The switched reluctance motor (SRM) has been traditionally controlled by either open-loop hysteresis or closed-loop pulse-width-modulation (PWM) current controller. The hysteresis controller needs to vary the switching frequency to maintain constant hysteresis current band, resulting unpleasant audible noises. The PWM controller, however, is difficult to design in terms of proper gains and control bandwidth due to the nonlinear nature of the SRM. In this paper, the AC small-signal modeling technique is proposed for linearization of the SRM model such that a conventional PI controller can be designed accordingly for a PWM current controller. With the linearized SRM model, the duty-cycle to output transfer function can be derived, and the controller can be designed with sufficient stability margin. The proposed PWM controller has been simulated to compare the performance against the conventional hysteresis controller based system. It was found that through the frequency spectrum analysis, the noise spectra in audible range disappeared with the fixed switching frequency PWM controller, but were pronounced with the conventional hysteresis current controller. A hardware prototype was then implemented with a digital signal processor control to verify the quiet nature of the PWM controller running at 20 kHz switching.


This paper examines the structural behaviour of various types of complex verbs in Nupe and Yoruba in relation to causative constructions. When such verbs occur in simplex non-agentive causative sentences as well as in agentive non-causative sentences, they freely permit sentence embedding, resulting in biclausal causative structures. But in the case of non-agentive causatives, it is only Yoruba which allows the verbs to be irregularly embedded into causative matrix sentences in such a way that the biclausal causative structure constitutes input to Causative Clause Union, which compresses it into a uniclausal agentive causative sentence. Functionally, Yoruba uniclausal and biclausal agentive causatives are intercharigeable in many cases. On the other hand, only uniclausal agentive causatives are attested in Nupe, as Causative Clause Union has disappeared from its grammar. It is concluded that causative constructions in these languages demonstrate clearly that the CCU rule is motivated by a diachronic process of moving from a pragmatic mode of expression to a syntacticized one, and where a particular target has been hit, the rule ceases to function.


Results of photoluminescence and photoconductivity measurements in epitaxial films are presented. The photoluminescence peak energy and intensity show several anomalous behaviours. The peak energy changes with temperature exhibiting an inverted S-shape dependence, where it decreases, then increases with increasing temperature in the range 40-100 K and finally decreases with increasing temperature. The intensity shows a temperature dependence similar to that of amorphous semiconductors and disordered superlattices. A blue shift of the photoluminescence energy with increasing excitation intensity is observed. A large Stokes shift between the photoluminescence peak position and the band edge transition energy is found; it decreases with decreasing indium content. A persistent photoconductivity effect has been detected up to room temperature with a stretched-exponential function for its decay rate. All these observations can be explained in a consistent way by alloy potential fluctuations, and these clearly indicate the existence of compositional fluctuations. These two related effects thus appear to constitute the mechanism for the widely observed localized excitons in InGaN-based devices.


In this study, a 3D combustion chamber was simulated using FLUENT 6.32. Aims to obtain accurate information about the profile of the combustion in the furnace and also check the effect of oxygen enrichment on the combustion process. Oxygen enrichment is an effective way to reduce combustion pollutant. The flow rate of air to fuel ratio is varied as 1.3, 3.2 and 5.1 and the oxygen enriched flow rates are 28, 54 and 68 lit/min. Combustion simulations typically involve the solution of the turbulent flows with heat transfer, species transport and chemical reactions. It is common to use the Reynolds-averaged form of the governing equation in conjunction with a suitable turbulence model. The 3D Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations with standard k-ε turbulence model are solved together by Fluent 6.3 software. First order upwind scheme is used to model governing equations and the SIMPLE algorithm is used as pressure velocity coupling. Species mass fractions at the wall are assumed to have zero normal gradients.Results show that minimum mole fraction of CO2 happens when the flow rate ratio of air to fuel is 5.1. Additionally, in a fixed oxygen enrichment condition, increasing the air to fuel ratio will increase the temperature peak. As a result, oxygen-enrichment can reduce the CO2 emission at this kind of furnace in high air to fuel rates. Keywords—Combustion chamber, Oxygen enrichment, Reynolds Averaged NavierStokes, CO2 emission


The results of a study on the regional variation of household refuse arising rates in the UK are described. The analysis focuses on the factors affecting refuse arisings rates. Household size, the presence of infant children and housing type were all found to be positively correlated with the total quantity of refuse arisings in a given household. Households in detached houses generated greater quantities of paper and cardboard than households in other types of housing. Putrescible refuse arisings were positively correlated with household size and the presence of infant children, while miscellaneous combustibles were positively correlated with the presence of infant children, and the use of wheeled bins.


In general, drugs are well absorbed from the lung, and the pulmonary absorption of therapeutic protein and peptide drugs, which are poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, was observed. However, locally acting drugs including antiasthmatic agents, bronchodilators, and expectorants should be localized for a long period in the lung tissues. In this study, the effects of various viscous vehicles on the absorption of theophylline and fluticasone propionate after intrapulmonary administration were examined in rats. Carrageenans were effective in regulating the absorption rate of these drugs. On the other hand, the bioavailability of therapeutic protein and peptide drugs with relatively high molecular weights from the pulmonary route is still poor when compared with the parenteral route. Therefore we examined the effects of chitosan and chitosan oligomers on the pulmonary absorption of interferon-alpha and salmon calcitonin in rats. Chitosan oligomers were effective in improving the pulmonary absorption of these drugs, and chitosan hexamer appeared to be markedly more effective than other oligomers. Furthermore, the present study indicated that chitosan oligomers did not cause any membrane damage to rat pulmonary tissues. In conclusion, it is suggested that various pharmaceutical excipients achieved the sustained pulmonary absorption of locally acting drugs and the improved pulmonary bioavailability for therapeutic protein and peptide drugs.


Harmonic analysis involves identifying hierarchical structure, similar to that found in the syntax and semantics of language, in the harmonic progressions underlying tonal melodies. In previous work, we have used grammar-based parsing, with related machine-learning techniques, for automatic harmonic analysis of jazz chord sequences. We now turn to the harder task of harmonic analysis of jazz MIDI performances using similar techniques. First, we evaluate a strict pipeline approach: we use an HMM to perform chord recognition and our previous system to analyze the output. Then, we use the chord recognizer to propose a chord lattice and analyze this using an adaptation of the previous system.


Abstract. A new, path-integral method is presented for apportioning the concentrations of pollutants predicted by a photochemical model to emissions from different sources. A novel feature of the method is that it can apportion the difference in a species concentration between two simulations. For example, the anthropogenic ozone increment, which is the difference between a simulation with all emissions present and another simulation with only the background (e.g., biogenic) emissions included, can be allocated to the anthropogenic emission sources. The method is based on an existing, exact mathematical equation. This equation is applied to relate the concentration difference between simulations to line or path integrals of first-order sensitivity coefficients. The sensitivities describe the effects of changing the emissions and are accurately calculated by the decoupled direct method. The path represents a continuous variation of emissions between the two simulations, and each path can be viewed as a separate emission-control strategy. The method does not require auxiliary assumptions, e.g., whether ozone formation is limited by the availability of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) or nitrogen oxides (NOx), and can be used for all the species predicted by the model. A simplified configuration of the Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions (CAMx) is used to evaluate the accuracy of different numerical integration procedures and the dependence of the source contributions on the path. A Gauss–Legendre formula using three or four points along the path gives good accuracy for apportioning the anthropogenic increments of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, and nitric acid. Source contributions to these increments were obtained for paths representing proportional control of all anthropogenic emissions together, control of NOx emissions before VOC emissions, and control of VOC emissions before NOx emissions. There are similarities in the source contributions from the three paths but also differences due to the different chemical regimes resulting from the emission-control strategies.


Robot Learning from Demonstration (RLfD) allows non-expert users to teach a robot new skills or tasks directly through demonstrations. Although modeled after human–human learning and teaching, existing RLfD methods make robots act as passive observers without the feedback of their learning statuses in the demonstration gathering stage. To facilitate a more transparent teaching process, we propose two mechanisms of Learning Engagement, Z2O-Mode and D2O-Mode, to dynamically adapt robots' attentional and behavioral engagement expressions to their actual learning status. Through an online user experiment with 48 participants, we find that, compared with two baselines, the two kinds of Learning Engagement can lead to users' more accurate mental models of the robot's learning progress, more positive perceptions of the robot, and better teaching experience. Finally, we provide implications for leveraging engagement expression to facilitate transparent human-AI (robot) communication based on our key findings.


"Glandular leg of Barbadoes," or " Une Maladie particuliere au Systeme Lymphatique," were its respective designations. But, in the cases of angeioleucitis ordinarily observed, and generally resulting either from injury or from the irritation of some specific poison, although the red ribband-like band or cord extending to the nearest glands is seen, causing, at times, severe constitutional disturbance, resembling that described as peculiar to elephantiasis, still, either extensive effusion of simple lymph or permanent enlargement of the affected part, is of extreme rarity indeed-almost an unknown result of such inflammation, and quite inadequate per se to the production of the disease. Subsequently, Bouillaud and Cruveilhier, observing tlle immense cedema of the extremities consequent upon obstruction of the femoral veins, and finding such effusion occasionally becomina solid and undergoing conversion into fibrous tissue, regarded the plrmanent deformity as a secondary consequence of the obstructed venous current. The former pathologist, in the course of his valuable inquiries into the causes of cedema, met with the case of a young woman whose legs and thighs actually resembled those of an elephant in point of size, owing to complete obstruction of the cava and the femoral veins. Dr. Meigs has also known the enlargement of the extremity caused by phlegmasia dolens to persist for years. Indeed, a limb thus permanently enlarged would constitute the purest type of local elephantiasis, and form a class of cases, at times demanding treatment. Frequently recurring erysipelas, and even eczema, nmay occasionally be exciting causes of the disease, from the implication of the connective tissue and adhesive plhlebitis of the smaller veins. Syphilis and the paludal poison are, at times, more especially influential. The author has observed a case of chronic albuminuria in which the skin of one of the enormously distended legs gave way, and constant drain ensued for nearly twelve months preceding a fatal termination. Here the skin of the leg and thigh was exceedingly hard, brawny, and tuberous, with greatly diminished sensibility, giving the affected parts a-somewhat elephantoid aspect. Of these alleged causes, however, none act with such uniform certainty in the production of the disease as to entitle them to a higher rank than than that of "occasional" or "exciting." As Rhazes most accurately pointed out, there are two forms of Arabian elephantiasis-the white and smooth, and the brown and coarse; the former caused by " phlegm" or lymph; the latter by dark blood and knotted veins (to be distinguished, however, from simple varix). In the first form, the disease would seem principally to affect the deeper structures and dermic layers, giving rise, at times, to fatty degeneration of the muscular or even osseous tissues, or to a collection of viscid fluid, leaving the surface comparatively unaffected; while, in the second form, the cuticular aspect of the dermis is additionally affected, stretching the skin and rendering it knotty, fissured, and otherwise diseased. Here the cuticular sensibility is very much diminished, while in the smooth variety it mostly remains intact. It must, however, be borne in minid that the diminished sensibility is restricted to the part involved, and is, apparently, simply the result of the thickened cuticular surface, differing much from that more general anaesthesia which is so characteristic of one of the forms of Greek leprosy-Lepra mnutiZzits vel ana's/hetica. In this variety, the nervous cords are involved, as shown by the recent investigations of Studener. It must be admitted that, genuine Arabian elephantiasis at its onset probably involves both the circulating and lymphatic systems, since more or less of local cedema usually heralds in the attack. This position, however, is disputed by Professor Allan Webb, who studied the disease on a very large scale in a hospital devoted to such cases in Bengal. He denies the participation of either veins or lymphatics, and describes the disease as commencing w;vithouit these vessels, by the development of nuclei in a blastema, and their conversion into fibrous and elastic tissue enclosing an albuminous fluid. This view derives support, to some extent, from Virchow's well-known researches in " cell-pathology." There yet remains, then, to be discovered, the unknown factor which immediately determines the perversion of nutrition on which the disease depends. It must be some special constitutional condition, since, notwithstanding what has been designated as elephantiasis is at times apparently a simple local condition, there is abundant evidence to show that, in the great majority of cases, some general dyscrasia must coexist. Such necessity would seem to be enforced by the following facts :-the peculiar and almost periodically recurring " paroxysms" or " accessions" of the disease, as they ar-e termed, much resembling those of intermittent fever, and under which accessions the disease gradually advances ; the frequent coexistence of visceral fatty degeneration ; the occasionally insidious onset of the disease, unattended by any prior marked symptoms; the occasional disappearance of the disease from its first site to reappear in another and often remote part of the body; and lastly, the occasional immediate recurrence of the disease in the opposite extremity to the one removed by amputation. Whatever the constitutional peculiarity may be, it is unquestionably an acquired one, since all testimony concurs in proving it to be neither a heritable nor a contagious disorder.


Purpose. People vary in their general preferences for more v. less health care, and the validated Medical Maximizing-Minimizing Scale (MMS) reliably measures this orientation. Medical maximizers (people scoring highly on the MMS) prefer to receive more health care visits, medications, tests, and treatments, whereas minimizers prefer fewer services. However, it is unclear how maximizing-minimizing preferences relate to willingness to pursue appropriate health care. We hypothesized that minimizers are at increased risk of rejecting evidence-based high-benefit care and that maximizers are at risk of wanting low-benefit care. Design. In total, 785 US adults recruited through an online panel expressed preferences to receive or forgo a health care intervention in 18 hypothetical scenarios. In 8 scenarios, the intervention was high benefit per evidence-based guidelines. In the remaining 10 scenarios, the intervention was low benefit. We assessed associations between participants' MMS score and their preferences for medical intervention in each scenario using regression analyses that adjusted for hypochondriasis, health risk tolerance, health status, and demographic variables. Results. MMS score was significantly associated with preferences in all 18 scenarios after adjusting for other variables. The MMS uniquely explained 11% of the variance in preferences for high-benefit care and 29% of the variance in preferences for low-benefit care. Differences between strong minimizers (10th percentile) and strong maximizers (90th percentile) across the 18 scenarios ranged from 5.6 to 32.3 points on a 1 to 100 preference scale. Conclusions. The MMS reliably predicts people's willingness to pursue appropriate care, both when appropriate care means taking high-benefit actions and when appropriate care means avoiding low-benefit actions. Targeting and tailoring messages according to maximizing-minimizing preferences might increase the effectiveness of both efforts to reduce overutilization of low-benefit services and campaigns to support uptake of high-benefit care.


Many typologies of I.S. archetypes exist in the current literature. But very few rely on long term past perspectives, which could result in a precious opportunity to suggest innovative configurations related to specific institutional environments. On the other hand, historiography is a subject of growing interest in IS. Nonetheless, if many studies have already been carried out on the history of the technology or computer industries, very few have dealt with organizational IS history. This is regrettable, as it would give researchers a unique opportunity to understand long term IS dynamics and to grasp historical I.S. archetypes. Here, the author outlines a history of the IS of one of the oldest organizations in the world: the Roman Curia (the headquarters of the Catholic Church located within the Vatican). First, the specificities of the object of research (a missionary organization) are explained and methodological details are given. Then, a formal history (pointing out four chronological archetypal IS) is put forward. Lastly, the contributions, limitations and perspectives of this research are discussed.


In the practice of the Soviet literary underground, it was important to restore connections with tradition, hidden or edited according to the ideological models. Dialogue with tradition was recognized as a condition for achieving creative independence and cultural identity. Naturally, many texts created outside official Soviet literature have a wide layer of intertextual and intermedial references, often pointing to cultural layers and semantic areas that are not related to each other. A typical example of such an allusional multilayeredness and polyreferentiality is poetic ekphrasis. One of the most important literary figures of the Soviet samizdat was the poet Viktor Krivulin. In his samizdat books, many texts have obvious markers of ekphrastic descriptions referring to fine art, music, and cinema; a typical feature of his poetry is 'complex ekphrasis', which combines references to different works. This article deals with several of his poems related to the collection of paintings at the Hermitage, in particular the texts devoted to the paintings by Bartolomeo Murillo and Tiziano Vecellio. Krivulin's reception of fine art was found to be influenced by his reading experience: the interpretation of the paintings is correlated with other examples of cultural reception of the same artist. Thus, ekphrasis is not only a description of a particular work but also the experience of reflection on the history of perception of an artist in culture, as well as the experience of self-relation with other ekphrases. The form of ekphrastic text thus appears for the poet as a means of historical and culturological reflection.


Alcohols remove lithium to make nanowires Many existing routes for making metal and metal oxide nanowires are complex, require harsh solvents, or are not easily scaled up. Lei et al. developed an extraction process to remove lithium from aluminum or magnesium alloys by using alcohol solvents. The resulting highly reactive Al or Mg atoms formed alkoxide nanowires, which could be converted into oxides by high-temperature treatment. The authors used this approach to produce Al2O3 separators that enhanced the safety of lithium batteries. Science, this issue p. 267 Alcohol extraction of lithium from aluminum or magnesium alloys creates alkoxide nanowires that are transformed to metal nanowires on heating. One dimensional (1D) nanostructures offer prospects for enhancing the electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties of a broad range of functional materials and composites, but their synthesis methods are typically elaborate and expensive. We demonstrate a direct transformation of bulk materials into nanowires under ambient conditions without the use of catalysts or any external stimuli. The nanowires form via minimization of strain energy at the boundary of a chemical reaction front. We show the transformation of multimicrometer-sized particles of aluminum or magnesium alloys into alkoxide nanowires of tunable dimensions, which are converted into oxide nanowires upon heating in air. Fabricated separators based on aluminum oxide nanowires enhanced the safety and rate capabilities of lithium-ion batteries. The reported approach allows ultralow-cost scalable synthesis of 1D materials and membranes.


We thank Dr Ravnskov and colleagues for their interest in our editorial. Ravnskov et al. appear to ignore the large number of controlled metabolic studies relating fatty acid intake to plasma total and LDL-cholesterol as well as the overwhelming evidence that LDL is causally related to the atherosclerotic process. The issues that Ravnskov et al. raise were raised earlier in sixty-two Letters to the Editor, which Dr Ravnskov has published about lipids and heart disease in the past 20 years. His letters have appeared in JAMA, the New England Journal of Medicine, the British Medical Journal, the Lancet, Science, the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Annals of Internal Medicine, the Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, the International Journal of Cardiology, Circulation, the Quarterly Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular diseases, several Scandinavian medical journals, and now in the British Journal of Nutrition. All these letters argue essentially the same point, namely that lowering blood cholesterol levels is of unproven value. We refer readers to the responses of dozens of reputable scientists set out in each journal's Letters section, where they have carefully responded to Dr Ravnskov's letters and shown that, by and large, Ravnskov's arguments are faulty.


On the basis of Morgenthaler's sexual theory, the author reviews Wysling's discussion of Thomas Mann's "narcissistic symptomatology" and attempts to refocus it within the external perspective of pubertal conflict. Societally organized forms of sexuality are invariably aimed at the maintenance of narcissistic equilibrium which has been jeopardized by the dissolution of the mother-infant unit. It follows that the neurotic constitution of many homosexuals results not from any hypothetical developmental disturbance in early infancy, but chiefly from the actual conflict with society.


Three Early Archean spherule beds from Barberton, South Africa, have anomalous Cr isotope compositions in addition to large Ir anomalies, confirming the presence of meteoritic material with a composition similar to that in carbonaceous chondrites. The extra-terrestrial components in beds S2, S3, and S4 are estimated to be approx. l%, 50% - 60%, and 15% - 30%, respectively. These beds are probably the distal, and possibly global, ejecta from major large-body impacts. These impacts were probably much larger than the Cretaceous-Tertiary event, and all occurred over an interval of approx. 20 m.y., implying an impactor flux at 3.2 Ga that was more than an order of magnitude greater than the present flux.


On a blazing hot Sunday afternoon in 1925, Henry Louis Mencken sat at his typewriter in a hotel room in Dayton, Tennessee, stripped to his underwear. While he pecked away in his usual manner, he paused occasionally only to light up another Uncle Willie cigar and to roar with laughter at his own writing. The dispatch he wrote to the Baltimore Evening Sun was inarguably some of his best work. Mencken's dispatch told in flowing prose of a visit he and a female journalist took to a Holy Roller revival in the hills outside of Dayton, where "the old-time religion was genuinely on tap." The dispatch, later edited and published as "The Hills of Zion," would be one of Mencken's most reprinted essays. 1


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in various vulvar lesions.

METHODS
HPV infection using consensus primer-PCR was studied in 66 patients with vulvar carcinoma and in the synchronous epithelial lesions.

RESULTS
HPV infection was present in 13/66 carcinoma, in 1/33 VIN I, in 3/11 VIN II, in 8/16 VIN III, in 2/30 lichen sclerosus, in 1/37 squamous cell hyperplasia, and in 2/55 normal skin specimens. Normal skin from healthy controls showed HPV-negative specimens only. Patients with HPV-positive carcinomas were younger, presented in lower stages, and had high-grade VIN more often than those with HPV-negative carcinomas.

CONCLUSIONS
In sum we found that all types of epithelial changes synchronous with carcinoma of the vulva showed HPV infection, indicating that they all might have malignant potential.


This paper explores whether Chinese relationship building, Guanxi, is effective in crosscultural sub-national relationships. Derived from research into Sino-Australian Sister City Type Relationships and using material gathered through interviews in China and Australia, a modified Institutional Guanxi conceptual model has been developed. Some propositions are developed to link the components of the Guanxi conceptual model. Different methodologies are explored to determine the most effective way to test the hypotheses in a cross-cultural environment, and future research is outlined.


Discussions are underway for a new Nordic Sami convention. A number of human rights issues of both substance and form need to be considered in the course of preparations for such a treaty. On substantive issues, a new convention must not fall below existing minimum human rights standards under international law, including ILO Convention No. 169 and other indigenous and minority-specific rights in treaties, customary law and case-law. Access to procedural and other monitoring avenues at the national and international levels must also be guaranteed. Furthermore, it is suggested that the Sami should be a party/parties to an eventual convention because their participation is closely related to equal rights, dignity, identity and the justice to which indigenous peoples aspire.


A commonplace classification used in antitrust analysis distinguishes between restraints affecting firms that operate on the same level of the productive process (horizontal restraints) and restraints on firms operating at different stages of said process (vertical restraints). While remaining useful for analytical purposes this distinction has recently come into question, as the emphasis has come to be placed on the competitive effect (centered on the horizontal aspect) of vertical restraints. The purpose of this paper is to explain how this paradigm shift has been taking place in economic theory and what consequences it may spell out for EC competition policy in the field of vertical restraints. Due to time and space limitations, only exclusive dealing agreements (whereby a dealer undertakes to obtain its supplies of good x from supplier Y and not to handle competing goods from Y's rivals) will be dealt with here.


The ocean and, in particular, the deep-sea floor offer vast potentials of various minerals: polymetallic nodules, metalliferous sediments of hydrothermal origin, phosphorites, uraniferous mud and mineral sands, as well as oil and gas. It is now established that the manganese nodules of the North Pacific may exceed in nickel, copper and cobalt content all known reserves on land. Covered by several kilometres of water column and in what was once considered a hostile or even deadly environment, they can be turned into resources only with the aid of new techniques and technologies for exploration, mining and processing. Recent developments in acoustics, electronics and materials lead to new exploration equipment and strategies to locate and quantify the minerals on or below the deep ocean floor. Advances in hydraulics and offshore technology indicate ways to mine the ores, and recent results in mineral processing and metallurgy allow one to produce and refine the metals. These technical trends and results occur in certain, most important, settings: ocean space is no longer regarded as a hostile barrier but with ever-increasing awareness as an environment to be thoroughly protected; political trends as evolving from the Third U.N. Law of the Sea Conference influence the technology and are influenced by it; market factors, such as the future demand for nickel, have an important impact. And, above all, mineral recovery is an exercise to satisfy the human mind, curious and adventurous and concerned with this globe's further wellbeing.


Ground deformation around the CANNIKIN underground nuclear explosion was studied by means of geodetic measurements, observation of tilt in lakes, and analysis of high-speed motion pictures. The lengths of 53 lines of the order of 1 km long located as many as 7 km from ground zero (GZ) were measured before and after the explosion. Principal strains calculated from the observed changes in length indicate northeast-oriented extension, which is interpreted as reflecting, in part, the release of tectonic strain. Information from an incomplete remeasurement of level lines indicates as much as about 1 m of residual uplift along nearly 2 km of the Bering coast adjacent to the explosion site. Measurements of tilt at six lakes differ in magnitude and direction from the values expected to be produced by expansion of the explosion cavity, but seem to be related to the influence of geological structures near the lakes. High-speed motion pictures indicate that the ground surface in the GZ area had risen vertically about 8 m by 1.4 sec after the explosion and had returned to within about 1 m of its original elevation by 4 sec after the explosion.


Presented here are a series of indium-organic frameworks synthesized by the self-assembly of In3+ salts and 1,1'-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid (H2FcDCA). Nitrogen-containing organic additives played various roles in the diversity of the structures. These compounds exhibit diverse frameworks with rich supramolecular interactions, which show good photoelectronic and redox activity together with active FcDCA ligands. Moreover, the indium-based MIL-53 analogue exhibited permanent porosity and gas separation.


The Scot David Hume (1711–1776) and Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) in Holland were two of the greatest philosophers of the European Enlightenment. Whereas Spinoza's Bible criticism was the inspiration behind the often clandestine tradition known as radical Enlightenment, Hume tried with all his might to wrest the science of mankind from the grip of theology and religion. Since the mid 19th century Hume's philosophy has been interpreted as either scepticism, naturalism or first and foremost criticism of religion. In my article I describe these three very different interpretations and argue that, although Hume was in a certain sense a sceptic and strongly concerned to criticize the clergy and Christianity, yet both these traits of his thought are connected with his naturalistic and secularist philosophy. The title of the article is explained in its introduction, which describes his manifold interests.


A preliminary posttest analysis of Loss-of-Coolant Experiment (LOCE) L2-2, which was conducted in the Loss-of-Fluid Test (LOFT) facility, was performed to gain an understanding of the cause of the disparity between predicted and measured fuel rod cladding temperature responses in the LOFT core. LOCE L2-2 is the first experiment in the LOFT Power Ascension Series L2 (first series of LOFT nuclear experiments), which was designed to investigate the response of the LOFT nuclear core to the blowdown, refill, and reflood transients during LOCEs conducted at gradually increasing power levels. LOCE L2-2 was conducted at 50% power (25 MW, 26.38 kW/m). Results show that a core-wide rewet occurred early in the transient (during blowdown starting at about 7 s after rupture) which was not calculated in the pretest prediction analysis. This early core-wide rewet resulted in the peak fuel rod cladding temperatures being lower (by a mean value of 166/sup 0/K for 24 thermocouples) than had been calculated. This preliminary posttest analysis was concerned solely with determining why the early core-wide rewet was not predicted by the RELAP4/MOD6 pretest analysis and be no means is it a complete posttest analysis of LOCE L2-2 results. However, during this analysis, several errors mademore » in the prettest analysis were found, and their impact on the predicted results is assessed. Three factors were postulated to have caused the disparity between predicted and measured fuel rod cladding temperatures for LOCE L2-2: (a) the initial fuel rod stored energy, (b) the heat transfer surface, and (c) the hydraulics calculation. These factors were examined and are discussed in this report. It was determined that core hydraulics, as influenced by the calculation of broken loop cold leg break flow, was the major factor causing the disparity.« less


In the latest years different kind of combo bags were introduced in the DC aluminium casting to give better production quality. In order to achieve better the understanding of the process, a numerical model was build to model both the hydrodynamic of the flow and the evolution of the bag. Different bags are investigated: one rigid, one flexible and one elastic. This investigation needs to predict the fluid/structure interaction by considering a full coupling between the liquid flow hydrodynamic and the deformation of the bag. To achieve this goal, the movement of the bag surface is modelled though the introduction of particles markers. The particles are allowed to move according to a dynamic law using an assumed flow-bag drag interaction. Additional elastic forces are introduced between neighbour particles in order to reach a specific elasticity and flexibility.


This paper considers the concept of input and state observability, that is, conditions under which both the unknown input and initial state of a known model can be determined from output measurements. We extend previous results on input and state observability for discrete-time systems by considering a more general framework. Particularly, we introduce a delay in the input estimation, that is, we consider estimation of delayed input instead of the current input. Furthermore, we derive results for cases in which partial inputs may be available. Finally, we present several illustrative examples, including a system in which partial inputs are available.


Purpose To compare the intraocular cytokine and chemokine profiles in patients with acute primary acquired ocular toxoplasmosis (pOT) or recurrent ocular toxoplasmosis (rOT) and to correlate them with their clinical characteristics. Methods Aqueous humor samples were collected from 62 consecutive patients (21 pOT, 30 rOT, and 11 noninfected controls) and analyzed by multiplex assay. Correlations were assessed between cytokine/chemokine levels, type of inflammatory response (Th1, Th2, and Th17), and clinical characteristics. In all OT patients, the clinical diagnosis of either pOT or rOT was confirmed by positive intraocular Goldmann/Witmer-Desmonts coefficient. Correlations were assessed between a preselected panel of immune mediators and the clinical characteristics of OT. Results In pOT patients, increased levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, IL-17, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, RANTES, PDGF-bb, GM-CSF, G-CSF, and MCP-1 were found in comparison to those in controls (p < 0.05). Patients with rOT showed elevated levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-15, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-17, IL-1Rα, IL-6, IL-1β, and chemokines MIP-1α, IP-10, Eotaxin, IL-8, RANTES, PDGF-bb, G-CSF, and MCP-1 compared to controls (p < 0.05). In addition, IL-7 (p = 0.028) differed between pOT and rOT; IL-9 (p = 0.054) and IL-13 (p = 0.051) showed a tendency of higher concentration in pOT than in rOT. A negative correlation was found between IL-7 (p = 0.017) as well as IL-9 (p = 0.008) and the number of recurrences. Cytokine ratios showed no difference between pOT and rOT, indicating a dominant Th1-type response in both infectious groups. Moreover, a positive correlation was detected between IL-7, VEGF, IL-13 and age at aqueous humor sampling (p < 0.05). Conclusions This study for the first time shows subtle differences between the intraocular cytokine profiles in patients with either acute pOT or rOT.


Periodontal disease is the result of an interactive process between dental biofilm and periodontal tissues through cellular and vascular responses in which the primary etiologic factor of periodontal diseases is bacterial infection. Periodontitis has been associated with systemic changes, such as pregnancy complications such as preterm birth and low birth weight. The birth of low body weight babies remains the main cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, affecting about 10% of all births. The objective of this literature review, narrative, was to show the relationship between periodontal disease and pregnant women with premature birth and / or low birth weight baby. Articles published between 1996 and 2020, in English and Portuguese, were evaluated in the following databases: Pumed, Lilacs, Scielo, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase and Bireme. Research indicates that gingivitis and periodontitis can promote gestational changes such as premature birth and / or low weight of the baby, several studies have evaluated these conditions, but there is a variability in the methodology used and characterization of periodontal disease. Elevated levels of cytokines produced by periodontal disease, induce the body to go into early labor. For this, the levels of cytokines are similar to those produced by the uterus and placenta in the ninth month of pregnancy. The increase in pregnancy hormones seems to aggravate gingival and periodontal disease, with an interrelation between pregnancy and periodontal conditions. Current evidence has pointed out that women in gestational periods need dental intervention to control periodontal disease, as these strategies serve to reduce preterm labor. The investigators concluded that there are clinical changes that are related to the accumulation of dental biofilm and its interference in the course of the gestational period, however, there is a need for further studies for this relationship to be definitively confirmed.


How competent are university teaching staff to deliver effectively their present and future university duties in Uganda? This question was explored in this study by collecting data from managers (n = 90), teachers (n = 126), and students (n = 179) through a questionnaire administered at Kyambogo University. The results show that teacher performance in the role of innovating; knowledge society facilitating; collaborating and networking; higher education designing and developing; and entrepreneurship, could not be considered as satisfactory. It was also established that there are significant differences in the perception of the aforesaid among the respondent categories. The findings suggest that urgent intervention is needed to develop teacher innovation competence if Uganda wants to have an effective higher education. This study also highlights the centrality of using various internal key stakeholders in the educational system such as students and educational managers if effective teacher performance evaluation is to be attained in universities.


Mucormycosis is generally an acute and rapidly developing fungal infection. There are at least six distinct clinical varieties, dependent upon the types of predisposing factors of the patient.1 Rhinocerebral mucormycosis most commonly manifests itself in cases of poorly controlled diabetes, especially diabetes with ketoacidosis.2 This clinical report describes a man with diabetic ketoacidosis who developed typical rhinocerebral mucormycosis.


Objective: To compare the extent and characteristics of motor vehicle traffic incidents on public roads resulting in fatal occupational injuries in Australia, New Zealand (NZ), and the United States (US). Design and setting: Information came from separate data sources in Australia (1989–92), NZ (1985–98), and the US (1989–92). Methods: Using data systems based on vital records, distributions and rates of fatal injuries resulting from motor vehicle traffic incidents were compared for the three countries. Common inclusion criteria and occupation and industry classifications were used to maximize comparability. Results: Motor vehicle traffic incident related deaths accounted for 16% (NZ), 22% (US), and 31% (Australia) of all work related deaths during the years covered by the studies. Australia had a considerably higher crude rate (1.69 deaths/100 000 person years; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.54 to 1.83) compared with both NZ (0.99; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.12) and the US (0.92; 95% CI 0.89 to 0.94). Industry distribution differences accounted for only a small proportion of this variation in rates. Case selection issues may have accounted for some of the remainder, particularly in NZ. In all three countries, male workers, older workers, and truck drivers were at higher risk. Conclusions: Motor vehicle traffic incidents are an important cause of work related death of workers in Australia, NZ, and the US. The absolute rates appear to differ between the three countries, but most of the incident characteristics were similar. Lack of detailed data and inconsistencies between the data sets limit the extent to which more in-depth comparisons could be made.


The COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown caused clinicians in the UK to switch to delivering musculoskeletal care using telephone or video consultations. NHS England (an executive non-departmental public body of the Department of Health and Social Care, England) recommended prioritisation of more urgent conditions, including those people whose condition has deteriorated and those waiting the longest as part of a phased return to pre-COVID-19 service provision. Clinicians will need to assess an individual's risk factors for complications from COVID-19 alongside their clinical priority to inform a shared decision-making discussion about appropriate face-to-face care delivery. This paper outlines a risk stratification tool that informs that discussion and aims to reduce the subjectivity in the risk assessment between clinicians.


This work aimed at the development of a stable albumin-perfluorocarbon (o/w) emulsion as an artificial oxygen carrier suitable for clinical application. So far, albumin-perfluorocarbon-(o/w) emulsions have been successfully applied in preclinical trials. Cross-linking a variety of different physical and chemical methods for the characterization of an albumin-perfluorocarbon (PFC)-(o/w) emulsion was necessary to gain a deep understanding of its specific emulsification processes during high-pressure homogenization. High-pressure homogenization is simple but incorporates complex physical reactions, with many factors influencing the formation of PFC droplets and their coating. This work describes and interprets the impact of albumin concentration, homogenization pressure, and repeated microfluidizer passages on PFC-droplet formation; its influence on storage stability; and the overcoming of obstacles in preparing stable nanoemulsions. The applied methods comprise dynamic light scattering, static light scattering, cryo- and non-cryo-scanning and transmission electron microscopies, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, light microscopy, amperometric oxygen measurements, and biochemical methods. The use of this wide range of methods provided a sufficiently comprehensive picture of this polydisperse emulsion. Optimization of PFC-droplet formation by means of temperature and pressure gradients results in an emulsion with improved storage stability (tested up to 5 months) that possibly qualifies for clinical applications. Adaptations in the manufacturing process strikingly changed the physical properties of the emulsion but did not affect its oxygen capacity.


This study assessed mothers'/caregivers' knowledge, attitude and practices concerning home treatment  and prevention of malaria in children with a view to ascertaining the determinants of adherence to the current  treatment guidelines on drug therapy and ITN use.The study employed a cross-sectional design. Three hundred and thirty mother-child pairs were recruited for the study through multi-stage sampling method. The results showed that sizeable proportions of the respondents were able to identify the more common symptoms of uncomplicated malaria – headache (67%), body weakness (50.9%), fever (44.2%) and 92.9%  reported mosquito bite as the cause of malaria, while 90.7% considered it as serious illness. One hundred and eighty-five (55%) respondents first treated malaria at home with orthodox medicines, herbs or provided other traditional forms of care. Artemisinin combination therapy was mentioned by only 43.8% of the respondents but the proportion of mothers'/caregivers who administered it to children was 14%. Moreover, 96.3% of mothers/caregivers still gave Chloroquine, when they treated malaria at home. Respondents with higher educational attainments were more likely to use ITN compared with those of lower educational attainments (.2=15.6, p<0.05).Furthermore,  occupation was the only statistically significant predictors of ACT use (OR= 0.824, p<0.05).In conclusion, Kknowledge about the change of recommended drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria at home and the use of ITN was still poor, therefore effort must be intensified toward encouraging new recommended drug and ITN use. Keywords : Malaria,mothers/caregivers, childhood, ACT, ITN.


Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe clinical features and search for primary mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in 13 unrelated Brazilian patients with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). Methods: Analysis of the G11778A, G3460A, and T14484C mutations was done by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism, and mutations were confirmed by direct sequencing. Mean age of onset was 24.5 years and all cases were bilateral. Results: Sex ratio (12M:1F) and frequency of simultaneous involvement (9/13) were higher than in other studies. In nine cases there was familial recurrence: 24 male and two female relatives. Ten patients had a mutation: G11778A in six, T14484C in three and one G3460A. The frequency of patients bearing a primary mutation was lower than that described in multicentric studies but similar to that observed among Asians. A higher frequency of the T14484C mutation was detected. Conclusions: The contribution of Amerindians and Africans to the Brazilian mtDNA pool may account for differences in the type and frequency of primary LHON mutations.


In the global economic system, each economy stimulates the growth of its gross domestic products (GDP) by increasing its international trade. Using a fluctuation analysis of the flux data of GDP and foreign trade, we find that both GDP and foreign trade are dominated by external force and driven by each other. By excluding the impact of the associated trade dependency degree, GDP and the total volume of foreign trade collapse well into a power-law function. The economy's total trade volume scales with the number of trade partners, and it is distributed among its trade partners in an exponential form. The model which incorporated these empirical results can integrate the growth dynamics of GDP and the interplay dynamics between GDP and weighted international trade networks simultaneously.


Background and Aims

Understanding consumers' preferences is key to making a successful product, but preferences are heterogeneous. We compare three approaches to consider preference heterogeneity in discrete choice models: (i) systematic preference variations based on socio-demographic characteristics; (ii) latent classes; and (iii) hybrid choice models with latent variables measuring consumers' attitudes.
Methods and Results

Data from a stated choice survey of Chilean wine consumers were analysed using three different approaches; these agreed on average trends but differed in fit and implied different trade-offs. For example, socio-demographic characteristics correlate poorly with preferences. Latent classes offer a good fit but do not link preference heterogeneity to consumer characteristics. The hybrid choice model provides the best fit but requires more data, making it more difficult to use this approach in forecasting.
Conclusions

The best approach might depend on the research objectives. Using latent classes on a representative sample is the best approach if forecasting is paramount. Modelling attitudes is helpful when more insight into consumers' preferences is sought. Systematic preference variations based on socio-demographic characteristics are a good choice when only average trends are relevant.
Significance of the Study

We make recommendations on how to model preference heterogeneity when studying wine preferences, an issue often overlooked.


Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative solid state joining process, developed by The Welding Institute, UK for joining aluminum, magnesium, zinc and copper alloys. FSW is being used in aerospace, automotive, rail, marine industries, fabrication, etc. FSW is more beneficial over traditional welding process, particularly in the areas of weld quality and environmental impacts. The FSW process parameters such as tool rotation and transverse speed, tool design, axial force, play a major role in deciding the weld quality. In this article, we are going to analyze joining of two same materials by varying affecting parameters and to carry out the optimized set of parameters, which will give high strength for particular pair of dissimilar materials. An attempt has been made to join aluminum alloy 6351 T6 plate having dimension of 120*50*12 with three different featured conical tool friction stir welding (FSW). FSW is more eco-friendly and refine process which give higher joint efficiency than fusion welding process if proper parametric is used. Process parameter like Rotational speed, welding speed, Fixture design, Tool Design, Tool Pin are studied in this research work. Welding speed or transverse speed, Range of RPM and tool features are chosen for Experimental work. Check the fatigue test on different range, speed and conical tool using the welding process and check the fatigue life of weld specimen.


To facilitate the screening for pheochromocytoma, we have validated the use of single-voided, spot urine specimens for the determination of total metanephrines. Metanephrine excretion was found to be quite constant throughout the day and night in ten patients with essential hypertension and seven patients with pheochromocytoma. The levels in single-voided specimens were closely correlated to those in 24-hour specimens in 100 hypertensive subjects. The mean ± 2 SD metanephrine excretion in single-voided urine specimens from 500 hypertensive subjects was 0.351 ± 0.356 μg/mg of creatinine. (Arch Intern Med137:190-193, 1977)


Nonlinear dynamics and dynamical systems approaches and methodologies are increasingly being implemented in biomechanics and human movement research. Based on the early insights of Nicolai Bernstein (1967), a significantly different outlook on the movement control "problem" over the last few decades has emerged. From a focus on relatively simple movements has arisen a research focus with the primary goal to study movement in context, allowing the complexity of patterns to emerge. The approach taken is that the control of multiple degrees-of-freedom systems is not necessarily more difficult or complex than that of systems only comprising a few degrees of freedom. Complex patterns and dynamics might not require complex control structures. In this paper we present a tutorial overview of the mathematical underpinnings of nonlinear dynamics and some of its basic analysis tools. This should provide the reader with a basic level of understanding about the mathematical principles and concepts underlying pattern s...


Lung emphysema was produced in 80 rats by tracheal chronic constriction and repeated instillations of 0.1% papain solution intratracheally. 17 animals survived 90 days of the experiment; a complete examination was performed on 14 experimental and 11 control animals. 9 rats of the experimental group had pulmonary hypertension, in 5 other rats the pulmonary arterial blood pressure was not different from that in the controls. The experimental animals with hypertension had arterial hypoxemia and increased weight of the right ventricle. All experimental rats (with and without pulmonary hypertension) had increased air spaces in the lung and thickened media of distal pulmonary vessels. After breathing 100% oxygen for 20 min, the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in animals with pulmonary hypertension decreased but did not reach the control level. The decrease of the mean pulmonary arterial blood pressure after oxygen breathing correlated well with the initial level of pulmonary hypertension and with the degree of hypoxemia during air breathing.


Prevention and treatment of postoperative pain continues to be a major challenge in postoperative care. Opioid analgesics, with their well-known side effects, continue to represent a cornerstone in postoperative pain control. Anticonvulsant medications are established treatments for neuropathic pain. Pregabalin (S-[+]-3-isobutylgaba), a structural analog of gamma-Aminobutyric acid, has been used for the treatment of various neuropathic pain and also as an adjunctive therapy for adults with partial onset seizures. This study was thus taken up to primarily assess and compare the analgesic and anxiolytic effects of administering pregabalin and tramadol preoperatively for patients undergoing elective decompressive lumbar laminectomy. The study group included 75 patients between the ages of 20–60 years belonging to American Society of Anesthesiology-1 (ASA) and ASA-2 patients. The patients were randomly allocated into three groups of 25 patients each. The placebo group received a placebo capsule, the tramadol group received a 100 mg capsule, while the pregabalin group received a 150 mg capsule orally 1 hour before anesthetic induction. Pregabalin showed statistically significant analgesic effects compared to placebo, but the effect was found to be less prevalent compared to tramadol. The need for rescue analgesia was the least prevalent in tramadol patients followed by pregabalin patients, and reached a maximum in the control group. Pregabalin showed statistically significant anxiolytic effects compared to placebo, and this was associated with less sedation in comparison to tramadol. Pregabalin had fewer numbers of postoperative complications of nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness in comparison to tramadol. The results of this study support the clinical use of pregabalin in the postsurgical setting for pain relief, as it is well tolerated, and usually presents with transient adverse effects.


Thanks to its significant value in anti-drought, Sabina vulgaris is becoming more and more important. But much of past research work was primarily focused on its eco-physiological characteristics while ignoring its basic topological architecture and growth rules. In this work, a dual-scale automaton model is presented to investigate the topological architecture of S. vulgaris shrubs. In comparison with the fractal approach, this model is a simpler and visually more effective method from agro-ecological, and is easier to understand and implement in programming. The result provides a feasible study on the dynamics of S. vulgaris growth, architecture and geometry in various drought environments.


To evaluate the impact of a multidisciplinary, project-based course in introductory statistics, this exploratory study examined learning experiences, feelings of confidence, and interest in future experiences with data for undergraduate students in Ghana, West Africa. Students completed a one-semester, introductory statistics course utilizing the Passion-driven Statistics curriculum. Results showed more than half of the students put more effort into the course and found the material more challenging compared to other courses, while nearly three-quarters reported interest in one or more follow-up courses. Importantly, students also reported increased confidence in a variety of applied statistical skills. These findings demonstrate the positive impact of a multidisciplinary, project-based curriculum on undergraduate students in Ghana, West Africa and demonstrate the potential for its global portability.
First published December 2020 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives


The precise delineation and excision of brain tumor extent allows to improve survival outcome and quality of life of surgically treated patients. In order to refine the resection of gliomas, we are developing a novel intraoperative probe specifically dedicated to the localization of residual tumor after the bulk has been excised. The probe, built around clear and plastic scintillating fibers, was designed to detect positrons emitted from radiolabeled brain tissue in order to discriminate more specifically neoplastic from normal tissues. The probe was also built to be directly coupled to the excision tool leading to simultaneous detection and removal of tumor. We report here performances of the first radio-isotopic configuration of the intraoperative probe which consists of a detection head composed of eight detection elements held around the excision tool in a closed packed annular arrangement. This head is coupled to an optic fiber bundle that exports the scintillating light to a multi-channel photomultiplier tube. The gamma ray background generated by the annihilation of beta+ in tissues is eliminated by a real-time subtraction method. The detector exhibits a beta sensitivity of 139 cps/kBq and a gamma ray rejection efficiency of 99.5%. The ability of the probe to detect residual lesions was evaluated with a realistic brain phantom representing the surgical cavity and the boundaries of the tumor. We showed that lesions as small as 5 mm in diameter can be detected for tumor to normal tissue uptake ratios of fluorinated tracers greater than 3.5. This ratio is achieved with radiopharmaceuticals like 18F-FET or 18F-choline. These promising results suggest that the features of our system are compatible with in situ localization of residual radiolabeled tumors.


In last years, many modulus sets in the Residue Number System (RNS) for increasing Dynamic Range (DR) and parallelism are presented. Hence, for reach these purposes a new 5-Moduli Set for even n, and its efficient reverse converter design are introduced in this paper. This modulus set contains pair-wise relatively prime, and it offers the maximum feasible DR. New CRT-I and MRC are used to obtain a high-performance memory-less reverse converter for this modulus set. Also, we review improving the modular multiplication with this modulus set, and its dynamic range compared with other modulus sets


: Commercial drugs, such as rimantadine, amantadine, rivabirine, and arbidole, are effective in suppressing the in vitro reproduction of highly pathogenic avian influenza A/H5N1 viruses. The study has used a porcine embryonic renal cell line and the highly pathogenic A/Duck/Novosibirsk/56/05 (H5N1) strain from a sick domestic duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) (Chany Lake environs, Novosibirsk Region).


Fluorescence- based lateral flow immunoassays (LFIAs) remain relatively unexplored compared to colorimetric LFIAs for point-of-care (PoC) disease diagnosis and health monitoring. For fluorescence-based LFIAs, a major challenge includes the auto-fluorescence of the nitrocellulose and nonspecific binding of fluorescent polystyrene microspheres. In this paper, we aim to characterize antibody-microsphere conjugates in a fluorescence-based serological assay on nitrocellulose. Factors such as coating concentration and quantity of microspheres were considered and their impacts on nonspecific binding and signal-to-noise ratio are discussed. Finally, we use the determined conditions for the antibody-microsphere conjugates to demonstrate the sensitivity of a proof-of-concept assay detecting antibodies to Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen-1 in pooled human plasma samples. A titration of the seropositive plasma samples demonstrated a titer approaching 1:1,000 using only 30 μL of diluted sample and a sample-to-result time of less than one hour.


PurposeAbandonment poses a range of effects detrimental to the development of a country such as Nigeria. Restoring such infrastructure in a sustainable manner is a challenge identified in the literature. The aim of this study is to evaluate a novel approach – the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS) to identify the sustainability criteria for the redevelopment of abandoned infrastructure in Nigeria. The literature evidences use of TOPSIS in various development contexts, but not in the context of redevelopment of abandoned infrastructure.Design/methodology/approachThis study explores the potential of TOPSIS in the sustainable redevelopment of abandoned infrastructure in Nigeria through a combination of a quantitative method of data collection – questionnaire – and a case study. The case study focuses on the abandoned Federal Government Secretariat in Lagos. One hundred and sixty-one (161) participants responded to the questionnaire. Data collected were analyzed using TOPSIS analytical technique.FindingsRefurbishment is considered as the most sustainable alternative for the redevelopment of abandoned infrastructure. For criteria consideration, structural integrity and foundation categorized under the technological attributes ranked highest for refurbishment and conversion alternatives. Waste generation and prevention and profitability top the list for demolition and procurement respectively.Social implicationsThe social benefit of this study is to bring building considered to be an eyesore back into use.Originality/valueThe findings from the analysis orchestrates the importance of the built environment research concentrating on innovative frameworks for sustainable redevelopment of abandoned structures in the construction industry.


The motivation system in adolescent high school pupilsstudents of was studied (9th and 11th grade students) on the basis of a complex approach and a comparative analysis of emotional attitudes and a deliberate preference of values (general and educational). It was shown that the significance and accessibility of analyzed groups of values are, to a considerable extent, determined by a dominant motivation. Also, a tendency was found towards the contra-positioning of conscious and emotional attitudes with values — values which are highly attractive on the motivation-and-emotional level, but on the level of conscience, are underestimated compared with other ones. This also determines the further trend of development of a personality in the direction of acceptance of sociallyapproved general and educational values, and leads to the convergence of personality development of schoolchildren at that stage of their life. Also revealed were certain gender-related features of value orientations, which were relatinged to the more advanced development of girls when compared to boys of the same age.


Creating an angle gather is a conceptually simple process of plotting reflection amplitudes along the angle. Reflection or opening angle can be directly calculated from source and receiver wave propagation directions or source propagation direction and dip of the reflector. We studied a cost effective approach to generate 3D Reverse Time Migration (RTM) angle gathers from source wave propagation direction and dip information. This is a mapping process of the shot image onto an angle and azimuth plane using the most energetic arrivals and their amplitudes and propagation directions.


Summary
We have examined the effect of five local anaesthetics (dibucaine, tetracaine, cocaine, lignocaine and procaine) and five phenothiazine tranquillizers (trifluoperazine, fluphenazine, promethazine, chlorpromazine and diphenhydramine) on cell fusion induced by viruses. When used at physiologically relevant concentrations, all drugs significantly inhibited cell fusion without impairing virus replication. It is suggested that these drugs inhibit cell fusion by occupying sites within the plasma membrane which must be vacant in order for membrane fusion to occur. Inhibition of cell fusion by these drugs provides experimental support for the suggestions put forward elsewhere that events in membrane fusion and membrane depolarization are similar.


Determining whether and how evolution is predictable is an important goal, particularly as anthropogenic disturbances lead to novel species interactions that could modify selective pressures. Here, we use a multigeneration field experiment with brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) to test hypotheses about the predictability of evolution. We manipulated the presence/absence of predators and competitors of A. sagrei across 16 islands in the Bahamas that had preexisting brown anole populations. Before the experiment and again after roughly five generations, we measured traits related to locomotor performance and habitat use by brown anoles and used double-digest restriction enzyme–associated DNA sequencing to estimate genome-wide changes in allele frequencies. Although previous work showed that predators and competitors had characteristic effects on brown anole behavior, diet, and population sizes, we found that evolutionary change at both phenotypic and genomic levels was difficult to forecast. Phenotypic changes were contingent on sex and habitat use, whereas genetic change was unpredictable and not measurably correlated with phenotypic changes, experimental treatments, or other environmental factors. Our work shows how differences in ecological context can alter evolutionary outcomes over short timescales and underscores the difficulty of forecasting evolutionary responses to multispecies interactions in natural conditions, even in a well-studied system with ample supporting ecological information.


The execution of specific education for children with special requirement emerges in various form, among others is Specific School/ Sekolah Luar Biasa (SLB). In this institute they get special study service for all lessons areas that usually are given in school in general, for example natural sciences, social science, language, mathematics, artistic, and religion. All the lessons are taught to children having special requirement so that they can develop various potencies of his self (physical, intellectual, emotion, social). Specially for education of religion, it has been done research which the result of fore part by this readers. The research did with survey method in seven provinces that focuses at institute aspect, teachers, teaching-learning process, construction, and evaluation.


Kuroiwa Y, Furukawa R. Hemispheric infarction after herpes zoster ophthalmicus; computed tomography and angiography. Neurology (NY) 1981;3:1030-2. 2Vecht CJ, Sande JJ. Hemispheric infarction after herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Neurology (NY) 1982;32:914. 3McComas CF, Gutman L. Hemispheric infarction after herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Neurology (NY) 1982;31:914-5. 4Walker RJ, Gammal TE, Allen MB. Cranial arteritis associated with herpes zoster: case report with angiographic findings. Radiology 1973;107:109-10. 5Rosenblum WI, Hadfield MG. Granulomatous angiitis of the nervous system in cases of Herpes Zoster and lymphosarcoma. Neurology (Minneap) 1972;22:348-54. 6Gilbert GJ. Herpes Zoster ophthalmicus and delayed contralateral hemiparesis. JAMA 1974;229:302-4. 7Kolodny EH, Rebeiz JJ, Caviness CVS Jr. Granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system. Arch Neurol 1968; 19:510-21. L linneman CC Jr, Alvira MM. Pathogensis of varicella-zoster angiitis in the CNS. Arch Neurol 1980;37:239-40. 91Daniel RP, Dauber JH, Rossman MD. Immunologic abnormalities in sarcoidosis. Ann Intern Med 1980;92:406-16. '° Dolin R, Reichman RC, Mazur MH, Whitley RJ. Herpes zoster-varicella infections in immunosuppressed patients. Ann Intern Med 1978;89:375-8.


BACKGROUND
Phenobarbital has been used in experimental models because it is an important agent of carcinogenesis promotion in the liver of rats, and it is also non-genotoxic, organ-specific and dose-dependent.

AIM
To evaluate the effects of the daily administration of phenobarbital in old rats treated with phenobarbital since their birth up to 24 months of age, in the absence of concomitant administration of chemical agents, which initiate carcinogenesis.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
A control group of male Wistar rats was fed with a basic diet and a second group was fed with the same basic diet added of 0.05% of phenobarbital, for a period of 24 months. Medium and right liver fragments were submitted to the histological processing and they were stained by hematoxiciline and eosin and were immunohystochemically colored to glutathione S-transferase placentary form.

RESULTS
Glutathione S-transferase placentary positive zones were detected in both groups and the images were analyzed concerning their number and surface extension through the technique of histometry analyses.

CONCLUSION
Chronic use of phenobarbital did not modify the number of glutathione S-transferase placentary form positive areas. Although, data indicates that glutathione S-transferase placentary form positive areas media size are increased, probably because there are an increase in their evolution capacity and irreversibility.


OBJECTIVE
To study the effects of verapamil (VR) on proliferation, DNA synthesis and migration of human hepatoma cell line HepG2.

METHODS
HepG2 cells were treated with different concentration of VR (0,1, 5, 10, 15, 20 microg/mL) for different time point. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay and DNA synthesis was determined by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (Edu) fluorescent assay. The migration of cells was measured by Scratch wound migration assay.

RESULTS
MTT assay demonstrated that the different concentration of VR (1, 5, 10, 15, 20 microg/mL) could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells after 24 h and 48 h treatment (P < 0.05) except 1, 5 microg/mL group processing for 24 h (P > 0.05). Edu fluorescent assay showed that, the proportion of HepG2 cells in the stage of DNA synthesis was (51.5 +/- 3.78)%, (52.4 +/- 3.26)%, (53.1 +/- 1.94)%, (39.6 +/- 4.25)%, (40.2 +/- 2.67)%, (42.6 +/- 3.13)% respectively for the treatment of 0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20 microg/mL concentration of VR for 24 h. DNA synthesis in the cells treated with VR (10, 15 and 20 microg/mL concentration) was lower than that in the cells treated with 0, 1, 5 microg/mL concentrations of VR (P < 0.05). Scratch wound migration assay indicated that treatment with VR (10, 15 and 20 microg/mL) for 24 h significantly inhibited cells migration distance (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
Calcium channel blocker VR could inhibit the cell proliferation and migration of human hepatoma cell line HepG2.


We employ a modified atomic layer deposition process utilizing in-situ mixing of precursors to obtain doped hafnium oxide thin films with improved ferroelectric properties. The method is demonstrated with aluminum, silicon, and lanthanum doping, where film composition and crystal structure are analyzed. With the modified process, low dopant concentrations are shown to be accessible, and improved wafer-level uniformity of dopant concentration is demonstrated for Si and La doping. Characterization of the ferroelectric hysteresis confirms increased remanent polarization values with the modified process variant for all examined dopants. The switching density of the 10 nm thick films is analyzed by using first-order reversal curve measurements, where confined peaks are observed, which are an indication of low defect density and reduced internal bias fields. Emerging applications of doped hafnium oxide thin films such as nonvolatile memory, infrared sensors, or neuromorphic devices may benefit from the enhanced...


Existence of cellular structures with specific size raises a fundamental question in biology: How do cells measure length? One conceptual answer to this question is by a molecular ruler, but examples of such rulers in eukaryotes are lacking. In this work, we identified a molecular ruler in eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Using cryo-electron tomography, we found that FAP59 and FAP172 form a 96–nanometer (nm)–long complex in Chlamydomonas flagella and that the absence of the complex disrupted 96-nm repeats of axonemes. Furthermore, lengthening of the FAP59/172 complex by domain duplication resulted in extension of the repeats up to 128 nm, as well as duplication of specific axonemal components. Thus, the FAP59/172 complex is the molecular ruler that determines the 96-nm repeat length and arrangements of components in cilia and flagella. A protein complex controls the length and assembly of repeat structures in eukaryotic cilia and flagella. Molecular ruler rules cilia and flagella length Cilia and flagella contain within their ultrastructure repeating structures at regularly spaced intervals. How does the cell measure length with nanometer precision? Oda et al. identify a flagella protein complex in Chlamydomonas that appears to act as a sort of molecula ruler to define repeat length. Genetic changes that would change the length of this protein led to corresponding changes in the length of repeats within the resulting flagella. Science, this issue p. 857


Abstract Oleanolic acid (OA) is a pentacyclic triterpenoid found in various plant species. Triterpenoid compounds have been shown to inhibit tumor proliferation and to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. We synthesized an OA derivative and evaluated its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation in human colon cancer. Radioisotope-labeled OA was prepared for noninvasive monitoring of tumor progression in vitro and in vivo. The OA derivative decreased cell survival in a concentration-dependent manner and increased apoptosis in HT-29 cells. Furthermore, it induced downregulation of cyclin D1, Cox-2, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA expression and upregulation of the mRNA expression of the anti-apoptotic Bax protein in HT29 cells. NF-κB p65 and IκB expression also decreased, whereas expression of the apoptosis marker, the cleaved form of PARP-1, significantly increased in OA derivative-treated HT-29 cells. Radioisotope-labeled OA (68Ga-NOTA-OA) showed significantly high tumor uptake, as assessed by biodistribution and positron emission tomography imaging analyses, at 1 h post-injection in the human colon cancer xenograft model. Our results demonstrate that the OA derivative has promising properties as an anticancer drug and as an imaging tool for tumor targeting.


This article discusses the relevance and applicability of the 'post-religional paradigm' as proposed by EATWOT (Ecumenical Association of Third World Theologians) in the Asian contexts. It also inquires on how the Asian phenomenon and its interpretations relate to the crisis of religions in Western societies. It attempts to answer this problematic through four steps: a summary of the theological proposal and its relationship with the Western sociologies of religion; a search for a viable framework with which to understand religions in post-secular societies; discussion on the "discourses of Asia" and the corresponding view on religion; an elaboration of my preferred framework with some examples from the Asian situation. I argue that a viable theological proposal on post-religional paradigm should start from the analysis of how religious discourses and practices navigate with concrete socio-historical forces on the ground. Consequent to this view is the assertion that there is no universal sociology/theology of religion's development but multiple and complex religious discourses in specific contexts.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the temperature changes on the root surface during root canal irradiation using 2780 nm erbium, chromium: yttrium, scandium, gallium, garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG) and 940 nm diode lasers in an alternating sequence.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Eighteen single-rooted human teeth were randomly divided into three groups (n = 6). Teeth were embedded in a resin block, and six thermocouples were introduced at different positions on the tooth surfaces, while immersed in a 37°C thermal bath during laser irradiation. The laser radial firing tip (RFT)2 was operated in helicoidal movements and withdrawn from the root canal in a coronal direction at a speed of 2 mm/sec. Group A was irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser (1.25 W, 25 mJ, 50 Hz, 50 μs pulse duration, 50% water, and 30% air spray); Group B was irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser (same settings) and a 940 nm diode (2 W, with 20% duty cycle), and Group C was irradiated with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser (same settings) and a 940 nm diode (2 W, 50% duty cycle).

RESULTS
The maximum temperature recorded was in the apical thirds of Groups A-C, resulting in increments of 8.35°C, 7.33°C, and 3.82°C, respectively. All measured temperatures were considerably below the critical value of 10°C.

CONCLUSIONS
The alternate use of Er,Cr:YSGG and 940 nm diode lasers can be considered biologically safe to be used in endodontics.


Running in extreme environments is becoming more accessible with increasing numbers of participants. This has led to increasing heterogeneity in the physical condition and previous experience of these participants. A survey was performed to establish rates and types of injuries/illness suffered and any protective factors that may exist.


Jamaica has been a 'good debtor' and has serviced its debt most faithfully. This is only one side of the story. The other darker side is that, while being a good debtor, Jamaica's total debt to GDP has steadily risen, as well as its debt to multilateral lenders. This is Jamaica's dilemma today. The country has borrowed from 'Peter to pay Paul'. Most of its foreign exchange earnings has gone towards serviced debt, leaving little for the much needed investment in the domestic economy. The paper shows that Jamaica's economic problems are both a consequence of internal and external factors. The paper also points out that while Jamaica has the capabilities of emerging out of debt crisis, it has been constrained by external factors. The only way out for the country is for creditors, both multilateral and bilateral, to ease the burden on Jamaica through debt relief.


Archaeological and ethnohistorical documents suggest that the Chachapoya region was inhabited by a number of distinct sociopolitical groups that only united in the face of their common enemy, the Inka. The purpose of this research is to quantify the amount of internal genetic differentiation and levels of extraregional gene flow during the Late Chachapoya period, in order to obtain a better understanding of the genetic relationship between these presumed ethnic groups. Craniometric data were collected from three Late Chachapoya samples (Laguna Huayabamba, Kuelap, and Laguna de los Cóndores), in order to understand the genetic relationships between the groups and facilitate our understanding of Late Chachapoya population structure. Genetic differentiation among these series ranged from 0.047 (heritability = 1.0) to 0.090 (heritability = 0.55). The Relethford-Blangero residuals indicate that the Laguna Huayabamba and Laguna de los Cóndores populations were receiving greater than average external gene flow, while Kuelap was receiving less than average external gene flow. The correspondence between biological and archaeological data in the investigation of prehistoric ethnic identity is discussed.


This is a collection of nine essays focused on military and administrative institutions in the ancient world, and supplemented by a presentation of thirty texts in Greek and Latin written on papyrus and wooden fragments, some unpublished. The essays and textual editions are contributed by a host of distinguished international scholars in honour of Professor J. David Thomas' 70th birthday. Professor Thomas (formerly at the University of Durham) has edited a large number of ancient texts over the last 50 years, and his work has been important to the understanding of subjects as diverse as the military strength on Hadrians Wall and the chain of command in the Egyptian civil service.


Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze literature related to nursing team effectiveness and to summarize the definition variables included, measurement tools, and findings. Basic data on operation and research for team effectiveness in nursing units was sought. Methods: A literature search was performed to identify all studies published between 2003 and 2016 from periodicals indexed in PUBMED, CINAHL, SCIENCE DIRECT, RISS, KISS, and NAL databases. The following keywords were used in the search: "team effectiveness", "nurse", "nursing", and "hospital". Ten studies were analyzed. Results: The analysis included domestic and international literature on nursing team effectiveness. The foreign literature included studies of various organizations including nurses, use of various research tools, leadership programs and/or new nursing delivery systems. In the Korean studies, most of the research on team effectiveness surveyed nurses on team satisfaction, team commitment, and team performance in general nursing units, operating rooms, and intensive care units. Conclusion: The findings show the necessity to develop a definition of team effectiveness that can be accepted comprehensively in nursing organizations in Korea. The definition should reflect team effectiveness that includes all cooperating units not only nurses of the nursing unit but also all other related health care teams.


Coupled digital phase-locked loops (CDPLLs), derived from extended Kalman filter theory, have been shown to suppress adjacent and cochannel interferers. The ability of these CDPLLs to separate cochannel signals is addressed. State observability criteria are defined and examined for nonlinear state observations which model phase modulation. These metrics can then be used to address signal separation and tracking behavior of CDPLLs.<<ETX>>


In this paper a hybrid observer for hybrid systems is presented. The continuous time and the discrete event dynamics are determined in such a way that the observation problem is solved. The observer is built using a nested structure, in which the nesting is due to a refinement of those states corresponding to undecided cases. The continuous dynamics implement an estimator which extracts extra information from the continuous dynamics associated to the discrete event state. These information are based on the convergence ratio of the output estimate to the system output. The resulting continuous dynamics are not simply those of a Luenberger's observer.


Objective:To test for the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms of the innate immunity receptors cluster of differentiation (CD)-14, mannose-binding lectin, and Toll-like receptor-2 with clinical phenotype in critically ill patients with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Design:Genetic association study. Setting:Tertiary care mixed medical-surgery intensive care unit at St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, a teaching hospital associated with the University of British Columbia. Patients:A cohort of 252 critically ill Caucasians with systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Interventions:DNA was extracted from discarded blood. Clinical data were gathered by retrospective chart review. Measurements and Main Results:C-159T CD14, the X/Y and B, C, and D polymorphisms of mannose-binding lectin, and T-16933A Toll-like receptor-2 were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. We tested for association of genotype with prevalence of positive bacterial cultures, type of organism (Gram-positive, Gram-negative, other), sepsis and septic shock at admission to the intensive care unit, and 28-day survival. CD14 −159TT was associated with increased prevalence of positive bacterial cultures and with Gram-negative bacteria. Mannose-binding lectin haplotype pairs XO/O and O/O were also associated with increased prevalence of positive bacterial cultures but not with a specific organism class. Toll-like receptor-2 −16933AA was associated with increased prevalence of sepsis and with Gram-positive bacteria. In contrast, the polymorphisms were not associated with increased prevalence of septic shock or altered 28-day survival. Conclusions:Single nucleotide polymorphisms in CD14, mannose-binding lectin, and Toll-like receptor-2 are associated with increased prevalence of positive bacterial cultures and sepsis but not with altered prevalence of septic shock or decreased 28-day survival. Furthermore, CD14 single nucleotide polymorphisms were associated with Gram-negative bacteria and Toll-like receptor-2 with Gram-positive bacteria, whereas mannose-binding lectin was not associated with a particular organism class. Thus, single nucleotide polymorphisms in innate immunity receptors may alter recognition and clearance of bacteria without changing outcomes of critically ill adults with systemic inflammatory response syndrome.


Abstract. Vegetation optical depth (VOD) retrievals from passive microwave sensors
provide analog estimates of above-ground canopy biomass.
This study presents the development and analysis of assimilating
VOD retrievals from X-, C-, and L-band passive microwave
instruments within the Noah-MP land surface model over the
Continental U.S.
The results from this study demonstrate that the assimilation of VOD retrievals
have a significant beneficial impact on the simulation of
evapotranspiration and GPP, particularly over the
agricultural areas of the U.S. The improvements in the
water and carbon fluxes from the
assimilation of VOD from X- and C-band sensors are found
to be comparable to those obtained from the assimilation of
vegetation indices from optical sensors.
The study also quantifies the relative and joint impacts of assimilating surface soil moisture and VOD from the Soil Moisture
Active Passive (SMAP) mission.
The utility of soil moisture assimilation for improving evapotranspiration (ET) is more significant over water-limited regions, whereas VOD
DA is more impactful over areas where soil moisture is
not the primary controlling factor on ET.
The results also indicate that the information on
moisture and vegetation states from SMAP can be
simultaneously exploited through the joint assimilation of
surface soil moisture and VOD.
Since passive microwave-based VOD retrievals are available in
nearly all weather conditions, their use within data
assimilation systems offers the ability
to extend and improve the utility obtained from the use of
optical/infrared-based vegetation retrievals.


OBJECTIVE
To assess the therapeutic effect and study the role of nasal mucosa epithelization after endoscopic surgery using the plasma radiofrequency ablation at low temperature in patients with nasal inverted papilloma.

METHOD
The clinical data of 104 patients with nasal inverted papilloma underwent endoscopic surgery u sing the plasma radiofrequency ablation at low temperature from July, 2008 to July, 2012 were analyzed,and the recovery of mucosa was observed under nasal endoscope.

RESULT
The mucosa recovery extent showed a decreasing trend from mucosa pattern degree I to III, where the difference was statistically significant by chi-square test between groups (P < 0.05). The average epithelialization time was 2.7 months. It showed a significantly decreasing trend among average epithelialization time of different degrees of mucosa (P < 0.05). The nasal mucosa of most patients completed epithelialization 2.9 months after surgery.

CONCLUSION
It is safe and effective to treat nasal inverted papilloma with plasma radiofrequency ablation at low temperature. The patients should be followed up with regular reexamination for at least three months after surgery.


In the spectrum of the cities buried by Vesuvius, studies of humble dwellings have suffered from poor preservation, a lack of documentation and a general disinterest. Small commercial spaces frequented by non-élites, such as tabernae, thermopolia, cauponae, popinae and cenacula, remain difficult to identify as they often doubled as domestic spaces and Latin terminology does not always match the architectural remains. A few studies have focused on the place of such spaces within Roman architecture as well as on the economic rôles of tabernae and/or rental accommodations.1 This paper expands on these approaches by offering the preliminary results of research at Oplontis B (Torre Annunziata) by the Oplontis Project, one of the few sites where a series of row houses sheds light on the domestic aspects of tabernae and their rôle in urban development along the Bay of Naples.2


This paper describes a mask defect inspection system using 13.5 nm light for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). The Schwarzschild optics which is employed as a microscope optics has a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.3 and a magnification of 30. Furthermore, it has a potential of detecting defects as small as 22 nm on a mask. In order to inspect defects with the phase change induced by swelling of the multilayer, a Mirau interferometer is employed. It is developed that the performance of the optical system, the focal position detection mechanism for image detection while scanning, and the driving mechanism of the reference mirror for the Mirau interference. Since the accuracy of the driving mechanism of the reference was found to be 0.1 nm, enough performance of the ring-shaped piezo actuator for interference measurement was confirmed. Moreover, examples of the mask inspection by this system are shown.


Summary Traditional hydrogeological concepts of the unsaturated zone imply that the water is essentially static, and do not take account of the dynamic nature of the annual water cycle in the field. The basic concepts of water content, water potential and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity are defined as they are developed in soil physics and applied to the flow of water in the unsaturated zone. The emphasis is on a practical and non-numerical description of what happens in the field. An appreciation of the controls of water flow in the unsaturated zone is essential to an understanding of many hydrogeological problems.


OBJECTIVE
This study was an attempt to replicate evidence for a vulnerability locus for schizophrenia and associated disorders in the 8p22-21 region reported by Pulver and colleagues.

METHOD
The linkage sample of the Irish Study of High-Density Schizophrenia Families consists of 265 multiplex families containing 1,408 individuals. Fifteen markers covering 30 centimorgans on chromosome 8p were tested. Three statistical methods were used: two-point and multipoint heterogeneity lod scores and a multipoint nonparametric test.

RESULTS
According to two-point heterogeneity lod scores, the strongest evidence for linkage was found for markers D8S1731 (maximum lod score = 2.00), D8S1715 (maximum lod score = 2.52), and D8S133 (maximum lod score = 2.08) by assuming a phenotypic definition of all psychiatric illness and a range of genetic models. According to multipoint heterogeneity lod scores, the strongest evidence for linkage (maximum lod score = 2.34), found by using a dominant genetic model and a broad definition of the schizophrenia spectrum, extended over a 10-cM region between markers D8S1715 and D8S1739. Multipoint nonparametric linkage found the strongest evidence (maximum z = 2.51) over a broader region when either a diagnosis of core schizophrenia or a narrow definition of the schizophrenia spectrum was used. This putative vulnerability locus was segregating in 10%-25% of the families studied.

CONCLUSIONS
This study supports the existence of a vulnerability locus for schizophrenia on chromosome 8p. In this sample, this locus appears to influence the risk of illness in only a modest proportion of families and predisposes to a range of schizophrenia spectrum and possibly nonspectrum disorders.


Herein, we report molecular tweezers for fullerene recognition based on 2,2'-bipyridine-bearing corannulene motifs. The syn or anti confirmation can be selected simply by Cu(I) coordination/decoordination, thus controlling the fullerene recognition capability of the system on demand and leading to the formation of effective metal-triggered ON/OFF molecular tweezers.


This paper examines the gravity tunnel using the internal structure of Earth as ascertained from seismic data. Numerically, it is found that the time taken to fall along the diameter is 38 min, compared to 42 min for a planet with uniform density. The time taken to fall along a straight line between any two points is no longer independent of distance but interpolates between 42 min for short trips and 38 min for long trips. The brachistochrone path (minimizing the time between any two points) is similar in shape to the uniform-density solution but tends to reach a greater maximum depth and takes less time to traverse. Although the assumption of uniform density works well in many cases, the simpler assumption of a constant gravitational field serves as a better approximation to the true results.


In 1976 we undertook to evaluate the incidence of chronic liver lesions in 161 patients treated in hospital during the years 1970-1975 for their serologically established acute viral hepatitis type B (AVH-B). At systematic control examination mode in 1976, after a period from 1-5 years since the acute onset of disease, it was established that in 133 individuals (82.6%) the antigen HBs had disappeared from blood and the BLT had become normal. Persistent HBs antigenemia was established in 20 (12.4%) individuals. In 15 (9.2%) patients persistent HBs antigenemia was accompanied by pathologic BLT, in 5 (3.1%) cases liver function became returned to normal yet with the persistent HBs antigenemia after their recovery from A VH-B. In 8 (4.9%) patients pathologic BLT persisted although HBsAg had disappeared from blood. Among 28 persons with persistent pathological BLT or with persistent HBs antigenemia out of a total of 161 patients who had had A VH-B, there were 11 (6.8%) cases with the bioptically proved CPHf, 8 (5.0%) cases with CPH, 5 (3.1%) cases with CAH, while 4 (2.5%) patients showed fatty liver metamorphosis or had by light microskopy completely normal liver. CAH was established only in cases with persistent BHs antigenemia and pathological BLT. The incidence of the chronic liver lesion and of the persistent antigenemia was among our patients who had had A VH-B in inverse ratio to the intensity of their initial infection. Our study suggests that no prodisposition for persistent HBs antigenemia is created by the prednisolone therapy.


Gender quotas are often referred to as temporary measures to be removed once the barriers for women's political representation have permanently been broken. This article explores theoretically the potential for different quota types to be removed whilst maintaining a high level of women's representation. We find that implemented party/legislative quotas with rank order specifications is the quota type that is most likely to both increase women's numerical representation and to reform political parties' recruitment practices in a gender-equal way.