1. Introduction. UNIX Background. The POSIX.2 Standard. How to Use This Book. Typographical Conventions. Syntactic Conventions. Getting Started. 2. Concepts. The UNIX Manual. System Administration and the Superuser. Users and Groups. What the Shell Does. The UNIX Kernel. Processes. The UNIX File System. File Permissions. Conventions for Using Files. Standard Files and Redirection. Other Facilities for Interprocess Communication. UNIX Commands. Local Variables. Initialization Files. Terminal Descriptions. Locales, Code Sets, and Internationalization. Regular Expressions. Devices. 3. Operations on Files. Operations on Directories. Listing Files with ls. Displaying and Concatenating Files with cat. Linking, Moving, and Copying Files with ln, mv, and cp. Removing Files. Examining Files or Output with a Pager. Printing Files. Finding Files with find. Locating, Classifying, and Checking Files. Comparing Files. Controlling File Access and Ownership. Miscellaneous File Utilities. Data Compression and Encoding. Archiving Sets of Files. Examining Files with od. Copying and Converting Data with dd. Updating Files with patch. Creating Special Files. 4. Data Manipulation Using Filters. Sorting Files with sort. Finding Patterns with grep. Simple Data Transformations. Extracting Parts of Files. Combining Files. Using sed to Edit from a Script. The awk Programming Language. Other Data Manipulation Languages. 5. Utility Programs. Information Services. Reporting on the Status of Processes. Managing Pro-cesses. Commands Related to Logging In. Controlling Your Terminal. On-Line Communication with Other Users. Disk Usage Statistics. Writing and Reading Strings. Evaluating Expressions. Special Invocation of Commands. Querying Your UNIX Environment. Miscellaneous Services. Producing Locale Information and Defining a Locale. Document Processing. Version Control. 6. The Korn and POSIX Shells. Overview of the KornShell. Interacting with the Shell. Editing an Input Line. Calling the Shell Directly. Shell Scripts. Syntax of Shell Input. Patterns. Simple Commands. Linking Commands with Operators. Redirection. Here-Documents. The test, true, and false Commands. Compound Commands. How Commands Are Executed. Parameters. Parameter Expansions. Quotation. Substitutions. Aliases. Commands for Job Control. The Command History and the fc Command. ntrinsic Commands and Predefined Aliases. Predefined Variables Used by the Shell. Execution Options. Initialization Files for the Shell. Parsing Command Lines with getopts. A Sample Shell Script. 7. Other Shells. The C Shell csh. Bash, the "Bourne-again Shell." 8. Standard Editors. The vi Visual Editor. Local Variables for vi and ex. The Extended Editor ex. The ed Line Editor. Tag Files. 9. The GNU Emacs Editor. Calling and Terminating Emacs. Conventions for Typing Input. Getting Acquainted with Emacs. Emacs Concepts. How to Issue Commands. Getting Help. Exiting from or Suspending Emacs. Basic Editing Commands. Mouse Operations on Text. Additional Editing Commands. Indentation. Operations on Rectangles. Operations on Windows. Operations on Frames. Operations on Files. Explicit Operations on Buffers. The Buffer Menu. Printing. Registers and Their Operations. Searching and Replacing. Operations on Variables. Evaluating LISP Expressions. Executing UNIX Commands from Emacs. Environmental Inquiries. Customizing Emacs. 10. Emacs Utilities. Directory Operations with Dired. Composing and Editing Pictures. Tags and Tag Tables. The Emacs Mailer. The GNUS Newsreader. The Calendar. The Diary. The Version Control Interface. Amusements. 11. Mailers and Newsreaders. What's in a Message? Recipients. Mailboxes. Forwarding Mail. The mailx (Berkeley Mail)Mailer. Other Mailers. Archiving Files for Mailing with shar. Newsgroups and Newsreaders. UNIX Newsreaders. 12. Communicating with Remote Computers. Network Addresses. Local-Area Networks. Distributing Files Over Networks. Internet Resources. Programs for Remote Communications. Remote Operations on "Nearby" Computers. Calling a Remote Computer with telnet. Transferring Files Between Computers with ftp. File Transfers Based on uucp. Connecting to Remote Computers with cu. 13. The X Window System. The X Screen. Getting Started and Quitting. Window Managers. Servers, Displays, and Display Specifications. Widgets. Properties. Command-Line Options for X Applications. Resources and Their Specifications. The Resource Database. Geometry Specifications. Fonts. Colors. Initialization Files for X. The xterm Terminal Emulator. Informational Displays for X. Color and Font Information for X. Clients for Initializing and Customizing X. Killing an X Client with xkill. Viewing Manual Pages with xman. 14. Managing Your System. Running with Superuser Privileges. System Administration Programs. Explicit System Administration. Software Installation. File System Maintenance. Startup and Shutdown. Appendix A. Alphabetical Summary of Commands. List of Commands. Summary of Commands and Features. Appendix B. Comparison of MS-DOS and UNIX. Treatment of Files. MS-DOS Commands and Their UNIX Equivalents. Other Related Features. Appendix C. Resources. Books. CD-ROMs. Appendix D. Glossary. Index.


Recent research has revealed new facts about the British nuclear arsenal over a 25-year period starting in 1953. This accounting and the authors' own research support an estimate that the British produced about 1,250 nuclear warheads between 1953 and 2013. From a peak of about 500 warheads in the period between 1974 and 1981, the UK arsenal has now been reduced to some 225 weapons.


As gas turbines, wind farms, run-of-river hydro, photovoltaic and other renewable energy sources are becoming a growing component in the power system, the feasibility of applying the controllability of their expensive frequency-changers [based on voltage-source converters or (VSCs)] is examined to provide system damping. It is shown that irrespective of the location of the VSC-frequency changers along the transmission line, significant damping is available by the combined control of real and reactive power modulations. The finding is reached by eigenvalue analysis of the linearised equations and confirmed by digital simulation (PSCAD/EMTDC). Digital simulation is also applied to evaluate the size of injected complex power required for the best damping for a given converter rating.


Reconstruction of distal thumb injuries still remains a challenge for hand surgeons. Surgical treatment includes the use of local, regional, and free flaps. The purpose of this report is to present the results of the use of a sensitive reverse flow first dorsal metacarpal artery (FDMA) flap. The skin flap was designed on the radial side of the proximal phalanx of the index finger based on the ulnar and radial branch of the FDMA and a sensory branch of the superficial radial nerve. This neurovascular flap was used in five patients to cover distal soft‐tissue thumb defects. All flaps achieved primary healing except for one patient in whom superficial partial necrosis of the flap occurred, and the defect healed by second intention. All patients maintained the thumb original length and were able to return to their previous daily activities. The reverse flow FDMA flap is a reliable option to cover immediate and delayed defects of distal thumb, offering acceptable functional and cosmetic outcomes in respect to sensibility, durability, and skin‐match. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 34:283–286, 2014.


We report the results of position ties for short baselines at eight geodetic sites based on phase delays that are extracted from global geodetic very‐long‐baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations rather than dedicated short‐baseline experiments. An analysis of phase delay observables at X band from two antennas at the Geodetic Observatory Wettzell, Germany, extracted from 107 global 24‐hr VLBI sessions since 2019 yields weighted root‐mean‐square scatters about the mean baseline vector of 0.3, 0.3, and 0.8 mm in the east, north, and up directions, respectively. Position ties are also obtained for other short baselines between legacy antennas and nearby, newly built antennas. They are critical for maintaining a consistent continuation of the realization of the terrestrial reference frame, especially when including the new VGOS network. The phase delays of the baseline WETTZ13N–WETTZELL enable an investigation of sources of error at the sub‐millimeter level. We found that a systematic variation of larger than 1 mm can be introduced to the Up estimates of this baseline vector when atmospheric delays were estimated. Although the sub‐millimeter repeatability has been achieved for the baseline vector WETTZ13N–WETTZELL, we conclude that long term monitoring should be conducted for more short baselines to assess the instrumental effects, in particular the systematic differences between phase delays and group delays, and to find common solutions for reducing them. This will be an important step toward the goal of global geodesy at the 1 mm level.


Sexist language is an incitement to the stigmatization of women as women or of sexual orientation so that it contributes to maintaining the discriminatory situation of these categories. It can be included as a part of conduct in different crimes, but sexist language per se isn't criminalized in Italy (freedom to manifest one's thought is a right constitutionally guaranteed). Criminal law has a subsidiary function with respect to the ways in which the phenomena of hate and sexist speech must be combatted. Communication on the Web must be carefully regulated, with the involvement of managers in the processing of self-regulation, in particular the managers of the social networks.


Osteotomy is a classic operation in the treatment of unicompartmental osteoarthrosis of the knee. It has often been presented as a possible alternative to prosthetic joint replacement, but the indications depend on the stage and articular diffusion of the degenerative changes and on the patient's profile and are very different in most cases from the indications for unicompartmental or total knee replacement. A relatively new technique of high tibial osteotomy will be illustrated in this article with careful step-by-step presentation of all the details of the operation. Compared to the Coventry lateral closing wedge osteotomy, this technique turns upside down the method of correction of the varus deformity and adds a wedge medially. It is based on a special dedicated system of instruments and plates developed by Puddu et al in the early 1990s.


Despite evidence that antibiotics abuse is related to unknown pathogen infection, antibiotics are badly overused in China, as common people can easily buy antibiotics in pharmacy stores, even without prescriptions from doctors. The necessity and feasibility of antibiotics treatment after tooth extraction surgery, among the most common surgical operations, remain unclear. We examined the clinical significance of necessity of antibiotics treatment after tooth extraction using 103 patients treated with amoxicillin and metronidazole and 104 subjects treated with vitamin C as control. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial design was performed. Univariate analyses for general characteristics of the study population were performed and there were no significant differences in gender, age, extraction position between the two groups before operation. The operation time was also not significantly different between the two groups. The postoperative complications were evaluated regarding pain, swelling, opening degree and alveolitis. The statistical analysis revealed that postoperative amoxicillin and metronidazole treatment did not produce statistically significant better results than placebo with regard to pain, swelling, opening degree and alveolitis. These findings extend our understanding of antibiotics using after tooth extraction surgery and suggest that this therapeutic strategy does not seem to impose additional benefits to Chinese population.


Purpose – The purpose of this chapter is to shed new light on the effects of labor market institutions and the economic conditions on self-employment composition that may help the development of a comprehensive strategy to promote job creation and sustained economic growth in the post-2009 era.

Methodology/approach – Using microdata from the European Community Household Panel for the EU-15, we analyze the effects of employment protection legislation, start-up incentives, and economic conditions on transitions from unemployment and paid employment to self-employment, as well as on self-employment survival, with a special focus on the differentiated effect of these variables on different types of self-employment.

Findings – The empirical results suggest that the coexistence of recession periods, start-up incentives, and strict employment protection may be distorting the occupational choice against true entrepreneurs and favor less entrepreneurial forms of self-employment – such as last resort or dependent. Therefore, the differentiated effect of the regulatory environment and the economic conditions over different forms of self-employment – that contribute to job creation, growth and innovation processes in a different manner – may help explaining the different incidence in terms of employment of the economic crisis across countries.

Social implications – During deep recessions, stringent labor regulations might prompt that public expenditure designed to move the unemployed back to employment favors atypical forms of employment outside the scope of labor laws, deteriorating employment rights, and the social protection of workers. As a consequence, the interaction of different LMI and the business cycle should be considered when defining the regulatory environment.


A novel method for modeling the shape evolution of 3-dimensional (3-D) faceted crystals has been developed in which the normal distances to each face from an origin inside the crystal are represented by a system of ordinary differential equations. The model is initialized from an arbitrary initial seed shape and size but known crystallographic data (such as unit cell and symmetry). At each time step, the entire family of possible discrete shape evolution events (such as vertices bifurcating into edges or faces, etc.) are exhaustively enumerated and investigated using a new set of simple testable conditions. The evolving crystal shape is then determined from the evolving set of normal distances and the corresponding crystallographic planes. The model has been successfully applied to two organic crystal systems: adipic acid grown from water and α-glycine grown from water. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006


The paper develops hedonic analyses of the pricing of leasehold versus freehold estates in Ghana. The motivation of the paper is the passage of Act 267(5) in 1992 that effectively abolished outright sale of stool lands in Ghana. Stool lands are lands controlled by tribal "chiefs." Act 267(5) prohibits the sale of freehold estates for stool lands. There are two important findings in this study. The first is that freeholds tend to attract premium prices relative to leaseholds. This supports the bundle-of-rights argument. The second is that the effect of the 1992 Act is indeed capitalized into land prices because of the relative increase in the supply of leaseholds vis-a-vis freeholds. Specifically, the price of freeholds increased relative to the price of leaseholds after the constitutional event. The study also finds that transactions involving stools and individuals, usually perceived to be associated with litigation risk (or title insecurity) relative to government lands, are sold at a discount. Transactions noted to have a history of litigation are also associated with price discounts. The estimated coefficients on all the variables representing services to the site like water, electricity and access roads are significantly positive, indicating a high demand for such essential services. Copyright 2004 by the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association


The importance of cosmetics in our lives is immeasurable. Covering items from daily personal hygienic products to skincare, it has become essential to consumers that the items that they use are safe and effective. Since natural products are from natural sources, and therefore considered "natural" and "green" in the public's eyes, the rise in demand for such products is not surprising. Even so, factoring in the need to remain on trend and innovative, cosmetic companies are on a constant search for new ingredients and inventive new formulations. Based on numerous literature, the seed of Swietenia macrophylla has been shown to possess several potential "cosmetic-worthy" bioproperties, such as skin whitening, photoprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, etc. These properties are vital in the cosmetic business, as they ultimately contribute to the "ageless" beauty that many consumers yearn for. Therefore, with further refinement and research, these active phytocompounds may be a great contribution to the cosmetic field in the near future.


Population estimates for India range from 1370 million in 2030 to 1600 million in 2050. The average size of landholding in Telangana state has decreased slightly from 1.30 ha to 1.11 ha, from 2000 to 2016. Farming is unsustainable on such a small scale. There is a pressing need for an integrated farming system (IFS) approach in agriculture to produce not only human food (cereals, pulses, oilseeds, milk, fruit, fish, meat, etc.), but also animal feed, fodder, fuel, and fiber. The data was collected for the agriculture year 2021-22. Respondents were selected using a multi-stage random sampling method. The impact of integrated farming systems on livelihood security opined by adopted farmers showed increase in soil fertility, land productivity, waste recycling, net returns and decrease in cost of cultivation, incidence of pests and diseases etc., To examine the respondents' experiences with integrated farming systems, Garrett's ranking technique was used. First and foremost, the high price fluctuations (75) was the major constraint in crop production. To enhance the self-confidence and interest of farmers in rural areas, scientists should offer cluster-specific live demonstrations of the Integrated Farming System. This will help to attract and keep young people in agriculture to a larger extent.


Local geologic and soil conditions can greatly increase the intensity of earthquake ground shaking (Kramer 1996). These local site effects are particularly significant at sites with deep, soft soil deposits, although hard rock sites may also exhibit amplification (Siddiqqi and Atkinson 2002). Estimation of this localized site response can be accomplished using theoretical or empirical methods. Theoretical modeling requires extensive characterization of a site's near-surface geology, as well as the use of sophisticated computing methods. In contrast, empirical approaches require only ground-motion data records from the site. The relative ease of application has popularized the use of empirical methods in investigating site response.

Ground-motion records have become readily available at a number of Canadian sites, owing to the recent deployment and subsequent expansion of the Portable Observatories for Lithospheric Analysis and Research Investigating Seismicity (POLARIS) seismograph network (Eaton et al. 2005). In this study, empirical site-response spectra were produced for 11 stations of the POLARIS Ontario (POLO) array of POLARIS (Figure 1 and Table 1). A variety of near-surface conditions exist at these sites. While most are located on competent Precambrian bedrock, others rest on fractured Paleozoic bedrock, soil, or a combination of soil and manmade fill. An additional, temporary, soil station was also studied (Figure 1 and Table 1). Installed near a cement quarry in St. Marys, Ontario, this station collected data over a weeklong period.

View this table:

 TABLE 1
Seismograph Stations Used for This Study

The primary objective of this study was to report the site-response spectra for 11 POLO stations that have not been previously studied. Spectra produced in this study supplement those previously reported by Murphy and Eaton (2005) for 18 other POLO stations. Two popular empirical methods were used to obtain the site-response spectra, allowing for a comparison of the results. The empirical methods employed were Nakamura's (1989) microtremor …


Summary form only given. The Object-Protocol Model (OPM) data management tools provide facilities for rapid development, documentation, and flexible exploration of scientific databases. The tools are based on OPM, an object-oriented data model which is similar to the ODMG standard, but also supports extensions for modeling scientific data. Databases designed using OPM can be implemented using a variety of commercial relational DBMSs, using schema translation tools that generate complete DBMS database definitions from OPM schemas. Further, OPM schemas can be retrofitted on top of existing databases defined using a variety of notations, such as the relational data model or the ASN.1 data exchange format, using OPM retrofitting tools. Several archival molecular biology databases have been designed and implemented using the OPM tools, including the Genome Database (GDB) and the Protein Data Bank (PDB), while other scientific databases, such as the Genome Sequence Database (GSDB), have been retrofitted with semantically enhanced views using the OPM tools.


Improving the retrieval relevance on noisy datasets is an emerging need for the curation of a large-scale clean dataset in the medical domain. While existing methods can be applied for class-wise retrieval (aka. inter-class), they cannot distinguish the granularity of likeness within the same class (aka. intra-class). The problem is exacerbated on medical external datasets, where noisy samples of the same class are treated equally during training. Our goal is to identify both intra/inter-class similarities for fine-grained retrieval. To achieve this, we propose an Outlier-Sensitive Content-based rAdiologhy Retrieval System (OSCARS), consisting of two steps. First, we train an outlier detector on a clean internal dataset in an unsupervised manner. Then we use the trained detector to generate the anomaly scores on the external dataset, whose distribution will be used to bin intra-class variations. Second, we propose a quadruplet (a, p, nintra, ninter) sampling strategy, where intra-class negatives nintra are sampled from bins of the same class other than the bin anchor a belongs to, while n_inter are randomly sampled from inter-classes. We suggest a weighted metric learning objective to balance the intra and inter-class feature learning. We experimented on two representative public radiography datasets. Experiments show the effectiveness of our approach. The training and evaluation code can be found in https://github.com/XiaoyuanGuo/oscars.


In the paper we present the case of 39-year old patient admitted to the hospital because of double cancer (i.e. breast and ovarian cancer). This coexistence made us to check with PCR the possible irregularity in BCRA1 gene structure. The result of the study was the finding of insertion-duplication 12 bp in BRCA1 gene.


An 83‐year‐old woman was admitted for investigation of sudden loss of vision. Extensive plum‐purple papules and nodules involved her skin and lips but not mucosae. A cutaneous biopsy demonstrated irregular vascular cavernous channels in the dermis and subcutis; deeper vessels displayed smooth muscle. Blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome was diagnosed. This patient had no gastrointestinal symptoms, no family history of blue rubber bleb naevus syndrome, and only developed cutaneous signs after 60 years of age. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain found multiple cerebral and cerebellar cavernomas with two larger foci of haemorrhage in both occipital lobes, with the largest in the right occipital lobe being associated with calcification. These most likely represent bleeding in relation to cavernomas believed to be the cause of decreased vision, predominantly in the left eye.


Objectives: The potential usefulness of mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) is being investigated for healthcare staff burnout and associated problems, but empirical research on MBI's for end-of-life (EOL) professionals is still in its infancy. The aim of this review is to describe and evaluate the body of evidence-based research on the use of MBIs to support the psychological wellbeing of professional staff in EOL care settings. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted. Database records were extracted from ERIC, PsycInfo, EBSCO, PubMed Central (PMC) and Web of Science, using search terms to locate peer-reviewed studies on professional (not volunteer) staff in dedicated end-of-life settings, administering MBIs not embedded in more general therapeutic modalities (such as ACT or DBT). After removing duplicates, 8701 potential studies were identified: eliminating those that did not fit the eligibility criteria reduced the number of eligible studies to six. Results: A total of six empirical studies were identified and further evaluated. Interventions primarily focussed on reducing burnout symptoms, increasing self-care and self-compassion, and fostering mindfulness. Studies demonstrated very little overlap in treatment, methodology and measures. Only one study was a randomised control trial, which on application of the 3-item Jadad quality scoring, (evidence of randomisation, blinding of researcher to participants' identity and accounts provided of all participants), achieved 1 out of 5 possible points. Furthermore, other concerns were identified as to the study's methodology. Conclusions: Results of this review point to significant gaps in the research on the potential of MBIs to improve the wellbeing of EOL professionals.


ABSTRACT With early detection of gastric cancer, mortality from gastric cancer has decreased. Endoscopists should be more suspicious about these lesions because these can be easily neglected. We reported a case which has endoscopic appearance of benign lesion but possessed malignant histological features. How to cite this article: Basyigit S, Aktas B, Küçükazman M, Simsek HD, Simsek GG, Kefeli A, Yeniova AÖ, Nazligul Y. Early Gastric Cancer: A Demonstrative Case Report. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2014;4(1):61.


Modern processors use high-performance cache replacement policies that outperform traditional alternatives like least-recently used ( LRU ). Unfortunately, current cache models do not capture these high-performance policies as most use stack distances, which are inherently tied to LRU or its variants. Accurate predictions of cache performance enable many optimizations in multicore systems. For example, cache partitioning uses these predictions to divide capacity among applications in order to maximize performance, guarantee quality of service, or achieve other system objectives. Without an accurate model for high-performance replacement policies, these optimizations are unavailable to modern processors. We present a new probabilistic cache model designed for high-performance replacement policies. It uses absolute reuse distances instead of stack distances, and models replacement policies as abstract ranking functions . These innovations let us model arbitrary age-based replacement policies. Our model achieves median error of less than 1% across several high-performance policies on both synthetic and SPECCPU2006 benchmarks. Finally, we present a case study showing how to use the model to improve shared cache performance.


The minimum radial separation measure associated with a planar simple polygon is computed using an exhaustive search strategy based on the definition of the measure. The algorithm is simple and direct, based on purely geometrical arguments, and provides an alternative and useful way to examine the minimum radial separation measure. The approach of considering the radial separation functional as the basic element of analysis complements rather than replaces existing numerical techniques to find the separation centre point, and because of its fundamental character, is also highly desirable in terms of standardization. Quantitative measures of tolerance specification that arise from this treatment include an intrinsic 'average' out-of-roundness and values for standard deviation. The concavity of the separation functional at the solution minimum is a useful means to quantify tolerance, and contour plots provide constant out-of-roundness regions. A minimum area difference measure is defined, along with its area difference functional, and the geometry of the separation functionals are illustrated by example.


Using the lens of social physics, this study aims to examine how, if at all, one graduate training program fostered collisions or meaningful interactions, between students and faculty from different disciplinary backgrounds.,Qualitative, ethnographic case study methods.,The University of Maryland's National Research Traineeship program fostered collisions between students and faculty from different disciplinary backgrounds by facilitating exploration, idea flow and engagement within an interdisciplinary scholarly community. These collisions generated productive opportunities for student learning, development and collaborations, but at times also produced non-generative outcomes.,This study names specific, strategic activities (e.g. regular research talks, physical space) that graduate programs can use to facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations among students and faculty and considers the extent to which such activities contribute to organizational change.,This paper applies new theories (collisions and social physics) to understanding interdisciplinary collaboration and identifies aspects of graduate training programs that may be replicable in other institutional settings.


In adequate quality and quantity, forages curtail animal production in sub-Saharan Africa. As such, the potential of livestock agriculture to contribute to household nutrition and incomes is usually compromised, against an increasing consumption of animal source foods. The growing consumption deserve forage interventions that can address the feeding gap, and contribute to improved livestock production, and subsequently livestock keepers' prosperity. Using "Targeting Tools", a web GIS system, we mapped the suitability of a wide array of grass and forage legumes for southern highlands. Using the maps, we selected context-specific varieties and procured available seeds/planting materials for pilot trials. Following farmers' participatory approach, we established forage trials in three districts namely, Mufindi, Njombe and Rugwe of southern Tanzania highlands comprising of fourteen forage treatments. The test forages included; two Cenchrus purpureus (Syn. Pennisetum purpureum) cultivars, two Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) hybrids and Chloris gayana. Where applicable, we intercropped the grasses with three forage legumesLablab purpureus, Stylosanthes guianensis, and Desmodium intortum, while Tripsacum andersonii (Syn. Tripsacum laxum), a grass, was planted as a local check. We observed clear differences amongst the three districts and treatments. Dry matter accumulation (t ha−1) in the districts, and across the various forage treatments was in the order Rugwe>Mufindi>Njombe, even when accumulation kg DM day−1 was considered, in the early harvests. Most DM accumulation was by Napier grass intercropped with Lablab purpureus that was closely comparable to Chloris gayana-Desmodium intercrop. Further observations across more cuttings, farmer' preference rankings and quality analysis are under way to inform reliable conclusions. The results would be applicable elsewhere with similar agricultural context and ecologies.


This meeting of an international panel of experts was convened by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to discuss the different issues associated with renewable sources of energy and the environment. It was the third such meeting on energy and the environment convened by UNEP, the first two being on fossil fuels and the environment and on nuclear energy and the environment. A fourth meeting of another international panel of experts is scheduled for later this year, to finalize a report on inter-comparison of environmental impacts of production, storage, transport, and use of different forms of energy. The first two reports, on environmental impacts of fossil fuels and nuclear energy, respectively, were published by UNEP in September 1979, and can be obtained from Dr Essam El-Hinnawi, Chairman, Energy Task Force, UNEP, P.O. Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya. The report of the present meeting is now being printed, and should be available from Dr El-Hinnawi shortly. The process followed for the first three meetings of international panels of experts was identical. Leading environmental scientists were commissioned to prepare background papers,* which were then distilled into an approximately 100 pages' document for each occasion by Dr El-Hinnawi. Suitable experts, including the Authors of the background papers, were then invited to discuss this document, which was subsequently finalized by Dr El-Hinnawi with due consideration of the comments made at the panel meeting. Six different forms of renewable energy were considered at the Bangkok meeting. These were geothermal energy, solar energy, wind energy, energy from the sea (wave power, tidal power, sea thermal power, and energy from salinity gradients), hydro-power, and energy from biomass (firewood, pyrolysis of biomass, biogas, alcohol, and 'energy farms'). The reports followed a consistent format—a brief description of the type of energy and then a comprehensive discussion of the environmental impacts of its use. Speculative forms of renewable sources of energy were not considered, and consideration of environmental impacts were based on actual scientific facts and not on conjectures. The meeting was remarkable for two reasons. First, the scientific quality of the docurnent submitted for review and analysis by the experts was excellent. The document was sent to the members of the panel well in advance of the Meeting, so that they had ample opportunity to study it and came prepared with comments and data to amplify certain points. Second, those invited really were 'experts' in their respective fields, and all of them made significant contributions to the success of the meeting. This is an important point, as one often attends meetings of'international experts', at which one wonders about the criteria by which some of them were chosen, and consequently about the quality of their contributions, if any, to the meetings. But on this occasion UNEP, and especially Dr El-Hinnawi, must be complimented on organizing an exceptionally valuable meeting.


To investigate the dominant plants in ecological restoration of tin mining areas, field investigations were conducted in a tin tailings area in Lailishan, Yunnan Provence, and 15 dominant plants and corresponding rhizosphere soils were collected. The plant root mycorrhizal infection rate; the copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and tin (Sn) contents; and the chemical properties of the rhizosphere tailings were determined. The transfer and enrichment coefficients of six heavy metals were calculated for each of the 15 plants to comprehensively evaluate the application potential of native plants. The rhizophere tailings had an average pH value of 3.13, which was acidic. The organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, and available phosphorus content of the soils was 6.07 g ·kg-1, 5.74 g ·kg-1, 0.62 g ·kg-1, 8.66 g ·kg-1, 30.84 mg ·kg-1, and 2.08 mg ·kg-1 respectively, indicating relatively nutrient-poor soil. The average Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, As, and Sn contents of the soils were 347.40, 1.02, 1.34, 168.47, 25.81, and 2299.02 mg ·kg-1, respectively. Among the heavy metals, the Cd content reached a third-level pollution warning value. The soil also contained a large amount of Cu and Pb which exhibited a different spatial distribution. This area appears to have a high risk of Cu, Pb, and Cd pollution. In addition, the roots of Olea europaea L. and Eurya japonica Thunb. had a high rate of mycorrhizal infection. Alnus cremastogyne Burk., Bambusa multiplex (Lour.) Raeusch. ex Schult. 'Alphonse-Kar' R. A. Young, Juncus effusus L., and Cyperus rotundus L. var. had a strong ability to absorb and transport heavy metals. The other plants were also adapted to the growth environment of the tin tailings, with the potential to restore the mining area.


This paper aims at enhancing the understanding of long-range dependence (LRD) by focusing on mechanisms for generating this dependence, namely persistence of signs and/or persistence of magnitudes beyond what can be expected under weak dependence. These concepts are illustrated through a discussion of fractional Brownian noise of index H ∈ (0,1) and it is shown that LRD in signs holds if and only if ½ < H < 1 and LRD in magnitudes if and only if ¾ ≤ H < 1. An application to discrimination between two risky asset finance models, the FATGBM model of Heyde and the multifractal model of Mandelbrot, is given to illustrate the use of the ideas.


First, a declaration of interest. I have known Richard Smith since 1976, when we both worked in Edinburgh. I was an obstetric registrar and he was a houseman planning a career in medical journalism. I was already writing regularly for the BMJ when he became editor in 1991, and he kept me on as a columnist throughout his editorship. In 2004, he resigned after 25 years at the journal, hugely popular with its staff and an influential figure in the world of medical journals. And beyond? He campaigned on issues like prison healthcare and GMC reform but latterly became concerned with the problems of editing. His worries, including accountability, 'flawed' peer review, the influence of pharmaceutical companies and relationships with the mass media are discussed at length in this valedictory book. He founded the BMJ's ethics committee, whose chairman, Alexander McCall Smith (no relation), professor of medical law in Edinburgh and now a famous author, suggested the book. 'I'm sure you could just sit down and write it', said Sandy, and Richard did so, in a palazzo in Venice. Had he asked the advice of an old friend, I would have said hang on a bit. 'This book has turned out to be much more negative than I expected', he comments at the end. Of course it has! You do not leave one of the loves of your life after 25 years without feeling pain, and statements like 'the whole business of medical journals is corrupt' help soothe it for a while. Smith writes attractively and sees himself as an iconoclast. His relentless criticisms of medicine may have contributed to the profession's loss of self-confidence and its willingness to surrender autonomy. But hark at me talking. I'm an editor too (albeit what he calls an 'amateur' one) and the trouble with medical editors is that eventually we all start taking ourselves far too seriously.


In the last years the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) was carried out using regulators of the brain signaling systems. In DM2 the level of the brain serotonin is reduced. So far, the effect of the increase of the brain serotonin level on DM2-induced metabolic and hormonal abnormalities has been studied scarcely. The present work was undertaken with the aim of filling this gap. DM2 was induced in male rats by 150-day high-fat diet and the treatment with low dose of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg) on the 70th day of experiment. From the 90th day, diabetic rats received for two months intranasal serotonin (IS) at a daily dose of 20 μg/rat. The IS treatment of diabetic rats decreased the body weight, and improved glucose tolerance, insulin-induced glucose utilization, and lipid metabolism. Besides, it restored hormonal regulation of adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity in the hypothalamus and normalized AC stimulation by β-adrenergic agonists in the myocardium. In nondiabetic rats the same treatment induced metabolic and hormonal alterations, some of which were similar to those in DM2 but expressed to a lesser extent. In conclusion, the elevation of the brain serotonin level may be regarded as an effective approach to treat DM2 and its complications.


Summary
A new bacteriophage containing double-stranded DNA, Al-K-1 was isolated and characterized. The phage grows optimally at pH 10.5, is stable within the range pH 9 to 11 and quite unstable at neutral or acidic pH. The isolated DNA of phage Al-K-1 was damaged by alkaline treatment (pH 11), indicating that it was protected from the alkaline condition by the phage capsid.


During the process of second language acquisition, the only basis on which the learner will be able to build the new system of the second language (L2) is that of her mother tongue (L1). Consequently, the main features of native-language prosody might manifest themselves in L2 production as a result of a transfer from L1 to L2. Specifically, this L1 linguistic transfer is the manifestation of the foreign accent phenomenon (FA), which can be seen as pervasive L1 segmental and prosodic features that are acquired very soon after birth. Among those features, the early-acquired rhythmic properties of the L1 might shape some of those patterns in the L2. Hence, we here investigate the impact of Italian L1 stress features on the realization and direct imitation of French L2 rhythmical patterns, in a production/perception study. Though French and Italian belong to the same language family, there are typologically very different from a prosodic point of view. In fact, French places the accent at the phrasal level and specifically on the last syllable of Accentual Phrase (AP, Jun & Fougeron 2000, 2002). It is the last syllable of the AP that has the longest duration in French, while in Italian the domain of stress implementation it the prosodic word, with a preference for penultimate stress (D'Imperio and Rosenthal, 1999). Hence, we expect that the longest duration with which stress is implemented in Italian will show on the penultimate syllable in the AP in L2 French. Our main hypothesis is hence that the degree of foreign accent (FA) of Italian speakers of L2 French might also be a dirent consequence of rhythmic errors relative to primary stress realization and boundary related phenomena. Moreover, apart from language-specific differences between L1 and L2, a number of indexical factors, as well as L1/L2 use in everyday life can have an impact on L2 production [4]. In fact, if we predict, as in [4], that the development of new phonetic categories within the L2 might be slowed down by the continuative use of L1, causing various degrees of FA, our second hypothesis is that Italian speakers presenting high scores of L1 use would show duration values for the penultimate syllable of the their L1. In order to test our hypotheses, we employed the Imitation Paradigm to study, in production, how rhythm phonetic detail can be rapidly modified in the interest to imitate the rhythmic structure of a different language. In the course of the talk, I will discuss notions related to the AM framework and the Imitation Paradigm, with data from Singapore and American English, as well as mentioning recent results in ERP showing an L2 learning advantage for musicians relative to non-musicians.


The nature and content of the criminal punishment in the form of life imprisonment from criminological standpoints are handled in the article. On the basis of the data obtained by the authors through their own empirical studies it was possible to formulate conclusions that are relevant to the criminological science. In particular, prolonged imprisonment was not a process of undergoing the misfortunes; the denial of guilt by the lawbreakers is not mean the repentance; life imprisonment could only be imposed for aggravated murder. A positive attitude to the settlement of disputes about the expediency of the process of the reformation of the category of convicted defendants in question is justified, because the one part of them may be released due to the application of an act of pardon to them, and the other, unfortunately, a minor one, having admitted his guilt, needs to assess the imposed punishment as fair.


BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE
Several investigators have defined normal age-specific values for the medial temporal lobe structures in neurologically normal elderly subjects, but, to our knowledge, no one has reported those values for a large sample of healthy volunteers. The purpose of our study was to define normal age-specific values for the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle by age group, ranging from 40 to 90 years, in order to generate a guideline for the quantitative MR diagnosis and differential diagnosis for early Alzheimer disease.

METHODS
MR-based volumetric measurements of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn, standardized by total intracranial volume, were obtained from oblique coronal and sagittal T1-weighted MR images in 619 healthy volunteers and two cadaveric specimens.

RESULTS
Differences in standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn were significant among the 61- to 70-year-old, 71- to 80-year-old, and 81- to 90-year-old groups, and were not significant between the 40- to 50-year-old and 51- to 60-year-old groups. We found no significant differences in side or sex among the age groups for any of the structures.

CONCLUSION
Differences in the mean value and in the 95% normal range of standardized volumes of the hippocampal formation, the amygdala, and the temporal horn correspond to differences in age among healthy subjects; therefore, age should be considered a factor in correlative research, especially in that involving patients in the early stages of Alzheimer disease.


This paper carries the idea of selection of dual slope differential relay parameters for various faulty conditions on the system. The differential protection of power transformer is a unit protection scheme. The protective scheme should operate only for the internal fault, and it must be insensitive for any fault outside the zone of protection. That means the protection scheme should not operate for any external through fault and the magnetizing inrush current due to energization of the transformer under no load condition and also due to external fault removal. Fast Fourier Transform technique is used to provide the operating quantity for the dual slope differential relay. The simulation for Y-Y connection of transformer is made using PSCAD software. The snapshots of results for different types of fault are also included in the paper.


We examine the behaviour of a compound capillary jet from the spatio-temporal linear stability analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations. We map the jetting–dripping transition in the parameter space by calculating the Weber numbers for which the convective/absolute instability transition occurs. If the remaining dimensionless parameters are set, there are two critical Weber numbers that verify Brigg's pinch criterion. The region of absolute (convective) instability corresponds to Weber numbers smaller (larger) than the highest value of those two Weber numbers. The stability map is affected significantly by the presence of the outer interface, especially for compound jets with highly viscous cores, in which the outer interface may play an important role even though it is located very far from the core. Full numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations confirm the predictions of the stability analysis.


In this modern era, Economic Load Dispatch (ELD) is one of the essential issues of apprehension in power system process and scheduling. The cost function for each unit in ELD problems is resolved by using mathematical or analytical methods in conservative computation. So, the certain ELD problem is signified as a non linear optimization problem having both equality and inequality constraint that cannot be directly solved by conservative analytical techniques. Subsequently, in order to solve this ELD problems evolution of soft computing methods and many other prominent approaches have been successfully implemented such as numerical method, genetic algorithm, evolutionary programming, neural network tactics, particle swarm optimization and some other hybrid methods. The one of the optimization techniques proved to be efficient over the past few years is the Genetic algorithm. So in this paper by using Genetic Algorithm (GA) method, we have offered the solution of an economic load dispatch problem of thermal generator. This suggested method has been implemented on 3 generator system and 6 generator systems and the system is to be considered a lossless system. Finally, the result shows a significant improvement in generator fuel cost as compared to conventional techniques despite the fact that it satisfies the various equality and inequality constraints.


We introduce a visual representation of qubits to assist in explaining quantum computing to a broad audience. The representation follows from physical devices that we developed to explain superposition, entanglement, measurement, phases, interference, and quantum gates. We describe how this representation can be used to explain teleportation and the Bennett-Brassard quantum key agreement protocol.


Abstract. This research was conducted to find how much influence service innovation (X1) and service quality (X2) on customer satisfaction (Y) on Tokopedia application customers in Bandung. The method used in this study is a quantitative method with 100 respondents tokopedia application users in Bandung with multiple regression analysis calculation process and processed in SPSS25 software. The main data from the study used questionnaire survey, and secondary data was obtained through journal publications, articles, and theory books. According to the results of this study shows that the variable service Innovation (X1) and service quality (X2) has a significant influence simultaneously on the variable customer satisfaction (Y) Tokopedia application in The City of Bandung by 37.7%. © 2021. RIGEO. All Rights Reserved.


Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS) is a rare autosomal dominant congenital disorder, characterized bymacrocephaly, lipomas, hamartomas, and pigmented macule in genitalia.Several dozen cases have been reported in the medical literature, but no case has been reported in Bangladesh. We report a case of BRRS in a 11-year-old male child with recurrent per rectal bleeding with hamartomatouscolonic polyposis & multiple subcutaneous lipomas on the anterior abdominal wall.In addition, patient had macrocephaly, intellectual impairment.Bleeding polyps were removed by colonoscopic polypectomy.
Bangladesh J Child Health 2019; VOL 43 (1) :62-65


©2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 800-787-8981 43 A new study on the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) BMP-7 offers reassuring evidence about the safety of this bone-inducing protein. It raises some questions, however, about the ability of BMP-7 to encourage spinal fusion in a demanding posterolateral spinal application. BMP-7 is being developed by Stryker Biotech of Hopkinton, MA, under the commercial name OP-1. Tushar Patel, MD, et al. randomly allocated 19 patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis and single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis to one of two treatments. One group received BMP7 in a biodegradable putty carrier along with iliac crest bone graft. The control group received iliac crest bone graft (autograft) alone. (See Patel et al., 2001.) The researchers defined surgical success in two ways. To qualify as clinical successes, subjects had to experience at least a 20% improvement in Oswestry Disability Questionnaire scores. Radiographic success required evidence of bridging bone, translation of less than 2 mm, and sagittal angulation of no more than five degrees. The study employed plain x-rays to evaluate fusion status rather than more-accurate methods involving computed tomography. At one-year follow-up, there were no obvious adverse effects from the osteoinductive protein. "None of the previously reported complications related to the use of BMPs in animal studies, such as exuberant bone growth with subsequent neural impingement, ectopic ossification, or spinal stenosis, was seen in the treatment group," according to Patel. There was no evidence of toxicity. The radiographic success rate in both groups, however, was less than ideal. At 12-month follow-up, only six out of 11 subjects (55%) who received BMP-7 plus autograft were radiographic successes compared to four out of seven (57%) in the group that received autograft alone. In terms of clinical success, the BMP-7 group lagged behind the autogenous bone graft group. "At 12 months, six out of seven autograph patients and nine out of 12 adjunctive [BMP-7] patients were deemed to be a clinical success," according to Patel et al. This study will eventually examine two-year outcomes as well. Patel suggested that BMP-7 "appears promising" as an adjunct to human posterolateral fusion, even though this study did not clearly demonstrate that promise. It is possible that a larger study would find a different pattern of results. And, in fact, this pilot investigation is the prelude to a pivotal randomized controlled trial on the safety and efficacy of BMP-7.


Abstract When fish are recovered from ponds, the effluent is often drained presenting both an environmental challenge and an agricultural opportunity. The effects of irrigation with pond effluent and its interaction with applied fertilizer were assessed in a field experiment using French bean (Phaseoulus vulgaris) over two growing seasons near Sagana, Kenya. Fresh yield of beans was recorded at harvest, and leaf samples were collected for determination of tissue nutrient concentration. In the first season plots receiving canal water and fertilizer at recommended rates had the highest yield (9.1 Mg fresh pod ha−1), while those receiving no fertilizer or irrigation had the least yield (1.3 Mg fresh pod ha−1). In the second season, the highest (4.4 Mg ha−1) fresh pod yield was observed in pond effluent irrigated and fertilized plots, while the lowest (1.3 Mg ha−1) was observed in nonirrigated/unfertilized plots. Low nutrient status in the pond water was responsible for low yield where it was substituted for canal water. Pond water from the Sagana Fish Farm supplied low amounts of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) for crops, indicating that recommended rates of mineral fertilizers should be used when pond water is used for irrigation.


Sildenafil citrate (SC) is an active ingredient found in Viagra, a prescribed pharmaceutical drug to cure erectile dysfunction (ED). Consuming SC will increase the blood flow to the body which lead to an increase in blood pressure to men with ED for normal sexual life. Sildenafil abuse was reported by media for those who are not diagnosed with ED but taking SC for the sexual affect that it brings. SC legally is forbidden, if consumed without prescription might cause headache, vision disturbances, heart problem and even failure, thus might lead to death. Camouflaged by the pleasure and masking the threat it brings, Sildenafil can be taken on its own or spiked in beverages, candy, herbal supplement and coffee powder. Various steps have been taken by the authorities to curb and hopefully stop this problem. In order to avoid prosecution, black-marketeers have introduced Sildenafil analogues. Thus, the authorities have been forced to introduce new procedures to detect these drugs in consumer products. Hence this study is focused on the detection of Sildenafil and Sildenafil analogues in coffee powder using LC-MSMS. The chemical fragmentation elucidation was done by interpreting the chromatograms obtained. Fifteen samples of confiscated coffee powders were obtained from local market; six were found to contain either Sildenafil alone or mixture of Sildenafil analogues namely Yohimbine; 8.53 ppm (S5), Sildenafil; 0.51 ppm (S7), Homosildenafil; 5.87 ppm (S7), Thiosildenafil; 1.01 ppm (S7) Thiodymethyl sildenafil; 131.77 ppm (S7), ThiohomoSildenafil; 0.0064 ppm (S9), Tadalafil; 21.03 ppm (S11), Norneosildenafil; 0.02 ppm (S11), Carbodenafil; 0.1 ppm (S12), NDesmethylacetildenafil; 4.7 ppm (S12) and Hydroxythiohomosildenafil; 0.02 ppm (S13). The advantage of using LC-MSMS in this study includes its high sensitivity, specificity and the mass characteristic ions of each analyte fulfilling the identification requirements for confirmatory qualitative analysis


In the spirit of the famous CLI stack project the Verisoft project aims at the pervasive verification of entire computer systems including hardware, system software, compiler, and communicating applications, with a special focus on industrial applications. The main programming language used in the Verisoft project is C0 (a subset of C which is similar to MISRA C). This paper reports on (i) an operational small steps semantics for C0 which is formalized in Isabelle/HOL, (ii) the formal specification of a compiler from C0 to the DLX machine language in Isabelle/HOL, (iii) a paper and pencil correctness proof for this compiler and the status of the formal verification effort for this proof, and (iv) the implementation of the compiler in C0 and a formal proof in Isabelle/HOL that the implementation produces the same code as the specification.


This paper takes the 2015 Nepal earthquake as a case study to explore the use of post-event dual polarimetric synthetic aperture radar images for earthquake damage assessment. The radar scattering characteristics of damaged and undamaged urban areas were compared by using polarimetric features derived from PALSAR-2 and Sentinel-1 images, and the results showed that distinguishing between damaged and undamaged urban areas with a single polarimetric feature is challenging. A split-based image analysis, feature selection, and supervised classification were employed on a PALSAR-2 image. The texture features derived from the intensity of cross-polarization show higher correlations with the damage class. Additionally, feature selection revealed a positive influence on the overall performance. Employing 70% of the data for training and 30% data for testing, the support vector machine classifier achieved an accuracy of 80.5% compared with the reference data generated from the damage map that was provided by the United Nations Operational Satellite Applications Programme.


The periaqueductal gray (PAG) and amygdala are known to be important for defensive responses, and many contemporary fear-conditioning models present the PAG as downstream of the amygdala, directing the appropriate behavior (i.e., freezing or fleeing). However, empirical studies of this circuitry are inconsistent and warrant further examination. Hence, the present study investigated the functional relationship between the PAG and amygdala in two different settings, fear conditioning and naturalistic foraging, in rats. In fear conditioning, electrical stimulation of the dorsal PAG (dPAG) produced unconditional responses (URs) composed of brief activity bursts followed by freezing and 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalization. In contrast, stimulation of ventral PAG and the basolateral amygdalar complex (BLA) evoked freezing and/or ultrasonic vocalization. Whereas dPAG stimulation served as an effective unconditional stimulus for fear conditioning to tone and context conditional stimuli, neither ventral PAG nor BLA stimulation supported fear conditioning. The conditioning effect of dPAG, however, was abolished by inactivation of the BLA. In a foraging task, dPAG and BLA stimulation evoked only fleeing toward the nest. Amygdalar lesion/inactivation blocked the UR of dPAG stimulation, but dPAG lesions did not block the UR of BLA stimulation. Furthermore, in vivo recordings demonstrated that electrical priming of the dPAG can modulate plasticity of subiculum–BLA synapses, providing additional evidence that the amygdala is downstream of the dPAG. These results suggest that the dPAG conveys unconditional stimulus information to the BLA, which directs both innate and learned fear responses, and that brain stimulation-evoked behaviors are modulated by context.


Early diagnosis is essential for the timely treatment of tuberculosis patients. At present, there is a lack of ideal clinical diagnostic methods for this disease. Therefore, rapid and simple diagnostic methods are urgently needed. This study analyzed expression of the whole genome transcript of nine tuberculosis patients before treatment, six cases of latent tuberculosis infection, and six healthy controls. The expression profiles of tuberculosis patients were followed before and after treatment. The results showed that, compared with healthy controls and patients infected with latent tuberculosis, 77 genes were highly expressed in tuberculosis patients and 50 genes were expressed at low levels. In response to different periods of anti-tuberculosis therapy (0, 3, and 6 months), the expression of 12 genes was reduced. Gene Ontology enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes biological pathways analyses identified nine biological processes related to the inflammatory response, chemotaxis, and the cellular immune response. In addition, one signaling pathway was associated with a cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction. Chemokines and cytokines were involved in each signaling pathway. Our results were verified in additional subjects using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Specifically, most measured mRNA levels were consistent with the microarray data. In the eight genes with the best consistency, two ( HBB and TNFRSF10C ) were ideal biomarkers for diagnosing tuberculosis. The receiver operating characteristic curve and the area under the curve were above 0.9, and the sensitivity and specificity were over 95% for these genes. In summary, two differentially expressed genes were identified as novel biological markers for tuberculosis. They provide a new basis for the establishment of diagnostic methods, efficacy monitoring, and revealing the pathogenesis for this disease.


This article discusses the use of contemporary newspaper reports to study the Bogota bread riot of January 23, 1875. It argues that these sources interpreted the riot in light of electoral interests during that year's national presidential campaign. As such, their reading of the riot was conditioned by the fact that it was organized by artisans inspired by the ideology of the French Revolution. Such limitations underline the need to elucidate the motivations and circumstances that gave rise to the bread riot. To explain the forms in which the protest were conducted, the article turns to the concept of the 'moral economy of the crowd'.


This paper introduces an efficient edge detection method based on Gabor filter and rough clustering. The input image is smoothed by Gabor function, and the concept of rough clustering is used to focus on edge detection with soft computational approach. Hysteresis thresholding is used to get the actual output, i.e. edges of the input image. To show the effectiveness, the proposed technique is compared with some other edge detection methods.


A retrospective study of 212 patients with mycobacterial infection was conducted to determine intradermal reactivity to five tuberculin units (TU) of purified protein derivative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (PPD-S), and purified protein derivatives (PPDs) derived from non-tuberculous mycobacteria. PPDs B, Y, A, G, and F were used. The study included 138 patients with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, and 74 with proved nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. Eight possible patterns of skin test reactivity were discerned using PPD-S, PPD-B, and PPD-Y. In this population, selection of the largest skin test reaction within any one pattern correlated with the infecting organism in 87 per cent of the cases. Use of PPD-A, PPD-G, and PPD-F did not increase diagnostic capability. We conclude that differential skin testing with PPD-S, PPD-B and PPD-Y, is useful in the diagnosis of mycobacterial disease.


The purpose of this paper is to examine the performance of Greek equity mutual funds, elaborating on stock selection in parallel with market timing measures, in comparison with the performance of ETFs and index funds for the period 01/24/2008-05/12/2017, and the short-term performance persistence of actively managed funds for the period 05/12/2015-05/12/2017. Using all domestic equity mutual funds at our disposal and daily data, the authors apply multi-factor models to estimate risk-adjusted returns and to evaluate the selectivity and market timing ability of fund managers. In order to investigate short-term performance persistence, the coexistence of stock selection and market timing strategy is allowed and a battery of parametric and nonparametric tests is implemented. Results show that actively managed mutual funds underperformed the market index, as well as passively managed ETFs and index funds, primarily due to the managers' inability to time the market. Furthermore, a winner-picking strategy to outperform a-buy-the-market-and hold policy is questioned.


Introduction: Prostaglandin D2 acting via the DP2 receptor plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the steroid-resistant airway inflammation in severe eosinophilic asthma. We tested this hypothesis in a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel group proof of concept study of the effects of the DP2 antagonist timapiprant (OC459) on sputum eosinophil counts in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. Methods: Patients meeting the ERS/ATS criteria for severe asthma, prior evidence of eosinophilic airway inflammation and screening sputum eosinophil count >3% were randomised to timapiprant 50 mg or placebo once daily for 12 weeks. Induced sputum eosinophil counts, lung function parameters, symptoms and quality of life were assessed at baseline and at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. Results: 68 patients were screened and 40 randomised. The geometric mean induced sputum eosinophil count reduced from 11.0% at baseline to 2.5% at 12 weeks with timapiprant (n=20) and from 10.7% to 6.2% with placebo (n=19). A 2.3-fold reduction (p=0.151) in sputum eosinophil level at week 12 for timapiprant compared to placebo was observed. The difference between groups for change from baseline in pre-bronchodilator FEV1 at week 12 was 127 ml (95% CI: -77 to 330 ml; p=0.214). The safety profile of timapiprant was comparable to that of placebo. Conclusions: Treatment for 12 weeks with timapiprant in severe eosinophilic asthma patients was associated with an evident reduction of airway eosinophilic inflammation and an increase in FEV1 (although not statistically significant due to the limited sample size). Studies in larger population are needed to confirm these effects.


Gifted children risk to experience a mismatch between their needs and the characteristics of their learning environment: they can meet too low learning demands, peers with different interests, teachers with ambivalent attitudes that may be unwilling to adapt the learning environment to their needs. There are indications that such problematic interactions not uncommon within the regular educational setting in some specific cultural contexts can become a risk for gifted children's mental health, leading eventually to higher rates of anxiety and depression than for a normal population. This study investigated the attitudes of special-educators-in-training in a Swedish educational context, where the theme of giftedness is presently not included in teachers' training or in the official guidelines.A pilot study using an anonymous web survey among experienced Swedish teachers attending a special-needs programme was conducted to elicit their overall knowledge of and attitudes towards gifted children. Of 243 teachers asked to participate, 81 answered the web questionnaire. The questionnaire's six scales were: Needs and support for special services, Objections to resistance, Social value, Rejection, Ability grouping and School acceleration.The non-response rate of 67% indicates low interest in this area. However, over 80% of the responders believed that the needs of gifted children were being ignored at school. While mean scores on the scales Social values, Rejection and School acceleration were low, those for Needs and support and Objections to resistance were rather high, showing that responders acknowledged the needs of gifted children and were able to resist stereotyped views. The results indicate a need for more information about gifted children and for discussion, in teacher and special-needs programmes, of educational policies for gifted students.


While international demand for sales positions is growing, negative sales stereotypes, partially fueled by ethical abuses in the sales arena, are prevalent and may dissuade students from pursuing sales careers. To help combat the situation globally, educators must develop and utilize effective sales ethics pedagogies. The first step involves understanding cross-cultural sales ethics perspectives. A convenience sample is drawn from five countries (United States, France, Germany, Indonesia, and New Zealand), and the Personal Selling Ethics Scale (PSE-2) is successfully used to examine culturally specific and gender-based evaluation differences. Gender-based ethical perspectives are of particular interest due to the growing gender diversity within sales professions. The study finds that cultural traditionalism/secularism and individualism/collectivism affect sales ethics evaluations. Likewise, gender and moral ideology affect evaluations. Women are more sensitive to ethical misconduct than men, and absolutist are more sensitive than exceptionists, situationists, and subjectivists. Specific pedagogical recommendations are provided.


Practical teaching system is the main content of connotation construction in higher vocational colleges, which must guarantee the quality of practical teaching and establish quality guarantee system of practical teaching in order to promote the development of practical teaching activities, improve the quality of practical teaching and guarantee the connotation construction in higher vocational colleges. This thesis will research on the quality guarantee system of practical teaching in higher vocational colleges, especially on the establishment of external quality assurance system and internal quality guarantee system from connotation construction of quality guarantee system in practical teaching.


The sliding-mode (SM) observer dynamics are analyzed in the frequency domain. It is shown that the SM observer is essentially a relay feedback-feedforward system. It is feedback with respect to the measured variable of the system being observed, and the feedforward with respect to the control applied to the system being observed. Having noted this, the input-output properties of observer dynamics are analyzed with the use of the locus of a perturbed relay system (LPRS) method. The performance of the observer is assessed via the use of the frequency response techniques. An example of performance analysis of the observer dynamics in the frequency domain is given.


There is a considerable world-wide interest among lightning protection engineers and designers on the improvement of the standard procedures to assess the location of the most vulnerable places on complex structures to be struck by lightning flashes. This paper presents the implementation of the Self-consistent Lightning Interception Model –SLIM– in Matlab by using the COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5 programming language. This state-of-the-art physical model simulates the lightning attachment process by considering the time-varying electric field around a complex structure. The general details and experiences gained on the implementation of the model to evaluate the interaction of lightning flashes with any practical structure are here presented.


Biotransformation is increasingly exploited as a useful and often unique reaction step in the semi synthesis of pharmaceuticals or for structural modification of complex natural compounds. Estradiol was subjected to biotransformation with B. subtilus and A. niger resulted in the formation of four metabolite which were reported for the first time via B. substillus, whilst the biotransformation of estradiol was carried out with C. elegancs and F. lini also. Inhibitory activity (IC50 (µM) ) of metabolites was carried out against lipoxygenase enzyme. The structures of the compounds were elucidated through extensive spectroscopic analysis including EIMS, HREIMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and including advance techniques like NMR 1H-1H COSY, HMBC, and NOESY.


Copyright education has become an important aspect of librarians' information literacy and scholarly communications activities. These include providing support and delivering teaching sessions for teaching and professional services colleagues, as well as students, researchers and other library users. Since the Covid-19 pandemic and the shift to online and hybrid teaching, it has become increasingly important for lecturers and teachers to understand how licences and copyright exceptions apply to teaching and learning activities. The need for this has been documented by practitioners and scholars around the world (Hudson and Wragg, 2020; Craig and Tarantino, 2020; Morrison and Secker, 2020).In this paper we will briefly outline the concept of 'copyright literacy' as defined by IFLA (2018) and how it has many parallels with teaching other aspects of information literacy. This includes taking a more 'critical' approach, where students are encouraged to explore power dynamics within the systems of creation and consumption of information. Copyright education has traditionally been approached in a rather dry, lecture style format. This approach often serves to reinforce the perception of copyright education as the communication of a set of rigid rules to follow. We argue that the creation and use of copyright games, including Copyright the Card Game and The Publishing Trap, has transformed approaches to teaching copyright in recent years and supported a broader, more critical conception of copyright literacy. Both games are licensed as open educational resources and have been adapted and re-used by others in the UK and in other countries around the world. They have also sparked the creation of other copyright games, which are showcased at an annual conference: ICEPOPS – the International Copyright Literacy Event with Playful Opportunities for Practitioners and Scholars.The paper will explore the pedagogic principles behind our games as well as considering the value of games and playfulness when teaching about a subject such as copyright that is known to cause uncertainty and anxiety. We will also reflect on how we adapted both our games for teaching online during the Covid-19 pandemic. Through this process it was important to retain the learning outcomes of the game but also the pedagogical approaches used including the use of teams and point scoring, peer learning, the use of scenarios and of discussion and critical thinking. Finally we will discuss feedback we've collected from librarians and others who have played or used our games in their own teaching. We will conclude considering how a critical approach to copyright education aligns with a signature pedagogy of playful learning.


The excess of high Q2 events at HERA reported in the early 1997 by H1 and ZEUS collaborations has become the subject of extensive studies in the framework of several models related to new physics. Here we concentrate on the most promising, from our point of view, model describing HERA anomaly. We update our previous analysis and take into account new HERA statistics of the 1997 year. HERA events are considered within the R-parity broken SUSY model for a specific scenario with several non-zero couplings. R-parity broken SUSY with several non-zero couplings could explain both high Q2e++jets and μ++jets observed at HERA. The consequence of such a particular scenario is the excess of high Q2 di- or tri-jet events at HERA. The relation of this scenario for LEP and TEVATRON colliders is considered. This study shows that if a squark resonance does take place at HERA, supersymmetry with broken R-parity can be revealed at either LEP200 or TEVATRON in the near future.


The recent growth of knowledge about the immune-neuroendocrine network has important implications for future research into psychosomatic hypotheses about the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The available evidence suggests that three phases of the aetiological process in rheumatoid arthritis need to be considered separately because of the different role that psychological and social variables may play at different points of the disease. These are the loss of immunological tolerance, the onset of joint inflammation and the long-term disease course. It is suggested that future studies will need to be prospective, include multiple sampling techniques and comparisons within patient groups if they are to elucidate the precise role of psychoneuroimmunological factors in rheumatoid arthritis.


ABSTRACT The author examines 1 experienced teacher's image of teaching and how it was purposely changed—through external intervention and against the individual's will—from the view of teacher as curriculum maker to the view of teacher as curriculum implementer. Laura's account of the "butterfly under a pin" image, a version of the teacher-as-curriculum-implementer image discussed in the literature, vividly portrays the events that led up to the imposed transition and demonstrates how the press for accountability in U.S. schools appeared to supersede in importance other ethical and professional considerations. The findings of this research study form a sharp reminder of what is lost and gained in compulsory curriculum reform efforts—even welcomed ones.


Background The number of newly diagnosed gonorrhoea and syphilis cases has increased in Flanders in recent years. Our aim was to investigate, to which extent these diagnoses were registered by general practitioners (GPs), and to examine opportunities and limits of the Intego database in this regard. Methods Data from a retrospective cohort study based on the Flemish Intego general practice database was analyzed for the years 2009–2013. Case definitions were applied. Due to small case numbers obtained, cases were pooled and averaged over the observation period. Frequencies were compared with those calculated from figures of mandatory notification. Results A total of 91 gonorrhoea and 23 syphilis cases were registered. The average Intego annual frequency of gonorrhoea cases obtained was 11.9 (95% Poisson confidence interval (CI) 9.6; 14.7) per 100,000 population, and for syphilis 3.0 (CI 1.9; 4.5), respectively, while mandatory notification was calculated at 14.0 (CI: 13.6, 14.4) and 7.0 (CI: 6.7, 7.3), respectively. Conclusion In spite of limitations such as small numbers and different case definitions, comparison with mandatory notification suggests that the GP was involved in the large majority of gonorrhoea cases, while the majority of new syphilis cases did not come to the knowledge of the GP.


The objective of this study is to assess the provision of Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of girth weld on C-Mn steel submarine pipelines and propose an alternative to avoid PWHT. As per prevailing industry practice, the majority of the existing submarine pipelines handling sour service fluid, limit the steel grade to 450 MPa SMYS (X65). Such limitations on steel grade for sour service application results in high wall thickness especially for high pressure pipelines. This necessitates stress relieving requirements and hence leads to an uneconomical scenario for the project. Performing PWHT for girth weld of submarine pipelines is neither practical nor a cost- effective solution for the project.
 The stress relieving requirement of girth weld is linked with pipeline wall thickness and such limitations on thickness varies based on selected governing design code for the submarine pipeline system.
 ASME Pipelines Code has exempted PWHT to 32 mm of pipe wall thickness and such a limit is quite often surpassed for large diameter high pressure gas pipelines designed using Grade X65 steel.
 To eliminate the need for impractical (in most cases) and expensive offshore PWHT, available alternate options include use of higher strength steel of grade X70 or above. However, in certain cases even higher steel grades do not help in elimination of the stress relieving requirement. Performing PWHT may further result in restricting the larger diameter (i.e. seam welded) pipe material to non-TMCP (Thermo Mechanically Controlled Processing). In such cases, necessary engineering analysis as per the provisions of pipeline design code needs to be performed. This paper discusses a systematic approach based on the provisions made in the Design Standards for waiver of PWHT, with further detailed engineering assessment based on fracture mechanics. A case study has been discussed the feasibility of PWHT waiver.
 This paper will address the current limitation of using a higher grade of steel (e.g. X70, X80, etc.) for sour service and submarine applications. Provisions made in Design Standards for waiver of PWHT shall be evaluated by demonstrating an alternate method using fracture mechanics duly supplemented with engineering assessment.
 Results from the case study substantiated by detailed engineering critically assessment (ECA) show that the acceptance criteria can be achieved without the requirement of PWHT. The mechanical properties of weldment are also acceptable without having stress relieving of the pipeline girth weld. A suitable methodology is discussed and presented to adopt in case such scenario arises for designing the submarine pipeline system.


The complementary operators were developed for the purpose of truncating the computational domain of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) open-region simulations. In the original implementation of the complementary operators method, two independent simulations were performed. The solutions from these two simulations were then averaged to obtain a solution devoid of first-order reflections. The complementary operators are implemented in a concurrent fashion. This new implementation, referred to as the concurrent complementary operators method (C-COM), requires only one simulation, thus reducing the operation count by approximately one half. The implementation for two-dimensional (2-D) space is outlined first with emphasis on reducing reflections from corner regions; then the extension to three dimensions is developed. Numerical results are provided in addition to an analysis of the source of error that arises from this new implementation.


Background and Objectives Bacterial meningitis is one of the most serious infections and should be treated as emergency. As it has significant morbidity and mortality throughout the world, every country should have precise information regarding the etiological agents of disease and populations at risk to design public health prevention strategy. In the present study in addition of evaluation of common etiological agents (Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae) in bacterial meningitis cases, we sero-grouped or serotyped the obtained agents in order to predict the usefulness of existing vaccines against bacterial meningitis. Materials and Methods Cerebrospinal fluid of 182 suspected meningitis patients were collected, from which 114 cases were approved by biochemical, microbiological and molecular tests as bacterial meningitis. The isolated bacteria were serogrouped or serotyped to determine the dominant serotypes. Results Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 36%, Haemophilus influenza for 26% and Neisseria meningitidis for 14% of cases. From 13 serogroups of N. meningitides the most frequent serogroups, were meningococcus group B (51%), C(24%) A (18%), Z(2%), W135 (1%) and 3% was not identified. In H. influenzae group only serotype b (100%) have been identified and in pneumococcal meningitis the most common serotype among our cases were 18C (44%) followed by14 (17%), 19A (13%), 6A (9%), 7F (4%), 4(3%), 3 (3%), 9V (2%), 8 (2%), 23f (2%), 5 (1%). Conclusion Since there is no nationwide mass immunization program for common agents of bacterial meningitis in Iran, the result of this study can be used to improve the existing vaccines to cover the detected serotypes and consequently reduce the incidence of bacterial meningitis.


Pointly supervised instance segmentation (PSIS) learns to segment objects using a single point within the object extent as supervision. Challenged by the non-negligible semantic variance between object parts, however, the single supervision point causes semantic bias and false segmentation. In this study, we propose an AttentionShift method, to solve the semantic bias issue by iteratively decomposing the instance attention map to parts and estimating fine-grained semantics of each part. AttentionShift consists of two modules plugged on the vision transformer backbone: (i) token querying for pointly supervised attention map generation, and (ii) key-point shift, which re-estimates part-based attention maps by key-point filtering in the feature space. These two steps are iteratively performed so that the part-based attention maps are optimized spatially as well as in the feature space to cover full object extent. Experiments on PASCAL VOC and MS COCO 2017 datasets show that AttentionShift respectively improves the state-of-the-art of by 7.7% and 4.8% under firstname.lastname@example.com, setting a solid PSIS baseline using vision transformer.


Significance analysis of proteomic data generated by LC‐MS/MS is challenging owing to great data variability originated from biological, operational, and instrumental variations. Protein quantification by LC‐MS/MS either in absolute or relative scale is often highly skewed, which put limitations on model‐based statistical inference. For this purpose, we have developed an alternative nonparametric statistical algorithm (named IQR algorithm) for significance analysis of temporal proteomic data and have successfully applied our strategy in finding gefitinib‐targeted transcription factors and coregulators in Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)‐stimulated HeLa cells. Our strategy relies on a reference group composed of more than a dozen of datasets collected at different experimental times, thus, accurately captures biological variations measured in quartile scale. The algorithm considers six categories and calculates signal strength when performing significance analysis of proteins of different abundances. This stratified strategy allows confident identification of well‐characterized EGF responders (e.g. EGR1, JUN, FOSB, BHLHE40, NR4A1, and NR4A2) and unexplored gefitinib induced transcription factors and coregulators in HeLa cells. Gene set enrichment analysis has validated ErbB signaling pathway as the major inhibitory target of gefitinib. The identification of several gefitinib‐inducible transcription factors implicates alternative signaling pathways as potential druggable pathways in gefitinib‐resistant or insensitive patients.


A 35-year-old woman was hospitalized due to frequent attacks of syncope immediately after the ringing of a bell or alarm clock. Her standard electrocardiograms showed a long QT interval (QTc = 0.56 s) with a bizarre T-wave inversion in precordial leads. After admission, a total of 9 events of syncope were observed. Malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmia (torsade de pointes, ventricular flutter or fibrillation) was recorded during each episode, and DC shock was required to abolish such tachyarrhythmias on 3 occasions. On monitored electrocardiograms, an additional 8 events of ventricular tachycardia without syncope were also detected. Auditory stimuli appeared to be involved in the initiation of malignant ventricular arrhythmia. Immediately after auditory stimuli, changes in the QT interval and T-wave morphology resulted in ventricular premature beats, leading to ventricular tachycardia. The episodes of syncope or malignant ventricular arrhythmia were frequently observed early in the morning and near midnight. She had been treated with various types of antiarrhythmic agents, and propranolol was the most effective in preventing ventricular arrhythmia. These findings indicate that auditory stimuli may cause ventricular arrhythmia and subsequent cardiac syncope, or even sudden cardiac death, in some patients with long QT syndrome.


Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC

Gemcitabine(Gem)-based chemotherapy is typically offered as a standard care of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients. However most of patients do not survive longer than 6 months, as the PC cells are naturally resistant to current chemotherapy. New therapeutic approaches need to be encouraged. Human natural anti-Gal is an IgG known to be presented in large amounts (∼1% of circulating IgG) in normal subjects and cancer patients. Anti-Gal specifically interacts with α-gal epitopes (Galα1, 3Galβ1, 4GlcNAc-R), synthesized by α1, 3 galactosyltransferase (α1, 3GT) on cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins. We previously showed the in vitro and in vivo effectiveness of new immunotherapy by vaccination with whole PC cells, expressing α-gal epitopes (Cancer Res; 70(13); 5259-69, 2010). For the clinical development, we proposed that tumor lysate is a suitable source of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), because it contains several known as well as unknown TAAs that could elicit an anti-tumor immune response against heterogeneous PC cell populations, including Gem-resistant PC cells (Gem-resi cells). In this study, we investigate whether vaccination by PC tumor lysate, expressingα-gal epitopes can efficiently induce anti-tumor response against both PC cells and gem-resi cells. A human PC cell line, PANC1 was transfected by α1,3GT gene (α-gal PANC1), 2×106 of either parental or α-gal PANC1 were injected s.c. into NOD/SCID mice. The grown PANC1 tumors were enucleated and homogenized. α1,3GT KO mice were pre-immunized with pig tissues to produce anti-Gal in their sera like human. These mice were vaccinated intraperitoneally by 10 mg of either parental (control group) or α-gal PANC1 tumor lysate (α-gal group). Tumor lysate of parental PANC1 lacked of α-gal epitopes and it of α-gal PANC1 expressed ∼40 × 106 of these epitopes per 1mg of lysate. To demonstrate in vivo tumor destruction, an animal model was performed. Splenocytes from vaccinated KO mice were prepared, and these cells were transferred ip (30×106 cells/ip ×3 times) into NOD/SCID mice. Transferred mice were challenged with S.C. injection by either 1×107 of live PANC1 or gem-resi PANC1. PANC1 tumors in mice transferred from parental group reached the size of 100 mm2 at 40.3 days after injection. For tumors in mice from α-gal group, regrowth of tumor was completely prevented. Survival of α-gal transferred mice was prolonged [α-gal vs. parental: 82.5±21.9 vs. 48.0±6.7 days, p<0.0001]. For gem-resi tumors in mice from α-gal group, regrowth of them was markedly protected [size of 100 mm2; α-gal vs. parental: 74.3 vs. 37.4 days]. Survival was prolonged [α-gal vs. parental: 93.6±17.7 vs.46.2±7.3 days, p=0.0018]. In conclusion, immunotherapy with tumor lysate vaccine, expressing α-gal epitopes effectively targets both PC cells and gem-resi cells and may provide PC cure by the elimination of the replenishing pool of all PC cells.

Citation Format: Masahiro Tanemura, Eiji Miyoshi, Tsukasa Tanida, Hiroaki Nagano, Hidetoshi Eguchi, Kenta Furukawa, Yuji Nonaka, Hirofumi Akita, Naoki Hama, Hiroshi Wada, Koichi Kawamoto, Shyogo Kobayashi, Kiyomi Taniyama, Wataru Kamiike, Masaki Mori, Yuichiro Doki. Significant protection against gemcitabine-resistant pancreatic cancer cells with tumor lysate vaccine, engineered to express α-gal epitopes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2833. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2833


The medical profession in America has now had an experience of about one year with the antitoxin treatment of diphtheria. It is true that during the first six months the source of our supply of antitoxin was from abroad, and that this supply was necessarily limited, but during the past five or six months the supply has been about equal to the demand, and not many cases of diphtheria, particularly in the larger cities, need have suffered because of an inability to obtain serum of proper quality and strength. The desire, or ambition, on the part of the medical profession to give this remedy a trial has certainly not been lacking; for I believe I am safe in saying that nothing in the domain of medicine has so attracted the universal attention of the profession and the public the world over, as this treatment of diphtheria with antitoxin. Our National


The worldwide research on corporate real estate management (CREM) over the past decades leaves no doubt that this area has a decisive influence on the success of a company. However, there are still great uncertainties about the impact of CREM decisions on the firm success and the underlying causal relationships. Depending on the perspective from which CREM decisions are made, the goals and the targeted contributions to success can vary greatly. In research work, CREM has been for example examined from the perspectives of the labour productivity at the workplace, the influence on competitiveness in sales and factor markets, the financial contribution in context of corporate finance or the efficient provision of real estate resources from the viewpoint of construction and the real estate industry. In their influence on the success of a company, CREM decisions can result in competing, complementary or independent effects. Empirical studies show that the high complexity of the target system is one of the most important challenges for CREM. So far, there is no holistic concept that explains the different success contributions of CREM in their mechanisms and classifies them holistically. The purpose of this article is to develop a holistic model to explain the relationship between CREM decisions and business success and to test it empirically.In a first step, a literature-based multidimensional framework for corporate real estate's contribution to corporate success is derived. In a second step, the framework has been validated empirically on the basis of a dataset collected from computer assisted telephone interviews (CATI) among the CREM managers of the 200 largest German companies. The answers of the decision makers are positioned in a solution space using multidimensional scaling. This is followed by an comparison whether the empirically generated structure represents the dimensions and mechanisms of the framework. Finally, hierarchical-agglomerative cluster analyses are performed to validate the results.The results show that the influence of CREM on corporate success can be divided into three mechanisms: operating performance, real estate performance and financial performance. On the other hand, CREM success can be differentiated according to its maturity. If both considerations are combined, the result is a two-dimensional framework that contains all the effects of CREM on the firm success. The mechanisms of the framework can be empirically confirmed in their essential elements. The article provides an overview of the very broad, interdisciplinary literature on the connection between corporate real estate management and corporate success. The mechanisms are systematised in a holistic concept. The deeper understanding of the different CREM effects on corporate success is the basis for the effective development of CREM concepts in theory and practice.