This paper describes a two-wire thermal velocity sensor operating with an electrically heated upstream wire and a downstream wire acting as a resistance thermometer. The sensor can be operated in such a way that the phase shift between the periodic (sinusoidal) voltage that drives the first wire and the detected second signal is controlled by a combination of convection, diffusion and the finite thermal response time of the wires. This yields an effective operating range of 0.05?m?s-1?U?25?m?s-1 and corresponds to a bandwidth of 1-500. This wide velocity range is confirmed theoretically and experimentally for a number of sensors. The paper provides detailed analytical and numerical investigations which are well verified by experiments. The resultant design work also aimed at a sensor that can be manufactured industrially and can therefore be produced at low cost. Our immediate application is the measurement of flow velocities (or volume flow rates) in slowly changing unidirectional flows. This sensor design is briefly described and the description involves the mechanical part of the sensor as well as the electronics. Calibration of the first automatically manufactured sensors is shown. It is demonstrated that their performance is as good as those of the sensors that the authors have designed and built during their initial development work.


The problem of power consumption in the world, and especially in developing countries, is an issue which still raises many questions. Tanzania and specifically Morogoro region is part of the affected population. This study aimed at assessing noise pollution and population expose in the central areas of Morogoro Municipality. Noise levels were measured by using digital sound level meter when there is use or no use of portable fuel generators. For each sampling point the average population exposed to noise was also estimated. The results show that the measured noise levels in all studied points ranged from 72 dBA to 88.8 dBA with a mean of 79.9 ± 2.3 dBA when generators are in use and from 59 dBA to 76.6 dBA (mean of 67.3 ± 2.5 dBA) when generators are not in use. The area around Saifee colour laboratory had high population exposed to noise level of 77.7 dBA (average 18 people/1 hr). The lowest noise was measured at Mt. Uluguru hotel (72 dBA) and highest at Wildrose hotel (88.8 dBA). The study concludes that use of portable fuel generators increased noise levels in central areas of Morogoro municipality in addition to other urban noise such as vehicle traffic. The observed noise is likely to have adverse health problem in a long term human exposure.


Introduction: Brucella melitensis and Bacillus anthracis are zoonoses transmitted from animals and animal products. Scientific information is provided in this article to support biosafety precautions necessary to protect laboratory workers and individuals who are potentially exposed to these pathogens in the workplace or other settings, and gaps in information are also reported. There is a lack of information on the appropriate effective concentration for many chemical disinfectants for this agent. Controversies related to B. anthracis include infectious dose for skin and gastrointestinal infections, proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE) during the slaughter of infected animals, and handling of contaminated materials. B. melitensis is reported to have the highest number of laboratory-acquired infections (LAIs) to date in laboratory workers. Methods: A literature search was conducted to identify potential gaps in biosafety and focused on five main sections including the route of inoculation/modes of transmission, infectious dose, LAIs, containment releases, and disinfection and decontamination strategies. Results: Scientific literature currently lacks information on the effective concentration of many chemical disinfectants for this agent and in the variety of matrices where it may be found. Controversies related to B. anthracis include infectious dose for skin and gastrointestinal infections, proper use of PPE during the slaughter of infected animals, and handling contaminated materials. Discussion: Clarified vulnerabilities based on specific scientific evidence will contribute to the prevention of unwanted and unpredictable infections, improving the biosafety processes and procedures for laboratory staff and other professionals such as veterinarians, individuals associated with the agricultural industry, and those working with susceptible wildlife species.


The problem of evacuating the buildings through the shortest path with safety has become more important than ever in a case of indoor air pollution incidents (i.e. fire, gas leak, airlessness, smother) taken place in complex and tall buildings of today's world. In this paper, it is aimed to present a 3D interactive human navigation and evacuation system which generates an optimum path in 3D modeled buildings and provides 3D visualization and simulation. The system generates and transmits the guiding expression to the mobile devices such as PDA's, laptops etc. via internet. In order to evaluate its performance in a case of extraordinary indoor air pollution circumstance, the system was tested on a complex building model by using GPRS and WIFI internet connections based on the web technologies.


The sea ice surface, not open water, is the dominant source of sea salt to aerosol and ice cores in coastal Antarctica. Here, we show that it may also form the dominant source for central Antarctica. We can then explain higher concentrations in the winter and last glacial maximum (LGM) as being due to increased sea ice production. This suggests that ice core sea salt can indicate at least the timing of changes in Antarctic sea ice production. The pattern of sea salt in ice cores is consistent with marine evidence about sea ice changes in the Holocene and LGM. Sea salt shows no change at the initial CO2 increase out of the last glacial, making it unlikely this was primarily due to changing sea ice cover. The sea salt record should not be treated as an indicator of meridional transport.


Housing is an important asset of the urban poor. Depending on the ability to manage the asset and on the regulatory framework, households can earn income from renting out rooms and move out of poverty. This study is on housing transformations in informal settlements, unlike similar earlier research on governmentbuilt housing. Based on empirical investigations in two informal settlements in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania, the article explores the effects of housing transformations on urban poverty. Owner households earn substantial amounts of income from renting out rooms and from water vending. Grown-up children 'nest' in their parents' homes and use them as working spaces, thus enhancing the stock of social capital in owner households. On the negative side, housing transformation contributes to excessive plot coverage, in-house crowding, occupational health hazards and poor sanitary conditions. Through road encroachment, housing transformation can render settlement structure dysfunctional. The negative externalities undermine efforts to increase household income and to promote health in informal settlements, and are likely to compromise some of the Millennium Development Goals targets in Tanzania. Operationalising empowerment in informal settlements is one of the most promising ways forward.


Knowledge sharing across domains is key to bringing down the cost of production and the time to market of products. This thesis is directed to improve the knowledge sharing capability of the present systems that use information and communication technologies. Systems for different domains have structures that are made up of concepts and relations with different semantic interpretations. Therefore, knowledge sharing across such domains becomes an issue. Knowledge sharing across multiple domains can be facilitated through a system that can provide a shared understanding across multiple domains. This requires a rigorous common semantic base underlying the domains across which to share knowledge. [Continues.]


INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Completion of a minimum number of index procedures is required for urology residency graduation. Interestingly, no thresholds are stipulated regarding the surgical technique utilized. Therefore, it is unclear if the distribution between robotic and open technique learning is balanced for the trainee. To evaluate this question, we assessed the distribution of robotic and open surgeries performed by residents upon graduation. METHODS: We obtained voluntary ACGME graduated resident case logs between 2011-2017 from 11 academic institutions. These dates were selected as the ACGME began coding robotic cases separately in 2011. Data was de-identified and trends in robotic and open major surgeries (reconstructive, oncologic and pediatric) were compared using Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. RESULTS: 136,868 major surgical cases were recorded by 209 graduating residents from 2011-2017. The median proportion of robotic cases increased from 2011 to 2017 across all major surgery (14.2% to 26.7%); reconstructive (2.9% to 9%); oncologic (27% to 54.2%); and pediatric (0% to 1.6%) (p for all < 0.001). Distribution trends over time are shown in Figure 1. Pediatric urology demonstrated the most blunted trend with a median of 3 robotic cases (IQR 0, 24) compared to 184 open cases (IQR 69, 379) being performed in 2017. Similar observations occurred in reconstructive urology. Conversely, in urologic oncology, the number of robotic procedures superseded that of open starting in 2016. The driver of this trend is likely robotic prostatectomy with the median number of robotic cases per graduating resident rising above that of open cases starting in 2012 (robotic: 57 (IQR 10, 163) vs. open: 46 (IQR 7, 256)) and showing a continual rise to 2017 (robotic: 81 (IQR 38, 189) vs. open: 22 (IQR 4, 52)). CONCLUSIONS: Robotically preformed cases by graduating urology residents are increasing across all major surgical categories. However, the balance of technique utilized and the pace at which this distribution is changing vastly differs among reconstructive, oncologic and pediatric surgery. Continued evaluation is necessary, as such data may serve as a platform for determining if surgical technique standards are needed to maintain training integrity. Figure. No caption available. Source of Funding: None


China has been severely criticised in the West for being an obstacle to democracy and progress on human rights in Myanmar. This is due largely to the perception that China, despite being a big and influential neighbour, has been extremely reluctant to apply pressure on Myanmar. Such a perception ignores the complexities in the China-Myanmar relationship. The two countries have various types of exchanges and interactions not only at the central government level but also at the local level in the border areas. China engages in multi-level and multi-faceted cooperation with Myanmar and provides suggestions to Myanmar as a friendly neighbour. Rather than being an obstacle, China's active engagement with Myanmar offers a viable alternative to cajoling the Myanmar military government in a direction more acceptable to the international community.


BACKGROUND
Several observational studies have investigated interleukin-18 (IL-18) gene polymorphisms with regard to susceptibility to hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the results have been inconsistent.

AIM
To evaluate the relationships between functional polymorphisms in the IL-18 gene and an individual's susceptibility to HCV infection, a meta-analysis was performed. Methods: A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and China BioMedicine databases to investigate the correlation between IL-18 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to HCV infection. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

RESULTS
The polymorphisms IL-18-607 C>A and -137 G>C were correlated with susceptibility to HCV infection in Asian populations. However, there was no evidence indicating a correlation between either of these polymorphisms and susceptibility to HCV infection in Caucasian populations.

CONCLUSIONS
Our current meta-analysis suggests that the -607 C>A and -137 G>C polymorphisms in the IL-18 gene promoter play important roles in determining the response to HCV in Asian populations. More studies with larger sample sizes are needed to evaluate the associations between IL-18 genetic polymorphisms and HCV infection risk.


Objective: To examine the spontaneous leptin secretion in patients with myelomeningocele (MMC) and growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Methods: Serum leptin levels were studied in 10 prepubertal MMC patients with GHD (CA 6.2 ± 0.5 years), 10 patients with idiopathic GHD (IGHD; CA 7.6 ± 0.7 years) and 12 children with normal variant short stature (NVSS; CA 7.6 ± 0.5 years). Mean BMI (kg/m2) values of the groups did not differ significantly. Nocturnal leptin levels were analyzed over 10 h (blood samples every 20 min) and measured by specific radioimmunoassay. Results: Mean leptin concentrations did not correlate with BMI in MMC patients. Nocturnal leptin secretion of MMC patients was significantly different to those of children with IGHD and NVSS. Morning leptin levels did not decline as observed in both other groups. Conclusion: Since all groups were matched for BMI values, we suggest a hypothalamic dysregulation of leptin secretion in MMC patients.


Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. The formation and progression of tumor and the sensitivity to treatment differs from patient to patient. In addition to the widely used molecular subtype, novel markers are needed to better personalize the treatment of breast cancer. Tumor infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) have been consistently documented in breast cancer lesions especially in triple negative and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 positive breast cancer. Several clinical trials have revealed that TIL are associated with prognosis and can predict therapeutic efficacy of special therapy. TIL could be divided to different subtypes including CD8 + TIL, CD4 + TIL, cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 + TIL, programmed death-1 + TIL. They play different roles in the process of anti-tumor immunity and can predict different prognosis. Screening out special TIL subtype which is well associated with prognosis and therapeutic efficacy and developing targeting immunotherapy can help to improve outcomes of breast cancer patients.


This study provides novel evidence that the outcome from REIT sales of office and apartment property is signaled in the transaction price managers accept relative to the fundamental value. The identification strategy recognizes opportunistic sales as sold at prices above fundamental value. Opportunistic sales are followed by positive abnormal returns, measured relative to the market and associated benchmark indices. Assets sold below fundamental value are liquidated by firms with low profitability, low cash and low investment opportunities. Discounted transactions experience zero abnormal returns. Returns following asset sales are influenced by accounting measures, the flow of funds and financial constraints.


Abstract
The character of a child is closely related to the upbringing he receives from his caregiver; in other words, good parenting will also have a positive impact on the child, and the character possessed by a child is a reflection of the parenting style provided by the caregiver. In order to avoid deviations in the child's character, several good parenting methods are needed in the formation of the child's religious character. This study aims to analyze the parenting style applied by the Yogyakarta Islamic Boys' Orphanage in shaping the religious character of the orphanage's children. This study uses descriptive qualitative research, which provides an overview or description of empirical facts from observations and interviews and is supported by documentation about the methods used by the Yogyakarta Boys' Orphanage in shaping the religious character of children in orphanages. The results of this study indicate that Islamic orphanages use a variety of parenting methods, such as the da'wah method of instilling knowledge, the compassion method, the exemplary method, the advice method, the habituation method, and other methods in the form of worship, education, social interaction, and muamalah. Of course, when using this method, one must always adhere to Islamic parenting principles, such as "Amar ma'ruf nahi munkar."


Background Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) in most patients is diagnosed with early stage disease identified incidentally on blood counts obtained for unrelated purposes. Immunophenotyping of peripheral blood (PB) is required for the diagnosis of CLL. A scoring system that helps in the differential diagnosis between CLL and other mature B-cell neoplasms (MBN) has been described twenty years ago (Matutes et al., Leukemia 1994; modified by Moreau et al., Am J Clin Pathol 1997). CLL/SLL typically demonstrates low-intensity staining for surface immunoglobulin, low or absent expression of CD22, CD79b and FMC7 and moderate to strong expression of CD5 and CD23. However, this phenotype is not entirely specific and some overlap in immunophenotype exists between CLL and non-CLL MBN. In particular, leukemic phase of CD5 positive mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) can be misdiagnosed as CLL. Recently, it has been shown that CD200 expression may help in differential diagnosis between CLL and other MBN. The present study aimed to prove CD200 usefulness in differentiating CLL from MCL on a series of consecutive patients and to investigate whether adding CD200 could improve the utility of Matutes scoring system, especially in atypical CLL.

Methods Between January 2013 and March 2014, PB of consecutive patients with MBN was assessed in this study. Analysis was performed on a FACSCalibur flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson) and samples were stained with panels of 4-color combinations of antibodies using a standard whole-blood assay. PB specimens were incubated with antibodies purchased from eBioscience (CD200 APC, clone OX-104), Immunotech (CD23, CD79b, FMC7), BD Biosciences (CD5, CD19), and DAKO (sIg). At least 5,000 B-cells were immediately acquired on flow cytometer. Diagnosis of CLL was made according to National Cancer Institute-Working Group criteria. Furthermore, tissue biopsies of 62 (31%) CLL cases were available for histological review, including all cases of atypical CLL. Diagnosis of MCL was based on morphology and immunohistochemical detection of cyclin D1 in tissue biopsies and further confirmed by detection of t(11;14) by FISH in selected cases.

Results Table 1 provides details of the patient characteristics. In our series, CD200 was present on neoplastic B-cells of all 200 CLL cases (100%), whereas only 4 cases (8.7%) of MCL showed dim positivity of CD200. The remaining 42 cases (91.3%) of MCL were negative for CD200 expression. The revised Matutes score was calculated to classify CLL cases. All 179 cases of typical CLL (defined by a score ≥ 4) presented moderate to strong expression of CD200 (Median fluorescence intensity - MFI: median = 161). CD200 was also positive in all 21 cases of atypical CLL (defined by a score < 4), but showed lower intensity (MFI: median 128) than that observed in typical CLL (P = 0.02). Application of the Matutes scoring system to MCL cases showed that three cases scored 3 (6.5%), two cases scored 4 (4.3%) and none scored 5. Of note, CD200 was absent in two cases scoring 3 and was only dimly expressed in the remaining MCL cases scoring 3 or 4. Thus, the differential expression of CD200 in CLL and MCL retained even in those cases with otherwise indeterminate immunophenotype, therefore being particularly helpful for the distinction of atypical CLL and MCL.

Conclusions Flow cytometry is an essential tool for the diagnosis of CLL. However, a significant immunophenotypic overlapping occurs especially between CLL and MCL cells. In this study, we investigated the expression of recently identified marker CD200 in PB of consecutive CLL and MCL patients. We have confirmed previous reports that CD200 is consistently expressed in all typical CLL. Furthermore, CD200 was expressed by all immunophenotypically atypical CLL cases. On the contrary, in MCL patients CD200 showed only a dim positivity in four subjects and was absent in the remaining 42. The inclusion of CD200 in the MBN routine flow cytometry panels facilitates the differential diagnosis between CLL and MCL and has a great impact on accurate diagnosis in cases with immunophenotypic aberrancies.

This work was supported by grant RVO VFN64165 and PRVOUK P27/LF1/1

| | MCL (46 pts.) | CLL (200 pts.) |
| ------------------------------------------- | --------------- | --------------- |
| Age (median, range) | 66.7; 47.8-82.4 | 67.6; 32.2-90.7 |
| Sex (F/M) | 19/27 | 74/126 |
| WBC x109/L (median, range) | 10; 2.1-285.4 | 21.9; 2.8-375.2 |
| % neoplastic B-cells of WBC (median, range) | 17.1; 1.3-90.5 | 54; 1.7-94.7 |
| CD200 MFI (median, range) | 2.16; 1-53.2 | 147.5; 20.6-637 |

Table 1

Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


The authors describe a program that is directed at assuring effective treatment and referral for alcoholic and addicted patients in a general hospital; the program was developed to assure maximal utlization of available addiction treatment facilities without adding to the hospital staff. Drawing on systems theory, the authors review both a pragmatic and a conceptual basis for psychiatric intervention with paraprofessional support to provide consultation to the general medical staff who treat alcoholic and addicted patients. They stress the feasibility of altering the nature of the hospital system to achieve more effective treatment for these patients.


(INTRODUCTION) Several clinical studies have revealed that dasatinib demonstrated deep and fast responses. We report a phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dasatinib in patients with newly diagnosed chronic-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML-CP) in Japan (IMIDAS PART2 study). (PATIRNTS AND METHODS) Between July 2011 and June 2013, a total of 79 consecutive patients with CML-CP received 100 mg dasatinib daily as a first-line therapy. Treatment was continued until disease progression or until toxicity became unacceptable. The primary end-point was the rate of major molecular response by 12 months. Secondary end-points included the rate of complete cytogenetic response, rate of molecular responses with a 4.5 log reduction (MR4.5) by 12 months, and adverse events. The median age was 62 years, ranging from 27 to 80 years. Patients older than 65 years comprised 41.7% of all patients. Two-thirds of patients (68.4%) were male. Nearly all patients were ECOG performance status 0. Most patients (83.6%) had low and intermediate Sokal scores. The BCR-ABL1 International Scale (BCR-ABL1 IS) in the peripheral blood was measured by the central laboratory center (BML, Tokyo, Japan). (RESULTS) The median BCR-ABL1 IS before therapy was 54.0% (7.8-230.2). Seventy patients (88.6%) received dasatinib therapy for 12 months. The median BCR-ABL1 ISs were 0.25 % at 3 months (range 0.0002-52.2 %, n =77), 0.03 % at 6 months (range not detected-29.2 %, n = 75) and 0.008 % at 12 months (not detected -0.86 %, n = 70). MMR rate was 77.2% (95% CI, 67.9-86.5 %) by 12 months. The rates of CCyR and MR4.5 by 12 months were 88.6% (95% CI; 81.5-95.7 %) and 35.4% (95% CI; 24.8-46.1 %), respectively (Figure 1). Multivariate analysis of MMR or MR4.5 by 12 months showed that female sex (odds ratio 1.1, P = 0.92, odds ratio 1.7, P = 0.35, respectively), low and intermediate Sokal score (odds ratio 0.9, P = 0.90, odds ratio 3.2, P =0.23, respectively), and BCR-ABL1 IS less than 54% at diagnosis (RR =odds ratio 0.8, P = 0.74, odds ratio 0.7, P = 0.55, respectively) were not significantly correlated with MMR by 12 months nor MR4.5 by 12 months (Table 1). However, patients who were more than 62 years old were significantly correlated with MR4.0 and MR4.5 by 12 months (odds ratio 2.8, P =0.04, odds ratio 3.5, P =0.01). Treatment-related all AEs were reported in 98.7% patients (78 of 79). Grade 3/4 non-hematologic AEs were observed in only a few cases. Lymphocytosis (more than 4x 109/L) was observed in 34.1% of patients, which was within grade 2. Only 9 patients withdrew the study because of adverse events (4 patients), ineffectiveness (3 patients), and others (2 patients). (DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION) The incidence of lymphocyte predominance may depend on a history of previous cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in CML-CP patients (Leukemia. 2011 25(10): 1587-97). Although the frequency of CMV-positive patients was unknown in this study, that of blood donors in Japan was almost positive in the ages with 60s or older. The median age of CML-CP patients in this study was 62 years. Therefore, we assumed that some immunological effects induced by dasatinib might have improved the clinical efficacy in Japanese CML-CP patients compared to those worldwide. Our phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dasatinib in patients with newly diagnosed CML-CP in Japan revealed that the first-line dasatinib treatment of CML-CP leads to earlier achievement of MMR and MR4.5 with high safety. Elder age patients (>62 years) were significantly associated with achievement of MR4.5. Disclosures Shindo:Sysmex Corporation: Research Funding. Sakamoto:Yakult: Other: Remuneration; Takeda Pharmaceutical: Consultancy.


A fuzzy preference relation is a powerful and popular model to represent both individual and group preferences and can be a basis for decision‐making models that in general provide as a result a subset of alternatives that can constitute an ultimate solution of a decision problem. To arrive at such a final solution individual and/or group choice rules may be employed. There is a wealth of such rules devised in the context of the classical, crisp preference relations. Originally, most of the popular group decision‐making rules were conceived for classical (crisp) preference relations (orderings) and then extended to the traditional fuzzy preference relations. In this paper we pursue the path towards a universal representation of such choice rules that can provide an effective generalization—for the case of fuzzy preference relations—of the classical choice rules. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Significance The cardiac sodium channel (Nav1.5) is crucial for generating a regular heartbeat. It is thus not surprising that Nav1.5 mutations have been linked to life-threatening arrhythmias. Interestingly, Nav1.5 activity can also be altered by posttranslational modifications, such as tyrosine phosphorylation. Our combination of protein engineering and molecular modeling has revealed that the detrimental effect of a long QT3 patient mutation is only exposed when a proximal tyrosine is phosphorylated. This suggests a dynamic cross-talk between the genetic mutation and a neighboring phosphorylation, a phenomenon that could be important in other classes of proteins. Additionally, we show that phosphorylation can affect the channel's sensitivity toward clinically relevant drugs, a finding that may prove important when devising patient-specific treatment plans. The voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.5 initiates the cardiac action potential. Alterations of its activation and inactivation properties due to mutations can cause severe, life-threatening arrhythmias. Yet despite intensive research efforts, many functional aspects of this cardiac channel remain poorly understood. For instance, Nav1.5 undergoes extensive posttranslational modification in vivo, but the functional significance of these modifications is largely unexplored, especially under pathological conditions. This is because most conventional approaches are unable to insert metabolically stable posttranslational modification mimics, thus preventing a precise elucidation of the contribution by these modifications to channel function. Here, we overcome this limitation by using protein semisynthesis of Nav1.5 in live cells and carry out complementary molecular dynamics simulations. We introduce metabolically stable phosphorylation mimics on both wild-type (WT) and two pathogenic long-QT mutant channel backgrounds and decipher functional and pharmacological effects with unique precision. We elucidate the mechanism by which phosphorylation of Y1495 impairs steady-state inactivation in WT Nav1.5. Surprisingly, we find that while the Q1476R patient mutation does not affect inactivation on its own, it enhances the impairment of steady-state inactivation caused by phosphorylation of Y1495 through enhanced unbinding of the inactivation particle. We also show that both phosphorylation and patient mutations can impact Nav1.5 sensitivity toward the clinically used antiarrhythmic drugs quinidine and ranolazine, but not flecainide. The data highlight that functional effects of Nav1.5 phosphorylation can be dramatically amplified by patient mutations. Our work is thus likely to have implications for the interpretation of mutational phenotypes and the design of future drug regimens.


An important topic in the conversation on the education of pharmacy students evolves around methods of pedagogy and assessment and attention to diversity and inclusion. Well-intentioned educators may introduce bias into their teachings and assessment tools by focusing on diseases with a higher rate of presentation in minorities without engaging in conversations about why these health disparities exist. When considering the content and structure of a curriculum, it is also important to review its assessment tools, with attention to cultural humility in multiple-choice examinations, case-based presentations, and even observed structured clinical examinations. Disregarding this component of the conversation may lead students to have an unconscious impression that social constructs are biological markers for a disease. Students may recall not only what they learned in a classroom setting, but often the content included in their assessments as well. By writing test items that are culturally responsible, unconscious bias can be reduced and test items can better measure the knowledge that educators intend to assess. As pharmacy educators perform programmatic reviews, attention should be directed toward unconscious bias, not only in the curricula but also in evaluation and assessment tools.


Although most works in computer vision use perspective or other central cameras, the interest in non-central camera models has increased lately, especially with respect to omnidirectional vision. Calibration and structure-from-motion algorithms exist for both, central and non-central cameras. An intermediate class of cameras, although encountered rather frequently, has received less attention. So-called axial cameras are non-central but their projection rays are constrained by the existence of a line that cuts all of them. This is the case for stereo systems, many non-central catadioptric cameras and pushbroom cameras for example. In this report, we study the geometry of axial cameras and propose a calibration approach for them. We also describe the various axial catadioptric configurations which are more common and less restrictive than central catadioptric ones. Finally we used simulations and real experiments to prove the validity of our theory.


Sex hormone preparations are widely used in obstetrics for the treatment of infertility and miscarriage. Possible adverse effect of sex hormone preparations during pregnancy is their potential adverse impact on the hepatobiliary system. The most common pathology of the liver and gallbladder associated with pregnancy are intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and biliary sludge (BS).Aim.  The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of female sex hormones on the course and effectiveness of treatment of ICP and BS during pregnancy. Materials and methods.  The study included 158 pregnant women (97 patients with ICP and 61 patients with BS). Exogenous hormonal effects were the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) for the onset of conception and/or the use of estrogen and progesterone preparations during pregnancy. ICP was diagnosed on the basis of detection of an elevated level of bile acids (above 8 μmol/L) in the blood serum. Patients underwent clinical, laboratory and instrumental studies (abdominal ultrasound, including the assessment of gallbladder motor-evacuator function initially and after 2 months of treatment, and pelvic ultrasound). Pruritus intensity associated with ICP was assessed using a 0–3 score scale. Patients with BS received treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) in a dose of 250–750 mg and choleretic herbal preparation (artichoke extract) for 2 months. Patients with ICP were treated with UDCA in a dose of 500–2000 mg until delivery. Biochemical laboratory parameters in the ICP group were evaluated after 1 and 2 weeks of treatment.Results.  More than half of patients with BS and ICP were taking sex hormone preparations or had a pregnancy that occurred after the application of ART programs. In patients who became pregnant after ART, the ICP developed at a significantly earlier time than in patients with a naturally occurring pregnancy (p < 0.001). The use of sex hormones proved to be interrelated with a high frequency of cholestasis recurrence after its regression in the course of the treatment (p < 0.001). Patients with pregnancy after ART programs, as well as taking sex hormones, had an increased risk of BS developement. The intake of sex hormones (p = 0.005) in patients with ICP was associated with a more frequent development of preeclampsia and the need for caesarean section (p = 0.003). The use of ART programs and hormonal therapy, as well as the presence of BS in patients with ICP, were interrelated with oxidative stress. BS on the ICP background was associated with the development of intrauterine fetal hypoxia. In pregnant women with BS, the reception of progestins was significantly (p = 0.004) correlated with functional impairment of the motor function of the biliary tract (BT). In the presence of BS, ICP occurs with more severe liver damage, and the patients are inferior to respond to UDCA treatment. Prognostic factors in the insufficient effectiveness of BS treatment: the use of sex hormone preparations during pregnancy, the presence of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in the anamnesis, an older age at the time of pregnancy and conception after ART.Conclusion.The use of sex hormone preparations and ART programs are shown to be additional factors contributing to the emergence of ICP and BS during pregnancy. For the pregnant women taking sex hormone preparations and/or becoming pregnant after ART programs, it is important to conduct laboratory and ultrasound screening for early detection and timely treatment of ICP and BS. BC patients of older ages who have become pregnant after ART programs and take sex hormones preparations and/or have a PCOS in an anamnesis may need longer or repeated courses of BS treatment.


The demonstration plot was established in Wuqing area in Tianjin city,where the renovated water from sewage treatment plant in economic development zone was used in irrigating farmland after aeration in store pool.The experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of irrigation with the renovated water on farmland soil and the safety of agricultural product and underground water under wheat-maize growing system in 2003 to 2006.The results indicated that the soil nutrients,such as soil organic matter and total nitrogen,total number of bacteria and total porosity increased somewhat,and total nitrogen and total number of bacteria changed significantly,but pH and salinity showed no significant increase.The content of soil heavy metals and shallow underground water quality were not greatly influenced by making use of the renovated water for irrigation.The content of heavy metal in grain and straw of wheat and maize was not significantly influenced by irrigation water quality,which was below the corresponding standard of food hygiene.The yield per acre and one-thousand grain weight of wheat and maize irrigated with renovated water were higher than those irrigated with underground water.


We proposed and investigated a novel output coupling scheme for a circular and a square plasmonic nano-ring laser based on a T-shaped radial coupler that is easier to realize than a tangential coupler. The amount of coupling efficiency is shown to be highly controllable from a few percent to tens of percents. This is due to the fact that the standing-wave lasing mode pattern will rotate to give the minimal cavity loss at the T-coupler's location, making the amount of output coupling surprisingly low and hence, controllable. For a non-circular cavity, other symmetry-breaking and geometry-induced scattering could result in separate mode-pattern locking. These give a few main ways to control and optimize the coupling efficiency: via widening/narrowing or rotating the T-coupler's waveguide, or, for the case of a non-circular cavity, via shifting the location of the T-coupler. We observed increased unidirectional lasing induced by either rotating the waveguide or shifting it (for non-circular cases). We simulated the coupling using Maxwell's equations based on the multi-level multi-electron FDTD (MLME-FDTD) method to realistically model the lasing and output coupling behaviors of such plasmonic semiconductor lasers.


In dragonflies, species richness shows a marked variation between lineages. Species diversification in this lineage has been linked with habitat variation, but the role of other factors, such as wing pigmentation, arguably one of the most conspicuous traits in dragonflies, have not yet been explored. In this study, using novel methodology that takes into account state‐dependent speciation, extinction models, and ancestral reconstruction, we investigate the role of wing pigmentation (present/absent) in conjunction with habitat variation (lentic/lotic), to unveil the drivers of species diversification in dragonflies. We found that wing pigmentation is associated with a marginal increase in diversification compared to unpigmented lineages. Inhabiting a lentic habitat is associated with higher diversification rates. When considering both factors in a single model, lentic environments are associated with higher diversification compared to lotic habitats regardless of pigmentation status. In contrast with results across the whole tree, in lotic environments, wing pigmentation is associated with marginally higher diversification rates compared to non‐pigmented species. Ancestral state reconstruction revealed that the last common ancestor of dragonflies was most likely non‐pigmented and lived in lotic habitats. Our study provides evidence that wing pigmentation in conjunction with habitat has an important influence on dragonflies species diversification, with habitat being a better differentiator than wing pigmentation.


A unified design model is proposed for various kinds of passive dynamic absorbers (PDAs) attached to buildings with different lateral resisting systems. A total of five different PDAs are considered in this study: (1) tuned mass damper (TMD), (2) circular tuned sloshing damper (C-TSD), (3) rectangular tuned sloshing damper (R-TSD), (4) two-way liquid damper (TWLD), and (5) pendulum tuned mass damper (PTMD). The unified model consists of a coupled shear-flexural (CSF) discrete model with equivalent tuned mass dampers (TMDs), which allows the consideration of intermediate modes of lateral deformation. By modifying the nondimensional lateral stiffness ratio, the CSF model can consider lateral deformations varying from those of a flexural cantilever beam to those of a shear cantilever beam. The unified model was applied to a 144-meter-tall building located in the Valley of Mexico, which was subjected to both seismic and along-wind loads. The building has similar fundamental periods of vibration and different nondimensional lateral stiffness ratios for both translational directions, which shows the importance of considering both bending and shear stiffness in the design of PDAs. The results show a great effectiveness of PDAs in controlling along-wind RMS accelerations of the building; on the contrary, PDAs were ineffective in controlling peak lateral displacements. For a single PDA attached at the rooftop level, the maximum possible value of the PDA mass efficiency index increases as the nondimensional lateral stiffness ratio decreases; therefore, there is an increase in the vibration control effectiveness of PDAs for lateral flexural-type deformations.


Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains defective in cysteine biosynthesis were more sensitive to chromate than their corresponding isogenic prototrophic strains. Chromate sensitivity of the cysteine-dependent strains was reduced when L-cysteine was added to the growth medium. The effect of L-cysteine on chromate sensitivity was, however, not specific to the cysteine-dependent strains but was general to all strains tested. That is, addition of L-cysteine to the growth medium containing chromate caused an increase of colony-forming ability of chromate-sensitive, normal and chromate-resistant strains. It was also shown that L-cysteine nonbiologically consumed chromate. From these results, we conclude that cysteine plays an essential role in defence of cells against chromate. We contend that cysteine chemically reduces toxic hexavalent chromium to less toxic trivalent chromium; detoxication of chromate by this mechanism takes place intracellularly as well as extracellularly.


Gender differences in personality, optimism and stress coping were analysed in a group of Spanish college students. Specific characteristics in these variables would be found, which will propose specific interventions. Three hundred and seventeen college students, 51 men and 266 women completed several personality questionnaires: The shorter version of Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R), the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI), Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R), the Neo Five-Factor Inventory (NEO FFI), the Transparent Bipolar Inventory and the Berkeley Personality Profile. Statistically significant gender differences in social avoidance of coping skills scale and neuroticism of Eysenck Scale and Bipolar Inventory were founded. Men showed highest social avoidance and neuroticism based on Eysenck scale and no differences in other dimensions evaluated were showed. Finally, men tend to use avoidant coping, whereas neuroticism results are not consistent.


We report herein for the first time a facile synthesis method to obtain SrTi1−xFexO3 nanocubes by means by a microwave-assisted hydrothermal (MAH) method at 140 °C. The effect of iron addition on the structural and morphological properties of SrTiO3 was investigated. X-ray diffraction measurements show that all STFO samples present a cubic perovskite structure. X-ray absorption spectroscopy at Fe absorption K-edge measurements revealed that iron ions are in a mixed Fe2+/Fe3+ oxidation state and preferentially occupy the Ti4+-site. UV-visible spectra reveal a reduction in the optical gap (Egap) of STFO samples as the amount of iron is increased. An analysis of the data obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy points out that the nanoparticles present a cubic morphology independently of iron content. According to high-resolution transmission electron microscopy results, these nanocubes are formed by a self-assembly process of small primary nanocrystals.


Photocatalytic water splitting, as an artificial photosynthesis process for producing clean hydrogen energy, has recently attracted extensive attention due to its bright prospects for solving the shortage of fossil energy and environmental crisis. However, it is still challenging to achieve highly efficient overall water splitting because of the unsuitable electronic structure and the strong dependence on the noble metal co-catalysts to date. The development of photocatalytic water splitting is therefore immensely urgent to enlarge the uptake of photocatalysts by exploring novel compounds. Herein, we propose a novel two-dimensional (2D) pentagonal SiAs2 (penta-SiAs2) photocatalyst suitable for water splitting based on first-principles calculations. Using a hybrid functional, we demonstrate the bandgap of 2D penta-SiAs2 to be 2.35 eV, and its band-edges perfectly stride the redox potential of water. Most importantly, this material possesses both highly desirable carrier mobilities and strong light absorption in the visible and ultraviolet (UV) regions, which are superior to those of most previously reported 2D materials. Furthermore, the free energies suggest that hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions are feasible with penta-SiAs2. These extraordinary characteristics make penta-SiAs2 a promising 2D material for photocatalytic water splitting and provide a possible route for the future experiment scheme.


Tacit knowledge is a generally unarticulated, preconscious form of knowledge that forms a basis for human judgment and decision making. Tacit knowledge is acquired primarily through experience, usually observation of and working with "qualified" teachers or mentors. Tacit knowledge may also be described as "practical," that is, derived from experience or practice, and "taken-for-granted." It involves either skill (the ability to do something well) or perceptual ability (gaining knowledge through the senses that would not be obvious to an inexperienced person). It generally requires a background of knowledge or a theoretical (conceptual) framework as a context for understanding. Decisions based on tacit knowledge can be articulated by bringing the tacit knowledge to the level of consciousness; the reasoning involved will be understood by persons of similar background. Such understanding by other professionals separates tacit knowledge from the realm of intuition. Two traditional models of judgment and decision making--the Wilderness Education model and the Priest model--assume that experienced leaders recognize a problem and then think through sequential steps to arrive at an appropriate decision. These models do not recognize that many "decisions" of experienced leaders are not consciously made, but result from "preconscious" processes or habits. An experienced leader's tacit knowledge also figures in anticipation and prevention of problems, instant recognition that a problem exists, and a constant unconscious form of evaluation and decision making. Provides examples from outdoor recreation and adventure situations. (SV) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************


To assess the influence of a distance course on careers in students' career decision-making and beliefs, 178 distance education college students in the Open University in Taiwan completed the Career Decision Scale, the Career Beliefs Checklist, and a demographic sheet. Unlike most prior research, the course was not associated with career decision-making and beliefs of the students, but students mentioned that career beliefs influenced their decision-making. Three-way multivariate analysis of covariance showed a main effect for age groups on career indecision. On a follow-up questionnaire to which 143 of the same subjects responded, the students indicated their concern about specific factors in career decision-making. The research findings have important implications for the redesign of the career education course for adults and for research.


Purpose Diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia have been subject to debate and controversy for many years. The preliminary diagnostic criteria introduced in 2010 and 2011 have been criticized for different reasons, including questionable diagnostic specificity and a lack of an etiopathogenetic foundation. The "ABC indicators" presented in this study reflect a further development of the 2011 criteria and refer to (A) algesia, (B) bilateral, axial-symmetric pain distribution, and (C) chronic distress. Patients and methods We compared the diagnostic performance of the ABC indicators with that of the 2011 criteria by analyzing the data of 409 inpatients with chronic functional pain divided into two subgroups of pain patients: Those with whole-body pain and those with pain not involving the whole body. Under the premise that FM phenotypically represents a whole-body pain disorder, sensitivity, specificity, correct classification and diagnostic odds ratios were calculated. Results The 2011 criteria demonstrated a specificity of 68.1%, a sensitivity of 75.5%, a correct classification of 71.0% and a diagnostic odds ratio of 6.56 (CI: 4.17–10.31). The ABC indicators achieved a specificity of 88.3%, a sensitivity of 62.3%, a correct classification of 78.6%, and a diagnostic odds ratio of 12.47 (CI: 7.30–21.28). Conclusion The ABC fibromyalgia indicators demonstrated better specificity, lower sensitivity, and better overall diagnostic effectiveness than the original 2011 criteria.


The article describes the content of the educational stage of the system of formation of social activity of youth in civil society institutions. This stage involved the formation of basic ideas of young people about the structure, content, directions, projects of civil society institutions; mastering of knowledge and acquisition of planning skills, organization of activity of civil society institutions; systematization of knowledge about the role of youth in the development of civil society, models of youth participation in public life. Among the main projects and invents, implemented within this stage, the following are presented in the article: regional stages of the International Program "Student Republic" on "Positive scenarios for the modernization of the Donetsk region: the role of communities and youth" and "Education – a key focus of the new industrialization of the Donetsk region" (students discussed important issues in the region and worked out their own solutions); regional event "The best students of Donetsk region" (students with academic, social, social and sporting degrees in higher education institutions are recognized); project "Civic Education of Youth in Ukraine" (conducting a series of educational events for young people on the means of realization of civic youth activity, skills of project activity, interaction with the authorities during public activity, the participants of which had the opportunity to participate in the competition of projects for receiving mini-grants); project "Workshop for Active Youth: East and West Together" (thematic trainings, workshops on topical issues: e-governance, decentralization, youth participation in decision-making processes, opportunities for youth, project management etc.). The study also presents a series of trainings and debates, conducted with the youth of eastern Ukraine to formation their social activity


The surface characteristics as well as adsorption potential of activated cow bone char for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution were investigated. Physical characteristics of the adsorbent revealed a large surface area, low pore volume, reduced ash and moisture contents, which have been identified as good adsorption characteristics. The surface of the adsorbent was predominated by mesopores with a few microporous structures as well as the presence of carbonates, phosphates, silicates and hydroxyl groups which are characteristic of the apatite phase. Adsorption efficiency for the removal of MB was observed to be influenced by pH, adsorbent dosage as well as initial dye concentrations. Equilibrium adsorption data was best described by the Freundlich isotherm with a good correlation coefficient suggesting multilayer adsorption of the dye molecules on the surface of the adsorbent. Based on the drive for reduced cost, removal efficiency and availability, activated carbon from cow bone could be a promising adsorbent for methylene blue-laden effluent that could be utilized in small and large industrial applications.


It is hypothesized that the prototype leisure culture of the contemporary society could be found by the innate religion that has ever dominated over the culture. Oven the Korean history, the paper glances over the multi-religious culture such as Buddhism, Confucianism, Christianity and the like as well as old shamanism that has governed traditional Korean society. In particular, Confucianism has dominated the most recent Lee Dynasty and still embedded in Korean recent life. Bringing on formalism and authoritarian culture, Confucianism regarded leisure and recreation as negligence and restrained sensual pleasures of people, while making the ruling class enjoying themselves by taking instinctual leisure activities.


A recently developed electro-optical Pockels effect technique, which allows the dynamic measurement of surface charge distributions, is employed to observe the dynamic behaviour of a partial discharge in a point - dielectric gap. One period of an 8 kV ac voltage is applied to a needle electrode with gap spacings ranging from 0 to 7 mm. Different discharge behaviour and different deposited surface charge distribution patterns are observed for different point - dielectric gap spacings. The electrode gap spacings can be roughly divided into three regions, namely the surface discharge region, the transition region and the space discharge region. In the transition region, both surface discharges and space discharges which consist of a spark discharge and corona discharge are observed. The memory effect associated with the accumulated surface charges plays an important role in controlling the discharge behaviour. The surface charge field component may either suppress or enhance the local field near the point electrode depending on the phase of the applied voltage. `Back-discharges' are the typical result of the memory effect. Negative surface charge deposited from previous discharges can have a considerable influence on the propagation of the subsequent positive surface streamer channels depending on whether they develop in the surface discharge region or in the transition region.


Hydrogen concentrations up to ~1020 cm-3 in GaN and AlN and ~1019 cm-3 in InN are found to be incorporated during ECR plasma etching in Cl2/CH4/H2Ar at 170°C. Even very short duration (40 s) etch treatments produce hydrogen incorporation depths ≥0.2 µm ahead of the etch front, and may lead to electrical passivation effects within this region. Post-etch annealing at 450 – 500°C restores the initial conductivity.


We introduce RotateIt, a system that enables fingertip-based object rotation along multiple axes by leveraging multimodal sensory inputs. Our system is trained in simulation, where it has access to ground-truth object shapes and physical properties. Then we distill it to operate on realistic yet noisy simulated visuotactile and proprioceptive sensory inputs. These multimodal inputs are fused via a visuotactile transformer, enabling online inference of object shapes and physical properties during deployment. We show significant performance improvements over prior methods and the importance of visual and tactile sensing.


Regression of Subretinal Lymphoma After Diagnostic Vitrectomy Primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (PVRL) is a rare subtype of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Most cases are classified as high-grade, large B-cell, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and they are associated with poor prognosis. Its clinical presentation can masquerade as intermediate/posterior uveitis. Characteristic features include the presence of creamy subretinal lesions and/or vitritis, the lack of macular edema, and a paucity of leakage on fluorescein angiography. Clinical suspicion of PVRL is raised based on the presence of characteristic features and the exclusion of common causes of intermediate/posterior uveitis. The standard diagnostic criterion is vitreous cytology on samples from pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The scarcity and fragility of the malignant cells render the diagnostic procedure highly operator and observer dependent. A 20-year review of cases at our institution indicates clinical diagnosis alone has sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values of 77%, 73%, and 13%, respectively.1 Cytological sensitivity was 87%, but has been reported to be as low as 38% to 81% in other reports.1


Background Totoaba, Totoaba macdonaldi, is an endemic species of the Gulf of California, where wide variations in sea temperature throughout the year, surface salinities that gradually increase towards the north, and contamination by discharge of wastewater have been recorded. In addition to the challenges of reproduction and swimming, its characteristic biannual migration presents totoaba with changes in environmental factors that could affect oxidative stress indicators. The objective of this study was to assess spatial and seasonal changes in the oxidative stress indicators in muscle samples of totoaba. Methods Reactive oxygen species production, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation levels were quantified by spectrophotometry. Results Results suggest spatial-temporal variations of the oxidative stress indicators in muscle of totoaba that may be associated to a complex interaction between environmental and biological factors, including reproduction and nutrient availability. These results contribute to explain the appeal of totoaba as a marketable meat and suggest totoaba may provide antioxidant nutrients to consumers.


Abstract : The role of biodegradation in the environmental fate of DIMP, dieldrin, isodrin, DBCP, and PCPMSO in Rocky Mountain Arsenal soils was evaluated. Surface soil borings were collected from contaminated and uncontaminated regions at RMA. The extent of heterotrophic microbial activity in the soil samples was determined by monitoring 14-CO2 production from soils spiked with a mixture of 14C-glucose, 14C-acetate, and 14C-amino acids. Soil extracts were plated on nutrient agar to enumerate total heterotrophs. Two of six soil samples exhibited little or no heterotrophic activity. The lack of metabolic activity in these two samples was attributed to microbially inhibitive soil contaminants. Inactive soils were not utilized in subsequent mineralization studies. The mineralization of radiolabeled DIMP, dieldrin, isodrin, DBCP, and PCPMSO in contaminated and uncontaminated RMA soils was determined. Soil samples were spiked with test compound and incubated at 22 deg C. Headspace in the test flasks was periodically sampled and analyzed for 14C-organics and 14-CO2. Mineralization studies were conducted for a period of 26 weeks. All five test compounds were poorly degraded under aerobic conditions. Low, but statistically significant (compared to sterile controls) levels of 14-CO2 were produced from 14C-isodrin and 14C-dieldrin. Previous research by other investigators indicated that the five test compounds are resistant to aerobic degradation. Data from the present study support these findings. The mineralization of 14C-isodrin was also evaluated in a laboratory-scale composting system maintained at 55 deg C. Less than 0.1 percent of 14C-isodrin was evolved as 14-CO2 during a 39 day test period.


The authors measured observers' ability to determine direction of gaze toward an object in space. In Experiment 1, they determined the difference threshold for determining whether a live "looker" was looking to the left or right of a target point. Acuity for eye direction was quite high (approximately 30 s arc). Viewing the movement of the looker's eyes did not improve acuity. When one of the looker's eyes was occluded, the observers' acuity was disrupted and their point of subjective equality was shifted away from the exposed eye. Experiment 2 was a replication of Experiment 1, but digitized gaze displays were used. The results of Experiment 3 showed that the acuity for direction of gaze depended on the position of the looker's target. Overall, the results indicated that humans are highly sensitive to gaze direction and that information from both eyes is used to determine direction of regard.


In many studies of manorial-maps, historical and semiotic approaches have been employed. However, many contexts, such as the political, economic and cultural circumstance and people's spatial cognition in the period when manorial-maps were made and used should be taken into consideration. Moreover, even manorial-maps themselves could be a context for others.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the expressions and descriptions of Manorial-Maps relating to Saidaiji Temple. These maps have usually been investigated individually, but this paper employs a contextual approach to determine how each map, especially Souron Ezu (dispute map), functioned and related to other maps within the group.Saidaiji owns or owned at least fifteen maps drawn in medieval and early modern times. This paper deals with ten of them which were drawn at the end of the thirteenth century and related to the disputes between Saidaiji and Akishinodera Temple. The ten maps can be categorized into three groups; Souron Ezu (maps 1-3), Shikichizu (ownership maps. maps 6-10) and Keihoku Handenzu (manorial-maps based on ancient cadastral maps. maps 4 and 5).Saidaiji and Akishinodera conflicted with each other on three occasions over the ownership of woodlands and irrigation systems. The second dispute happened in 1299, when Akishinodera tried to occupy woodlands and irrigation ponds and lasted eight years. The maps were drawn for presentation to the court in order to prove ownership. In the event, the maps made by Saidaiji were judged to be correct. About ten years later, Akishinodera caused the third dispute by burning the houses around Saidaiji and violating the woodlands of Saidaiji. Saidaiji accused Akishinodera over it.As for Souron Ezu, map 1, which was made by Akishinodera for the second dispute, contains special drawing methods for trees and directions. They show the insistence of Akishinodera on land ownership. Map 2 was drawn and made additional drawings by Saidaiji to report the invasion of Akishinodera in the third dispute. Map 3 was made to reconfirm the land ownership of the area after the disputes.Shikichizu were made to show the extent of Saidaiji's grounds and lands before the disputes, to which some of them were likely to be related. Map 7 has some descriptions which seem to have been added later, so it must have been used to assist Saidaiji's insistence in the process of disputes. Map 8 is supposed to have been a draft of map 7. Map 9 has also many descriptions relating to the third dispute (1316-1317) and it might have been made in the process of the dispute and attached to the documents for the court hearing.Keihoku Handenzu were originally made to certificate the exchange of the lands between Saidaiji and Akishinodera. The meaning of lines drawn in different colors seems to be associated with the disputes. Map 4 was made by Saidaiji, and map 5 was a transcribed version by Akishinodera., but there are some differences in coloring and drawing methods. It turned out that map 5 was referred to and some descriptions were added in the process of the second dispute.In conclusion, each of the maps is closely interrelated. Map 1 and map 7 had an especially great influence on the other maps in the disputes. Saidaiji and Akishinodera strategically used the different maps for the disputes, even when one case followed another.This paper attempts to analyze Saidaiji Manorial-Maps not only from the dual perspective of mapmaking and maps themselves, but also via the various contexts.


A series of 80 patients with roentgenographic evidence of bronchial carcinomas 3 centimeters or less in size was analyzed as to the incidence of mediastinal lymph node metastases. Forty patients underwent transcervical mediastinoscopy prior to thoracotomy and 40 patients did not. Three patients with large cell undifferentiated carcinoma had mediastinal lymph node metastases which could be detected by transcervical mediastinoscopy. None of the 40 patients who did not undergo mediastinoscopy had palpable evidence of mediastinal lymph node metastases at thoracotomy. The survival rates for the two groups of patients were similar. On the basis of this study, we have concluded that mediastinal exploration is not routinely indicated in patients with peripheral T1, N1, M0 lesions.


Nanoparticle technologies have tremendous potential in clinical medicine. To fully realize this potential, one must further understand how nanoparticles interact with biological systems. Typically, reporters that are conjugated to nanoparticles during synthesis are used to monitor the nanoparticles in biological systems. Unfortunately, conjugating reporters to nanoparticles complicates the synthesis and the reporter itself may alter the nanoparticle properties. To address these challenges, a copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition strategy has been developed to functionalize nanoparticles with fluorescent reporters after they have been delivered to biological systems. Using polyamidoamine dendrimers as model nanoparticles, the utility of this strategy is shown in several biological systems including a cancer cell model, primary immune cells, and a murine model of inflammation. This reporter strategy simplifies the synthesis without sacrificing the ability to monitor the nanoparticle conjugates. It is expected that this bioorthogonal reporter strategy can be used to understand nanoparticle interactions in biological systems, which will facilitate the translation of these technologies to the clinics.


Abstract The regularities and relations between real estate prices and the factors that shape them may be presented in the form of statistical models, thanks to which the diagnosis and prediction of prices is possible. A formal description of empirical observation presented in the form of regressive models also offers a possibility for creating certain phenomena in a virtual dimension. Market phenomena cannot be fully described with the use of determinist models, which clarify only a part of price variation. The predicted price is, in this situation, a special case of implementing a random function. Assuming that other implementations are also possible, regressive models may constitute a basis for simulation, which results in the procurement of a future image of the market. Simulation may refer both to real estate prices and transaction prices. The basis for price simulation may be familiarity with the structure of the analyzed market data. Assuming that this structure has a static character, simulation of real estate prices is performed on the basis of familiarity with the probability distribution and a generator of random numbers. The basis for price simulation is familiarity with model parameters and probability distribution of the random factor. The study presents the core and theoretical description of a transaction simulation on the real estate market, as well as the results of an experiment regarding transaction prices of office real estate located within the area of the city of Olsztyn. The result of the study is a collection of virtual real properties with known features and simulated prices, constituting a reflection of market processes which may take place in the near future. Comparison between the simulated characteristic and actual transactions in turn allows the correctness of the description of reality by the model to be verified.


Topology optimization is a very powerful tool to develop new concepts and has been widely used in engineering problems involving static loading conditions. However, there has been relatively little work for topology optimization of industrial size non-linear dynamic systems. The main issues are non-linear interactions among the material properties, contacts between parts, large strain-rates, transient behavior, etc. A hybrid cellular automata based method, combining cellular automata theory with the fully loaded design concept, has been demonstrated to be effective in generating new concept designs. This method is called hybrid cellular automata (HCA) and is used as the core algorithm to optimize the topology. This method is implemented in the LS-DYNA framework and would be available shortly. The method has shown encouraging results while solving many engineering problems. In this paper, the details of the methodology and a few engineering examples are provided to demonstrate some capabilities of the code. The main problem solved using the proposed methodology is the development of an optimal topology for a 1 million element box-shaped design domain subject to impact.


Small Angle X-ray Scattering analysis was used for the study of the protein, Human Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF) homogeneously dispersed in solution. The experiment consisted in sending a well collimated beam of synchrotron radiation of wavelength, λ through the sample and measuring the variation of the intensity as a function of the scattering angle θ through the scattering vector s = 2sinθ /λ. The scattering curve recorded at very low angles was first extrapolated to the origin, joined to data recorded at so called wide-angles and extrapolated to infinity to obtain a complete scattering curve for the analysis using computation subroutines that can run iteratively. The complete scattering curve was then used to extract the size, shape and the organisation of the macromolecules in solution. The results obtained reveals that in solution, the TNF is a trimer with a radius of gyration of 25.5±0.3 Ă and a maximum diameter of at least 84 Ă. KEY WORDS: Small Angle X-Ray Scattering, Tumour Necrosis Factor, Radius of Gyration, Maximum Diameter. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences Vol.11(1) 2005: 141-148


The institution of constitutional monarchies in most European countries in the nineteenth century was accompanied by nation-state formations which were legitimized and popularized by 'national' anthems, as different from 'royal' anthems. For instance, the British national anthem God Save the King, which became popular as early as the mid-eighteenth century, became a musical expression of British national identity and unity since then, and the apparent reference to 'monarchy' did not contradict the rise of a parliament and the transfer of de facto political power from the monarch to a parliament. Again, from the mid-eighteenth century onwards, successive Ottoman rulers began to look to the West to find remedies for the declining power of the Ottoman state, mainly represented by the weakening of its military strength. Until the Tanzimat Fermani (Rearrangement Edict) of 1839, westernization attempts were limited to the relative reform and modernization of the Ottoman military. After 1839, however, Ottoman rulers felt the necessity, mostly forced by circumstance, to adopt a more comprehensive understanding of westernization, which, in the nineteenth century, could only be complete with a transition towards constitutional monarchy. During this century, seven Ottoman monarchs stayed in power and the Ottoman Empire had five national anthems, all of them dedicated to and called by the names of the monarchs who were in power, composed by European musicians commissioned by respective sultans. Against the relevant social, cultural and political background, this paper argues that the foregrounding of the 'individual monarch' as a figure in supposedly 'national' anthems may have been intentional to reflect the symbolic resistance of Ottoman monarchs to constitutionalism, even though they appeared to be for constitutional monarchy.


Abstract European wild pear (Pyrus pyraster, syn. Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster L.) is widely distributed in Europe, but rarely studied by dendrochronologists. This preliminary study was aimed to assess the age and effect of climate on tree-ring width in the largest Polish population of P. pyraster, in Biedrusko military area (western Poland). On the basis of samples from 21 trees, a chronology (BIE) was constructed, covering 45 years (1963–2007). Mean tree-ring width in the studied trees is 1.92 mm. The performed analyses (pointer years, correlations, and response function) indicate that tree-ring width is strongly dependent on weather conditions in the year preceding formation of the tree-ring. Annual rings of pear trees were wide after cold and rainy previous summer and after rainy previous October, while in the current year, ring width was affected by insolation in February and temperature in August (positive correlations) and precipitation in May (negative correlation). The low similarity of the ring-width pattern and effect of climate on tree-ring width between this population and a wild pear population from the Bielinek Reserve, located 200 km away, indicate that tree-ring width in this species is strongly dependent on habitat and there is a need to continue dendrochronological analyses.


An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of variety, date of transplanting and its interaction on the growth and yield performance of high yielding Boro rice. The experiment comprised five varieties viz., BRRI dhan28, BRRI dhan58, BRRI dhan67, BRRI dhan69, BRRI dhan74 and five dates of transplanting viz., 15 December, 30 December, 15 January, 30 January and 15 February. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Results revealed that growth parameters, crop characters, yield components and yield were significantly influenced by variety, date of transplanting and their interactions. The leaf area index (LAI) and dry matter production hill-1 were highest in BRRI dhan69 when transplanted on 15 January whereas the lowest value was found in BRRI dhan28 when transplanted on 15 February. The number of effective tillers hill-1 (11.80), number of grains panicle-1 (130.90), 1000-grain weight (22.07 g), grain yield (4.96 t ha-1) and straw yield (6.64 t ha-1) were highest in BRRI dhan69 whereas corresponding lowest values were recorded in BRRI dhan28. The crop transplanted on 15 January produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (12.81), highest number of grains panicle-1 (131.20), heaviest 1000-grain weight (21.93 g), highest grain yield (5.36 t ha-1) and highest straw yield (7.71 t ha-1). In case of interaction, the highest grain (5.90 t ha-1) and straw yields (7.87 t ha-1) were recorded in BRRI dhan69 transplanted on 15 January whereas the lowest grain and straw yields were recorded in BRRI dhan28 transplanted on 15 February. Therefore, it can be concluded that BRRI dhan69 along with 15 January transplanting appears as the promising combination in terms of grain and straw yields.
J Bangladesh Agril Univ 17(3): 301–308, 2019


Human identification is the recognition of individuals based on some physical characteristics that are unique to individuals. Fingerprints are constant, individuality and form the most reliable criteria for identification. ABO-Rhesus Blood group is also one method used to identify someone, because blood type is inheritance. This research was conducted to see the description of ABO-Rhesus blood group and fingerprint patterns students D-3 Teknologi Transfusi Darah STIKES Guna Bangsa Yogyakarta. In this study using quantitative cross sectional descriptive research and blood group samples were taken using the slide method and fingerprint patterns were taken using the fingerprint method. In this study there were 78 samples, 58 females (74.36%) and 20 males (25.64%). The ABO blood group that is dominant is blood type O(35.90%), followed by blood group A(29.49%), B(28.21%), and AB(6.41%). The dominant Rhesus blood type is the positive Rhesus blood group. The percentage of fingerprint patterns in this study was loop 61.03%, whorl 37.56%, and arch 1.41%. The characteristics of the right and left hand fingerprint patterns have the same percentage of arch fingerprint patterns found on the index finger. Whorl fingerprint patterns are found on the ring finger. Loop fingerprint patterns are found on the little finger.


The performance analysis of congestion management schemes used in Unix-based communication systems is discussed. The performance of the Static STREAMS buffer allocation scheme is evaluated. Two alternative buffer allocation schemes are proposed and analyzed: the dynamic buffer allocation and hybrid buffer allocation schemes. Queueing models of a Unix-based system are used. The results show that a hybrid buffer allocation scheme based on the expected system traffic is best for achieving superior performance without over-engineering of system memory.<<ETX>>


Simple and handy formulas for describing the spectrum of switching noise at the output of buck converters in CCM with resistive loads are derived. The formulas can be used by analog/RF designers to predict and account for power supply noise early in the design process. The results of those theoretical formulas are compared to the simulation results using verilog-A macro models, and further verified by measuring the noise spectrum of a standard on-the-shelf buck converter commonly used for large mixed-signal SoCs.


The usage of Pipe-In-Pipe (PIP) solutions for offshore applications has increased during the lastyears. The solution gives high thermal insulation and protects the flow line from environmental impacts. One critical load case is buckling of the pipeline system due to thermal expansions of the inner pipe. This project intends to increase knowledge about PIP systems, investigate the impact of different parameters as well as update parameters in an existing SIMLA model. A FE-model of a PIP system was created in ANSYS with a refined section where pipes and centralizers are modelled with solid elements.The ANSYS-model was tested against a verified FE-model created in SIMLA. The global results obtained from ANSYS and SIMLA did not give a perfect match. The ANSYS model tended to buckle in another way, which is assumed to be related to different modelling of resistance between the pipeline and the seabed as well as unwished properties between the side section and the midsection.Local results obtained from ANSYS showed that there are discontinuities in bending moment and effective axial forces when passing a centralizer. The contact force between centralizer and pipes give rise to high friction forces that acts along the same line as the axial force in the pipes.Increased friction coefficient between centralizer and outer pipe resulted in increased discontinuity in axial force. Selection of a proper friction coefficient thus has significant influence on the results.Centralizer stiffness was evaluated by a local FE-model where a centralizer was compressed between the inner and the outer pipe. Displacement of inner pipe was evaluated as a function of applied force. The result showed that the force-displacement curve describing centralizer stiffness follows Q (Δ)=( Δ) where is a constant depending on dimensions and material of the centralizer. Linearized indifferent sections and with a centralizer thickness of 0,1 meter the following expression gave stiffnesses in the range 100-1000 MN/m, which agrees with stiffnesses used in the SIMLA model.displacements up to 0.3 mm the radial stiffness used in SIMLA is still good to use.


Aims: To investigate the healing mechanism of the rabbit's sclerotomy sites undergoing the Transconjunctival Sutureless Vitrectomy (TSV). Methods: Thirty-two rabbits (Thirty-two eyes) were divided into four groups: The rabbits performed with the core vitrectomy and air tamponade were Group A, performed with the core vitrectomy as Group B, performed with the non-core vitrectomy and air tamponade as Group C, and the non-core vitrectomy as Group D. The sclerotomy sites were observed by the Ultrasound Biomicroscope (UBM model 840, Humphrey Instruments, San Leandro, CA, USA) on days 1, 3, 5, and 9 postoperatively, and the diameter of the internal and the external aperture was estimated on postoperative day 1. The pathological study of the sclerotomy sites on days 3, 5, and 9 postoperatively were investigated under the light microscope. Results: The Ultrasound Biomicroscope and the pathological sections showed that the healing course of the sclerotomy sites lasted nine days. On postoperative day 1, the vitreous incarceration (19/32, 59.4%), the fluid cavity (18/32, 56.3%), and the air cavity under the conjunctiva (7/16, 43.8%) existed in some cases. The diameter of the internal aperture in Group A and Group B was less than Group C and Group D on day 1 postoperatively, P < 0.001. The diameter of the external aperture did not show significant difference in any of the groups. The pathological study verified the healing course was the granulation reaction. Conclusion: The healing mechanism of the rabbit's sclerotomy sites undergoing the (TSV) is the granulation reaction accompanied with the elastic recovery of the sclera.


Abstract Five types of hemocytes (plasmatocytes, granular cells, spherule cells, oenocytoids, and prohemocytes) were identified in the larval, prepupal, and pupal stages of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.). Hemocyte numbers (total hemocyte counts and absolute hemocyte counts) increased during larval development. The absolute counts were greater in female larvae than in the male larvae during the fourth instar but were higher in the males during the fifth and sixth instars. Hemocyte numbers peaked in the prepupal stage in females and in the early pupal stage in males. The plasmatocytes and granular cells were the predominant hemocytes in both sexes. The plasmatocytes decreased and the granular cells increased throughout larval development of both sexes. There were more plasmatocytes in the males than in the females in all stages of development. There were more granular cells in the males than the females until the sixth instar when the reverse occurred.


Migrations of ciliated protozoa between the benthos and water column of a productive lake are reversible and linked to seasonal changes in oxygen availability. Maximum densities of planktonic populations are maintained for periods of several months at depths where the oxygen concentration is 1 mgl-1 or less. With the possible exception of one genus (Loxodes) there was no evidence for periodic vertical migration within a season. The supposed unconditional requirement for oxygen in large free-living ciliates is questioned.


Nitriding of an API 5L X-65 steel was performed using a low-frequency dc pulsed-plasma technique. A 6 h treatment was found to produce a compact surface nitride layer composed of and nitrides with a thickness of around . The plasma-nitriding treatment resulted in a significant reduction in hydrogen permeability, from (for the untreated steel) to for electrolytic hydrogen charging via the nitrided surface. When the sample was oriented with the nitrided surface as the hydrogen-exit face, the permeability was reduced even further, to .


The nature of scientific communications is evolving in the digital age, and leveraging emerging technologies presents ongoing challenges and opportunities to an international scientific society like IUPAC. One of the missions of the Union is to contribute to the advancement of science by enabling communication among scientists across national, cultural, and linguistic boundaries. Historically, there have been two modes to this mission. First, IUPAC is responsible for standardizing the metrics and terminologies pursuant to effective communication among chemists. Second, it disseminates ideas and information through traditional modes of communication, including physical or face-to-face meetings and printed communications. For some time now, digital information and communications technologies have been impacting the traditional modes of communication, while also enabling new ones through the instant transference of actual experimental data, adding a whole new layer to the needs for non-linguistic data standards. In this paper, we will explore these questions, focus on the former challenges, and report on a Virtual Colloquium on IYC2011 which ran concomitant with the ICCE-ECRICE 2012.


Group B Streptococcus is an important human pathogen that causes serious infections during pregnancy which can lead to chorioamnionitis, funisitis, premature rupture of gestational membranes, preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and death. GBS is evolving antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and the work presented in this paper provides evidence that prebiotics such as human milk oligosaccharides can act as adjuvants to restore the utility of antibiotics. ABSTRACT Adjuvants can be used to potentiate the function of antibiotics whose efficacy has been reduced by acquired or intrinsic resistance. In the present study, we discovered that human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) sensitize strains of group B Streptococcus (GBS) to trimethoprim (TMP), an antibiotic to which GBS is intrinsically resistant. Reductions in the MIC of TMP reached as high as 512-fold across a diverse panel of isolates. To better understand HMOs' mechanism of action, we characterized the metabolic response of GBS to HMO treatment using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS/MS) analysis. These data showed that when challenged by HMOs, GBS undergoes significant perturbations in metabolic pathways related to the biosynthesis and incorporation of macromolecules involved in membrane construction. This study represents reports the metabolic characterization of a cell that is perturbed by HMOs. IMPORTANCE Group B Streptococcus is an important human pathogen that causes serious infections during pregnancy which can lead to chorioamnionitis, funisitis, premature rupture of gestational membranes, preterm birth, neonatal sepsis, and death. GBS is evolving antimicrobial resistance mechanisms, and the work presented in this paper provides evidence that prebiotics such as human milk oligosaccharides can act as adjuvants to restore the utility of antibiotics.


Stochastic wiring distribution models are used to predict the improvement in energy obtained by replacing a few or all copper metal levels with graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) in a low-power digital circuit. The models developed here also estimate the degradation in the performance by replacing a few or all copper metal levels with GNRs. Replacing a few local copper interconnect levels with GNRs is expected to reduce the energy consumed by local interconnects, without severely degrading the performance of longer global interconnects. The hybrid GNR+copper interconnect is shown to perform worse compared to the all GNR interconnect, if the length of the GNR segment is greater than a critical value. For a logic circuit with 30k gates, it is shown that the hybrid interconnect offers a 30 to 40% decrease in energy and a 4× decrease in maximum frequency, whereas the all GNR interconnect offers a 50 to 60% decrease in energy and a 7× decrease in maximum frequency. Further, the impact of edge doping on the resistance per unit length of graphene is analyzed.


OBJECTIVE
To study the expression of coagulation factor VII(FVII)/tissue factor(TF)complex in colorectal carcinoma (CRC)and its correlation with clinicopathologic factor.

METHODS
The expression of coagulation factor VII protein was studied by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.The expression of tissue factor and coagulation factor VII at the mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative realtime RT-PCR in 45 cases of CRC.

RESULTS
(1) FVII overexpression was ectopicly detected in CRC specimens at protein level by immunohistochemistry and Western blot, but not in adjacent non-cancerous mucosa of colorectum;(2)FVII protein mainly localized in the cytoplasm of colon cancer cells.The positive ratios of FVII protein expression in stages I, II, III and IV by immunohistochemistry assay were 33.3%, 40.0%, 64.7% and 80.0% respectively(P=0.001); (3)The expression of FVII mRNA in CRC with hepatic metastasis was significantly higher than that in CRC without hepatic metastasis.The relative expression was 5.33+/-2.88 and 1.47+/-0.51 respectively(P=0.03). Overexpression FVII gene was unrelated with tumor size, differentiation, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and TNM staging.There existed some relation between the gene and protein level by Spearman correlation, r=0.58, P=0.003;(4)The expression of TF mRNA in CRC significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis, hepatic metastasis and TNM staging.The expression of tissue factor was a critical factor to predict liver metastasis by logistic regression analysis(P=0.001).

CONCLUSION
Colorectal cancer can ectopicly synthesize coagulation factor VII.Tissue factor expression may play a role in the process of developing hepatic metastasis.The microenvironment of high dose FVII protein may promote tumor metastasis.


Pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is a syndrome characterized by a severe normocytic anaemia, reticulocytopenia, and absence of erythroblasts from an otherwise normal bone marrow. Primary PRCA, or secondary PRCA which has not responded to treatment of the underlying disease, is treated as an immunologically‐mediated disease. Although vigorous immunosuppressive treatments induce and maintain remissions in a majority of patients, they carry an increased risk of serious complications. Corticosteroids were used in the treatment of PRCA and this has been considered the treatment of first choice although relapse is not uncommon. Cyclosporine A (CsA) has become established as one of the leading drugs for treatment of PRCA. However, common concerns have been the number of patients treated with CsA who achieve sustained remissions and the number that relapse. This article reviews the current status of CsA therapy and compares it to other treatments for diverse PRCAs.


The primary sources of project risks and product problems are poor, missing, or changing requirements. Often, the underlying root cause is insufficient collaboration between business partners. This article provides insight into how to effectively collaborate in requirements engineering. We describe the Requirements Interchange Format (ReqIF) standard and technologies for seamless requirements development and management. I look forward to hearing from both readers and prospective column authors about this and the technologies and tools you want to know more about.


The article sketches the origins and development of IVF in Ghana as a highly transnational undertaking. Movements are from and to Africa, involving human beings (providers and users), and also refer to other entities such as technologies, skills and knowledge. None of these movements are paid for using public money, neither are they subsidized by international health organizations. Currently, 'more affordable' IVF is being introduced into Ghana, on initiative of the first Association of Childless Couples of Ghana (ACCOG), in collaboration with the Belgium based non-profit organization the Walking Egg (tWE), representing another form of transnational networking. The article underlines the scarcity of well-trained embryologists in Ghana, which turns the embryologists' expertise and skills into a scarce and precious commodity and guarantees this expertise becomes a major challenge for the directors of the private clinics. Next to local Ghanaian couples, the clinics also attend to transnational reproductive travellers, including women and men from neighbouring countries and Ghanaians in the diaspora returning to their country of origin. Their manifold motivations to cross borders and visit the IVF clinics in Ghana provide insight into the structural conditions impeding or facilitating the use of assisted reproductive technologies at different local sites. Transnational movements also include the flow of new procreation practices (such as surrogacy and the use of donor material), which (re-)shape existing cultural and societal notions regarding kinship and the importance of blood/genetic ties. Finally, the article lists a number of thematic and theoretical issues which require further exploration and studies. © 2016 The Author. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).


Abstract The purpose of this study was to analyze the dietary habits and food intake by age, based on the nutrition counseling data of medical health examination. The subjects were 5,511 adults(3,139 males and 2,372 females) who took comprehensive medical test in Gyeonggi area, and they were evaluated from January 1, 2007 to December 31, 2007. Survey samples were divided by age groups : 30>, 30~39, 40~49, 50~59, 60~69, 70≤years. The subjects were composed of 57% male and 43% female. The results showed that the dietary habits of ≥50 group were relatively good. On the other hand, in 30> yrs group had more dietary habit problems, they had irregular meals and the ratio of skipping breakfast was high. And they frequently had meals out. regularity of meals, eating breakfast was higher in ≥70 yrs groups than in other groups(p , 30~39≥yrs groups than in other groups(p<0.001) and speed of eating meal were fast in 50~59 yrs groups than in other groups(p<0.01). For foods with high cholesterol and fat, it was shown that the older the subject, the fewer the frequency of consumption(p<0.001). For kimchi and salty foods, food intake showed a negative relationship with age(p<0.001), whereas for fresh vegetables and high-calcium fish, it showed a positive relationship(p<0.001). All in all, it was shown that as the people get older, their dietary habits tend to get more appropriate. In conclusion nutrition education based on their dietary habit by age should be taught, so that people have a healthy dietary habit and food intake for the rest of their life.Key words: food habits, the nutrition counseling, age groups.


We show that the Kolmogorov-1941 picture of fully developed hydrodynamic turbulence (with the scaling of the structure functions Sn(R) ∝ Rn/3) necessarily leads to an anomalous scaling for correlation functions which include the rate of energy dissipation ε(t,r), these correlation functions being described by an independent index. The mechanism for anomalous scaling, suggested on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equation, is the multi-step interaction of eddies from the inertial interval with eddies at the viscous scale via a set of eddies of intermediate scales.


An 87-year-old patient presented with a stroke in the right posterior territory (figure), with visual neglect, which was initially thought to be left homonymous hemianopia. The tip of the occipital lobe was spared, however, and therefore complete hemianopia was not to be expected. With a posterior stroke, neglect can easily be overlooked, although it is common in posterior strokes, when the parahippocampal gyrus is involved.1 The 2 deficits can be tested for separately by turning the body of the patient to the left and the head to the right, because the neglect is body-centered.2 (video).


Abstract—Flood disaster is one of the events that have an impact on the lives of the individuals involved in Malaysia.Destruction and loss make a person feels depressed besides being worried.Even worse when the victims become depressed as a result of the incident. Flood events can be seen as a threat to the well-being of individuals both physically and emotionally.This article will discuss how stress, anxiety and depression are relatedtothe quality of life and well-being of flood victims.The discussion is based on the Stressful Life EventsTheory, Freud's Anxiety Theory, Beck's Cognitive Theory of Depression and the Quality of Life Conceptual Model.


Marine microplastics are an increasingly big concern. We analyze the occurrence of microplastics in Alaska pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) across 2+ to 12+ ages sampled from the Bering Sea. Results show that 85% of the fish have ingested microplastics and elder fish ingest more with over a third of microplastics in the 100- to 500-micrometer size range, indicating the prevalence of microplastics in Alaska pollock distributed in the Bering Sea. A positive linear relationship is obtained between fish age and microplastic size. Meanwhile, the number of polymer types increases in elder fish. The link between microplastic characteristics in Alaska pollock and the surrounding seawater suggests an extended spatial impact of microplastics. The impact of age-related microplastic ingestion on the population quality of Alaska pollock is still unknown. Therefore, we need to further investigate the potential impact of microplastics on marine organisms and the marine ecosystem, taking age as an important factor.


In this paper, a common fixed point theorem for two pairs of weakly compatible mappings satisfying Altman integral type contraction in a metric space is proved. Our result extends and improves several known results.


According to modern views on human bio-sociality, Big Five personality traits have been shaped in the process of human evolution and their expression is an outcome of the complex interaction of prenatal predispositions and cultural environment. Present study investigates the impact of prenatal androgenization and cultural norms on the personality traits in adult men from four ethnic groups living on the territory of Russian Federation. The study was conducted on 263 young men (age range 17–30 years), including Russians, Armenians, ObUgric and Buryats. The results revealed significant population differences in 2D:4D ratios on both hands, with lowest ratios for Asian sample, increasing in populations to the West. Significant ethnic differences were found for Openness to New Experience, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism. Positive association between 2D:4D ratios on the right hand and Agreeableness in men with no respect to population origin was detected. This relationship becomes stronger, when controlling for aggressiveness. Rostovtseva et al. / 2d:4d, Big Fives and Aggression in Young Men 111