Southern California's hidden treasures include two church interiors containing elements designed by Alfredo Ramos Martinez (1871–1946). This Mexican-born artist trained in France, returned to take an activist role in Mexican revolutionary culture, and migrated to the United States in 1929. For sixteen years, his talents were in demand among members of the Hollywood elite. In 1934, he produced the fresco murals at the Santa Barbara Cemetery Chapel, a jewel of Spanish Revival architecture. His images crossed over traditional boundaries between the sacred and the profane. He created odes to human rights and suffering humanity, depicting Christ and his mother as indigenous peasants with dark-skinned New World ethnicity. A decade later in 1946, Ramos sketched designs for his final projects at St. John the Evangelist Church in Los Angeles: a series of stained glass windows representing fourteen multiethnic saints as well as incomplete oil painted Stations of the Cross that recall his earlier pictures of suffering humanity. The architectural setting—a modernist church with stripped-down forms and materials of concrete, steel, and neon—announces a radically transformed post-war industrial culture. The contrast of these two aesthetics, the Spanish Revival and the modernist, demonstrates an evolution in liturgical forms as Californians came to grips with global migrations and an evolving modernist identity.


Text detection in natural scene images is an important prerequisite for many content-based image analysis tasks. In this paper, we propose an accurate and robust method for detecting texts in natural scene images. A fast and effective pruning algorithm is designed to extract Maximally Stable Extremal Regions (MSERs) as character candidates using the strategy of minimizing regularized variations. Character candidates are grouped into text candidates by the single-link clustering algorithm, where distance weights and clustering threshold are learned automatically by a novel self-training distance metric learning algorithm. The posterior probabilities of text candidates corresponding to non-text are estimated with a character classifier; text candidates with high non-text probabilities are eliminated and texts are identified with a text classifier. The proposed system is evaluated on the ICDAR 2011 Robust Reading Competition database; the f-measure is over 76%, much better than the state-of-the-art performance of 71%. Experiments on multilingual, street view, multi-orientation and even born-digital databases also demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.


Re-implantation techniques of extracted parathyroid tissue were developed in order to prevent temporary hypocalcemia. During thyroid surgery; inadvertently removed or devascularized parathyroid gland is usually implanted in the sternocleidomastoid muscle. In this experimental study using rats with hypoparathyroidism, our aim was to investigate whether the excised parathyroid tissue could be seeded in the liver and in the peritoneum, instead of the SCM muscle. In our study, four different groups, each consisting of 10 Wistar albino rats were used (Control group, sternocleidomastoid muscle group, liver group, peritoneum group). Parathyroidectomy was performed and the parathyroid tissue was seeded into the sternocloid mastoid muscle, liver and peritoneum. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed and levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase and parathyroid hormone were measured in rats' blood samples. The autotransplanted parathyroid tissue was then excised and examined. In all groups, parathyroid tissues were analyzed histopathologically according to calcification, necrosis, tissue loss, foreign body reaction, inflammation and fibrosis. Regarding Ca, Mg, PO4, ALP; There were no difference between the groups. When we compared control group with the other groups; a difference was observed in the levels of PTH (P<0.05). In pathological examination; regarding tissue loss; there was a difference between liver and peritoneum groups (P<0.05). In our study, we expected better result in plantings inside liver and peritone compared to SKM. However, there were no difference between the groups.


Oscillations of a conducting drop immersed in a dielectric fluid in an alternating electric field has been modelled in order to understand the enhancement of the transport processes by the electric field. Numerical solutions for oscillation amplitude, velocity distribution, resonant frequency and streamlines were obtained. The effects of viscosity and density on the resonant frequency and the velocity distribution were investigated. It was found that the resonant frequency of viscous fluids was always smaller than the free oscillation frequency of the same droplet. The predicted scanning frequency response curve and the streamlines agree well with the experimental observations.


AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD), the most prevalent mental disorder is a global public health issue.The aim of this study was to assess the association between low income and major depressive disorder (MDD) by age and sex.The National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) of Taiwan was used to retrieve data. A total of 1,743,948 participants were eligible for the study. Low-income individuals were identified from 2001 and 2003 (specifically, Group Insurance Applicants, ie, category"51" or "52") and followed from 2004 to 2010. MDD was identified using the ICD-9-CM 296.2 and 296.3 codes.Among non-low-income individuals, the MDD incidence rates increased with age in both males and females, that is, 0.35, 0.93, 0.97, 1.40 per 10,000 person-months for males and 0.41, 1.60, 1.89, 1.95 per 10,000 person-months for females aged 0 to 17, 18 to 44, 45 to 64, and ≥65 years, respectively. Low-income females (18–44 years) and males (45–64 years) had the highest incidence of MDD, which was 3.90 and 3.04, respectively, per 10,000 person-months. Among low and non-low-income individuals, the MDD incidence rates were higher in the females than males in all age groups. Males aged 45 to 64 and 0 to 17 years had highest hazard ratios (HR) of 2.789 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.937–4.014) and 2.446 (95% CI, 1.603–3.732), respectively. The highest HRs for females were 2.663 (95% CI, 1.878–3.775) and 2.219 (CI, 1.821–2.705) in the 0 to 17 and 18- to 44-year age groups. Low income was not found to serve as a risk factor for the development of MDD in males and females aged ≥65 years.Among the non-low-income males and females, the incidence rates of MDD were found to increase with age. Low income was found to serve as a significant risk factor for MDD only in individuals under age 65.


Simultaneous measurements of electrical activity and intracellular Ca(2+) levels were performed in perforated-patch current-clamped individual GH3 cells. Both in cells showing brief (<100 ms) and long action potentials (APs), we found a good correlation between the averaged intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and AP frequency, but not between the mean [Ca2+]i and AP duration. Nevertheless, the magnitude of spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations was highly dependent on the size and duration of the APs. The decay of the Ca2+ transients was not slowed when the size of the oscillations was varied either spontaneously or after elongation of the AP with the K+ channel blocker tetraethyl ammonium. Furthermore, the recovery from Ca2+ loads similar to those induced by the APs was slightly retarded after treatment of the cells with intracellular store Ca2+-ATPase inhibitors. Among previous results showing that caffeine-induced [Ca2+]i increases are secondary to electrical activity enhancements in GH3 cells, these data indicate that the Ca2+ entry triggered via APs is the primary determinant of the [Ca2+]i variations, and that Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release has a minor contribution to Ca2+ oscillations recorded during spontaneous activity. They also point to modulation of electrical activity patterns as a crucial factor regulating spontaneous [Ca2+]i signalling, and hence pituitary cell functions in response to physiological secretagogues.


Summary The virus growth in the pharyngeal area and the virus excretion in milk of susceptible and vaccinated dairy cows after intranasal instillation of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus type O1 were examined. Ten vaccinated cows were purchased through a market. Of these, nine had delivered their first calf. The cows were inoculated 2–9 months after having received the last dose of vaccine. All vaccinated cows resisted the intranasal challenge. The virus multiplied in the pharyngeal area but, compared with two susceptible controls, to a limited extent. No clear relation was found between virus growth and the titre of circulating neutralizing antibody at the time of challenge. Virus was first detected in milk samples of the susceptible cows when generalized FMD lesions had developed on day four; the excretion lasted for 3–4 days. Up to 19 days after inoculation untreated milk of the vaccinated cows was examined for the presence of infectious FMD virus. Samples were inoculated onto cell cultures, fed to susceptible pigs and calves and injected intramuscularly and/or intradermolingually into susceptible steers. No infectious FMD virus could be detected, either in cell cultures or in susceptible animals. The animals did not develop neutralizing antibody against FMD virus and were subsequently shown to be fully susceptible to challenge. The results are discussed with particular reference to current problems regarding the export of milk products from countries where vaccination against FMD is practised to countries free of the disease.


Abstract Causal mediation analysis is complicated with multiple effect definitions that require different sets of assumptions for identification. This article provides a systematic explanation of such assumptions. We define five potential outcome types whose means are involved in various effect definitions. We tackle their mean/distribution's identification, starting with the one that requires the weakest assumptions and gradually building up to the one that requires the strongest assumptions. This presentation shows clearly why an assumption is required for one estimand and not another, and provides a succinct table from which an applied researcher could pick out the assumptions required for identifying the causal effects they target. Using a running example, the article illustrates the assembling and consideration of identifying assumptions for a range of causal contrasts. For several that are commonly encountered in the literature, this exercise clarifies that identification requires weaker assumptions than those often stated in the literature. This attention to the details also draws attention to the differences in the positivity assumption for different estimands, with practical implications. Clarity on the identifying assumptions of these various estimands will help researchers conduct appropriate mediation analyses and interpret the results with appropriate caution given the plausibility of the assumptions.


Theories and philosophies of space and place have seen a rise in prominence in recent times, specifically in the disciplines of theology, law and philosophy. This so-called spatial turn in contemporary theory is one that attempts to think through the vicissitudes and conceptual lineages related to the existence of space as both a physical and a social reality. The politics of space in South Africa, however, cannot be thought of separately from the concept of alienation. South Africa is a space whose existence is predicated upon a relationship of alienation to its located place. South Africa, like most other settler colonies, is a space that was created through occupation and alienation: the occupation of a territory and the alienation of the indigenous people from this occupied territory. This relationship of alienation is not only observable in the physical reality engendered by this occupied space but also by its social reality. In this paper we reflect on the intersections of the physical and social manifestations – in Bourdieu's sense – of an occupied space and consider its effects of alienation on the indigenous people. To this end we will proceed to interrogate current South African geographical markers – such as the existence of townships and suburbs – from its positionality within the history of South Africa as an occupied space. To discern a theological agenda for the issue of spatial justice would also require an investigation into the theological agenda that prohibited the realisation of spatial justice in South Africa or, in other words, the religious reconciliation preached post-1994 at the expense of justice.


Background: Withdrawal symptoms hinder smoking cessation in nicotine-dependent smokers. This prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate buspirone for nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Methods: Fifty-four heavy smokers (mean 33.1 cigarettes per day for 24 years) were randomly prescribed 30 mg/d of buspirone or placebo beginning 3 weeks before abrupt smoking cessation. Validated nicotine withdrawal and anxiety scales were administered at baseline and serially for 2 weeks after cessation. Results: Baseline demographic and nicotine-dependence measures were similar for each group. Three smokers (1 on buspirone, 2 on placebo) dropped out of the protocol prior to the quit date. Both groups had significant withdrawal effects over time (analysis of variance [ANOVA] P = 0.0001). There was no significant buspirone effect on any nicotine withdrawal symptoms (ANOVA, α = 0.05). Smokers who relapsed, regardless of group, reported significantly worse craving, irritability, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating than abstainers (P < 0.05). Relapse rates at follow-up visits were not significantly different between groups. Two-week abstinence rates were 52 percent for placebo and 62 percent for buspirone (chi-square, P = 0.760). Conclusions: In these heavy smokers, buspirone offered no relief from nicotine withdrawal symptoms. Regardless of treatment, relapsing smokers experienced more intense nicotine withdrawal.


Background Adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (ASC) can be expanded using supernatant rich in growth factors (SRGF) as Good Manufacturing Practice compatible additive, instead of fetal bovine serum (FBS). After transendothelial migration, ASC can migrate to cancer masses where they can release active substances. Due to their homing and secretion properties ASC can be used as targeted drug delivery vehicles. Nevertheless, the fraction of ASC actually reaching the tumor target is limited. The impact of culture conditions on ASC homing potential on cancer cells is unknown. Methods In dynamic in vitro conditions, we perfused FBS or SRGF ASC in flow chambers coated with collagen type I and fibronectin or seeded with endothelial cells or with HT1080, T98G and Huh7 cancer cells. Expression of selected adhesion molecules was evaluated by standard cytofluorimetry. Dynamic intracellular calcium concentration changes were evaluated in microfluidic and static conditions. Results When compared to FBS ASC, not specific adhesion of SRGF ASC on collagen type I and fibronectin was lower (−33.9%±12.2% and −45.3%±16.9%), while on-target binding on HT1080 and T98G was enhanced (+147%±8% and 120.5%±5.2%). Adhesion of both FBS and SRGF ASC on Huh7 cells was negligible. As confirmed by citofluorimetry and by function-blocking antibody, SRGF mediated decrease of CD49a expression accounted for lower SRGF-ASC avidity for matrix proteins. Upon stimulation with calcium ionophore in static conditions, mobilization of intracellular calcium in SRGF ASC was greater than in FBS ASC. In dynamic conditions, upon adhesion on matrix proteins and HT1080 cells, SRGF ASC showed marked oscillatory calcium concentration changes. Conclusions SRGF can enhance specific ASC binding capacity on selected cancer cells as HT1080 (fibrosarcoma) and T98G (glioblastoma) cells. Upon cell-cell adhesion, SRGF ASC activate intracellular responses potentially improving cell secretion functions. SRGF ASC could be considered as suitable drug delivery vehicle for cancer therapy.


Palembang City having an area of 358.55 km 2 with a total population of approximately 1.8 million people is one of the main cities in Indonesia. A city transport modelling is important in a city transportation planning particularly to overcome the existing transportation problem such as traffic congestion. In this study Palembang City transportation model was developed was developed using the PTV Visum Program whose transportation modelling was based on the four-step model of transportation. The result of the study shows that the developed model has an excellent reliability in representing the transportation conditions in Palembang and it also indicates that Palembang required bridges connecting between Ulu and Ilir areas of Palembang to overcome traffic congestion in Palembang City. Ideally, in 2022 Palembang will have had 4 connecting bridges and 5 bridges in 2027.The construction of an additional bridge helps to reduce the traffic load on the existing bridge (Ampera), which was built in 1965 and helps spread the traffic load in the city of Palembang


• Adjusted for age (in 5-year intervals), socioeconomic status, family history of breast cancer, age at first birth, and parity. sample fractions of controls. We labeled the figure as depicting the "probability of being a case" in order to avoid confusion among readers and to stress the fact that these probabilities were not interpreted in terms of probability of disease in the reference population. With regard to duration of lactation, we agree with the observation of Hertz-Picciotto et al. (1) that there were large cumulative durations observed for some women. However, in Mexico it is not uncommon for women to continue to breastfeed their children at ages over 2 years. In our questionnaire, we asked about the lactation period for each child, and many of the women studied reported extended periods of lactation for all of their children. Women accumulated extremely long durations of lactation; for example, if a woman had had 13 children and had breastfed each one for 2 years, she accumulated more than 300 months of breastfeeding. However, in all statistical analyses we used a categorical reparameterization of lactation data, specifically with the intention of avoiding influence by these extreme values.


BackgroundIndividuals with cerebellar ataxia commonly report poor sleep. Our objective was to characterize sleep dysfunction in cerebellar ataxia and study its potential impact on non-motor function.MethodsSleep physiology and behavior were measured in 16 individuals with pure cerebellar ataxia and 16 matched controls. Cognitive function was assessed using the Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome/Schmahmann Scale (CCAS), and a word-pair learning task. We studied performance on the word-pair task before and after a period of overnight sleep to explore whether sleep-dependent memory consolidation is negatively impacted by cerebellar degeneration. ResultsCompared to matched controls, individuals with ataxia experienced greater limb movements during sleep (p=0.048), and increased sleep fragmentation (p=0.009) as measured through polysomnography. Cognitive assessment using the CCAS revealed deficits in executive function in the domains of verbal fluency (p=0.011) and cognitive flexibility (p=0.048). Individuals with ataxia were also impaired in declarative learning, with poor performance on the word-pair association task during Immediate (p=0.021) and Delayed Recall (p=0.011) compared to control participants. Poor sleep impacted cognition: increased sleep fragmentation was correlated with lower scores on the CCAS (p=0.008) and with immediate recall of the word-pair learning task (p=0.001). We found no differences between individuals with ataxia and controls with respect to overnight changes in performance on the word-pair task.ConclusionsSleep integrity is disrupted in individuals with neurodegeneration confined to the cerebellum. Fragmentation of sleep in particular appears to have negative effects on executive function and has practical implications for symptom management.


To the Editor: Following the recent articles in the Journal related to tuberculosis (TB),1,2 we would like to draw attention to three additional elements of Australia's response to TB control, namely the roles of: • non-government organisations (NGOs); • foreign aid to the global TB control effort; and • Australian public-health professionals. NGO involvement in TB control in Australia has a long and proud history. As an example, over the last 10 years the Community Health and Anti-tuberculosis Association in New South Wales has supported TB-related research in Australia (through the Harry Windsor Scholarships) and TB control activities in Asia, particularly Vietnam. In November 1994, the Public Health Association of Australia convened the National Tuberculosis Conference. Since 1995, the Australian Government, through the Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), has supported TB control efforts in Indonesia and the Pacific region through the Global Tuberculosis Programme of the World Health Organization. Given that the burden of TB in Australia is predominantly from overseas-acquired infection (overseas-born Australians have a notification rate 20 times that of Australian-born citizens"), and recognising that, as Gilbertrestated, "prevention is better than cure", a rational extension of our national TB control activities would be further involvement in our region for global control. Australian-trained public health professionals are assisting in TB control activities in Indonesia, China and Mongolia. Australians have been prominent in working with refugees in Hong Kong and Vietnam. Guidelines for control of TB among


The epidemiology of several viral diseases underwent profound changes in South-East Asia and Oceania over the past decades. This was due to several factors, including the geographical distribution of vectors and the viruses they transmit; increasing traveling and trade; increasing ecological and demographic pressure. We reviewed the current state of knowledge based on published sources and available epidemiological data. The review was limited to potentially emerging viruses in Southeast Asia and the Pacific reported in human cases. Dengue, Chikungunya, and Japanese Encephalitis viruses have recurred on a yearly basis with a steady increase in these regions. Ross River and Barmah viruses now appear regularly in Australia, in an increasing number of cases. Nipah virus strikes regularly with limited but deadly epidemics in Southeast Asia. Finally, infections by lyssaviruses, Kunjin, Murray Valley, or Zika viruses were also reviewed. © 2008 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits réservés. Mots clés : Arbovirus ; Infections émergentes ; Alphavirus ; Flavivirus ; Henipavirus


Purpose Reading comprehension is consistently poor in many school-age children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The purpose of this tutorial is to provide an overview from a multicomponent view on the many predictors that may contribute to reading comprehension difficulties in ASD. Method This tutorial reviews current literature on profiles and predictors of reading comprehension in ASD. The review is situated from a multicomponent theoretical view based on the "direct and indirect effects of reading" model that builds on the familiar "simple view of reading." Each component, including word reading, listening comprehension, morphosyntax, vocabulary, working memory, comprehension monitoring, inferencing, and theory of mind, is separately reviewed, with consideration of the current evidence for their contribution to reading comprehension in ASD. At the end of each section, key takeaways are provided. To conclude, a summary with general clinical implications, case examples, and recommendations for future research across all components is offered. Conclusions Reading comprehension in ASD may be affected by any one or several components in any given individual. Speech-language pathologists have expertise and play a critical role in assessing and intervening on these components. The age and language status (language impaired or not) of a child are emerging as important factors for what to assess and consider for intervention. However, more research is needed that intentionally examines language status, evaluates reading comprehension at targeted ages or narrower age ranges, and/or examines language and reading development longitudinally.


This paper proposes a new approach to Direction-of-Arrival Estimation using Artificial Neural Networks. It is capable of estimating both, model-order and azimuth DoA in a single step. In a hybrid approach, we train on synthetic data generated from a signal model and validate on data obtained through a measurement setup. We show a proof-of-concept for the hybrid approach, validated with measurement data. Advances on the exactness of the signal model enable the trained ANN to handle real-world data out-of-the-box. Our findings indicate super-resolution performance and the capability of estimating even high model-orders while significantly reducing computation time.


The paper describes a novel system that overcomes inaccuracies in antenna radiation pattern measurements caused by multipath propagation. The system operates by specifically correcting for the effects of unwanted signals rather than by attempting to remove, or minimize, them through the use of screens or baffles or an anechoic chamber. An equalization technique is used, the parameters of the equalizer(s) being determined from a special measurement of the antenna range under consideration. The technique is generally applicable; it may be implemented ab initio in new indoor or outdoor ranges, or retrofitted to existing ranges to improve accuracy. Most importantly, however, the basic idea leads to the design of a completely new type of real-time 3-dimensional range in which sensors are placed on the surface of an imaginary sphere surrounding the antenna under test (AUT), and an anechoic chamber is not required.


Genetic algorithm is a popular optimization method for solving binary optimization problems. However, its efficiency highly depends on the parameters of the algorithm. In this study the success history adaptation (SHA) mechanism is applied to genetic algorithm to improve its performance. The SHA method was originally proposed for another class of evolutionary algorithms, namely differential evolution (DE). The application of DE's adaptation mechanisms for genetic algorithm allowed significant improvement of GA performance when solving different types of problems including binary optimization problems and continuous optimization problems. For comparison, in this study, a self-configured genetic algorithm is implemented, in which the adaptive mechanisms for probabilities of choosing one of three selection, three crossover and three mutation types are implemented. The comparison was performed on the set of functions, presented at the Congress on Evolutionary Computation for numerical optimization in 2017. The results demonstrate that the developed SHAGA algorithm outperforms the self-configuring GA on binary problems and the continuous version of SHAGA is competetive against other methods, which proves the importance of the presented modification.


Ultrafast laser ablation of crystalline silicon was investigated as a function of temperature. The ablation efficiency is slightly enhanced with an apparent decrease in ablation threshold and surface roughness at a high substrate temperature.


Central clearing counterparties (CCPs) have become a major concern regarding systemic risk and financial stability. Thus, assessing CCP resilience is a key challenge in the new financial landscape. We consider pre-funded waterfall resources, recovery tools and the assessment powers of major European and US CCPs. We also investigate loss allocation rules at the end of the waterfall and the impact of emerging resolution regimes on contingent liquidity obligations. As the resilience of a CCP depends on the soundness of the member base and its ability to provide funds, we question the payment capacity of a member base under normal and stressed scenarios. We show that under a cover 2 stressed scenario, member base quality erodes, jeopardising the ability of clearing members to fulfil possible contingent liquidity obligations. Conflicts of interest depending on the average quality and heterogeneity of member bases are shown to be a further matter of concern regarding CCP resilience.


Accessibility is seldom used as a performance measure when planning transit services. This study is conducted following introduction of new timetables intended to improve passenger throughput for Sydney's transit services, but resulted in major delays throughout the system. Cumulative accessibility to jobs at 30-minute travel threshold before and after the timetable change are calculated between 8 and 9 am, to measure change in accessibility. The results show the person-weighted accessibility dropped by 3%, from 45,070 to 43,730, and 63.3% of the population's access to jobs were adversely affected by timetable change. This study advocates for the inclusion of accessibility metrics into transit performance measures. abstract Accessibility is seldom used as a performance measure when planning transit services. This study is conducted following introduction of new timetables intended to improve passenger throughput for Sydney's transit services, but resulted in major delays throughout the system. Cumulative accessibility to jobs at 30-minute travel threshold before and after the timetable change are calculated between 8 and 9 am, to measure change in accessibility. The results show the person-weighted accessibility dropped by 3%, from 45,070 to 43,730, and 63.3% of the population's access to jobs were adversely affected by timetable change. This study advocates for the inclusion of accessibility metrics into transit performance measures.


Since the scale-up for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) services, rates of HIV infection among exposed infants have significantly declined. However, current achievements fell short of achieving the target sets. We investigated mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV infection and its determinants among HIV-exposed infants on care at Dilchora Referral Hospital in Dire Dawa City Administration. A retrospective institutional cohort study was conducted by reviewing follow-up records of HIV-exposed infants who were enrolled into care. Infants' HIV serostatus was the outcome measure of the study. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were employed to identify significant determinants. Of the 382 HIV-exposed infants enrolled into care, 60 (15.7%) became HIV positive. Rural residence (AOR: 3.29; 95% CI: 1.40, 7.22), home delivery (AOR: 3.35; 95% CI: 1.58, 8.38), infant not receiving ARV prophylaxis at birth (AOR: 5.83; 95% CI: 2.84, 11.94), mixed feeding practices (AOR: 42.21; 95% CI: 8.31, 214.38), and mother-child pairs neither receiving ARV (AOR: 4.42; 95% CI: 2.01, 9.82) were significant independent determinants of MTCT of HIV infection. Our findings suggest additional efforts to intensify scale-up of PMTCT services in rural setting and improve institutional delivery and postnatal care for HIV positive mothers and proper follow-up for HIV-exposed infants.


Ensuring a high level of vessel traffic surveillance and maritime safety is determined by exploiting innovative ICT technologies and international cooperation among maritime authorities. Therefore, initiatives for maritime surveillance, global and regional integrations are realised through a collaborative, cost-effective and interoperable Common Information Sharing Environment (CISE). Consisting of the institutional network of maritime authorities that cooperate on various domains like safety, border control, environmental and rescue missions at sea, CISE enables the efficient transfer and economic exchange of maritime data and information via different interoperable systems using modern digital technologies. The ever-increasing amount of data received from heterogeneous data sources requires specific processing through the adoption of a Big Data framework which hosts, manages and distributes data to maritime users, contributing with great overall benefits to the CISE network core functionality. Specifically, this paper analyses the advantages of the Data Lake infrastructure, including its processes, techniques, tools and applications used to enhance maritime surveillance and safety across the CISE network. This part contains the deployment and interoperability achieved through the components of the participating command and control (C2) systems. Last, as a case study, an overview of the EU project EFFECTOR is provided which aims to demonstrate an end-to-end interoperability framework of data-driven solutions for maritime situational awareness at strategic and tactical operations.


Context:

The Sensorimotor Network (SMN) is often overlooked when determining relationships between postural control and sensorimotor function. SMN functional connectivity (FC) represents the temporal synchrony of functionally linked but spatially divergent brain regions. This study aimed to determine the relationship between SMN-FC and static postural control in older adults with a history of lateral ankle sprain (LAS).
Methods

Data were analyzed from twenty older adults (mean age = 67.0±4.3yrs; 13 females) with a history of LAS. The SMN was identified from resting-state MRI data. Bilateral thalamic and post-central gyri regions of interest were identified. Balance was assessed for the involved and non-involved limbs via center of pressure velocity (COPV) in the medial-lateral (ML) and anterior-posterior (AP) directions.
Results

Contralateral SMN-FC was significantly associated with COPV_ML (r = -0.468, P = .05) and COPV_AP (r = -0.530, P = .02) in the non-involved limb. No significant association was observed between involved limb balance and contralateral SMN-FC (COPV_ML: r= -0.081, P = .75; COPV_AP: r = 0.136, P = .60).
Conclusion

Findings suggest a dissociation between SMN-FC and balance in older adults with a history of LAS. The sensorimotor system's ability to communicate with itself after injury may have an impact on functional performance, such as balance.


shorter words (e.g, pain in champagne). We know from word-recognition research that lexical and semantic representations of word-initial embedded words, e.g., the Dutch word snor (moustache) in snorkel (snorkel) are temporarily activated as the acoustic information unfolds. The evidence regarding the activation of word-final embeddings, e.g., the Dutch word meel (flour) in kameel (camel) is less conclusive. The aim of the present study is to examine the semantic involvement of embedded words during language comprehension and gain more insight into the dynamics of sense-making and its relation to lexical activation.


The purpose of research and development is to produce teaching materials such as textbooks supported in Microsoft Office 2013 research to Informatics vocational students at the Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan. This research is research, design and implementation, where the results of the research become the material of developed to support Computer Application courses. Model development has been prepared using the ADDIE Model. ADDIE development model is a learning design model based on an effective system approach and efficient and interactive processes, namely the evaluation results of each phase can be development of learning to the next phase. The end result of a phase is the initial product for the next phase. This model consists of 5 phases or main stages, namely 1) Analyze, 2) Design, 3) Develop, 4) Implement (Implementation), 5) Evaluate (Evaluation) The data sources in this study include laboratory and validation of computer materials experts, learning design experts, media, and trials on students. The analysis used is a descriptive and qualitatively exploratory descriptive analysis. The results have evolved into teaching materials such as textbooks that support and has been validated by materials experts, and Microsoft Office 2013 materials experts, design experts and learning, media, individual testing, and group trials. The purpose of this research is To know the condition of the design of teaching materials based on microsoft office 2013 research computer application at the Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan. To find out implementation of microsoft office 2013 research-based teaching materials in application courses at the Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan. This type of research is field research. This type of research is a measurement of data. This research includes quantitative research when reviewed in terms of Data. Researchers began to think inductively, measuring quantitative data and objective statistics scientific calculations come from a sample of people or residents requested by the answer a number of questions about the survey to determine the frequency and percentage of their responses. The stages of this research method are Observations, Tests and Documentation. Based on the purpose of research design and implementation of teaching materials Microsoft Office 2013 on computer applications courses at the Institut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan.


v The purpose of this study was to determine the product positioning strategies used by tour companies who are members of KATO in the promotion of domestic tourism in Kenya. It also attempted to identify the unique attributes of the domestic tourism product in Kenya. A descriptive survey was conducted with a sample size of 78 tour companies selected using stratified random sampling. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire and personal interviewing. Out of the 78 questionnaires administered, 51 responded by completing and returning the questionnaires. Data was analyzed using the SPSS programme. The study found that the key target market segment of the domestic tourists in Kenya are families and corporate/institutions who mainly book their safaris via emails through the tour companies' websites. Further, the respondents indicated that they get bookings or clients through referrals from past clients via word of mouth. In addressing the research objectives, the study determined that the most applicable product positioning strategies with regard to domestic tourism were service quality, target market and product pricing. The most preferred product by the domestic tourists was identified as beach safari with an average 0-5days length of stay for a safari. Other unique attributes of the domestic tourism product as identified by the study were sports safaris, business/conference safaris, adventure safaris and wildlife safaris. The study also found out that most tour firms consider the internet/website as the most effective way of promoting domestic tourism. The respondents further indicated that their firms consider travel exhibitions and the television also as effective ways of promoting domestic tourism. Use of radio as a way of promoting domestic tourism was rated lowest by the respondents. Majority of the respondents indicated that government regulations, competition from other local tour firms and changing market trends were some of the major challenges faced by tour companies in carrying out tour business in the country. Technological challenges and competition from regional countries were seen as normal challenges when doing business in the country. Other relevant information provided by the respondents for the study was a suggestion to have in place aggregated and readily available information on the domestic tourism market. This should include information on available destinations, product pricing, domestic tourism average spend and the trends in domestic tourism.


Abstract : This report describes three years of research by a Consortium of investigators who worked to develop, characterize, and utilize strains of mice that accurately model tumors found in persons with NF1 and NF2. This Consortium has generated novel models of NF1 and NF2-associated tumors and has exploited these strains to investigate biologic and preclinical questions. The Consortium also organized scientific conferences on the pathologic classification of murine NF-associated neural tumors and on the use of mouse models of NF-associated tumors to test new therapies, and published the proceedings of the pathologic classification conference. The novel strains that have been developed have been shared widely with the research community. The investigators have collaborated closely with each other and have shared expertise and reagents extensively. This NF Consortium is a member of the Moue Models of Human Cancer Consortium of the National Cancer Institute and is participating fully in the activities of the group. A new award from the CDMRP for Neurofibromatosis that received a high priority score will support the continuing efforts of this research group from 2005- 2008.


This paper aim to discuss a proper measure of the electrochemical active area of carbon supported Pt nanoparticle catalyst used in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The cyclic voltammetric determination of hydrogen under potential deposition (Hupd) and carbon monoxide monolayer oxidation (CO stripping) performed in a fuel cell at fuel cell relevant conditions are compared and the influences of operation temperature (25-80 {degree sign}C) and relative humidity (RH) (40-90% RH) are discussed. The results show that both the shape and the charge of the Hupd are strongly dependent on operating conditions. However, for the CO stripping experiments only a negative shift in potential with increasing temperature or humidity was observed in accordance with results from aqueous electrolytes, whereas the charges for CO monolayer oxidation were almost constant for the temperatures investigated.


A deviation of size-exclusion chromatographic behavior of amino acids on TOYOPEARL HW-40S column is reported. On the column 18 amino acids were not eluted in the same fraction in the total volume, but separated into 5 fractions with tryptophan as the last one far behind the total volume. Interaction between tryptophan and the matrices was investigated under different conditions in order to elucidate the chemical nature of the deviation. It was found that addition of trifluoroacetic acid and sodium chloride of high concentration in mobile phase, dramatically increased the retention time of trypophan, while addition of acetonitrile, sodium chloride of lower concentration and the hydrogen bond breaker urea reduced the interaction. It is concluded that adsorption of tryptophan on TOYOPEARL HW-40S is basically due to the hydrophobic nature with limited influence of hydrogen bond and ionic interaction. The former factor can be eliminated by keeping acentonitrile concentration over 50% (V/V), while the latter two can be reduced to the minimum by adding 0.17mol/L sodium chloride and 3.51mol/L urea. The results not only lead to better understanding of size-exclusion chromatography of this matrices, but also help to apply hydrophobic chromatography of this matrices to the isolation of amino acids and peptides.


The base‐to‐base virtual bond treatment of nucleic acids used in statistical mechanical calculations of polynucleotide chain properties has been refined by incorporating the six parameters that relate the positions and orientations of sequential rigid bodies. The scheme allows for the sequence‐dependent bending, twisting, and displacement of base pairs as well as for asymmetry in the angular and translational fluctuations of individual residues. Expressions are developed for the generator matrices required for the computation, as a function of chain length, of various parameters measuring the overall mean extension and shape of the DNA. Quantities of interest include the end‐to‐end vector r, the square of the end‐to‐end distance r2, the square radius of gyration s2, the center‐of‐gravity vector g, the second moments of inertia S×2, and the higher moments of r and g. The matrix expressions introduced in the 1960s by Flory and co‐workers for the determination of configuration‐dependent polymer chain averages are decomposed into their translational and orientational contributions so that the methods can be extended to the rigid body analysis of chemical moieties. The new expressions permit, for the first time, examination of the effects of sequence‐dependent translations, such as the lateral sliding of residues in A‐ and B‐helices and the vertical opening of base pairs in drug–DNA complexes, on the average extension and shape of the long flexible double helix. The approach is illustrated in the following paper using conformational energy estimates of the base sequence‐dependent flexibility of successive B‐DNA base pairs. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.


Dowon Lee, Myunghun Kim, Jungsoo Hong, Taegyu Ha, Junwoo Kim, Sungsam Kang, 3 Youngwoon Choi, 5 Kyungwon An, and Moonjoo Lee ∗ Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 37673 Pohang, Korea Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Korea Department of Physics, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Korea Department of Bioengineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea Interdisciplinary Program in Precision Public Health, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea Department of Physics and Astronomy & Institute of Applied Physics, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea (Dated: March 18, 2022)


This study integrates previous research methodologies to compare the risk perceptions and responses to risk messages of agency personnel and neighbors of Superfund sites in Michigan. The integration attempted and the focus on risk messages are shaped by a critical review of the social amplification conceptual framework. The study involved all four agency groups and three groups of site neighbors actively involved in Superfund planning across the state. The first part of the study utilized the psychometric techniques of hazard rating and hazard profiles that had not previously been used in studies involving stakeholders. While agency personnel responded similarly to experts in previous studies, the responses of individuals in the neighbor groups reflected experience with toxic sites and were dissimilar to previous ratings by the general public. The second part of the study consisted of a hypothetical toxic site scenario that focused on specific risk messages at different times in the site history. Results indicate that the difference in perception of risk occurs after the first testing at a site, and that dramatic differences arise between agency and resident groups regarding the credibility of information sources and the need for independent testing. A general lack of trust in the Superfund program was demonstrated by all groups. The results indicate that problems of institutional credibility and program adequacy cannot be addressed by better risk communication.


Objective: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Macrophages play an important role in the immunopathogenesis of tuberculosis. Extracellular ATP induces macrophage bactericidal activity through activation of the purinergic P2X7 receptor. This case- control study assesses the association of −762 T/C, 1513A/C and 1729T/A P2X7 polymorphisms in patients with PTB and healthy controls to establish association if any with risk of developing the disease. Materials and methods: The genotyping for P2X7 was carried out using PCR and RFLP analysis in 256 individuals, which included 156 active PTB patients and 100 age and sex, matched healthy volunteers with no clinical symptoms or family history of PTB as controls. Results: A chi square test showed a significant difference between the PTB patient and controls for −762 C allele; p=0.0051 (OR 1.6972, CI 95% 1.1839 to 2.4332) and1729 T allele was found to be positively associated with the PTB; p < 0.0005 (OR-2.4623, CI 95% 1.6376 to 3.7022). 1513A/C polymorphism did not show any significant difference between the two groups. Significance: The study revealed a significant association of P2X7-762C allele and P2X7 1729T allele receptor polymorphisms with PTB in Asian Indian population. The use of these alleles as biomarkers for identifying individuals at high risk of developing TB needs to be ascertained.


The PCR Library is a place to look for basic references in engineering to other general knowledge with collections recorded 5,477,618. Currently the PCR library has a transactional website, which can store library transactions, such as input, delete, and edit data. In order for this data to be useful, a data warehouse application is built by applying multidimensional data modeling using historical library data. The data warehouse modeling used is a galactic scheme by implementing OLAP operations that produce a dashboard in the form of lending patterns and returns to the PCR library. The results of functionality testing indicate that the application is in accordance with user needs and runs according to its function. From the results of usability testing, obtained very good results regarding the ease of use of the application, easy to learn, satisfying and useful for the user. Efficiency test results obtained grade B for average page speed, grade A on YSlow, and load time 1.9 seconds. From the test results stated that the applications that have been built meet ISO 9126 quality standards.


The Pseudomonas aeruginosa nfxB mutant lacking mexAB-oprM showed hypersusceptibility to 9 out of 24 beta-lactams tested. This hypersusceptibility was found for the nfxB mutant lacking mexAB-oprM-mexXY (N108) but not for the nfxB mutant lacking both mexAB-oprM-mexXY and ampC. The level of the AmpC beta-lactamase induction was reduced in N108. Thus, the reduced AmpC induction must be the cause of the hypersusceptibility.


Issued as Monthly progress letter no. 1-15, Quarterly technical status report no. 1-6, Annual technical status report no. 1, and Final report, Project no. A-446-2


In order to assess the effects of reserves level on yield components in the following season, two leaf/fruit ratio were created on three trials in 2000 in the vineyard in Alsace, Burgundy and Champagne for different varieties. Significant differences did not exist for all the situations but could affect the leaf area as well as the potential photosynthetic activity in the following season. Hedging weights were sometimes reduced up to 30%. Yield components such as the number of primary shoots, the number of inflorescences per plant and the number of flowers per inflorescence could be affected in 2001. Analysis of the effects of growth on fruit set showed that whereas the number of berries per shoot appeared related to the leaf area on the main stem, the growth of laterals, also enhanced by good ripening conditions during the previous season, could be detrimental to seed formation. Yield reduction reached 30 % for Gewurztraminer but could also be observed on Chardonnay or Pinot noir.


The length of incision for the thoracotomy has been shorten relatively to the past. Para-scapular bow incision was over 30 cm in length but the axillary incision is a half of it. Now we have the minithoracotomy in 3 cm and the thoracoscopic treatment in 1 cm. Spontaneous pneumothorax is the best indication of thoracoscopic treatment because of the followings: 1. Pneumothorax is a benign disease. 2. Cause of air leak is rupture of the bulla which is located on visceral pleura. 3. Thoracic cavity is already opened in patients with pneumothorax. In our Center we have over 2,800 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax and we have treated thoracoscopically over 2,000. Electro-coagulation and/or YAG-LASER were used to destroy bullae within 1 cm in diameter. Looping and/or ENDO-AUTO-SUTURE devices has been used for bullae over 1 cm in diameter. Today recurrence rate is under a few% and no complications. Thoracoscopic treatment is the best way to cure the spontaneous pneumothorax and now it is the finest choice to manage of it.


1% of people around the world are suffering from epilepsy. It is, therefore crucial to propose an efficient automated seizure prediction tool implemented in a portable device that uses the electroencephalogram (EEG) signal to enhance epileptic patients' life quality.

 In this study, we focused on time-domain features to achieve discriminative information at a low CPU cost extracted from the intracranial electroencephalogram (iEEG) signals of six patients. The probabilistic framework based on XGBoost classifier requires the mean and maximum probability of the non-seizure and the seizure occurrence period segments. Once all these parameters are set for each patient, the medical decision maker can send alarm based on well-defined thresholds.

 While finding a unique model for all patients is really challenging, and our modelling results demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can be an efficient tool for reliable and clinically relevant seizure forecasting. Using iEEG signals, the proposed algorithm can forecast seizures, informing a patient about 75 minutes before a seizure would occur, a period large enough for patients to take practical actions to minimize the potential impacts of the seizure.

 We posit that the ability to distinguish interictal intracranial EEG from pre-ictal signals at some low computational cost may be the first step towards an implanted portable semi-automatic seizure suppression system in the near future. It is believed that our seizure prediction technique can conceivably be coupled with treatment techniques aimed at interrupting the process even prior to a seizure initiates to develop.


Arising from the 2020 Darwin College Lectures, this book presents eight essays from prominent public intellectuals on the theme of Enigmas. Each author examines this theme through the lens of their own particular area of expertise, together constituting an illuminating and diverse interdisciplinary volume. Enigmas features contributions by professor of physics Sean M. Carroll, author Jo Marchant, writer and broadcaster Adam Rutherford, professor of earth sciences Tamsin A. Mather, professor of the history of the book Erik Kwakkel, reader in cultural history Tiffany Watt Smith, mathematician and public speaker James Grime, assistant professor of positive AI J. Derek Lomas, and explorer Albert Y.- M. Lin. This volume will appeal to anyone fascinated by puzzles and mysteries, solved and unsolved.


The spatial pattern and logistical growth of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama and its main parasitoid Tamarixia radiata Waterston on the crop Muraya paniculata were studied to find out the correspondence of their spatial disposition, growth maximum capacity and intrinsic rate of increase. For it, weekly samplings were carried out in five points of the municipality Playa, Havana City. During two year (April 2007 May 2009), five buds were randomly taken from three plants in each point and the D. citri densities evaluated. The parasite nymphs were observed until emerged adults of the parasitoid T. radiata when the density was also evaluated. Taylor ́s index and Logistic model were used. Both populations presented an aggregate pattern; the maximum capacity was of up to an average of 268,01 individuals per sampling for the host and 76,5 for its parasitoid. The intrinsic rate of increase were 0,153 for D. citri and 0,088 for T. radiate, the psyllid found favorable condition to reproduce. (


Bible-based musicals and contemporary Passion performances as brought to the stage in theaters and concert halls may be seen as contemporary manifestations
of religion. Over the last few years, most scholars have come to agree that a certain understanding of the secularization thesis – at least in Dutch culture –
no longer holds water: on a macro-level, the influence of institutionalized religion has indeed considerably diminished over the last decennia, but the intellectual legacy of Christianity and Christian religious meaning-making are still part of our culture.


When discussing human diseases in general, the majority (61%) of them are zoonotic, or are able to be transferred between animals and humans (Taylor et al., 2001), either through the bite of an arthropod, exposure to the pathogen through direction contact with animal products (urine, feces, milk, afterbirth) or when humans are a part of the pathogen's life cycle directly. In regard to diseases that are considered emerging, 75% of them are zoonotic (Taylor et al., 2001), which places more weight on the study of these pathogens and their evolution in order to better understand the risk of infection to a new host (Alexander and Day, 2010). This chapter is designed to give the reader an overview of the wide array of pathogenic etiologies, whether viral, bacterial or parasitic, that have the potential to develop into encephalitis, though in some cases, this is a rare side effect, or limited to specific groups (i.e., immunecompromised individuals). Of these diseases, all have a life cycle intimately connected with an animal vector or host in some way. Some disorders are very well known and studied as a means of vector transmitted encephalitis (e.g., Eastern Equine Encephalitis), while others are just emerging as serious health risks associated with encephalitic symptoms (e.g., Chandipura Virus Encephalitis, Nipah and Henipa virus).


To segment a whole object from an image is an essential and challenging task in image processing. In this paper, we propose a hybrid segmentation algorithm which combines prior shape information with normalized cut. With the help of shape information, we can utilize normalized cut to correctly segment the target whose boundary may be corrupted by noise or outliers. At the same time, we introduce the use of segmentation results of the normalized cut to guide the shape model, and thus avoid searching the shape space. The proposed method was demonstrated to be effective by our experiments on both synthetic and real data.


Approximately 50% of the annual increase in hospital costs comes from increased resource use per hospital admission. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), given their fixed financial resources for patient care, have an incentive to constrain their enrollees' use of hospital resources. Our analysis investigates differences in length of stay, total charges, and the ancillary to total charge ratio for hospitalized patients in network HMOs, independent practice associations (IPAs), and fee-for-service (FFS) health plans in the Twin Cities from 1982 to 1984. Network HMO patients in several diagnostic categories are found to use significantly fewer resources, once hospitalized, than patients in either IPA or FFS plans. This difference may give network HMOs a competitive advantage in the market for health plans.


: The hyperosmolality-gated calcium-permeable channel gene family ( OSCA ) is one kind of conserved osmosensors, playing a crucial role in maintaining ion and water homeostasis and protecting cellular stability from the damage of hypertonic stress. Although it has been systematically characterized in diverse plants, it is necessary to explore the role of the OSCA family in barley, especially its importance in regulating abiotic stress response. In this study, a total of 13 OSCA genes ( HvOSCAs ) were identified in barley through an in silico genome search method, which were clustered into 4 clades based on phylogenetic relationships with members in the same clade showing similar protein structures and conserved motif compositions. These HvOSCAs had many cis-regulatory elements related to various abiotic stress, such as MBS and ARE, indicating their potential roles in abiotic stress regulation. Furthermore, their expression patterns were systematically detected under diverse stresses using RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR methods. All of these 13 HvOSCAs were significantly induced by drought, cold, salt and ABA treatment, demonstrating their functions in osmotic regulation. Finally, the genetic variations of the HvOSCAs were investigated using the re-sequencing data, and their nucleotide diversity in wild barley and landrace populations were 0.4966 × 10 − 3 and 0.391 × 10 − 3 , respectively, indicating that a genetic bottleneck has occurred in the OSCA family during the barley evolution process. This study evaluated the genomic organization, evolutionary relationship and genetic expression of the OSCA family in barley, which not only provides potential candidates for further functional genomic study, but also contributes to genetically improving stress tolerance in barley and other crops.


The purpose of this paper is to fill in the gap between knowledge management and business model innovation from Customer knowledge management(CKM) perspective. The paper discusses the relationship between CKM and business model innovation, and proposes that customer knowledge management is an important catalyst of business model innovation. With the case study, the authors have analyzed process and effects of business model innovation based on CKM. The paper finds that customer knowledge management will contribute to satisfying customer needs and increasing the sales volume. It is an important catalyst of business model innovation. The results of this research are essential for academic and managerial purposes because they try to fill, to some extent, the gap between CKM and business model innovation. On the other hand, managers should take into account the implications of hosting some CKM applications to their business, because there could be an important effect on customer needs and the final sales volume.


Menu engineering (ME) is a step-by-step process wich is designed to help management in evaluating the current and future menu pricing, menu composition and to set decisions about price and menu. The main objectives of ME are tomake the next menu more profitable and to attract of guest's attention. It has two critical aspect, that are contribution margin/CM (related to profit) and menu mix/MM (related to an item popularity rate amoing other item). The combination of CM and MM wll result in an item classification (star, plowhorse, question and dog), so that management can design the decision alternatives related to menu item. From the ME application for four months, Bengawan Solo Restaurant has 10 star item menu, 13 qustion items, 2 plowhorse items and 9 dog items. In this case, selling technique performed by waiters and waitresses also influence the ME result. The menegement concerns about the physical presentation and kitchen location. The quality handling should not only be conducted physically, but also pay more attention to halal aspect and food safety or HACCP (hazard analysis and certical control point), in order to produce high quality product that are safe to be consumed.


Testing complex manufacturing systems, like ASML lithographic machines, can take up to 45% of the total development time. The decision of when to stop testing is often difficult to make because less testing may leave critical faults in the system, while more testing increases time-to-market. In this paper, we solve the problem of deciding when to stop testing by introducing a test-sequencing method that incorporates several stopping criteria. These stopping criteria consist of objectives and constraints on the test cost and the remaining risk cost. For a given problem, a suitable stopping criterion can be chosen. For example, with the risk-based stopping criterion, testing stops when the test time or cost exceeds the risk cost. Furthermore, we show that it also is possible to model reliability problems with this test-sequencing method. The method is demonstrated on ASML systems with two case studies. The first case study was conducted in the test phase during the development of the software that is used to control an ASML lithographic machine. The second case study was conducted on the reliability testing of a lithographic machine.


Background: Despite incremental advances in chemotherapy and endocrine therapy, survival outcomes for patients with ER-positive (ER+) metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remain poor. The majority of relapsing tumors exhibit deregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase 4 and 6 (CDK4/6)/cyclin D1 (CCND1)/Rb signaling pathway. CDK4/6 inhibitors (such as palbociclib) in combination with endocrine therapy have been shown to significantly improve progression free survival in patients who are in 1st or 2nd line relapse, although overall survival benefit has yet to be demonstrated. This may reflect their largely cytostatic mechanism of action, with minimal induction of tumor cell death. Thus, combinatorial strategies that also induce apoptosis could be beneficial. Notably, the pro-survival protein BCL-2 is overexpressed in the majority of ER+ tumors and the potent and specific BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax (ABT-199) has been found to synergize with endocrine therapy in patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. Promising activity has also been observed in an early phase clinical trial. We therefore investigated dual targeting of the CDK4/6 and BCL-2 pathways in pre-clinical models of ER+ and BCL-2+ breast cancer. Results: We first examined endocrine sensitive or resistant cell-lines and found that pro-survival BCL-2 proteins were upregulated in resistant cells. BCL-2 family protein levels were also found to be elevated in palbociclib resistant cells, suggesting that BCL-2 could represent a therapeutic target. We next determined whether venetoclax improved response to dual therapy comprising the selective estrogen receptor degrader fulvestrant and palbociclib. In clonogenic assays of endocrine sensitive breast cancer cell lines, triple therapy containing venetoclax significantly reduced the number and size of colonies, when compared to double therapy. The addition of venetoclax to fulvestrant/palbociclib also augmented cell death in tumor organoid models derived from either ER+ BCL-2+ primary tumors or PDX models. Moreover, triple therapy improved tumor response and overall survival in mice bearing ER+ BCL-2+ PDX tumors. Mechanistically, this was accompanied by increased apoptosis and reduced cellular proliferation (as determined by cleaved caspase-3 and Ki67 levels, respectively). As CDK4/6 inhibitors have recently been shown to promote anti-tumor immunity, we evaluated immune modulation using the ER+ 67NR cell line in a syngeneic (BALB/c) mouse mammary tumor model. Similar to the PDX models, triple therapy comprising fulvestrant, palbociclib and venetoclax was more effective than double therapy comprising either fulvestrant/palbociclib or fulvestrant/venetoclax. Flow cytometric analysis of tumors revealed that this was accompanied by a reduced intratumoral FOXP3+:cytotoxic CD8 T-cell ratio. Conclusions: The addition of the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax to conventional therapy comprising endocrine therapy and a CDK4/6 inhibitor augments tumor response and elicits a favorable intratumoral immune profile. Collectively, these findings support investigation of combination therapy in the clinic for patients with ER+ BCL-2+ MBC. Citation Format: Whittle JR, Vaillant F, Policheni AN, Liu K, Pal B, Giner G, Fernandez K, Gray DH, Caldon CE, Smyth GK, Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. Synergistic targeting of CDK4/6 and BCL-2 pathways in estrogen receptor positive breast cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PD7-07.


Penetrating radiation in the Earth's space environment can induce substantial backgrounds in electron multiplier detectors used on space instruments. Background count rates from the Magnetospheric Plasma Analyzer (MPA) on LANL satellites in geosynchronous orbit are calculated and compared to the ambient penetrating particle radiation environment to develop a basis for estimating and predicting detector background count rates throughout the magnetosphere. For several solar energetic proton events and, separately, relativistic electron events, it is shown that background counts in the largely unshielded channel electron multiplier (CEM) detectors on MPA are highly correlated with fluxes of greater than 50 MeV protons or greater than 1.1 MeV electrons. The energetic proton and electron measurements used to characterize the penetrating radiation come from the EPS instrument on the GOES satellites and the SOPA instrument on the LANL satellites, respectively. The high-energy spectrum at geosynchronous orbit during these events can be compared with the AP/AE-8 models of the inner magnetosphere fluxes. Based on the correlation between CEM background and ambient penetrating radiation at geosynchronous, we extrapolate the background response to the inner magnetosphere, a highly relevant instrument design parameter for future missions to this region.


Abstract Cerebral metastasis secondary to prostatic adenocarcinoma is rare and it is usually a late complication in patients with widespread distant metastases. Here, we report two unusual cases of such a rare condition. Our first case presented with a large frontal contrast-enhancing lesion-associated calcification and a large tumor cyst as shown on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This is the fifth reported case of prostatic metastasis manifesting as a cystic intraparenchymal tumor in the literature. The second case presented with a large soft tissue mass in the scalp and this lesion appeared to invade through the skull and into the middle cranial fossa. He was not known to have prostate cancer before his initial presentation and it was only diagnosed following histology results of the scalp lesion.


The diagnosis of ruptured aortic cusp leading to acute aortic insufficiency was made by echophonocardiographic techniques in a patient with non- vegetative aortic valvular endocarditis and a negative clinical history. Early closure of the mitral valve, weak first heart sound, tall A wave of apexcardiogram, and early diastolic murmur indicated acute aortic regur gitation. Fine high frequency echoes of the aortic root and aortic leaflets suggested ruptured aortic leaflet unlike that reported in the presence of vegetations. Timing of S 1 in acute aortic regurgitation by phonocardio gram, echocardiogram, and pulse techniques could not establish a single causative valvular relation in the genesis of this sound.


Mechanical ventilators are beneficial in treating and managing various respiratory diseases, including interstitial pneumonia associated with Coronavirus infection (COVID-19). The unprecedented COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of a worldwide need for more accessible and affordable mechanical ventilatory devices. This project, known as the Third Coast Ventilator, aims to create a low-cost, open-source solution to the ventilator shortage created by the COVID-19 pandemic; this device can additionally be implemented in developing countries with limited medical resources, where ventilators are often inaccessible. Using readily available components found within hospitals and local stores, our team designed a prototype that can be assembled and functional within an hour. Our testing demonstrated accurate tidal volume delivery while modulating commonly used ranges of inspiratory to expiratory ratios, air flow rates, and respiratory rates. These promising results are an important step toward our goal of creating a low-cost, open-source, globally accessible ventilator in areas where shortages exist.


A 2-D contour integral-equation method for the frequency-domain analysis of arbitrarily shaped power bus structures is presented. The numerically efficient approach allows the rapid and accurate computation of the frequency-dependent transfer parameters between an arbitrary number of ports, as required for embedding the power plane structure into network simulation. A formulation is developed for calculating the voltage distribution between the planes, as well as for determining the resulting radiated fields based on the field-equivalence principle. The method is applied for several test boards including a populated board with a surface-mount decoupling-capacitor network. The suggested approach is well confirmed by an analytical solution for the rectangular structure, by measurement and 3-D full-wave simulation results.


This study probed the market share of generic medicines by patients' age and sex, type of medical facilities, route of administration, number of generic brands, market size (drug expenditure), and therapeutic class and investigated factors associated with a high market share of generic medicines in Korea. We analyzed using national health insurance data between 2010 and 2019. The dependent variable was the generic medicine market share, measured as the number of prescriptions and expenditures. Multivariable regression analysis was conducted using the numbers of generic brands, market size by each ingredient and therapeutic class, relative price, the number of prescriptions, and therapeutic class. Total pharmaceutical expenditures have increased due to the high use of single‐source drugs. The number of prescriptions and expenditures for generic medicines were 0.3 billion prescriptions and $7.8 billion, respectively, accounting for 46.5% and 46% of the total market. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of prescriptions (>20 thousand) and the market size of main active ingredients (>$1 million) were associated with an increased market share, whereas the number of generic brands (compared to <3) was associated with reduced generic medicine market share. In conclusion, we found that supply policies to promote the market entry of generic medicines by mandating price consistency between generic medicines and off‐patent original medicines had limitations in increasing the generic medicine market share. Policy should be put in place both to ensure the timely market entry of generic medicines and to promote the use of cheaper generic medicines.


The study was carried out in the Hoat Lagoon and its adjacent open shore near Ohoililir Village at the West Coast of Kai Kecil Island, Kai islands, Indonesia, at 15 sampling dates between 25 August 2001 and 22 May 2002. The main objective of this study is to increase our understanding of the effects of hydrodynamic regimes and water properties on larval transport, retention, and settlement in a tropical lagoon. The following questions were addressed: How do the currents transport mollusc larvae to the lagoon? How many mollusc larvae are retained in the lagoon? How do water properties and turbulence intensity control the larval settlement? The investigations were guided by two main hypotheses: (1) The greater the larval supply and the longer the retention time of the larvae, the higher the settlement densities in the lagoon are. (2) The higher the turbulence intensity and the higher the seawater density, the smaller the settlement densities are. Most larvae introduced into the lagoon were advected from the Banda Sea (65 to 70 nm away from the study sites) ('teleplanic larvae) by wind-driven currents during the northwest monsoon or by upwelling during the southeast monsoon. An average of about 38% of the water inflow and about 78 % of the imported larvae were retained in the lagoon after one tidal cycle. Most larvae that were retained in the lagoon settled and utilized the lagoon as a nursery ground. Due to the relatively short turnover time of the total water volume of the lagoon (about 19 hours), it is regarded as a well-flushed lagoon. About 29% of the total water volume is exported during a single outflow, i.e. it took approximately 3 ebb tides to exchange the water mass of the lagoon. This suggests that recruitment occurs the whole year round. Turbulence intensities and seawater densities were significantly negatively correlated with settlement densities.


Two studies tested whether psychosocial resources affect perception of another's distress. Participants' had their resources depleted, left unchanged, or boosted by elaborately recalling either someone who had betrayed them, a neutral person, or a close and trusted other, respectively. Participants then listened to disturbing baby cries, and rated how much distress the cries conveyed. As predicted, participants who recalled a betrayal subsequently heard the cries as conveying more distress than did other participants (Study 1). However, recalling a betrayal did not amplify cry ratings if, prior to cry rating, betrayal-related thoughts and feelings were disclosed (Study 2). The moderating effect of disclosure on cry ratings indicates that boosting resources (disclosure) can counteract the effects of resource depletion (betrayal). Results in both studies remained significant even after controlling for mood. This research is the first to show that social contexts, and emotional disclosure, each affects perception of others' distress. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


The European Union has contributed funds to the restoration of rivers in the UK and in Denmark through the LIFE programme. The restoration of the UK rivers, under this programme, has been undertaken by the River Restoration Project. This paper will discuss the lessons to learn from one of the UK trial sites on the River Cole.

River restoration is much more than just engineering a natural shape to the river channel. The channel has to work geomorphologically, the conditions must be suitable as habitat for the flora and fauna typical of the area and the proposals must be acceptable to the landowners and the community at large. In practice river restoration has proved to be the solution of many local problems to achieve the broad concepts for the site. River restoration requires professionals from many disciplines to work together -geomorphologists, ecologists, hydraulic engineers, planners.

The paper will describe:

• the planning design and implementation of restoration schemes;
• the successes and difficulties with the scheme;
• how the river has responded after the initial restoration works; and
• lessons to learn for future schemes

When approached sensitively and with the appropriate community involvement, restoration can form a part of sustainable management of river catchments.


This study aims to evaluate patients with nontraumatic dental condition-related visits to the dental hospital emergency service as well as the associate factors. Between June 2007 and June 2011, automation-system based data from 147.840 patients 62.4% were males, 37.6% were females who were admitted to Samsun Dental Hospital Emergency Service in Turkey with nontraumatic dental conditions were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic characteristics of the patients, date and time of admission to the emergency service, the International Classification of Diseases-9 codes and treatment administered to the patients on admission were recorded. The most common complaints on admission were pulpal and periapical tissue diseases in 29.377 patients (74.0%). A total of 45.5% were admitted in out-of-hours emergencies, while 26% were admitted in working hours and 28.5% were admitted on weekends. Patients in the 19-30 age groups had the highest rate for admission in out-of-hours emergencies on weekdays. There was no significant difference in monthly admission rates among the patients. The number of patients who were admitted to emergency service was significantly lower. Our study results indicate that there is an insufficient demand for dental care in Turkish population. We suggest that the number of patients who are admitted to the dental hospital emergency service may be reduced by increased awareness of oral and dental care.


In this study we examined whether the decision to maintain mentally retarded persons on neuroleptic drugs was associated with specific maladaptive behaviors. A drug-withdrawal group, a drug-reinstatement group, and a drug-control group were used. A two-way repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance design indicated that mentally retarded persons were more likely to be maintained on drugs because of events that were perceived as significant and recorded by institutional staff in clinical notes than because of the reasons for which the drugs were prescribed initially. In particular, staff members' perceptions of disturbing behavior, self-stimulation, and physical aggression were likely to influence their decision to maintain mentally retarded persons on neuroleptics.


Abstract We evaluated what predicts satisfaction following an unplanned caesarean first-time birth. Two hundred and twenty-seven primiparous women who delivered by unplanned caesarean were surveyed on individual difference variables (the 10-Item Big Five Personality Domains scale, the Desirability for Control Scale), interactional variables (the CollaboRATE scale, and measures of emotional support and decisional inclusion during labour and delivery), perceptions of preparedness, and the Birth Satisfaction Scale-Revised Indicator. A multilinear regression was run using birth satisfaction as the dependent variable. Three variables predicted birth satisfaction: emotional support, being included in the decision-making, and present perception of preparedness (R2=.54, p<.001). Participants reported feeling more prepared before the birth experience than they actually were, as viewed in hindsight (p<.001). How prepared a woman perceives she was for the experience she actually had, together with her perceptions of emotional support and decisional inclusion during birth, predict birth satisfaction when birth deviates from her original expectations. Impact statement What is already known on this subject? An unplanned caesarean often leads to dissatisfaction with the birth experience and is emotionally challenging for women, increasing the risk of postpartum depression and acute stress disorder. Some recent work indicates personality may influence the birth experience, and other work suggests the quality of interaction between healthcare provider and the woman may predict satisfaction. What the results of this study add? In this study, we sought to identify predictors of satisfaction in women whose first and only birth experience resulted in an unplanned caesarean delivery. Our research demonstrated that over half of the variation in birth satisfaction can be predicted by how prepared women feel they actually were for their experience, by women's perceptions of healthcare providers' efforts made to emotionally support them and to include them in the decision-making process. Personality and a woman's desire for control did not predict satisfaction. These results indicate that birth satisfaction is heavily influenced by what happens before and during the experience and can be amenable by support from a healthcare provider. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Preparing women for the possibility of an unplanned caesarean, emotional support, and inclusion in the decision-making process, may reduce dissatisfaction, and potentially distress, after an unplanned caesarean.


We propose a model for gamma-ray emitting microblazars based on the Compton interaction of a relativistic electron-positron plasma, ejected in a jet feature, with the UV-photon field provided by a high-mass stellar companion. Taking into account the gravitational effects of the star upon the accretion disk, we predict a jet precession which results in a variable, periodic, high-energy gamma-ray source. The specific case of Cygnus X-1 is briefly discussed.


The COVID-19 pandemic forced higher education into emergency remote instruction in 2020. Impacts of this modality shift on undergraduates of different identities are important to document, for both current students who need support now and future students who may face other crises. A large survey in the United States asked students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to report the impact of emergency remote instruction on their confidence to succeed and sense of belonging in STEM. Using those data, we find that the impact varies by gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). For instance, 63.3% of lower SES women identifying as underrepresented racial/ethnic minorities (URM) reported a decrease in their confidence to succeed, compared to 38.9% of non-URM, higher SES men who reported a decrease. On the other hand, 35.3% of URM, lower SES men reported that emergency remote instruction increased their sense of belonging, compared to 15.9% of non-URM, higher SES women. The large percentage reporting increased belonging was unexpected and adds to calls for more research into the experiences of URM men. Our results suggest researchers, instructors, and administrators working to mitigate shocks to higher education must consider multiple identities and take an intersectional view, because impacts of these crises are not neutral with respect to gender, race/ethnicity, and SES.


We have localized the binding region of a previously described monoclonal anti-factor VIII (FVIII) inhibitory antibody (C5) to amino acid residues Thr351-Ser365 of the thrombin-generated 54-kD fragment of the heavy chain of FVIII. Synthetic FVIII peptides were examined for the ability to competitively inhibit the binding of C5 to FVIII in an ELISA system. The synthetic FVIII peptide Thr351-Ser365 blocked C5 binding to FVIII in a dose-dependent manner in this system. Two other synthetic FVIII peptides, Asn340-Glu354 and Glu342-Asp356, which partially overlapped Thr351-Ser365, also blocked C5 binding to FVIII. Blocking of C5 binding with these peptides, however, required much greater concentrations (greater than 100 times stronger) than that required for Thr351-Ser365. The Thr351-Ser365 peptide also neutralized the FVIII inhibitory activity of C5 in plasma. A human FVIII inhibitor (anti-FVIII heavy chain alloantibody) was also partially neutralized by Thr351-Ser365. Thr351-Ser365 lies between a thrombin cleavage site (Arg372) and an activated protein C cleavage site (Arg336) and may be at or near a region of functional importance in the expression of FVIII procoagulant activity.


The question of how to convey depth most effectively in a picture is a multifaceted problem, both because of potential limitations of the chosen medium (stereopsis? image motion?), and because "effectiveness" can be defined in various ways. Practical applications usually focus on "information transfer," i.e., effective techniques for evoking recognition of implied depth relationships, but this issue depends on subjective judgments which axe difficult to scale when stimuli are above threshold. Two new approaches to this question are proposed here which are based on alternative criteria for effectiveness.


This work was originally written by Professor Morison "to aid the student in thinking out for himself the problems presented to him in the wards and in his textbooks." The object of this (third) edition remains the same, and its achievement is attempted through the consideration of general principles and their application. It is ten years since the second edition appeared, and the trifling increase in size -less than 20 pages-shows how closely the original scheme has been adhered to. Professor Saint's special contribution-a general scheme of the basis of the Principles of Surgery-forms Chapter I. It is marked here and there by slight amplifications to facilitate the student's grasping the principles set forth. This chapter is full of information; but the lettered sections and numbered paragraphs, and heavy type headings cause the text to be broken up, and consequently none too easily read or grasped by the student.


Randomised search heuristics are used in practice to solve difficult problems where no good problem-specific algorithm is known. They deliver a solution of acceptable quality in reasonable time in many cases. When theoretically analysing the performance of randomised search heuristics one usually considers the average time needed to find an optimal solution or one of a pre-specified approximation quality. This is very different from practice where usually the algorithm is stopped after some time. For a theoretical analysis this corresponds to investigating the quality of the solution obtained after a pre-specified number of function evaluations called budget. Such a perspective is taken here and two simple randomised search heuristics, random local search and the (1+1) evolutionary algorithm, are analysed on simple and well-known example functions. If the budget is significantly smaller than the expected time needed for optimisation the behaviour of the algorithms can be very different depending on the problem at hand. Precise analytical results are proven. They demonstrate novel and interesting challenges in the analysis of randomised search heuristics. The potential of this different perspective to provide a more practically useful theory is shown.


A method for identifying and classifying ordered phases in large chemically and thermally disordered atomistic models is presented. The method uses Steinhardt parameters to represent local atomic configurations and develops probability density functions to classify individual atoms using naïve Bayes. The method is applied to large molecular dynamics simulations of supersaturated Ni-20 at% Al solid solutions in order to identify the formation of embryonic γ′-Ni3Al. The composition and temperatures are chosen to promote precipitation, which is observed in the form of ordering and is found to occur more likely in regions with above average Al concentration producing 'clusters' of increasing size. The results are interpreted in terms of a precipitation mechanism in which the solid solution is unstable with respect to ordering and potentially followed by either spinodal decomposition or nucleation and growth.


Current figures suggest that there are between 200 and 400 million users of English in China (Hansen Edwards, 2007). It has been estimated that there are in fact more learners of English in China than there are native English speakers in the entire United States (Taylor, 2002). This book would seem, then, to be a timely addition for the English language teacher who wishes to understand this huge market.


Introduction: Prostate cancer (PCa) is a common type of cancer in western countries and prominent cause of mortality in men. The aim of the study was to evaluate miRNAs as biomarkers in PCa in healthy individuals and prostate cancer with patients, and examined the effect of miRNA levels on tumour mass. Material and methods: Twenty prostate cases, age (mean and range) 61,4±12.1 (45-73), and twenty healthy men, age 59,3±11.2 (44-70) were included to the study. Seven miRNAs including two internal controls (Let7c, miR125b, miR141, miR145, miR 155, miR181 ve miR192) were evaluated in two groups. Results: The mean and range of prostate spesific antigen (PSA) in cancer cases and healthy individuals were 6.79±2.84 ng/ml (2.25-14.7) and 3.8±2.2 ng/ml (1.3-7.8) respectively. The level of miR141 was significantly lower in PCa cases than healthy individuals (p=0,004), and miR155 was significantly higher (p=0,005) in PCa cases. Both miRNAs were explored sensitive and specific in the ROC analysis. Tumour mass were found to be associated with the level of miR-125b and miR-145. Conclusion: validation studies are required in wider patient groups in the subject of tumor effect and miRNA biomarkers in prostate cancer.


Throughout much of its native distribution, burbot (Lota lota) is a species of conservation concern.  Understanding dynamic rate functions is critical for the effective management of sensitive burbot populations, which necessitates accurate and precise age estimates.  Managing sensitive burbot populations requires an accurate and precise non-lethal alternative.  In an effort to identify a non-lethal ageing structure, we compared the precision of age estimates obtained from otoliths, pectoral fin rays, dorsal fin rays and branchiostegal rays from 208 burbot collected from the Green River drainage, Wyoming.  Additionally, we compared the accuracy of age estimates from pectoral fin rays, dorsal fin rays and branchiostegal rays to those of otoliths.  Dorsal fin rays were immediately deemed a poor ageing structure and removed from further analysis.  Age-bias plots of consensus ages derived from branchiostegal rays and pectoral fin rays were appreciably different from those obtained from otoliths.  Exact agreement between readers and reader confidence was highest for otoliths and lowest for branchiostegal rays.  Age-bias plots indicated that age estimates obtained from branchiostegal rays and pectoral fin rays were substantially different from age estimates obtained from otoliths.  Our results indicate that otoliths provide the most precise age estimates for burbot.


Recent simulation and experimental results on molecular alignment at the liquid–vapour interface of dipolar fluids are in disagreement with the predictions of all existing theories. We discuss these problems in the context of our earlier work on association in dipolar fluids and propose new theoretical approaches to tackle them.


The treatment of musculoskeletal sarcoma (MSS) has evolved over the past 30 years from a primarily surgical, limb-sacrificing protocol to a multimodal limb-sparing approach including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. The need for plastic surgical techniques to reconstruct limb-sparing defects and promote healing of radiated tissues developed in lockstep with this modern system of treatment. Because MSS can arise in almost any anatomical region of the body, restorative procedures draw from the vast armamentarium of plastic surgical techniques. This chapter reviews the thought processes involved in selecting, evaluating, preparing, and reconstructing patients with composite tissue defects due to MSS eradication. Focus is directed toward thorough communication with the multidisciplinary MSS team, engineering successful surgery via preoperative preparation, and selecting a reconstructive plan tailored to the patient and the defect.


Communities of Interest (COI) have been studied in the past to classify traffic within an enterprise network, and to mitigate denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We investigate the use of Communities of Interest (COIs) to prioritize known good traffic on the Internet. Under our system, an ISP may construct a COI for each of its enterprise customers. The COI would contain entities which have previously had good communications with the customer. These COIs could then be used in combination with traffic differentiating mechanisms during periods of heavy traffic in order to prioritize traffic from communicating entities known to be good. We show that it is possible to construct an effective COI from information which would be available to an ISP about its customers, specifically sampled Netflow data. We investigate various heuristics to determine which flows actually represent good traffic whose endpoint should be inserted into the COI, and show that our heuristics are effective in differentiating wanted and unwanted traffic.


In her book, Rachel Kerr presents, through the operation of the International Criminal Tribunal For the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), an integrated study of law and international politics in the maintenance of international peace and security. Although the tribunal was established as a tool of politics, it has administered justice in an apolitical fashion. Kerr's empirical examination explores the necessity of the ICTY's political status for the performance of its judicial function as an independent court. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact firstname.lastname@example.com. Recommended Citation Turack, Daniel C. (2008) "Book Review: Rachel Kerr. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: An Exercise in Law, Politics, and Diplomacy ," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1: Article 11. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol3/iss1/11


A hallmark of cancer is the disruption of differentiation within tumor cells. Internal tandem duplication mutations of the FLT3 kinase (FLT3/ITD) occur commonly in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with poor survival, leading to efforts to develop FLT3 kinase inhibitors. However, FLT3 inhibitors have thus far met with limited success, inducing only a clearance of peripheral blasts with minimal BM responses. Quizartinib is a novel potent and selective FLT3 inhibitor currently being studied in clinical trials. In 13 of 14 FLT3/ITD AML patients with normal karyotype treated with quizartinib, we observed terminal myeloid differentiation of BM blasts in association with a clinical differentiation syndrome. The single patient whose blasts failed to differentiate had a preexisting C/EBPα mutation and another developed a C/EBPα mutation at disease progression, suggesting a mechanism of resistance to FLT3 inhibition. In vitro, in primary blasts cocultured with human BM stroma, FLT3 inhibition with quizartinib induced cell-cycle arrest and differentiation rather than apoptosis. The present study is the first description of terminal differentiation of cancer cells in patients treated with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor. These data highlight the importance of the differentiation block in the patho-genesis of AML.