This study was designed to set up a computer‐aided image processing algorithm for boundary detection from two‐dimensional echocardiography and to establish a computerized model for quantitative analysis of left ventricular wall motion with the application of automatic boundary detection. The four‐chamber view echocardiographic images of seven normal subjects and five patients with acute myocardial infarction were investigated. The main steps of image processing in this algorithm included automatic threshold estimation, contrast stretching, radial search of endocardial boundary, and smoothing of the boundary. The displacements of the left ventricular endocardial contour from end‐diastolic to end‐systolic frame were measured using a sample point connection model. For analysis of the regional contraction, the left ventricular endocardial contour was divided equally into six segments. The wall motion curves in patients were compared with the normal wall motion pattern established from the normal subjects to identify the segments with normal or abnormal wall motion. The results of this quantitative method were compared with those of qualitative analysis. In the 30 segments of the five patients, quantitative analysis correctly identified nine of the 11 segments with abnormal wall motion diagnosed by qualitative analysis (sensitivity, 82%) and identified 17 of the 19 segments with normal wall motion (specificity, 89%). The positive and negative predictive values of quantitative analysis were 82% (9 of 11) and 89% (17 of 19), respectively, and the diagnostic accuracy was 87% (26 of 30). Our preliminary results suggest that computer‐aided boundary detection can be applied to establish an objective and useful model for quantitative analysis of left ventricular regional wall motion.


Cyclotherapy is a promising endeavor to improve cancer treatment by tackling the dose-limiting side effects of chemotherapy, especially for cancers harboring mutations in the TP53 tumor suppressor. In this particular context, pre-treatment with a p53 activator halts proliferation in healthy tissue, while leaving the p53-deficient tumor susceptible to conventional chemotherapy.


In this research study, the high-frequency squeal noise of a brake disc was found to occurred at a frequency of about 15 kHz. The potential root cause has been studied where mode frequency coupling and shape locking mechanism of brake disc and brake pads components are the main investigated topic. From the vehicle field test and the Dynamometer test, the braking condition, friction coefficient and braking pressure, have been confirmed to be used in numerical experiments. The updated finite element model (FEM) with the modal testing data of the existing brake components are formulated for the Complex Eigenvalue Analysis (CEA). In this study, the modification is based on in-board and out-board cheek thickness of the brake disc. Two of nine modifications of the brake disc cheek thickness are proposed with the method of separation the brake disc out-of-plane and in-plane modes and the method of avoiding shape locking between the brake disc and the brake pads modes. The constructed prototypes are verified with the vehicle field test and well agreed with the CEA.


Semantic text mining is an abstraction of an acknowledge based on the meaning. Semantic terms are explained, phrases or words. The searching terms concern their weight is computed corresponding to their synonyms, and the term which has maximum weight is at the top. The determined technique will make use of neural technique for clustering the document present to their meaning. If various words which have similar meaning are present in document then it will cluster it in similar cluster. Increment the cluster quality neural network approach, with semantic based analyzer is used popularized.


Bottlebrush block copolymers offer rich opportunities for the design of complex hierarchical materials. As consequences of the densely grafted molecular architecture, bottlebrush polymers can adopt highly extended backbone conformations and exhibit unique physical properties. A recent report has described the unusual phase behavior of ABC bottlebrush triblock terpolymers bearing grafted poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA), polystyrene (PS), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blocks (LSO). In this work, a combination of resonant soft X-ray reflectivity (RSoXR), near edge X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS), and self-consistent field theory (SCFT) was used to provide insight into the phase behavior of LSO and underlying backbone chain conformations. Consistent with SCFT calculations, RSoXR measurements confirm a unique mesoscopic ACBC domain connectivity and decreasing lamellar periods (d 0) with increasing backbone length of the PEO block. RSoXR and NEXAFS demonstrate an additional unusual feature of brush LSO thin films: when the overall film thickness is ~3.25d 0, the film-air interface is majority PS (>80%). Since PS is the midblock, the triblocks must adopt looping configurations at the surface, despite the preference for the backbone to be extended. This result is supported by backbone concentrations calculated through SCFT, which suggest that looping midblocks are present throughout the film. Collectively, this work provides evidence for the flexibility of the bottlebrush backbone and the consequences of low-χ block copolymer design. We propose that PEO blocks localize at the PS/PLA domain interfaces in order to screen the highest-χ contacts in the system, driving the formation of loops. These insights introduce a potential route to overcome the intrinsic penalties to interfacial curvature imposed by the bottlebrush architecture, enabling the design of unique self-assembled materials.


The learned suppression of photopositive tendencies was studied at the individual level in young flies of both sexes. In a T-maze, flies had to choose between an arm leading to a lighted vial associated with an aversive stimulus (i.e., a solution of quinine chlorhydrate deposited on a filter paper in the vial) and another arm leading to a darkened vial free of quinine. The present experiments were carried out to determine the roles of quinine and relative humidity in the maze. The flies avoided the lighted vial containing quinine even if they had no tarsal contact with quinine, and this result was not due to any odor of quinine. Subsequent experiments showed that relative humidity in the lighted vial, and probably in the arm leading to it, was an aversive stimulus, which partly explains why the flies avoided the lighted vial. However, in conditions in which the flies had tarsal contact with water or quinine it was confirmed that flies trained with quinine have higher avoidance scores than those trained with water only. Moreover, individual aversion to humidity was not correlated with the individual avoidance score: At similar levels of motivation (i.e., similar levels of aversion to humidity), some flies learn to avoid the lighted vial containing quinine whereas others do not. All these results show that, in addition to quinine, humidity is an unconditioned aversive stimulus in our paradigm and thus needs to be tightly controlled in experiments of conditioned avoidance.


OBJECTIVE
To comprehend the pathological features and possible pathogenesis ot avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) by morphology and immunohistochemical observation of osterix (OSX) and adiponectin through in vitro traumatic and non-traumatic ANFH specimens, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical treatment.

METHODS
Sixty-six ANFH specimens were collected from 66 clinical cases undergoing hip replacement surgery. Twenty-four cases of traumatic ANFH (group A) included 17 males and 7 females, aged 21 to 70 years with an average of 56.5 years; 23 cases of steroid-induced ANFH (group B) included 16 males and 7 females, aged 56 to 72 years with an average of 61 years; and 19 cases of alcoholic ANFH (group C) were males, aged 55 to 67 years with an average of 58.5 years. Bone tissue was got from weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing area of the femoral head respectively. The basic pathological changes was observed by HE staining under the optical microscope, and the percentage of empty bone lacuna and the percentage of trabecular bone area were calculated. The morphological changes of ANFH in different groups were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). OSX and adiponectin expression were detected by immunohistochemical technique.

RESULTS
Gross of the femoral head surface in each group was rough, collapse, articular cartilage loss, osteophyte formation; cross section: dark red in group A, and yellow in groups B and C. HE staining showed that weight-bearing area of ANFH have similar morphological features in three groups. In non-weight-bearing area of groups B and C, the fat cells in bone marrow markedly increased and were hypertrophic; however there were more fibrous tissue in group A. There were statistically significant differences (P < 0.001) in the percentage of empty bone lacuna of the weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing area among three groups. There were no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05) in the percentage of trabecular bone area among three groups. The SEM observation showed that three groups had similar pathological changes. Brown granules for OSX and adiponectin positive substance were mainly located in the osteoblast of bone marrow of the femoral head. There was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the average absorbency (A) value of OSX between group A and groups B, C, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) between groups B and C. While there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the A value of adiponectin among three groups.

CONCLUSION
Hormones and alcohol necrosis have more obviously fatty degeneration, but the repair capacity of traumatic femoral head necrosis is stronger than that of hormones and alcohol necrosis. Alcohol and hormones have inhibitory action on the OSX-mediated osteogenic differentiation. Hormones and alcohol may not affect osteoblast expressing adiponectin and its receptors.


In isothermal changes of physical quantities, the time variable t is frequently scaled by a characteristic time, τ. The scaling property of the time variable causes τq to become approximately constant for changes in the heating rate, q, of many orders of magnitude. This means that the activation energy can be derived from constant heating rate measurements. The case of a stretched exponential function is discussed in detail, and an example calculation is carried out for the cis-trans thermal isomerization of polyacetylene films.


Hepatitis following halothane anesthesia is being seen with increasing frequency. The precise relationship between the anesthetic and the complication has not been defined, but a few facts are clear. Halothane is not a true hepatotoxin; the hepatitis cannot be reproduced in laboratory animals. While many clinical and morphological similarities exist between infectious hepatitis and this syndrome, there are mitochondrial differences revealed by electron microscopy. Whether a drug sensitization phenomenon exists or whether there is a production of toxic or antigenic metabolites in rare individuals remains to be proved. Despite these considerations, the rarity of hepatic dysfunction following halothane exposure is far outweighed by the safety of this anesthetic in producing a smooth, controllable, general anesthesia. The only absolute contraindication to it is the history of a previous halothane anesthesia followed by fever and jaundice.


In pipe vibration the n = 2 (ovalling mode) axial propagating wave causes a large increase of strain in the pipe wall at frequencies greater than its cut-on frequency (the frequency at which the wave starts to propagate axially). This wave readily propagates structure-borne noise and is difficult to control by passive means. In this paper, the active control of this wave is investigated. An n = 2 PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) modal sensor and PZT (lead zirconate titanate) modal actuator are used to selectively sense and control the wave. PVDF elements are shaped in the form of sine and cosine functions similar to the n = 2 mode shape of the pipe to form the modal sensor and the modal actuator is constructed from a set of PZT elements bonded to the pipe. Using these transducers the n = 2 wave can, in principle, be completely suppressed. Because this wave is dominant for a few tens of hertz after cut-on, this control strategy is extremely effective over a limited frequency range. Theoretical models for the actuator and sensor are described and experimental results demonstrating the effectiveness of the control system are presented.


Abstract Background: Selective avoidance aims at sparing functional lung regions. Here, we preferentially direct radiation to irreversibly nonfunctional lung areas based on planning CT imaging to reduce functional lung damage. Materials and methods: For 12 stage I-IV NSCLC patients, 5 lung substructures were segmented on the planning CT, combining voxels <–900HU, –900HU to –801HU, –800HU to –701HU, –700HU to –601HU and ≥–600HU (Level 1 to 5). Two VMAT plans were optimized: a reference plan blinded from substructures and a selective avoidance plan (AV) imposing gradually stricter constraints on Level 1–5, based on previously validated associations between lung subvolume baseline density and density increase (ΔHU) after treatment. Characteristics of treatment plans were evaluated, including subvolumes, dose, and predicted ΔHU (with reported 95% CI reflecting prediction model uncertainty). Results: Segmented substructures were on average 477 cc, 1157 cc, 484 cc, 69 cc, and 123 cc (Level 1–5). AV plans could spare Level 3–5, e.g., mean dose decrease of 3.5 Gy (range 0.6 Gy; 6.0 Gy) for Level 5, p<.001. This significantly reduced the average lung mass with predicted ΔHU>20HU by 12.5 g (95% CI: 5.4–16.9) and 27.1 g (95% CI: 10.2–32.9) for a median and upper 10th percentile patient susceptibility for damage simulation, respectively. Conclusions: Lung damage avoidance based on CT density is feasible and easy to implement. A biomarker providing a reliable selection of patients with high susceptibility for lung damage will be crucial to show the clinical relevance of this avoidance planning strategy.


Nurse staffing has received a great deal of attention recently as hospitals have restructured care delivery and modified staffing mix and as nurses have expressed quality-of-care concerns. Using data from the American Hospital Association Annual Hospital Survey, a des- cription of the number of nurses working in hospitals between 1990 and 1996 is presented. Overall hospital staffing and registered nurse staffing increased between 1990 and 1996, whereas licensed practical nurse staffing declined by approximately 14% during the period. The authors identify the need for (a) detailed nurse staffing data across all levels of hospital nursing personnel to facilitate nurse staffing analyses, and (b) more reliable and valid measures of patient acuity to determine nurse staffing in relation to current patient needs. Given the current emphasis on evidence-based practice, a strong foundation is needed for decision making related to the allocation and deployment of nursing staff.


We prove performance guarantees for Bayesian learning algorithms, in particular stochastic model selection, with the help of potential functions. Such a potential quantifies the current state of learning in the system, in a way that the expected error in the next step is bounded by the expected decrease of the potential. For Bayesian stochastic model selection, an appropriate potential function will be specified by introducing the entropy potential, a quantity which we define as the worst-case entropy of a model class with regard to the true model. The resulting cumulative error bounds correspond to Solomonoff's theorem and are essentially sharp. They imply consistency, namely almost sure convergence of the predictive probabilities to the true ones, and loss/regret bounds for arbitrary bounded loss function. Although we formulate our results in the classification framework, they are equally applicable to the prediction of non-i.i.d. sequences.


The title of this study is Slang Words Used by The Characters in Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising. This study was conducted to identify the type and to analyze the function of slang words and phrases used by the characters in the movie "Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising" . The data of this study were collected from "Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising" movie script. There were sixty-seven slang words or phrases found in the "Neighbors 2: Sorority Rising" movie script. Documentation method was used to collect the data. This study used the descriptive-qualitative method to analyze the data. There were only eighteen slang words or phrases analyzed based on the theory proposed by Allan and Burridge (2006) about types and functions of slang words. There are five types of slang found in the data. They are fresh and creative which was the most type of slang, imitative, acronym, clipping, and flippant. So, all the types of slang based on the theory were found. For the functions, there were seven functions of slang word found in the data. They are the functions of showing intimacy, addressing, forming intimate atmosphere, expressing impression, revealing anger, humiliating and initiating relax conversation. The function of showing intimacy is the most function in using slang found in the data.


The review deals with numerous etiologic factors that are responsible for the development of side-effects and complications after immunization. Different types of side-effects observed after administration of vaccines are classified as follows: pharmacological effects of vaccines; non-protective antibody formation; various forms of allergy; autoimmune reactions; immunomodulating and psychogenic effects of vaccines. Special attention is given to the characteristics of admixtures, which are contained in vaccines and may be a cause of adverse reactions, and to the immunologic safety of vaccines.


The enforcement of the Village Law results in the very large amount of fund continuously flowing to the villages and each year it always increases. Therefore, it is highly necessary to have a more effective management of it in accordance with development of the priorities in the village. Some problems arise due to the powerful authority to manage the finances and resources but it not balanced with the control in the use of village budgets. A strict supervision from the local community is very important to do so that any deviations, waste, diversion, obstacles, mistakes, and failures in the financial management of the village funds can be avoided, and the goals and objectives are successfully achieved. VCB as the community representatives in carrying out the functions and roles are always involved in the activities starting from absorbing the aspirations of the people, planning, and monitoring so that the utilization of the village funds is in accordance with the public interests and maximally used for the development in order to create a just and prosperous society in all regions of Indonesia. A stricter supervision in the management of the village fund started from empowering the village communities to participate in planning, implementating, and reporting any activities supported by the village funds. It is hughly expected that the involvement of the village community leads to the optimal used of the village funds for the public interests in accordance with the needs of the community.


A damage detection method is developed for nonlinear systems using model updating. The method uses a nonlinear discrete model of the system and the form of the nonlinearities to create an augmented linear model of the system. A modal analysis technique that uses forcing that is known but not prescribed is then used to solve for the modal properties of the augmented linear system after the onset of damage. Due to the specialized form of the augmentation, nonlinear damage causes asymmetrical damage in the updated matrices. Minimum rank perturbation theory is generalized so that it may be applied to the augmented system and can handle these asymmetrical damage scenarios. The method is demonstrated using numerical data from several nonlinear mass–spring systems.


To be cost effective and safe, reliability design, test and health monitoring and management are a necessary part of power electronics implementation and its integration into energy systems. Being able to design power electronics to meet a required lifetime for a given load profile with a certain probability becomes acheiveable as we understand the physics of failure in power electronic components much better, and as power electronic systems can be monitored, the reliability predicted and failures and malfunctions forecasted and prevented. At the "Future of Electronic Power Processing and Conversion" (FEPPCON XI) 2022, a session was held to discuss the application of state-of-the -art reliability engineering approaches—and highlight missing research areas to bring us even closer to 100% reliable power electronic products for its service life—while simultaneously it can realize more precise predicticions of the sustainability of putting a product to the market. Three presentations from leading research institutions were given at the session.


Abstract. Abass A, Mosi L, Gbewonyo WSK. 2018. Evaluation of antimycobacterial and antimycolactone efficaciousness of kombucha. Bioteknologi 15: 80-91. This study was intended at distinguishing the microbial substance of kombucha tea, appraising kombucha antimicrobial, antimycobacterial and mycolactone deactivating potential. The antioxidants, as well as the phytochemical constituents of the tea, were also examined. Kombucha tea was cultured, and microbial isolates were Gram stained, DNA extracted, followed by PCR with 16S rRNA and fungal ITS primers for recognition of bacteria and yeasts, successively. Resulting amplicons were sequenced and blasted against the PUBMED database for recognition based on sequence alikeness and homology. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the kombucha tea and the total phenolic substances were ascertained. DPPH assay was utilized for the ascertainment of the antioxidant characteristic of the tea. Dissimilar concentrations of the tea were co-brooded with mycolactone for numerous time points to examine for poison weakening. The existence of undamaged or deactivated mycolactone was discovered utilizing TLC and cytotoxicity assays on cultured human fibroblast cell lines. Antimicrobial efficacy of elevated concentrations of the tea was tried out against S. aureus and M. ulcerans by pre-hatching before microscopy and culture to examine morphological alterations and survival successively. Yeasts in the kombucha tea were recognized as Dekkera bruxellensis, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Lachancea fermentati and the bacteria as Paenibacillus lactis, Paenibacillus cineris Bacillus licheniformis, Lactobacillus amylolyticus and Corynebacterium glutamic. Phytochemicals discovered in the tea were saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols and terpenoids. The antioxidant characteristic of kombucha was higher contrasted with the fresh tea and a resemblant impact was perceived with the phenolic substance. Fresh was 2-fold less efficacious in total phenolic substance than kombucha tea. The tea had antimicrobial liveliness against S. aureus but not on M. ulcerans. Kombucha was not cytotoxic to the human skin fibroblast cells, however, mycolactone administered with kombucha tea preserved its efficacy against human fibroblast cell lines and sustainable bacilli of M. ulcerans were perceived after kombucha medication. Kombucha tea has antioxidant and antimicrobial livelinesses but lacks antimycobacterial and antimycolactone liveliness.


The history of the discovery of the earth's liquid core and its role in geophysics is briefly reviewed. Among the core's still undetermined properties is the extent to which its density gradient departs from an adiabat, as characterized by the Brunt-Vaisala frequency. Since this parameter must affect the eigenfrequencies of the hitherto unobserved inertia-gravity wave segment of the earth's normal mode spectrum, considerable effort has gone into theoretical studies of these core oscillations over the past decade. We relate these studies to those of internal gravity and Rossby waves in oceanography. The deployment of sensitive gravimeters with long-term recording capability is now begining to yield data in which core modes may already have been observed.


There are several applications of wireless electronic components with little or no ambient energy available to harvest, yet wireless battery charging for such systems is still of great interest. Example applications range from biomedical implants to sensors located in hazardous environments. Energy transfer based on the propagation of acoustic waves at ultrasonic frequencies is a recently explored alternative that offers increased transmitter-receiver distance, reduced loss and the elimination of electromagnetic fields. As this research area receives growing attention, there is an increased need for fully coupled model development to quantify the energy transfer characteristics, with a focus on the transmitter, receiver, medium, geometric and material parameters. We present multiphysics modeling and case studies of the contactless ultrasonic energy transfer for wireless electronic components submerged in fluid. The source is a pulsating sphere, and the receiver is a piezoelectric bar operating in the 33-mode of piezoelectricity with a fundamental resonance frequency above the audible frequency range. The goal is to quantify the electrical power delivered to the load (connected to the receiver) in terms of the source strength. Both the analytical and finite element models have been developed for the resulting acousticpiezoelectric structure interaction problem. Resistive and resistive–inductive electrical loading cases are presented, and optimality conditions are discussed. Broadband power transfer is achieved by optimal resistive-reactive load tuning for performance enhancement and frequencywise robustness. Significant enhancement of the power output is reported due to the use of a hard piezoelectric receiver (PZT-8) instead of a soft counterpart (PZT-5H) as a result of reduced material damping. The analytical multiphysics modeling approach given in this work can be used to predict and optimize the coupled system dynamics with very good accuracy and dramatically improved computational efficiency compared to the use of commercial finite element packages.


Three studies examined how food deprivation influences the immediate valence of food stimuli as well as spontaneous motivational tendencies toward them. We assumed that immediate reactions towards food stimuli should be tuned to the basic needs of the organism. In Study 1, the immediate valence of food names as a function of need state was assessed using an Implicit Association Test (IAT) in a quasi-experimental design. Food deprivation led to a more positive immediate valence of food items. In Study 2, these results were replicated using the Extrinsic Affective Simon Task. In Study 3, immediate motivational reactions toward pictorial food stimuli were assessed. As hypothesized, approach reactions were facilitated for participants tested before as compared to after lunch, even in a sample with eating disorders. We thus conclude that the immediate valence of edible objects partially reflects regulation in the service of need fulfillment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The current decade of the 21 st century has witnessed the global warming phenomenon caused by massive greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions rooted mainly from unsustainable consumption behaviour. As part of environmentally significant behaviour, the act of acquiring green or environmentally-friendly products was deemed important. Since consumers in the 21st century can be associated with a creative generation which constantly seeks to improve themselves and the world, it is therefore an attempt of this paper to investigate the influences of spirituality on willingness to purchase green products. The study also attempts to seek differences between Muslims and non-Muslims in Malaysia according to their level of spirituality and willingness to purchase green products. D ata was collected via survey using self-reported questionnaires among consumers intercepted at several outlets in the central region of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 606 usable questionnaires were finally elicited among Malaysian individual consumers. The findings indicated that spirituality has a significant influence on willingness to purchase green products. Malaysian Muslims make a difference only in spirituality while there is no difference found in terms of willingness to purchase green products. Theoretically, the findings had extended the notion of value orientation in the value-belief-norm theory by demonstrating the significant influences of spirituality dimensions on willingness to purchase green products. The implications of the study too, may benefit further policy planning and promotional campaign formulation by the government, non-government organisations, business owners, marketers, religious institutions, media and other related institutions.


A magnetic field measuring system with two rectangular loops perpendicular to each other is developed and used to detect the total horizontal magnetic field produced by lightning discharges. Two sets of antenna with low gain and high gain are designed separately in order to obtain both small and large signals. The system was tested experimentally in a high‐voltage laboratory, and the results show that the system is reliable, and the waveforms detected by the system are very similar to the source current. The corresponding maximum current that can be measured by the system with low gain antenna and high gain antenna locating at a distance of 60 m from a lightning channel, is about 84.4 kA and 37.7 kA, respectively. For artificially triggered lightning flashes the magnetic field waveforms detected at 60 m from the channel reflect quite well the channel base currents. Using Ampere's law of magnetostatics, the inferred currents from the magnetic fields for three artificially triggered lightning return strokes were 39.8 kA, 29.1 kA and 43 kA, respectively, which are close to the directly measured results of 41.6 kA, 29.6 kA and 38 kA at the base of the discharge channel. The system can be a useful tool in the research of close electromagnetic environment of lightning flashes.


Summary Introduction:. It is well documented that many species from Passifloraceae family can provide edible and nutritious fruits while the leaves of cultivated plants are renewable and waste material. This biomass may be further used in various sectors, especially as a bioactive food additive and as source of innovative pharmaceuticals, cosmetics or feed additives. The biomaterials and green chemistry are new sectors bioeconomy according to the high-level horizontal strategies and bio-based industries in Europe. In recent years, attention has been paid to the biological activity and phytochemical profiles of extracts from different species of Passiflora. However, there is little comparative studies using the same procedures and techniques in the same laboratory conditions for study of plant material obtained from the similar greenhouse conditions. Objective: This study was focused on the examination of antioxidative activities of low concentrations of crude extracts from leaves of Passiflora incarnata L., Passiflora caerulea L., and Passiflora alata Curtis. Methods: The activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods. Results of study were supported by estimation of chemical composition with secondary metabolites profiling in extracts which were carried out previously for the same extracts from three Passiflora species. One-way ANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in the antioxidant activity of various concentrations of the extracts using the DPPH and ABTS radical models, and FRAP method. Results: Measurement of antioxidant capacity (expressed as trolox equivalent, TE) showed that the most active was extract of P. caerulea > P. alata > P. incarnata. Phytochemical analysis for extracts of P. caerulea and P. incarnata showed greater similarities in metabolites content than P. alata. However, comparative statistical analysis of antioxidant activity showed that despite this phytochemical similarities, extract from P. alata leaves had higher activities than extract from leaves P. incarnata. Antioxidant effect of extract from P. alata can be explain by terpenoids presented in this extract. In this work, there have been discussed activities against Acanthamoeba castellanii strain, antibacterial and antifungal activities against selected clinical microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, Micro-sporum gypseum), and anti-leukemic activities tested in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell lines for this extracts, which have been described in previous authors' publications. Conclusion: Our current and previous studies showed that the same crude extracts from leaves of P. alata, P. caerulea, P. incarnata exerted not only antioxidant potential in vitro but also few interesting properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, amoebostatic, amoebicidal activities, which indicate the possibility of using these extracts in both a healthy diet and natural cosmetics. Leaves of this species may become an interesting source of biomaterials which can exert health-promoting effects.


We developed the systematization of social innovations, which details their types by a number of features, in particular, in terms of spheres of life, the nature of changes, consequences, types of end-effect, etc. This confirms the multifaceted possibilities of the influence of social innovations on human capital in the interests of increasing its competitive advantages. It has been determined that social entrepreneurship is a business with a social mission that requires appropriate conditions for development. Five stages of diffusion of social innovations that influence the development of human capital were identified.


A magnetic field inside a space surrounding three sets of Helmholtz coils is studied to propose a new radiated immunity test method. The proposed immunity test set arranges the Helmholtz coils three dimensionally and is able to generate the magnetic field of arbitrary direction. Therefore the immunity characteristics of equipment under test for many directions can be measured by using this system. The uniformity of the field inside the space is estimated by numerical analysis, and then the effect for a radiated immunity test is characterized.


_____________________________________________________________________________________________________ The main purpose of this study was to identify the pattern of participation of Klang community towards leisure time activity. This study involved 421 total respondents in Klang. The methodology used was quantitative method and the instrument of the questionnaire was adapted and adopted from Godin and Shephard, (1997). Besides, the results also showed facility near a community that may be used by them and the questionnaire was adapted and adopted from Sylvia, (2004). The results showed a different group of people run different patterns of activity as these activities counted daily in a week. Overall Klang community had chosen activities in house as their most done activities such as surfing the internet and cooking. Besides, the different groups of gender used to run different sports activities same goes to a different group of ages as badminton and futsal were most sports activities done by the community. In conclusion, a different group of gender and ages run different patterns of activities in Klang.


This paper analyzes urban and rural food consumption in Tanzania using the Generalized Translog (GTL) expenditure system. We reject a pooled model in favor of two separate urban and rural models. Results indicate that subsistence consumption has significant effect on food demand in rural areas, but it is less important in urban areas. Hence, ignoring differences between urban and rural regions can lead to incorrect inferences and policy recommendations.


Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection causes a spectrum of acute and chronic liver disease, ranging from inactive chronic carrier status to progressive chronic hepatitis, leading to end-stage cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. In sub-Saharan Africa, over 8% of the population has chronic HBV carriage with a high risk for progressive liver disease. HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common cancer among men and third most common among women. HBV therefore represents a critical threat to health in the African continent.


This paper extends results on product varieties of groups to inverse semigroups. We show that if 2? is a variety of groups and '/'"any inverse semigroup variety, then 'S oi^"is a variety. We give a characterization of the identities of 3? o f in terms of the identities of 9 and of "K We show that if '/'"does not contain the variety of all groups then it has uncountably many supervarieties. Finally we show that if J^is another variety of groups then Subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc. {MOS) 1970): 20 M 05.


Writing supports and extends learning across all disciplines, as well as promotes social, emotional and cognitive development. One of the challenges for teachers involves the interpretation of students' 'learning to write' journeys in a way that provides them with the information they need for informed, focused and explicit instruction in writing, as well as for providing feedback to students and parents. This paper considers the importance of process and content when analysing student writing and creating a balance between the authorial and secretarial elements of writing.


This paper describes effects of incidence angle on the wake turbulent flow of a high-turning turbine rotor blade. For three incidence angles of -5, 0 and 5 degrees, energy spectra as well as profiles of mean velocity magnitude and turbulence intensity at mid-span are reported in the wake. Vortex shedding fiequencies are obtained from the energy spectra. The result shows that as the incidence angle changes from -5 to 5 degrees, the suction-side wake tends to be widened and the deviation angle is increased. Strouhal numbers based on the shedding fiyequencies have a nearly constant value, regardless of the tested incidence angles.


Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is an opportunistic pathogen associated with major inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). AIEC is a human commensal but during unfavorable gastric conditions it exhibits pathogenic properties and induces inflammation in the gut, sometimes progressing to inflammation-induced colon cancer. The exact mechanisms for AIEC pathogenesis are still being discovered. As a human opportunistic pathogen, AIEC has few animal models. In recent years, zebrafish have emerged as a useful model for studies of various human pathogens. Here, a zebrafish model to study AIEC infection was developed.

 Colonization of AIEC from overnight culture was determined with different infectious doses (103, 104, 105 and 106 CFU/ml of infection water) in zebrafish, incubating fish with AIEC in water for 6 h and then in fresh water for 18 h at 28o C. The invasive property of AIEC in zebrafish gut was determine by gentamycin protection assay. Persistent colonization of AIEC in zebrafish gut was also assessed for 10 days. Induction of pro-inflammatory markers such as IL-1β, TNFα, IFNγ and S100A-10b (akin to human calprotectin) in zebrafish intestinal cells in response to AIEC infection was determined by qRT PCR and ELISA. A probiotic strain, E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) was used as a therapeutic and prophylactic against AIEC infection. Propionic acid was used to augment the AIEC infection and the efficacy of ECN was tested against the hyper-infectious condition of AIEC in zebrafish.

 Bath inoculation with AIEC resulted in colonization, invasion and tissue disruption in the zebrafish intestine. The AIEC infection induced neutrophil recruitment and showed significant pro-inflammatory responses in zebrafish gut. S100A-10b protein of zebrafish, equivalent of a human IBD marker, calprotectin, was significantly increased in the zebrafish gut during AIEC infection. The probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) reduced AIEC colonization, tissue damage and pro-inflammatory responses in zebrafish in both prophylactic and therapeutic ways. Furthermore, EcN diminished the propionic acid-augmented hyper infection of AIEC in the zebrafish model.

 In this study a new zebrafish model was developed to study the infection and inflammation induced by AIEC. Probiotic strain, EcN was used successfully against AIEC to reduce the inflammation in AIEC-zebrafish model.


The dynamic process of laser-induced alignment in Coulomb explosion of N2 has been studied using linearly and circularly polarized, 800 nm, 40 fs Ti:sapphire laser pulses at intensities of 1014 to 1016 W cm−2. The fragment ions produced were observed for the different polarizations with an equal E-field along the detection axis. The intensity-dependent ratio of fragment ion signals has shown that the 40 fs pulses can never align the molecules during the ultrafast interaction at an intensity less than ∼1015 W cm−2, and the dissociative molecular ions start to be aligned at higher intensity. The degree of alignment is increased with an increase in the charge of the dissociative molecular ions.


A new approach is able to quantify the environmental effects on an evolving organism by analyzing just a small number of surviving individuals.


There are no re-entry regulations for workers performing different tasks soon after pesticide applications in Sweden. In practice, work is not performed the same day as spraying because of the inhalation risk for air concentration of the pesticide, the risk for dermal exposure is not considered The more widespread use of pesticides in greenhouses and more frequently harvested crops made a study on working environment after application of fungicides in such a cultivation particularly motivated.

The objectives were to investigate the concentrations and declination rates of fungicides in greenhouse conditions and to examine the relationship between concentrations on the crop and the exposure on worker's clothes to be able to estimate the health risks when working in a greenhouse after application.

The fungicides used in the study were vinclozolin, active ingredient (500 g/L) in the formulation Ronilan FL and triadimefon, active ingredient (50 g/kg) in Bayleton Special. To sample the concentrations of these fungicides new methods for sampling and analyzing were developed.

The results showed that the applied dose of triadimefon gave low concentrations both in air and on surfaces in the greenhouse both with the low volume and the high volume sprayers.

Vinclozolin sprayed gave considerably higher concentrations and declined slowly; on day one after application the concentration on leaves was in average 0.74 pg/cm2, on day four about 80% of that remained and after one week about 50% remained. The declination after low volume spraying seem to go faster than after high volume spraying.

In the exposure studies the estimation made was that if workers do not protect themselves during the first harvest day with gloves and long sleeved shirts or other protective garments covering these parts of the body, they risk exposure for amounts close to the acceptable daily intake (ADI) setup for foodstuffs by the World Health Organization (WHO).


An innovative system-level sediment and freshwater management plan is proposed for the coastal regions of Louisiana, USA. It involves the construction of large sediment and freshwater impoundments between the river and coastline fed periodically through large spillway structures during the rising hydrograph of the river when the highest concentration of sediment is in the water column. Sediment directing and trapping technologies are proposed for the river channel and spillways to capture the coarser-grained sediments. The embankments can be constructed from dredging and then enlarged by land-based harvesting of coarse-grained sediments from the traps. These impoundments will permit the continuous introduction of freshwater and finer-grained sediments to coastal marshlands for vegetation, land augmentation, protection from storm surges and salt water intrusion, while removing large amounts of sand from the river and decreasing annual maintenance dredging costs.


Abstract This article analyses the modes of governance through which the EU seeks to ensure the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) countries' participation in the realization of its internal security project. Although the EU, given the strong interdependence in these 'soft security' issues, has strong incentives to govern by conditionality in order to ensure the ENP countries' compliance, efforts to transfer policies by such hierarchical means encounter serious limitations as a result of lack of supranational competence and insufficient incentives that the EU can offer third countries to compensate for adaptation costs. By comparing Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) issues with different degrees of communitarization and representing different constellations of interests in relations with ENP countries, we find that the EU increasingly focuses on the extension of internal transgovernmental networks as an alternative form of external governance. Although theoretically allowing for horizontal patterns of co‐owned cooperation, the integrative potential of these networks is hampered by the lack of mutual trust and institutional incompatibilities in ENP countries. As a result, extended network governance becomes an attempt at unilateral policy‐transfer by 'softer' means.


Purpose The most feared complication of contact lens (CL) wear is microbial keratitis (MK), even though its incidence remains low. While CL materials and replacement schedules have developed greatly in recent years, the risk of MK, however, has not been reduced in users of daily disposable and silicone hydrogel CL. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of CL-related MK while putting into perspective individual patients' risks and societal burdens.

Methods A multicenter case-control study was designed. The CL-related MK subpopulation (Case) was compared to healthy CL wearers (Control) using a complete a 52-item anonymous questionnaire designed to determine subject demographics and lens wear history. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed in order to compare both groups.

Results The study enrolled 508 cases and 499 controls, and revealed a higher risk for MK patients wearing soft CL, with cosmetic CL, with overnight wear, exceeding the CL- or the cleaning solution replacement delay, using a multipurpose cleaning solution. On the contrary, hyperopia, fitting and follow-up by an ophthalmologist, and respect of basic hygiene rules were protective against CL-related MK.

Conclusion The infectious determinants were linked to the patient, type of lenses, hygiene routine, CL handling, cleaning solution, and storage case. This study aimed to highlight the increasingly documented CL-associated complications, which likely occur due to insufficient health professional supervision and lack of patient information regarding basic rules of hygiene, as well as CL care and handling.


Effective communication is delivering idea, message, and feeling in a best way and reaching its purpose. Plasa Telkom is a place established by PT TELKOM as a media to serve customer's needs or soon to be customer's personally and face to face. The purpose of this research is to know how the communication of Customer Service Representative in appreciating their customers in plasa Telkom sudirman pekanbaru and also to know the obstacles and supportive factors of Customer Service Representative in delivering information in plasa Telkom sudirmana pekanbaru. This research used descriptive qualitative method. Data gathering technique used was in accordance to the fact shown in field by observing, interviewing, and documenting. It used 6 informants based on the purposive sampling and accidental sampling methods. Data analysis technique used was organizational information theory and analysis data interactive model. While for the data validity, researcher used long term participation technique and triangulation. The results shown, there are four main points that needed to be looked at in delivering information, which are language, media, communication duration, and communication method. Those points are really important in the communication of Customer Service Representation (CSR) in delivering information to customers in plasa Telkom sudirman pekanbaru. The obstacle factors are lack of coordination between CSR and field staffs, customer education background, and customer emotion. While the supportive factor are support facilities, backroom's support, and understandable CSR supportive application. Keyword: Communication, Customer Service Representative, Information


I work on the cohomology, structure, and representations of various types of rings, such as Hopf algebras and group-graded algebras. My research program involves collaborations with many mathematicians, including work with postdocs and graduate students. Below is a summary of some of my past and ongoing research projects, which fall loosely into three categories: Hochschild cohomology and deformations. A large part of my research program involves Hochschild cohomology and deformations of algebras. Hochschild cohomology is important in deformation theory, since a deformation of an algebra is infinitesimally a Hochschild 2-cocycle, and obstructions to lifting 2-cocycles to deformations live in degree 3 cohomology. My work in deformation theory began with [9], a paper I wrote with C˘ ald˘ araru and Giaquinto. We were inspired by some examples of Vafa and Witten, which are deformations of certain skew group algebras arising from orbifolds. Specifically, these are the skew group algebras S(V) G (and twisted versions), where G is a finite group acting by graded auto-morphisms on the symmetric algebra S(V) of a vector space V (i.e. a polynomial ring in a basis of V). Later I saw how to use techniques from [9] to yield a new approach to understanding graded Hecke algebras and symplectic reflection algebras (introduced independently in different settings by Drinfeld [11], Lusztig [21], and Etingof and Ginzburg [12]), for they are simply special types of deformations of S(V) G. As first steps in this direction, I wrote [47], giving more general types of deformations (but under strong restrictions on G), and [48], generalizing results of Ram and Shepler [32] on graded Hecke algebras to a twisted case. My Ph.D. student Shakalli generalized in [33] some of the ideas in [47] to deformations of S q (V)#G, where S q (V) is a quantum symmetric algebra or polynomial ring. I further developed my ideas from [48] in work with Shepler [35], where we gave a large class of new examples of graded Hecke algebras corresponding to the complex reflection group G(r, 1, n) ∼ = Z/rZ S n , as a result of our explicit computations of cohomology for these groups. We continued our program to understand generally deformations of S(V)G, motivated by the many interesting deformations already known, and by connections to geometry and combinatorics: Shepler and I recently completed three more papers in which we study in detail the algebraic structure of the Hochschild cohomology HH * …


In this paper, a disk piezoelectric actuator structure - 4-9-9-14 piezoelectric actuator is constructed, and it is made of piezoelectric buzzer to drive a novel biaxial piezoelectric actuated stage. The 4-9-9-14 piezoelectric actuator offers a better balanced capability of forward rotation and reverse rotation than the conventional edge-driving piezoelectric actuator. The biaxial piezoelectric actuated stage structure comprises a base, a V-shaped guide rail, an optical scale measurement system, a preload adjusting structure, and a load-carrying stage. The movement of a stage is read and analyzed by means of LabVIEW operating in conjunction with an optical scale. Stage movement-related signals read by the optical scale are processed. With a human-machine interface of LabVIEW, the movement of the stage is depicted by a waveform chart to thereby facilitate the observation of the waveform chart and the understanding of propulsion of the stage by the actuator.


Background: Bleeding diathesis and simultaneous thrombotic complications may be seen in dialyzed patients. Erythropoietin may shift the precarious balance of the hemostatic system towards thrombosis. Thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) is a key protein linking coagulation and fibrinolysis. Methods: The effects of 3-month erythropoietin treatment on some hemostatic parameters – TAFI, fibrinolytic activity index (FAI), markers of ongoing coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complexes and prothrombin fragments 1 + 2), marker of ongoing fibrinolysis (plasmin-antiplasmin complexes) and marker of endothelial cell injury (thrombomodulin) – were studied in 17 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Patients on CAPD not treated with rHuEPO were also studied. Healthy volunteers served as a control group. 2,000 U erythropoietin was given subcutaneously three times a week. Commercially available kits were used to determine hemostatic parameters. Results: All the hemostatic parameters studied were significantly higher in CAPD patients when compared to the control group. All these hemostatic parameters except the plasmin-antiplasmin complexes did not differ significantly between patients before rHuEPO therapy and patients without rHuEPO. Erythropoietin therapy resulted in a significant decrease in plasmin-antiplasmin complexes, a significant rise in FAI after 3 months of drug administration, and a tendency to decrease the TAFI concentration and activity (after 1 month, p = 0.11 and p = 0.10, respectively; after 3 months p = 0.07 and p = 0.06, respectively). Treatment with erythropoietin did not affect platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, total protein, albumin, serum iron, ferritin, fibronectin, pH, bicarbonates, creatinine, and urea. Hemoglobin and hematocrit increased significantly after 1 month of the therapy. Conclusion: Short-term treatment with erythropoietin seems to minimally affect hemostasis in CAPD patients.


A few chosen methods of swirl generation inside the cylinder were presented in this article. There were presented the results of impact of intake channel geometry on chosen charge movement parameters related to the air-flow inside the cylinder. Moreover, there was presented an authors own conception of flexible and steerable element applied inside the inlet channel. This element influenced on kinematics of airflow through the inlet manifold. The result of this influence was observed as a swirl inside the inlet channel and inside the cylinder. There were also presented the results of experiment related to the own conception of swirl generation. The results of experimental research were compared with results of numerical calculation of air flow prepared on basis of ANSYS CFD. As final result it was stated that proponed flexible element inside the inlet channel have a significant impact on charge kinematics and it easy can controlled by engine control unit.


The Phaedrus continues to fascinate. But then, that seems to be precisely the point, and scholars are doing an ever-better job of showing how the Phaedrus accomplishes the interest it generates, both in itself and in philosophy generally. The latest commentary to unravel the propaedeutic nature of the Phaedrus is Daniel Werner's monograph, and it is a well-written, meticulous, and insightful examination. As his title suggests, Werner limits himself to the topic of myths in the Phaedrus, but that lens gives him an interesting view into the propaedeutic question. Why is it that myths can have such a stimulating effect on us? How can myths generate an interest in philosophy? What kind of person in particular is susceptible to the charms of myths, and should myths be used on them? These and other questions are all given a full treatment by Werner, and his accomplishments are many. The command of the secondary literature is obvious, and readers will be repeatedly impressed with Werner's ability to call up particular passages from disparate works of scholarship and situate himself in relation to them. Werner is also excellent at pursuing the details and meaning of the references that Plato puts into his myths. In approaching the Platonic myths themselves, Werner sets out two interpretive extremes: there is the Dogmatic View, which claims that "Plato does in fact regard his myths as substantively and philosophically true. . . . Platonic myth, in this view, is little more than a vehicle to express philosophical truth, and hence myth is 'dogmatic'" (11). At the other extreme is the Debunking View, wherein "Plato regarded his myths as wholly or largely false, or at least as falling short of what constitutes genuine philosophical truth" (11). Werner's own thesis in relation to these established approaches is stated clearly: "Ultimately I will argue against the Dogmatic View . . . as (in my view) Plato does not use myths as a vehicle to express philosophical doctrines, and in fact does not even regard myth as capable of adequately expressing philosophical truths" (14). The function of myth for a philosopher must lie elsewhere then, and Werner has a variety of interesting theses as to how myth can be useful without expressing dogma. First and foremost is its propaedeutic potential, and this is aimed squarely at the non-philosopher. Werner is at his best explaining how Platonic myths have an ability to turn non-philosophers (or at least beginning philosophers) to the field (122–33 especially). Other uses include appropriating the authority of myth (108–18), providing a unifying structure to an inquiry (236 –58), and underlining the limits of linguistic expressions of formal truth (193–218). As none of these seem to directly invoke the presentation of doctrine within myth, one gets the impression that Werner is giving a strong endorsement of the Debunking View. But against this Werner also claims that all forms of expression are incapable of fully and accurately rendering the truth, and so "the difference between mythical discourse and philosophical discourse is one of degree and not of kind" (15). Werner does an excellent job defending the claim that "No discursive or linguistic account can supplant the internal insight that is needed for knowledge or can convey the content of that knowledge" (216), but this would seem to let myth back into the game. It is unclear how far Werner is really willing to push against the Dogmatic view, especially when he himself extracts so much philosophical doctrine from the myths he analyzes. Accepting that Plato is not expressing Book Reviews


Erythema responses in Caucasians and light-, medium-, and dark-complexioned American Negroes were compared. Minimal erythema dose (MED) in various skin shades was correlated with melanosome size, quantity, density, and distribution. No minimal erythema response was found to be typical of Negro skin, but a spectrum of responses was found, depending upon the degree of pigmentation. Dark Negro skin had an MED 33 times that of the Caucasian, contained the greatest density of pigment, and had the largest melanosomes, all singly dispersed. Caucasian skin contained the smallest quantity of pigment and the smallest melanosomes, most of which were contained within melanosome complexes. Measurements for the lightand medium-complexioned Negroes were intermediate. The determining factor as to whether melanosomes are individually dispersed or are taken into complexes is size-dependent. The upper size limit for melanosomes found within complexes in this study was about 0.35μ.


Rough set is a new data analysis theory. It is often used to deal with fuzzy and uncertain problems. Attribution reduction is the key step in obtaining the knowledge by utilizing rough set. An improved heuristic reduction algorithm of attribute significance is proposed in the study based on analyzing the classic knowledge acquisition method of rough set theory. The algorithm corrects the discernibility matrix and redefines the calculation method of attribute importance. Then it fuses the both, gets the core by using the revised method of discernibility matrix and calculates the attribute importance by using the weighted method and then the algorithm is applied to extract the rules of the hoist fault diagnosis. Verified by the experiment, using the algorithm, it can excavate high reliability diagnosis rules from existing history diagnosis knowledge and expert knowledge. This method can provide reasonable basis for fault diagnosis.


The distance transform (DT) and the medial axis transform (MAT) are two important image operations. They are both used to extract the information about the shape and the position of the foreground pixels relative to each other. Many applications of these transforms are applied in the fields of image processing and computer vision, such as expanding, shrinking, thinning and computing shape factor, etc. Each of these two transforms is essentially a global operation. Unless the digital image is very small, all global operations are prohibitively costly. In order to provide the efficient transform computations, it is considerably desired to develop parallel algorithms for these two operations. In this paper, we provide the fastest parallel algorithms to compute the chessboard distance transform (CDT) which is a DT based on the chessboard metrics, and the medial axis transform (MAT). Each of the transforms of a 2-D binary image array of size N/spl times/N can be computed in O(1) time on the 2-D 2N/spl times/2N reconfigurable array of processors (RAP).


Accurate and robust prediction of patient-specific responses to drug treatments is critical for drug development and personalized medicine. However, patient data are often too scarce to train a generalized machine learning model. Although many methods have been developed to utilize cell line data, few of them can reliably predict individual patient clinical responses to new drugs due to data distribution shift and confounding factors. We have developed a novel Context-aware Deconfounding Autoencoder (CODE-AE) that can extract intrinsic biological signals masked by context-specific patterns and confounding factors. Extensive comparative studies demonstrated that CODE-AE effectively alleviated the out-of-distribution problem for the model generalization, significantly improved accuracy and robustness over state-of-the-art methods in predicting patient-specific in vivo drug responses purely from in vitro screens. Using CODE-AE, we screened 59 drugs for 9,808 cancer patients. Our results are consistent with existing clinical observations, suggesting the potential of CODE-AE in developing personalized anti-cancer therapies and drug-response biomarkers.


Blind compressive sensing (CS) is considered for reconstruction of hyperspectral data imaged by a coded aperture camera. The measurements are manifested as a superposition of the coded wavelength-dependent data, with the ambient three-dimensional hyperspectral datacube mapped to a two-dimensional measurement. The hyperspectral datacube is recovered using a Bayesian implementation of blind CS. Several demonstration experiments are presented, including measurements performed using a coded aperture snapshot spectral imager (CASSI) camera. The proposed approach is capable of efficiently reconstructing large hyperspectral datacubes. Comparisons are made between the proposed algorithm and other techniques employed in compressive sensing, dictionary learning, and matrix factorization.


The sequences from four sites in northern Aquitaine — Caminade-Est, Roc-de- -Combe, Le Piage and Corbiac-Vignoble II — were reevaluated under a two-step approach: first, the integrity of each assemblage was assessed through taphonomic analysis and, second, the assemblages or parts thereof thus validated were the object of a technological analysis. Results are that 1) the classical regional sequence is globally confirmed and refined, and 2) at Le Piage, the Early Aurignacian is preceded by an industry thus far unknown in northern Aquitaine. This Aurignacian in turn features two clearly differentiated, successive episodes: in an early phase, corresponding to the classical Early Aurignacian or Aurignacian I, "Aurignacian retouch" is common and bladelet cores are of the "carinated scraper" type, with a wide front, and produce straight or curved blanks; in a recent phase, corresponding to the Aurignacian II-IV, bladelet cores are of the "nosed scraper" or "busked burin" types, and mostly produce small, twisted blanks. Both phases share several technological features: 1) blade debitage is unipolar and has the purpose of producing large, thick blanks retouched into a diverse range of tools; and 2) blades and bladelets are obtained through separate procedures. The industry preceding the Early Aurignacian at Le Piage is characterized by continuity in the production of blades and bladelets, the latter being straight and rather long; its features evoke both the Archaic Aurignacian of Mediterranean regions and the Châtelperronian. These results force a reconsideration of the "Aquitaine model" of the Middle-to-Upper Paleolithic transition.


A large amount of lignite-derived water is created during the process of refining lignite. The concentration of Fe, Mn, phenol, and some other organic pollutants of the lignite-derived water is above the discharge permit or circulating cooling water reuse standard in China. A laboratory-scale upflow biological aerated filter (UBAF) was developed to treat this lignite-derived water. Three kinds of coke powders, as waste products in the coal chemical industry with 0.1–0.4 mm, 0.5–1.0 mm, and 1.0–2.0 mm in diameter, were tested as the UBAF's carrier materials. A comparative study of gas–water ratio for the UBAF is presented. The studies presented in this paper demonstrate that with coke powder diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm and gas/water ratio of 7:1, the UBAF reactor can achieve optimal removal efficiency. After the UBAF treatment, the removal efficiency of Fe, Mn, and phenol was found to be 38.4–62.5%, 56.6–74.3%, and 89.5–94.3%, respectively. The lignite-derived water can meet the discharge permit to surface water and reuse standard for circulating cooling water after the treatment by UBAF. The coke powder, as a waste material, can be used as a support material for UBAF very well.


This paper describes a new simple, but effective, approach to speaker verification using video sequences of lip movements. We use motion history images (MHI) to provide a biometric template of a spoken word for each speaker. Class-dependent correlation filters are then created by a weighted optimization of training MHI samples. Feature extraction is performed by correlating a test MHI against each correlation filter. A Bayesian classifier is deployed for classification. We carry out an extensive performance evaluation of our approach with respect to the number of training samples and different words. Results clearly show the efficacy of our method.


The quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets is correlated with clinical efficacy and drug safety, and plays a great role in promoting the development of traditional Chinese medicine. However, the existing traditional artificial identification and modern instrument detection in terms of accuracy and timeliness have both advantages and disadvantages. Therefore, how to quickly and accurately identify the quality of traditional Chinese medicine tablets has become a high-profile issue. The purpose of this paper is to explore the feasibility of the application of electronic eye technology in the study of rapid identification of traditional Chinese medicine quality. A total of 80 batches of samples were collected and tested by Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus for traditional empirical identification(M_1) and modern pharmacopeia(M_2). The optical data was collected from electronic eyes, and the chemical metrology was used to establish suitable discrimination models(M_3). Four authenticity and commodity specification models, namely identification analysis(DA), minimum bidirectional support vector machine(LS-SVM), partial minimum two-multiplier analysis(PLS-DA), main component analysis identification analysis(PCA-DA), were established, respectively. The accuracies of the authenticity identification models were 82.5%, 90.0%, 96.2% and 93.8%, while the accuracies of the commodity specification identification models were 89.3%, 96.0%, 90.7% and 97.3%, respectively. The models were well judged, the authenticity identification was based on the final identification model of PLS-DA, and the commodity specification was based on the final identification model of PCA-DA. There was no significant difference between its accuracy and M_1, and the time of determination was much shorter than M_2(P<0.01). Therefore, electronic-eye technology could be used for the rapid identification of the quality of Fritillariae Cirrhosae Bulbus.


Hospital admissions of young children due to serious skin infections have increased throughout the Greater Wellington Region over the years. Pacific children make up a high proportion of these hospital admissions. While the literature suggests that these admissions are highly preventable through proper care and management of skin sores at home, little is known about parents' knowledge and practices at home when a child is known to have a skin sore. This descriptive exploratory study explored the management of skin sores and wound care in the homes of 11 Pacific children from the Greater Wellington region prior to being admitted with skin infections. Mothers of 11 children who were aged between three months and 15 years were interviewed using a semi-structure interview schedule that was designed to understand parents' knowledge, understanding and perceptions of wound care, how the early signs of infections were recognised and where and when to seek medical help. The availability of first aid kits and their utilisation by families in their homes as simple preventative measures were also explored. The interviews were transcribed and a descriptive qualitative content analysis process undertaken. Overall the study found that parents engaged in active roles in an effort to maintain and sustain the wellbeing of their children once the signs and symptoms of skin infections were identified. The key findings are categorised under four main themes, 1) Parents in action; 2) The search for healing and cure; 3) Household activities; and 4) Health information for parents. Implications and recommendations for health professionals centre on the need for improved information for parents and for a review of practice surrounding skin infections in primary health care settings. Relevant information on skin infections on children to be addressed in the Well Child Tamariki Ora booklet is also recommended.


Prior to 1966, the lack of satellite imagery led to an unknown number of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Atlantic Basin remaining undetected by traditional surface observational networks. Previous research has shown that this historical undersampling has led to difficulties in interpreting long‐term trends in TC activity. In this study, advances in global reanalysis methods are used to further guide existing TC Best‐Track revision efforts, specifically for the pre‐satellite era. First, a series of atmospheric proxies of TC passage in the NOAA/CIRES 20th Century Reanalysis dataset are constructed for the satellite‐era. Next, similar magnitude signatures (not corresponding to known Best‐Track TCs) are identified in the pre‐satellite era and subjected to further synoptic verification. Surface observations are used to categorize candidate events into three confidence bins. A small but significant number of the candidate events are cases that warrant further examination by ongoing reanalysis efforts. As this method shows promise for use in other TC basins around the world, preliminary results suggest that this technique may potentially lead to a more complete climatological record of global TC incidence and an improved understanding of long‐term trends in activity.


German culture experienced an enormous rupture after 1945. Not only was the country in ruins and an outcast of the international community because of the recent regime and its devastating effects, its entire cultural tradition was under suspicion: had German culture always been steering towards this catastrophe? Was everything within it corrupt? While the frenetic economic activity of the 'Wirtschaftswunder' side-stepped a mainstream confrontation with the horrors of the recent past, intellectuals and artists radically interrogated the reasons for the disaster. As always, language and the meaning-making procedures in language prepare the mind to open up and to prepare for action. Language is at the root of action and this insight fuelled reflections on language, for instance by philosophers such as Wittgenstein and Heidegger. But it was particularly in lyric poetry that a lucid and politically aware examination of the recent past took place and an expression of such considerations could be found.
This paper demonstrates how poets made a unique and highly significant contribution to the development of a new political awareness in Germanlanguage culture. By integrating silence and the absurd (that is, the unheardof and the unspeakable) into literary language, this so-called hermetic poetry did not entail a withdrawal from society but, on the contrary, devoted itself to a particular form of political commitment. This procedure represents a rupture with what Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno called the 'culture industry' (1947), opposing conventional and habituated approaches to art in terms of its production and reception and advocating instead a stringent and critical concept of arresting aesthetic form that was to distinguish the work of art from products of that culture industry. Paul Celan, Ingeborg Bachmann, Ilse Aichinger, Günter Eich and Nelly Sachs are the household names associated with this poetics. While it was never necessarily mainstream, it was arguably the most innovative poetic strand of its time and in the long run a key factor in shaping a modern German culture that could come to terms with its past and overcome authoritarian structures.


Background and objectives: In many emergency departments advanced life support (ALS) trained nurses do not assume a lead role in advanced resuscitation. This study investigated whether emergency nurses with previous ALS training provided good team leadership in a simulated cardiac arrest situation. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at five emergency departments and one nurses' association meeting. All participants went through the same scenario. Details recorded included baseline blood pressure and pulse rate, time in post, time of ALS training, and subjective stress score (1 = hardly stressed; 10 = extremely stressed). Scoring took into account scenario understanding, rhythm recognition, time to defibrillation, appropriateness of interventions, and theoretical knowledge. Results: Of 57 participants, 20 were ALS trained nurses, 19 were ALS trained emergency senior house officers (SHOs), and 18 were emergency SHOs without formal ALS training. The overall mean score for doctors without ALS training was 69.5%, compared with 72.3% for ALS trained doctors and 73.7% for ALS trained nurses. Nurses found the experience less stressful (subjective stress score 5.78/10) compared with doctors without ALS training (6.5/10). The mean time taken to defibrillate from the appearance of a shockable rhythm on the monitor by the nurses and those SHOs without ALS training was 42 and 40.8 seconds, respectively. Conclusion: ALS trained nurses performed as well as ALS trained and non ALS trained emergency SHOs in a simulated cardiac arrest situation and had greater awareness of the potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest. Thus if a senior or middle grade doctor is not available to lead the resuscitation team, it may be appropriate for experienced nursing staff with ALS training to act as ALS team leaders rather than SHOs.


The main concern of this study is to tackle exaggeration in British and American situations taken from Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby novels. From a pragmatic point of view, exaggeration in the field of literature has not been given enough attention. Accordingly, this study is an attempt to develop a model for the analysis of exaggeration pragmatically. Thus, it concerns itself with achieving the following aims:(1)investigating the kinds of speech acts through which the exaggeration language occurs in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby novels.(2)identifying  the devices of exaggeration used in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby novels.(3)showing how exaggerators pragmatically proceed the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle in these two novels.(4)figuring out the pragmatic functions of exaggeration used in these two novels. In relation to the abovementioned aims, the following hypotheses are tested:(1) various kinds of speech acts through which the exaggeration language occurs can be used in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby novels.(2)a variety of devices of exaggeration are used in these two novels.(3)the Politeness Principle and the Cooperative Principle are violated in The Great Gatsby more than in Mrs. Dalloway .(4)there are different pragmatic functions for exaggeration in these novels.To achieve the aforementioned aims, the following procedures are followed:(1)surveying the relevant literature on exaggeration in general and its pragmatic perspective in particular.(2)analyzing the exaggeration language pragmatically in Mrs. Dalloway and The Great Gatsby according to a model developed by this study.The results of the analysis prove the first, second, and fourth hypotheses, whereas they partially reject the third hypothesis and partially verify it. Keywords: Exaggeration, Pragmatics, Speech acts.


Dieless CNC forming is an innovative technology which can form various materials with complex shape by numerically controlled incremental forming process. In this paper, a method of NC tool path generation based on an STL file for dieless CNC forming is proposed. Tool trajectory adopts the principle of layered manufacturing in rapid prototyping technology, but it is necessary to consider STL offset because of the ball shaped tool with a radius. Vertex offset method which enables to compute offset STL directly is engaged for STL offset. The offseted STL is sliced by cutting planes to generate contouring tool path. Algorithm is implemented on a computer and experimented on a dieless CNC forming machine to show its validity.


ABSTRACTThe potential of TWI to close the achievement gap for English language learners and to provide both native English speakers and native partner-language speakers with access to a high-quality education with positive academic, language, and sociocultural outcomes is clear. In this article, I argue that the realization of this potential for TWI programs today and in the future requires TWI educators to contextualize their practices beyond the dualities of the program. Specifically, the article discusses how the increased cultural and linguistic diversity of TWI students in the program questions the native speaker/nonnative speaker dichotomy. Further, it argues that the strict separation of the languages for instruction needs to be contextualized in light of the holistic nature of bilingualism.


The article discusses Axe music providing elements in an attempt to deconstruc three myths related to it: monoculture, low technical quality and its decadence. The method used focuses on content analysis, departing from verification of data collected through semi- structured interviews with musicians, technical staff, producers and music business executives from Salvador (Brazil), along with documental research related to the musical scene of Bahia today.


Background: Traditionally, brain abscess with diameter beyond 2.5cm is considered to be treated with surgical methods, however in some cases medical treatment alone also got good results. Which patients with the abscess diameter beyond 2.5cm could be treated with medicine alone? Objective: 32 brain abscess patients accepted one week of trial medicine therapy and were divided into surgical group and conservative group according the ultimate therapy method. Methods: Some clinical factors including Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Karnofsky performance scores (KPS), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE), abscess sizes and edema indexes (EI) were recorded, and these factors were analyzed to observe the differences between the two groups.Results: The surgical group had larger abscess sizes (4.21±0.62cm vs 2.85±0.98cm p<0.001), lower GCS (10.00±1.04 vs 11.44±1.92 p=0.017), lower KPS (40.71±12.69 vs 52.78±20.24 p=0.061), and lower MMSE scores (8.57±1.40 vs 11.67±2.38 p=0.0008) before treatment than the conservative group. After trial therapy, the conservative group got higher extent of MMSE improvement (10.06±2.67 vs 4.86±0.66 p<0.0001) and abscesses sizes decline (0.7±0.40cm vs 0.15 ± 0.18cm p=0.0002) than surgical group, logistic analysis indicated consecutive variation of MMSE and change of abscess sizes during trial treatment might correlated closely to the ultimate treatment methods (p=0.027; p=0.019). Conclusions: These data might provide some clues for the selection of treatment methods for brain abscess patients.


This study was to evaluate the potential for developing superior antioxidative peptides derived from pea protein isolates that could be used to prevent meat lipid oxidation and improve its shelf-life. Pea protein isolate was hydrolyzed with individual microbial proteases and further fractionated by sequential ultrafiltration (molecular weight cut-off of 3 and 10 kDa) to a total of 12 hydrolysate fractions. Their antioxidant activities were evaluated and compared. The hydrolysate fractions exerted significant oxygen radical absorbance capacity ranging from 24.5 to 81.6 µmol Trolox equivalents /g dry weight and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation (ABTS + ˙ ) scavenging activity ranging between 22.4 and 50.2 µmol TE/g dry weight. Three hydrolysate fractions with superior antioxidant activities were selected for further evaluation on the inhibition of lipid peroxidation using a food model (ground beef) during a 15-day storage period. At the end of the treatment, NP-F4 produced by neutral protease from Bacillus subtilis at both doses (250 and 500 µg/g beef) exerted significant inhibitory activities against lipid oxidization which were comparable to butylated hydroxyanisole (200 µg/g beef), a commonly used synthetic antioxidant with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances reduced by 31.9%, 38.8%, and 45.7%, respectively, as compared to the negative control. Our results suggest that the specific antioxidative hydrolysates produced from pea protein with commercial proteases and ultrafiltration separation could be used to replace synthetic ones to inhibit lipid oxidation and improve shelf-life of lipid-rich food products.


This paper was a reply to certain criticisms made by M. Diday, of Lyons, of Dr. King's previous paper on this subject, read to this Association in May, 1888. In reply to Dr. King's paper, Dr. Taylor stated that he was sorry to see that Dr. King had again rehabilitated his case of syphilis in the third generation. He did not want to go on record as indorsing that case. The speaker said that of all the cases he had seen of syphilis in the third generation not one, upon investigation, was able to hold water. Atkinson's was a fairly good case, but it fell through. The full requirements must be fulfilled. The author must establish, by a personal examination, that syphilis existed in one of the grandparents; he must establish a clear syphilitic history in the woman, and he must prove conclusively that the man who marries the woman is not syphilitic, because the father is a potent agent in syphilis. Unless these factors are fulfilled, the case is void. J Cutan Genito-Urin Dis. November 1891;9:427-428.


##Introduction Isolated hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) palsy is rare due to the course of the nerve and its close proximity to other cranial nerves and vessels. Aetiology includes space-occupying lesions, head and neck trauma, and infections. Characteristically, hypoglossal nerve palsy presents with unilateral atrophy of tongue musculature and deviation of the tongue to the affected side. ##Case report A 50-year-old woman attended Belfast Dental Hospital complaining of tenderness and swelling of the left side of her tongue for the previous eight weeks. Her medical history was unremarkable and she was a non-smoker. On examination, there was no evidence of lymphadenopathy, asymmetry or swelling. Cranial nerves (CN) I-XI were intact; however, testing of CNXII revealed fasciculation and deviation of the tongue to the left on protrusion. A magnetic resonance imagery (MRI) scan revealed a lesion in the left hypoglossal canal, in keeping with a meningioma. The patient has now been referred to neurology, awaiting the possibility of neurosurgery. ##Discussion Hypoglossal nerve palsy is uncommon and rarely presents in isolation. It raises suspicion of a sinister underlying pathology and therefore a prompt referral for an MRI scan was made. Meningiomas arising in the hypoglossal canal are extremely rare and this is the fourth case to be reported in the literature. ##Conclusion Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy can present in any clinical situation, either as a complaint or incidental finding. It highlights the importance of detecting subtle intraoral clinical changes, the use of appropriate imaging, and the importance of multidisciplinary teamwork in diagnosis and management of complex cases.


Abstract Crop depredation by brown bears (Ursus arctos) in Hokkaido, Japan, has increased over the past 2 decades. With increased depredation, the number of permits issued and the removal of conflict animals have also increased. We hypothesized that peripheral areas adjacent to agricultural lands represent attractive sink-like habitat because of the association between abundant high-quality anthropogenic food resources and high levels of human-induced mortality by nuisance control. We used an allopatric distribution of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotypes in females to distinguish core from peripheral habitat; nuisance control for female bears was 2× greater in the periphery. Using these definitions, we investigated 85 male mtDNA haplotypes recovered from dead bears from eastern Hokkaido (1996–2008) and classified the birthplace for 64. Of these, 14 of 31 born in core were killed in periphery, whereas 5 of 33 born in periphery died in core. In periphery, the largest proportion of males killed occurred during early summer (mating season); for females, the largest proportion was in late summer (period of greatest crop damage). We also documented a significant increase in the number of males killed in the periphery since late 1990s. Timing of mortalities suggested that males were attracted to the periphery for both mating opportunities and by abundant anthropogenic food resources. Because our results suggest a directional flow of males from core to periphery, we suspected (although did not document) a net loss of residents from core. If reproduction was unable to compensate, unregulated control killing could eventually result in a decline in the numbers of males residing in the core. Our findings demonstrate an important application of mtDNA analyses as well as how source–sink dynamics can differentially affect males and females because of varying behavioral traits such as home range size and dispersal characteristics.


The 2023 Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) report includes relevant topics from the clinician's perspective and evidence published on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) since GOLD 2017. The World Health Organization (WHO) and GOLD 2023 have developed an updated definition of COPD as, "a heterogeneous lung condition characterized by chronic respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, cough, expectoration, exacerbations) due to abnormalities of the airway (bronchitis, bronchiolitis) and/or alveoli (emphysema) that cause persistent, often progressive, airflow obstruction." GOLD 2023 includes recommendations for COPD patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and acknowledges the role of reduced air quality in the etiology and progression of COPD. In May 2023, the GOLD Scientific Committee on Air Pollution and COPD reported that air pollution increasingly contributes to the pathogenesis of COPD. This Editorial aims to introduce the updated GOLD 2023 report in the context of climate change and the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic.


We propose a new method to develop Decision Support System, which has the flexibility to install new rules into the system remotely during run time, and can change system behavior on the fly. Take OSGi as a platform we build an emergency triage system which can apply different decision-making strategy while facing different situation.


Concealed porphyry copper-molybdenum target. High-grade mineralization. Drilling to date has delineated >260 million metric tons of hypogene ore averaging a little more than 1 percent Cu equivalent. The deposit is associated with a partly unroofed stock of biotite dacite porphyry, which was emplaced into broadly cogenetic andesitic and dacitic volcanic rocks during the Jurassic. A composite batholith of intermediate composition is located only 1.7 km from the deposit but was emplaced 30 to 40 m.y. earlier. The cylindrical orebody contains chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and local traces of bornite. The orebody is largely overlain by an essentially barren quartz-sericite-pyrite lithocap up to several hundred meters thick. High-grade copper-molybdenum ore is hosted by multiple hydrothermal breccias. Although the Mocoa porphyry system is overlain by a jarositic zone of partial leaching up to 260 m thick, rapid erosion during the late Cenozoic precluded generation of a significant zone of supergene chalcocite enrichment. The high precipitation caused nearly complete removal of abundant hypogene anhydrite and supergene gypsum to depths of at least 900 m.--Modified journal abstract.


Tufting carpet is a very suitable substrate for growing microorganism such as pathogenic microbes, due to the direct touch with human body, long washing periods and laying on the floor; in fact there are 3 major problems: To risk human health, Prepare bad odors and Destruction of the products.. In the presented research, for investigation of presence most common microbes on polyester tufting, first goods laid in a public place (in the corridor fair) for 30 days and the existence of some microbes were investigate on it with two methods of enrichment in nutrient environments such as thioglycolate and noutrunt brath, and shake the dust off the polyester tufting onto cultivation mediums such as blood agar and noutrunt agar. After the microorganism colonics are grown, the colonies were separated and six microbial tests such as cataloes and sitrat were carried out in five phases on the colonics for identifying the varieties of bacteria. As a result of tests, 5 type of bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, staphylococcus saprophytic as were identified. Each of the mentioned bacteria can be seriously harmful for the heath of human. Keywords—Microorganisms, Polyester tufting, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus saprophytic, Blood agar, Thioglycolate


Purpose: The objectives of this study were to examine the effectiveness of diagnosing occlusal caries in molar teeth in children under the use of loupes and, secondarily, to examine whether there is a difference in the diagnosis between permanent and primary teeth using dental loupes. In addition, to check whether the student's diagnosis using loupes improves caries diagnosis compared to dentists' diagnosis in both methods. Methods: The data were collected from 163 patients aged 6–14 who sought treatment in the Pedodontic Department of the Faculty of Dentistry at Tel-Aviv University during 2020–2021. The first and second permanent molars and second primary molars with deep groves were examined. A student and dentists made the diagnosis with and without loupes while using the ICDAS criteria. Results: The student's examinations without the loupes detected no caries in 60% of the cases compared to 76.9% in the examinations with the loupes and found initial caries without cavitation (ICDAS1) in only 17.6% of teeth without loupes examination compared to 33% using loupes. The dentist correctly diagnosed no caries (ICDAS0) in 82.1% of cases without loupes and initial caries without cavitation (ICDAS1) in 62.5% of cases. The dentist correctly diagnosed distinct caries without cavitation (ICDAS2) in 90.8% of cases. No differences were observed in caries diagnosis between primary and permanent teeth when the examiner was a specialist/intern using loupes; however, there was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.047) when the diagnosis was made by a student using loupes. Clinical significance: The use of dental loupes is an effective method for the correct and early diagnosis of occlusal caries lesions in children's molar teeth by both dentists and students, and this is in accordance with the principle of minimally invasive dentistry. There is a justification for the use of dental loupes for the diagnosis of initial occlusal caries in primary and permanent molars in children in a precise way. Using loupes especially improves the correct diagnosis of initial caries in primary teeth by students.


Physical modelling of wind effects on highrise buildings
 requires modelling of wind flow representative of natural
 wind in atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel. In this
 paper, to obtain the desired mean velocity profile, two
kinds of turbulence generation are used: active generator
such as jets blowing into the main stream creating the
desired turbulence patterns and changing the momentum of
the flow; and passive devices such as tripping wall, spires
 and suface roughness blocks on the flow of the tunnel. The
experimental results are well fitted with the value of power
 law.


We propose a home PC architecture that takes advantage of MPEG-2 over ATM hardware. The home PC has an ATM bearer capability, MPEG-2 decoding function for high quality audio-visual services embedded in an add-on board, classical IP functions for data service and a native ATM function for a real time video-telephony service. The proposed home PC architecture can be used as an entertainment device, individual information gatekeeper, and an interactive communications tool.


The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of dairy farms with different concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) in milkfat using a stochastic farm model. Daily phenotypic cow performance was simulated using an exponential function including terms for milk, fat, protein and live weight, and a third order orthogonal polynomial of milkfat UFA concentration. Daily and yearly feed requirements were estimated from metabolisable energy requirements for maintenance, lactation, pregnancy and growth. Two groups of farms were simulated: (1) Average UFA farms (30 farms, milkfat UFA concentration = 30.04 g/100g milkfat) and (2) High UFA farms (30 farms, milkfat UFA concentration = 35.99 g/100g milkfat). Each farm was 140 ha and had 386 cows, a replacement rate of 18% and a spring calving between 20 July and 10 September. The simulation was replicated 1,000 times. High UFA farms produced significantly (P < 0.05) less milkfat (338 vs 502 kg/ha) and milksolids (692 vs 927 kg/ha) than Average UFA farms. This resulted in High UFA farms having lower (P < 0.05) gross farm income ($3815 vs $5075 /ha) and cash operating surplus ($-331 vs $598/ha) than Average UFA farms. This highlights the need to develop a payment system that rewards concentration of UFA in milkfat.


Process control of dielectric CMP has become more stringent as device dimensions decrease. This study reports on the improvement in process control that was obtained by using an integrated metrology tool, and automated, factory-level, process control algorithms. The control methodology was proven to be capable of handling multiple pattern levels, with different pattern densities, on multiple polishers in an advanced-prototype/development fab. The improvement in control and throughput with respect to offline metrology and manual control is presented.. Residual sources of variation are analyzed, and schema for further improvements in control capability are presented, based on tests conducted.


Two kinds of F-actin were prepared; one binds magnesium at the unique divalent cation binding site of actin protomer and the other binds calcium at this site. They were designated as F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin, respectively. The binding of fluorescein mercuric acetate (FMA) to F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin was studied spectroscopically. The absorption and fluorescence spectra of bound FMA differed slightly but distinctly between F(Mg)-actin and F(Ca)-actin. Moreover, FMA bound to F(Mg)-actin showed linear dichroism in the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 (or 2mM CaCl2) in the solvent, while the dichroism was abolished by the removal of divalent cations from the solvent. In contrast, FMA bound to F(Ca)-actin did not show any appreciable linear dichroism irrespective of the presence (or absence) of divalent cations in the solvent. These results suggest that the structure of F-actin is characteristically regulated by divalent cations in a dual mode.