This research paper — a companion piece to Professor Patrick Rey's recent report for the FNE regarding the economics of vertical restraints — considers how the important policy implications of Rey's analysis might be translated into effective enforcement standards. As U.S. Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer has concluded, economic theory "can, and should, inform [competition] law;" nevertheless, the law, as an administrative system, "cannot, and should not, precisely replicate economist's (sometimes conflicting) views." Thus, it must search for administrable rules that, on balance, maximize consumer welfare. To that end, this paper examines the ongoing debate over the legal treatment of one particular type of vertical restraint, resale price maintenance (RPM), with the hope that any insights derived can be applied more broadly. This paper begins with a discussion of decision theory and how that process might inform the debate on legal standards. It then turns to RPM and provides a brief summary of the anticompetitive risks and asserted procompetitive rationales associated with the practice, along with the limited empirical research on those subjects, followed by a discussion of RPM in the United States and the impact of Leegin at the federal and state levels, where considerable uncertainty still remains more than five years after the demise of Dr. Miles. It then surveys the current standards in the E.U., Canada, Australia and New Zealand, the latter two of which, in contrast to Canada, have retained per se treatment of RPM. The paper then considers additional proposed RPM standards — including various proposals for "structured" rule of reason analyses — and how those frameworks might allow for the legitimate, procompetitive benefits of RPM to be realized in an administratively feasible manner that also protects against anticompetitive abuses. Finally, it concludes with a brief consideration of the Chilean market and whether the particularities of that market counsel in favor or against certain standards.


Introduction In this study we describe breastfeeding practices among women from semi-rural communities in southeast Mexico, and explore which factors, modifiable or not, are associated with such practices. Materials and Methods This was a formative cross-sectional study that included 143 mothers with infants 4–6 months old, from semi-rural communities in Tabasco, Mexico. We collected data on two categories of factors: (1) women's sociodemographic characteristics, and (2) maternal / infant factors. We first analyzed the frequency of various breastfeeding practices. Then, we classified participants into the up to 1 month of exclusive breastfeeding group ( ≤ 1 m-EBF) and the beyond 1 month EBF group (>1 m-EBF), if they practiced EBF for less or more than 1 month, respectively. We compared the two categories of factors between groups and then, using logistic regression models, explored which factors were associated with practicing >1 m-EBF. Results By the end of the 1st month postpartum, 51.7% of participants had abandoned EBF, introduced milk formula (35%), other food (9.1%), non-nutritive liquids (7.7%), or had stopped breastfeeding completely. In the next months, EBF practice fell sharply and mixed feeding grew importantly. Logistic regression models showed that women were more likely to be in the >1 m-EBF group if they lived with the baby's father, had complications during pregnancy, delivered vaginally and attended a health center at least three times postpartum. To the contrary, women were less likely to be practice >1 m-EBF if they gave infants other liquids during their hospital stay; experienced pain or discomfort in breasts/nipples, or used a pacifier after hospitalization; had larger bodies (i.e., higher BMI); and believed that you should give the infant powdered milk or some other food when the baby is not full. Conclusion Many factors associated with abandoning EBF, particularly in the early postpartum period, are modifiable and can be altered through timely interventions that include giving correct information and ensuring its comprehension; assertive personal counseling and accompaniment must be provided to mothers; and reinforcement during the early postpartum at health facilities and other settings.


The percentage of women who have managed to climb the ladder to leadership in higher education institutions(HEIs) has improved. This has been proven by the research that has been done on women leadership in higher education institutions in South Africa and ultimately to the rest of the world. However, the current status is that men still dominate leadership positions over their female counterparts in HEIs. In response to the ongoing underrepresentation, the researcher employed a documentation analysis method, analyzing documents on strategies that have assisted women leaders to navigate the challenges to leadership positions in HEIs. Hence, the aim of this qualitative paper was to present some of the alternatives that have been proven to be useful for women to advance to leadership in HEIs, drawing from the experiences of women who are already occupying leadership positions in HEIs in South Africa and ultimately to the rest of the world. Lastly, this paper discovered that mentorship and professional development for women played an essential role for women to advance to leadership in HEIs.


Where do you place the blame for the environmental crisis - too many people? consumer greed? technology gone amok? And what do you think will save our planet - birth control? appropriate technology? recycling? eco-consumerism? Those solutions are just "Band-Aids on a bleeding Earth, " argues environmental activist Daniel A. Coleman. Where conventional wisdom sees both the cause of the environmental crisis and its cure in individual actions, Coleman says: Look again. By blaming ourselves as individuals, we let governments and corporations off the hook. Making "50 simple" changes in our personal lifestyles is worthwhile, but must not divert our attention from the underlying causes of environmental disaster. The real causes are rooted deep in the politics of human affairs - and so are their solutions. We should be asking: Why do we allow such harm to our environment? How did we create a society with no stake in the future? How can we build a green society? The good news is that we can reverse the process of environmental abuse. Political strategies driven by the key values of ecological responsibility, participatory democracy, environmental justice, and community action are effective. Dan Coleman's stories of citizen groups whose grassroots organizing has already put ecologically sound policies in place demonstrate that the sustainable society is indeed possible. Lucid, lively, probing, serious, yet optimistic - Coleman's analysis is required reading for all who count the earth as their home.


With the increasing usage of radiograph images as a most common medical imaging system for diagnosis, treatment planning, and clinical studies, it is increasingly becoming a vital factor to use machine learning-based systems to provide reliable information for surgical pre-planning. Segmentation of pelvic bone in radiograph images is a critical preprocessing step for some applications such as automatic pose estimation and disease detection. However, the encoder-decoder style network known as U-Net has demonstrated limited results due to the challenging complexity of the pelvic shapes, especially in severe patients. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-task segmentation method based on Mask R-CNN architecture. For training, the network weights were initialized by large non-medical dataset and fine-tuned with radiograph images. Furthermore, in the training process, augmented data was generated to improve network performance. Our experiments show that Mask R-CNN utilizing multi-task learning, transfer learning, and data augmentation techniques achieve 0.96 DICE coefficient, which significantly outperforms the U-Net. Notably, for a fair comparison, the same transfer learning and data augmentation techniques have been used for U-net training.


Abstract 3364 Introduction Chimeric fusion genes generated by chromosomal translocations are highly prevalent in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and mainly represent early, prenatal events. The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation generates the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion gene and is the most frequent gene recombination in childhood B-lineage ALL, occurring in approximately 25% of the cases. It is associated with favorable prognosis even though a substantial proportion of the cases relapse. The fusion gene itself initiates the pre-leukemic process but additional genetic hits are needed to trigger a full blown leukemia. Being one of the best-characterized childhood leukemias, both nature and mechanisms of the events that cooperate with the chimeric protein are still poorly understood. Furthermore, studies addressing the genetic origin of relapse demonstrated a clonal relationship between relapse and diagnostic sample, assuming the existence of an ancestral, pre-leukemic clone. Objective Second-generation sequencing of both ends of huge numbers of DNA fragments allows comprehensive characterization of patterns of somatic rearrangements on an unprecedented, high-resolution level. By using the Illumina mate-pair massively parallel sequencing technology and intra-individual side-by-side comparison of leukemic and normal germline DNA, we aim to elucidate the cooperating genetic events in leukemogenesis in ETV6 / RUNX1 -ALLs as well as the clonal relationship between relapse and diagnostic sample. Methods We investigated diagnostic and relapse samples as well as non-leukemic germline material from one pediatric patient, diagnosed with ETV6/RUNX1 -ALL in Germany. Mate-pair genomic sequencing libraries with an insert size of approximately 2-kb were constructed and paired-end sequence reads of 36-bp each were generated on the Illumina Genome Analyzer IIx from randomly created ~500-bp DNA fragments. Data were filtered and aligned to the human reference genome (GRCh37) using BWA. Reads considered PCR duplicates were removed and detection as well as clustering of structural variants (translocations, deletions, inversions) was subsequently carried out with GASV. Discordantly mapping read pairs defined potential structural variations and cluster sizes of at least 4 uniquely and correctly mapping read pairs were included in further analyses. In order to confirm breakpoints and resolve them to base-pair level, areas of putative chromosomal rearrangements were amplified from genomic DNA of tumor and matched normal sample and were conventionally sequenced. Results An average of ~73,000,000 read pairs were generated for each sample and after alignment, the whole genome was sequenced with a mean fragment coverage of 18.8X. A substantial variation in prevalence of structural variants could be detected between paired diagnostic and relapse samples. Within the diagnostic sample we could in total observe 739 deletions, 66 inversions and 107 translocations while the relapse sample exhibited 26 deletions, 14 inversions and 240 translocations. In a first analysis we focused on translocations, presuming the high impact of chromosomal rearrangements on leukemogenesis. Subtracting translocations being of germline origin, 73 translocations at diagnosis and 207 translocations in relapse could be detected, of which 183 (74%) were identified being intragenic. Remarkably, both samples shared only 16 translocations (6%), while 57 (22%) uniquely appear in the diagnostic sample and 191 (72%) could only be observed in the relapse sample. Intragenic, shared translocations in diagnostic and relapse samples include the t(12;24) PDE3A/RN18S1, the t(2;17) PID1/UNC45B as well as the t(1;6) HFM1/EYA4 fusion gene products. Detection of the known ETV6/RUNX1 translocation in diagnostic and relapse sample as well as confirmation of selected breakpoints via Sanger sequencing validated our methodological approach. Conclusion Mate-pair sequencing of leukemic samples in comparison to germline material provides a powerful tool to identify genome-wide chromosomal structural variations and will allow analysis of clonality between diagnostic and relapse samples. The low percentage of shared translocations gives a first hint probably objecting the thesis of a common pre-leukemic clone, but will only be elucidated by analysis of further patient samples. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


In this article we address the problem of determining how a structured formation of autonomous undistinguishable agents can be reorganized into another, eventually non-rigid, formation based on changes in the environment, perhaps unforeseeable. The methodology can also be used to correctly position the agents into a particular formation from an initial set of random locations. Given the information on the agents current location and the final locations, there are n! possible permutations for the n agents. Among these, we seek one that minimizes a total relative measure, e.g. distance traveled by the agents during the switching. We propose a dynamic programming methodology to solve this problem to optimality. Possible applications can be found in surveillance, damage assessment, chemical or biological monitoring, among others, where the switching to another formation, not necessarily predefined, may be required due to changes in the environment. Key–Words: Combinatorial optimization, dynamic programming, formation reorganization.


The invention of a number of interesting magnetic bubble domain devices for computer memory, data-flow data processing and optical image processing, has brought many new and interesting problems to the attention of physicists. These problems, in materials, particularly crystal growth, in magnetic domain dynamics, in the physics of ion implantation, in complex magnetic field calculations and in magneto-optics are reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that this is a particularly significant example of the interaction between technology and science.


Background Irradiation-induced xerostomia seriously reduces quality of life for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). Anecdotal evidence suggests that acupuncture may be beneficial. Objective To systematically review evidence on clinical effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in irradiation-induced xerostomia in patients with HNC. Methods A detailed search was performed to identify randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and systematic reviews of RCTs on acupuncture in irradiation-induced xerostomia, using AMED, BNIA, CINAHL, Cochrane, Embase, HPSI, PsycInfo and Medline. Grey literature was explored and 11 journals hand searched. Search terms included: acupuncture, xerostomia, salivary hypofunction, hyposalivation, dry mouth, radiotherapy, irradiation, brachytherapy, external beam. Two authors independently extracted data for analysis using predefined selection criteria and quality indicators. Results 43 of the 61 articles identified were excluded on title/abstract. 18 articles underwent full-text review; three were deemed eligible for inclusion. Two trials had moderate risk of bias; one had high risk. Two trials compared acupuncture with sham acupuncture; one control arm received 'usual care'. Outcome measurements included salivary flow rates (SFRs) in two trials and subjective questionnaires in three. All three trials reported significant reduction in xerostomia versus baseline SFR (p<0.05); one reported greater effect in the intervention group for stimulated SFR (p<0.01). Subjective assessment reported significant differences between real acupuncture and control in two trials (p<0.02–0.05). Insufficient evidence was presented to undertake risk/benefit assessment. Conclusions Limited evidence suggests that acupuncture is beneficial for irradiation-induced xerostomia. Although current evidence is insufficient to recommend this intervention, it is sufficient to justify further studies. Highlighted methodological limitations must be dealt with.


On April 1999 an excessive amount of rainfall over northern South America was predicted by the regional Eta model in the 24-h forecasts. This error was detected during the routine monthly forecast evaluation. In this study the error is described and compared with surface observations, images and precipitation estimates from satellites and global model precipitation forecasts. Large scale atmospheric conditions were characterized by anomalous northerly displaced position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in the proximity of the continent. The excessive rainfall error is reduced with model integration period. This is shown by the equitable threat score and the bias score estimated at different forecast lead times. The error was not influenced by the global model forecasts, as the latter started with smaller amount of rainfall and increased with model integration. Forecast error profiles of model variables such as specific humidity and wind show that the errors increase with forecast lead time despite the improvement in the precipitation forecast errors. The model relaxes the lower troposphere toward a drier atmosphere with weaker trade winds. This fact may suggest an inadequacy of the current global model analyses as initial conditions to the regional model.


A polyimide substrate was used for the fabrication of flexible Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells. To deposit a stable Mo layer on a flexible substrate, we measured the residual stress in the polyimide film after the deposition of a Mo layer by varying the process pressure. A CIGS absorber was deposited on a Mo layer at a growth temperature below 500℃ by using a Se thermal cracker and various cracking zone temperatures (TC) to improve the reactivity of Se due to the low process temperature. To investigate the effect of Na on the efficiency of a flexible CIGS solar cell, we deposited a Mo:Na layer as a source of Na between the Mo layer and the polyimide substrate. In case of the flexible CIGS solar cell fabricated under the condition of a TC of 800℃ with a Mo:Na layer, the highest cell efficiency was achieved at 10.76% without an anti-reflection coating, which is significantly increased by 4% compared to the efficiency of a solar cell without the Mo:Na layer.


Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an acquired disease of the peripheral nervous system which causes demyelination and leads to weakness, ataxia, and areflexia. There are a variety of forms of the syndrome, and although it is found in all age groups, it is rare in children less than two years of age. The present complaint of weakness, ataxia, or lower extremity pain in the pediatric population should cause the practitioner to consider GBS in the differential. We describe a case of a 14-month-old girl presenting with weakness and the inability to ambulate who was diagnosed with GBS. The purpose of this paper is to review the emergency medicine diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children.


This paper argues that the Palestinians in Israel are undergoing a deep crisis of masculinity that is at once a reaction to, and a reflection of, their collective situation. Notwithstanding some important benefits that accrue to them as citizens, they are subjected to structural violence, which includes policing, racism, and discrimination. Their socio-economic conditions are poor, and their sense of identity and cultural vitality are on the defense. The paper describes several coexisting scripts of hegemonic masculinity and their inbuilt tensions and reads the seemingly inward-turned wave of violence as emanating from blocked paths to masculine performance. Despite the abundant literature on Palestinian women, the discussion of Palestinians as a national collective tends to be blind to the double role of gender, and particularly of masculinity, as a model of and model for the production of cultural meaning. Masculinity therefore is an apt site for a critical reading of the situation of Israeli Palestinians, whence to view the vulnerable side of what is usually considered the hub of power and control.


We examine electronic dissipative properties of layered superconductors when the dc magnetic field is applied. Assuming a tunneling nature of the c-axis transport that consists of Josephson (JT) and quasiparticle (QT) parts, the non-stationary processes are considered. We obtain that in whole temperature range below Tc, the damping of the Josephson plasma mode is significantly determined by both JT and QT. Also we find that influence of the applied dc magnetic field on the Josephson plasma frequency is limited because only JT component is suppressed, while QT remains unaffected.


A comparison-based model for system-level fault diagnosis that generalizes both the classical PMC model and the Maeng/Malek comparison model is studied. A new necessary and sufficient condition for a system to be t-diagnosable under this model is proven. Also, a class of systems that uses the minimum number of communication links to obtain a given degree of diagnosability is presented. Next, a distributed diagnosis algorithm is presented that can reduce the number of tests necessary for diagnosis when the number of faults is relatively small. To demonstrate the practicality of our diagnosis approach, a fault table based diagnosis algorithm suitable for relatively small systems has been implemented in the Common Spaceborne Multicomputer Operating System (COSMOS). A simulator for the JPL MAX multicomputer system running COSMOS was used to test the algorithm and evaluate its performance. The results show that the algorithm diagnoses all fault situations with low latency and very little overhead.<<ETX>>


All-optical experiments at the high-intensity frontier offer a promising route to unprecedented precision tests of quantum electrodynamics in strong macroscopic electromagnetic fields. So far, most theoretical studies of all-optical signatures of quantum vacuum nonlinearity are based on simplifying approximations of the beam profiles and pulse shapes of the driving laser fields. Since precision tests require accurate quantitative theoretical predictions, we introduce an efficient numerical tool facilitating the quantitative theoretical study of all-optical signatures of quantum vacuum nonlinearity in generic laser fields. Our approach is based on the vacuum emission picture, and makes use of the fact that the dynamics of the driving laser fields are to an excellent approximation governed by classical Maxwell theory in vacuum. In combination with a Maxwell solver, which self-consistently propagates any given laser field configuration, this allows for accurate theoretical predictions of photonic signatures of vacuum nonlinearity in high-intensity laser experiments from first principles. We employ our method to simulate photonic signatures of quantum vacuum nonlinearity in laser pulse collisions involving a few-cycle pulse, and show that the angular and spectral distributions of the emitted signal photons deviate from those of the driving laser beams.


This paper concerns the problem of allocating a binary treatment among a target population based on observed covariates. The goal is to (i) maximize the mean social welfare arising from an eventual outcome distribution, when a budget constraint limits what fraction of the population can be treated and (ii) to infer the dual value, i.e. the minimum resources needed to attain a specific level of mean welfare via efficient treatment assignment. We consider a treatment allocation procedure based on sample data from randomized treatment assignment and derive asymptotic frequentist confidence interval for the welfare generated from it. We propose choosing the conditioning covariates through cross-validation. The methodology is applied to the efficient provision of anti-malaria bed net subsidies, using data from a randomized experiment conducted in Western Kenya. We find that subsidy allocation based on wealth, presence of children and possession of bank account can lead to a rise in subsidy use by about 9% points compared to allocation based on wealth only, and by 17% points compared to a purely random allocation.


An exaggerated natriuretic response to volume expansion (VE) is observed in many essential hypertensive patients. The plasma levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were measured in 11 normal subjects (NT) and 12 patients with mild essential hypertension (EH) during VE (1 800 ml isotonic saline IV over 3 hours). NT and EH groups were similar with respect to age and basal levels of renin, aldosterone and ANP (34.5 +/- 5.5 in NT and 32.5 +/- 6.3 pg/ml in EH, mean +/- sem). In response to VE, ANP increased to the same extent in both groups (a change of + 19.3 +/- 5.2 in NT and 22.2 +/- 7.1 pg/ml in EH) despite the marked difference in observed natriuresis (36 +/- 3.5 in NT and 54.9 +/- 6.3 mmol/3 in EH, p less than 0.02). The change in ANP induced by VE was inversely correlated with the fall in hematocrit and the variation in fractional excretion of sodium in both groups. These results suggest that atrial natriuretic peptide may participate in the control of the renal response to isotonic volume expansion, but they do not support a predominant role of atrial natriuretic peptide in the exaggerated natriuretic responses to volume expansion of patients with essential hypertension.


Even though you will never find a dental management system that will do exactly what you want, there are a tremendous variety of systems out there with some incredibly powerful features. Look for a system that can handle most of the tasks you need. Keep your eye on other technologies that you may want in your practice. The system you purchase now should be able to handle whatever technologies you decide to add on in the next 3 to 4 years. Once you have made the decision to purchase, the transition to automated management begins. It will be necessary to train you and your staff on how to use the system. Depending on the system chosen, it may be necessary to adjust your management strategies in a number of areas to take advantage of the system's features. This may cause a few adjustment problems at first, but things will work out with a little time and effort. In the next few years, advances in technology integration will allow you to seamlessly blend practice management, voice charting, intraoral cameras, CAD/CAM, lasers, EDI, video imaging, etc., into a single potent system for complete clinical and practice management. A dental practice management system is the first step to realizing that future. Shop wisely and invest your time in learning the terminology and techniques of automated information management.


The study investigated two aspects, namely, (1) the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) and (2) whether education is a channel through which renewable energy consumption affects economic growth in BRICS. Panel data analysis such as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS), pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) and fixed effects methods were used with data ranging from 1994 to 2015. Both models across all the three estimation techniques show that renewable energy consumption had a significant negative effect on economic growth in support of the findings by Silva et al (2012) and Lee and Jung (2018). What is also clear across all the three panel data analysis methods used is that education reduced the size of the negative effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in BRICS. In other words, education is a channel through which renewable energy consumption's influence on economic growth is enhanced, in support of views by Dunn and Mutti (2004), Ozcicek and Agpak (2017) and Lawrence et al. (1991). The implication of the study is that BRICS countries are therefore urged to invest more in education as that is more likely to enhance the impact of renewable energy consumption on economic growth.


Background Physical inactivity is a main driver of childhood obesity that tracks into adulthood, making it crucial to address early in life. Swedish physical activity on prescription (PAP) is an effective intervention for increasing physical activity levels in adults and is being implemented in primary care in Sweden. Before implementing PAP for children, both intervention effectiveness and implementation prerequisites need to be examined. Framed by the Normalization Process Theory (NPT) domains, this study aimed to investigate perceptions of PAP amongst paediatric staff and managers working with children with obesity, as well as acceptability, appropriateness, feasibility, and barriers and facilitators for implementing PAP in paediatric health care. Methods Staff and managers in 28 paediatric outpatient clinics in western Sweden were surveyed using validated implementation instruments and open-ended questions. Data were analysed using Mann–Whitney U tests and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Qualitative data were categorised into NPT domains. Results The survey response rate was 54% (125/229). Most respondents (82%) reported PAP to be familiar and many (56%) perceived it as a normal part of work; nurses and physiotherapists to a greater extent (p < 0.001). This was anticipated to increase in the future (82%), especially amongst those with the longest work experience (p = 0.012). Respondents reported seeing the potential value in their work with PAP (77%), being open to working in new ways to use PAP (94%), and having confidence in their colleagues' ability to use PAP (77%). Barriers and facilitators were found in all the NPT domains, mainly collective action and reflexive monitoring, where, for example, inadequacies of education, resources, and research on PAP for children were reported as barriers. Most respondents agreed that PAP was acceptable, appropriate, and feasible (71% to 88%). Conclusions PAP is familiar and perceived as an acceptable, appropriate, and feasible intervention, and by many viewed as a normal part of clinical routines in paediatric outpatient clinics in western Sweden, especially by physiotherapists and nurses. Barriers and faciliators are mainly related to collective action and reflexive monitoring. The wide acceptance demonstrates receptiveness to PAP as an intervention to promote an active lifestyle for children with obesity.


Oxidation of anthocyanin by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) or peroxidase (POD) causes enzymatic browning. It leads to undesirable characteristics of fruits and ultimately decreasing of fruit quality and value. Desiccation, post-harvest decay, loss of quality and micro cracking are the other most important problems restricting the growth of the litchi industry. Based on the fact, glutathione and citric acid inhibits the browning mechanism, the novel strategies of combining glutathione + citric acid with different packaging materials were used to improve litchi storability at refrigerated and room temperature. From the experiment, it was observed that, the application of glutathione (10 mmol/litre) and citric acid (100 mmol/litre) + polypropylene packet + corrugated fiber box gave good control on browning, weight loss, disease incidence and higher amount of anthocyanin in the litchi pericarp. High amount of TSS, total sugar, titratable acidity and ascorbic acid were also achieved in same treatments. Litchi fruits treated with combined application of glutathione and citric acid with packaging materials showed promising method to controlling browning and all the other quality parameters.


Weanling pigs (n = 160) were used to evaluate dietary essential microminerals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn) on performance, tissue minerals, and liver and plasma enzymatic activities during a 35-d postweaning period. A randomized complete block design with 5 treatments and 8 replicates was used in this study. Organic microminerals were added to complex nursery diets at 0 (basal), 50, 100, or 150% of the requirements of microminerals listed by the 1998 NRC. A fifth treatment contained inorganic microminerals at 100% NRC and served as the positive control. Pigs were bled at intervals with hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), glutathione peroxidase, and ceruloplasmin activities determined. Six pigs at weaning and 1 pig per pen at d 35 were killed, and the liver, heart, loin, kidney, pancreas, and the frontal lobe of the brain were collected for micromineral analysis. The liver was frozen in liquid N for determination of enzymatic activities. The analyzed innate microminerals in the basal diet met the NRC requirement for Cu and Mn but not Fe, Se, and Zn. Performance was not affected from 0 to 10 d postweaning, but when microminerals were added to diets, ADG, ADFI, and G:F improved (P < 0.01) from 10 to 35 d and for the overall 35-d period. Pigs fed the basal diet exhibited parakeratosis-like skin lesions, whereas those fed the supplemental microminerals did not. This skin condition was corrected after a diet with the added microminerals was fed. When the basal diet was fed, Hb and Hct declined, but supplemental microminerals increased Hb and Hct values. Liver catalase activity increased (P < 0.01) when microminerals were fed. The Mn superoxide dismutase activity tended to decline quadratically (P = 0.06) when supplemental microminerals were fed above that of the basal diet. Liver plasma glutathione peroxidase activities were greater (P < 0.01) when dietary organic and inorganic micromineral were fed. Liver concentrations of microminerals increased linearly (P < 0.01) as dietary microminerals increased, indicating that the liver was the primary storage organ. Micromineral tissue concentrations were least in pigs fed the basal diet and increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) to the 50% level of organic microminerals in the various tissues collected. The results indicated that innate microminerals, Cu and Mn, from a complex nursery diet may meet the micromineral needs of the weaned pig, but the need for Fe, Se, or Zn was not met by the basal diet.


Kinetic Pty Ltd and Tenneco Automotive have developed a passive suspension system called a Kinetic system. The motivation for the design of the system is discussed, and the function of the system is explained. The system improves handling, stability, and ride by passively decoupling roll stiffness from articulation stiffness and roll damping from bounce damping. Improved stability is evaluated by conducting NHTSA's Roll Rate Feedback Fishhook tests on a small SUV equipped with the Kinetic system. Results of the testing are presented, and benefits to rollover are discussed.


BACKGROUND
Traffic accidents are one of the most leading cause of maxillofacial trauma. Defining the bone fracture patterns in different type of traffic accidents may enable for appropriate surgical approach.

OBJECTIVES
This study research the pattern of pediatric maxillofacial fractures in terms of different type of traffic road accidents and age groups.

METHODS
The data on road traffic accidents that caused maxillofacial trauma between May 2014 and January 2019 was gained from the University of Gaziantep hospital data system. Road accident type, age groups, and the type of fractures were the evaluation parameters.

RESULTS
A total of 61 patients meet the criteria and 41 of those were boys. The midface bones of orbital, maxillar, and frontal are the most fractured structures with a total number of 48. The least fractured bone was mandibula with a number of 4. The comparisons of these fractures among the different type of road traffic accidents and age groups were found to be statistically significant.

CONCLUSION
Car-pedestrian and car-passengers type of road traffic accident mostly seem to cause midface fractures at the primary and secondary school-aged children.


The conformation of an elastin-mimetic recombinant protein, [(VPGVG)4(VPGKG)]39, is investigated using solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The protein is extensively labeled with 13C and 15N, and two-dimensional 13C-13C and 15N-13C correlation experiments were carried out to resolve and assign the isotropic chemical shifts of the various sites. The Pro 15N, 13Calpha, and 13Cbeta isotropic shifts, and the Gly-3 Calpha isotropic and anisotropic chemical shifts support the predominance of type-II beta-turn structure at the Pro-Gly pair but reject a type-I beta-turn. The Val-1 preceding Pro adopts mostly beta-sheet torsion angles, while the Val-4 chemical shifts are intermediate between those of helix and sheet. The protein exhibits a significant conformational distribution, shown by the broad line widths of the 15N and 13C spectra. The average chemical shifts of the solid protein are similar to the values in solution, suggesting that the low-hydration polypeptide maintains the same conformation as in solution. The ability to measure these conformational restraints by solid-state NMR opens the possibility of determining the detailed structure of this class of fibrous proteins through torsion angles and distances.


The modifier effect is the reduction in judged likelihood of a generic statement (Apples are sweet) when the subject is modified (Chinese apples are sweet). Connolly, Fodor, Gleitman and Gleitman, (2007) argued that this effect undermines the principle of default property inheritance in conceptual combination. In a series of studies, we replicated the effect and its interaction with modifier typicality. We elicited justifications for the judgments, and found three common accounts were given – pragmatics, knowledge-based reasoning, and uncertainty about attribute inheritance. We also showed that the mutability of a property for the subject concept affected its judged likelihood when the concept was modified, and that likelihood judgments were correlated between modified and unmodified versions of sentences. It is argued that contrary to the claims of Connolly et al., the modifier effect provides clear evidence for the default inheritance of prototypical properties in modified concepts.


MAO and MADH activities in different sub-cellular fractions of rat brain have been studied. The sub-cellular distribution pattern of MAO and MADH was found to be same, mostly concentrated in the mitochondrial fraction, although activities were also present in microsome and nucleus.


To obtain information fast and very broad scope is not a difficult thing. The development of the Internet to solve various problems concerning such matters. With the existence of this site is expected to be the media the right information to find information that does not knock the time, everywhere and instantly. In addition it can even facilitate the development of the site admin to take care of day to day. Discussion described in this paper is the creation of a web-based application as a medium of information, aimed at users who access the site. This application can be applied to the internet or intranet network. This site created using PHP which uses the concept of server side programming in which this paper does not depend (browser) the browser because that is the server running this paper and the results will be displayed in the client browse.


Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) infects preadolescent children and sexually active adults, frequently causing a disfiguring cutaneous disease in immunosuppressed HIV-infected individuals. The development of an efficacious treatment regime has been hampered by the failure to replicate the virus in the laboratory. Here we report the first demonstration of MCV replication in an experimental system. In human foreskin grafts to athymic mice, MCV induced morphological changes which were indistinguishable from patient biopsies and included the development and migration of molluscum bodies containing mature virions to the epidermal surface.


Rice productivity is greatly affected by different environmental stresses such as drought, salt loading, and low temperature. Among these, drought stress is considered as a serious threat to effect rice productivity. Improved Agrobacterium mediated transformation system offers an alternative approach to develop transgenic rice cultivars with enhance drought tolerance. In this regards, dehydration response element binding factors (DREB) plays an important role in regulating gene expression in response to drought stress. In the present study, AtDREB1A gene under 35s CaMV promoters (pBIH Binary vector) was incorporated through Agrobacterium mediated transformation system in to two local rice cultivars i.e. JP-5 (Japonica type) and KSK-282 (Indica type), using calli as target plant tissue. The different parameters like lethal dose of hygromycine, cefotaxime level, and acetosyringone level were optimized for both rice genotypes. The transgenic plantlets (T0) were confirmed by PCR (28% and 16 % for JP-5 and KSK-282, respectively) and the integration pattern of the transgene was tested by Southern blot analysis of genomic DNA. The T1 transgenic plants showed normal growth and the expression of the transgene were confirmed by RT-PCR. The T1 transgenic plants overexpressing AtDREB1A gene survived after exposure to drought stress condition over a period of one week under greenhouse condition. The net result of our study is the development of an efficient Agrobacterium mediated transformation system and overexpression of AtDREB1A transcription factors that resulted in improved drought tolerance in two rice cultivars. The transgenic lines developed in our study might prove better candidates for developing drought tolerant local rice cultivars in the future.


Gerald P. Hodge, an artist with wide-ranging interests, has been influential in shaping the medical illustration profession. His life story is presented here, with emphasis on his early years, his professional beginnings, the medical illustration program he built, his areas of research, and his creative techniques. Hodge is a Renaissance Man--a "national treasure"--and the recipient of the 1988 AMI Lifetime Achievement Award.


A compact, pulsed Ti:sapphire laser producing 320 mW of average power at a 24-kHz repetition rate has been demonstrated, with the output pulses having 50-ns-width and 440-W peak power. Use of a novel small-scale copper laser as the pump source results in high-efficiency, short-pulse operation without a Q switch, with excellent pulse-to-pulse amplitude stability.


Climate change represents one of the epic issues of our time and it is likely to cause catastrophic damages. How to efficiently manage climate change catastrophe risk is the worldly challenge. After assessing three basic mechanisms, we find out that private catastrophe insurance generally produces optimal outcomes in which consumers maximize utility and insurers maximize profits, but it faces market failure in both supply and demand of catastrophe exposures; Insurance-linked securities (ILS) is a great tool to increase insurers' supply of catastrophe insurance by enhancing insurers' capability, but it still faces the anomalies of insurance demand; government intervention has the potential to solve the anomalies of private insurance, but government itself also faces government failures. It implies that private market merits with government intervention is — at least has the potential to be — the optimal mechanism to manage catastrophe risk.


ABSTRACT Woolf's Jacob's Room and Waugh's "The Balance" represent two different versions of modernism and challenge the perception of interior modernism as the dominant form of modernism. Both authors departed from Stern's middle-distance realism in seeking their distinctive voices: Woolf in close-up, in an emphasis on interior modernism; Waugh in long shot, which I consider as "exterior modernism". Interestingly, the intersection of these two in the early twenties reveals Woolf at her most exterior and Waugh at his most interior and thus problematises the conceptual framework within which they are often situated. I examine their respective work through a consideration of cinema, which was essential to both writers' search for their own voices: however ambiguous Woolf's attitude towards cinema, her writing style was unequivocally cinematic; Waugh, confident in his knowledge of cinema, incorporated the medium to help forge his unique style. While cinema was Waugh's method, Woolf seemed to be only interested in the cinema eye.


The dendritic morphology of beta cells in and around the area centralis of the retinae of normally pigmented and Siamese cats is described. Individual central beta cells in the Siamese cat do not differ morphologically from central beta cells in normally pigmented cats, and in both groups of animals, there is a clear morphological continuity between central and peripheral beta cells. On the basis of systematic patterns of beta cell dendritic orientation, ther area centralis of the normal cat can be divided into a central region, approximately 200 micrometers in diameter, and a pericentral region, approximately 1,400 micrometers in diameter. In the central region, nearly all beta cells have a single large primary dendrite which descends perpendicular to the plane of inner plexiform layer, and gives rise to a dendritic tree which is vertically aligned with the cell's soma. In the pericentral region, the single primary dendrite of most cells descends obliquely through the inner plexiform layer and gives rise to a dendritic tree which is displaced laterally from the position of the soma. For most of the cells the trajectory of the dendrite is systematically related to the location of the cell relative to the area centralis such that the somas are displaced away from its center, presumably in order to minimize the thickness of the ganglion cell layer in the high acuity region. Many beta cells outside the pericentral region also have oriented single primary dendrites, but their orientation seems fairly random with respect to the location of the area centralis. In the Siamese area centralis, this systematic pattern of beta cell dendritic orientation is markedly reduced, suggesting that the pattern is under genetic control. On the basis of these observations, a model for the evolution of the area centralis and fovea is presented which involves selection for systematic for systematic patterns of dendritic orientation in regions of high ganglion cell density.


Urban ecological environment has been seriously destructed,and the objectives of "resource-conserved and environment-friendly society" have had higher requirements on the design of landscape architecture.Intensive design of landscape architecture requires the application of ecology to create better economic and ecological benefits than the original landscape system has,so as to achieve the sustainable utilization of resources and the sustainable development of environment.The authors proposed that by following the Scientific Outlook on Development the intensive utilization of land resources,mountain,water and forest resources,energy resources is the trend of future intensive design of landscape architecture,and also an approach of realizing the coordination of resource development and eco-environment conservation.


In two experiments we tested the hypothesis that the mechanisms that produce belief bias generalise across reasoning tasks. In formal reasoning (i.e., syllogisms) judgements of validity are influenced by actual validity, believability of the conclusions, and an interaction between the two. Although apparently analogous effects of belief and argument strength have been observed in informal reasoning, the design of those studies does not permit an analysis of the interaction effect. In the present studies we redesigned two informal reasoning tasks: the Argument Evaluation Task (AET) and a Law of Large Numbers (LLN) task in order to test the similarity of the phenomena concerned. Our findings provide little support for the idea that belief bias on formal and informal reasoning is a unitary phenomenon. First, there was no correlation across individuals in the extent of belief bias shown on the three tasks. Second, evidence for belief by strength interaction was observed only on AET and under conditions not required for the comparable finding on syllogistic reasoning. Finally, we found that while conclusion believability strongly influenced assessments of arguments strength, it had a relatively weak influence on the verbal justifications offered on the two informal reasoning tasks.


Abstract : NRL has produced two Nobel Laureates, J. Karle and H. Hauptman, who each received the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1985 for devising direct methods employing X-ray diffraction analysis in the determination of crystal structures. X-ray diffraction analysis involves the determination of the arrangement of atoms in crystals from which the molecular formula is derived directly. Determination of the molecular structure is important in that once the structural arrangement is understood, the substance itself can then be synthesized to produce useful products. This research occupies an almost unique position in science because the information it provides is used continuously in other fields. In fact, many phenomena in the physical, chemical, metallurgical, geological and biological sciences are interpretable in terms of the arrangements of atoms. Methodologies for determining molecular structures are major contributions to science and technology. For example, they form the basis for the computer packages used in pharmaceutical labs and research institutions worldwide for the analysis of more than 10,000 new substances each year. A significant portion of structural research has direct application to public health, including the identification and characterization of potent toxins found in animals and plants, antitoxins, heart drugs, antibiotics, antiaddictive substances, anticarcinogens, and antimalarials.


ABSTRACT Dominant deficit-focused discourses of autism have supported the use of specialised practices within education. This is despite the fact that recent micro-level research provides evidence of overlooked interactional competence in autistic children and problematises the idea of their unavailability to ordinary teaching methods. The aim of this pilot project was to investigate processes of teaching and learning for two autistic pupils identified as doing well in their respective mainstream primary schools. The study used a participatory design in which practitioners were invited to be co-researchers and contribute to the gathering and analysis of recorded information about interaction. Transcription conventions used in conversation analysis were applied to moments of interaction that were identified by co-researchers as significant. The analysis demonstrates that practitioners showed a strong preference for a dialogic teaching approach to extend pupil thinking, for example, following the pupil's lead in interaction, asking rather than telling and taking an interest in the pupil as a person. Pupils demonstrated their ability to respond effectively to this, including participating in interaction at a structural level of cooperation and providing preferred responses with minimal pauses. Practitioners used talk flexibly, to support topic learning in relation to lesson content, but also to support areas of social-emotional learning that are seen as important for pupils on the spectrum.


The dissolution rate of cholesterol in human gallbladder bile was measured by a rotating-disk method using 14C-labeled cholesterol, and was compared with concentrations of the biliary lipids. Computed multiple regression analysis of the results showed that the dissolution rate of cholesterol could be presented as a function of the concentrations of deoxycholic and chenodeoxycholic acid (multiple correlation 0.905; F-value 51.8 (p less than 0.001)). To examine the effect of different kinds of bile acids on cholesterol solubilization, the cholesterol solubility in a gallbladder bile with addition of a conjugated bile acid was determined. Greater solubilization of cholesterol was observed in the bile with addition of sodium deoxycholylglycine and chenodeoxycholylglycine than that with addition of sodium cholylglycine. There was no additional enhancement of the solubility with addition of sodium ursodeoxycholylglycine. These results suggest that the cholelitholytic effect of chenodeoxycholic acid may be greater than that of ursodeoxycholic acid, since the administration of chenodeoxycholic or ursodeoxycholic acid to patients with cholesterol gallstones induced different alterations of biliary bile acid composition.


To evaluate the performance of the CAD system for automatic pulmonary nodule detect in lungs by using CT scan images. The problem can be summarized as to detect lung nodule in CT-Scan images using combined text feature and supervised learning. Detection of cancerous cells or classification of nodules are the most important factor, to be identified by the radiologist or cancer specialist, as this forms the preliminary state for proper diagnosis of the disease. Hence our work describes on automated computer aided technique for detecting lung nodule on CT scan images.


A mixture consisting of 45 wt % polyethylene, 20 wt % polypropylene, 20 wt % polystyrene, and 15 wt % poly(ethylene terephthalate) was pyrolyzed in the presence of steam as well as nitrogen, using a fluidized bed reactor with hard burnt lime (HBL) as bed material. The experiments were carried out at 600 and 700 °C. Unlike soft burnt lime, HBL exhibited good fluidizing properties, with negligible attrition. The impact of HBL on the product distribution and the ability of HBL to support the degradation of PET under certain conditions were investigated. Compared with experiments done in the presence of quartz sand, the gas yield increased, while the wax fraction was significantly reduced. In the presence of HBL, the benzene yield rose sharply due to the decarboxylation of PET. While terephthalic acid was present in the wax fraction derived from experiments with quartz sand, it was not detected as a part of the wax fraction when HBL was used.


This paper discusses one of the most popular projects in our real-time DSP course's, demodulating a telephone's caller ID signal. We will describe the use of a modified telephone coupler to allow students to access the caller ID signal and then discuss a number of the DSP methods and techniques that are required to successfully demodulate, decode, and display the caller ID information. This project has been exceedingly well received by both our undergraduate and graduate students and represents a DSP-based solution to a real world communications problem that every student has seen in use. This project involves almost every aspect of real-time signal processing implementation, but is not so overwhelming in scope that it cannot be completed in a reasonable amount of time.


Collective action among resource users has long been identified as a basic element of successful common pool governance, and one of the main concerns of common pool research is the identification of factors that affect collective action. Among the most commonly identified factors are trust, social capital, common preferences, shared knowledge, collaborative experiences, focusing events and expectations of future interactions. Thus far, however, relatively little attention has been paid to the historical-institutional context of collective action and the constraining effects of path dependency. Path dependency suggests that investments and adaptations in early resource management institutions can make it difficult for actors to abandon these institutions, thereby influencing and shaping subsequent collective action efforts. This article examines the impact that path dependency can have on collective action in common pools, by examining transboundary water management in the Murray-Darling Basin of Australia, the Colorado Basin of the US and the Saskatchewan-Nelson Basin of Canada. In all three cases, early transboundary water apportionment institutions have proven strongly path dependent, significantly shaping subsequent collective action efforts at transboundary water conservation.


Friction stir welding (FSW) is a relatively new solid-state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly, and versatile. In particular, it can be used to join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and other metallic alloys that are hard to weld by conventional fusion welding. FSW is considered to be the most significant development in metal joining in a decade. Recently, friction stir processing (FSP) was developed for microstructural modification of metallic materials. In this review article, the current state of understanding and development of the FSW and FSP are addressed. Particular emphasis has been given to: (a) mechanisms responsible for the formation of welds and microstructural refinement, and (b) effects of FSW/FSP parameters on resultant microstructure and final mechanical properties. While the bulk of the information is related to aluminum alloys, important results are now available for other metals and alloys. At this stage, the technology diffusion has significantly outpaced the fundamental understanding of microstructural evolution and microstructure–property relationships. # 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.


A brief review of the main works and achievements of Sergey Lebedev, a Soviet scientist and a specialist in a wide field, who made a fundamental contribution to the resolution of problems of stability of parallel operation of power plants, the formation and development of computational Sciences, is presented. He developed the principles of construction and structure of electronic computers (computer), organized the work of teams of developers of high-performance computers, their industrial production and training. Data on Lebedev's birth and family life, interesting facts from his activity, including details of education and scientific and practical work in the years of electrification of Russia, the great Patriotic war and the development of computer technology are given. Lebedev's merits were awarded Lenin (1966) and state prizes of the USSR (1950, 1969). In 1956 he was awarded the Title of hero of Socialist Labor. S. A. Lebedev called "father of computer science" in the USSR. He is a laureate of the "Computer Pioneer" medal of the IEEE international professional organization.


Viscosity, a crucial characteristic for rice palatability, is affected by endosperm characters. We compared correlations between differences in viscosity of japonica rice with various palatability and endosperm characters. Changes in apparent amylose and protein contents (AAC% and PC%, respectively) and amylopectin side-chain distribution and the relationship of these traits with palatability were investigated in superior and inferior spikelets of good cultivars with low amylose content from Hokkaido and common cultivars from northeastern Japan, using rapid visco analyzer characteristics and rice-grain microstructures. Significant differences occurred in PC%, AAC%, breakdown, setback, peak time, and pasting temperature of different cultivars and grain positions. Amylopectin components showed remarkable differences in grain surfaces, surface layers, and section structure between the grain varieties. Hokkaido cultivars showed better viscosity than northeastern cultivars, particularly initial stage grains. Correlation analysis indicated viscosity was mainly AAC%-dependent, whereas differences in endosperm characteristics between spikelet positions were mainly due to grain-filling temperature.


Intelligent systems have become both ubiquitous and more and more powerful and complex in the last decade. They base on an increasing variety of sensorial input, hybrid algorithms, and integrated, electronic embodiment. In particular, with the rapid advance of wireless and low-power implementation, new application fields, such as sensor networks or ambient intelligence gain momentum. While efficient design techniques are well established for microtechnique and -electronic system realization, the heart of an intelligent system, i.e., the structure from sensorial input to decision making, is still predominantly assembled in an expert driven, manual way. This represents a tedious, labor-intensive approach, which tends to end in locally optimal solutions due to the restricted covering of the potential search space implied by the problem and available sensors and algorithms. Consequently, the challenge of automated intelligent system design has been picked up exploiting obvious techniques from machine learning, i.e., neural networks, and more general optimization techniques based on appropriate assessment and optimization. The latter approach in particular is applied together with classical and advanced multi-dimensional signal processing. The talk will summarize important work contributed to that emerging field. The importance of hybrid approaches, including evolutionary optimization techniques, for effective and efficient, feasible system designs under embedding/integration constraints, e.g., power dissipation, will be pointed out. Then a proprietary approach and design methodology developed in the last nine years will be presented and demonstrated by examples from vision and other sensorial application systems. In addition to the obvious rapid-prototyping benefit, this approach and the underlying learning architecture together with appropriate hardware platforms offers improved robustness and fault-tolerance.


This work presents theoretical foundations of Kelvin and Poincare waves in the homogeneous ocean under an ice cover. The ice is considered as thin elastic plate of uniform thickness, with constant values of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, density, and compressive stress. The boundary conditions are such that the normal velocity at the bottom is zero, and at the undersurface of the ice the linearized kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions are satisfied. We present and analyze explicit solutions for the Kelvin and Poincare waves and the dispersion equations. The problem is examined in the context of a unified theory and without the hydrostatic assumption.


Background: Previous data, mostly from clinical trials, reported that HER2-low status is associated with low pathological complete response (pCR), and favourable prognosis. Since these findings suggest the existence of an additional breast cancer subtype, we questioned if the predictive/prognostic value of HER2-low was also relevant in the real world. Methods: Data from non-metastatic breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and surgery (2009–2020) were retrieved from our institutional prospectively-maintained registry. Univariable and multivariable logistic models were implemented to study the association between pCR and baseline HER2 status. Univariable analysis of disease-free survival (DFS) was performed through Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests. Results: Starting from a total of 790 consecutive cases, we identified 444 newly-diagnosed breast cancer patients featuring HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) 0 (HER2-0, n = 109), and 1 + or IHC 2+/in situ hybridization negative (HER2-low, n = 335) receiving anthracycline and taxane-based regimens in 88.9% of cases. Most of the patients were diagnosed with stage II (67.3%) and there was no difference of disease presentation according to HER2-status. pCR was attained by 71 (16.0%) patients and was significantly associated with increased DFS (p = 0.031). Compared to HER2-0, HER2-low cases were more likely hormone receptor-positive (81.2% vs. 43.1%, p < 0.001), well-differentiated (47.5% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.001), less proliferative (21.5% vs. 8.3%, p = 0.001) and less responsive to treatment (pCR 11.6% vs. 29.4%, p < 0.0001). There was no difference in DFS according to HER2 status, though hormone-receptor (HR) negative/HER2-low cases tended to have a worse prognosis compared to HR-negative/HER2-0. By pCR achievement, 3-years DFS was 87.5.% (75.1–100%) vs. 71.6% (65.9–77.8%) (p = 0.161) in HER2-low and 89.1% (75.8–100%) vs. 72.1% (59.7–87.0%) (p = 0.092) in HER2-0. Conclusion: Our real-world data show that HER2-low breast cancer patients represent roughly a half of the cases treated with neoadjuvant therapy, and have poor treatment response. In absence of pCR, HER2-low breast cancer patients have a dismal prognosis, especially when primary tumor hormone receptor status is negative. Studies are therefore needed to define the biology of these tumors for new therapeutic targets and to incorporate HER2-targeting agents in early-stage treatment.


We present preliminary lattice results for the leading-order hadronic contribution to the muon anomalous magnetic moment, calculated with HEX-smeared clover fermions. In our calculation we include 2+1-flavor ensembles with pions at the physical mass.


Flagella rotated exclusively counterclockwise in Escherichia coli cell envelopes prepared from wild-type cells, whose flagella rotated both clockwise and counterclockwise, from mutants rotating their flagella counterclockwise only, and even from mutants rotating their flagella primarily clockwise. Some factor needed for clockwise flagellar rotation appeared to be missing or defective in the cell envelopes.


Every year there are new medications approved by the Federal Food & Drug Administration. Some medications are removed from the market, and new information or warnings about existing medications become available. Some of the information about these changes makes its way into public media and can cause concern among patients and some can be misleading for those without a full understanding of the facts. Nurses who talk to patients about their medications may be faced with questions about medications that patients have heard about from friends or the media. Informed nurses will be prepared to provide accurate information, allay fears or misperceptions, and reduce the potential for harm. In the following discussion, selected examples of information about recent changes will be identified.


Neutron Stars (NSs) are compact stellar objects that are stable solutions in General Relativity. Their internal structure is usually described using an equation of state that involves the presence of ordinary matter and its interactions. However there is now a large consensus that an elusive sector of matter in the Universe, described as dark matter, remains as yet undiscovered. In such a case, NSs should contain both, baryonic and dark matter. We argue that depending on the nature of the dark matter and in certain circumstances, the two matter components would form a mixture inside NSs that could trigger further changes, some of them observable. The very existence of NSs constrains the nature and interactions of dark matter in the Universe


MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, writing in 1850, in their celebrated 'Monograph of the British Fossil Corals,' stated that "the class of Polypi had not, in all probability, numerous representatives in the beds where the Upper Greensand was deposited; for we have as yet seen only four British species belonging to that formation; and the English geologists do not appear to have met with many more. Most of the fossils belong to the family Astræidæ, and have been found at Haldon, at Blackdown, or at Warminster". During the twenty-eight years which have elapsed, so many specimens of fossil corals have been discovered in the English Upper-Greensand series that the coral fauna of that age has become an important one, and requires more careful examination by palæontologists. MM. Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime described a few specimens which had been collected and studied, to a certain extent, by Mr. R. Godwin-Austen and Prof. John Morris. Thus Peplosmilia Austeni, Edw. & H., of Haldon, was described by the French naturalists from Mr. Austen's specimen, and two species, called by Mr. Godwin-Austen Astræa elegans and Astræa escharoides, were mentioned in the Monograph; but as the specimens were not available, the forms were not delineated. The Blackdown Greensand contained Morris's Turbinolia compressa, which became Trochosmilia tuberosa, Edw. & H.; and Parastræa, now Favia striata, Edw. & H., came from the same locality. The Warminster Greensand yielded Micrabacia coronula, Goldfuss, sp., to the researches of the distinguished zoophytologists.


In young mothers an obsession of infanticide, that is, fear that they may murder their children, may be coupled with an obsession of imminent psychosis, that is, fear that the first obsession is a sign of approaching insanity. Sixteen mothers with this clinical picture were evaluated in interviews. Seven of them entered psychotherapy and improved. The causative factors in childhood and adolescence wich led to the later development of these obsessive difficulties are analyzed. Even when psychotherapy was not possible, as was the case in nine patients, they should be strongly reassured and explanations should be given about the nature of the problem, for such encouragement and clarification helps them to improve to a significant extent. The prognosis of patients who have systematic psychoterapy is good.


Abstract This essay attempts a critical analysis of the boom in 'uncanny' theory. As the 'uncanny' has carved its image in cultural, political, sociological and aesthetic theory, there has been little attempt to challenge the notion that all critical work is or should be uncanny. Introductions to the concept, such as those by Nicholas Royle and more recently Anna Masschelein, have tended to promote its ubiquity and irreducibility, even while acknowledging a dramatic shift in its fortunes since the 1990s. Opening with a brief genealogy of uncanny theory in the late twentieth century (looking to work on Freud, the influence of Derrida and American deconstruction) the article pays particular attention to the watershed of the late 1980s when the uncanny is increasingly assimilated to the 'spectral' and begins to take shape as an autonomous theory. It probes the influence of Heidegger, who inflected Derrida's own turn to spectres, and the way the uncanny is mobilised on cultural and sociological terrain as a specifically ethical tool: a site of historical mourning or sociological resistance. The article proposes that the anti-conceptualism of the uncanny is a transcendant gesture which needs to be read in the context of a crisis in the theorisation of Marxism at the end of the 1980s. In all the clamour over the disturbing and in-coercible logic of the uncanny, there has been little analysis of its potentially reactionary function on the contemporary scene. Keywords uncanny, Derrida, Heidegger, deconstruction, Royle, temporality, ethics I Since 1995, when Martin Jay cautioned against the rise of the uncanny as a 'supercharged' word, the unheimlich has not ceased to make itself at home across a range of disciplines including cultural studies, history, politics, ediics, aesthetics and sociology.1 Works applying the concept have included The Architectural Uncanny: Essays in the Modern Unhomely (1994); The National Uncanny: Indian Ghosts and American Subjects (1999); Sites of the Uncanny: Paul Celan, Specularity and the Visual Arts (2007); Uncanny Modernity: Cultural Theories, Modern Anxieties (2008); Monstrous Society: Reciprocity, Disapline and the Political Uncanny c. 1780-1848 (2009) and The Queer Uncanny (2012). There are of course different critical tendencies represented here and the uncanny is frequendy linked to satellite terms ('spectre', 'ghost', 'haunting') which are in some cases used interchangeably (Bergland's The National Uncanny is concerned with American Indian 'ghosts', while Derrida suggested his Spectres of Marx could have been subtitled 'Marx - Das Unheimliche').2 However, the net effect has been to promote a new syntax of interpretation aimed at disturbing the boundaries of 'conventional' historical, cultural and sociological analysis. It is hard not to note an imperialising aspect to this success. Uncanny theory tends to break down the boundaries between itself and other cultural theories, to absorb them into the uncanny. According to Nicholas Royle, the queer is uncanny,3 psychoanalysis is uncanny (p24), while the uncanny is a way of 'beginning to think about culture, philosophy, religion, literature, science, politics in the present' (p22). If all critique challenges boundaries, runs the underlying assumption, then all critique - all theories of alienation, repression, or 'otherness' - are or should be uncanny. But the researcher wanting not merely to extend this form of theorisation, but to challenge, or take stock of its implications, is poorly served. In the first place, the emphasis in uncanny criticism has been on its ubiquity and irreducibility. Royle's The Uncanny, which more than any other work put uncanny studies on the map, was an exercise in demonstrating the sheer uncontainability of the concept, while for Anneleen Masschelein, it 'affects and haunts everything, it is in constant transformation and cannot be pinned down'.4 Masschelein's work is the most comprehensive attempt at a genealogy of uncanny theory, and yet, though she acknowledges the concept underwent a fundamental transformation in the 1990s, she chooses 'not to focus on the heyday between 1980-2000', instead filling in its anterior life in criticism from the early-twentieth century up to the 1970s (p6). …


BACKGROUND
Effective mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis can be accomplished by using a tailored mechanical-biochemical stimulus. To achieve this requires parallel suppression of hypertrophy and osteogenesis.

MATERIALS & METHODS
We compared the effects of isolated bioreactor stimulation, isolated growth factor (TGF-β1 or IGF-1) application and their combined stimulation on human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured within 3D scaffolds. Free-swelling cell-matrix constructs underwent identical growth factor stimulation for control.

RESULTS
Mechanical stimulation provoked stronger chondrogenic differentiation than free-swelling culture. Chondrogenesis by the addition of TGF-β1 was enhanced compared with single physical stimulation. There were no such effects under the influence of IGF-1 alone. Composite application of multiaxial mechanical stimulation plus TGF-β1 and IGF-1 not only triggered the strongest chondrogenesis overall, but also the strongest hypertrophy and osteogenesis.

CONCLUSION
Bioreactor-induced chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells can be effectively enhanced by growth factor addition, while the partially effective suppression of unwanted signs of endochondral ossification requires further scientific input.


Contemporary periodontal therapy has evolved to become more interdisciplinary and increasingly involves more complex treatments, including bone and soft-tissue regenerative procedures. Therapeutic options require an imaging modality or combination of techniques that are capable of providing a diagnostic osseous baseline and facilitating quantification of smaller increments of bony change, both loss and additive, which are comparable over time. Intra-oral and panoramic radiography are the modalities most commonly used to identify the location, quantify the amount and the pattern of alveolar bone loss and determine response to therapy. Cone-beam computed tomography imaging offers specific advantages for periodontal diagnosis in that three-dimensional images of dental and alveolar bone structures can be rendered with accuracy. Cone-beam computed tomography has been shown to be clinically efficacious in demonstrating localized defects, such as furcation involvement and intrabony vertical and buccal/lingual defects, and in assessing the effects of regenerative therapy. In these situations, limited-field-of-view, high-resolution protocols are indicated.


Previously it has been observed that N-substituted phthalimide derivatives with chain lengths of four carbon or oxygen atoms showed potent hypolipidemic activity in rodents at 20 (mg/kg)/day ip. The 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 1,1-dioxide (saccharin) nucleus, itself, had also been observed to be active at the same dose. An investigation was undertaken to examine a series of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 1,1-dioxide analogues for their hypolipidemic activity in mice and to compare them to their respective phthalimide congeners. In addition, a series of 1,2-benzisothiazoline 1,1-dioxide and phthalimidine analogues was prepared, and their hypolipidemic activity was compared to the phthalimide analogues. These studies show that the respective congeners of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 1,1-dioxide compared favorably to phthalimide congeners in reducing serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels in male CF1 mice at 20 (mg/kg)/day ip. Of the saccharin derivatives, 3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazoline-2-propionic acid 1,1-dioxide was the most effective in lowering serum cholesterol levels by 53% after 16 days dosing and 3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazoline-2-valeric acid 1,1-dioxide lowered serum triglycerides 56% after 14 days dosing. The 1,2-benzisothiazoline 1,1-dioxide and phthalimidine compounds were less active as hypolipidemic agents than their 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 1,1-dioxide and phthalimide analogues, respectively.


The somatostatin analogue lanreotide is effective in reducing growth hormone levels in patients with acromegaly. Acromegaly is characterized by calcium homeostasis alterations. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of lanreotide on bone turnover markers in a group of acromegalic patients and to verify a possible increase of intact parathormone (iPTH) levels in a transient or persistent way. Serum GH, IGF-I and serum and urinary markers of bone metabolism were measured before treatment and on months 3 and 24. In short-term treatment (3 months), lanreotide significantly decreased GH, IGF-I, serum calcium, osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase levels, but increased iPTH level (49 +/- 16.7 vs pre-treatment 28.3 +/- 7.6 ng/L, p<0.001). During long-term study (24 months) GH and IGF-I were significantly still low; serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels returned to pre-treatment levels. iPTH level was significantly still higher compared with pre-treatment (46.4 +/- 9.2 vs 28.3 +/- 7.6 ng/L, p<0.05). No changes were seen in serum albumin, creatinine and vitamin D during short and long term treatment. The changes of most bone markers during lanreotide treatment can be explained by the decrease of GH and IGF-I. The increase of iPTH concentration suggests that lanreotide has ulterior and long-standing actions on calcium homeostasis: intestinal malabsorption of calcium due to the lanreotide could contribute to this "secondary" hyperparathyroidism. The clinical relevance of these long-standing effects needs to be further investigated.


The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between toe muscular strengths and single and/or repetitive jump performances on different directions (vertical or horizontal) in athletes. Thirty two male collegiate students participated (athletes group n=24, control group n=8). Two types of measurements were performed to evaluate toe muscular strengths: toe pushing force (TPF) with the metatarsophalangeal joint (MPJ) at neutral position (0°) and the MPJ in the dorsiflexed position (45°). Jump performances were assessed by press jump (vertical jump and standing broad jump) that measures jumping height or distance, and rebound jump (rebound jump and repetitive hopping) that measures "RJ-index" (the jumping height divided by the contact time). Pearson correlation coefficients were used to determine the relationship between the toe muscular strengths and the performances of each jumping test. There were significant correlations between TPF with the MPJ in the dorsiflexed position and the performances of the repetitive hopping and rebound jump in athletes (P<0.05), but no significant correlations were found in controls. Also, there were no significant correlation between TPF and the performances of vertical jump and standing broad jump of all groups. These results suggest that, TPF in the dorsiflexed positions is one of the indicators that affect repetitive jump performance. Jpn J Phys Fitness Sports Med, 68(1): 83-90 (2019)


In this article the author searches for the characteristic features of Revisor-prose, i.e. the prose associated with the literary periodical De Revisor. In the late seventies, two leading critics, Aad Nuis and Carel peeters, confronted their views on the subject. The former highlighted the references to reality, the latter emphasized the influence of imagination. A few years ago, two academic researchers, Jaap Goedegebuure and Sander Bax, followed their example. The former opted for a 'modernist' approach, the latter preferred a 'postmodernist' perspective. The author of this article presents an alternative 'poetic' reading, supported by Kathryn Hume's study on Fantasy and Mimesis


The topical nature of the treatment of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome arises from the alternatives to total gastrectomy, namely medical management with cimetidine, and tumorectomy. The various stages in the history of the syndrome are described with reference to a personal series of 16 cases, and various observations are made with regard to the clinical aspects of its diagnosis, treatment, and emergency surgical management. A detailed account is given of several illustrative cases. Detailed assessment of the various factors on which the current indications for surgery are based suggests that a certain degree of eclecticism should be adopted, though the results offered by total gastrectomy must be regarded as sound in the long term.


OBJECTIVES: The goals were to generate a cumulative hardship index and to evaluate its association with the well-being of children 4 to 36 months of age without private health insurance. METHODS: Cross-sectional surveys were linked to anthropometric measures and medical record review at 5 urban medical centers (July 1, 2004, to December 31, 2007). Cumulative hardship index scores ranged from 0 to 6, with food, housing, and energy each contributing a possible score of 0 (secure), 1 (moderately insecure), or 2 (severely insecure) to generate scores indicating no hardship (score of 0), moderate hardship (scores of 1–3), or severe hardship (scores of 4–6). The outcome was a composite indicator of child wellness, including caregivers' reports of children's good/excellent heath, no hospitalizations, not being developmentally at risk, and anthropometric measurements within normal limits. Covariates were selected a priori and through association with predictors and outcomes. RESULTS: Of 7141 participants, 37% reported no material hardship, 57% moderate hardship, and 6% severe hardship. Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed ordinal association between the cumulative hardship index and children's adjusted odds of wellness (severe versus no hardship, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 0.65 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.51–0.83]; severe versus moderate hardship, AOR: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.58–0.92]; moderate versus no hardship, AOR: 0.89 [95% CI: 0.79–0.99]). CONCLUSION: Increasing levels of a composite measure of remediable adverse material conditions correlated with decreasing adjusted odds of wellness among young US children.


ABSTRACT Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) is considered a novel anti-tumor target comparable to programmed cell death 1 ligand 1(PD-L1). However, little is known about Siglec-15. Our study aims to understand its expression signature, prognosis value, immune infiltration pattern, and biological function using multi-omic bioinformatics from public databases and verify them in lung cancer patients. Integrated analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression portals showed Siglec-15 was overexpressed across cancers. Genetic and epigenetic alteration analysis was performed using cBioportal and UALCAN, showed Siglec-15 was regulated at the genetic and epigenetic levels. Survival estimated using Kaplan–Meier plotter indicated high Siglec-15 expression correlated with favorable or unfavorable outcomes depending on the different type and subtype of cancer. Components of immune microenvironment were analyzed using CIBERSORT, and the correlation between immune cells and Siglec-15 was found to be distinct across cancer types. Based on Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, Siglec-15 was implicated in pathways involved in immunity, metabolism, cancer, and infectious diseases. Lung cancer patients with positive Siglec-15 expression showed significantly short survival rates in progression-free survival concomitant with reduced infiltration of CD20 + B, and dendritic cells by immunohistochemistry. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated the overexpression of Siglec-15 was correlated with activation of the chemokine signaling pathway. In conclusion, Siglec-15 could serve as a vital prognostic biomarker and play an immune-regulatory role in tumors. These results provide us with clues to better understand Siglec-15 from the perspective of bioinformatics and highlight the importance of Siglec-15 in many types of cancer.


Danish Archeologists in the Persian Gulf.The excavations in the sheikhdoms of Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar and Abu Dhabi were continued from the middle of January to about the first of April 1960 by large force of archeologists, with the author as leader and Geoffrey Bibby as deputy leader.In Kuwait investigations were resumed on Failaka 8th January under the overall direction of Poul Kjærum. At the "tell" of Sa'ad on the southwest corner of the island excavation of the town site from the end of the Third Millennium 1) was continued by Oscar Marseen, assisted by Kristen Møllenhus of Trondheim, Peter Seeberg and Aino Kann Rasmussen, and here a large number of small dwelling rooms were uncovered to the south, and to the north remains of larger buildings, badly destroyed in the course of stone-plundering (Fig. 1). In the tell of Sa'id close by the excavation of the temple from the 3rd century BC, which had already been identified 2), was completed by Professor Kristian Jeppesen, Steffen Fisker, Thorkild Hansen and Elsebeth Sander Jørgensen, while Erling Albrectsen continued the excavation of the fortifications which surround this site and the associated buildings 3). Immediately to the north of this site excavation was commenced on a tell which proved to cover the foundations of imposing buildings from the end of the Third Millennium, topped by later levels, by Karl Vibe Müller of Oslo and Jens Aarup Jensen. In addition Gunnar Lange-Kornbak look part in the expedition as conservator and Lennart Larsen as photographer, while Kuwait's museum was represented by Tareq Rajab and Imran Abdo. The excavations of the temple and of a coin hoard are separately reported (p. 187 and 205), while of the other objects discovered special mention must be made of some 150 stamp-seals of steatite of the same type as those previously found 4), as well as cylinder seals, several of which bore cuneiform inscriptions. The succes of the expedition and its economic basis were the result of generous support from the Ruler of Kuwait, His Highness the Emir Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah, the Minister of Education, His Excellency Sheikh Abdullah Al-Jabir Al-Sabah, and the Director of Education, Abdulaziz Hussein, and by the practical assistance of the Deputy Director, Darwish Miqdadi, and of Ahmed Al-Eisa.In Bahrain the excacations of previous years were continued from 10th January at the prehistoric capital at Qala'at al-Bahrain, where Hans Berg and Karen Frifelt uncovered the eastern part of the large palace-building 5), while E. Kerrn Lillesø and Svend Bue-Madsen commenced an investigation of the western portion of the city wall, which here proved to be exceptionally well preserved (Fig. 2). Hellmuth Andersen and Peder Mortensen continued the investigation of the temples at Barbar, where the run of the western and northern walls of the three building phases was finally determined 6). The investigation of flint sites in the southwestern desert of Bahrain was also continued, and two burial tumuli near the village of Sar were excavated by Knud Thorvildsen and Arne Thorsteinsson, and proved to contain lron-Age stone cists in full man's length. These tumuli were shown to have been built up in several stages, extended to the sides by the placing of new graves, producing the irregular shape and flat top by which these mounds are distinguished from the large number of conical tumuli from the Third Millennium in Bahrain's desert 7). This flat type of tumulus is found in large numbers close to the west coast villages of Dumistan, Karzakkan and Shaharakkan, which would appear to suggest that these villages were founded at the same time as the tumuli. Frode Visti was in charge of the camp and of conservation, while the artist, Karl Bovin, was the guest of the expedition for two months. The excavations on Bahrain were made possible, as in earlier years, by grants from the Carlsberg Foundation, the Government of Bahrain and the Bahrain Petroleum Company, and the work was as usual followed with great interest by the Ruler of Bahrain, His Highness Sheikh Sulman bin Hamad Al-Khalifah, the heir-apparent, His Excellency Sheikh Isa bin Sulman Al-Khalifah, by the Secretary to the Government, G. W. R. Smith, and by the Vice President of Bapco M. H. Lipp.In Qatar a thorough investigation was carried out of the southwestern coastal areas of the peninsula, where previously a number of flint sites had been found at Al-Hamlah and Ras Uwainat Ali 8). Here Holger Kapel and Hans Jørgen Madsen worked from 14th January, and found 40 new flint sites from Paleolithic and Neolithic periods. All were surface sites (Fig. 3), but a very large body of material was collected, particularly from a Neolithic site south of Dukhan, where about 200 surface-flaked arrowheads were collected 9), together with a large number of axes and scrapers. The investigations were carried out with means provided by the Government of Qatar and the Qatar Petroleum Company, and with the generous assistance of the Ruler, His Highness Sheikh Ali bin Abdullah Al-Thani, the Adviser to the Government, G. M. Hancock, the Chief of Police, Commandant R. Cochrane, and the General Manager of Q.P.C., P.R.A. Ensor.On the island of Umm an-Nar in Abu Dhabi the investigation of the stone tumuli was continued from 25th January by Knud Thorvildsen and Arne Thorsteinsson, who excavated two large and several small tumuli 10). They proved to contain very complicated grave structures with skeletons, beads and painted pottery from the Third Millennium, covered by corbelled vaults of cut stone, some of which, by the southern entrance to the largest of the mounds, bore reliefs of bulls, camels, snakes and other animals (Fig. 4). The Ruler, His Highness Sheikh Shakbut bin Sultan bin Zaid, and His Excellency Sheikh Zaid bin Sultan bin Zaid freely gave their permission for the investigation, which they followed with great interest, while for the practical arrangements for sojourn on a completely desert island the thanks of the expedition are due to the local representative of Abu Dhabi Marine Areas, Ian Cuthbert.P. V. Glob


Although autografts are considered to be the current gold standard, there is still clinical demand for synthetic bone graft substitutes. Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have many favourable properties that support their clinical use in the repair of bone defects. Although the translation of CPCs from the bench to the bedside has been quite successful, some issues remain. This review article provides an overview of the recent progress in the development of CPC-based materials and also emphasises the challenges facing clinical applications. The next generation of CPCs with unique properties is emerging for specific clinical applications.


R. J. Forrest (University College, London) examined the relation existing between various theories of helical propagation along a weakly ionized plasma column in an axial magnetic field. He showed that these particular theories are limiting cases of a general theory which includes both the effects of ion inertia and the influence of the magnetic field on the ions. The theory uses the first two fluid equations for the perturbed quantities of a warm plasma, i.e., the first two moments of the Boltzmann equation. For simplicity the model used is a planar one in which the perturbed densities and velocities for electrons and ions are introduced together with an electrostatic potential.


1. Cytochrome oxidase has been prepared from bovine heart muscle by simplifying modifications of the methods of Okunuki and Yonetani (without the use of trypsin), and of that of Smith & Stotz (with the use of trypsin). The latter method gave a preparation almost as pure as the first, but less stable. The absorption spectra in cholate-phosphate and Emasolphosphate have been studied in a Perkin-Elmer Recording Spectrophotometer. The spectra of the ferrous and ferric oxidase and the differential spectrum (ferrous minus ferric) were very similar to those reported by Griffiths & Wharton and by Yonetani and indicated that these preparations were somewhat purer spectroscopically than those of Smith and Wainio. 2. The gradual inhibition of the enzyme by repeated treatment with cholate during its purification and its reactivation by the non-ionic detergent Emasol have been confirmed. In Emasol the activity measured by the method of Smith at pH 5·8 is almost 10 times as high as at pH 7·0; in cholate the difference is far smaller. 3. The spectrum of the carbon monoxide compound and the differential spectrum (FeCO minus Fe2+) are the same in Emasol and cholate. The relevance of these observations on theories of the nature of cytochrome a3 is discussed. 4. The claim of Yonetani that the ferric cyanide compound of cytochrome a3 cannot be reduced by dithionite or p-phenylenediamine + ascorbate could not be confirmed. However, the rate of reduction is so slow, that his method of deducing the differential spectra (ferrous minus ferric) of cytochrome a and cytochrome a3 separately can be used as approximation if certain precautions are applied. 5. Ferric cytochrome a3, in the absence of cyanide, is also reduced by dithionite much more slowly than cytochrome a. This method gives a γ/α ratio for the differential spectra (ferrous minus ferric) of 3·5 for cytochrome a, and of 14 to 26 for cytochrome a3. The difference is thus even greater than that found by Yonetani. 6. Increasing the concentration of cyanide by a factor of 50 does not alter the absorption curve of the ferrous cyanide oxidase. The comparatively minor and very similar alteration of the spectrum of the ferrous oxidase by cyanide and carbon monoxide in the visible part of the spectrum (shoulder at 590 nm) cannot therefore be ascribed to incomplete reaction which has sometimes been used to explain the carbon monoxide curve. The findings under 4-6 strongly support the existence of two different cytochromes a and a3 in both the SmithStotz and the Okunuki-Yonetani preparation.


First‐degree relatives of people with dementia (FH+) are at increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identifying preclinical brain changes would facilitate both early quantifiable longitudinal disease monitoring and interventional trials. However, the literature of imaging changes in FH+ remains highly controversial. We aim to investigate "estimated years to onset of dementia" (EYOD) as a surrogate marker of preclinical progression and assessed whether FH+ approaching the onset of dementia would express more severe patterns of longitudinal brain changes.


Experiments to obtain high quality millimeter wavelengths radar absorbing materials are discussed. In order to obtain the best mixing proportion of materials, a great number of materials had been investigated. Several absorbing coating materials achieving this aim are found.


Article descriptor: Languages differ dramatically from one another in terms of how they describe the world. Does having different ways of describing the world lead speakers of different languages also to have different ways of thinking about the world? DOES LANGUAGE SHAPE THOUGHT? 0567.001 Humans communicate with one another using an astonishing array of languages, and each language differs from the next in innumerable ways (from obvious differences in pronunciation and vocabulary to more subtle differences in grammar). For example, to say that`the elephant ate the peanuts' in English, we must include tense ± the fact that the event happened in the past. In Mandarin and Indonesian , indicating when the event occurred would be optional and couldn't be included in the verb. In Russian, the verb would need to include tense and also whether the peanut-eater was male or female (though only in the past tense), and whether said peanut-eater ate all of the peanuts or just a portion of them. In Turkish, on the other hand, one would specify (as a suffix on the verb) whether the eating of the peanuts was witnessed or if it was hearsay. It appears that speakers of different languages have to attend to and encode strikingly different aspects of the world in order to use their language properly (Sapir, 1921; Slobin, 1996). Do these quirks of languages affect the way their speakers think about the world? Do English, Mandarin, Russian, and Turkish speakers end up attending to, partitioning, and remembering their experiences differently simply because they speak different languages? The idea that thought is shaped by language is most commonly associated with the writings of Benjamin Lee Whorf (Whorf, 1956). Whorf, impressed by linguistic diversity, proposed that the categories and distinctions of each language enshrine a way of perceiving, analyzing, and acting in the world. In so far as languages differ, their speakers too should differ in how they perceive and act in objectively similar situations. This strong Whorfian view ± that thought and action are entirely determined by language ± has long been abandoned in the field. However, definitively answering less deterministic versions of thèdoes language shape thought' question has proven to be a very difficult task. Some studies have claimed evidence to the affirmative (e. In recent years, research on linguistic relativity has enjoyed a considerable resurgence, and much new evidence regarding the effects of language on thought has become …