the job and the rewards that the job provides. Job Satisfaction is a part of life satisfaction. The nature of one's environment of job is an important part of life as Job Satisfaction influences one's general life satisfaction. Job Satisfaction, thus, is the result of various attitudes possessed by an employee. In a narrow sense, these attitudes are related to the job under condition with such specific factors such as wages. Supervisors of employment, conditions of work, social relation on the job, prompt settlement of grievances and fair treatment by employer.


Heterologous tRNA:aminoacyl tRNA synthetase pairs are often employed for noncanonical amino acid incorporation in the quest for an expanded genetic code. In this work, we investigated one possible mechanism by which directed evolution can improve orthogonal behavior for a suite of Methanocaldococcus jannaschii ( Mj) tRNATyr-derived amber suppressor tRNAs. Northern blotting demonstrated that reduced expression of heterologous tRNA variants correlated with improved orthogonality. We suspected that reduced expression likely minimized nonorthogonal interactions with host cell machinery. Despite the known abundance of post-transcriptional modifications in tRNAs across all domains of life, few studies have investigated how host enzymes may affect behavior of heterologous tRNAs. Therefore, we measured tRNA orthogonality using a fluorescent reporter assay in several modification-deficient strains, demonstrating that heterologous tRNAs with high expression are strongly affected by some native E. coli RNA-modifying enzymes, whereas low abundance evolved heterologous tRNAs are less affected by these same enzymes. We employed mass spectrometry to map ms2i6A37 and Ψ39 in the anticodon arm of two high abundance tRNAs (Nap1 and tRNAOptCUA), which provides (to our knowledge) the first direct evidence that MiaA and TruA post-transcriptionally modify evolved heterologous amber suppressor tRNAs. Changes in total tRNA modification profiles were observed by mass spectrometry in cells hosting these and other evolved suppressor tRNAs, suggesting that the demonstrated interactions with host enzymes might disturb native tRNA modification networks. Together, these results suggest that heterologous tRNAs engineered for specialized amber suppression can evolve highly efficient suppression capacity within the native post-transcriptional modification landscape of host RNA processing machinery.


Endophytic fungi are innumerable sources of bioactive metabolites with various biomedical applications. Hence, this study was aimed to isolate and identify the endophytic fungus Paraconiothyrium brasiliense (PB) from the fruit of Capsicum annuum and evaluated their biochemical, antimicrobial, antioxidant, cell viability, and cytotoxicity behavior. Results showed that ethyl acetate extract (EAE) of PE contains flavonoid (31.53 ± 0.9 mg of QE/g of extract) and phenolic (2.59 ± 0.06 mg of GAE/g of extract). The PB-EAE showed significant antioxidant activity in terms of free radicals such as DPPH, ABTS, and Fe3+ scavenging. The antioxidant potential of PB-EAE reflects in normal cell viability and anticancer activity against prostate cancer (PC3) cells. The bacterial inhibitory activity of PB-EAE was equal to commercial antibiotic tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH). Further, GC-MS analysis confirmed the presence of volatile molecules such as o-cymene (CH3C6H4CH(CH3)2), dipentene (C10H16), γ-terpinene (C10H16), 4-carvomenthenol (C10H18O), heneicosane (CH3(CH2)19CH3), 2,5-piperazinedione (C4H6N2O2). Also, molecular docking analysis demonstrated the significant interactions between the compounds of PB-EAE and Dihydropteroate Synthase (Protein ID:5JQ9; DHPS). This study revealed that endophytic P. brasiliense from Capsicum annuum could be a novel source for the isolation of antimicrobials.


Abstract. Asian Dust is a seasonal meteorological phenomenon which affects East Asia, and has severe consequences on the air quality of China, North and South Korea and Japan. Despite the continental extent, the prediction of severe episodes and the anticipation of their consequences is challenging. Three one-year experiments were run to assess the skill of the model of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in monitoring Asian dust and understand its relative contribution to air quality over China. Data used were the MODIS Dark Target and the Deep Blue Aerosol Optical Depth. In particular the experiments aimed at understanding the added value of data assimilation runs over a model run without any aerosol data. The year 2013 was chosen as representative for the availability of independent Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) data from two established ground-based networks (AERONET and CARSNET), which could be used to evaluate experiments. Particulate Matter (PM) data from the China Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA) were also used in the evaluation. Results show that the assimilation of satellite AOD data is beneficial to predict the extent and magnitude of desert-dust events and to improve the forecast of such events. The availability of observations from the MODIS Deep Blue algorithm over bright surfaces is an asset, allowing for a better localization of the sources and definition of the dust events. In general both experiments constrained by data assimilation perform better that the unconstrained experiment, generally showing smaller mean normalized bias and fractional gross error with respect to the independent verification datasets. The impact of the assimilated satellite observations is larger at analysis time, but lasts well into the forecast. While assimilation is not a substitute for model development and characterization of the emission sources, results indicate that it can play a big role in delivering improved forecasts of Asian Dust.


Summary.
The eggs of the Bass, Morone labrax (L.), in British waters, are larger than those of the Mediterranean eggs observed by Bertolini (1933).

These eggs hatch on the fourth day, and the mean length of newly hatched larvae is 3.83 mm. By the end of twenty-four hours this length has increased to 4.85 mm., by the third day to 4.98 mm., by the fourth day to 4.99 mm. and on the tenth day the mean length is 5.61 mm.

During the first twenty-four hours, the early post-larval stages rest for long periods at the surface of the water. On the third day the larvae begin to sink slowly when at rest, and normal horizontal swimming is commenced on the sixth day. By the tenth day the larvae swim with the mouth open.

From the observed rate of growth of these reared larval stages, it is likely that those taken in the plankton hauls off the Eddystone during the period 1925–1933 (Russell 1935) were from three to fifteen days old.


A TiOxNy thin film, which contains controllable concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen by a single-step reactive sputtering process using a non-symmetric Pt electrode as top electrode and TiN as bottom electrode, exhibiting non-linear I–V behavior, was proposed and demonstrated. A switching model of the non-linear I–V switching was built based on diffusion of oxygen vacancies in the TiOxNy film with different ratios of O and N after the SET process. Effects on the switching relationship between TiOxNy and electrodes were investigated to optimize the best conditions for the non-linear behavior. The origin of the nonlinear property was investigated in detail by changing the compositions of oxygen and nitrogen in the TiOxNy thin film. We believe that these findings would open up opportunities to exploit resistive switching mechanisms and simple memristor stacking in next generation crossbar array applications.


The family Toxopidae was established by Hickman in 1940 for a small spider Toxops montanus Hickman 1940, found on the summit of Mt Wellington, Tasmania. Hickman pointed out in this paper that the spider possessed characters found in several widely separated families but could not be placed satisfactorily in anyone of them. Up till now the family Toxopidae has remained based on this single species. In the present paper four further genera and twenty-six species are brought into the family and the majority of the family characteristics suggested by Hickman are confirmed. Three of the genera, Cycloctenus, Plectophanes and Laestrygones, have been known for many years but because of their anomalous characters have been placed in an extraordinary range of families. Cycloctenus L. Koch (1878) was originally placed by Koch in the Ctenidae, but subsequent authors have considered the genus better situated in the Lycosidae. Plectophanes Bryant (1935) was originally descriptionbed as a genus in the Sicariidae. Laestrygones Urquhart (1893) was placed by Urquhart in the Oxyopidae although he descriptionbed the same species subsequently (Urquhart, 1885) as a species of Lycosa. The presence of an unusual spined plate in front of the spinnerets of this species led Hogg (1909) to consider the spider cribellate and he descriptionbed it as a new species of Stiphidion Simon (1902), a genus belonging to the family Psechridae. The present author (Forster, 1955), revising Hogg's species, realised that the spider was not cribellate, and also that it should be placed in Laestrygones, but followed Bryant (1933) in placing the genus in the family Perissoblemmidae.


Ruffs are characterized by three supergene variants that lead to different appearances and courtship behavior in males. Whether these variants affect females was previously unknown. Researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, in foundation (i.f.), now show that females of the so-called Faeder variant produce less offspring. However, this female handicap helps their males: Disguised as females, Faeder males benefit from their own rarity and obtain more matings. The contrasting effect of the variant in males and females thus contributes to its persistence over time. The study thereby provides important insights into the mechanisms that maintain biodiversity.


Cross-modality data translation has attracted great interest in image computing. Deep generative models (\textit{e.g.}, GANs) show performance improvement in tackling those problems. Nevertheless, as a fundamental challenge in image translation, the problem of Zero-shot-Learning Cross-Modality Data Translation with fidelity remains unanswered. This paper proposes a new unsupervised zero-shot-learning method named Mutual Information guided Diffusion cross-modality data translation Model (MIDiffusion), which learns to translate the unseen source data to the target domain. The MIDiffusion leverages a score-matching-based generative model, which learns the prior knowledge in the target domain. We propose a differentiable local-wise-MI-Layer ($LMI$) for conditioning the iterative denoising sampling. The $LMI$ captures the identical cross-modality features in the statistical domain for the diffusion guidance; thus, our method does not require retraining when the source domain is changed, as it does not rely on any direct mapping between the source and target domains. This advantage is critical for applying cross-modality data translation methods in practice, as a reasonable amount of source domain dataset is not always available for supervised training. We empirically show the advanced performance of MIDiffusion in comparison with an influential group of generative models, including adversarial-based and other score-matching-based models.


The relationships between the bioconcentration factor (BCF) of chemicals in fish and their size, as characterized by molecular weight (MW), effective cross sectional diameter (Deff), and maximum diameter (Dmax) have been investigated using an experimental data set of 737 new and 441 existing chemicals monitored by the Japanese Chemical Substances Control Law (CSCL). Substances with BCF > or = 5000 (very high bioconcentration potential) typically have MW < 550, Deff < 1.1 nm and Dmax < 2.0 nm, respectively and the substances with BCF > or = 1000 (high bioconcentration potential) have MW < 550, Deff < 1.4 nm and Dmax < 2.9 nm, respectively Therefore, the previously suggested threshold values for Deff (0.95 nm) and Dmax (1.5 nm) used for discriminating between bioconcentrative and non-bioconcentrative substances were found to be somewhat small. We found that many substances with BCF > or = 1000 and Dmax > or = 1.5 nm have Deff < 0.95 nm.


Protein glycosylation is an important post-translational modification. It enhances the functional diversity of proteins, half-life and influences their biological activity. Defective glycosylation often leads to multisystem disease and adds itself to the expanding group of 'Congenital disorders or glycosylation' which are predominantly disorders of N-linked glycosylation. Another rapidly growing group of disorders are defects in O-linked glycosylation, including a subset of dystroglycanopathies. Current diagnostic strategies for glycosylation disorders are compounded by the multivariate clinical phenotype of many of the diseases. Biochemical tests such as the isoelectric focusing of transferrin and apolipoprotein CIII are used to assess a patient's glycoform profile before in depth enzyme and genetic analysis is initiated. Whilst the glycoform profiling has been instrumental in screening for many glycosylation disorders, there is a need for a more sensitive and informative test. This short review gives an overview of the recent methods used in glycobiology research that could be used to devise such a test, which alongside currently used diagnostic tests should further facilitate the delineation of CDG subtypes. It provides a view to a potential strategy using marker glycopeptides to develop a mass spectrometry based assay that could be implemented into clinical diagnostic laboratories.


This study investigates energy efficiency in high-rise residential buildings in Abu Dhabi, where the increased use of glass building façades has led to increased air-conditioning costs due to heat gain. The research focuses on evaluating the type of glass and the appropriate cavity between glass façades to minimize energy consumption while incorporating sustainability and innovative design principles. To achieve these objectives, this study employs a Double Skin Façade (DSF), a high-performance façade that adapts to the external climate conditions to fulfill internal cooling load requirements and meet occupants' needs. Data were collected through an online survey distributed among residents of a selected residential tower, and a combination of qualitative and quantitative approaches was utilized to analyze the gathered information. The selected case study was analyzed using Energy Plus simulation software using the existing data and available details. The analysis aimed to identify the optimal DSF design that significantly enhances energy efficiency. The findings of this study emphasize the substantial impact of the optimum DSF design on energy efficiency in high-rise residential buildings. Through modeling existing data and comparing them with new model results for each variable, this study demonstrates that a DSF with a 35 cm cavity, comprising a double-glazed single skin layer in the interior and a Low-E double-glazed single skin layer as an outer layer, can reduce overall air-conditioning energy consumption by over 25%. These outcomes provide valuable insights into implementing DSF as a solution to address the unique energy challenges presented by high-rise residential buildings in hot climates.


Based on the assumption that scientific knowledge is a social construction, (re)produced by a community of practicing researchers, in this article we seek to delineate two dimensions of this process. The first, which we have called the social dimension, has to do with the social interactions among researchers in a determined scientific field, being evaluated as a co-authorship network. The second, the intellectual dimension, defined as the programmatic profile expressed by its substantive content and provided references, is constituted in relational citation structures. With this analytical division in mind, we set out to research how the intellectual structure is conditioned by the social relationships among researchers, with a focus on the institutional analysis perspective in organizational studies in Brazil. For this purpose, we empirically evaluated the phenomenon from the convergence of the social network analysis with the scientometric analysis, seeking support for these analyses within the structurationist perspective of the institutional theory. The results point toward a conditioning of the intellectual dimension by the social dimension since there is significant evidence from individual relationships and relationships at the group level that support the argument for a recursive relationship between the two dimensions.


Paper No. 10.12 Settlement prediction of solid waste landfills is important for their post-closure operation. Estimation of settlement of refuse is complex because of the mechanism of settlement and heterogeneity of the refuse. Several methods are available to predict the settlement of solid waste landfills. Based on the analysis of published measured dalll of four landfills, a unique relationship was recently developed between reference compressibility and rate of compression to predict refuse settlement using Power Creep Law. A step·by·step procedure is proposed to predict refuse settlement by using the Power Creep Law at a site for which the dalll from laboratory or field tests are not available. Settlement-time relationships predicted using the proposed procedure are compared with actual recorded daiJl from landfills. Predictions show good agreement with the measured settlements.


Soil contamination due to involuntary leakage of different products, is a permanent threat caused by economic and social development of communities. In particular, oil spills are common during the oil production process as well as during marketing, transport and storage of collection and distribution sites. There arises the initiative of evaluating changes in the mechanical properties of soils affected by spills of oil industry. For this study were selected the oil as a contaminant, and a sandy soil matrix, such as porous medium saturated with water that was pumped upflow at a rate of 12 ml min-1. We proceeded to sampling at defined time intervals, using 30 cm3 containers, samples whose fat and oil content were determined. Then soil samples were subjected to mechanical characterization and the results compared with the behavior of the soil sample unaffected by the oil spill. It is concluded that the specific gravity, the percentage of absorption and capacity of polluted sandy soil compaction, down with respect to values of undisturbed soil, while there was a slight increase in cutting resistance.


The loop-tree duality (LTD) has become a novelty alternative to bootstrap the numerical evaluation of multi-loop scattering amplitudes. It has indeed been found that Feynman integrands, after the application of LTD, display a representation containing only physical information, the so-called causal representation. In this talk, we discuss the all-loop causal representation of multi-loop Feynman integrands, recently found in terms of features that describe a loop topology, vertices and edges. Likewise, in order to elucidate the numerical stability in LTD integrands, we present applications that involve numerical evaluations of two-loop planar and non-planar triangles with presence of several kinematic invariants.


In this paper we give a purely noncommutative criterion for the characterization of two-state normal distribution. We prove that families of two-state normal distribution can be described by relations which is similar to the conditional expectation in free probability, but has no classical analogue. We also show a generalization of Bozejko, Leinert and Speichers formula from Ref. 10 (relating moments and noncommutative cumulants).


Reaction of indazoles with aldehydes in the presence of p-toluenesulfinic acid affords the corresponding sulfonyl indazoles in satisfactory yields. The reported Friedel–Crafts process is rather unusual on indazoles because of the reduced electronic density of the heterocycle. The obtained sulfonyl indazoles can be desulfonylated under reductive conditions, finally leading to 3-alkylated indazoles.(© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)


The European Research Infrastructure IAGOS (In-service Aircraft for a Global Observing System; www.iagos.org) responds to the increasing requests for long-term, routine in situ observational data by using commercial passenger aircraft as measurement platform. However, scientific instrumentation for the measurement of atmospheric constituents requires major modifications before being deployable aboard in-service passenger aircraft.


Data on the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and risk factors among incarcerated people are few and data about STIs awareness among inmates are even lacking. This study aimed to assess prevalence of STIs, risky behaviours and STIs level of knowledge in male inmates of the Casa Circondariale-Genova Marassi, the main penitentiary in Genoa, Italy. Between January and June 2019, 662 inmate medical records were retrospectively examined to obtain clinical and laboratory data about STIs. To investigate the inmate level of knowledge of STIs and their risky behaviours, 111consenting participants answered, anonymously, a written questionnaire. One hundred and twenty-two patients had at least one infectious disease when entered the prison: HIV (1.8%), HBV (2.7%), HCV (12.5%) and syphilis (1.3%). When asked to select from a list of diseases which ones they thought to be sexually transmitted, only 12% of the inmates answered correctly; most of them ignored which body fluids are at risk for HIV transmission, which STIs can induce tumors and if any vaccination exists to prevent STIs. Substance abuse was common among inmates that frequently exchanged needles for injecting drugs. To reduce the STIs incidence, it is necessary to target high-risk populations: everyone entering a prison should be offered a systematic screening of all STIs, including those currently neglected. Since STIs knowledge among inmates is poor and risky behaviours are diffuse, informative interventions in prison may provide an opportunity to educate such a high-risk population.


Abstract. We developed an approach for a multi-mission satellite altimetry analysis over the Antarctic Ice Sheet which comprises Seasat, Geosat, ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, ICESat and CryoSat-2. In a first step we apply a consistent reprocessing of the radar alitmetry data which improves the measurement precision by up to 50 %. We then perform a joint repeat altimetry analysis of all missions. We estimate inter-mission offsets by approaches adapted to the temporal overlap or non-overlap and to the similarity or dissimilarity of involved altimetry techniques. Hence, we obtain monthly grids forming a combined surface elevation change time series. Owing to the early missions Seasat and Geosat, the time series span almost four decades from 07/1978 to 12/2017 over 25 % of the ice sheet area (coastal regions of East Antarctica and the Antarctic Peninsula). Since the launch of ERS-1 79 % of the ice sheet area is covered by observations. Over this area, we obtain a negative volume trend of −34 ± 5 km 3 yr −1 for the more than 25-year period (04/1992–12/2017). These volume losses have significantly accelerated to a rate of −170 ± 11 km 3 yr −1 for 2010–2017. Interannual variations significantly impact decadal volume rates which highlights the importance of the long-term time series. Our time series show a high coincidence with modeled cumulated precipitation anomalies and with satellite gravimetry. This supports the interpretation with respect to snowfall anomalies or dynamic thinning. Moreover, the correlation with cumulated precipitation anomalies back to the Seasat and Geosat periods highlights that the inter-mission offsets were successfully corrected and that the early missions add valuable information.


There are many display panels in the flight cockpit and pilots get various flight information from those displays. The ergonomic layout of the displays must be determined based upon frequency of use and sequence of use. This study investigated the visual search patterns of the six display groups(one head-up-display: HUD, two multi function displays: MFDs, one engine group: EG, one flight display group: FD and others) in a fighting aircraft. Four expert pilots conducted Imaginary flight in the physical mock-up and the eye movements were collected using eye tracking system. Data of dwell time, frequency of use, and eye movement path were collected. Pilots spent most of time on HUD(55.2%), and others (21.6%), FD(14.2%), right MFD(4.7%), EG(3.2%), and left MFD(1.1%) in descending order. Similarly HUD(42.8%) and others(30.0%) were the most frequently visited displays. These data can be used in the layout of cockpit displays and the determination of optimal visual search pattern.


A numerical method to solve Lane-Emden equations as singular initial value problems is presented in this work. This method is based on the replacement of unknown functions through a truncated series of Chebyshev expansions of function. The collocation method transforms the differential equation into a system of algebraic equations. It also has application in a wide area of differential equations. Corresponding numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method.


ABSTRACT The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3), a member of the STAT family of proteins, binds to a large number of transcriptional control elements and regulates gene expression in response to cytokines. While it binds to its cognate nucleotide sequences, it has been recently shown to directly interact with other transcriptional factors in the absence of DNA. We report here one such novel interaction between STAT-3 and hepatocyte nuclear factor 3 (HNF-3) in the absence of DNA. We have identified a STAT-3 binding site within the core domain of hepatitis B virus (HBV) enhancer 1. The HBV enhancer 1 DNA-STAT-3 protein interaction is shown to be stimulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and epidermal growth factor, which leads to an overall stimulation of HBV enhancer 1 function and viral gene expression. Using mobility shift assays and transient transfection schemes, we demonstrate a cooperative interaction between HNF-3 and STAT-3 in mediating the cytokine-mediated HBV enhancer function. Cytokine stimulation of HBV gene expression represents an important regulatory scheme of direct relevance to liver disease pathogenesis associated with HBV infection.


Scientific literacy is important for people to make right decisions, evaluate the information quality, maintain physiological and mental health, avoid spending money on useless items. However, since scientific publications are difficult for people outside the domain and so they do not read them at all even if they are accessible. Text simplification approaches can remove some of these barriers to use scientific information, thereby promoting the use of objective scientific findings and avoiding that users rely on shallow information in sources prioritizing commercial or political incentives rather than the correctness and informational value. The CLEF 2021 SimpleText workshop addresses the opportunities and challenges of text simplification approaches to improve scientific information access head-on. This year, we run three pilot tasks trying to answer the following questions: (1) What information should be simplified? (2) Which terms should be contextualized by giving a definition and/or application? (3) How to improve the readability of a given short text (e.g. by reducing vocabulary and syntactic complexity) without significant information distortion?


ABSTRACT Iowa State University Human Sciences Extension and Outreach (HSEO) provides informal educational opportunities to older adults and their families in rural Iowa within the subject areas of family life, family finance, and nutrition and wellness. The successful implementation of educational opportunities is partially determined by the knowledge of HSEO educators who connect with rural older adults. Although past literature has identified gaps of transportation issues and healthcare access for older adults in rural areas, we aimed to extend this literature to understand rural aging experience through the perspective of Iowa State University HSEO educators' interaction with rural older adults. We outline the Extension model as a national system and as part of the land-grant university, together with the role it plays in providing community-based education to support the health and well-being of rural older adults and their families. In 2018, 28 HSEO educators completed the revised Fraboni Scale of Ageism, which assessed their ageism levels. Results indicated relatively low levels of ageism (M = 37.75, SD = 7.44). Follow-up interviews with a subsample of 13 educators were conducted to delineate perceived barriers and needs for alternative delivery and marketing methods to improve outreach in rural areas. Results from this study will be used to inform the creation, implementation, and evaluation of new educational offerings within Iowa State University Extension and Outreach, with the goal to improve the well-being of older adults and their families in rural Iowa. We provide recommendations for other professionals who work with older adults in rural areas.


and metastasis. Using in vitro settings, mouse models, and human tumor samples, we showed that melanoma cells activate ECs followed by the luminal releaseofVWFfibersandplateletaggregationintumormicrovessels.Analysisofhuman blood samples and tumor tissue revealed that a promoted VWF release combined with alocalinhibitionofproteolyticactivityandproteinexpressionofADAMTS13(adisintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type I repeats 13) accounts for this procoagulatory milieu. Blocking endothelial cell activation by the low-molecular-weight heparin tinzaparin was accompanied by a lack of VWF networks and inhibited tumor progression in a transgenic mouse model. Ourfindingsimplicateamechanismwhereintumor-derivedvascularendothelialgrowthfactor-A(VEGF-A)promotestumorprogression andangiogenesis.Thus,targetingECactivationenvisionsnewtherapeuticstrategiesattenuatingtumor-relatedangiogenesisand coagulation. ( Blood . 2015;125(20):3153-3163)


BACKGROUND
Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) increases the psychological exibility of people afflicted with cancer, and consequently improves their adaptability. The present research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of ACT for people afflicted with cancer.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present research was of semi-pilot type with a pre-test and post-test plan for the proof group. The demographics of the community were composed of all the women with cancer who were under treatment in Tehran's Dehshpour therapeutic center in 2015. The sample was composed of 24 people who were selected as available and chosen randomly in two groups of test and proof. All the participants responded to Snyder questionnaire in two pre-test and post-test stages, and the test group participated in treatment sessions after conducting the pre-test.

RESULTS
After collecting the information, data analysis was conducted in two description and inferential levels. The test results of covariance analysis showed that the two groups' hope was meaningfully different. Hope in the test group, compared to the proof group, increased meaningfully.

CONCLUSIONS
The results show that the ACT is effective in increasing hope of patients with cancer.


ABSTRACT. Plasma erythropoietin concentrations were studied in 11 preterm appropriate for gestational age infants at the age of 3‐14 weeks. Their birth weights ranged from 860‐1690 g. Erythropoietin was measured by a cell culture technique. Significant concentrations of erythropoietin was detected in 18 out of 29 samples, at all stages of the early anemia. The highest levels were found at 3‐9 weeks. Individual erythropoietin values did not correlate with hemoglobin concentrations, hematocrit levels or 'corrected' reticulocyte counts, nor did the 'corrected' reticulocyte count correlate with hemoglobin or hematocrit. The lack of correlation with hemoglobin concentration most likely reflects the importance of other factors as well as the hemoglobin in determining the oxygenation status of the infant. A significant positive correlation (r=0.60, p<0.01) was found between erythropoietin concentration and weight gain in the preceding week. The study shows that small preterm infants are capable of erythropoietin production during their early anemia, and indicates that the hormone plays a role in the regulation of erythropoiesis also at this time of life.


Reactions between the U-shaped binuclear Cu(I) complex A that bears short metal-metal distances and the cyano-capped monotopic π-conjugated ligands 1-5 that carry gradually bulkier polyaromatic terminal fragments lead to the formation of π-stacked supramolecular assemblies 6-10, respectively, in yields of 50-80 %. These derivatives have been characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopic analysis and X-ray diffraction studies. Their solid-state structures show the selective formation of U-shaped supramolecular assemblies in which two monotopic π-conjugated systems present large (6, 7, and 9) or medium (8 and 10) intramolecular π overlap, thus revealing π-π interactions. These assemblies self-organize into head-to-tail π-stacked dimers that in turn self-assemble to afford infinite columnar π stacks. The nature, extent, and complexity of the intermolecular contacts within the head-to-tail π-stacked dimer depend on the nature of the terminal polyaromatic fragment carried by the cyano-capped monotopic ligand, but it does not alter the result of the self-assembling process. These results demonstrate that the dinuclear molecular clip A that bears short metal-metal distances allows selective supramolecular assembly processes driven by the formation of intra- and intermolecular short π-π interactions in the resulting self-assembled structures; thus, demonstrating that their shape is not only dictated by the symmetry of the building blocks. This approach opens perspectives toward the formation of extended π-stacked columns based on dissymmetrical and functional π-conjugated systems.


Music and drama sessions for severely mentally handicapped people should be expanded because of their therapeutic effect, according to Jimmy Bond, Senior Nurse Manager at St Ebba's Hospital in Epsom, Surrey where patients are having to pay for their own sessions .


The leachate issued from the garbage dumps of the city of Meknes represents a great environmental threat as they are neither recovered nor treated before their discharge into the natural environment, thus constituting an important source of pollution to the water of the Boufekrane's river and neighboring agricultural land to the dump. Thus is the need to quantify the rate of this type of effluent: in order to offer technical and economic solutions to its treatment or disposal. The amount of waste arriving at the dump is estimated to 554 tons per day in 2015 with 40% average moisture content and a loss of water in the percolate from 5 to 10%, thus the amount of water supplied by the waste is estimated at 88.8 m3 per day. The volume of runoff water from the inside of the dump to the outside is estimated to be 38 m3 per day while the volume from outside to inside is null or negligible given the topography. The infiltration in soil is negligible because the floor of the dump consists of lithological marl Miocene formations, rendering the dump waterproof. The area, consisting of 17 hectares, receives an effective average rainfall of 475 mm / year, producing a volume of 80750 m3 / year, equivalent to 221 m3 / day. The total volume of leachate is about 271 m3 per day.


The role of the nurse during selection and screening of possible candidates for corpus callosotomy is one of support and patient advocacy. The nurse must demonstrate an understanding of the selection process and utilize psychosocial, assessment and teaching skills. Then the nurse can assist in the decision-making process by being aware of the risks and benefits of surgery for epilepsy and present the information in an unbiased and equal manner. Although the final decision rests with the candidate, by being informed and aware of each candidates individuality and presenting factual information the nurse can better support the decision made and reassure the candidate regardless of the choice.


Biological diversity is a concept that has been developed and enshrined in multilateral agreements in a very short space of time. It is generally agreed that it was in 1986 that the concept was introduced. Much older in concept is cultural diversity. These two diversities are now meeting each other in many ways, not least through Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs). And both diversities are recognised, explicitly and implicitly, as part of the global heritage of humankind, with the attendant responsibilities that flow from that. In this paper we show the extent to which the two diversities are mutually self‐supporting, and yet how in many cases MEAs seem to have ignored their mutual strengths. However, the very needs that are promoting synergies between the MEAs and broader UN programmes are also now promoting new ways of viewing interaction between the diversities. Nowhere is this clearer than in cultural landscapes, which feature explicitly in some MEAs but have impacts in all. For the future some seven key areas of research and development will help to build the strengths and mutual interaction of the diversities, within the policy framework of the MEAs.


Chitin deacetylases (CDAs) are one of the least understood components of insect chitin metabolism. The partial deacetylation of chitin polymers appears to be important for the proper formation of higher order chitin structures, such as long fibers and bundles, that contribute to the integrity of the insect exoskeleton and other structures. Some CDAs may also play a role in bacterial defense. Here we report the characterization of four CDA genes from the Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri, laying the groundwork for future study of these genes. D. citri is the vector for Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), which is responsible for the global outbreak of Huanglongbing (citrus greening) disease. The manual annotation was done as part of a collaborative community annotation project (https://citrusgreening.org/annotation/index).


It was the aim of the presented work to test Enrofloxacin under field conditions of compulsory prophylaxis and treatment of psittacosis, as JUNG (1993) had already demonstrated the effectiveness of this antibiotic against Chlamydia psittaci. During official quarantine 22 groups comprising 2536 birds were treated with Baytril. With suitable feed like steamed maize and a dose of 500 mg/kg Enrofloxacin the mean blood values ranged from 0.9 to 4.1 micrograms/ml within the different species. Application via drinking water can only be advised as an alternative in sick birds with reduced food intake. Duration of excretion (limit was the minimal inhibitory dose of Enrofloxacin with Chlamydia psittaci, 0.125 micrograms/ml was depending on the uptake of Enrofloxacin and correlated with serum levels. With mean serum levels of 1.0 micrograms/ml the minimal inhibitory dose for Chlamydia psittaci was attained in all birds after 14 days. The tissue concentrations measured in Patagonian conures surpassed serum levels several-fold, with the exception of brain tissue. Out of 22 quarantine groups only two were naturally infected with Chlamydia. One group of 196 Senegal parrots could only be cured from chlamydial infection after substituting their normal mixed feed with medicated maize containing 1000 mg/kg Enrofloxacin. In 50 per cent of the Salmonella infected groups Salmonella could again be grown from faecal samples after the end of treatment. For the treatment of psittacosis mean blood levels of 0.5 micrograms/ml are imperative and duration of treatment should not be below 14 days. Satisfactory hygienic conditions provided Baytril is a valuable therapeutic drug against psittacosis.


In this paper, necrotizing eosinophilic dermatitis with an acute onset and a rapidly progressive clinical course is reported in three dogs. Early skin lesions were characterized by intensely pruritic, erythematous and firm intact papules and plaques. The lesions enlarged and evolved quickly into coalescing nodular target shaped lesions with central exudation, ulceration and necrosis. The lesion distribution pattern was mainly the neck and the dorsolateral trunk. Oral involvement was observed in one dog. The histopathology was characterized by eosinophilic dermatitis and panniculitis targeting dermal and subcutaneous blood vessels with secondary involvement of hair follicles. While causation remained unproven in these cases, a hypersensitivity reaction to medications or other foreign antigens was suspected.


Abstract Food availability is a fundamental factor determining an animal's potential fitness. Carry-over effects of food limitation from development to adulthood are known to influence reproduction, ageing, and tolerance to stress. We have examined the effect of stage-specific variation (before adult emergence or pre-emergence, post-emergence and post-mating) in food availability in Propylea dissecta (Mulsant). Larvae were reared separately on two different pre-emergence food regimes (abundant or restricted) until pupation. Newly emerged adults were further split into two groups and placed on abundant or restricted post-emergence regimes. After mating, females were split and reared on any one of two post-mating regimes. The results revealed that: (i) time to commence mating declined with increased food availability in pre- and post-emergence stages, (ii) mating duration increased with food availability post-emergence, (iii) highest reproduction output was observed in individuals who had abundant food pre- and post-emergence. However, food availability at the time of oviposition also had a strong influence on fecundity. Solo bouts of scarcity, regardless of which stage suffered them, were effectively managed in at least two of the three stages (pre-emergence, post-emergence, post-mating) had abundant food.


Abstract Background Clinical manifestations of pheochromocytoma (PCC) frequently are not specific and can be attributed to other pathologies. The most dreaded manifestation is catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy. A prompt diagnosis, sometimes extremely problematic due to associated conditions of the patient, is essential for clinical outcomes, because early resection of PCC may prevent progression to irreversible cardiac remodelling. Case summary We present a case of 47-year-old woman with suspected acute coronary syndrome but intact coronary vessels. Electrocardiogram examination showed ST depression suggestive for coronary ischaemia. Echocardiography revealed reduced ejection fraction of left ventricle and global hypokinesis. Abdominal ultrasound examination determined multiple cysts in liver and both kidneys. The patient had unclear transient states of sudden sweating, pale skin, nausea, and vomiting accompanied by hypertensive crisis. Fractioned urinary metanephrines were considerably increased. Contrasted computed tomography of abdominal cavity and pelvis revealed in both liver lobes many cysts; both kidneys showed multiple cysts too; in the right adrenal gland was detected a filling defect. Computed tomography findings have established diagnosis of adrenal PCC of right gland associated with liver and kidney polycystic disease. Discussion Phechromocytoma, with primary manifestation as catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy, in patient with polycystic kidney and liver disease could represent a really challenging diagnosis. Clinical manifestations of PCC frequently are not specific and can be explained by associated pathologies. This is the second case of adrenalectomy due to PCC associated with polycystic kidney and liver disease reported in the medical literature.


Arthropod-borne viruses - arboviruses - are a significant threat to public health. Whilst there is considerable knowledge about arbovirus interactions with vertebrate immunity, relatively little is known about how vectors such as mosquitoes control arbovirus infections. In this review, we discuss novel findings in the field of mosquito antiviral responses to arboviruses, in particular RNA interference, the up-and-coming field of general immune-signalling pathways, and cell death/apoptosis.


This book explores the evolution of the shareholder in post-war Britain within the context of changing legal, political, economic and social conditions. It examines how the post-war transformation of the shareholder body influenced relationships amongst stakeholders, impacting corporate behaviour and the legal and political efforts to govern industry and financial markets.
 The book addresses a number of themes, including: 1) how the movements for democratisation influenced the treatment of shareholder interests and the calls for stakeholder representation; 2) how the rhetoric of change created a narrative that deflected from the lack of systemic legal reforms and protected the status quo; 3) how, in the post-war consensus environment, political positions on equity ownership de-radicalised, but that proved unsustainable against a background of increasing political polarisation and industrial unrest; and 4) how the institutionalisation of the post-war shareholder body had profound effects on industry, the financial markets and the economy.
 With these themes as a foundation, the evolutionary arch of the post-war shareholder is examined, focusing on developments that influenced the treatment and perception of shareholder and stakeholder interests, including nationalisations, shareholder democracy, corporate purpose and industrial democracy. The book further considers how these post-war changes contribute to the post-1979 legal treatment of shareholder and stakeholder interests, including subsequent changes to the Companies Act and the development of corporate governance codes. Parallels to contemporary movements for stakeholder capitalism, corporate purpose and ESG are drawn.
 The historical analysis of the post-war shareholder provides a framework for considering current questions on shareholder primacy and the demands for systemic legal reforms. These missed opportunities for meaningful changes to the treatment of shareholder interests in UK company law serve as useful precedents for evaluating subsequent periods.


The existing action recognition methods are mainly based on clip-level classifiers such as two-stream CNNs or 3D CNNs, which are trained from the randomly selected clips and applied to densely sampled clips during testing. However, this standard setting might be suboptimal for training classifiers and also requires huge computational overhead when deployed in practice. To address these issues, we propose a new framework for action recognition in videos, called Dynamic Sampling Networks (DSN), by designing a dynamic sampling module to improve the discriminative power of learned clip-level classifiers and as well increase the inference efficiency during testing. Specifically, DSN is composed of a sampling module and a classification module, whose objective is to learn a sampling policy to on-the-fly select which clips to keep and train a clip-level classifier to perform action recognition based on these selected clips, respectively. In particular, given an input video, we train an observation network in an associative reinforcement learning setting to maximize the rewards of the selected clips with a correct prediction. We perform extensive experiments to study different aspects of the DSN framework on four action recognition datasets: UCF101, HMDB51, THUMOS14, and ActivityNet v1.3. The experimental results demonstrate that DSN is able to greatly improve the inference efficiency by only using less than half of the clips, which can still obtain a slightly better or comparable recognition accuracy to the state-of-the-art approaches.


To the Editor: It was recently shown that excess copper was present in a local water supply. Serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels were measured in a small sample of eight people; two women had levels above the "normal range". Despite filtering of the water supply and successive water samples showing very low copper levels, monthly monitoring showed almost no change in the levels of copper and ceruloplasmin in the two women with elevated levels. On rechecking the histories of the original eight people, both male and female, I found that the only common feature of the two patients with persisting elevated levels was that they were premenopausal or perimenopausal and were using hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Subsequently, one of the women who was taking oestradiol (l mg daily) increased this dose to 2 mg daily, with a concomitant rise in copper and ceruloplasmin levels. Oral contraceptives' and oral oestrogens in postmenopausal womencan increase ceruloplasmin levels. Copper is bound to ceruloplasmin in an approximate ratio of 7:1, but it is free copper which is potentially toxic . Therefore, an increase in ceruloplasmin induced by oral contraceptives or oestrogens can increase total copper levels without producing an increase in free copper. In the original sample of eight people, one woman using oral contraceptives had levels just at the upper limit of the "normal range", which dropped significantly when she stopped using oral contraception. As widespread use of HRT is a relatively recent occurrence, the "normal range" for many indices might not reflect the values encountered in HRT users. It may be that much follow-up testing (as occurred in this case) , not to mention use of Medicare dollars, in HRT users who appear to have abnormal copper levels is unnecessary.


Many components and services for nanosatellites have been developed by Japanese companies over the decades. However, because of the lack of knowledge and resources for overseas sales, they have been distributed only in the domestic market. The website to support overseas sales of domestic manufactures has been developed and operated with government support. In this report, the issues are discussed based on the discussion about the results of development and initial operation. Key Words: Satellite components, Exporting, Service for business


All of the 14 serotype standard strains of Ureaplasma urealyticum were inhibited to varying degrees by manganese. A 1 mM concentration of this cation either stopped growth or reduced the rate of growth in liquid medium. The presence of manganese also altered colonial morphology and cellular ultrastructure. Inhibition was dose dependent and strain specific. This differential response allowed the serotype strains to be divided into two broad biotypes. For the first biotype (serotypes 1, 3, 6, and 14), inhibition of growth in broth was temporary. For the second biotype (serotypes 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12), inhibition was permanent. Serotype 13 gave an intermediate response and was not classified. The effect of manganese could be at least partially blocked by magnesium but not by calcium, cobalt, copper, iron, potassium, sodium, or zinc. The concentration of magnesium yielding the maximum blocking effect was directly related to manganese sensitivity. Wild-type isolates of ureaplasma and Mycoplasma hominis also showed a differential response to manganese. Laboratory-adapted strains representing species of the genus Mycoplasma (M. hominis, M. fermentans, and M. pneumoniae) were inhibited by 5 but not by 1 mM manganese. The latter concentration inhibited the growth of Acholeplasma laidlawii and Staphylococcus aureus, and 5 mM manganese had no effect on Escherichia coli.


Objective: Tamsulosin is often administered at a dose of 0.2 mg in Japan, Korea, and elsewhere in Asia, while a dose of 0.4 mg is more common in the West. In order to determine the higher dose might also be appropriate in the North-East Asian setting, we studied whether the effect of increasing the dose to 0.4 mg in Japanese patients who had dysuria associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Patients and Methods: Twenty-two cases with a voiding volume ≥ 100 ml assessed by uroflowmetry out of 31 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and an IPSS (International Prostate Symptom Score) ≥ 8 whose symptoms were controlled with 0.2 mg of tamsulosin were entered into this study. We evaluated IPSS and QOL (quality of life) score, urinary flow parameters and residual urine volume before and 4 weeks after increasing the dose of tamsulosin. Results: Statistical analyses performed using the Wilcoxon test showed no significant alteration in IPSS total score or QOL score with the increased dose, but Qmax (maximum urinary flow rate) improved from 10.1 ± 5.5 ml/s to 12.1 ± 6.5 ml/s (p = 0.013), and residual urine volume improved from 37.6 ± 26.4 ml to 22.2 ± 24.3 ml (p = 0.012). Two of the 31 patients complained of new symptoms; 1 complained of breast pain and the other complained of dizziness. Conclusions: From the lack of side effects of more than moderate grade in the present study, increasing the dose of tamsulosin might be recommended before switching patients to other drugs.


In response to a growing interest in networked communications at sea as well as the needs of our vital commercial fishing industry, the Northeast Consortium funded a novel research initiative to establish wireless acoustic and radio communications at sea. The platform used for this type of telemetry instrumentation was to be a buoy which could not only withstand the often harsh conditions off the northeastern coast of America (specifically, Cape Ann), but do so while exhibiting an exceptionally small response in heave and roll. A spar type buoy was designed and built at the MIT Sea Grant facility. Spars are a special type of buoy shape whose hydrostatic and hydrodynamic interactions with the sea are decoupled enough so that extreme sea conditions do not induce extreme buoy motions. Most oceanographic buoys are of the discus type, and move as the surface of the ocean does. This type of wave-following buoy would not sufficiently facilitate the requirements of the high-bandwidth wireless networking hardware, and therefore would not serve the current purpose. The NEC buoy displaces approximately 140 kg of sea water and is roughly 11 feet long when fully assembled, not including its 5 foot antenna mast. The buoy employs a PC104 stack to control an 802.11b wireless card and antenna, an acoustic modem card and transducer, other peripheral instrumentation, a main battery, and a solar power system. Thesis Supervisor: Chryssostomos Chryssostomidis Title: Henry L and Grace Doherty Professor of Ocean Science and Engineering


This paper outlines the components of a mobile education system and lists selected examples of universities employing m-education.* Several possible approaches in designing and installing such a system are discussed. The main focus is on a project called WELCOME (Wireless E- Learning and Communication Environment) at the University of Regensburg. We argue that mobile/electronic education should not attempt to replace traditional education with tutors and instructors but support both student and teacher by providing services that facilitate teaching, learning, and education-related administrative tasks. The basic approach is integrative, combining a variety of devices (mobile and non-mobile) via a variety of transmitting techniques (wired and wireless).


The theme of this year's annual meeting of the European Academy of Childhood Disability (EACD) is 'Treatment of Childhood Disabilities'. The meeting in Pisa (24–26 October) will examine, through lectures and workshops, the current state of the treatment of motor, perceptual, pervasive, and language disorders in children. Our knowledge of these fields has certainly increased in recent years. DMCN (including the present issue) and other scientific journals regularly include studies and systematic reviews aimed at confirming the efficacy and safety of old and new treatments. Nevertheless, we must admit that published results are frequently inadequate or controversial, and that convincing evidence is still lacking for most treatments that have been in use for years, as well as for new therapeutic approaches. The problem is that the panorama of childhood disabilities includes many factors that can disguise the positive effects of treatment or it can suggest positive results that are not truly a result of treatment. This situation needs to be corrected for two important reasons: first, the choice of the most appropriate treatment for each young patient must be suggested by evidence-based guidelines; second, data are needed to support our requests for more government and private funds for treating these children. So how can we improve matters? In recent years, the quality and quantity of published research into various treatments have certainly increased. In particular, the treatments applied are better planned and described, the trials are better designed (more often controlled and randomized), outcome measurements are more often based on standardized scales or on instrumental tools, and the statistical methods used are increasingly sophisticated. But while the methods of research have improved, I have the impression that not enough attention has been given to the selection and description of the children studied. For example, sometimes participants are selected on the basis that they all display, apparently, the same symptoms (e.g. 'spasticity' or 'dystonia') or the same functional disability (e.g. in walking, feeding, speaking), irrespective of their disease or syndrome. In other cases, children are grouped according to internationally accepted definitions of a syndrome, such as cerebral palsy (CP), autism, specific language impairment (SLI), or other impairments, sometimes complemented by a description of the severity of their disability. However, these syndromes contain subtypes (often several) all sharing syndrome inclusion criteria, but quite different from each other in several aspects. Moreover, they are all 'developmental' syndromes which means that their signs and symptoms spontaneously change, both quantitatively and qualitatively, according to the age of the child and the phase of development of his/her syndrome. Despite the several decades that have passed since the publication of Crothers and Paine's Natural History of Cerebral Palsy1 fairly little is known about the natural history of


Purpose
The purpose of this study is to obtain the numerical as well as regularity results for the nonlinear elliptic set of equations arising in the study of fluid flow in microchannel induced by the pressure in the presence of interfacial electrokinetic effects.

Design/methodology/approach
For the numerical study, the authors implemented traditional FDM approach, and for the regularity results they used the classical energy estimates. The interfacial electrokinetic effects result in an additional source term in classical momentum equation, hence affecting the characteristics of the flow and heat transfer. The sinusoidal temperature variation is assumed on side walls.

Findings
The results were obtained for various combinations of physical parameters appearing in the governing equations. This study concludes that in the presence of electric double layer, the average heat transfer rate reduces along with larger values of Reynolds number. It is observed that the heat transfer increases with the increase in amplitude ratio and phase deviation. The flow behavior and heat transfer rate inside the microchannel are also strongly affected by the presence of κ (kappa).

Originality/value
To the best of the authors' knowledge, the problem of heat transfer through microchannel in combination with sinusoidal temperature variation at boundary with electric double layer effects has not been considered previously. Hence, this paper focuses on the influence of the sinusoidal boundary temperature distributions on both sidewalls of a rectangular microchannel through parallel plates with electrokinetic effects on the pressure-driven laminar flow. In addition, a detailed mathematical analysis is also to be carried out to verify the regularity of this model with the proposed boundary conditions. The study used the classical energy method to get the regularity results.


The reliability of planar buried-structure InGaAs APDs (avalanche photodiodes) for long-wavelength optical transmission systems was investigated. High-temperature aging tests were performed at 150 degrees C, 175 degrees C, and 200 degrees C, and two distinctive failure distributions (early failure and wear-out failure) were observed. The early failure is predicted to be caused by microplasma at the periphery of the guard ring junction, and the wear-out failure is related to the InP/SiN/sub x/ interface degradation by hot hole injection. The activation energy of the wear-out failure is estimated to be 1.15 eV, and the extrapolated median life at 50 degrees C exceeds 10/sup 8/ h. In the second step of the life testing, burn-in screening at 200 degrees C was shown to be effective in removing early failure and achieving long-term stability. 750000 h of device operation has been achieved without any failure at test temperatures of 125 degrees C and 150 degrees C, which indicates high reliability of the APDs.<<ETX>>


The wave zone for a horizontal electric dipole (HED) as a source in the controlled source radiomagnetotelluric (CSRMT) method at the use of high frequencies (hundreds kilohertz) is allocated. The following features of the wave zone compare to the quasi-static one are noted: slower EM field attenuation with distance, changes of position of a favorable area for the CSRMT survey, changes of the directional diagram with the maximum of radiation in axial area, appearance of the polarization ellipticity of EM field components and delaying of ellipses big semi-axes relatively the linear polarization for quasi-static case. Existing of the polarization ellipticity for HED gives us a possibility to realize the tensor CSRMT survey with a single source of EM field only. Described features of the EM field in the wave zone of HED were confirmed by field experiments.


Summary.  Inherited factor VII (FVII) deficiency is considered to be a haemorrhagic disease. Nonetheless, some patients paradoxically present with venous thrombosis. We assessed whether there was a link between phenotype and genotype in seven patients with inherited FVII deficiency and thrombosis (eleven venous thrombotic events). For each patient (FVII:C < 50%), clinical data were collected, aetiological assessment of risk factors for thrombosis was investigated, and direct sequencing of the nine exons and promoter of the FVII gene (F7) was performed. We present the second series ever published on FVII patients with thrombosis. In nine of the eleven thrombotic events, there was at least one classical triggering risk factor; clinical (n = 4), familial antecedent (n = 2), or biological, defined by phospholipid‐binding antibodies or elevated FVIII:C levels (n = 7). In contrast to a previous series, only two events occurred after surgery, performed both with and without replacement therapy. The thrombotic event remained unexplained in one young patient, highlighting the lack of 'protection' against venous thrombosis by low FVII:C levels. Genetic mutations were found to be heterogeneous. Among the seven F7 sequence alterations identified in the present study, only two (p.Ala354Val and p.Arg364Gln) have previously been reported in FVII‐deficient patients presenting with venous thrombosis. Our genetic analyses of the F7 mutations in these patients show the complexity of FVII deficiency associated with thrombosis. These data justify a holistic, clinical and biological approach for patients with these specific symptoms. This series also strongly suggest that mild FVII deficiency should not prevent physicians from using antithrombotic prophylaxis in FVII‐deficient patients.


In the fourth of this series of Memoirs ('Phil. Trans.,' 1873, p. 377, et seq .) I described a remarkable plant under the name of Dictyoxylon Oldhamium ; I also gave reasons for substituting the late Mr. Gourlie 's generic name of Lyginodendron for that of Dictyoxylon . In the same Memoir (p. 403) I referred to some petioles, to which I proposed to assign the name of Edraxylon ; but later researches demonstrated the necessity for abandoning this as a generic term and substituting for it the more comprehensive one of Rachiopteris aspera . In my Memoir, Part VI. ('Phil. Trans.,' 1874, Plate 2, p. 679, et seq .), I described this proposed Edraxylon under the name of Rachiopteris aspera . Certain similar features exhibited by the above two plants led me to remark in Memoir IV., p. 403, after showing that the Rachiopteris aspera was obviously the petiole of a Fern, "I think it far from impossible that these may prove to belong to Dictyoxylon ( Lyginodendron ) Oldhamium ; but since I have not yet succeeded in correlating them with any certainty, 1 shall add no more respecting them at present." Since 1873 1 have accumulated a vast amount of material illustrative of the structure and relations of these two plants, and am now in a position to demonstrate that they respectively represent the stem and petiole of the same organism which proves to be a Fern. I was long under the conviction that the remarkable exogenous development of the stems of many of the Carboniferous Cryptogams, which I have so continuously demonstrated to exist, and which is now so universally recognised by Palaeontologists, had no existence amongst Ferns. I have now to show that this development did exist amongst Ferns as well as amongst the arborescent Lycopods and Calamites, in which it is so conspicuous. Fig. 1 (Plate 12) is part of a transverse section of a stem or branch of Lyginodendron Oldhamium , in which a represents the medulla; b , the exogenous xylem zone; c , the place of the inner cortex, wanting in this specimen; d , one of the pairs of vascular bundles, so characteristic of the, cortex of this plant; e , the outermost cortex, composed, in transverse sections, of radiating bands of sclerenchyma, g , alternating with parenchymatous areas, f . At k, k we find two bundles of tracheids, like those at d , forming the centre of the cortical structures of a petiole of Rachiopteris aspera , i, i , which petiole is organically united to the cortex e of the Lyginodendron . The two bundles k, k are assuming the oblique relative positions seen in the similar bundles of the free petiole of R. aspera , represented in fig. 2. Other sections in my cabinet, similar to fig. 1, demonstrate the same facts, viz., that the pairs of bundles, fig. 1, d , which form so characteristic a feature of transverse sections of the middle cortex of Lyginodendrom Oldhamium , pass outwards, through the outer cortex, to become the tracheaeal bundles of the petioles of the plant, and which petioles I had previously designated Rachiopteris aspera . I may state that my friend Graf Solms-Laubach, who has obtained numerous specimens of the Lyginodendron associated with others of Rachiopteris aspera from a locality on the continent, agrees with me in the conclusion at which I have arrived respecting their unity. The more perfect specimens of the Lyginodendron obtained during the last seventeen years have thrown yet further light upon those figured in 1873. In the latter, as at fig. 1, c, no traces of the middle bark were preserved; but examples from Halifax, for which I am indebted to my friends Mr. Cash and Mr. Spencer, of Halifax, have supplied what was wanting. Fig. 3 is a transverse section in which this inner cortex, c , is shown to consist of a zone of extremely delicate, thin-walled parenchymatous cells, scattered throughout which are numerous gum-canals, l . Three of these canals are represented, enlarged 250 diameters, in figs. 4 and 5, embedded in the thin-walled cells, c, c , of the cortex.


A field trial is in progress in which 14 community clinical dental officers and 19 general dental practitioners were asked to record the actual extent of fissure lesions and how this compared with the cavity size they expected. Participating operators worked under their normal conditions of daily practice. Forty-eight to fifty-seven percent of 644 prepared cavities were of the expected size upon investigation, depending on the diagnostic technique used. Greater accuracy was achieved among the smaller cavities (58-75% as expected) than with the larger (52-69% larger than expected). More difficulty with cavity size prediction occurred with the lower right first molar than with the other first molar teeth and with both mandibular second molars compared to the maxillary molars. Comparisons between the accuracy of cavity size prediction achieved using a visual inspection in combination with the probe and a visual inspection alone showed no significant difference. Under the conditions of this field trial, considerable difficulties were experienced in predicting cavity size accurately.


ABSTRACT Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae is an exclusive human pathogen which infects the respiratory epithelium. We have initiated studies to explore the interaction of the nontypeableH. influenzae strain 2019 with primary human airway epithelial cells by electron and confocal microscopy. Primary human airway cell cultures were established as monolayers on glass collagen-coated coverslips or on semipermeable membranes at an air-fluid interface. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that bacteria adhered to nonciliated cells in the population. The surface of infected cells showed evidence of cytoskeletal rearrangements manifested by microvilli and lamellipodia extending toward and engaging bacteria. Confocal microscopic analysis demonstrated that infection induced actin polymerization with an increase in cortical actin as well as evidence of actin strands around the bacteria. Transmission electron microscopic analysis showed lamellipodia and microvilli surrounding organisms, as well as organisms adherent to the cell surface. These studies also demonstrated the presence of bacteria within vacuoles inside of airway cells. Confocal microscopic studies with Texas red-labeled dextran (molecular weight, 70,000) indicated that H. influenzae cells were entering cells by the process of macropinocytosis. These studies indicate that nontypeable H. influenzae can initiate cytoskeletal rearrangement within human airway epithelium, resulting in internalization of the bacteria within nonciliated human airway epithelial cells by the process of macropinocytosis.


In her 2014 Colston Wame Lecture, Inez M. Tenenbaum, former Chairman of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (2009-2013), reflects on the organization's accomplishments under her leadership and discusses work that remains to be done by the Commission. ********** Good morning, everyone. It is a great pleasure to be attending the annual conference of the American Council on Consumer Interests. I will always be grateful to President Obama for nominating me to be the chairman of the US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in 2009. The four and one-half years that I served as chairman were the most transformative years in the history of the Commission. During this time, the CPSC became the global leader in consumer product safety, and my team and I made the CPSC a very different agency than when I joined it in 2009. Today, the CPSC is stronger, more proactive, and better at protecting the consumer, especially children. Let me give you a few examples of the many proactive initiatives the CPSC undertook in the last five years: * Developed a new five-year strategic plan which set forth a 21 st century mission and vision for the CPSC, made the agency more proactive, more focused on injury prevention, and moved the agency into being the global leader in consumer product safety; * Increased its number of employees by 175--now an agency with more than 500 diverse employees; * Implemented the landmark Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act (CPSIA) that establishes the lowest allowable lead limits in children's products, provides for a mandatory federal toy standard, and provides for new rules on infant-durable equipment. The United States can now say that it has the safest, strongest crib standard in the world. * Pursuant to the CPSIA, developed more than 50 Congressionally mandated rulemaking activities in four years, which is a record that I do not believe will ever be topped by the agency. * Launched a publicly searchable database on consumer products--saferproducts.gov--which allows consumers, government officials, and others to share their experiences with consumer products. Saferproducts.gov receives more than 200, 000 visits per month and has more than 15, 000 incident reports available for consumers to review. * Opened the new National Product Testing and Evaluation Center in Rockville, Maryland, which allows the CPSC to test consumer products in a state-of-the art facility. * Opened the first foreign CPSC office in Beijing, where our employees work with the Chinese government, domestic and foreign manufacturers, and other US government agencies to ensure safer products coming into the United States. * Developed in cooperation with US Customs and Border Protection a Risk Assessment Methodology (RAM) pilot program at US ports that will go nationwide in 2016. * Created the Office of Education, Global Outreach, and Small Business Ombudsman to offer educational resources on the regulated community as well as developed international partnerships for consumer safety. Anyone who has followed the CPSC over the years will join in the opinion that my years as Chairman of the CPSC were transformative years. In the 40 years since the CPSC was established, never has so much positive change been accomplished under one Chairman's term. I am proud of my record at the CPSC, but there is still much more work to be done. Port surveillance is one area that was greatly improved during my tenure, yet more work needs to be completed to have a comprehensive national port surveillance program. As previously mentioned, when Congress passed the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008, it directed the CPSC to create a pilot Risk Assessment Methodology (RAM) to identify imported products that are most likely to be noncompliant. The RAM targeting system, which integrates data from CPSC's internal systems with data collected by Customs and Border Protection, is operational. …


Hypercard applications for the Macintosh provide a powerful tool in assisting disabled persons. This system maximizes the use of Hypercard and the intuitive nature of the Macintosh interface to provide a business information management system for an individual who is learning disabled, severely dyslexic and functionally illiterate. We use icons, voice overlays, and consumer involvement in development to create a comprehensive, functional business information management system. The approach is readily transferrable to assist other persons with different disabilities in business and life management activities.


p { margin-bottom: 0.21cm; } In Chile there's no correlation between the environmental relevance of the fluvial corridors and its many benefic functions for the urban climate and quality of life of his inhabitants with planning instruments. Consequently these fluvial systems aren't the basis of city planning setting aside its environmental services not only for cities, also for regions and more. The lower Rio Mapocho corridor is evaluated considering the land use change in its surroundings. A review is presentes of international experiences on this matter, particularly from Spain.


In recent years, many desktop applications have been ported to the world wide web in order to reduce (multiplat-form) development, distribution and maintenance costs. However, there is little data concerning the usability of web applications, and the impact of their usability on the total cost of developing and using such applications. In this paper we present a comparison of web and desktop applications from the usability point of view. The comparison is based on an empirical study that investigates the performance of a group of users on two calendaring applications: Yahoo!Calendar and Microsoft Calendar. The study shows that in the case of web applications the performance of the users is significantly reduced, mainly because of the restricted interaction mechanisms provided by current web browsers. methods of efficiently mapping existing desktop applications into


AIM
The aim of this in vitrostudy was to evaluate the microleakage of a glass-ionomer surface-protector cement (GC Fuji Triage) placed onto the fissure surfaces of extracted human molars prepared using six different treatment procedures.

METHODS
Ninety-six extracted non-carious human molar teeth were divided into five enamel treatment groups: (Gp1) air-abraded (Micadent II, Medidenta); (Gp2) air-abraded and conditioned with 10% polyacrylic acid (GC dentin conditioner); (Gp3) prepared by a bur designed for enameloplasty (#8833 Komet); (Gp4) prepared with a bur and conditioned; (Gp5) conditioned; and (Gp6) no treatment (control). The teeth were then sealed with GC Fuji Triage. The teeth were thermocycled and left in distilled water or artificial saliva for one week, coated twice with nail varnish, and stained in a dye. They were sectioned and scored for microleakage.

RESULTS
All groups showed microleakage. Samples that were kept in saliva had better results than those that were kept in distilled water (P<0.05). Samples conditioned before the treatment were also better than non-conditioned groups (P<0.05). In distilled water and artificial saliva, the range of the groups was, from the best, Gp2<Gp4<Gp5=Gp3<Gp1=Gp6 and Gp4<Gp2<Gp3<Gp5<Gp1<Gp6, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
This in vitrostudy showed that the microleakage under the GIC material could be improved after treatment procedures such as conditioning, and/or air abrasion, and/or ameloplasty.


Hybrid power towers offer a number of advantages over solar-only power tower systems for early commercial deployment of the technology. These advantages include enhanced modularity, reduced financial and technical risks, and lower energy costs. With the changes in the domestic and world markets for bulk power, hybrid power towers are likely to have the best opportunities for power projects. This paper discusses issues that are likely to be important to the deployment of hybrid power towers in the near future. A large number of alternative designs are possible, and it is likely that there is no single approach that can be considered best or optimal for all project opportunities. The preferred design will depend on the application, as well as the unique objectives and perspectives of the person evaluating the design.


Engineering design is a complex process. The design process cannot be assessed based solely on a product or as a simple test because there is no single perfect design for a problem. An important design strategy is the conduction of experiments. Informed designers carry out experiments and use their outcomes to inform their next steps. On the other hand, beginning designers do little or no experiments, and the few experiments they do involve confounding variables. These behaviours that differentiate beginning and informed designers are not easy to assess in educational settings because they occur throughout the design process. This paper proposes and evaluates a model to analyze student interactions with a CAD tool in order to identify and characterize the different strategies students use to conduct experiments. A two-fold study is carried out to validate the model. The first phase uses the clickstream data of 51 middle school students working on a design project to create a net-zero energy house. The analysis of clickstream data is compared to a qualitative analysis of an open-ended posttest. The second phase correlates the number of experiments students did to the student prototype quality. The results suggest that the proposed model can be used to identify, characterize, and assess student strategies to conduct experiments.