The susceptibility of 10 antimicrobials against P. aeruginosa isolated from complicated UTI during 1992-1995 was determined, and the yearly trend was examined. The drug tested included 3 cephems (ceftazidime [CAZ], cefpirome [CPR], cefclidin [CFCL]), 1 monobactam (aztreonam [AZT]), 2 carbapenem (imipenem/cilastatin [IPM/CS], biapenem [BIPM]), 2 aminoglycosides (netilmicin [NTL], gentamicin [GM]) and 2 new quinolones (ofloxacin [OFLX], ciprofloxacin [CPFX]). A total number of isolates of which MIC were determined was 77 in 1992/1993 and 70 in 1994/1995. MIC50/MIC90(micrograms/ml) on the isolates were as follows (1992/1993 1994/1995); 3.13/ 100 12.5/50 in CAZ, 12.5/100 12.5/100 in CPR, 3.13/25 1.56/25 in CFCL, 6.25/50 12.5/100 in AZT, 6.25/25 3.13/25 in IPM/CS, 1.56/6.25 0.78/50 in BIPM, 12.5/100 6.25/100 in NTL, 6.25/ 50 6.25/100 < in GM, 25.100 < 25/100 < in OFLX, 6.25/100 6.25/100 < in CPFX. When the susceptibility of the yearly trend is compared, no significant changes were detected among the drugs tested expect the decrease of susceptibility on CAZ, AZT and increase of it on IPM/CS. From the data obtained, against complicated UTI infected by P. aerugunosa, CFCL, IPM/CS and BIPM are considered to drugs of first choice in the treatment.


This book introduces analysis and numerical study for three different types of bifurcation. The first type which belongs to local bifurcation is Hopf bifurcation and the other two types are homoclinic and heteroclinic belong to global bifurcations. Moreover, bifurcation analysis and chaos control in two different nonlinear dynamical systems with Delayed Feedback control will be discussed. In this work, we use powerful tools and important theoretical criterions such as: (The undetermined coefficient method, the complementary-cluster energy-barrier criterion, the first Lyapunov coefficient, the Si'lnikov criterion, center manifold theory, Cardan formula, Descarte's rule of signs and time- delayed feedback control) in order to introduce a local analysis for Hopf bifurcation in the Liu system, and a global analysis for existence of Si'lnikov orbits, Smale horseshoes and the horseshoe type of chaos in the Lu system , the Zhou's system and in the 3-D chaotic system only with two stable node-foci. Moreover, the Zhou's system and Schimizu-Morioka system will be controlled using time-delayed feedback control.


This paper presents a Genetic algorithm (GA) based solution to co-optimize test scheduling and wrapper design under power constraints for core based System-On-Chips (SOCs). Core testing solutions are generated as a set of wrapper configurations, represented as rectangles with width equal to the number of TAM (Test Access Mechanism) channels and height equal to the corresponding testing time. A locally optimal best-fit heuristic based bin packing algorithm has been used to determine placement of rectangles minimizing the overall test times, whereas, GA has been utilized to generate the sequence of rectangles to be considered for placement. Experimental result on ITC'02 benchmark SOCs shows that the proposed method provides better test time results compared to the recent works reported in the literature.


Objective(s): Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among females with different molecular subtypes. Corosolic acid is a pentacyclic triterpenoid with anti-cancer properties. Materials and Methods: The MTT assay was used to assess the cytotoxic activity of corosolic acid on MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines. To determine the apoptotic cells, the flow cytometry technique was utilized. The expression levels of apoptosis-related genes and proteins were quantified using quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting methods. The activity of caspase enzymes was measured by spectrophotometry. Results: Corosolic acid significantly inhibited the proliferation of both cell lines compared with controls. This agent markedly induced apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells but did not affect MCF7 cells compared with controls. Treating the MADA-MB-231 and MCF7 cell lines with corosolic acid showed an inducing effect on apoptosis-associated caspases, including Caspase-8, 9, and -3, in MADA-MB-231 cells with no effect on apoptotic markers in MCF7 cells. Further experiments uncovered corosolic acid-induced apoptosis in MADA-MB-231 cells by decreasing the expression of the phosphorylated form of JAK2 and STAT3 proteins. Conclusion: The present data suggested that corosolic acid is an apoptosis-inducing phytochemical in triple-negative breast cancer MADA-MB-231 cells. Also, corosolic acid triggered apoptosis in these cells by stimulating both pathways of apoptosis and inhibiting the JAK/STAT signaling. Furthermore, corosolic acid was found to inhibit MCF7 cell proliferation by a non-apoptotic mechanism.


The spectral squeezing in the fluorescent field of a collective double resonant process is investigated. A possible experimental scheme using Fabry-Perot filters for the observation of spectral squeezing is also discussed. The condition for a nearly perfect squeezing is shown.


The diagnosis of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) requires a renal biopsy, which is invasive and can be problematic in children and in some adults. We used single cell RNA-sequencing to explore disease-related cellular signatures in 23 urine samples from 12 FSGS subjects. We identified immune cells, predominantly monocytes, and renal epithelial cells, including podocytes. Analysis revealed M1 and M2 monocyte subsets, and podocytes showing high expression of genes for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). We confirmed M1 and M2 gene signatures using published monocyte/macrophage data from lupus nephritis and cancer. Using renal transcriptomic data from the Nephrotic Syndrome Study Network (NEPTUNE), we found that urine cell immune and EMT signature genes showed higher expression in FSGS biopsies compared to minimal change disease biopsies. These results suggest that urine cell profiling may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in nephrotic syndrome and aid in identifying novel biomarkers and developing personalized therapeutic strategies.


This article addresses the centrality of the self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. Self-per- cepts of efficacy influence thought patterns, actions, and emotional arousal. In causal tests the higher the level of induced self-efficacy, the higher the perfor- mance accomplishments and the lower the emotional arousal. Different lines of research are reviewed, show- ing that the self-efficacy mechanism may have wide explanatory power. Perceived self-efficacy helps to ac- count for such diverse phenomena as changes in coping behavior produced by different modes of influence, level of physiological stress reactions, self-regulation of refractory behavior, resignation and despondency to failure experiences, self-debilitating effects of proxy control and illusory inefficaciousness, achievement strivings, growth of intrinsic interest, and career pur- suits. The influential role of perceived collective effi- cacy in social change is analyzed, as are the social con- ditions conducive to development of collective inefficacy. Psychological theorizing and research tend to cen- ter on issues concerning either acquisition of knowledge or execution of response patterns. As a result the processes governing the interrelation- ship between knowledge and action have been largely neglected (Newell, 1978). Some of the re- cent efforts to bridge this gap have been directed at the biomechanics problem—how efferent com- mands of action plans guide the production of ap- propriate response patterns (Stelmach, 1976,1978). Others have approached the matter in terms of algorithmic knowledge, which furnishes guides for executing action sequences (Greeno, 1973; Newell, 1973). ,


We report on a coherent RoF architecture for connecting multiple ONUs in a GPON network via a 71–76 GHz E-band wireless link to the OLT. Novel coherent photonic mixer (CPX) modules providing up to +17 dBm RF output power in the E-band are used for direct optic-to-RF conversion.


This practical and realistic guide will give you independent recipes, concentrating on advanced level concepts so that you can make your applications. If you are a developer, scientist, or engineer who uses LabVIEW to test, develop and manage advanced level applications, then this is the book for you. Prerequisites include proficiency in C or C++, and workable knowledge of LabVIEW.


Multivalency is a powerful strategy in molecular pharmacology that can establish high-affinity binding between multiple conjoined ligands and corresponding biomolecular targets. Recent advances in chemical synthesis techniques have enabled the development of elaborate two-dimensional multivalent displays appended on natural or synthetic molecular scaffolds. These constructs have the potential to address disease targets that otherwise may be classified as 'undruggable.' In this review, synthetic strategies to generate and functionalize different classes of scaffolds are evaluated. Particular focus is placed on crafting multivalent assemblies that occupy a 'middle space' of molecular weight, along with a consideration of their potential applications in pharmacology.


In the field of pitra yadnya, that the sacrificial ceremony is one of the obligations of Hindus that must be carried out, because it is considered to have noble values according to Vedic literature. The pitra yadnya ceremony has the meaning of paying debts to the ancestors who have given birth to mankind, so the pitra yadnya must be carried out by Hindus. But in reality, other people forbid the implementation of Ngaben (Pitra Yadnya) such as: burning corpses, using angklung gamelan facilities, and chanting kidung (wirama) because they are considered to interfere with their daily activities. This research is a qualitative research, which aims to describe and explain the meaning of sarcasm in dialect. Berg (2001) explains that qualitative research tries to answer questions by examining various social phenomena in a place and the individuals who live in that place. The data collection techniques which is used in this study are: 1) Observation by involving researchers in the daily activities of the object under study, in addition to the researcher being able to observe the object of research comprehensively; 2). Interviews with the aim of digging up information about the challenges of the pitra yadnya ceremony; and 3) Documentation is used in this study to find documents related to the phenomenological research on the implementation of pitra yadnya in Mataram City. The results of the research on the Hindu phenomenon in the implementation of the Ngaben ceremony (Pitra Yadnya) in Mataram City are as follows: domination of power, narrow religious understanding, lack of respect for local values and the impact of the phenomenon of carrying out the Ngaben ceremony (Pitra Yadnya) in Mataram City are as follows : the impact of culture, social, power, and justice.


In field experiments in the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soils of the Moscow region, protectants were tested. Before planting potatoes, tubers were treated with a new two-component insectofungicide AVG – 0190 (Idikum, SC, iprodion, 133 g/l + Imidacloprid, 100 g/l + diphenoconazole, 6.7 g/l)-1.0 – 1.5 l/t and a mixture of the fungicide Syncler, SC (75 g/l fludioxonyl) and the insecticide Tabu Super, SC (Imidacloprid, 400 g/l and fipronil, 100 g/l)-0.2-0.3 l/t. According to the results of three-year tests, it was found that the etching of potato tubers before planting does not have a negative impact on the germination and biometric indicators of growth and development of potatoes. Their use helped to reduce the development and spread of rhizoctoniosis and provided almost complete protection of potatoes from the first generation of the Colorado beetle – during the mass appearance of older larvae and during the beginning of the departure of larvae for pupation. Biological efficacy against Rhizoctonia amounted to 58.8-66,3%, the Colorado potato beetle – 93,7 95.5 per cent. The use of new potato tuber protectants allowed to increase the gross yield by 6.2-7.1 t / ha or 30.9-35.3% compared to the control. Treatment of seed tubers with protectants helped to obtain a crop free from rhizoctoniosis and increase the yield of standard healthy potatoes by 57.7


We discuss from a practical point of view a number of issues involved in writing distributed Internet and WWW applications using LP/CLP systems. We describe PiLLoW, a public-domain Internet and WWW programming library for LP/CLP systems that we have designed to simplify the process of writing such applications. PiLLoW provides facilities for accessing documents and code on the WWW; parsing, manipulating and generating HTML and XML structured documents and data; producing HTML forms; writing form handlers and CGI-scripts; and processing HTML/XML templates. An important contribution of PiLLoW is to model HTML/XML code (and, thus, the content of WWW pages) as terms. The PiLLoW library has been developed in the context of the Ciao Prolog system, but it has been adapted to a number of popular LP/CLP systems, supporting most of its functionality. We also describe the use of concurrency and a high-level model of client-server interaction, Ciao Prolog's active modules, in the context of WWW programming. We propose a solution for client-side downloading and execution of Prolog code, using generic browsers. Finally, we also provide an overview of related work on the topic.


ABSTRACT: This article studies the applicability of iura novit curia to arbitration. The author demonstrates that the private nature of arbitration is incompatible with the public values that have inspired the development of the aphorism in Procedural Law. Therefore, it is necessary to erect a specific institution to Arbitration Law with its own characteristics – henceforth called iura novit arbiter. The author concludes that iura novit arbiter is a natural consequence of the parties' freedom to choose the substantive law governing the dispute before the arbitrators. At the end, the article analyses some procedural issues involving iura novit arbiter, including: the right to be heard, the correlation between claim and award and the procedural errors related to the misuse of the aphorism.


This paper draws attention to some uses of the singular collective nouns congress, council, government, management, parliament, and senate in contemporary English. In particular, it demonstrates how in such uses, the singular collective nouns – like members of the main class of proper nouns – have unique reference, occur without any determiner, take singular pronoun substitutes, and as subject in the sentence have singular concord with the verb. It concludes by providing from contemporary English texts some examples illustrating the uses of the six singular collective nouns discussed.


The process of bringing forth a constitution is as crucial and important as the constitution itself. However, while this ideal has been institutionalized in many liberal democracies, it is yet to be fully embraced in many illiberal countries. In Nigeria, the focus of this discourse, the process of constitution-making is as old as the country itself but such processes had always followed the same pattern: elite engineered, paternalistically-driven and above all, devoid of citizens' imprints via a referendum. It is against this backdrop that this article, in a retrospective and analytical manner, examines and offers a democratic critique ofNigeria's most recent attempt at Nigeria's constitutional engineering, the Jonathan's Constitutional Conference (JCC) of 2014. It observes that President Jonathan-initiated Constitutional Conference mimicked the paternalistic character of the previous attempts at constitution-making and as such the process is not markedly different from the old. It submits that as long as the state elites, acting on behalf of the hegemonic faction of the dominant class, continue to see constitution-making as their exclusive reserve and are always willing to defend even a bad constitution, the search for a people's constitution would continue. Keywords: constitution, Nigerian state, referendum, hegemony, paternalism, Goodluck Jonathan


In a consideration of occupational diseases of the skin, sporotrichosis, because of its relative infrequency, has received scant attention. I believe, however, that there is no disease of parasitic origin in which a larger proportion of the total cases can be considered as having originated in occupational hazards, and in which the acquisition of the disease has been so uniformly productive of occupational disability. It is therefore pertinent to discuss this disease as an occupational dermatosis. In doing this, I wish to direct attention to the observation of sporotrichosis as an endemic disease in the gardening industry, and to emphasize the importance of the barberry shrub as a possible source of the infection. The apparent increasing prevalence of this disease should make of practical importance a consideration of its origin, mode of infection, and economic status. This is of importance especially in those states where legislation has been enacted for


Rats pretrained to walk a narrow balance beam received unilateral sensorimotor cortex lesions, resulting in a contralateral transient paresis that lasted 14 days. In a dose-dependent manner, a single injection of the antidepressant trazodone given 24 hours after injury transiently slowed motor recovery compared with injured controls. After final recovery level of motor function, a reinjection of trazodone reinstated the hemiparesis for up to 6 hours. In other animals, a single injection of the antidepressant desipramine significantly facilitated motor performance when compared with injured controls. Desipramine had no deleterious motor effect when administered to animals that had recovered on the beam-walking task. These findings would suggest that the predominately noradrenergic neurotransmitter effects of desipramine may facilitate, and those of the predominately serotonergic trazodone may hinder, the recovery of locomotor performance after cortical injury in rats. Further studies appear indicated, including applying these findings to the clinical setting.


In this study, potential antioxidant activities of crude extracts from Asphodelus aestivus Brot. (AA) tubers were evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay, and cytotoxic and apoptotic activity of the extracts on MCF-7 breast cancer cells were evaluated by trypan blue exclusion assay, comet assay and hoechst 33258/propidium iodide double staining. Crude diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts from AA have significant DPPH scavenging activity, except methanol and water (infusion and decoction) extracts. All of the extracts have cytotoxic activity on MCF-7 cells, time- and concentration-dependently. Although all of the extracts induced significantly deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts induced apoptosis in the middle level and the others induced apoptosis in significant level. Results of this study suggest a dose-response relationship for all extract samples. The results demonstrates that antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic properties of A. aestivus Brot. extracts show differentiation to extract type. Crude extracts were used in this study and we do not know which chemical(s) in the extracts exhibited cytotoxic, DNA damaging and apoptotic effects. Therefore, a further chemical identification of the crude extracts and further in vitro and in vivo studies about cytotoxic and apoptotic activities are required.

 Key words: Asphodelus aestivus Brot., antioxidant activity, cytotoxic activity, apoptosis, comet assay, MCF-7 cells.


A triggered vacuum switch (TVS) is one of the important apparatuses in the field of pulsed power system. It has many advantages, such as wide working voltage range, high current capability, high transfer charge, flexible trigger system, high trigger reliability, rapid dielectric recovery, long life, compact fabric, low noise, etc. A small and compact sample of surface-breakdown TVS with six-gap rod electrode system was fabricated in this paper, and a test platform of TVS was set up. The test results show that, the TVS sample has working voltage of 0.05-28 kV, current peak of 225 kA and transfer charge of 45Cb. Due to the ceramic surface in the trigger gap, the time delay of TVS is controlled in less than 1.5 μs, and long trigger life is in prospect. Lastly, the working polarities are discussed, showing that the positive working mode is more reliable and advantageous.


Many Web caching algorithms have been proposed in recent years. However the lack of analytical support and systematic evaluation environment significantly affect the applicability of these algorithms. We introduce a framework within which Web caching algorithms can be consistently analyzed and empirically examined. The framework consists of two complementary parts. The statistical model and the simulation environment. The analytical model covers both the Web trace characteristics and the caching algorithm behaviors. The simulation system, referred to as WebCASE (Web Caching Algorithm Simulation Environment), consists of an extensible simulation core and a front end graphical interface showing the running algorithm behaviors. By using this framework, we are able to better understand the performance discrepancies exhibited by different algorithms and develop more efficient new algorithms. These new algorithms take into consideration practical issues and make noticeable performance improvements over existing algorithms.


Lyme borreliosis (LB) is a growing epidemiological threat in many areas of the world, including North America and Europe. Due to the lack of effective protection against this disease, it seems important to ensure a timely diagnosis for effective treatment and the prevention of serious health consequences. The aim of this study was to assess the costs of diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease in Poland. The costs incurred for the medical payer were analyzed. The cost of hospitalization due to LB for one patient in 2018 was estimated to be ~582.39 EUR, which constituted 53.10% of the average monthly salary of that year. In the analyzed period (2008–2018), the number of people treated by medical services due to Lyme disease increased, both in hospitalization and ambulatory specialist care. Although, the costs of hospitalization were the highest of the two, we noticed a change ratio between hospitalization and ambulatory specialist care in favor of the latter.


Cellular automata offer a powerful modeling approach for complex systems in which global behavior arises from the collective effect of many locally interacting, simple components. Several tools based on CA are providing meaningful results for real-world applications. Cellular automata represent an efficient paradigm for the computer solution of important problems in science and engineering. Moreover, the CA model lets researchers effectively use parallel computers to achieve scalable performance. As researchers use parallel computers to solve scientific problems, they will need problem representations (paradigms) for this class of computers. Abstract mathematical models that offer an implicitly parallel representation of problems better match those architectures, but could benefit from new high-level languages, environments, and techniques. The three should support all the development steps of computational science applications while hiding architectural details from users. Computational science is also an interdisciplinary field in which many areas converge, and developing applications in this field requires the cooperation of people from different domains. Modeling and simulation using parallel cellular methods helps researchers cooperate by offering both a way to code an algorithm and an integrated environment for developing software.


Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are an emerging technology in the scientific computing domain. Contrary to data-driven methods, PINNs have been shown to be able to approximate and generalize well a wide range of partial differential equations (PDEs) by imbedding the underlying physical laws describing the PDE. PINNs, however, can struggle with the modeling of hyperbolic conservation laws that develop shocks, and a classic example of this is the Buckley–Leverett problem for fluid flow in porous media. In this work, we explore specialized neural network architectures for modeling the Buckley–Leverett shock front. We present extensions of the standard multilayer perceptron (MLP) that are inspired by the attention mechanism. The attention-based model was, compared to the multilayer perceptron model, and the results show that the attention-based architecture is more robust in solving the hyperbolic Buckley–Leverett problem, more data-efficient, and more accurate. Moreover, by utilizing distance functions, we can obtain truly data-free solutions to the Buckley–Leverett problem. In this approach, the initial and boundary conditions (I/BCs) are imposed in a hard manner as opposed to a soft manner, where labeled data are provided on the I/BCs. This allows us to use a substantially smaller NN to approximate the solution to the PDE.


A longitudinal community based study was conducted among the population of a rural community in the Verka block of District Amritsar from December 1998 through February 1999 to determine the incidence, risk factors, morbidity associated with acute respiratory tract infection in children under 5 years of age. Data were obtained from a total of 503 children, who were visited twice weekly for detection of risk factors. The overall incidence of ARI was 4.41 episodes per child. The highest incidence was observed in the age group of 1–2 years (average 1.3) and lowest rates were observed in age group of 0–1 year (avg.1.03) years. The incidence was higher in boys than in girls. Lower socio-economic status, un-immunized, children of parents who smoke, environmental pollution, unfed breast milk children, had the greater risk of ARI episodes. An increase in magnitude of ARI was observed with the decrease of literacy rate.


The article aims to explore and discuss the anti-radicalism of pluri-religious communities in the context of Indonesia. The study is motivated by the high phenomenon of religious radicalism in the last two decades (2000-2020). Religious radicalism is rooted in the understanding of literal revelations recorded in the sacred document. The problem is focused on the erosion of radical ideology targeting the source, namely the language of revelation. The study was carried out qualitative with philosophical hermeneutical approaches that are used to analyze the problem. Data were pooled from journal articles, research, official government reports, print media, and the internet. The theoretical reference used is Jaspers' relational existentialism. The study found that the language of revelation is not the absolute truth nor the original voice of transcendence, but rather the chiffer who has the role of echoing transcendence. Radicalism is a reflection of narrow and shallow fanaticism, a single truth-based belief over literary revelation. The study concludes that the fundamental anti-radicalism movement in pluri-religious societies is the transposition from literal revelation to symbolic revelation. Novelty studies that the metaphysical-figurative interpretation of literal revelation is necessary to ward off the threat of radicalism.


Understanding the properties of surfaces of solids and the interactions of atoms and molecules with surfaces is extremely important both from the technological and academic points of view. The advent of ultrahigh vacuum technology has made microscopic studies of well-characterized surface systems possible. The way atoms move to reduce the energy of the surface, the number of layers of atoms involved in this reduction, the electronic and vibrational states that result from this movement, and the final symmetry of the surface layer are all of utmost importance in arriving at a fundamental and microscopic understanding of the nature of clean surfaces, chemisorption processes, and the initial stages of interface formation.


Background: Most previous research has focused on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) characteristics and their association with psychological disorders, such as anxiety and depression. Objective: In the present study, our aim was to study whether PCOS characteristics are associated with several aspects of psychological well-being namely self-esteem and body satisfaction. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 300 women with PCOS that was carried out in Kashan, Iran. Main outcome measures were the Body Image Concern Inventory (BICI) and the Rosenberg's Self-Esteem Scale and clinical information of PCOS. Major clinical PCOS features including obesity (BMI), excessive body hair (hirsutism score), acne, menstrual cycle disturbances and infertility. Results: The findings of regression analysis indicated that infertile women had lower levels of self-esteem (=-0.11, p=0.049) and poorer body satisfaction (=0.121, p=0.036) compared with PCOS women without infertility. Furthermore, hirsute women experienced poorer self-esteem than women without hirsutism (=-0.124, p=0.032). Women with menstrual irregularities had higher body dissatisfaction (=0.159, p=0.005). Moreover, women with higher body mass index scores had poorer body satisfaction (=0.151, p=0.009) but were not associated with self-esteem. Conclusion: The emotional well-being of the patients presenting with the syndrome needs to be recognized more fully, particularly in relation to the low self-esteem, poor body image, and struggles with weight, menstrual irregularities, hirsutism and infertility. The results of this study raise implications for clinical practice and suggest that a multidisciplinary approach to the management of women with PCOS. This article extracted from Ph.D. thesis. (Fatemeh Bazarganipour)


A narrative review was conducted, drawing on peer reviewed literature and relevant grey literature on injecting drug use in African countries and ethical dilemmas facing harm reduction especially the provision of sterile needles and syringes to injecting drug users. This review aimed at highlighting evidence and the arguments for and against the provision of sterile injecting equipment to people who inject drugs (PWID), and to consider the implications for the African context. The narrative established that high risk injecting drug  practices are common among PWID in many African communities, and so are HIV and hepatitis. Current services for this population in Africa are less pragmatic and inadequate. Needle and syringe programmes are both effective and ethical and should be part of the response to injecting drug use in Africa. Key words : Needle and syringe programmes, injecting drug use, ethics, HIV


Boltwoodite has been syntlesized at 185"C (1.3 MPa) from quartz, KCI and uranyl nitrate by a new method avoiding local supersatmation of silicat€ species in solution. Sodium boltwoodite, uranophane, sklodowskite and kasolite were synthesized from boltwoodite. Unit-cell paramet€n and space groups were determined from the X-ray powder-diffraction data. Infrared spectra have intense absorptionbands at 3458 and 3377 cm-l, which conespondto OH-stretching vibrations. Bands at 1384 cm-l indicate the presence of SiO:OH groups in the structures. Luminescence spoctra and solubility data are reported.


Continuous 40-min ischemia and ischemia with reperfusion (10 min of ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion) induced by ligation of the vascular kidney crus were compared in experiments on 17 New Zealand rabbits. Both in continuous and interrupted (in period 4) ischemia resulted in the growth of pO2 cortical layer which is likely to be due to reduced oxygen utilization of the cells caused by metabolic and renal function disorders. Examination of lipid peroxidation activity determined similar activation of this process in both ischemic variants. In spite of the fact that both continuous and interrupted ischemias induced similar hyperoxygenation of the cortical substance and the same activation of lipid peroxidation, functional damage was less severe in experiments with interrupted ischemia.


Following arterial injury, platelets may activate and adhere to the damaged vessel wall, release vasoactive products, and produce vasoconstriction or even vasospasm. In the last few years the hypothesis of intracoronary thrombosis, triggered by plaque ulceration or fissuration, has gained wide acceptance as one of the key events in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. Following arterial injury, platelets readily adhere to the subendothelium and release a variety of chemical mediators which, apart from recruiting additional platelets from the circulation, are also powerful vasoactive substances. Platelet-induced coronary vasoconstriction may therefore contribute to the occurrence of myocardial ischemia in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Several studies have also focused on some components of the vessel wall and indicate that endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis plays a key role in altered vascular responses. We and others have suggested that augmented constrictor responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries to platelet-derived substances, such as serotonin and thromboxane A2, perhaps combined with an impaired release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, may contribute to vasoconstricting responses to aggregating platelets. The purpose of this article is to summarize recent development in knowledge relating to alteration in coronary tone associated with intracoronary platelet activation.


The mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) family of proteins is involved in regulating cellular fate activities such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Their fundamental importance has attracted considerable attention on different aspects of the MAPK signaling dynamics; this is particularly true for the Erk/Mek system, which has become the canonical example for MAPK signaling systems. Erk exists in many different isoforms, of which the most widely studied are Erk1 and Erk2. Until recently, these two kinases were considered equivalent as they differ only subtly at the sequence level; however, these isoforms exhibit radically different trafficking between cytoplasm and nucleus. Here we use spatially resolved data on Erk1/2 to develop and analyze spatio-temporal models of these cascades; and we discuss how sensitivity analysis can be used to discriminate between mechanisms. We are especially interested in understanding why two such similar proteins should co-exist in the same organism, as their functional roles appear to be different. Our models elucidate some of the factors governing the interplay between processes and the Erk1/2 localization in different cellular compartments, including competition between isoforms. This methodology is applicable to a wide range of systems, such as activation cascades, where translocation of species occurs via signal pathways. Furthermore, our work may motivate additional emphasis for considering potentially different roles for isoforms that differ subtly at the sequence level.


Well leg compartment syndrome (WLCS) is a rare complication which can occur following urological, gynecological, general surgical or orthopedic surgeries carried out with the lower limb in the hemilithotomy position. WLCS is associated with significant morbidity and mortality because delay in diagnosis and treatment can lead to loss of function and even life-threatening complications. During orthopedic surgeries on a traction table, such as femoral nailing, the contralateral "well leg" is often placed in the hemilithotomy position, thus facilitating the use of fluoroscopy. This position (also named the Lloyd-Davis position) consists of hip flexion, abduction, external rotation and knee flexion. We present the cases of two teenaged patients who underwent femoral nailing on an extension table of a femoral fracture and developed WLCS. We also present a review of the literature and a discussion of the pathophysiology, risk factors and treatment of this condition. Clinicians need to be aware of the risk factors for WLCS and have high index of suspicion. Further studies looking at the risks, benefits and feasibility of ways to reduce this risk are required.


We analyze f(R) modifications of Einstein's gravity as dark energy models in the light of their connection with chameleon theories. Formulated as scalar-tensor theories, the f(R) theories imply the existence of a strong coupling of the scalar field to matter. This would violate all experimental gravitational tests on deviations from Newton's law. Fortunately, the existence of a matter dependent mass and a thin-shell effect allows one to alleviate these constraints. The thin-shell condition also implies strong restrictions on the cosmological dynamics of the f(R) theories. As a consequence, we find that the equation of state of dark energy is constrained to be extremely close to -1 in the recent past. We also examine the potential effects of f(R) theories in the context of the Eoet-wash experiments. We show that the requirement of a thin shell for the test bodies is not enough to guarantee a null result on deviations from Newton's law. As long as dark energy accounts for a sizeable fraction of the total energy density of the Universe, the constraints that we deduce also forbid any measurable deviation of the dark energy equation of state from -1. All in all, we find that both cosmological and laboratory testsmore » imply that f(R) models are almost coincident with a {lambda}CDM model at the background level.« less


Vibration monitoring is conventionally performed from measurements of acceleration, velocity or displacement. However, these are not the primer parameters of interest in most structural diagnosis. Dynamic stress and strain are the appropriate parameters, which may be used in this monitoring. In some cases, strain is measured using strain gages techniques. But, when it is required to measure strain at different points, these techniques become onerous, because the strain gages must be fixed in structure and cannot be reused. In this sense, some methods have been developed to predict the dynamic strain from vibration measurements on structures. These methods basically consist in the numerical differentiation of displacement, obtained by modal analysis. Here, the dynamic strain prediction, based on hybrid modal analysis and acceleration measurements, is carried out. We used the finite difference method in the displacement to strain transformation. The displacements were obtained from measurements of acceleration and operating deflection shapes technique. The predicted strains were compared with the measured strains in the time domain. The predicted results closely agree with the measured results.


Abstract Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes is associated with reductions in the electrical response of the outer retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) to light. Aldose reductase (AR) is the first enzyme required in the polyol-mediated metabolism of glucose, and AR inhibitors have been shown to improve diabetes-induced electroretinogram (ERG) defects. Here, we used control and AR−/− mice to determine if genetic inactivation of this enzyme likewise inhibits retinal electrophysiological defects observed in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. STZ was used to induce hyperglycemia and type 1 diabetes. Diabetic and age-matched nondiabetic controls of each genotype were maintained for 22 weeks, after which ERGs were used to measure the light-evoked components of the RPE (dc-ERG) and the neural retina (a-wave, b-wave). In comparison to their nondiabetic controls, wildtype (WT) and AR−/− diabetic mice displayed significant decreases in the c-wave, fast oscillation, and off response components of the dc-ERG but not in the light peak response. Nondiabetic AR−/− mice displayed larger ERG component amplitudes than did nondiabetic WT mice; however, the amplitude of dc-ERG components in diabetic AR−/− animals were similar to WT diabetics. ERG a-wave amplitudes were not reduced in either diabetic group, but b-wave amplitudes were lower in WT and AR−/−diabetic mice. These findings demonstrate that the light-induced responses of the RPE and outer retina are disrupted in diabetic mice, but these defects are not due to photoreceptor dysfunction, nor are they ameliorated by deletion of AR. This latter finding suggests that benefits observed in other studies utilizing pharmacological inhibitors of AR might have been secondary to off-target effects of the drugs.


Time series analysis has a long tradition in economics. The foundations of the current time series analysis, focusing on modelling of the development of one time series, were laid in the interwar period. In recent years, many new methods and approaches have emerged in the field of economic time series analysis. Also, the conditions for their practical application in our country have significantly improved in recent years, which is due to the relatively easy availability of a relatively wide range of types of quality software and the growing length of the analysed time series. In this research paper, we focused on the analysis of time series using the ARIMA model to predict the price of gold by the end of 2020. Those who did not believe that the gold price could strengthen significantly shortly before the outbreak of COVID-19 they are not enough to wonder. Its value returned to green numbers after the fall in the price of the commodity, which caused growing concerns after the outbreak of the world virus pandemic. It was the reason for the analysis of this particular commodity. The introduction contains the necessary information on the problem and basic knowledge of the theory of time series and their modelling, characterizes the Box Jenkins methodology, and finally, the statistical software used. The method describes the procedure of data processing and the creation of the ARIMA model. The results section presents results and predictions in the last part of the discussion and conclusion; the results and interpretations of the results are summarized.


Two different approaches were employed to examine the possible urine storage and ionoregulatory functions of the urinary bladder in vivo in the freshwater trout. An indirect approach, using non-catheterized fish, involved 'spot sampling' from the bladder to determine urine composition and measurement of PEG-4000 release into surrounding water to quantify urination events. The direct approach employed a new external catheterization technique to collect naturally discharged urine. Both methods demonstrated that trout urinate in intermittent bursts at 20–30 min intervals, and that natural urine flow rate is at least 20% lower and urinary Na+ and Cl− excretion rates at least 40% lower than those determined by the traditional internal bladder catheter technique. The urine is stored for approximately 25 min prior to discharge, and significant ionic reabsorption via the bladder epithelium occurs during this period; a small residual volume is always likely to be retained. We conclude that previous studies using internal bladder catheterization have underestimated the ionoregulatory effectiveness of the entire renal system by preventing the function of the urinary bladder.


Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) are synthesizd by using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and thermal chemical vapor deposition (TCVD) because PECVD and TCVD are attractive methods for producing N-CNTs. In this paper, we report the experimental observation of nitrogen incorporation in multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown by using these methods. XPS analysis indicates a shift and broadening of the C 1s spectra peak with increasing disorder induced by nitrogen doping. The N 1s XPS spectra of N-CNTs grown by using PECVD show various structures such as graphitic, pyridinic and N-gaseous forms, while N-CNTs grown by using TCVD have only a graphitic form. Each structure affects the electronic properties of N-CNTs in a different way. TCVD provides a more profitable synthesis method for n-type CNTs while PECVD supports the synthesis of activated N-CNTs with no post-treatment.


One common criticism of algorithmic art is its slavish devotion to technical virtuosity at the expense of artistic intent and content. To address this problem, the author uses an algorithmic method known as "evolving expressions," which both challenges the technical ability of the artist and also paves the way to "art by choice"—an art that re-creates what lies in the imagination by visualizing the creatures that live there, the creatures of our dreams.


Background: Recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of athletic pubalgia (AP), also known as sports hernia, once underrecognized and undertreated in professional football, are becoming more common. Surgery as the final treatment for sports hernia when nonsurgical treatment fails remains controversial. Given the money involved and popularity of the National Football League (NFL), it is important to understand surgical outcomes in this patient population. Hypothesis: After AP surgery, players would: (1) return to sport (RTS) at a greater than 90% rate, (2) play fewer games for fewer years than matched controls, (3) have no difference in performance compared with before AP surgery, and (4) have no difference in performance versus matched controls. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Internet-based injury reports identified players who underwent AP surgery from January 1996 to August 2015. Demographic and performance data were collected for each player. A 1:1 matched control group and an index year analog were identified. Control and case performance scores were calculated using a standardized scoring system. Groups were compared using paired Student t tests. Results: Fifty-six NFL players (57 AP surgeries) were analyzed (mean age, 28.2 ± 3.1 years; mean years in NFL at surgery, 5.4 ± 3.2). Fifty-three players were able to RTS. Controls were in the NFL longer (P < .05) than players who underwent AP surgery (3.8 ± 2.4 vs 3.2 ± 2.1 years). Controls played more games per season (P < .05) than post-AP players (14.0 ± 2.3 vs 12.0 ± 3.4 games per season). There was no significant (P > .05) difference in pre- versus post-AP surgery performance scores and no significant (P > .05) difference in postoperative performance scores versus controls post-index. Conclusion: There was a high RTS rate after AP surgery without a significant difference in postoperative performance, though career length and games per season after AP surgery were significantly less than that of matched controls.


The authors describe the algorithm of examination and methods of operation on 24 patients. It allowed shortening the time of compression of the aorta, of acute ischemia of the lower extremities, less operation blood loss, exclusion of postoperative lethality.


In this paper we consider certain optimization problems which are described by inequalities in partially ordered vector space.Using the scalarization procedure developed in [6,7] we derive optimality conditions for optimization problems of maximum type and for vector optimization problems. As applications we obtain various optimality conditions including an alternation theorem for the Chebyshev approximation with certain side-conditions and a scalarization for vector optimization problems where efficiency is defined by a cone.


Understanding the mechanisms of protein folding has remained a mystery since many decades and there have been a number of models or views which have been proposed over the period of time (1-4). As of today, there has been a largely accepted statistical view of protein folding which suggests that a protein starts from an ensemble of unfolded states and folds through thousands of independent microscopic pathways, and finally converging to the native state (5-8). It has been widely believed and accepted that amino acids side chains play a very important role in the folding process through electrostatics, hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions etc., Numerous experimental and theoretical reports are available to support this view as well (9-10). In fact preferential interactions between amino acids are the basis for introducing knowledge-based potentials, which in turn provide the underpinning for present day three-dimensional protein structure prediction by modeling and simulation (11-14 and references therein).


An iterative finite element integral technique is used to predict the sound field radiated from the JT15D turbofan inlet. The sound field is divided into two regions: the sound field within and near the inlet which is computed using the finite element method and the radiation field beyond the inlet which is calculated using an integral solution technique. The velocity potential formulation of the acoustic wave equation was employed in the program. For some single mode JT15D data, the theory and experiment are in good agreement for the far field radiation pattern as well as suppressor attenuation. Also, the computer program is used to simulate flight effects that cannot be performed on a ground static test stand.


Methane pyrolysis is a transitional technology for environmentally benign hydrogen production with zero greenhouse gas emissions, especially when concentrated solar energy is the heating source for supplying high-temperature process heat. This study is focused on solar methane pyrolysis as an attractive decarbonization process to produce both hydrogen gas and solid carbon with zero CO2 emissions. Direct normal irradiance (DNI) variations arising from inherent solar resource variability (clouds, fog, day-night cycle, etc.) generally hinder continuity and stability of the solar process. Therefore, a novel hybrid solar/electric reactor was designed at PROMES-CNRS laboratory to cope with DNI variations. Such a design features electric heating when the DNI is low and can potentially boost the thermochemical performance of the process when coupled solar/electric heating is applied thanks to an enlarged heated zone. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations through ANSYS Fluent were performed to investigate the performance of this reactor under different operating conditions. More particularly, the influence of various process parameters including temperature, gas residence time, methane dilution, and hybridization on the methane conversion was assessed. The model combined fluid flow hydrodynamics and heat and mass transfer coupled with gas-phase pyrolysis reactions. Increasing the heating temperature was found to boost methane conversion (91% at 1473 K against ~100% at 1573 K for a coupled solar-electric heating). The increase of inlet gas flow rate Q0 lowered methane conversion since it affected the gas space-time (91% at Q0 = 0.42 NL/min vs. 67% at Q0 = 0.84 NL/min). A coupled heating also resulted in significantly better performance than with only electric heating, because it broadened the hot zone (91% vs. 75% methane conversion for coupled heating and only electric heating, respectively). The model was further validated with experimental results of methane pyrolysis. This study demonstrates the potential of the hybrid reactor for solar-driven methane pyrolysis as a promising route toward clean hydrogen and carbon production and further highlights the role of key parameters to improve the process performance.


Purpose: The study was done to explore growth variation in head circumference (HC) in extremely premature infants (EPI) with brain injury. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted with 79 cohort samples from the archives of the catch-up growth project. Mean age of the infants was 29.2 weeks of gestation and mean HC, 27.1 cm at birth. Their HC measurements were retrieved from the archives up to 6 month of corrected age (CA) and analyzed against history of brain injury during hospitalization. Results: Overall growth retardation in HC was observed in the cohort sample compared to longer gestation premature infants. EPI with brain injury showed decreased HC compared to infants without brain injury, and resulting growth variation across 6 month of CA. Highest retardation in HC growth was observed in male infants with brain injury. Conclusion: Extreme preterm birth itself may function as a major obstacle against HC growth toward term age in EPI. Sustainability of brain injury could be observed with higher HC growth retardation after term. Evolutionary favor to female infants may exist in HC growth of EPI. Intensive education on HC monitoring is highly suggested for parents of EPI, particularly with children with brain injury.


We will report on aspects of resonant laser ablation (RLA) behavior for a number of sample types: metals, alloys, thin films, zeolites and soil. The versatility of RLA is demonstrated, with results on a variety of samples and in several mass spectrometers. In addition, the application to depth profiling of thin films is described; absolute removal rates and detection limits are also displayed. A discussion of possible mechanisms for low-power ablation are presented.


This paper presents a novel preprocessing technique of wavelet transform data to link all the significant coefficients together, in order to facilitate the image coding algorithms for increased compression. The proposed algorithm finds the isolated significant coefficients in the wavelet transformed data for current threshold value. All the insignificant coefficients in the wavelet tree that lies above that isolated significant coefficient (i.e., its insignificant parents) are changed to significant coefficients and their location is saved, they are then treated just like other significant coefficients. Coding algorithms have been modified to accommodate the processed output. In the end, algorithm indicates converted coordinates that are used to change the value back to original during reconstruction. Noticeably high compression ratio is achieved for most of the images, when the proposed method is used with the modified image codecs.


Vermicomposting is proven to be an effective way for nutrient cycling, converting large quantities of organic waste into value added product (vermicast). In order to harness the potential of earthworms in vermicomposting, selection of earthworm species that are able to consume large quantity of waste, and moreover, produce vermicast with high nutrient content is important. This experiment was carried out to compare the efficacy of Perionyx excavatus (PE) and Eudrilus eugeniae (EE) in vermicomposting rice straws. Ten earthworms were introduced into each vermibin containing grinded rice straw. The vermicast produced was collected periodically. The experiment was terminated when 70% of rice straw had decomposed. The plant nutrient contents and humic acids in vermicast were analysed. Vermicast of PE contained higher concentrations of total and available N, P, K and Mg while EE vermicast contained higher total and available Ca. Humic acid content was also found to be higher in EE vermicast. EE took 134 days while PE took 171 days to complete vermicomposting, thus, plant nutrient content generated per day in vermicast EE was higher compared to PE. Using EE in vermicomposting would contribute significantly towards practicing sustainable agricultural by recycling large amount of organic waste rice straw into value added high plant nutrient content vermicast.

 Key words: Earthworm biomass, decomposition rate, humic acid, agronomy.


Julius is an open-source large-vocabulary speech recognition software used for both academic research and industrial applications. It executes real-time speech recognition of a 60k-word dictation task on low-spec PCs with small footprint, and even on embedded devices. Julius supports standard language models such as statistical N-gram model and rule-based grammars, as well as Hidden Markov Model (HMM) as an acoustic model. One can build a speech recognition system of his own purpose, or can integrate the speech recognition capability to a variety of applications using Julius. This article describes an overview of Julius, major features and specifications, and summarizes the developments conducted in the recent years.


The authors examined the processing of threat-related information in childhood anxiety with the emotional Stroop task and the dot probe task. In study 1, a nonclinical sample of 112 pupils (mean age = 9 years) performed pictorial versions of both tasks. For each task, an index indicating a bias for threat processing was computed. Positive correlations were found between these indices and anxiety. When compared with the original emotional Stroop index, the absolute value of the emotional Stroop index was a better predictor of anxiety. It was possible to replicate this result in study 2 with 80 pupils (mean age = 8.6 years). Results are discussed with regard to vigilance and avoidance as basic mechanisms underlying performance on the tasks.


The hydratase/isomerase superfamily consists of enzymes having a common evolutionary origin but acting in a wide variety of metabolic pathways. Many of the superfamily members take part in βoxidation, one of the processes of fatty acid degradation. One of these β-oxidation enzymes is the ∆3∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase, which is required for the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. It catalyzes the shift of a double bond from the position C3 of the substrate to the C2 position. In this study, the ∆ 3-∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was identified, overexpressed as a recombinant protein and characterized. Subsequently, its structure and function were studied by X-ray crystallography. The yeast ∆ 3-∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase polypeptide contains 280 amino acid residues, which corresponds to a subunit size of 32 kDa. Six enoyl-CoA isomerase subunits assemble to form a homohexamer. According to structural studies, the hexameric assembly can be described as a dimer of trimers. The yeast ∆ 3-∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase is located in peroxisomes, the site of fungal βoxidation, and is a necessary prerequisite for the β-oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids; the enoylCoA isomerase knock-out was unable to grow on such carbon sources. In the crystal structure of the yeast ∆ 3-∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase, two domains can be recognized, the N-terminal spiral core domain for catalysis and the C-terminal α-helical trimerization domain. This overall fold resembles the other known structures in the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. Sitedirected mutagenesis suggested that Glu158 could be involved in the enzymatic reaction. Structural studies confirmed this, as Glu158 is optimally positioned at the active site for interaction with the substrate molecule. The oxyanion hole stabilizing the transition state of the enzymatic reaction is formed by the main chain NH groups of Ala70 and Leu126. The yeast ∆ 3-∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase hexamer forms by dimerization of two trimers, as in the other superfamily members. An extensive comparison of the five known structures of this family showed that the mode of assembly into hexamers is not a conserved feature of this superfamily, since the distance between the trimers and the orientation of the trimers with respect to each other varied. Marked differences were also detected between the two yeast enoyl-CoA isomerase crystal forms used in this study, one being crystallized at low pH and the other at neutral pH. The results suggest that the yeast ∆ 3-∆ 2-enoyl-CoA isomerase could occur as a trimer at low pH.


This brief article is concerned with an aspect of Jonathan Glover's book, Alien Landscapes?. After reflecting a little on the book as a whole, the question that is taken up is, 'Why might a book that seeks to help those without mental disorders understand what they are like "from the inside" be of interest to laymen and practitioners in the criminal law?'. One answer lies in part in the way that 'what it is like from the inside' might interact with judgements of criminal responsibility. Taking its cue from examples used by Glover the article considers, and puts pressure on, the 'dual view' he proposes: that when dealing with those with mental disorders we should treat them as responsible agents in the sense of not withholding from them Strawson's 'reactive attitudes', while nevertheless accepting that their personalities and behaviours are the results of large doses of 'bad luck'.


DOE Order 5633.3B requires that nuclear material accountability (MA) systems provide for (1) tracking material inventories, (2) documenting material transactions, (3) issuing periodic reports, and (4) assisting in the detection of- unauthorized system access, data falsification, and material gains or losses. Insider threats against the MA system represent the potential to degrade the integrity with which these requirements are addressed (e.g., altering data to misrepresent the quantity or location of nuclear material). In this paper, we describe a methodology for evaluating potential insider threats against both current and future (e.g., client-server network) MA software applications. The methodology comprises a detail yet practical taxonomy for characterizing various types of MA system/software applications and their implementation options. This taxonomy facilitates the systematic collection and organization of key information that helps spotlight such things as stag of information flow, transaction procedures, or auditing procedures potentially susceptible to inside falsification. Methodology benefits include helping MA managers and policy makers: (1) examine proposed software designs or modifications with respect to how they might reduce or increase exposure to insider threats; and (2) better understand safeguards cost (e.g., operational hindrances) and benefit (resistance to falsification) tradeoffs of different system/software alternatives.


Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with decreased serum levels of thyroid hormones (THs), increased levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and decreased protein expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and reelin in the hippocampus. In this study, we have evaluated the effect of subcutaneous administration of levothyroxine (L-T4) on levels of THs and TSH as well as protein expression of BDNF and reelin in AD rats. To make an animal model of AD, amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) plus ibotenic acid were infused intrahippocampally, and rats were treated with L-T4 and (or) saline for 10 days. The levels of THs and TSH were measured by ELISA kits. Protein synthesis was detected by Western blotting method. Results have been shown that serum level of THs, BDNF, and reelin protein expression in the hippocampus were significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in AD animals and elevated significantly in AD rats treated with L-T4 (P < 0.01). Data showed that TSH level significantly decreased in AD rats treated with L-T4 (P < 0.05). These findings indicated that L-T4 increased BDNF and reelin protein expression by regulation of serum THs and TSH level in Aβ-induced AD rats.


Rice seed classification is one of the most popular research topics in countries with the agricultural economy. The intention of the classification stage is to ensure the purity of rice seeds. In this paper, we propose Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) descriptor to tackle this task. HOG is one of the most robust features that has a wide range of application in computer vision task. However, in practice, a problem appears after we extracted HOG descriptors from dataset contains rice seed images with different sizes. The problem is the extracted feature vectors have different numbers of dimension. This limit of HOG descriptor causes the classification stage to become impossible. As the current solutions are not optimal enough, we propose combine the HOG descriptor with missing values imputation method in order to help the obtained feature vectors gain the same number of dimensions. The proposed approach is then applied on VNRICE benchmark dataset and evaluated by KNN classifier.


The information system is considered one of the paradigmatic coordinates of modern education. It is noted that education is one of the most important factors contributing to the successful solution of problems related to globalization, allowing us forming a citizen's stable personal potential and self–defense skills of the latter as a carrier of certain cultural values in the information flow. The aim of the research is to study the information role in modern culture and in modern education. It should be noted that culture as a process of accumulation and translation of social experience determines the society progress and its intellectual and spiritual sphere. Education is the main socio-cultural mechanism that society uses to purposefully influence the course of its development. Education provides information and historical continuity of generations and security of continuity of this process. The research has revealed the importance of the information system in culture as a factor that is decisive in the modern education entire set of components formation. The information society is a civilization in the basis of the development and existence of which is a special non-material substance, conventionally referred to as "information". This substance interacts with a person's spiritual and material worlds. The latter is especially important for understanding the essence of the new social order. On the one hand, information forms the material side of a person's life, as it acts as innovative technologies, computer programs, etc., on the other hand, it is one of the main means of interpersonal relationships and spiritual representations, which can be dynamically transformed and interpreted. Information begins to determine both the material existence and the socio–cultural reality of a person at the same time. The study has fixed that in the conditions of the information society, the most important task is to prepare a person for the perception and processing of large amounts of information, for mastering modern means, methods and technology of working with information.
Keywords: culture, education, globalization, information society


Luminescent thermochromic materials with a dramatic shift of emission band under different temperatures are highly desirable in temperature sensing fields. However, the design of the synthesis of such compounds remains a great challenge. In this work, two new luminescent thermochromic silver iodides, (emIm)Ag3I4 (1) and (emIm)Ag2I3 (2) (emIm = 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazole), have been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. Compound 1 features a [Ag3I4]- anionic layer, while compound 2 possesses an infinite [Ag2I3]- chain structure, both of which are charge balanced by emIm+ cations. Particularly, they display luminescent thermochromism with a significant wavelength shift of emission maximum with temperature change. They represent rare examples of infinite layered or chain silver iodides that show luminescent thermochromism. Furthermore, the results indicate that compounds 1 and 2 are promising wavelength-dependent luminescent thermometers.


From a series of 310 patients on long-term anticoagulant treatment for various conditions 136 instances were collected in which treatment was interrupted. This was because of bleeding in 45 instances, for permanent reasons in 53 instances, and for temporary reasons in 38 instances. Rebound thromboembolic complications were observed significantly more frequently in those who stopped treatment for bleeding. The cause of the rebound effect could not be ascribed to vitamin K1 administration, transfusions, or overt ischemic effects from blood loss although the latter might have been contributory to a small extent. The observations suggested a hypercoagulable state induced directly in some obscure way as a result of the bleeding. Interruption of treatment for reasons other than bleeding was not associated with early complications. The risk of interruption of treatment for short periods was relatively small (three nonfatal complications in 38 instances). In those who stopped permanently, complications were most often seen after 2 months.


Little information is available on the safety of supervised exercise programs for children. This retrospective case review describes the experience over 5 years in a private, outpatient, physician-directed therapeutic exercise program. Observations were made on a total of 47 patients referred by their physicians or parents for exercise programs for diseases, including obesity (26), cystic fibrosis (10), cardiac disease (3), asthma (3), and others (5). Patients performed circuit training with an exposure that consisted of 2,646 total sessions (56.3 ± 63.3 sessions/patient), equivalent to 1,507.9 hours (32.1 ± 35.5 hr/patient) of exercise time. There were three minor accidents (1.9/1,000 patient hours). Physical examination by the attending physician was negative in all three cases: No treatment was indicated, and no patient missed any training time due to these incidents. No significant injuries or cardiorespiratory complications were observed in this exercise program.


The β-hydroxy sulfides are an important class of organosulfur compounds that have a key role in the synthesis of bioactive compounds containing biological and natural products. The thiolysis of epoxides is the most common and best route for the synthesis of β-hydroxy sulfides. During the last decade, the applications of a diverse range of catalysts and promoter agents in green and organic mediums as well as under solvent-free conditions for the regioselective ring-opening reactions of epoxides with thiols in order to synthesize β-hydroxy sulfides have been studied by various research groups. This review is focused on the important achievements reported in the literature for the thiolysis of epoxides.


Iatrogenic anetoderma of prematurity (IAOP) represents a benign iatrogenic dermatosis characterized by focal, well-demarcated areas of atrophic skin in preterm infants. We present the cases of 5 infants diagnosed with IAOP during a 3-year period in a tertiary-care university hospital. Skin atrophy patches were absent at birth in all presented infants, and there was no family history of anetoderma. All of the infants were born with very low gestation and birth weight, with a clinical course that was complicated with several serious prematurity-related complications with consequent long periods of unstable vital functions and the need for continuous monitoring. Skin defects consistent with IAOP were located on the previous ECG electrode sites. IAOP changes in all the infants were in the form of oval patches of skin atrophy in the middle chest region, with an additional few small, round patches bellow the nipple on both sides in one girl. Diagnosis of IAOP was based on characteristic clinical findings. IAOP is rare, benign, but permanent skin injury in the most immature of infants, with a potential for considerable aesthetic and psychological burden. Due to the constant increase in survival of very and extremely preterm infants, more often without major developmental consequences, milder complications like IAOP will become more and more important.


Since the last Quadrennial Report in 1967, progress in satellite geodesy has been confined to refining the results as of 1967 by adding data of greater accuracy and better distribution and to combining the various solutions. None of the avant-garde methods, such as satellite, altimetry, very long base line interferometry (VLBI), drag-free satellites, or satellite-to-satellite tracking with continuous coverage, has produced results at this time. Other representations of the gravity field, such as a layer model [Koch and Morrison, 1970] and gravity anomalies estimated from satellite data [Obenson, 1970], have been successful and show promise. Several studies [e.g., Wong and Prislin, 1970] have shown that electronic (Tranet Doppler) data and optical (Baker-Nunn) data are quite compatible and equivalent for orbit calculation purposes. This compatibility indicates that either type of data can be used for geodetic research.


Nitric oxide (NO) is thought to be involved in the effects of amino acids at the level of cochlear hair cell afferents. Recently, the isoform of the NO-producing enzyme, neuronal NO synthase (nNOS), has been demonstrated in neuronal structures of the cochlea in rats and guinea pigs histochemically and immunohistochemically. To investigate the sources of cochlear NO, we injected FluoroGold (FG) into the cochlea of rats and guinea pigs. Upon terminal uptake of the tracer and neuronal transport we observed FG in terminals at the base of inner (IHC) and outer hair cells (OHC) and in neurons of the spiral ganglion. Ganglion cells and terminals at the IHC were clearly nNOS-positive, while terminals at the OHC exhibited nNOS-immunoreactivity to a minor degree. The immunohistochemical investigation of the auditory brainstem showed that about one-fourth of the neurons of the superior olivary complex contained nNOS. The comparison with retrogradely labeled neurons showed that perikarya in the lateral superior olivary nucleus and, in particular, the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body were double-labeled. These results were similar in both, rat and guinea pig. Our data reveal that neurons of the superior olivary complex are likely to be additional sources of neuronal NOS in the cochlea. ß 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.


We investigated the effects of sap of the common oleander Nerium indicum (Apocyanaceae) on male fertility and spermatogenesis in the oriental tobacco budworm Helicoverpa assulta. We found that continuous feeding of oleander sap during the larval period significantly affects fertility in males but not in females. This effect was also induced by direct injection of oleander sap into the hemocoel of 2-day-old pupae. Histological analyses of developing testes following oleander injection revealed a developmental delay and progressively more severe morphological abnormalities in the later stages of development. The effects of oleander sap on spermatogenesis in H. assulta were associated with greatly reduced levels of the two major polyamines, spermidine and spermine, in testis compared with saline-injected controls. In contrast, levels of putrescine, which is a precursor of both spermidine and spermine, and the activities of the enzymes ornithine decarboxylase and arginine decarboxylase, which are involved in the biosynthesis of putrescine, were initially elevated following oleander injection, but subsequently failed to undergo the induction that normally occurs during late pupal development. The effects of oleander sap on spermidine and spermine levels could be the result of direct inhibition by chemical constituents of the oleander sap of one of the enzymes used in common in the conversions of putrescine to spermidine and spermidine to spermine; alternatively, these effects on polyamine metabolism could be secondary to the disruption of a more fundamental process in the developmental program guiding spermatogenesis in H. assulta.


Purpose

This study aims to provide an overview of the current socio-political geopark situation in Australia and set this into a global context. In addition, the authors consider this information to be useful for all stakeholders involved in geopark research and development. An analysis of constraints is set alongside stakeholder views collected from remote rural Western Australia. The authors also place Australia in a global context in regard to the future of geoparks.

Design/methodology/approach

Vital contextual information regarding the tourism significance of geoparks is sourced from key literature. The authors analyse and report on the situation surrounding the current lack of enthusiasm for the geopark concept by the federal government and states in Australia. The authors also report positive rural community stakeholder views on geopark development from regional Western Australia.

Findings

While Australian federal, as well as state governments have yet to accept geoparks, stakeholder research in Western Australia supports the idea of geopark development. Learnings articulated in this viewpoint are relevant to any country pursuing and initiating the geopark concept. The authors posit that global geopark development can become a vital strategy in post-COVID-19 tourism recovery planning.

Originality/value

Australia currently does not have a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)-recognised geopark. Accordingly, the authors present a case for geopark development, while at the same time exploring the socio-political reasons behind the lack of geopark implementation in Australia. The authors consider the future of geoparks in the global context and reiterate the point that geoparks are important for COVID-19 recovery of tourism and in regard to UNESCO's Sustainable Development Goals for 2030.


Flanked by the Association of Nursing Student's graphic banner. Labour's Environment Spokesman Brian Gould, along with (from left) labour Local Government Spokesman Derek Blunkett and Youth Spokesman Derek Fatchett, accepted the South West Thames Regional petition from ANS Chair Jane Perry.


The penetration of distributed renewable energy resources especially photovoltaic (PV) panels is expected to increase over the next few decades. We propose a novel switching scheme for a modified dual-active bridge dc-dc converter for integration of PV panels. The converter uses the leakage inductance of a high frequency transformer for its boost operation and enables power transfer from a low voltage port to a high voltage port. The converter operates in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), simplifying control and achieving high efficiency results through soft switching. Analysis of converter along with simulation and experimental results are provided to validate the working of proposed converter design.


Wildfires cause extensive damage, but their rapid detection and cause assessment remains challenging. Existing methods utilize satellite data to map burned areas and meteorological data to model fire risk, but there are no information technologies to determine fire causes. It is crucially important in Ukraine to assess the losses caused by the military actions. This study proposes an integrated methodology and a novel framework integrating burned area mapping from Sentinel-2 data and fire risk modeling using the Fire Potential Index (FPI) in Google Earth Engine. The methodology enables efficient national-scale burned area detection and automated identification of anthropogenic fires in regions with low fire risk. Implemented over Ukraine, 104.229 ha were mapped as burned during July 2022, with fires inconsistently corresponding to high FPI risk, indicating predominantly anthropogenic causes.


We propose here a new approach for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of ground moving targets. The unique characteristic of this approach is that range curvature (i.e., quadratic range migration) can be corrected by a simple processing step. A keystone transform is used to correct range walk (i.e., linear range migration) for all targets without knowing their velocities, and the range curvature is corrected in the range-Doppler domain. The advantage of this approach is that it is simple to implement and can correct range curvature for all targets in one processing step, so that it is computationally efficient. Simulation and experimental SAR data processing results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the proposed approach.


We propose a game-theoretic approach for the downlink beamformer design for a multiuser
multi-cell wireless network under a mixed quality of services criterion. The network has real time users that must attain a specific set of signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios, and non-real time users whose signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratios should be balanced and maximized. We
propose a mixed QoS strategic noncooperative game wherein base stations determine their downlink beamformers in a fully distributed manner. In the case of infeasibility, we have proposed a fall back mechanism which converts the problem to a pure max-min optimization. We further propose the mixed QoS bargain game to improve the Nash equilibrium operating point through Egalitarian and Kalai-Smorodinsky bargaining solutions. We have shown that the results of bargaining games
are comparable to that of the optimal solutions.


Consumer segmentation is the process of grouping customers into some segments based on some shared similar characteristics. Consumer segmentation allows companies to understand the customer's characteristics in each segment, thus make them easier to establish suitable marketing strategies for each segment's characteristics.Companies tend to use marketing strategies with demographical and consumer behavioural based scheme of consumer segmentation therefore make them easier to identify customer as the characteristics are easily measured. This research uses k-means method for segmenting 419 customers of packaged liquid milk. The life style pattern of the customers are used as the basis of the segmentation. Furthermore, this research uses decision tree algorithm to classify characteristics of the new customer. According to Hartigan index alteration (26.2433), ideal number of segments is 4. After tree pruning step, classification modelling with CART method yielded 54.61% accuracy.


Inositol trisphosphate (InsP3) mediated Ca2+ release is modulated in a complex way by Ca2+. It is not known how the InsP3 receptor responds to a slowly increasing cytosolic [Ca2+]. Two different cell lines (A7r5 smooth-muscle cells and EBTr cells from tracheal mucosa) were investigated. We have now stimulated the Ca2+ stores of the permeabilized cells with a near-threshold [InsP3] and then increased the cytosolic [Ca2+] from 5 nM to 3 microM in 55 steps each lasting 6 s. The rate of InsP3-induced Ca2+ release abruptly increased around 100 nM Ca2+ and reached a maximum at 300 nM Ca2+, above which the Ca2+ release became smaller. The stimulatory effect of cytosolic Ca2+ was much less than that induced by elevating the [InsP3]. The time course of activation by Ca2+ in permeabilized cells resembles the fast InsP3-induced Ca2+ release following the pacemaker [Ca2+] rise in the agonist-stimulated intact cell.


Dr. Trumbull showed us that friendship is the master passion, but he did not exhaust the beauties and significance of the subject. By 'his spiritual intuitions his apt illustrations and genuine human sympathy, Dr. King glorifies a subject like this. It enables him to speak out his inner self. He believes that the laws which make human friendships possible and enduring, apply to the proper relations between God and men. This relation is of the nature of a friendship, and can be strengthened, deepened or blighted as human friendships may. The value of genuine friendship is inestimable. It costs, but ennobles, elevates, transforms. May the book broaden and deepen this Master Passion. W. J. MCGLOTHLIlS'.


This paper proposes a human body posture estimation method using neural network. The input feature vector of the neural network is composed with the result of analyzing a human silhouette extracted from camera image and the output vector of the neural network indicates the 2D coordinates of the human body's significant points. The proposed method is implemented on a personal computer and runs in real-time. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed method for estimating human body postures.


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The article is a response to the discussion between Russian media researchers concerning the notion and meaning of media image. It outlines the key directions in the studies of the image of a state as media product, which influences the public opinion, social values and assumptions about the politics, economy and culture. Acknowledging the interdependence of a media image on stereotypes and archetypes, the authors put forward and test a hypothesis of effectiveness of forming a media image in the context of weakening this interdependence. They study the possibilities of forming a media image («by the media — for the society») in a reverse way, when the binary opposition of stereotyping could be destroyed via personification, and a socio-image («by the society — for the media») could be formed. In respect of a particular country, this procedure helps to realize and estimate the opportunities and contradictions of the digital media environment which is formed individually («journalist as subject») and institutionally («journalist as agent»). The research involved studying the media image of Jordan in web-based media publications in The Kommersant, The RBK, and The Rossiiskaya Gazeta in 2019. The choice of the country is explained by the fact that the King Abdullah II bin Al-Hussein, by his actions on the world stage and life style, weakens the archetypal inertia in the perception of the Arab state, which is a potential for forming a socio-image. The results of the study show that this potential is not utilized. The media image of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan in Ru-Net is formed institutionally to the benefit of Russia and is related to some stereotypes of the Arabs, and therefore, may be characterized as non personification.


This work examines the synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) in normal and SV40-transformed monolayer cultures of 3T3 cells as a function of growth and DNA fragmentation. A review of the relevant literature is given in the introduction of this work. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis has been implicated in transcription, replication, repair, differentiation and regulation of cell growth. The results of this study suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is involved in some aspect of cell-growth control and DNA repair.


Capsules are produced by over 90% of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and approximately 25% of clinical isolates express type 5 capsular polysaccharide (CP5). We mutagenized the type 5 strain Reynolds with Tn918 to target genes involved in CP5 expression. From a capsule-deficient mutant, we cloned into a cosmid vector an approximately 26-kb EcoRI fragment containing the transposon insertion. In the absence of tetracycline selection, Tn918 was spontaneously excised, thereby resulting in a plasmid containing 9.4 kb of S. aureus DNA flanking the Tn918 insertion site. The 9.4-kb DNA fragment was used to screen a cosmid library prepared from the wild-type strain. Positive colonies were identified by colony hybridization, and a restriction map of one clone (pJCL19 with an approximately 34-kb insert) carrying the putative capsule gene region was constructed. Fragments of pJCL19 were used to probe genomic DNA digests from S. aureus strains of different capsular serotypes. Fragments on the ends of the cloned DNA hybridized to fragments of similar sizes in most of the strains examined. Blots hybridized to two fragments flanking the central region of the cloned DNA showed restriction fragment length polymorphism. A centrally located DNA fragment hybridized only to DNA from capsular types 2, 4, and 5. DNA from pJCL19 was subcloned to a shuttle vector for complementation studies. A 6.2-kb EcoRI-ClaI fragment complemented CP5 expression in a capsule-negative mutant derived by mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate. These experiments provide the necessary groundwork for identifying genes involved in CP5 expression by S. aureus.


Karsts are features shaped by the dissolution of a layer or layers of soluble rocks, a process known as karstification which occurs in carbonate rocks during sub-aerial exposure when the relative sea-level is at the lowstand. Karsts features vary in sizes which can range from fracture to cavernous size. The Karsts pose challenges especially to exploration and appraisal drilling where severe mud loses have been observed and such incidents were evident in the field under study in this work. Yet, the influence of the Karsts towards reservoir behaviors is hitherto uncertain during the production stages. The Karsts could be the felon behind production wells cutting water earlier then expected as it can act as high permeability conduit that encourage fast water influx into the reservoir. This was observed by the unexpected water breakthrough of one of the producing wells after just two years of production. Karsts acting as water conduits are not uncommon, as "fracture-karst water is an important water resource for water supply in North China" (ZHU Xueyu et al) and "the flow velocity of fracture-karst water is much faster than the velocity of porous water on an average." (ZHU Xueyu et al). Furthermore, the Karsts may contribute to the increase of volumetric of the field by virtue of their pore volumes. Driven by concerns of reservoir performance due to Karsts impact, the challenge is to incorporate Karsts features in the current static model for this field in order to obtain a more accurate representation of the reservoir for later stage dynamic simulation.


In active front end-based EV fast charging stations, background voltage harmonics produce current not only at the frequencies of the distorted voltage, but also at other coupled frequencies. Various mitigation techniques, such as increasing inner control loop gain, grid voltage feedforward, and selective harmonic compensation, have been adopted in industry to reduce the emissions originating from distorted background voltage. However, although these techniques are effective in suppressing the current at the harmonic orders present in the background voltage, they deteriorate the emission at coupled frequencies. This paper provides the theoretical explanation of this phenomenon, which is verified by simulation of a two-level active front end in PSCAD/EMTDC. This paper also discusses the proper treatment of current emission due to background voltage harmonics.


The results for the control run for a single particle are shown in Figure 1. The figure, which includes other thermolytic data for Illinois No. 6 coal, shows that the particle was stable in size to around 440[degree]C. At that point it contracted very rapidly to about half its size over the next 15[degrees]. Also shown are data for the same coal from SRI's field ionization mass spectrometer (FIMS), in which case a sample of the coal is heated at 2.5[degrees]C/min from ambient to 500[degrees]C and the effluent is swept into mass spectrometer. The evolution of the coal volatiles is reflected by accumulated ion count with increasing temperature, and is presented in the figure as the fraction of total volatiles. As the figure shows, the abrupt increase in volatility corresponds very closely to the equally abrupt reduction in particle size. The weight average molecular weight profile from the FIMS work is also in the figure, and shows that the coal experiences a simple loss of volatiles of increasing molecular weight up to around 440[degrees]C. At that point pyrolysis and fragmentation come about, reflected in the quick reversal and decline in molecular weight. The high rate of volatility and shrinkage aremore » clearly associated with this second stage in the pyrolytic process. These results are further in line with the account of Eser et al. (1991) who found in studies of Illinois No. 6 coal in a high pressure microdilatometer that the coal contracted by about 40% in the same region of temperature at heating rates of around 20[degrees]C/min. At higher heating rates the contraction was followed by a swelling. Finally, in our cell work we observed the deposition of tar in the diamond windows starting at around 350[degrees]C.« less


Crit Care Med 2016 • Volume 44 • Number 12 (Suppl.) In-house nighttime coverage is provided by Nocturnists (non-Intensivists) with current procedural skills in airways management, vascular access and commitment to supervise house-staff as needed. The Intensivist continues to be available remotely at nighttime for house staff and consultation with the Nocturnists. A backup Intensivist is available for surge management Results: 1st year yielded improved throughput (2,428 pts/yr to 2,627, them 2,724 at its 5th yr). Case mix stable at 53.7 vs. 55.2. The ICU LOS decreased from 4.7 dys (predicted 4.25 dys) to 3.8 dys (4.15) in 1st yr; 2nd yr: 3.63 dys (4.29 dys); 3rd yr: 3.24 dys (4.37), 4th yr: 3.34 dys (4.45), and 5th yr: 3.61 dys (4.42). ICU <24 hrs readmission remained at 1%; >24 hrs increased from 4% to 6%. Low risk monitoring admissions remained at an average 17% (benchmark 17.18%).ICU mortality improved with SMR at 0.84. Resident satisfaction surveys improved. Conclusions: An Intensivist program with nighttime Nocturnist in a high intensity large teaching hospital improved ICU outcomes and resource utilization in sustained manner over 5 years of implementation


The principles of care and respect during childbirth, and of women's rights during childbirth, are universal (McConville. Midwifery 2014:30:154– 7). The relationship between women and the doctors, midwives and other birth attendants who care for them is crucial in upholding these principles. However, a WHO statement in 2014 points out that across the world, many women experience treatment that is neglectful, abusive and disrespectful, which violates their human rights and their rights to care. Such treatment infringes on the trust between women and healthcare providers and may deter women from accessing healthcare services (WHO, 2014 http://apps. who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/134588/ 1/WHO_RHR_14.23_eng.pdf?ua=1& ua=1) This in turn has major implications for their health and wellbeing, and that of their babies, and, potentially, a negative impact on the aim to reduce global maternal mortality. Disrespectful care may be institutionalised and rationalised within the context of providing 'safe' care, for example in denying maternal choice during labour, and is consequently not challenged or rectified. As Shakibazadeh and colleagues point out (Shakibazadeh et al, BJOG, 2018;125:932–42), much of the evidence of poor care emanates from low and middle income countries, and occurs even where access to skilled care is available. In high-income countries, marginalised groups of women such as those in low-income groups or poorly educated women, those living with HIV, and migrant women with poor skills in the dominant language may also experience disrespectful care. In the UK, for example, decreasing socio-economic position has been found to be associated with women reporting that they are not treated respectfully or spoken to by doctors and midwives in a way they can understand (Lindquist et al. BJOG 2015:122:1610–7). So the promotion of respectful maternal care (RMC) is the business of every professional involved in maternity care throughout the world. In many countries, standards are being adopted to improve care, often in conjunction with the White Ribbon Alliance (WRA). In Malawi, which has one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world, respectful care has been introduced into the training curriculum for midwives. Although Shakibazadeh et al. found some differences between women in high and low income countries about what was important to them, mainly around autonomy, there were more issues that were representative among all women. These findings are consistent with those of the WHO, and also the WRA (www. whiteribbonalliance.org). Whereas the WRA Charter is an assertion of the universal rights of childbearing women, Shakibazadeh et al. conducted a qualitative review and synthesis of literature from many nations, from all income levels, from which to develop an evidence-based RMC typology for use within clinical practice across the globe. Its 12 themes can be easily incorporated into protocols by maternity service providers in their clinical and teaching facilities. The challenge will be for policy-makers to provide the conditions to facilitate RMC, and for practitioners to make respectful care the norm in the delivery of care, to integrate it into everyday practice for all women during childbirth. In addition, the principles of respectful care need to be extended to newborns, who are also at risk of disrespectful and abusive care (Sacks & Kinney. Reprod Health 2015:12: 46).


Aims To investigate the effect of microsystem acupuncture on painful temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Methods We retrospectively analysed 887 treatments in 407 TMD-patients (mean age 45±1.5 years), who received microsystem acupuncture (mouth, scalp or fingers) with a focus on oral acupuncture. All patients systematically underwent palpation of specific muscular tender points and their pain rating was assessed on a four-point Likert scale (no pain to strong pain) before and after treatment. In 42 cases, the pain intensity was determined using a visual analogue scale (0–100 mm). As the data were normally distributed, analysis was performed with unpaired t-tests. Results The pterygoid muscles were most painful to palpation, with the lateral pterygoid rated moderate to strong by 76% of patients and the medial pterygoid by 48% of patients. The palpation of microsystem acupuncture points revealed the strongest sensitivity (moderate or strong pain) of the oral retromolar points at the upper jaw (83%). After treatment, the pain intensity of all tender points had significantly decreased (P<0.001). The proportion of moderate to strong pain ratings was below 3% at most tender points. Overall pain intensity of the subjects (n=42) before treatment was 55.5±19.7 mm on the VAS scale and was significantly reduced to 29.6±20.9 mm (P<0.001) post-treatment. Conclusions This analysis suggests microsystem acupuncture could reduce the pain intensity of TMD in the short term. Considering the increased local muscular tenderness, further investigations regarding the key role of myofascial trigger points in the occurrence of TMDs are warranted and could lead to new comprehensive treatment strategies.