A diversity of programmes seeks to develop youth's capacities and connection to the communities in which they live. Some focus on ameliorating a particular issue, or 'deficit', whilst others, such as sporting, recreation and youth groups, are more grounded in the community. This article reports findings from 60 qualitative interviews conducted with a range of stakeholders involved in a diversity of youth programmes in three remote Indigenous communities in Central Australia. 'Youth centred–context specific' is found to provide a positive frame for programme delivery, encouraging explicit focus on programme logic, content and processes and relational, temporal and spatial aspects of practice context to enhance youth programme planning and delivery in remote communities. Culturally safe service planning and delivery suggest locally determined processes for decision-making and community ownership, at times offering service access for all ages for culturally relevant activity engagement.


OBJECTIVE
To identify the representations of contraceptive methods within a group of sterilized women, aiming at understanding the reasons why they refused those methods.

METHODS
A descriptive qualitative study was carried out on 31 sterilized women, randomly selected from a list of patients attending the Family Planning Program of a university hospital. Data was collected through a semi-structured interview. Interview transcription was analyzed according to the Content Analysis method.

RESULTS
Refusal to other contraceptive methods was based on representations formed from a mixture of technical information received at health service units, their previous experiences with contraceptive methods and information received in the social environment. Rejection of high efficacy methods (hormonal and IUD) was mostly based on their low innocuousness; refusal to fertility awareness methods (calendar calculation, Billings ovulation method) was due to their low efficacy; and rejection of barrier methods (condom, diaphragm) was due to a culturally patterned sexuality full of interdictions as well as to their low efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS
The option for female sterilization may be indicative of the refusal to the contraceptive alternatives offered by health services. Reproductive health professionals should increase in their practice the knowledge about personal, socio-economic and cultural factors that affect women's choice of a contraceptive method that could guarantee a better control over their own reproductive life.


Auscultation is a critical component of a cardiopulmonary examination; however, several studies have shown that many physicians lack proficiency in it. With the development of artificial intelligence (AI)-augmented auscultation tools, physicians could improve their auscultation skills and provide accurate diagnoses, even approaching the expertise of seasoned clinicians. Although a few AI auscultation platforms have been created, none have been adopted widely in clinical settings. Our goal is to develop a comprehensive digital auscultation platform, termed StethAid, to supplement the value of auscultation.
 StethAid is a comprehensive auscultation platform that comprises of an electronic stethoscope, mobile applications, and website portals. The StethAid stethoscope enables streaming and recording of heart and lungs sounds. It features 100 levels of sound amplification, digital filtering, active noise cancellation, and wireless connectivity. The StethAid stethoscope is similar to FDA-approved stethoscopes in its frequency response. Our mobile apps deliver various auscultation tools, as well as an AI suite and remote auscultation capabilities. The AI suite includes deep learning-based automated wheeze detection from auscultated lungs sounds. StethAid has been rigorously validated technically and clinically. StethAid could assist physicians in making more informed decisions, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes.


The projective geometry underlying the ambiguous case of scene reconstruction from image correspondences is developed. The am biguous case arises when reconstruction yields two or more essentially different surfaces in space, each capable of giving rise to the image correspondences. Such surfaces naturally occur in complementary pairs. Ambiguous surfaces are examples of rectangular hyperboloids. Complementary ambiguous surfaces intersect in a space curve of degree four, which splits into two components, namely a twisted cubic (space curve of degree three), and a straight line. For each ambiguous surface compatible with a given set of image correspondences, a complementary surface compatible with the same image correspondences can always be found such that both the original surface and the twisted cubic contained in the intersection of the two surfaces are invariant under the same rotation through 180°. In consequence, each ambiguous surface is subject to a cubic polynomial constraint. This constraint is the basis of a new proof of the known result that there are, in general, exactly ten scene reconstructions compatible with five given image correspondences. Ambiguity also arises in reconstruction based on image velocities rather than on image correspondences. The two types of ambiguity have m any sim ilarities because image velocities are obtained from image correspondences as a limit, when the distances between corresponding points become small. It is shown that the amount of similarity is restricted, in that when passing from image correspondences to image velocities, some of the detailed geometry of the ambiguous case is lost.


Firms with private information about the outcomes of production under uncertainty may face capital (liquidity) constraints that prevent them from attaining efficient levels of investment in a world with costly and/or imperfect monitoring. As an alternative, we examine the efficiency of a simple pooling scheme designed to provide a public (cooperative) supply of liquidity that results in the first best outcome for economic growth. We show that if, absent aggregate uncertainty, the elasticity of scale of the production technology is sufficiently small, then efficient levels of investment and growth can always be supported. Finally, some results for a special case (constant elasticity of scale) are examined when investors face aggregate uncertainty. We show that, in addition to a low elasticity of scale for the production function, investors must have sufficiently optimistic prior beliefs if efficient growth is to be achieved regardless of the actual future state of the world.


Surrogacy was a well-known practice in ancient societies. Its application was rare but mandated when the matter of threatened lineage surfaced. Since very early times and particularly within patriarchal societies, sons were regarded as natural inheritors of property, holders of lineage and on many occasions performers of rites for ancestors. Hence, the absence of a male issue was viewed as a solemn social anomaly. Corrective solutions had  to be worked out and many ancient societies came up with their alternative paradigms. In ancient Israel the practice of yibbum emerged and ensured lineage continuity. Its ancient Indian counterpart was the practice of niyoga that came under what is largely understood as apaddharma or the law of exigency. In both societies childless widow/wife was made to cohabit with a man, generally from within the family and the son produced furthered the lineage of her husband.  The consent of the widow/wife was not really sought for the practice to get its social sanction. In the paper we shall study the issue from a gendered perspective and explore whether the practices of Yibbum and Niyoga implied exploitation of women. Further what was the class and caste location of the practice respective cultures and who eventually stood to benefit from it in two different parts of ancient world.


The establishment of new technology for genetic modification in human embryonic stem (ES) cell lines has raised great hopes for achieving new ground in basic and clinical research. Recently, lentiviral vector technology has been shown to be highly effective and therefore could emerge as a popular tool for human ES cell genetic modification. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficiency of promoters in lentiviral gene delivery systems in mammalian ES cells, including mouse, monkey, and human, and to construct efficient and optimized conditions for lentivirus-mediated transfection systems. Mammalian ES cells were transfected with self-inactivating (SIN) human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-based lentiviral vectors containing the human polypeptide chain elongation factor-1alpha (EF-1alpha) promoter or cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis for the expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter gene. The efficiency of the EF-1alpha promoter was higher than that of the CMV promoter in all ES cells tested. The EF-1alpha promoter efficiently drove gene expression (14.74%) compared with CMV promoter (3.69%) in human ES cells. We generated a stable eGFP+ human ES cell line (CHA3-EGFP human ES cells) that continuously expressed high levels of EGFP ( approximately 95%) from the EF-1alpha promoter and was maintained for up to 60 weeks with undifferentiated proliferation. The established CHA3-EGFP human ES cell lines were characterized as being negative for nondifferentiation markers and teratoma formation. These results imply that genetic modification by lentiviral vectors with specific promoters in ES cells constitute a powerful tool for guided differentiation as well as gene therapy.


Tehran Shomal highway passes through Alborz mountains with a tunnel length of 6400 meters. There are two main tunnels. A full three-dimensional (3D) numerical analysis coupled with elastoplastic material models was conducted on the inclined access tunnel. Bending moment, axial force and the lining displacements due to the internal forces applied on the shotcrete lining are calculated. Axial force and bending moment applied on the lining have been evaluated using the FLAC 3D software program. The axial force versus bending moment of the lining is plotted. A criterion for assessing the effect of intersection on main tunnel behavior has been established, and investigated stability main tunnels by excavation of inclined access tunnel and a new support system suggested because of high-stress concentration at the junction. Raising support axial forces and bending moments may endanger tunnel stability during construction in the intersection of the inclined access and main tunnels. The results indicate that the existing thickness of the tunnel lining is safe and provides the appropriate load and moment bearing capacity.


The precipitation radar work carried out at Ottawa, Ontario, by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC), using dual-channel circularly-polarized radars, is described. This work, and concurrent work by NRC on weather clutter suppression for centimeter-wavelength military radars, included both theory and equipment developments. The discussion covers the early years (1956-66), the NRC Ku-band precipitation radar (1966-80), apparatus built and operated by NRC for scattering-matrix measurements, the NRC X-band precipitation radar (1981-6), and polarization switching and rotation studies.<<ETX>>


Indonesia has experienced one of the world's greatest dynamic land changes due to forestry and agricultural practices. Understanding the drivers behind these land changes remains challenging, partly because landscape research is spread across many domains and disciplines. We provide a systematic review of 91 studies that identify the causes and land change actors across Sumatra and Kalimantan. Our review shows that oil palm expansion is the most prominent (65 studies) among multiple direct causes of land change. We determined that property rights are the most prominent issue (31 studies) among the multiple underlying causes of land change. Distinct combinations of mainly economic, institutional, political, and social underlying drivers determine land change, rather than single key drivers. Our review also shows that central and district governments as decision-making actors are prominent (69 studies) among multiple land change actors. Our systematic review indicates knowledge gaps that can be filled by clarifying the identification and role of actors in land change.


This study focused on Kenyan farmers in the Moiben area who participated in three agricultural seminars at Twiga demonstration farm. The problem of interest was the need for increased dissemination of improved agricultural practices to enhance production and processing of crops related to food security and socio-economic well-being. The study investigated associations between adoptive behaviors of participants and their subsequent behavior related to diffusing improved practices to others. Data was collected using a demographic questionnaire and two structured interview schedules. Correlational analysis was conducted on post-training behavior variables, using Kendall's tau calculations. The study found that farmers across the samples who exhibited higher levels of adoption of workshop-recommended innovations also had a moderate to strong likelihood of showing correspondingly higher levels of diffusion-related behavior. It was concluded that these findings align well with Rogers' (2003) discussion of change-agent credibility, and also with Bandura's (2006) work on social modeling and perceived self-efficacy. It was recommended that offering community-based agricultural seminars such as those in this study be continued and expanded, as an important component in a pluralistic model of agricultural extension methodology for Sub-Saharan Africa. It was further recommended that farmers who adopt improved practices learned in training be identified specifically for further interventions related to implementation and diffusion of agricultural innovations.


Edema often complicates the course of recovery following surgery of the hand and may delay the return of normal function. This results in scarring and prolongs postoperative pain and discomfort. In our previous study, 1 the use of an orally administered proteolytic enzyme was shown to be of value, when added to the accepted regimen of proper postoperative care, in inhibiting edema and hastening recovery. This conclusion was based on objective measurements as well as clinical appraisal carried out on a double blind basis. Our data appeared to support many of the favorable reports in the literature based largely upon subjective observations. The favorable results which we obtained led us to extend our studies in order to gain further information and to validate our own conclusions. Materials and Methods A total of 54 consecutive patients who required hand surgery were included in this study. They were of either sex and


A new species of trichomycterid catfish, Trichomycterus pascuali , is described from Paranapanema basin and is distinguished from all congeners by the possession of five pectoral-fin rays and the absence of pelvic fin, girdle, and muscles. Additional features further differentiate the new species from the other congeners lacking pelvic fins, T. candidus , T. catamarcensis , and T. tropeiro . The identification of T. pascuali is additionally corroborated by genetic divergence based on DNA-barcode analysis. Osteological and myological data unequivocally support the inclusion of the new species in the Trichomycterinae and molecular analyses justify its allocation to the genus Trichomycterus rather than Eremophilus , a trichomycterine taxon traditionally diagnosed by the lack of pelvic fins. Our genetic analysis further indicates that pelvic fins were independently lost in E. mutisii , T. candidus , and T. pascuali .


Microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) is an important biomarker for predicting the effect of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) on advanced solid tumors. MSI-H is detected in various cancers, but its frequency varies by cancer type and stage. Therefore, precise frequency is required to plan ICIs therapy. In this study, the results of MSI test actually conducted in clinical practice were investigated. In total, 26,469 samples of various cancers were examined to determine if PD-1 blockade was indicated between December 2018 to November 2019. The results of MSI test were obtained for 26,237 (99.1%) among them. The male to female ratio was 51:49 and mean age was 64.3 years. In all the samples, overall frequency of MSI-H was 3.72%. By gender, the frequency of MSI-H was higher in female patients (4.75%) than in male patients (2.62%) (P < 0.001). A comparison by age revealed that the frequency of MSI-H was significantly higher in patients aged less than 40 years (6.12%) and 80 years or older (5.77%) than in patients aged between 60 and 79 years (3.09%) (P < 0.001). MSI-H was detected in 30 cancer types. Common cancer types were endometrial cancer, 16.85%; small intestinal cancer, 8.63%; gastric cancer, 6.74%; duodenal cancer, 5.60%; and colorectal cancer, 3.78%. MSI-H was detected in cancer derived from a wide variety of organs. The frequency of MSI-H varied by cancer types and onset age. These data should prove especially useful when considering ICI treatment. Supporting Information.


We demonstrate how information about eye blink frequency and head motion patterns derived from Google Glass sensors can be used to distinguish different types of high level activities. While it is well known that eye blink frequency is correlated with user activity, our aim is to show that (1) eye blink frequency data from an unobtrusive, commercial platform which is not a dedicated eye tracker is good enough to be useful and (2) that adding head motion patterns information significantly improves the recognition rates. The method is evaluated on a data set from an experiment containing five activity classes (reading, talking, watching TV, mathematical problem solving, and sawing) of eight participants showing 67% recognition accuracy for eye blinking only and 82% when extended with head motion patterns.


The steric influence of the ortho-alkyl group of the nitrobenzene substrate and the nucleophile on the reaction pathway is investigated.


Abstract Self-tapping dental implants offer the advantage of shortening the surgical insertion time of the implants and improve primary stability in poor bone quality. Using finite element analysis, a series of self-tapping implants with different diameters and lengths have been analysed with respect to their load transfer to the alveolar bone under axial and 45° loading conditions with a total force of 300 N. The implants were inserted in idealised bone beds with cortical thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm. The implants were considered to have osseointegrated condition. A linear decrease of the maximum stresses and strains in the bone around the implants was observed by increasing the diameter of the implants from 3.7 to 5.5 mm regardless of the length of these implants. Lateral loading of the implants caused a critical increase of the stresses and strains in the bone, in particular with the thin cortical layer of 2 mm. The determined biomechanical characteristics of the self-tapping implants showed their applicability in different bone qualities even with extreme reduced length of 7 mm.


This study presents the first record of Trinycteris nicefori Sanborn, 1949 from the Brazilian state of Pernambuco. The specimens were collected in the municipalities of Recife and São Lourenço da Mata in fragments of the Atlantic Forest. Three females were collected. The measurements and coloration pattern of these specimens are consistent with the diagnosis of the species. This record establishes a new limit for the known distribution of T. nicefori in Brazil, extending this range approximately 450 km to the most northeastern part of the Atlantic Forest.


Section headings: Preface. Background Issues. General Theories of Human Development: (a) Secular Theories. (b) Theories Embedded in Religious Traditions. Stages and Rates of Development: (a) Definitions of Stage and Rate. (b) Seven Stages of Life. Intellectual Development: (a) Mental Development in General. (b) Learning Processes. (c) Varieties of Intellectual Development. Psycho-Physical Development: (a) Influences on Psycho-Phsycial Development. (b) Developing Vision and Hearing. (c) Special Issues in Physical Development. Social and Cultural Interactions with Development: (a) Socialization and Acculturation. (b) Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior. (c) Factors affecting Socialization. Contributors index. Name index. Subject index.


Use and demand of traditional medicinal plants currently growing in the direction that research in traditional medicines have also increased. One of the plants that is efficacious as a medicine is bawang mekah ( Eleutherine americana Merr.). This plant is usually used by people as a traditional medicine to treat various diseases. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of bawang mekah leaves. Antioxidant activity assays performed using the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) that begins with the extraction by maceration. Dry leaves of bawang mekah (150 g) was soaked with ethanol 70% for 3x24 hours at room temperature. The liquid extract obtained is evaporated by rotary evaporator and waterbath till viscous extracts is obtained. Then to extract performed phytochemical screening and preliminary test with DPPH method by thin layer chromatography (TLC) with a mobile phase BAA (4:1:5). The antioxidant activity was measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and compared with vitamin C. The results of the phytochemical screening showed the extract contains flavonoids, saponins, phenols and tannins. In preliminary tests using KLT, gained 3 spots visualized with UV light 366 nm and sprayed with 0.2% DPPH. Third spot showed changes color to yellow with purple background that indicating the extract positive has antioxidant activity. The results of spectrophotometric measurements showed that the extract has the IC 50 at 31.97437 ug/ml, whereas vitamin C had a lower IC 50 value (3.90186 ug/ml).


The course offers an in-depth study of five celebrated novels that recount the stories of literary heroines and the men who loved them.


A study was conducted to examine rangeland resource utilisation practices of pastoralists and rangeland degradation in Rayitu district, south- east Ethiopia. A single-visit survey method was used to gather data through a structuredues- a structuredues- tionnaire (90 households), group discussions and direct observations. Free grazing of communal land (100%), use of enclosures (89%), division of herds based on species and class of animal (59%), migration (79%) and seasonal assessments of the condition of rangeland were the basic traditional rangeland management practices. About 91% of pastoralists indicated that the condition of their rangelands was poor. The most dominant use for woody plants was for construction (91%), fol- lowed by browse (68%) and medicinal purposes (25%). More than 86% of the respondents con- sidered that their grazing lands now carried more bushes and shrubs than they did 30 years ago. Feed and water shortages and drought were iden- tified as current challenges for pastoralists, with migration the main coping strategy, in spite of the hardships it entails. Rejuvenating the existing rangelands reuires the development of a range- land management strategy involving pastoralists and other stakeholders, with all participants fully committed to a successful outcome. A reduction in livestock numbers must be an essential compo- nent of any future strategy.


The diet of the Wrybill (Anarhynchus frontalis) and the Banded Dotterel (Charadrius bicinztus) was investigated on two New Zealand braided riverbeds using faecal analysis. There was high overlap in terms of taxonomic composition between the two species' diets, but large variability between individuals. Foods of aquatic and terrestrial (but near-aquatic) origin were consumed; mostly adult beetles (Coleoptera), bugs (Hemiptera) and flies (Diptera). Availability of these prey species relies on a suitable river flow regime.


Although open-domain question answering (QA) draws great attention in recent years, it requires large amounts of resources for building the full system and it is often difficult to reproduce previous results due to complex configurations. In this paper, we introduce SF-QA: simple and fair evaluation framework for open-domain QA. SF-QA framework modularizes the pipeline open-domain QA system, which makes the task itself easily accessible and reproducible to research groups without enough computing resources. The proposed evaluation framework is publicly available and anyone can contribute to the code and evaluations.


We consider a Markov chain model of influence in a network where inactive nodes can be activated by their active in-neighbors or by external factors. The activation time is a random variable whose parameters, or <italic>influence rates</italic>, depend on control variables whose values can be changed by the decision-maker (DM) seeking to allocate her limited budget to minimize the time until all nodes are active. We show that the optimization of either the expectation or the tail probabilities of the network activation time (NAT) is an intractable (EXPTIME) problem. Thus, we focus on a stochastic upper bound on the NAT and show that both its expectation and tail probabilities are minimized when the Markov chain's minimum sojourn rate is maximized. We provide performance guarantees for the <italic>network activation time optimization problem</italic> (NATP) with respect to the optimization of the expectation problem and show that the NATP becomes an efficiently solvable convex optimization problem when we have concave influence rates and a convex cost function. We also provide an efficient cut generation algorithm, which can solve many synthetic and real-life instances with more than <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^4$</tex-math></inline-formula> nodes and <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10^5$</tex-math></inline-formula> arcs in times ranging from a few seconds to a few minutes.


The objective of this paper was to develop an expert system (CAP_USO) to determine the land use capability in order to aid and speed up the decision-making process in land use planning. The system was developed by using CLIPS (C Language Integrated Production System), an expert system designed by NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). The slope and twelve other factors that limit the land use were considered in order to determine the land capability. The validation of the system showed that the CAP_USO was rigorous to determine the land capability because it considers the slope and takes into account other factors that present major restrictions to the land use. The technique for expert systems showed to be efficient to determine land capability, which facilitates the manipulation and the processing of the necessary information.


Factors associated with chronic exposure to warning-sign behaviour (WSB) in girls' romantic relationships need to be understood in order to develop responsive prevention programs. Data was provided by 152 Australian adolescent girls (M = 14.7 years, range = 13 to 17), 66 of whom reported recent relationship experience and exposure to at least one WSB. Guided by the dyadic slippery-slope model of chronic partner abuse, relationships were tested between frequency of WSB exposure, perceived WSB risk, confidence in self-agency, and assertive tendency in romantic relationships. Girls who reported more assertive responses to WSBs reported less frequent exposure to WSBs in the past 3 months. Risk sensitivity, while weakly related to assertiveness in non-WSB-exposed girls, was unrelated to assertive tendency in WSB exposed girls. Girls with greater WSB exposure had lower perceived self-agency, and lower perceived self-agency was associated with less assertiveness in response to Dominance and Possessiveness WSBs. These results are discussed in relation to dyadic slippery-slope theory, and point to the potential importance of strategically timed, empowerment-oriented programming in partner abuse prevention.


Increasing biophysical detail in multi physical, multiscale cardiac model will demand higher levels of parallelism in multi-core approaches to obtain fast simulation times. As an example of such a highly parallel multi-core approaches, we develop a completely distributed bidomain cardiac model implemented on the IBM Blue Gene/L architecture. A tissue block of size 50 times 50 times 100 cubic elements based on ten Tusscher et al. (2004) cell model is distributed on 512 computational nodes. The extracellular potential is calculated by the Gauss-Seidel (GS) iterative method that typically requires high levels of inter-processor communication. Specifically, the GS method requires knowledge of all cellular potentials at each of its iterative step. In the absence of shared memory, the values are communicated with substantial overhead. We attempted to reduce communication overhead by computing the extracellular potential only every 5th time step for the integration of the cell models. We also investigated the effects of reducing inter-processor communication to every 5th, 10th, 50th iteration or no communication within the GS iteration. While technically incorrect, these approximation had little impact on numerical convergence or accuracy for the simulations tested. The results suggest some heuristic approaches may further reduce the inter-processor communication to improve the execution time of large-scale simulations.


Nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is commonly used to treat various respiratory conditions including obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Several side effects related to the use of nasal CPAP are described in the literature. The side effects can cause patients to discontinue this effective therapy. We report 2 patients who used nasal CPAP for several years for the treatment of OSA and developed irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) from a CPAP nasal mask.


IF Dr. Rashdall's teaching fails to maintain itself when examined on general lines of criticism it fails still more signally under the test of reason. For here he has made the serious error of mistaking secondary for primary causes-confusing the (,AJnditions with the ground of forgiveness. It by no means follows that even though repentance were" the one condition" necessary for forgiveness that therefore it is the reason why, or the ground on which, God forgives penitents. Even if we were to grant that all which St. Paul has taught about faith, and all that can be deduced from the Synoptists and St. John could rightly be set aside, it would still remain to be proved that there is nothing behind repentance, no expiatory sacrifice, no act of adequate spiritual reparation, which makes it possible for repentance to be the only condition required by God for forgiveness. The objective view of the Atonement is in no way opposed to our Lord's teaching that repentance is a necessary condition of forgiveness. The disagreement is with Dr. Rashdall's theory, and it only arises when he assumes that this is the only ground of forgiveness--a position which he makes no attempt to prove, having overlooked the necessity for doing so. Here he seems to have fallen into a serious logical error which constitutes a grave, if not a fatal, flaw in his theory. In view of these various considerations the two great basic positions upon which his theory is built up-viz., (1) that the chief part of the New Testament, including the writings of SSe Paul, John, and Peter, owes the objective nature of its teaching on the Atonement to mistaken interpretations of the prophets by the early Church; and (2) that the teaching of our Lord Himself as found in the Synoptists is opposed to any objective theory of the Atonement-both these foundations of his theory are seriously undermined; and, consequently, all the great mass of textual criticism, immense learning, and careful special pleading by which the structure of his argument is built up, becomes useless for the purpose he had in view. It fails either to eliminate the objective idea of the Atonement or to establish his own Abelardian conception. The same failure attends his attack upon the objective theory from the philosophic position. All through his book we find the mistaken idea that vicarious suffering necessarily


F OR A MODEST SUM, Sigma Chemical Company will supply a diagnostic kit that will enable one to determine the glutathione reductase activity of the erythrocytes in a patient with hemolytic anemia. This kit or one or another assay procedure for glutathione reductase is used by conscientious physicians in the work-up of patients with chronic hemolysis. Unfortunately, the money and effort are wasted. Glutathione reductase deficiency does not produce chronic hemolytic anemia. Within the past two decades, recognition of clear-cut relationships between hemolytic disease and deficiencies of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase, and a number of other enzymes has greatly advanced our understanding of the origin of hemolytic disease and of certain basic aspects of red cell metabolism. Although the cause of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia has thus been correctly identified in some patients with this disorder, the etiology of hemolysis in other patients has eluded the investigator of red cell biochemistry. Quite naturally, such patients are being investigated in research laboratories with ever-enlarging panels of red cell enzyme assays. When deficiencies have been found, it has often been assumed that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between enzyme deficiency on the one hand and chronic hemolysis on the other. Glutathione reductase is a case in point. Many articles and reviews, even quite recent ones, have listed a deficiency of this enzyme as one of the causes of chronic hemolytic anemiaJ3 However, we now recognize that in the vast majority of cases, partial glutathione reductase deficiency is due to suboptimal riboflavin nutrition. 8 Glutathione reductase is an enzyme that contains flavine-adenine dinucleotide (FAD). In red cells its activity is markedly influenced by riboflavin intake.7 Whether nutritional or hereditary in origin, one thing is quite clear: partial glutathione reductase deficiency has no known hematologic effect. Virtually


Computer-controlled analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) parameters such as the minimum particle size, video threshold, digital clectron beam point spacing, video dwell time, X-ray counting time, and analysis mode, affect the time and accuracy of automated gunshot residue (GSR) particle analysis. The effects of these parameters on automated analysis of a GSR sample are described. This study was performed using custom-written software which includes several features, such as simultaneous energy and wavelength-dispersive X-ray analysis, that are not available in commercial packages. Proper setting of the backscattered electron (BSE) video threshold is critical for automated SEM/GSR particle analysis. Use of a calibrated BSE detector facilitates reproducible setting of the BSE video threshold. With the results from this and similar studies using different GSR samples, it should be possible to develop standard procedures for automated SEM/GSR particle analysis.


Objective To investigate the role of family with sequence similarity 3A(Fam3A) in high glucose-induced damage of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Methods HUVECs were divided into control group and high glucose group, which were cultured in endothelial cell medium (ECM) containing 5.5 mmol/L of glucose and ECM containing 33.3 mmol/L of glucose, respectively. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression of Fam3A, whereas the protein expression of Fam3A was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. HUVECs in control group and high glucose group were transfected with siNT and siFam3A, respectively, and the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS), ATP, mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate(OCR), and P-p38 protein were detected.Results After HUVECs had been cultured for 24h, the relative mRNA expression of Fam3A between high glucose group and control group was 2.52±0.19 (t=13.296,P=0.000). The Fam3A protein level was (173.82±33.28)pg/ml in the high glucose group, which was significantly higher than that [(39.45±33.78)pg/ml] in the control group (t=4.907,P=0.006). The intracellular ROS content in siNT-high glucose group was (8217±794)RFU, which was significantly higher than that [(3982±398)RFU] in siNT control group (t=15.109,P=0.002). The intracellular ROS content of siFam3A high glucose group was (11 910±1 001)RFU, significantly higher than that [(4171±402)RFU] of siFam3A control group (t=9.705,P=0.010) and than that of siNT high glucose group (t=4.026,P=0.048). The relative amounts of ATP synthesis in siNT high glucose group, siFam3A control group and siFam3A high glucose group were (61.2±5.6)%, (94.6±8.4)%, and (29.7±2.7)% of the siNT control group respectively; thus, it was significantly lower in siNT high glucose group than in siNT control group (t=12.001,P=0.007) and was also significantly lower in siFam3A high glucose group than in siFam3A control group (t=20.742,P=0.002) and in siNT high glucose group(t=18.814,P=0.003). The mitochondrial OCR was (0.57±0.05)pMO2/(μg protein·min) in siNT high glucose group, significantly lower than that [(1.12±0.09)pMO2/(μg protein·min)] of siNT control group (t=6.804,P=0.021). The mitochondrial OCR of siFam3A high glucose group was (0.31±0.03)pMO2/(μg protein·min), significantly lower than that [(1.01±0.09)pMO2/(μg protein·min)] of siFam3A control group (t=19.876,P=0.003), which was significantly lower than that of siNT high glucose group (t=21.444,P=0.002). The relative expression of P-p38 in siNT high glucose group, siFam3A control group, and siFam3A high glucose group was 2.239±0.353, 0.816±0.120, and 1.160±0.185, respectively; thus, it was significantly higher in the siNT high glucose group than in siNT control group (t=6.075,P=0.026); in addition, it was significantly higher in the siFam3A high glucose group than in siFam3A control group (t=6.242,P=0.024) and significantly lower than in siNT high glucose group (t=9.686,P=0.010). Conclusions High glucose can induce high expression of Fam3A in HUVECs. Knockdown of Fam3A gene expression can exacerbate the decrease of ATP synthesis and mitochondrial OCR caused by high glucose and promote the generation of ROS in high glucose. Fam3A may regulate high glucose-induced ROS production in HUVECs via the p38 MAPK signaling pathway.


ABSTRACT This article explores peace research as a field of knowledge production and the experience of peace practitioners when accessing this field. It aims to challenge the idea that peace research should only deal with knowledge production and not necessarily require scholars to directly engage in peace work as the practitioners do. The current knowledge-making space in peace research is impermeable to the practitioners. This impermeability emanates from the practitioners' training for urgent and practical solutions for distressed communities and not on knowledge production. Such impermeability creates a metropolic tendency for peace research, which practitioners have difficulty accessing. This paper argues that there is a need for peace research to transcend from its current approach of knowledge production for purposes of describing a phenomenon. Knowledge production should include advocating for direct community engagement as a moral obligation and ensure that the discipline makes sense to the community it operates.


Abstract This manuscript examines the political behavior of White union members, with a focus on the differences between private sector and public sector union members. In the last several decades, private sector union membership has drastically declined, but public sector union membership has greatly increased. This has transformed the White unionized workforce from a group composed primarily of non-professional men with no college education to one that is much more female, college educated, and professional. We test the proposition that White public sector union members have greater incentives to support the Democratic Party than their private sector counterparts. The method employed is an examination of the presidential vote among both unionized and non-unionized Whites during the 1950s and the 2000s, using data from the American National Election Studies. Support among unionized Whites for Democratic presidential candidates in the 2000s came primarily from college educated and professional White union members, which represents a reversal of the pattern found during the 1950s. These results provide evidence that the White union members currently voting for Democratic candidates belong mainly to public sector unions.


Aviation is one of the fastest growing sources of UK CO2 emissions and non-CO2 emissions from aviation are adding to climate change. Environmental campaigners argue that policy-makers need to implement measures that will curb the growth in passenger numbers, including a freeze on airport expansion and the imposition of new taxes. Campaigners have also questioned the economic benefits for the UK that result from supporting aviation. More than 80% of new air traffic movements in the last 10 years have been for leisure purposes. The current trend for 'voluntary offsetting' is discussed. The author was disappointed by the Eddington Review failing to recognise that additional charges might be justified as a way of managing airport congestion and prioritising trips. The 2006 pre-Budget report proposed a doubling of air passenger duty from 2007. The progress report on the 2003 aviation white paper endorsed the rise in air passenger duty but reiterated plans for a significant expansion in air trips and airports. Legislative proposals for including aviation in the EU Emissions Trading Scheme have bee released, but these do not address non-CO2 emissions from aviation and will not come into force until 2011. The UK government consider it is practical to discourage aviation growth and anticipate that technology will solve the problem.(A)


Metric differential privacy (mDP) is a modification of differential privacy that is more suitable when records can be represented in a general metric space, such as text data represented as word embed-dings or geographical coordinates on a map. We consider the task of releasing elements of the metric space under metric differential privacy where utility is measured as the distance of the released element to the original element. Linear programming (LP) can be used to construct a mechanism that achieves the optimal utility for a particular mDP constraint. However, these LPs suffer from a polynomial explosion of variables and constraints that render them impractical for solving real-world problems. An important question is how to design rigorous mDP mechanisms that balance the utility-scalability tradeoff. Our main contribution is a new method for reducing the LP size used to generate mDP mechanisms by constraining the search space such that certain input and output pairs have transition probabilities derived from the exponential mechanism. Our method produces mDP mechanisms whose LPs are smaller that all prior work in this area. We also provide a lower bound on the best possible mechanism utility. Our experiments on real-world metric spaces highlight the superior utility-scalability tradeoff of our mechanism.


The identification of radiosensitive individuals using test doses of radiation in vitro of blood samples allows one to manage the detriment of exposure to ionising radiation of members of the public and radiation workers. Current methodologies allow one to quantify radiation-induced apoptosis in lymphocytes (Leukocyte Apoptotic Assay – LAA), an endpoint controlled by molecular pathways as well as micronuclei induction, a cytogenetic type of measurement. In this study, blood from 10 donors was used to analyse radiation-induced apoptosis and micronuclei formations in each instance. Micronuclei formations in isolated lymphocytes were numerated in binucleated cells 72 hours after in vitro radiation exposure and leukocyte apoptosis was measured at 48 hours after in vitro radiation exposure. Variation in response for different individuals was noted and compared using both endpoints. However, no significant relationship could be established between the level of apoptosis and micronuclei frequency induced by a test dose of 2Gy of 6MV X-rays. The fundamental differences in these two endpoints, molecular and cytogenetic respectively, may be a possible reason for this. It is concluded that the measure of radiosensitivity of different individuals is dependent on the endpoint in question.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Rationale: Athletes present with atrioventricular node dysfunction manifesting as atrioventricular block. This can necessitate electronic pacemaker implantation, known to be more frequent in athletes with a long training history. Objective: Atrioventricular block in athletes is attributed to high vagal tone. Here, we investigated the alternative hypothesis that electrical remodeling of the atrioventricular node is responsible. Methods and Results: Radiotelemetry ECG data and atrioventricular node biopsies were collected in sedentary and trained Standardbred racehorses, a large-animal model of the athlete's heart. Trained horses presented with longer PR intervals (that persisted under complete autonomic block) versus sedentary horses, concomitant with reduced expression of key ion channels involved in atrioventricular node conduction: L-type Ca2+ channel subunit CaV1.2 and HCN4 (hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4). Atrioventricular node electrophysiology was explored further in mice; prolongation of the PR interval (in vivo and ex vivo), Wenckebach cycle length, and atrioventricular node refractory period were observed in mice trained by swimming versus sedentary mice. Transcriptional profiling in laser-capture microdissected atrioventricular node revealed striking reduction in pacemaking ion channels in trained mice, translating into protein downregulation of CaV1.2 and HCN4. Correspondingly, patch-clamp recordings in isolated atrioventricular node myocytes demonstrated a training-induced reduction in ICa,L and If density that likely contributed to the observed lower frequency of action potential firing in trained cohorts. MicroRNA (miR) profiling and in vitro studies revealed miR-211-5p and miR-432 as direct regulators of CaV1.2 and HCN4. In vivo miRs suppression or detraining restored training-induced PR prolongation and ion channel remodeling. Conclusions: Training-induced atrioventricular node dysfunction is underscored by likely miR-mediated transcriptional remodeling that translates into reduced current density of key ionic currents involved in impulse generation and conduction. We conclude that electrical remodeling is a key mechanism underlying atrioventricular block in athletes.


At the 2006 CEIDP, the authors described the principles of how molecular dielectrics are involved in the unique properties of polymer nanodielectrics. In this contribution, the focus is on the part played by molecular dielectrics in the construction and properties of the nano-particle-matrix interface. It can be noted that in some cases, the interface role and its specificity may dominate the situation over the gain realized from that of the nanoparticle surface.


The Quest Myth centers on transformation of consciousness, the hero's journey, human feelings, understanding, observation, actions, experiences, life and death. It undergoes on archetypal and spiritual growth of the time derived themes and ideas from a long standing, scenarios/socio-historical context. Primitive mental images inherited from the earliest human ancestors in Jungian theory are reflected in Laxmi Prasad Devkota's Muna Madan. It captures the mythical images and presents events relating with human feelings and thoughts in Jungian, Kallis, Kapell and Izod' framework. It subjectivizes on human cruelty, socio-cultural violence and dis-harmony representing the past reality and present changes as narrated in the text. This article presents a brief sketch of Devkota's orientation to mythical world. I have tried to examine the narratives in Muna Madan from mythical perspectives.


Abstract. An early warning system for drought events can provide valuable information
for decision makers dealing with water resources management and international
aid. However, predicting such extreme events is still a big challenge. In
this study, we compare two approaches for drought predictions based
on forecasted precipitation derived from the Ensemble extended forecast model (ENS) of the ECMWF, and on forecasted monthly occurrence anomalies of weather
regimes (MOAWRs), also derived from the ECMWF model. Results show that the MOAWRs approach outperforms the one based on forecasted
precipitation in winter in the north-eastern parts of the European continent,
where more than 65 % of droughts are detected 1 month in advance. The approach
based on forecasted precipitation achieves better performance in
predicting drought events in central and eastern Europe in both spring and
summer, when the local atmospheric forcing could be the key driver of the
precipitation. Sensitivity tests also reveal the challenges in predicting
small-scale droughts and drought onsets at longer lead times. Finally, the results show that the ENS model of the ECMWF successfully
represents most of the observed linkages between large-scale atmospheric
patterns, depicted by the weather regimes and drought events over Europe.


This work presents a novel regularization method for the identification of Nonlinear Autoregressive eXogenous (NARX) models. The regularization method promotes the exponential decay of the influence of past input samples on the current model output. This is done by penalizing the sensitivity of the NARX model simulated output with respect to the past inputs. This promotes the stability of the estimated models and improves the obtained model quality. The effectiveness of the approach is demonstrated through a simulation example, where a neural network NARX model is identified with this novel method. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed regularization approach improves the model accuracy in terms of simulation error performance compared to that of other regularization methods and model classes.


It has been accepted that parasympathetic innervation of submandibular gland is chorda tympani. This experiment is to study the influence of secretion and histopathologic change after section and suture of the chorda tympani.A total of 33 adult mongrel dogs were used in the study. The animals were divided into the nerve section group and the nerve suture group. The chorda tympani of 12 dogs were cutted at 1cm from the submandibular gland. It was the nerve section group. Then after sectioning of the chorda tympani, the nerves of 21 dogs were sutured immediately with 10-0 mono-filament nylon sutures. This was the nerve suture group. The functional and morphological studies were carried out at various time intervals after the surgery.The following results were obtained:1. In the nerve section group, the gland weight was decreased to about 50% of the control group at the 8th week after the surgery. In the nerve suture group, the gland weight was decreased to about 40% of the control group at the 8th week. But at the 12th week, the gland increased its weight, and recovered to almost normal gland weight at 24th week.2. The secretion of the submandibular gland, in the nerve section group, decreased gradually after the operation, and at the 8th week, no secretion was observed. On the other hand, the nerve suture group, the secretion started to recover at 12th week, and at the 24th week, about 80% of secretion of the control group was observed.3. Histopathological finding showed that cells of the submandibular gland started to atrophy after the surgery, and at the 24th week after the sectioning, most of the cells were atrophied. However in the nerve suture group, the recovery of the cells were observed in all cases, and these recovered to the normal morphology at the 24th week.


Titanium alloys have outstanding mechanical properties such as high hardness, a
good strength-to-weight ratio and high corrosion resistance. However, their low
thermal conductivity and high chemical affinity to tool materials severely impairs their
machinability with conventional techniques. Conventional machining of Ti-based
alloys is typically characterized by low depth of cuts and relatively low feed rates,
thus adversely affecting the material removal rates (MRR) during the machining
process. Ultrasonically assisted turning (UAT) is an advanced machining technique,
in which ultrasonic vibration is superimposed on a cutting tool. UAT was shown to
improve machinability of difficult-to-machine materials, such as ceramics, glass or
hard metals. UAT employment in the industry is, however, currently lacking due to
imperfect comprehensive knowledge on materials' response and difficulties in
obtaining consistent results.
In this work, significant improvements in the design of a UAT system were performed
to increase dynamic and static stiffness of the cutting head. Concurrent
improvements on depth-of-cut controls allowed precise and accurate machining
operations that were not possible before. Effects of depth of cut and cutting speed
were investigated and their influence on the ultrasonic cutting process evaluated.
Different cutting conditions -from low turning speeds to higher recommended levelwere
analysed. Thermal evolution of cutting process was assessed, and the
obtained results compared with FE simulations to gain knowledge on the
temperatures reached in the cutting zone. The developed process appeared to
improve dry turning of Ti-15-3-3-3 with significant reduction of average cutting forces.
Improved surface quality of the finished work-piece was also observed. Comparative
analyses with a conventional turning (CT) process at a cutting speed of 10 m/min
showed that UAT reduced the average cutting forces by 60-65% for all levels of ap
considered. Temperature profiles were obtained for CT and UAT of the studied alloy.
A comparative study of surface and sub-surface layers was performed for CT- and
UAT-processed work-pieces with notable improvements for the UAT-machined ones.
Two- to three-fold reductions of surface roughness and improvements of other
surface parameters were observed for the UAT- machined surfaces. Surface
hardness for both the CT- and UAT-machined surfaces was investigated by microindentation.
The intermittent cutting of the UAT-process resulted in reduction of
hardening of the sub-surface layers. Optical and electronic metallographic analyses
of cross-sectioned work-pieces investigated the effect of UAT on the grain structure
in material's sub-surface layers. Backscatter electron microscopy was also used to
evaluate the formation of α-Ti during the UAT cutting process. No grain changes or
α-precipitation were observed in both the CT- and UAT-machined work-pieces.


The use of computer graphics to study the three-dimensional structure of tissues within an organism such as a human is considered. A system called Sterecon, which uses stereo views of thick sections of tissues and a high-voltage electron microscope, is described. Contours of structures are traced in stereo and entered into a graphics database. Using thick sections decreases the work by ten- to twenty-fold. The database can be manipulated to display cellular organization using various graphics representations.<<ETX>>


The movements of prices can be differently felt by consumers according to their income and spending structure. Starting from the recognition, this paper calculates the democratic CPI that reflects well the prices that consumers feel using the Household Survey data since 2010 collected by the Statistics Korea (KOSTAT). It aims to explore how big the gaps between the democratic and official CPI Growth rates as well as among different income or age groups. The current official CPI is calculated by weighting price index for a certain item with the ratio of the item to total household expenditures. On the other hand, the democratic CPI uses a value of simple average of the expenditure ratio of individual households as a weighted value for the item. The results show that the Growth rate of the democratic CPI of households whose income levels are the bottom 50% or householders are in their 60s and 70s is higher than that of the official CPI by an annual average of 0.3~0.7% during the period from 2011 to 2012 when the overall inflation rate had been high. In addition, the gap among different householder age groups in terms of the Growth rate of the democratic CPI has been widened by up to 3%p since 2011, implying that the price recognition of different household groups can be significantly different. In particular, it is noteworthy that since the latter half of 2013 when low inflation began to be pronounced, the Growth rate of the democratic CPI for the group of householders in their 20s and 30s has continuously exceeded those for the rest groups. It seems that a high burden of housing costs for the group with a relatively high weighted value of those costs such as Jeonse price is reflected in this trend.


Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. OBJECTIVES: This systematic review and meta-analysis compared the use of saline to balanced crystalloid for fluid resuscitation in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DATA SOURCES: We searched databases including Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane registry. STUDY SELECTION: We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared saline to balanced crystalloid in patients with DKA. DATA EXTRACTION: We pooled estimates of effect using relative risk for dichotomous outcomes and mean differences (MDs) for continuous outcomes, both with 95% CIs. We assessed risk of bias for included RCTs using the modified Cochrane tool and certainty of evidence using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. DATA SYNTHESIS: We included eight RCTs (n = 482 patients). Both time to DKA resolution (MD, 3.51 hr longer; 95% CI, 0.90 longer to 6.12 longer; moderate certainty) and length of hospital stay (MD, 0.89 d longer in saline group; 95% CI, 0.34 longer to 1.43 d longer; moderate certainty) are probably longer in the saline group compared with the balanced crystalloid group, although for the latter, the absolute difference (under 1 d) is small. Post-resuscitation serum chloride level may be higher (MD, 1.62 mmol/L higher; 95% CI, 0.40 lower to 3.64 higher; low certainty), and post-resuscitation serum bicarbonate is probably lower (MD, 1.50 mmol/L; 95% CI, 2.33 lower to 0.67 lower; moderate certainty) in those receiving saline. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with DKA, the use of saline may be associated with longer time to DKA resolution, higher post-resuscitation serum chloride levels, lower post-resuscitation serum bicarbonate levels, and longer hospital stay compared with balanced crystalloids. Pending further data, low to moderate certainty data support using balanced crystalloid over saline for fluid resuscitation in patients with DKA.


The increasing pollution of water resources in Malaysia over the past few years is being concern. If water is •
 not properly maintained from now, the country would lose our water resources by 2020. As example, the water crisis in Selangor began to occur as a result of the quantity of Water that reaches the standard class 1, 2 and 2b, which
currently only less than-25 percent of the total 142.38 miles. This shows that only 49 miles of river in Selangor are suitable to be treated due to the total water quality that meets the highest standards of clean drinking water. The purpose of this study was to determine the wastewater characteristics such as pH, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Suspended Solid (TSS) and Ammonium Nitrogen (NI-h--N), to determine the effect of 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours of hydraulic retention time (HIRT) treatment on wastewater quality and to determine the growth of adopted vegetable during treatment. Aquaphonics system is used to treat
wastewater from catfish (Clarias Batrachus). This aquaphonics system provides many benefits to our environment and society. Among the advantages of this aquaphonics
system are it can preserve and protecting our environment from pollution, contribute to the society in preventing the community from any harm and danger of chemicals and can reduce cost life since this aquaphonics system can producing fish and vegetable that are free from chemical. Aquaphonics system allows us to replace traditional agriculture where a used fertilizer, which is contains many, chemicals. Water resources pollution which is particularly rivers and lakes in Malaysia can be reduced. The results showed
that the pH value is at a safe level of 6.5 - 7.5 throughout the study. It can be concluded that the pH can be controlled depending on the rate of the wastewater temperature in the
aquarium and the reaction between the unclean fish and vegetables. The value of BOD, COD and NH3 -N also increase in first three weeks of study. The value o all parameter was decrease where the BOD value from 41.7 mg/L to 33.5 mg/L, the COD value also from 203 mg/L to 102 mg/L, the TSS value from 148 mg/L to 29 mgIL and the NH3-N value from 2.53 mg/L to 1.29 mg/L. The value of this all parameters decreases and
become better start at the fourth week of the study. The growth mustard (brasica fuller
var chinensis) showed a decline in the early stages but got better start in week four. This
is because some mustard dies due to the un-ability to hold water when conducting the testing of effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT). The collected data can be applied
and restored to make the better results and outcome in future. This data can be used in our agricultural sector.


The implications of cumulative land-use decisions and shifting climate on forests, require us to integrate our understanding of ecosystems, markets, policy, and resource management into a social-ecological system. Humans play a central role in macrosystem dynamics, which complicates ecological theories that do not explicitly include human interactions. These dynamics also impact ecological services and related markets, which challenges economic theory. Here, we use two forest macroscale management initiatives to develop a theoretical understanding of how management interacts with ecological functions and services at these scales and how the multiple large-scale management goals work either in consort or conflict with other forest functions and services. We suggest that calling upon theories developed for organismal ecology, ecosystem ecology, and ecological economics adds to our understanding of social-ecological macrosystems. To initiate progress, we propose future research questions to add rigor to macrosystem-scale studies: (1) What are the ecosystem functions that operate at macroscales, their necessary structural components, and how do we observe them? (2) How do systems at one scale respond if altered at another scale? (3) How do we both effectively measure these components and interactions, and communicate that information in a meaningful manner for policy and management across different scales?


Abstract Landfills, even properly designed, constructed, and operated, are facilities that in the future can be a potential source of pollution of surface and groundwater and atmospheric air. Especially, old municipal landfills were very often established in inappropriate soil and water conditions, which contributed much more to the release of toxic leachate into the ground. This happened due to lack of sufficient regulation and control systems in this area. Reclamation of degraded sites became a kind of rescue for contaminated areas. However, this process was not always carried out in a proper way. This study presents the trends of landfills sealing and their reclamation over the years in different countries.


INTRODUCTION
Despite the possibility of providing palliative care, the global requests of patients to be included in assisted suicide and euthanasia pathways have significantly increased in the last 15 years. According to the law, the discussion on these procedures is still open in many countries, including Italy. Therefore, it is important to investigate the opinion of health care workers.

METHODS
A questionnaire was designed and administered to nurses working in two hospitals in Milan, with the aim of investigating their opinion and working propensity in the context of assisted suicide. The instrument has undergone a preliminary validation process to in order to asses its psychometric properties.

RESULTS
The opinions of the sample (n=430) were mostly in favor of assisted suicide and euthanasia; however, as regards "propensity", only a small majority was in favor or very much in favor of working in contexts where the procedures described above were practiced, with increase in undecided and in those against.

DISCUSSION
According to the Italian law in force, anyone participating in assisted suicide or euthanasia procedures would be prosecuted by law; this implies that healthcare professionals do not have direct knowledge of assisted dying procedures and could be an explanation for the large numbers of undecided respondents in the last questions of the questionnaire. In spite of the limitations of the survey carried out, consisting mainly in the limited sample and in the monocentric design, the opinion of the staff seems to be largely in favor of the patient's freedom of choice; it is likely that similar percentages are justified by a deep-rooted direct experience in a general situation where the assistance that can be provided to the patient is not sufficient.


The fragments of essays of the newspaper "Kuban Regional Vedomosti", which was published in Yekaterinodar at the beginning of the 20th century are provided in the article. It is noted that during this period, printed periodicals were the only source of information about the events of the Russan-Japanese War (1904-1905), accessible to wide strata of society living in various regions of the Russian Empire. The presented results of the analysis of articles, essays and notes about the Battle of Tsushima and the activities of Admiral Z. P. Rozhestvensky allow us to judge what information was disseminated in Russian society through the periodical press. The author of this article, based on the publications of the newspaper "Kuban Regional Vedomosti", explores the opinions of Russian and foreign military experts on the strategies and tactics of the Russian military command. The main attention is paid to the analysis of articles that describe the movements of the Russian naval squadron from the Baltic Sea to Vladivostok and the largest naval battle of the beginning of the 20th century near Tsushima Island. The relevance of the problems is due to the fact that in historical science there is no consensus on the causes of military defeat, as well as on the role of Z. P. Rozhestvensky. The degree of information content of the publications of the newspaper "Kuban Regional Vedomosti" about the events of the Russan-Japanese War is estimated, the pro-government ideological orientation of this periodical is illustrated with concrete examples.


We present a 24-year-old man and a 31-year-old woman who complained of persistent back pain with osteoid osteoma of the thoracic spine. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a round sclerotic lesion in the posterior element of the thoracic spine, although their plain radiographs showed no abnormalities except a slight scoliosis. The patients underwent total excision of the tumor via a posterior approach. They are currently asymptomatic with no recurrence of the lesion and have returned to full activity. The thin slice CT is one of the most important diagnostic tools for osteoid osteoma of the spine.


Interest in methods to provide drugs at lower cost, particularly for the elderly, has rekindled
discussion over the role the federal government plays in facilitating the creation of new
pharmaceuticals for the marketplace. This report explores the issue of whether or not the
substantial federal investment in health-related research and development (R&D) entitles the
public to commensurate consideration in prices charged for any resulting drugs. It is intended
to provide the reader with an understanding of the rationale for government support of R&D
and subsequent efforts to facilitate private sector commercialization of new technologies
generated from such work. Concerns surrounding innovation in pharmaceuticals and
biotechnology are discussed within the broader context of the federal role in facilitating
technological progress.


In this article, we present implementation details of a generative satellite maritime propagation channel model at L-Band. In an earlier paper [1], we presented the parameterization of the channel model for the narrowband case based on recordings of GPS L1 C/N0 time-series in different sea state conditions. Additionally, we performed wider band measurements using GPS E5a (≈ 10 Mcps—chips per second— >20 MHz bandwidth) and obtained estimations of power delay profiles. Due to lack of dynamic range and delay resolution, in these measurements, no conclusive information was gathered on the time spreading caused by the channel. What was clear is that the time spreading was not significant outside the first signal chip, i.e., ≈ 0.1μs. Still wideband modeling is required within this spreading range. Now, we want to extend the model [1] to the wideband case. To achieve this goal, we have used a rough surface scattering model applicable to sea surfaces and employed it to characterize the time dispersion to be expected. Additionally, we also used this scattering model to help verify the validity of the existing Doppler spread model. Furthermore, ship movements in the waves play a role. We try and analyze this issue. Finally, we present a detailed discussion on various implementation issues we came across when coding the simulator.


To improve the health and quality of life of patients suffering from neural degeneration diseases or brain and spinal cord injuries, much research has been dedicated to the repairing and regeneration of neural tissues. Although allogenic grafts have no supply limitation, they often cause undesirable immune responses. Thus, autologous grafts are usually used to treat neural defects. However, the short life of nerves and a mismatch of nerve cable dimension between the donor graft and the receptor nerve limit its clinical applications [1]. Nerve tissue engineering has emerged as a highly promising alternative strategy to neural therapy, aimed at rebuilding the lesioned circuits of the central and peripheral nervous systems, while minimizing body's immune responses with engineered nerves [2].


We encountered an 80-year-old man with sudden bilateral visual disturbance. When he was admitted to the hospital, his blood pressure was 138/70 mmHg, and an ECG revealed atrial fibrillation. Neurological examination showed only bilateral homonymous hemianopsia with no nystagmus or impairment of eye movement. He did not have paralysis cerebellar ataxia, or speech disturbance. Therefore, there was no evidence of obstruction of the thalamogeniculate or thalamoperforating artery. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed cerebral infarctions in both occipital lobes. Perimetry showed bilateral homonymous hemianopsia; the left side of the macula was spared. The lack of neurological deficit other than bilateral homonymous hemianopsia indicates that only the right and left cortical branches of the posterior cerebral artery were occluded.


This paper describes modeling of the efficiency of fibrous filters using numerical simulation and X-ray computerized tomography (XCT). Variations in the flow field within the filter due to particle accumulation and structural inhomogeneities are taken into account in the mathematical model. Both the theoretical results and the experimental XCT data (digital images) showed that in the depth filtration process analyzed there is graded particle accumulation. Larger particles form bridges and can improve the collection for smaller particles during the filtration time. It is also found that smaller particles tend to promote a more pronounced pressure drop.


1. A technique has been developed to isolate the first basalar (BA1) motoneurone of the locust (Schistocerca gregaria) from its ganglionic environment. The isolated neurone soma remained viable (often for up to 9hrs), enabling its electrophysiological and pharmacological properties to be investigated. The findings of these studies were comparable with those from the BA1 motoneurone in situ, and with other insect neurones whether studied in vitro or in situ. 2. The application of selected agonists to the isolated BA1 motoneurone soma demonstrated the presence of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, GABA receptors and dopamine (DA) receptors. The membrane depolarization evoked by nicotine was blocked by BTX, while the GABA- induced membrane hyperpolarization response was sensitive to picrotoxin. Muscarinic receptor and DA receptor activation both induced membrane depolarization which was evoked without a detectable change in membrane conductance. The ionic dependency of these agonist-induced responses is discussed. 3. When applied between pressure applications of GABA, DA could induce either membrane depolarization or hyperpolarization, both of which were associated with an increase in membrane conductance. Furthermore, the amplitude and/or duration of the GABA response was potentiated by DA. Possible mechanisms underlying these observations are proposed. 4. Using the Ca2+-sensitive fluorescence probe, fluo-3, and confocal laser scarming microscopy, the effects of the muscarinic agonist, McN A-343, and DA on [Ca2+]i in the isolated BA1 motoneurone were examined. McN evoked an increase in [Ca2+]i, whilst DA evoked a decrease in [Ca2+]i. Similar observations were made from isolated cockroach fast coxal depressor (Df) motoneurones. The cellular events underlying these observations are discussed. 5. A technique was established to maintain dissociated unidentified adult locust neurones in culture for up to two weeks; a similar protocol was used to maintain isolated BA1 motoneurones in culture. Electrophysiological recording techniques demonstrated that the neurones remained viable in culture.


A case of an 11-year-old boy is presented who had developed a severe nephrotic syndrome with massive edema, ascites, hydrothorax (protein loss with the urine up to 19 gr/24 h) 7 months after a successful kidney transplantation from a 16 years dead donor and a successfully treated crisis of transplant rejection by a good tissue compatibility. The needle renal biopsy revealed membranous glomerulonephritis I-II histological stage with data of rejection crisis by a basic disease of vesicoureteral refluxes and chronic pyelonephritis. Treatment with heparin, dipyridamole, human albumin, diuretics, sandimun and prednisolone led to a substantial improvement--mastered nephrotic syndrome, lowered to 1 g/24 h proteinuria and normal renal function.


BACKGROUND
The dissipation behavior, pre-harvest interval and dietary risk of carbosulfan, dimethoate, and their relevant metabolites were investigated in greenhouse cucumber in Tianjin, northern China, to ensure raw consumption safety.

RESULTS
Carbosulfan was metabolized to carbofuran, dibutylamine, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran, and dimethoate was degraded to omethoate in cucumber fruits and leaves. The dissipation of carbosulfan, carbofuran, 3-hydroxycarbofuran and dimethoate fitted first-order kinetics well, with R2 ranging from 0.912 to 0.992, and their half-lives were 2.6, 2.7, 2.4 and 5.2 days in cucumber fruits and 2.8, 3.0, 4.6 and 2.5 days in leaves, respectively. The estimated daily intakes of the active ingredients and their relevant metabolites were 0.1-4% of the corresponding acceptable daily intakes. Acute oral exposure to carbofuran (a metabolite of carbosulfan) represented 367% of the acute reference dose (ARfD) for 1-6-year-old Chinese children and 227% for the general Chinese population.

CONCLUSION
A minimum pre-harvest interval of 12 days for carbosulfan is proposed to ensure safe consumption of cucumber. The slow dissipation rate of omethoate in cucumber reveals that a longer pre-harvest interval (≥ 27 days) is necessary to prevent dietary risk when dimethoate is applied to cucumber. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.


This research has been developed in the city of Esmeraldas, which is one of the poorest urban centers of Ecuador. Historically, the economic dynamics of the city have been related to the extraction of natural resources, but little has been invested in local populations. The objectives of this paper are, first, to create a predictive scenario of urban growth linked to future climate projections for Esmeraldas, with a focus on vulnerability to landslides and flooding; and second, to generate methodological advances related to the linkage between urban growth simulation and the downscaling of global models for climate change. This paper is based on spatially explicit simulation, Cellular Automata (CA), to capture the dynamics of urban processes. CA is linked to the analysis of vulnerability to climate change based on socioeconomic conditions and is focused on flooding- and landslide-exposed areas. We found that the proportion of Afro-Ecuadorian people and the risk of landslides and flooding are positively related to urban growth. Based on our future scenarios, the urban growth area in Esmeraldas will increase 50% compared to the year 2016. Moreover, if the existing trends continue, natural vegetation—including mangroves—will be removed by that time, increasing the vulnerability to climate change.


Low exercise tolerance is associated with poor thoracic surgical outcomes. Preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation (PPR) can optimize individuals9 exercise tolerance and overall medical stability before lung cancer resection surgery. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of pulmonary rehabilitation before lung cancer surgery. METHODS: A total of 15 male patients (66.6±5.87 years) with the diagnosis of non small cell lung cancer were enrolled a comprehensive, multidisciplinary, supervised inpatient PR program, consisted of bronchial hygiene, breathing control, energy conservation techniques, exercise training (endurance and strength), psychological support, nutritional support. Exercise capacity and VO2 peak were evaluated by using incremental shuttle walk test (ISWT). Dyspnea sensation was assessed with MRC scale, psychological status with Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, on admission and after PPR. The values before and after PPR was given in
 RESULTS: After minimum 2 week daily multidisplinary PPR program a significant reduction of MRC and HADS scores were recorded while ISWT and VO2 peak increased CONCLUSIONS: Thus, pulmonary rehabilitation before lung cancer surgery is potentially an attractive technique for optimizing preoperative exercise capacity, dyspnea sensation and psychological status and conceivably, in turn, reducing postoperative respiratory complications.


ABSTRACT Relations between neuroticism, social anxiety, and generic and specific willingness to volunteer were examined among psychology undergraduates (N = 196). Based on previous research and speculation, with each of the willingness to volunteer criteria, and either without or with statistical control for age, sex, and international student status, the following hypotheses were tested: (1) Neuroticism negatively correlates with willingness to volunteer; (2) Social anxiety negatively correlates with willingness to volunteer; (3) Controlling for social anxiety substantially reduces or eliminates the relation between neuroticism and willingness to volunteer; and (4) Controlling for neuroticism does not substantially reduce or eliminate the relation between social anxiety and willingness to volunteer. For generic willingness to volunteer, Hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported with but not without the three demographic controls. For specific willingness to volunteer, both hypotheses were confirmed with or without demographic controls. Hypotheses 3 and 4 also were supported with each criterion.


Ground-based telescopes coupled with adaptive optics (AO) have been playing a leading role in exoplanet direct imaging science and technological development for the past two decades and will continue to have an indispensable role for the next decade and beyond. Over the next decade, extreme AO systems on 8-10m telescopes will 1) mitigate risk for WFIRST-CGI by identifying numerous planets the mission can spectrally characterize, 2) validate performance requirements and motivate improvements to atmosphere models needed to unambiguously characterize solar system-analogues from space, and 3) mature novel technological innovations useful for space. Extremely Large Telescopes can deliver the first thermal infrared (10 $\mu m$) images of rocky planets around Sun-like stars and identify biomarkers. These data provide a future NASA direct imaging flagship mission (i.e. HabEx, LUVOIR) with numerous exo-Earth candidates and critical ancillary information to help clarify whether these planets are habitable.


Flood is the most frequent natural disaster occurring in Malaysia. In 2014, Perak has encountered flood with unprecedented damages on people and facilities. The objectives of this study were to establish the causative factors and extent of flood in 2014 in Perak, and to derive a feasible mitigation framework for future risk reduction. Two-dimensional (2D) modelling was conducted using the application of QGIS and Flood Modeller developed by CH2M. Excessive rainfall intensity, especially during the last two weeks of December 2014 which partly amplified by the excessive discharge by dam, were generally identified as the main causative factors. Other localized factors such as low-lying area and residency along high risk river reserve were also found to contribute further to this recent unprecedented flood in Perak. Flood extent from the modelling compared reasonably well with field data. A mitigation framework in terms of operational pre-release method during flood for dams and relocation of residency that is potential for future flood event were assessed based on the factors and results from modelling.
Keywords: Perak River, Hydrologic Modelling, Flood Modeller, GIS


The objective of this study was to estimate the size of morphological sexual maturity based on the study of relative growth, to determine the maximum size of individuals, and to determine if there are different morphotypes of males in a population of Macrobrachium amazonicum with an entirely freshwater life cycle. Collections were made monthly, with the use of a net, from September 2006 through August 2007. In each individual, the following structures were measured: carapace length (CL, in mm), width of the second pleuron (PlL, mm), length of the carpus (CaL, mm), and length of the propodus (PrL, mm). Relative growth was analyzed by observing the change in growth patterns of certain parts of the body in relation to the independent variable CL. The maximum sizes found were 8.5 and 11.4 mm CL for males and females, respectively. The morphometric variables: length of the carpus (CL × CaL) for males, and width of the second pleuron (CL × PlL) for females gave the best estimates for the size at maturation, which was 4.26 mm CL for males and 5.39 mm CL for females. The growth pattern in the different stages and the beginning of differential growth seemed to be closely related to reproductive aspects. No indices were found that separated the males into four different morphotypes, as proposed in the literature for coastal or artificially farmed populations. Only the male morphotype termed translucent claw was found in this population. The different morphological patterns in different regions are probably explained by ecological differences in the environments inhabited by these groups, principally in the availability of nutrients and the salinity in which the larvae develop.


The percutaneous intra-articular transtendon (PITT) technique has recently been shown to have results comparable to those of more accepted techniques. Its mode of failure was secondary to the suture pulling through the tendon substance. A modification was made whereby the tendon is locked within the suture configuration in an attempt to avoid pullout. We compared this new technique with a well-accepted technique of all-arthroscopic interference screw. In each of 8 pairs of cadaveric shoulders (mean age, 55 years; range, 51-59 years), one shoulder was randomized to be treated with either modified PITT or interference screw (Biceptor; Smith & Nephew) biceps tenodesis, and the other shoulder was treated with the other technique. The tendons were preloaded at 10 N and then cycled at 0 to 50 N for 100 cycles at 1 Hz. Load to failure was calculated at a rate of 1.0 mm per second until peak load was observed. Mean (SD) ultimate load to failure was 157 (41) N for the modified PITT technique and 107 (29) N for the interference screw technique (P = .003). In 7 of 8 specimens, the interference screw technique failed at the junction of the tendon, the screw, and the bone interface. In 7 of 8 specimens, the PITT technique failed by the tendon slipping through the suture or pulling through transverse ligament/rotator interval tissue. Study results showed the modified PITT technique was a biomechanically superior construct.


To characterize a set of synthetic resins, a methodology by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) has been developed. The studied reference materials were commercial versions of a wide range of synthetic resins. For each polymer, the pyrolytic and chromatographic conditions were optimized to adequately resolve the fragment mixture in a short time. The proposed analytical method does not require previous treatment of the sample, and due to its high sensitivity, only a small sample quantity in the microgram range can be used. The pyrolysis temperature was found to have little effect on the obtained pyrograms. The summarized data set for the individual polymer materials, especially the characteristic fragments with a structure close to the monomeric unit, was useful to identify commercial synthetic resins. These materials were used in the art and conservation field, as binding media, paint additives, painting varnishes, coatings, or consolidants. Two case studies are introduced where direct Py-GC/MS and thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation GC/MS were applied on art objects: first, a modern gluing material of a medieval reverse glass painting, and the second example, the binding medium of a painting by Georg Baselitz ("Senta", 1992/1993) from the Sammlung Moderne Kunst at the Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich.


Environment ministers from 178 nations meeting in Bonn, Germany, reached a broad political agreement July 23 on the rules for the Kyoto Protocol on climate change. The agreement, which came despite United States opposition to the treaty, keeps the protocol alive and on track for potential final approval later this year by the signatories.

Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi, who indicated he prefers U.S. participation, said he was basically pleased with the outcome of the negotiations. "I welcome the basic agreement on 'core elements' which has been consequently reached,' he said.


Crystals of ${\mathrm{BaLu}}_{2}{\mathrm{F}}_{8}$ doped with ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ 1.0 and 4.5 % were studied by high-resolution optical absorption, luminescence, and excitation spectroscopy in the temperature range 10--300 K with particular focus on the role of the two crystallographically different sites for the dopant ions in this host, referred to here as ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ``A'' and ``B.'' Efficient green upconversion luminescence was observed at all temperatures between 10 and 300 K under both excitation into ${}^{4}{I}_{11/2}$ around 980 nm and into ${}^{4}{I}_{9/2}$ around 800 nm. For both excitation wavelengths excited state absorption (ESA) and energy transfer upconversion (ETU) were found to be active and could, in the case of ${}^{4}{I}_{11/2}$ excitation, be identified on the basis of time-resolved measurements. At 10 K, the ${}^{4}{I}_{11/2}$ and the ${}^{4}{I}_{9/2}$ excited states shows completely different behavior: whereas with ${}^{4}{I}_{9/2}$ excitation the ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ``A'' and ``B'' sites act independently of each other, a directional ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ $``B\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{''}``A''$ energy transfer is observed upon ${}^{4}{I}_{11/2}$ excitation, leading to predominantly ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ ``A'' ETU luminescence. In contrast, upconversion luminescence excited via the ${}^{4}{I}_{11/2}\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{ESA}$ mechanism mainly occurs from ${\mathrm{Er}}^{3+}$ site ``B.'' Measured oscillator strengths of the observed $f\ensuremath{-}f$ transitions are modeled using a Judd-Ofelt calculation, from which relevant ESA oscillator strengths are estimated.


Background: The important goal of undergraduate medical training is to train doctors who would undergo further training to become specialists in various fields of clinical medicine. The admission into the specialty training programame depends largely on the pool of undergraduate medical students who have passed qualifications exams and are willing to choose and undergo training in a given clinical specialty. There are many factors considered by medical students when they make up their minds to choose a clinical specialty. This study seeks to determine the medical student preference for the clinical specialty and the factors that they consider in making such choice. Methods: This is a cross-sectional questionnaire based multicentre study in 3 accredited medical training institutions in Nigeria. Final year medical students who were willing to participate in the study filled out the questionnaires for fifteen minutes.  Information on their age, gender, specialty of preference and reason for choosing a particular clinical specialty were sought. Results: A total of 187 final year students took part in the study. Most of the students where in 21 – 30 year age range. Obstetrics and Gynaecology (24.9%), Surgery (18.9%), Internal medicine (14.1%) and Paediatics (8.1%), where the top clinical specialties preferred by the respondents. The less preferred specialties where Pathology  (2.7%), radiology (1.1%) ophthalmology (4.3%), ENT (0%). Personal liking  (51.9%), society perception (13.0%), financial reward (8.1%); where the most considered reasons for the choice of specialty. Conclusion: Medical students prefer to choose core-clinical specialty based on personal liking, financial reward and society perception. Keyword: Medical Students' Preference; Clinical Specialties; Nigeria


Families of confined rotating monopolar vortices are characterized using a variational formulation with the angular momentum as the driving force for confinement. The characterization for positive monopolar vortices given can be extended to negative vortices or to vortices within a rotating frame of reference. Besides the uniform Kirchhoff patches, new branches of vorticity solutions are found restricting the dynamics to level sets of both the angular momentum and the quadratic enstrophy. The rotation rate of the smooth vorticity structures depends on the vorticity profile. This is made perceptible by considering both minimum-energy vortices and maximizing vortices, rotating anticlockwise and clockwise, respectively. An approximation for the decay of the vortices due to dissipation is given in terms of the dissipation of vortices without loss of confinement. The elliptical Kirchhoff patches are found to symmetrize into circular patches. The minimum energy vortices gradually diminish while expanding their support, while the maximum energy vortices are unstable for the dissipative evolution.


Protein quality is an important requirement in the manufacture of complementary feeding. Standard of complementary feeding quality was >70% casein quality. This experimental research aims to analyze the protein quality of the flour mixture rice-banana 'Awak' ripe (Musa paradisiaca var. Awak) that varied with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and soybean sprouts (Glycine max L.Merrill). This research used a Completely Randomized Design with three treatments were: whey protein powder, banana 'Awak' ripe flour mixture African catfish and soybean sprouts (TPLK) and the mixture of banana 'Awak' ripe flour and african catfish (TPL). Protein quality was calculating the value of Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER), Biological Value (BV) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of 18 male mices, 23 days old. This research was conducted in the Laboratory of Food Nutrition of Public Health Faculty, University of North Sumatera during October to December 2013. Further, analysis of feces and urine's nitrogen of mice in Industry Standardization Research Center Medan (BARISTAND). Protein quality of TPLK and TPL from PER value were: 1.28 and 0.94. The results of analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed the PER value of TPLK and TPL doesn't give a significantly different effect of the mice's growth. The BV value were 17.33% and 14.47%, and the NPU value were 18.53% and 16.22%. Based on PER, BV and NPU values showed that TPLK and TPL hasn't met the standard of complementary feeding appropriate 224/Menkes/SK/II/2007. It's suggested, making TPLK and TPL flour should be done at a time so reduce the drying process repeatedly that damage the nutritional content especially protein. Besides, need further research using rats to see the difference weight gain and PER value.


The jet shape modification due to partonic energy loss in the dense QCD matter is investigated by the help of the special transverse energy-energy correlator in the vicinity of maximum energy deposition of every event. In the accepted scenario with scattering of jet hard partons off comoving medium constituents this correlator is independent of the pseudorapidity position of a jet axis and becomes considerably broader (symmetrically over the pseudorapidity and the azimuthal angle) in comparison with pp -collisions. At scattering off "slow" medium constituents the broadening of correlation functions is dependent on the pseudorapidity position of a jet axis and increases noticeably in comparison with the previous scenario for jets with large enough pseudorapidities. These two considered scenarios result also in the different dependence of jet quenching on the pseudorapidity.


BACKGROUND Parotid glands are one of the major salivary glands of mammals, responsible for production of the saliva. We wanted to do an interspecies comparison of the histology of mammalian parotid glands . METHODS Three (3) species were included in the study: human, pig and goat. Specimens were collected from study subjects in the adult age range. Acinar as well as ductal elements were observed under both low- and high-power objectives after staining the sections with routine haematoxylin and eosin stains. Serous acini lined by serous cells were seen to occur in the parotid glands of all the three mammalian species. In human and pig, these cells were predominantly serous; whereas in goat, mucous cells were also noted amongst serous cells. In our study, striated ducts were found to be widely dispersed throughout the parotid glands of all the three mammals, constituting the largest portion of the duct system of mammalian parotid salivary glands. bilaterally considerable structural diversity among different species. A better knowledge of the cytoarchitecture and distribution of various elements in the different portions of the salivary excretory a point of view, but their important role the histogenesis of certain types of salivary gland tumours.


The article is an attempt to analyse the relationship between celibacy and the way of experiencing intimacy in the life of the presbyter. The author looks for answers to the question: What is the relationship between the priest's experience of celibacy and the real experience of intimacy on the level of friendship? The article also attempts at determining certain attitudes and behaviours that can deepen the commitment to the spiritual experience of celibacy.