Abstract. Earth fissures are pervasive cracks that develop on
valley floors as a consequence of land subsidence associated with extensive
groundwater withdrawal. To capture geometrical, geological and geotechnical
information of ground fissures is of paramount importance for their
characterization. Recent advances in remote sensing techniques and the
accessibility to remotely piloted aircraft systems (RPAS) as well as the
evolution of onboard digital cameras enable the capture of digital photos
and videos. Using digital photos along with the Structure from Motion (SfM)
technique and following certain strategies, we can reconstruct a 3-D model of
the earth fissures under study. This technique requires digital photos, but
when a digital video is available, we can convert it into a set of frames
and equally apply the procedure. Besides, the extraction of frames from a
video assures a key condition for the SfM technique: the overlap between
photos. The resulting 3-D model should be scaled and oriented using a rigid
transformation matrix or even better including ground control points (GCP)
into the captured photos or frames. The latter enables the geo-referencing
of the point cloud and the correction of linear and non-linear deformations.
In this work, the proposed methodology is illustrated through the
application of SfM technique to a high-resolution video downloaded from
YouTube (i.e.  https://youtu.be/9xdAnftBKvY , last access: 20 February 2020). The video shows a mile-long
earth fissure that appeared sometime between March 2014 and December 2014
near the Tator Hills (Arizona, USA) over Quaternary sediments. The Arizona
Geological Survey captured these videos using an RPAS. The frames of the
video were downloaded and extracted using a simple Matlab code. Then, we
sub-sampled the frames and processed them using the software Agisoft
Metashape Professional. Finally, we got metric data from Google Earth and
generated a 3-D model. The quality of the 3-D model strongly depends on the
quality of the photos and the GCP. However, this study shows the potential
of this technique, instrumentation and data available on Internet for the
development of 3-D point clouds and 3-D models for the detailed analysis of
earth fissures.


Hydrogen bonding facilitated self-assembly is an appealing strategy for constructing advanced molecular architecture. Arrays of quadruply hydrogen-bonding (QHB) modules are especially appealing due to the reason that it features extremely strong yet reversible and dynamic interactions. This review focus on the design and development of polymeric materials utilizing QHB arrays such as 2-ureido- 4[1H]-pyrimidone (UPy), butylurea of guanosine (UG), deazapterin (DeAP), 2,7-diamido-1,8-naphthyridine (DAN) and 7-deazaguanine urea (DeUG). Investigating QHB interaction at molecular level and evaluate the physical and chemical properties of the resulting material in solution and bulk are discussed. Specific examples highlighted in this review demonstrate how QHB modules are used and incorporated into polymer matrix to yield stimuli-responsive functionalized polymer. It is discussed how QHB modules providing extra interactions which are responsive under mechanical stress. The interactions associated with QHB modules could be effective adhesion promoters and source of energy dissipater and can facilitate development of functional polymers and smart materials such as stimuli-responsive polymers, novel interpenetrating polymers, polymer blends and fiber/particle reinforced polymer nano-composite.


This paper investigates the impact of the global economy on the forest-based sector in Slovakia in the early years of the 21st century. Indicators such as gross domestic product, production value of forestry-wood sectors, net exports, foreign direct investments, and the ratio indices of foreign direct investment to GDP in industrial production and foreign direct investment to production value were used to analyze this sector in the context of globalization. Multiple regression analysis was used to determine the factors that significantly affect the development of the forest-based sector and to shed light on how globalization impacts the analyzed sector. The results showed that the forest-based sector had a minor impact of the Slovak economy with less than 5% share on the whole GDP. Using multiple regression analysis it was found that globalization factors such as foreign direct investment and net export did not have a significant influence (p > 0.44175) on the forest-based sector during the investigated period. Nevertheless, the highest globalization indicators were detected by the pulp and paper industry (x = 2.72; 29.14) and the furniture manufacturing (x = 1.60; 27.57). The highest variability of FDI was identified in the forest sector (vx = 72.38%; 67.32%) by influence of zero FDI in the last three years and in the wood industry (vx = 38.90%; 38.51%).


Friction welding, one of solid-state welding methods, is very popular way to join cylindrical component since it offers many advantages over fusion welding problems in porosity and inside tightens of cooling leads to decreasing of joint strength. In order to produce sound welding by friction welding methods, a careful choice of welding parameter need to be carefully selected. The choice is in acordance with material of workpiece.
Welding time is one of important process parameter since it governs the heat generated during weld and also affects coefficient of friction. Welding time variation of 30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 seconds was selected to investigate the influence of welding time to mechanical properties dan microstructure of friction welded S45C. Hardness test in Brinell and optical microscope was employed to present the hardness and microstructural changes in base metal, HAZ, and weld metal are.
This research shown that in term of hardness, the weld metal has highest hardness followed by HAZ and base metal. The hardest area was produced by employing 35 and 45 seconds of welding time in weld metal area while the lowest was 50 seconds welding time in base metal area. For microstructure, weld metal area was superior than others area with HAZ strength decreases contained of pearlite of 69.17% and ferrite up to 30.83% while in the area of base metal, the strength decreased significantly with the contained percent of pearlite up to 68% and ferrite by up to 32%.


The domestication of flora and fauna is one of the most significant transitions in humankind's history. It changed human societies drastically with alterations in biodiversity, atmospheric composition and land use. Humans have domesticated relatively few large animals and all of them belong to the Ungulates, though they are only 15 species of the ±150 that the entire group comprises. This can partially be explained by behavioral and life history pre-adaptations, e.g. social group structure, mating behavior, parent-young interaction, feeding behavior, and response to humans. The other dimension of proposed pre-adapatations concerns the biomes from which domesticated Ungulates originate. Here we test whether environmental preferences i.e. niches and related niche traits, differentiate between wild and domesticated Ungulates. We used three methods to determine the niche dimensions for each species and calculate overlap in niche space between them. Two methods are based on MaxEnt ecological niche models and one method uses raw occurrence data. Our results show that there is no weighted combination of environmental traits that clusters all domesticated Ungulates to the exclusion of all wild ones. On the contrary, domesticated Ungulates are overdispersed in niche space, indicating that the major pre-adaptations for domestication are not directly related to the abiotic niche. However, phylogenetic generalized linear modelling of selected niche dimensions does predict domestication significantly. We conclude that further research of other traits is needed.


The fluences of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are measured with a variety of instruments in different detector energy ranges. A detailed comparison of the implied energy releases of the GRB sample requires then an accurate accounting of this diversity in fluence measurements that properly corrects for the redshifting of GRB spectra. Here we develop a methodology to "k-correct" the implied prompt energy release of a GRB to a fixed comoving bandpass. This allows us to homogenize the prompt energy release of 17 cosmological GRBs (using published redshifts, fluences, and spectra) to two common comoving bandpasses: 20–2000 keV and 0.1 keV–10 MeV ("bolometric"). While the overall distribution of GRB energy releases does not change significantly by using a k-correction, we show that uncorrected energy estimates systematically undercount the bolometric energy by ∼5% to 600%, depending on the particular GRB. We find that the median bolometric isotropic equivalent prompt energy release is 2.19 × 1053 ergs, with an rms scatter of 0.80 dex. The typical estimated uncertainty on a given k-corrected energy measurement is ∼20%.


Island energy systems are becoming an important part of energy transformation due to the growing needs for the penetration of renewable energy. Among the possible systems, a combination of different energy generation technologies is a viable option for local users, as long as energy storage is implemented. The presented paper describes an energy-economic assessment of an island system with a photovoltaic field, small wind turbine, wood chip gasifier, battery, and hydrogen circuit with electrolyzer and fuel cell. The system is designed to satisfy the electrical energy demand of a tourist facility in two European localizations. The operation of the system is developed and dynamically simulated in the Transient System Simulation (TRNSYS) environment, taking into account realistic user demand. The results show that in Gdansk, Poland, it is possible to satisfy 99% of user demand with renewable energy sources with excess energy equal to 31%, while in Agkistro, Greece, a similar result is possible with 43% of excess energy. Despite the high initial costs, it is possible to obtain Simple Pay Back periods of 12.5 and 22.5 years for Gdansk and Agkistro, respectively. This result points out that under a high share of renewables in the energy demand of the user, the profitability of the system is highly affected by the local cost of energy vectors. The achieved results show that the system is robust in providing energy to the users and that future development may lead to an operation based fully on renewables.


Quench tests of 9 quadrupole magnets for the TRISTAN accelerator were performed at the National Laboratory for High Energy Physics (KEK). Those magnets, with same specifications, had different training characteristics. Each magnet has 4 coils of the same winding configuration connected in series, and, in total, quench behaviors of 36 coils of the same configuration were obtained. Quenches were considered to be caused by conductor motions. In the paper, we explain the training behavior of the coils based an our previously derived theory which statistically estimates the expected number of quenches for the magnet current to reach a certain value. The theoretically estimated results are compared with the experimental results and the validity of our theory is discussed. It is also shown that the theory is useful for designing stable and high-current density magnets.


A multilayered integrated architecture for controlling autonomous mobile agents, or Touring Machines, is introduced. This architecture combines capabilities for producing a range of reactive and deliberative behaviors in dynamic, unpredictable domains. The approach is influenced by recent work on reactive and behavior-based agent architectures. Touring Machines blend sophisticated and simplified control features. Experience shows that this layered architecture can be configured to behave with robustness and flexibility simultaneously in dynamic settings. The implementation of the control architecture on a testbed is reported.<<ETX>>


A pixelated binary phase grating to generate 5x5 spots is designed using a simple genetic algorithm (sGA) composed of selection, crossover and mutation operators, and it can be applied for optical interconnections. GA is a random search algorithm based on the mechanism of natural selection and natural genetics; it is a robust and efficient scheme. sGA for a phase change of each pixelated grating is applied to minimize a difference between the Fourier transform results and the desired pattern.


Background As part of a pilot randomised controlled trial examining the impact of personal melanoma genomic risk information on behavioural and psychosocial outcomes, GPs were sent a booklet containing their patient's genomic risk of melanoma. Aim Using this booklet as an example of genomic risk information that might be offered on a population-level in the future, this study explored GP attitudes towards communicating genomic risk information and resources needed to support this process. Design & setting Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 Australian GPs. Method The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and data were analysed thematically. Results GPs in this sample believed that communicating genomic risk may become a responsibility within primary care and they recommended a shared decisionmaking approach to guide the testing process. Factors were identified that may influence how and when GPs communicate genomic risk information. GPs view genomics-based risk as one of many disease risk factors and feel that this type of information could be applied in practice in the context of overall risk assessment for diseases for which prevention and early detection strategies are available. They believe it is important to ensure that patients understand their genomic risk and do not experience long-term adverse psychological responses. GPs desire clinical practice guidelines that specify recommendations for genomic risk assessment and patient management, point-of-care resources, and risk prediction tools that include genomic and traditional risk factors. Conclusion These findings will inform the development of resources for preparing GPs to manage and implement genomic risk information in practice.


The functional diversification of duplicated genes is one of the driving forces in evolution. To understand the molecular mechanisms of gene diversification, we studied the functional relationship of the two Arabidopsis paralogous MYB-related genes GL1 and MYB23. We show that MYB23 controls trichome branching and trichome initiation at leaf edges. The latter is controlled redundantly together with GL1. We show that the two proteins are functionally equivalent during trichome initiation but not during trichome branching. RT-PCR and reporter construct analysis revealed spatial, temporal and genetic differences in transcriptional regulation of the GL1 and MYB23 genes. Presented data indicate that the diversification of GL1 and MYB23 gene functions occurred at the level of cis-regulatory sequences with respect to trichome initiation, and that, in parallel, the diversification with respect to regulation of trichome branching also involved changes in respective proteins.


Under Common Law an employer has always been liable to his workmen for his own personal negligence, but it was not until 1897 that there was enacted the first of a series of Workmen's Compensation Acts which introduced a remarkable change in the law, inasmuch as the workman was given a statutory right to compensation for accident without requiring him to prove any negligence whatever. The evolution of the law relating to Workmen's Compensation is traced through the successive Acts of Parliament, and the provisions of the Workmen's Compensation Act 1925, which codifies the law on the subject, are summarised so far as they relate to the liability covered by an Insurance Policy. Under the Act the employer is liable for personal injury to his workmen by accident "arising out of and in the course of" the employment or by certain scheduled industrial diseases. An Insurance Policy covers the liability at Common Law and under the Employers' Liability Act 1880 as well as under the Workmen's Compensation Acts, and in addition makes the Insurance Company responsible for the cost of defending claims. The injured workman may have to consider whether he is likely to recover a larger sum by way of damages than he would receive in compensation by arbitration proceedings under the Workmen's Compensation Acts, and he can then elect which course to take. A description is given of the Returns of Compensations made by Insurance Companies to the Home Office on behalf of the employers in certain selected industries as required by the Workmen's Compensation Act 1925. The requirements of the Assurance Companies Act 1909 relating to Employers' Liability Insurance business are stated. In the Annual Returns to the Board of Trade under this Act, an Actuarial Valuation of the Outstanding Claims that have been in existence for five years or more is called for on an annuity basis, but no regulations are laid down for estimating the Liability in respect of Outstanding Claims of shorter duration. The present method is to take each of such claims and after considering the facts—nature of injury, rate of compensation, etc.—to make the best possible estimate of the ultimate cost to the Insurance Company. Later developments of the injury, however, may cause such estimate to be wide of the amount which the Company is called upon to pay. A plea is advanced for an investigation into the liability in respect of Outstanding Claims, in the hope that it may be found possible to arrive at average factors which could be used, with a suitable grouping of the Claims, to determine the Liability under the non-fatal Outstanding Claims from the first occasion of their becoming outstanding. When there is no recognised method based on past experience of making such an estimate, judgment may be influenced by factors not solely relevant to the ascertainment of the liability. All the leading Offices transacting Employers' Liability Insurance business are members of the Accident Offices Association. This Association was formed after the passing of the Workmen's Compensation Act 1906, by which the scope of workmen's compensation was widely extended. The Association controls the rates and policy conditions of the Tariff Offices, but as the regulations are in great measure confidential, detailed information can only be given regarding what is already common knowledge. A further step was taken in Government supervision of Insurance Companies by the Agreement made in 1923 between the Home Office and the Accident Offices Association, the effect of which is to limit to 37½% the expenses and profits in respect of the combined figures of the members of the Association. The trend of probable future legislation as recommended by the Departmental Committee in the Insurance Undertakings Bill is described, and the questions of Compulsory Insurance and State Insurance are touched upon. An account is given of an Undertaking made recently by the Accident Offices Association to furnish the Government with workmen's compensation statistics in connection with a Home Office Scheme of enquiry into the Incidence and Causation of Accidents. The subject is so extensive that it has only been possible to deal with it in broad outline, but in conclusion reference is made to various aspects that could with advantage be expanded.


Objective: Evaluate the effect of inmediate dentinary sealing, as treatment of hypersensitivity in patients attending the fixed prosthetic clinic at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil dental clinic. Materials and methods: This study was designed as clinic, prospective and correlational. 25 patients were selected, they were divided into 2 groups, one group included 14 patients in which teeth were prepared with SDI (29 teeth) and a second control group of 11 patients in which teeth were not prepared with SDI (19 teeth), giving a total of 48 teeth. Surveys were made 1, 2 and 3 weeks after preparations and the presence of hipersensitivity was registered with the visual analog scale. Results: A chi-square test was made and in the analysis of the pain scale (EVA), the study sample exhibited a significant difference in a range above 3 for the group in which SDI was not applied. Conclusion: This study demostrates that the application of SDI helps diminish significantly dental hipersensitivity.


The impact of unintended program cancellations on the economic, psychological and behavioral wellbeing of beneficiaries are not well understood. In highly fragile and insecure countries, such as South Sudan, there is unfortunately often a risk that unforeseen circumstances can cause program disruption or cancellation. This can have unintended negative consequences on the socio‐economic situation of beneficiaries and their psychological and behavioral wellbeing. Unfortunately, there is not much scientific evidence on these consequences of an unplanned program cancellation which could help policy‐makers to understand the risk related to that and potentially guide them in avoiding it. The lack of evidence can partly because studying these effects in a planned setting faces obvious ethical concerns. The unplanned and unintended cancellation of the Youth Startup Business Grant Program in 2016 in South Sudan provides the unique possibility to study what happens if a cash transfer is canceled. The program was designed to offer an unconditional cash grant worth US$ 1,000 to youth in South Sudan as a new opportunity for beneficiaries who are credit constrained compared to traditional and microfinance loans, which are usually accompanied by high interest rates and/or collateral criteria. The cash transfer can have accompanied by a business and life skills training in which beneficiaries had to participate before receiving access to the grants. Escalating violence forced the program to terminate the disbursement of the grants prematurely in early 2016. Only approximately a third of eligible participants had accessed their grant until then. These unfortunate circumstances create a unique case study to assess the impact of a program cancellation on socio‐economic, behavioral and psychological outcomes of beneficiaries. The cancellation of the program caused negative effects on some psychological indicators, but despite the cancellation, beneficiaries could improve some indicators of business performance. The effects on a range of socio‐economic, behavioral and psychological indicators was assessed. Due to the large number of outcomes, the individual indicators were grouped in indices, including on self-employment, wage employment, good business practices, happiness, trust etc. The program did not negatively affect most of the indicators. Beneficiaries were even able to improve two of the business performance indicators due to the participation in the business skills training. However, the cancellation of the program reduced the reported trust level of beneficiaries compared to the control group and increased the fear of women to experience gender‐based violence.


This paper aims at investigating learner autonomy of students at university level in terms of learning environment and gender. The participants were 100 university students, 43 of whom were male and 57 were female. An equal number of traditional (n=50) and distance education students (n=50) participated the study. In the study, Likert type Learner Autonomy Questionnaire (LAQ) developed by Egel (2003) was used to evaluate the learner autonomy in different dimensions. SPSS 20 was used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between learner autonomy and education type of the students. Students getting conventional education were of the opinion that they were more autonomous. Results also indicated that some dimensions regarding learner autonomy such as readiness for self-direction and importance of class teacher changed according to gender type and there was a positive correlation between all the dimensions in questionnaire and learner autonomy.


Important physical models for 4H silicon carbide (4H-SiC) are constructed based on the literature and experiments on the physical properties of 4H-SiC. The obtained physical models are implemented into a commercial device simulator, which is used for examining the potential performance of SiC insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). Device simulation using these new physical models shows that the forward characteristics of the conventional type of planar SiC IGBTs are significantly poorer than those of SiC p-i-n diodes, even if the carrier lifetime is improved. It is shown that the degradation in the characteristics of the conventional SiC IGBT is caused by the limited conduction modulation at the cathode side of the n-base layer. We show that this problem can be resolved by applying device structures that induce a hole-barrier effect in the SiC IGBTs.


OBJECTIVE
Heavy alcohol use among college students represents a public health problem on American college campuses. A promising area for combating this problem is identifying protective behavioral strategies that may reduce consumption and its resulting negative consequences among students who do choose to use alcohol. The purpose of this study was to develop and conduct initial psychometric analyses on a new scale, which we named the Protective Behavioral Strategies Survey.

METHOD
Data were collected on 437 undergraduate students, who volunteered to participate in the study, at a large, public university in the northeast region of the United States.

RESULTS
Results from an exploratory factor analysis yielded three theoretically meaningful factors that we labeled Limiting/Stopping Drinking, Manner of Drinking and Serious Harm Reduction. The three factors were, as a group, significantly associated with both alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems, but the strongest unique relationship existed between Manner of Drinking and the outcome variables.

CONCLUSIONS
Protective behavioral strategies seem to be a measurable construct that are related to alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems, and thus may be a useful component of intervention and prevention programs with college students.


This letter investigates the effectiveness of a static neural network (NN) for monitoring of power electronic circuits. The NN is trained to form a mapping between the inputs and outputs of a power electronic circuit, which in this study is considered to be a full-bridge diode rectifier. Dynamic models have been used for the rectifier diodes. The ultimate objective of the designed NN is to provide an indication when the performance properties of one or more components in the rectifier circuit have changed from their original conditions-long before a noticeable degradation in the performance of the circuit or even a failure happens. Such information can be invaluable for many sensitive power electronic applications. The ideas put forth in this letter are not dependent on the type of the circuit and can be readily applied to more complex power electronic circuits.


Background/Aim: Dementia is one of the most common health problems in the world. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia. The relation between blood pressure (BP) and dementia has been the subject of numerous epidemiological studies, and midlife hypertension (HT) is a risk factor for AD. The association between BP and risk of dementia is lower in the older population. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the prevalence of HT and AD in elderly individuals. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 193 patients with AD and 1,860 patients with normal cognitive function were evaluated. Results: The prevalence of HT was lower in the AD group (60.6 vs. 70.5%; p = 0.005). In multivariate analysis, AD was found to be negatively correlated with HT (OR = 0.649; 95% CI 0.461–0.916). Conclusion: The prevalence of HT was lower in patients with AD compared to subjects without AD. Physicians who deal with AD patients must keep in mind that the need for antihypertensive medication may decline during the dementia process.


How nonprofit organizations manage multiple and conflicting identities is not well understood. In a case study of a nonprofit welfare organization, we use Pratt and Foreman's (2000) framework of identity management responses to illuminate different ways that nonprofit organizations can seek to manage and potentially resolve identity conflicts. We focus on the actual practices nonprofit organizations use to manage multiple identities and, in particular, reveal the important role of organizational routines and artefacts in facilitating or constraining particular identity management responses.


There are four known fundamental forces of nature and there is a need to combine them into a unified theory. Progress has been made toward this goal but gravity remains an issue. However, the four forces are body forces that act on points. They together do not make the universe a closed system. Here, I identify a surface force, which acts outward normal to the surface of the universe. Further, using water drop hanging in a vacuum as a model, I provide a formula to find the magnitude of this force. The fifth force is generated by surface tension, a property of dark energy. On the other hand, matter particles interact with each other through cohesive forces and with dark matter through adhesive forces. I give a range of functional forms of all cohesive and adhesive forces and present an equation that unifies all the forces of nature.


Four cases of rapid cycling bipolar affective disorder are described; the diagnosis being made by DSM(III) criteria. All are children, aged between 11 and 12 at the onset of the illness and all are of low intelligence. The follow-up has ranged from three to five years. The clinical symptoms and their response to treatment are described and the implications of this unusual presentation are discussed.


Purpose: (a) To explore whether there would be an increase in nurse practitioner (NP) skin cancer screening knowledge following an educational program. (b) To determine whether NPs report enhanced physical assessment skills when applying a screening tool in clinical practice. (c) To determine whether use of a skin cancer screening tool improves NP documentation during student physical exams. Data sources: Data were gathered in phase one of the study through a pretest, educational intervention, posttest, and program evaluation. Phase two gathered data from a prestudy patient chart analysis, and a poststudy chart analysis following implementation of a skin cancer screening tool. A convenience sample of six female NPs age of 40–64 years was drawn from a single college health center in the northeast. Conclusions: There is demonstrated efficacy educating NPs in proper documentation/early detection of skin cancer among young adults in a college health, primary care setting. Findings revealed a 223.4% increase in proper documentation of skin cancer screening and skin cancer patient education. Implications for practice: Educating NPs in skin cancer identification, screening and use of a skin cancer screening tool is an effective way to improve quality of services provided to patients and quality of NP documentation.


The biggest problem with most lakes that have no contact with other water sources and are being charged by precipitation is the massive eutrophication. The aim of this work was to determine the sedimentation rate in order to evaluate the progress of eutrophication for St. Ana Lake (Ciomad Mountain near the Băile Tuşnad in Harghita County (Romania)). The concentration of 210Pb was determined by means of high resolution gamma spectrometry as well as derived from 210Po activity which was measured through alpha spectrometry; values obtained are in good agreement. For the excess 210Pb activity values between 4.0±0.5 Bq/kg and 218±20 Bq/kg have been found. As an alternative method, the 137Cs dating method was applied as well. Calculated mass sedimentation rates are in the range of 0.06±0.01 to 0.32±0.05 g/cm2 year with a mean of value of 0.15±0.02 g/cm2 year. Linear sedimentation rates yielded much higher sedimentation values (between 0.5±0.1 and 7.9±0.7 cm/year with a mean of 2.4±0.6 cm/year), due to the predominant organic matter composition and the long suspension time of the sediment. This is an indication for the process of eutrophication which will probably lead to the transformation of the lake into a peat bog.


Through a critical rhetorical analysis using Bandura's social cognitive theory as a lens to view The Biggest Loser (TBL), this article illustrates the contradictions between the show's health promotional aims and its entertainment aims, which show the problems the show creates for health promotion practitioners working on obesity. The social cognitive theory constructs of observational learning, psychological determinants, and environmental determinants emerged from this reading of TBL as central to how the show masquerades as a health promotion tool. This reading reveals that TBL promotes a neoliberal construction of health and obesity that challenges the worldview that many health promotion campaigns take and, therefore, complicates our own efforts to combat obesity. With this revealed, it is suggested that TBL be incorporated into health promotion campaigns only as a foil.


Many production system machines have been proposed to speed up the execution of production system programs Most of them are implemented based on conventional control ow model of execution which is limited by the von Neumann bottleneck In this paper we propose DFLOPS a new multiprocessor data ow machine for parallel processing of production systems Rule programs are compiled into data ow graphs and then mapped into DFLOPS processing elements Three levels of parallelism Rule Level Parallelism RHS Level Parallelism and LHS Parallelism are fully exploited to achieve high performance The design and implementation of DFLOPS is presented in detail The distinguishing characteristics of this proposed machine lies in its simplicity fully pipelined processing and ne grain parallelism The initial results reveal that the performance of production systems is greatly improved


HARTLEY ROGERS, Jr. The present theory of Turing machine computability. Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, vol. 7 (1959), pp. 114-130. This is the text of an invited address to SIAM, and provides a compact though necessarily sketchy survey of developments in recursive function theory up until 1958. The first part of the article consists of an informal presentation of some of the basic results that initiated the theory, and the second part indicates (very briefly) many of the channels along which it has since developed. The author divides these into six rather arbitrary categories: (i) logic and foundations, (ii) recursive unsolvability of certain established mathematical problems (such as the word problem for finitely presented groups), (iii) the study of recursive function theory for its own sake (such as in the theory of degrees of unsolvability), (iv) interrelations between classical mathematics and recursive function theory (other than those embraced by (ii)), (v) recursive analysis, and (vi) intrinsic definitions of recursiveness. Of these, (iii) and (iv) have perhaps expanded most significantly since the article was written, in relation to their previous development. C. E. M. YATES


Health-resort industry in Ukraine: The underlying causes of changesUkraine has great potential for the development of the health-resort industry, as there are rich natural complexes on the coast of the Black and Azov Seas, as well as the mountainous massifs of the Carpathians and Crimea. However, in recent years, the health-resort industry of Ukraine has been influenced by factors that negatively affected its development. The purpose of this research is to investigate the consequences for health-resort complexes of Ukraine of the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation and of an anti-terrorist operation being conducted in the east of the country.The paper analyzes the current state of the health-resort industry of Ukraine. Also, the authors discuss their distribution across the territory of Ukraine. They consider how changes in the state financing of health-resort treatment have affected the condition of the health-resort industry. Special attention is paid to the state of the health-resort complex of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, as parts of these territories are outside the control of the Ukrainian authorities. Based on data from open sources of information, the structure of health-resort complexes has been studied for the years 2013–2016.


The molecular weight of the large RNA of Sendai virus has been determined by sedimentation analysis in sucrose gradients containing 99% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to be 2.3 × 106. Sendai RNA recovered from 99% DMSO was found to cosediment with nondenatured Sendai RNA at 46 to 48s in ordinary sucrose gradients. The molecular weight value of 2.3 × 106 is considerably smaller than the estimates of 6 × 106 to 7 × 106 determined under nondenaturing conditions, suggesting a unique structure for Sendai RNA.


This paper presents a language model topic adaptation framework for highly inflected languages. In such languages, subword units are used as basic units for language modeling. Since such units carry little semantic information, they are not very suitable for topic adaptation. We propose to lemmatize the corpus of training documents before constructing a latent topic model. To adapt language model, we use few lemmatized training sentences to find a set of documents that are semantically close to the current document. Fast marginal adaptation of subword trigram language model is used for adapting the background model. Experiments on a set of Estonian test texts show that the proposed approach gives a 19% decrease in language model perplexity. A statistically significant decrease in perplexity is observed already when using just two sentences for adaptation. We also show that the model employing lemmatization gives consistently better results than the unlemmatized model.


Psoriasis is a genetically inherited spectrum of skin diseases characterized by epidermal proliferation and inflammation, which are reversible. Although many have reported that psoriasis is triggered by trauma, infections, stress, drugs, etc., the epidemiology of psoriasis remains poorly understood. Linkage to human leukocyte antigen-(HLA)-Cw6 and DR7 is strong in people with early onset disease, but concordance in monozygotic twins is only 67%, emphasizing the importance of a triggering event. Other factors that have been reported to affect the course of psoriasis include upper respiratory infections, smoking, obesity, alcohol ingestion, regional enteritis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. This manuscript reviews the clinical epidemiology of psoriasis and highlights some of the needs for further investigation into specific areas of the disease.


The development of the semantic web ensures that the facilitation of agent communication is an issue of increasing importance. It is usually assumed that agents are using the same ontology and hence can understand one another, but the dynamic and distributed nature of the semantic web mean that this is not always a valid assumption. In this paper, we describe a system under construction that can dynamically discover ontological mismatches between agents during communication and then refine them, so that communication between these agents is facilitated.


The pollution of natural waters, both sea and fresh, is a crucial issue all over the world. Most of the large and small rivers, streams, and reservoirs almost in every federal district of the Russian Federation are characterized as polluted and dirty. The Miass River is one of the main among the large rivers in South Ural. The ecological state of the river is characterised as bad. This work assesses a thirteen-year change of water quality in the Miass River and Argazinskoe and Shershnevskoe reservoirs, which are the source of drinking water for the residential area of the Chelyabinsk region. The river water is used to provide the cities and towns of the region, as well as numerous industrial and farming enterprises with water. Besides, effluents are discharged into the Miass river along its whole length. The results of many years of observation have shown, that heavy metals and biogenic substances are the main pollutants for the river. This work aims to analyse episodes of high and extremely high pollution of the water bodies. Episodes of high and extremely high levels of Cu, Zn and Mn are recorded annually at dam part of Argazinskoe reservoir. Episodes of high and extremely high levels of biogenic elements are recorded for the stretches of the river downstream of Chelyabinsk. Currently, some measures within the project «Clean Water» are planned to improve water quality in the studied water bodies.


This article looks at a less discussed topic in European legal scholarship: the horizontal direct effect of EU international agreements and the Court of Justice's apparent reluctance to expressly confirm it. It is argued that the direct effect of EU international agreements has been confirmed in proceedings involving private individuals/professionals against the private regulatory bodies of a profession or a State-owned and controlled entity. However, direct effect has not yet been expressly confirmed in cases involving veritable horizontal relationships, between private parties of equal positions and with equal functions. Whilst, the choice for this reluctance was understandable three decades ago, the time feels right to expressly acknowledge it and keep up with international trends.


A new methodology is proposed to investigate the large-signal stability of interconnected power electronics systems. The approach consists of decoupling the system into a source subsystem and a load subsystem, and stability of the entire system can be analyzed based on investigating the feedback loop formed by the interconnected source/load system. The proposed methodology requires two stages: 1) since the source and the load are unknown nonlinear subsystems, system identification, which consists of isolating each subsystem into a series combination of a linear part and a nonlinear part, must be performed; and 2) stability analysis of the interconnected system is conducted thereafter based on a developed stability criterion suitable for the nonlinear interconnected source-load model. Applicability of the methodology is verified through the stability analysis of a typical power electronics system.


Cellular operations will play a critical role in designing and programming nano-scale computers. In this book a cellular operation is defined as an operation which uses information within a neighbourhood to perform either local or global computational tasks. Cellular operations can be used to solve complex and computation-intensive problems such as parallel learning. Cellular operations can also be used to simulate and explain different kinds of physical phenomena such as small-world phenomena. Since many cellular computational platforms, such as cellular automata and cellular neural networks are proven to be as universal as the Turing machine, cellular operations can be used to solve any computable problems in Turing sense. Therefore, a cellular computer based on cellular operations can serve as an all-purpose computer. The cellular image operators presented in this book can help the design of image processing tasks for different hardware platforms based on either CPU or cellular processors. This book also provides a powerful toolbox for designing cellular hardware platforms such as nano-scale array processors and VLSI array processors. On the one hand, this book can help physicists to understand how cellular automata and fuzzy cellular automata can be used to solve engineering problems. On the other hand, this book can help electrical engineers to design software for cellular computers based on either micro-electronics or nano-electronics. This book can also serve as a handbook of parallel image processing for experts from the image processing community.


This study was conducted at the Sheep Project Unit of Small Ruminant Research Programme (SRRP) of National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI), University, Shika, Zaria. Balami, Uda and Yankasa breeds (sheep of Northern Nigeria) were crossed . A total of 65 Yankasa, 23 Uda and 16 Balami ewes were served by 4 Yankasa, 3 Uda and 3 Balami rams. The diallel breeding pattern produced 192 lambs. However, only the 65 yearling that survived up to 12 months of age (yearling) were used for this study. The yearling body weight and linear body measurement data were analysed using General Linear Model (GLM) procedures of SAS with model that incorporated lamb genotype as fixed effects. Pair-wise difference was used to separate the mean (SAS, 2003). Distances were used to construct dendrogram using the Unweighted Pairs Group Method Analysis implemented in R 2.13.0 package. TREE procedure that prints the dendrogram based on the distances between the clusters was introduced in PROC CLUSTER procedure. Yearling genotype affected body weight and all the linear body measurements considered in this study (P<0.05). The pure Balami yearling (BL X BL) had the highest birth weight at 12 months of age (29.10±4.02kg). Clumping structure of yearling body weight among sheep of Northern Nigeria and their crosses were grouped into two clusters at distance 2.656. Pure Balami (BL X BL) formed the first cluster while the rest of the genotypes belong to the second cluster. The second cluster was further divided into two sub-groups at 0.796. The first sub-group had yearlings from pure Uda (UD X UD), Uda ram and Yankasa ewe (UD X YK), Uda ram and Balami ewe (UD X BL), Balami ram and Uda ewe (BL X UD) and Yankasa ram and Uda ewe (YK X UD) at 0.514. Similar clumping structures with two clusters share among the nine genotypes at varied distances were recorded for all the linear body measurements studied. Patterns of similarities were established for yearling body weight and linear body measurements among sheep of Northern Nigeria and their crosses. Improvement plans for yearling growth traits of sheep in Nigeria should consider the genotypes with divergent genetic distances as sires and dams. This will ensure the best exploration of positive heterosis.


Due the fact that the decision to execute repair works is made by determining the repair priority through its importance and health conditions, thus focusing mainly on the safety and cost profit, there is a lack of indexes to evaluate whether the repair plan to extend the structural life agrees to the inhabitant's Kansei or not. In this study, in order to propose a method reflecting the inhabitants' Kansei in repair plans, the inhabitants' aesthetic evaluation is reflected and additional judgment of whether the Kansei index is satisfied or not were considered. As a method reflecting the inhabitant's Kansei in the repair plan, defining the Kansei compatibility was considered by: (a) considering the design concept at the project design stage and (b) redefining the inhabitant's kansei at the point where the repair necessity decision is made, were considered and enquires on an actual bridge were carried out and verified.


Brodalumab, a first-in-class interleukin-17 (IL-17) receptor blocker, carries a black box warning for suicidal ideation and behavior, yet it is also one of the most powerful biologic agents in our armamentarium. We wish to highlight three patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis and comorbid depression who were successfully treated with brodalumab. The patients were chosen by an expert panel comprising dermatologists, psychiatrists, and psychologists. Psoriasis disease severity was measured using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score. All three patients experienced PASI 100 after treatment with brodalumab (N=3). Importantly, depressive symptoms improved or resolved in two out of three patients. One patient, who had a history of psychiatric hospitalizations, required in-patient psychiatric treatment during treatment. The use of brodalumab in patients with psoriasis can provide rapid-onset improvement in both skin and depressive symptoms.


Risk factors associated with failure of passive transfer of immunity (FPT) were evaluated among newborn beef calves in Québec. Physical examination was performed on calves born of a normal calving and blood samples were collected for determination of health status and measurement of serum concentration of immunoglobulin (Ig) G1. Of 225 calves, from 45 herds, 19% showed FPT (serum IgG1 concentration < 10.0 g/L). Calves born in a stanchion-stall were more likely to show FPT (OR: 10.2). Calves bottle-fed colostrum were less at risk for FPT (OR: 0.06). Calf gender, month of birth, dam parity, and dam body condition score were not associated with FPT. No association was detected between FPT and health status. Special care should be given to calves born from cows in a stanchion-stall to ensure adequate colostrum intake. Failure of passive transfer of immunity should be considered with other risk factors when investigating morbidity.


P159 Figure 1. P160 RETROSPECTIVE STUDY ANALYSING WHETHER OPTIMIZATION OF PULMONARY VASCULAR ENHANCEMENT INFLUENCES DIAGNOSTIC OUTCOME IN THE INTERPRETATION OF CT PULMONARY ANGIOGRAMS (CTPA) C Trainer, N Schembri, T Taylor; University of Dundee, Medical School, Dundee, United Kindgom; Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, United Kindgom 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204457.31


In this article a survey is undertaken of the Patristic understanding of the creation account in the first chapter of Genesis, the Hexaemeron . It is introduced with a brief sketch of the scriptural background, particularly its New Testament reception. A number of Greek and Latin Church Fathers wrote commentaries on the Hexaemeron , preceded by the mediating work of Philo with his synthesis of Judaic theology and Hellenistic philosophy. Their insights are elaborated by comments from more recent Orthodox theologians. Although a variety of readings are encountered regarding each of the six creative days of Genesis, all the Patristic theologians agree on the primacy of God as creator, acting through the divine Word (i.e. Christ) and the Spirit; on the world being created and not eternally existing; on both the spiritual-intellectual and material realms being the creations of God, including the human body and soul; and on the continuing, providential care of God for His creation.


The vasovagal reflex is a reflex reaction in which abnormal autonomic system activity may be involved, and it has been known as a cause of dizziness and syncope while standing up. Here, I describe a case of multiple episodes of dizziness and syncope associated with the vasovagal reflex noted in a 6-year-old girl. The patient had repeated episodes of dizziness and syncope while standing up, but no electrocardiographic or organic abnormalities were detected. The active standing test was performed, and the patient was asked to stand up without assistance after being kept at rest for 15 minutes in a supine position. During the test, vital signs and electrocardiographic data were obtained. Dizziness and syncope occurred 14.5 minutes after the patient stood up. At that time, the patient's blood pressure was 86/52mmHg, and heart rate decreased to 44/min. In addition, cardiac arrest was noted for six seconds. A diagnosis of the cardioinhibitory type of the vasovagal reflex was made. The patient is now being treated with α1 stimulator and a tilt training program, exhibiting an uneventful clinical course.


Background and Purpose Benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is one of the most common pediatric epilepsies, and it generally has a good prognosis. However, recent research has indicated that the epileptic activity of BECTS can cause cognitive defects such as language, visuospatial, and auditory verbal memory deficits. This study assessed language-delivery deficits in BECTS patients using diffusion-tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DTI). Methods T1-weighted MRI, DTI, and language tests were conducted in 16 BECTS patients and 16 age-matched controls. DTI data were analyzed using the TRActs Constrained by Underlying Anatomy tool in FreeSurfer 5.3, and 18 major white-matter tracts were extracted, which included 4 language-related tracts: the inferior longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus-parietal terminations, superior longitudinal fasciculus-temporal terminations, and uncinate fasciculus (UNC). Language tests included the Korean version of the Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test, Test of Problem-Solving Abilities (TOPS), and the mean length of utterance in words. Results The BECTS group exhibited decreased mean fractional anisotropy and increased mean radial diffusivity, with significant differences in both the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the left UNC (p<0.05), which are the language-related white-matter tracts in the dual-loop model. The TOPS language test scores were significantly lower in the BECTS group than in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions It appears that BECTS patients can exhibit language deficits. Seizure activities of BECTS could alter DTI scalar values in the language-related white-matter tracts.


The CO oxidation reaction pathways on the negatively charged Au10–1 cluster are investigated using density functional theory calculations. Pre-exponential factors and reaction rate constants of each elementary step are calculated using statistical mechanics. Our results demonstrate that the reaction of CO and O2 on Au10–1 preferably proceeds through the formation of a 4-center intermediate rather than through O2 dissociation. The oxygen atom produced then reacts with adsorbed CO to form CO2. The rate-determining step of the CO oxidation appears to be the CO2 release from the 4-center intermediate. Interestingly, it is shown that gaseous CO2, which binds near an adsorbed atomic oxygen, forms easily a bidentate CO3 species that can poison the catalyst. The reverse reaction (carbonate decomposition) occurs with a rate constant comparable to the rate-determining step. A rate constant comparison for various reactant arrangements suggests a site-dependent reactivity, even for this subnanometer Au10–1 catalyst.


Translating the word 'Umgebung' in a work by Goethe, Carlyle coined the term 'environment' in the South of Scotland in 1828. Goethe's usage involves reference to a Scottish subject, Macpherson's Ossian. Referring to this, in 1942 Spitzer argued that the broader meaning of the word was misrepresented by Carlyle's translation. However, after coining the term environment, Carlyle's later work can be read as a significant realisation of this broader Goethean meaning, through his literary-critical discussion of Robert Burns, literary-philosophical Sartor Resartus, and his biography and historiography. The term needs to be seen partly as a response to a large number of intersecting social, political, economic, and agrarian changes associated with the Enlightenment, the industrial revolution, and in particular the modernising transformations of the Lowland Clearances. But, through the ways in which this examination of the term's coinage brings into relation Goethe, Carlyle, the philosophy of Thomas Reid, and a theory of concepts by Sir William Hamilton, the hybridising processes involved in coining the term can also be seen as constituting a pivotal moment of transnational cultural exchange, an encapsulation of diversity, an interdisciplinary interrelation of literary, philosophical, and social critique, and a paradigm-shifting challenge to the authority of mechanism. These intersecting elements are peculiarly apt with regard to certain radical dimensions of continuing relevance to the counter-Enlightenment position of Adorno and Horkheimer, humanity's relation with nature, our continuing struggles with the Enlightenment legacy, and to the expansive, plural, and potentially evolving character of the notion of environment – but also to the later emergence of environmentalism.


The Erbium: Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) laser used for preparation of cavity can alter the substrate and it could influence the bond strength of enamel. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of Er:YAG laser's energy using microtensile bond test. Three groups were obtained (cavity preparation) and each group was divided into two subgroups (adhesive system). After that the adhesive protocol was performed, sections with a cross-sectional area of 0.8 mm2 (+/-0.2 mm2) were obtained. The specimens were mounted in a universal testing machine (0.5 mm/min). Statistical analysis showed a decrease in bond strength for lased groups (p < 0.01) and when the total-etching adhesive system was used the laser 300 mJ subgroup showed higher bond strength compared to the laser 250 mJ (p < 0.01). It was concluded that the cavities prepared using laser appear less receptive to adhesive procedures than conventional bur-cut cavities.


Abstract Bronchiectasis is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by irreversible bronchial dilation, often caused by infection or inflammation. It can be associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a hereditary disorder affecting cilia function in various organs and flagella. PCD's genetic heterogeneity leads to varying disease severity. PCD may be more prevalent in Asia, but its diagnosis is often delayed in Japan. This study reviewed a case of PCD and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) with the relevant literature. The patient had a persistent cough, sputum, and diffuse bronchiectasis. He was diagnosed with a combination of PCD and RP, with the presence of an X‐linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator (RPGR) variant confirmed through electron microscopy, retinal scan, and genetic testing. Although co‐occurrence of bronchiectasis and RP is rare, PCD should be considered in cases of persistent wet cough in childhood or unidentified bronchiectasis aetiology. Ophthalmologists should consider concomitant PCD in RP patients.


This paper examines effects of tacit and codified knowledge on performance improvement as organizations gain experience with a new technology. We draw from knowledge management and learning curve research to predict improvement rate heterogeneity across organizations. We first note that the same technology can present opportunities for improvement along more than one dimension, such as efficiency and breadth of use. We compare improvement for two dimensions: one in which the acquisition of codified knowledge leads to improvement and another in which improvement requires tacit knowledge. We hypothesize that improvement rates across organizations will be more heterogeneous for dimensions of performance that rely on tacit knowledge than for those that rely on codified knowledge (H1), and that group membership stability predicts improvement rates for dimensions relying on tacit knowledge (H2). We further hypothesize that when performance relies on codified knowledge, later adopters should improve more quickly than earlier adopters (H3). All three hypotheses are supported in a study of 15 hospitals learning to use a new surgical technology. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.


This study employs a genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize surface mounted permanent magnet coaxial radial flux magnetic gear designs using both 2-D finite element analysis (FEA) and 3-D FEA. Specifically, the GA optimizes different designs, which are all rated for a stall torque of 500 N·m and a gear ratio of approximately 5, to independently maximize volumetric torque density (VTD), torque per dollar (TPD), and gravimetric torque density (GTD). Maximum VTDs of 274 and 210 kN·m/m3 were obtained with 2-D and 3-D simulations, respectively. Including the space required to provide an axial buffer for leakage flux resulted in a maximum leakage adjusted VTD of 162 kN·m/m3. Maximum TPDs of 5.86 and 5.47 N·m/$ were obtained with 2-D and 3-D simulations, respectively. Maximum GTDs of 102.8 and 86.8 N·m/kg were obtained with 2-D and 3-D simulations, respectively. The results demonstrate that independently maximizing these three metrics leads to markedly different designs with widely varying performance characteristics. The most significant differences occur between the maximum VTD and maximum TPD designs, and the analysis includes a thorough discussion of the dominant design parameters driving this phenomenon. Finally, the impacts of end effects on the optimal design parameters are also illustrated to demonstrate that consideration of these 3-D effects leads to significantly different performance predictions and to different optimal design selections.


A total of 540 young fish of Clarias gariepinus, with 10.0 + 0.02 g of initial average weight were used to study the effect of two population densities (80 and 100 fish/m3). Cement tanks and semi-humid feed based on silages of fishery by-products were used in the pre-fattening. The fish were distributed according to completely randomized experimental design in two treatments, with three repetitions. No differences were found in the growth indicators (final weights of 105.1 and 96.3 g), feed conversion (2.2 and 2.3) and survival (83.3 and 87 %) between the experimental densities. The productivity was higher (P < 0.01) for 100 fish per m3 (8.3 kg/m3). It is concluded that the pre-fattening of Clarias gariepinus in cement tanks with semi-humid diet, based on fishery silages, is not affected when increasing the density from 80 to100 fish/m3 and allows increasing productivity per culture area. Key words: clarias, population densities, semi-humid rations.


Despite recent efforts to achieve a better understanding of the economic roles of women throughout the world progress has been impeded by the lack of available statistical material concerning their employment. The importance of womens productive activity remains unrecognized in most of the Third World because it is largely accomplished outside the cash sector and is not included in any statistics. 72% of women in developing countries live in rural zones where they are occupied in production processing storage and preparation of foodstuffs. Many also assist the family budget by selling foodstuffs and craft products. The role of women in agriculture and commerce varies in different regions; it is estimated that 60-80% of agricultural labor in Africa and about 40% in Latin America is female. Third World women have also found employment in labor intensive industries such as electronics and textiles. The active female population grew from 1950-75 at 2.5%/1year in Asia 1.9% in Africa and 3.2% in Latin America. Major variations are seen in the female participation rates of countries within the same regions. The number of women working in the nonorganized sector is not known. Particularly in cities most new jobs have been in the service sector. Prior to the spread of the capitalist mode of production the productive and reproductive roles of women were equally significant and compatible and women had a greater weight in family and community. With the separation of the cash and subsistence sectors women were increasingly relegated to the least prestigious and least remunerative sectors. When forced to seek work in the modern sector their lack of education and the persistence of traditional sexist practices allowed them to find only the least qualified most poorly paid and least secure jobs in the primary secondary or tertiary sectors. The introduction of technical development into Third World countries benefitted women very little since it was usually addressed only to men. Although migration for many women had a fertility dampening effect for many others it reinforced their attachment to reproductive traditions. The maintenance of high levels of fertility among Third World women despite their participation in paid labor can be explained in part by tradition and religious values and productive roles of children but also by dissatisfaction with the low level employment conditions available to them.


To date, there is no consensus on choosing autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (auto-HSCT) or allogenic HSCT (allo-HSCT) for peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs). This study aimed to compare the relative efficacy of auto-HSCT versus allo-HSCT for patients with PTCLs. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study about 128 patients who underwent auto-HSCT (n=72) or allo-HSCT (n=56) at 8 medical centers across China between July, 2007 and June, 2017. With a median follow-up of 30 (2-143) months, outcomes of patients receiving auto-HSCT were better than those in allo-HSCT (3-year OS: 70% versus 46%, P = 0.003; 3-year PFS: 59% versus 44%, P = 0.002). Three-year non relapse rate (NRM) in auto-HSCT recipients was 6%, compared with 27% for allo-HSCT recipients ( P =0.004). There was no difference in relapse rate between these two groups (34% in auto-HSCT versus 29% in allo-HSCT, P =0.84). Specifically, patients with low PIT score who received auto-HSCT group in upfront setting had better outcome than patients with high PIT score (3-year OS: 85% versus 40%, P = 0.003). Regarding remission status before transplantation, patients with CR undergoing auto-HSCT had the best outcome (3-year OS: 88% versus 48% in allo-HSCT; P =0.008). For patients less than CR, the outcome of patients undergoing auto-HSCT was similar to that in allo-HSCT (3-year OS:51% versus 46%; P =0.30). When further checking patients in PD or SD, the survival curve of patients in the allo-HSCT group was better than that in the auto-HSCT group. It is plausible to choose auto-HSCT versus allo-HSCT according PIT score and remission status before transplantation.


Algorithms for adaptive, tapered quantization of color images are described. The research is motivated by the desire to display high-quality reproductions of color images with small frame buffers. It is demonstrated that many color images which would normally require a frame buffer having 15 bits per pixel can be quantized to 8 or fewer bits per pixel with little subjective degradation. In most cases, the resulting images look significantly better than those made with uniform quantization. The color image quantization task is broken into four phases: 1) Sampling the original image for color statistics 2) Choosing a colormap based on the color statistics 3) Mapping original colors to their nearest neighbors in the colormap 4) Quantizing and redrawing the original image (with optional dither). Several algorithms for each of phases 2-4 are described, and images created by each given.


Magnesium-based alloys are suitable materials for biodegradable bone implants due to their high biocompatibility and mechanical properties similar to bone. Diffraction tomography (DCT) is an imaging technique based on acquiring positionresolved diffraction patterns at multiple angular orientations. DCT is able to provide information about the crystal structure of hydroxyapatite (HAp) in bone, which is necessary for understanding the influence of magnesium degradation on the bone tissue. This article presents a study of a sheep bone explant containing a biodegradable magnesium-zinc-calcium (BRI.Mag, Mg-Zn-Ca) alloy implant. The DCT data were reconstructed and analyzed using the MATLAB computing environment and ASTRA Toolbox. Thus, the DCT images with 200 μm pixel size were reconstructed and, therefore, a DCT study workflow was developed. That allowed to retrieve the crystal lattice parameters of HAp such as full width at half maxima (FWHM) and reflection position around the implant surface of a selected (002) diffraction peak. Based on these parameters, the corresponding d-spacing and crystal size of HAp were determined. It was shown that the degradation of the implant does not notably affect the lattice spacing of the bone within a distance of 3 mm from the implant surface. At the same time, the crystal size decreases closer to the implant (1.5 mm). The developed workflow for the reconstruction of a volume-resolved diffraction experiment of a bone explant containing metal implants is a convenient approach to investigate the crystal structure of the sample on exact locations in a non-invasive way. The workflow will be further applied for a broader range of samples containing Mg-based biodegradable implants.


Now that the genomics revolution is tailing off proteomics promises an even more radical transformation of biological and medical research. Ultimately, the clues to the mysteries of biological processes will lye within the proteins present at a given time. Proteomics, the characterization of complex protein mixtures, builds on a wide range of expertise from protein chemistry to mass spectrometry and bioinformatics. Each step from sample preparation, high resolution protein separation to protein identification is underpinned by the latest technological developments in protein separation and mass spectrometry and supported by powerful computational image and data analysis algorithms which requires large scale data management and storage facilities. The success of proteomics depends on further developments in technology which need a wide range of scientific expertise. This meeting, the first BSPR London Regional Meeting, brought together scientists from a broad background who share a common interest in novel solutions for the characterization of complex protein mixtures.


The deep learning based time-domain models, e.g. Conv-TasNet, have shown great potential in both single-channel and multi-channel speech enhancement. However, many experiments on the time-domain speech enhancement model are done in simulated conditions, and it is not well studied whether the good performance can generalize to real-world scenarios. In this paper, we aim to provide an insightful investigation of applying multi-channel Conv-TasNet based speech enhancement to both simulation and real data. Our preliminary experiments show a large performance gap between the two conditions in terms of the ASR performance. Several approaches are applied to close this gap, including the integration of multi-channel Conv-TasNet into the beamforming model with various strategies, and the joint training of speech enhancement and speech recognition models. Our experiments on the CHiME-4 corpus show that our proposed approaches can greatly reduce the speech recognition performance discrepancy between simulation and real data, while preserving the strong speech enhancement capability in the frontend.


For fighting malnutrition in the developing countries, using soybean and Moringa oleifera plant materials can be considered as the cheaper and the most sustainable approach. The objective of our review is to identify and present the nutritional potential of these two agro-resources. We conducted a literature review on the two products in scientific databases and articles over the period 2016-2017.Soymilk, one of the end-products of Glycine max (soy), is a highly nutritious drink containing a high quality protein which can greatly contribute to strengthen some human body functions. Regarding M. oleifera , it's called "miracle plant" because of the usefulness of all its parts in nutrition, medicine and cosmetic. Therefore, the association of soy and moringa thanks to different processing methods would help to obtain mixed products restoring nutritional balance. Keywords: Glycine max , Moringa oleifera , nutritional value, processing methods, mixed products


The Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) at Argonne National Laboratory is a major new useroriented facility which is now coming on line for basic research in neutron scattering and neutron radiation damage. This paper describes the data acquisition system which will handle data acquisition and instrument control for the time-of-flight neutron scattering instruments at IPNS. This discussion covers the scientific and operational requirements for this system, and the system architecture that was chosen to satisfy these requirements. It also provides an overview of the current system implementation including brief descriptions of the hardware and software which have been developed.


Background: Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) represent approximately 10-15% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in the Western world, and their incidence is increasing. Cases of PTCL tend to have an aggressive clinical course, with poor patient responses to conventional chemotherapy and poor long-term survival. So far, treatment approaches have mirrored diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone) and CHOP-like chemotherapy are commonly used despite suboptimal results. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACs) have been approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory PTCLs given their single-agent activity in these diseases. To continue to improve responses in patients with PTCL, it is important to assess the utility of romidepsin as frontline therapy and as a component of combination therapies. Aim: Interactions between romidepsin (R) and bendamustine (B), a potent cytotoxic alkylating drug active against a panel of other lymphoproliferative disorders, was investigated in in preclinical models of T-cell Lymphoma. Experimental Design: Assays for cytotoxicity on 5 different T-cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines (Jurkat, HD-MAR2, Karpas, Sup-T1, HH), mathematical analysis for synergism (Chou-Talalay equation), flow cytometry, and the Itk-Syk transgenic mouse model (K. Pechloff, 2010) were used to explore the in vitro and in vivo activities of R and B alone and in combination in T-cell lymphoid malignancies. Results: In vitro, romidepsin and bendamustine exhibited concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxicity against all the 5 different T-cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Romidepsin showed synergism when combined with bendamustine in all cell lines studied. Romidepsin also induced potent apoptosis and caspase activation when combined with bendamustine across the panel. The impact of schedule on the activity of the combination was determined by assessing cell viability after treatment with B and R as follows: (1) simultaneous exposure; (2) B pretreatment followed by exposure to R; and (3) R pretreatment followed by exposure to B. In a new mouse model of PTCL in which a status of permanent T cell activation mediated by the Itk-Syk transcript induces highly malignant PTCLs with 100% penetrance that resemble the human disease, the combination of romidepsin and bendamustine enhanced efficacy compared with either drug alone. Conclusions: Collectively, these data strongly support the potential therapeutic role of romidepsin in combination with bendamustine for PTCLs and might constitute the basis for future phase I-II clinical trials. Citation Format: Cristiana Carniti, Silvia Gimondi, Antonio Vendramin, Sara Rizzitano, Paolo Corradini. The combination of romidepsin and bendamustin is synergistically cytotoxic and reverses the malignant phenotype in preclinical models of T-cell lymphoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1693. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1693


Patients with different liver diseases were studied by discriminant analysis. Groups of patients classified mainly on the basis of liver biopsy findings showed functional differences which permitted a consistent reclassification by discriminant functions using laboratory results. Optimal combinations of laboratory tests for the separation of liver diseases were defined. Different combinations were found, dependent on the subsets of liver diseases studied.


Prime-boost vaccinations of humans with different H5 strains have generated broadly protective antibody levels. However, the effect of an individual's H5 exposure history on antibody responses to subsequent H5 vaccination is poorly understood. To investigate this, we analyzed the IgG response to H5 A/Indonesia/5/2005 (Ind05) vaccination in three cohorts: (1) a double primed group that received two H5 vaccinations: A/Vietnam/203/2004 (Vie04) 5 years ago and A/Hong Kong/156/1997 (HK97) 11 years ago, (2) a single primed group that received Vie04 5 years ago, and (3) an H5-naïve group that received two doses of the Ind05 vaccine 28 days apart. Hemagglutinin (HA)-reactive IgG levels were estimated by multiplex assay against an HA panel that included 21 H5 strains and 9 other strains representing H1, H3, H7, and H9 subtypes. Relative HA antibody landscapes were generated to quantitatively analyze the magnitude and breadth of antibody binding after vaccination. We found that short-interval prime-boosting with the Ind05 in the naïve group generated a low anti-H5 response. Both primed groups generated robust antibody responses reactive to a broad range of H5 strains after boosting with Ind05; IgG antibody levels persisted longer in subjects who had been double primed years ago. Notably, the IgG responses were strongest against the first priming H5 strain, that reflecting influenza virus immune imprinting. Finally, the broad anti-H5 IgG response was stronger against strains having a small antigenic distance to the initial priming strain. IMPORTANCE The antigenic shift and draft of hemagglutinin (HA) in influenza viruses is accepted as one of the major reasons for immune evasion. The analysis of B cell immune responses to influenza infection and vaccination is complicated by the impact of exposure history and antibody cross-reaction between antigenically similar influenza strains. To assist in such analyses, the influenza "antibody landscape" method has been used to analyze and visualize the relationship of antibody mediated immunity to the antigenic distance between influenza strains. In this study, we describe a "relative antibody landscape" method, calculating the antigenic distance between the vaccine influenza strain and other H5 strains, and using this relative antigenic distance to plot with the anti-H5 IgG levels post-vaccination. This new method quantitatively estimates and visualizes the correlation between the humoral response to a particular influenza strain, and the antigenic distance to other strains. Our findings demonstrate the effect of H5 exposure history on H5 vaccine responses quantified by the relative antibody landscape method.


CONTEXT
The use of intracanal medication aims to provide antimicrobial activity in the root canal system, leading to a more satisfactory condition for root canal obturation. However, it is important to evaluate whether such medication would affect the sealing-off from the main root canal of ramifications such as lateral canals.

AIM
Evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] paste on the filling of lateral canals.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN
Ex vivo quantitative laboratory study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sixty single-rooted teeth with lateral canals created were used, 10 teeth per group. Group A was described respectively as lateral condensation technique (subgroup 1), thermomechanical compaction (subgroup 2), and continuous wave of condensation (subgroup 3). In Group B, subgroups 4, 5, and 6 were filled with Ca(OH)2 for 7 days before filling using the techniques applied in subgroups 1, 2, and 3. Radiographic evaluation was performed to count the number of filled lateral canals in each group. The teeth were cross-sectioned over the lateral canals; thus, 180 specimens were obtained. Each specimen was immersed in a polyester resin. Digital images were obtained and specific software (Image Tool; ) was used to evaluate the number of obturated lateral canals and the filling length in each lateral canal of groups.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 12.0 for Windows (Descriptive statistical analysis and Newman-Keuls test).

RESULTS
A greater number of simulated lateral canals were filled in Group A (91.1%). Group B had less filled lateral canals (33.3%). The sealing of lateral canals was statistically different between Group B (26.15%) and Group A (74.43%).

CONCLUSIONS
According to the radiographic analysis and the linear filling measurement, the use of Ca(OH)2 decreased the number and the length of sealed lateral canals.


Lotus blossoms, dragon ladies, K-pop beauty queens, and crazy rich Asians . . . these are the jaded stereotypes distilled by the prevalent popular imaginary surrounding Asian/Asian American women. Despite their varying temperaments, they tend to focus on the particular decorative sensibilities and ornateness of Asian/Asian American female bodies. Among multiple scholarly efforts to wrestle with these enduring perceptions of yellow women, Ann Anlin Cheng's concept of ornamentalism is arguably the most significant theoretical perspective to have emerged in recent years. And yet, in the wake of the 2021 shootings in Atlanta, Georgia, which primarily targeted women of Asian descent, the notion of ornamentalism is rendered nearly irrelevant in the face of ghastly violence against hard-working, nonornamental bodies of Asian/Asian American women. Navigating through the debris of colonial intimacies, ornamentalism, and techno-orientalism, this article relies on the figure of the visor-wearing ajumma, a Korean word referencing a middle-aged woman. As a transnational and transhistorical framework emerging from the messy interstitial spaces between theory and reality, the concept of the ajumma stands at a crossroads marked by the suffocating weight of the American empire and the precarity of Asian/Asian American lives facing the persistent forces of racism, sexism, classism, and ageism.


OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to describe and compare patients' consumption of dental services and dentists' productivity in a university campus clinic before and after changing from a time-based to an item-based fee-paying system.

METHOD
Data were collected from the University of Hong Kong dental clinic which serves all university students and staff. A time-based fee-paying system had been in use up to February 1999 when it was switched to an item-based system. Computerised records of all patients in two 1-year periods starting from February 1996 and February 1999 were analysed.

RESULTS
The percentages of eligible users who attended the University dental clinic were similar in the two study periods (30% in 96/97 vs 29% in 99/00). However, on average, patients consumed more dental service items in a year after the switch in fee-paying system (3.2 vs 4.1). There was also an increase in the mean number of dental service items provided by a dentist per working week after the change in fee-paying system (71.5 vs 99.4).

CONCLUSION
On switching from a time-based to an item-based fee-paying system, dentists in the UHS dental clinic became more productive and the consumption of dental services per patient also increased.


Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is considered as phytotoxic and thus an environmentally hazardous material. Therefore, alternative areas of application have been discussed; one of these might be its use as an additive in growing media for agricultural purposes. However, phytotoxic responses might occur at higher concentrations. The objective of the present study was to determine threshold levels for application of OMW in agriculture. The hypotheses were that (i) high concentrations of OMW are detrimental to seed germination and seedling growth, (ii) toxicity caused by OMW may be removed through sedimentation in a settling basin prior to addition. Data obtained showed that low concentrations of OMW did not reduce seed germination and seedling growth. However, higher concentrations showed significant differences in almost all the evaluated parameters. The addition of raw OMW at high concentrations (over 50%) reduced strongly in vitro seed germination, and -amylase activities. The great toxicity of the OMW observed in an in vitro experiment decreased drastically when the same OMW was utilized onto soil in microcosm, showing a decrease at about 35% in germination for fava (Vicia faba L.), sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.), chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) and wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) seeds. These mean that the phytotoxic effects of OMW might be modified by chemical and biological processes in soil. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________


As considerable numbers of people in emergent world tourism regions engage in independent business travel, meeting, incentives, conferences and exhibitions tourism or practices of informal business tourism the theme of business mobilities merits greater attention in the evolving tourism scholarship of these regions. This article interrogates existing scholarship and research issues pertaining to understanding evolving tourism mobilities specifically in the emerging tourism region of sub-Saharan Africa, where, arguably, more than in any other region of the global tourism economy, the topic of business mobilities merits high priority attention. For sub-Saharan Africa as a whole a growing weight of evidence suggests that business tourism flows – domestic and intraregional – account for a larger share of tourism movements than leisure tourism. In interpreting the complex flows of business mobilities in the African continent it is necessary to go beyond dominant Northern conceptions of what constitutes a business tourist and in particular to understand the activities of the informal-sector business tourist. A useful start point for unpacking business tourism mobilities is to differentiate and apply a typology of international formal-sector tourism, international informal-sector tourism, domestic formal-sector tourism and domestic informal-sector tourism.


Transport infrastructure represents one of the most important human activities in each country. It is an indispensable component of the economy and plays a major role in spatial relations between locations, countries and major geographic areas. Transport infrastructure is highly effective to manage and planning Foreign direct investment (FDI) location choices.
In order to create a favorable investment environment and to encourage foreign investors to invest in Macedonia, in last decade was paid especially attention to modernize road infrastructure and rehabilitation of existing roads, especially at the time when our country was the center of attention of foreign investors. Within this context, specific attention is paid on transport infrastructure abilities to improve their environmental and socio-economic performances of attracted the investigations in Technological–Industrial Development Zones (TIDZs). Technological–Industrial Development Zones (TIDZs) have been developed during the last two decades in many regions in the country to foster economic development and reduce the rate of unemployment.
This paper presents structural analyzing study from Macedonian's experiences on Technological–Industrial Development Zones (TIDZs), encompassing ambitious industrial projects to boosting economic development in regional and state aspect. The main focus are given for four Technological Industrial Development Zones, based on location factors abilities and economic developed criteria, different combinations of transport infrastructures measures, business models and best practices and experiences.
Key words: transport infrastructure, FDI, Technological Industrial Development Zones (TIDZs)


In arid and semiarid climate catchments, where annual evapotranspiration (ET) and rainfall are typically comparable, modeling ET is important for proper assessment of water availability and sustainable land use management. The aim of the present study is to assess different parsimonious schemes for representing ET in a process‐based model of coupled surface and subsurface flow. A simplified method for computing ET based on a switching procedure for the boundary conditions of the Richards equation at the soil surface is compared to a sink term approach that includes root water uptake, root distribution, root water compensation, and water and oxygen stress. The study site for the analysis is a small pasture catchment in southeastern Australia. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis carried out on the parameters of the sink term shows that the maximum root depth is the dominant control on catchment‐scale ET and streamflow. Comparison with the boundary condition switching method demonstrates that this simpler scheme (only one parameter) can successfully reproduce ET when the vegetation root depth is shallow (not exceeding approximately 50 cm). For deeper rooting systems, the switching scheme fails to match the ET fluxes and is affected by numerical artifacts, generating physically unrealistic soil moisture dynamics. It is further shown that when transpiration is the dominant contribution to ET, the inclusion of oxygen stress and root water compensation in the model can have a considerable effect on the estimation of both ET and streamflow; this is mostly due to the water fluxes associated with the riparian zone.


Useful diagnostic characters in the nematode genus A xonchium include: lip shape, styler length, shape of the esophageal constriction, presence or absence of spiral musculature in the esophageal sheath, proportion of the esophageal length occupied by the esophageal expansion, length and shape of cardia, shape of the vulva and vaginal cuticularization, development of the anterior gonad, shape of the posterior uterus, subcuticle thickness at mid-body, tail shape, number and arrangement of supplements and caudal pores, and body measurements. A. thornei n. sp. is separated from A. choristum by its thinner subcuticle at mid-body, number of supplements, and shorter spicules, from A. solitare by presence of males, and from both species by the female tail shape and shorter stylet. A. saccatum is synonymized with A. gossypii and A. nitidum is synonymized with A. bulbosum. A. leptocephalum, A. Iongicollis, A. magnicollis, and A. tenuicollis are made species inquirendae. A key to 25 species of Axonchium is given.


In this paper the hosting capacity considering voltage unbalance is estimated for single-phase photovoltaic inverters (PVIs) in low-voltage distribution networks in Sweden. A stochastic approach is used to calculate the negative-sequence voltage unbalance for each of the possible locations in the network. The method has been applied to 6 and 28-customer networks for the connection of 6-kW single-phase PVIs. The impact of three-phase motors on the unbalance was also studied. From the results, it was observed that the contribution from single-phase photovoltaic inverters to the voltage unbalance likely exceeds 1%, but unlikely that it will reach 2% of voltage unbalance.


Advanced Placement Calculus examinations were administered to nearly 7,000 students from more than 400 high schools in order to determine the impact of calculator use. Both the Calculus AB and Calculus BC experimental examinations had two sections. Section I items were designed so that a calculator was not needed to arrive at the correct solution. Approximately half of the students were permitted to use calculators on this section. Section II items were developed to require a calculator to arrive at the correct solution. All students were permitted calculator use for these items. Analyses indicated that calculator use resulted in a substantial improvement in performance for 3 of the 40 Section I items. Those with calculators capable of graphics or the taking of derivatives performed better on both sections of the exams than those with scientific calculators. The internal consistency reliability of the Section I items was higher for students not permitted calculator use. A pattern of negative D-DIF values for the Section II items indicated that these items were differentially more difficult for females than the Section I items. The D-DIF value of only one Section I item appeared to be substantially impacted by calculator use. Total test scores were found to be higher for those permitted to use calculators, for males in comparison to females, and for those reporting the use of advanced calculators in comparison to those reporting the use of scientific calculators.


An antigen‐specific B cell response can be induced by low concentrations of haptenated lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas high concentrations are inhibitory. Two explanations have been proposed for the latter phenomenon. In the first, specific surface Ig focuses LPS to the B cell membrane, where high local concentrations of the mitogen become paralytic for B cell responses. In the alternative, transmission of an antigen signal at higher concentrations of hapten LPS actively inhibits the development of antibody secreting cells (ASC). In the present paper, the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A (CsA) was used to attempt to distinguish between these two models. Cyclosporine A did not block the inhibitory effects of goat anti‐IgM (gαIgM) on development of ASC induced by LPS and therefore was unsuitable for testing between the two models. However, surprisingly, in the presence but not the absence of CsA, even low concentrations of gαIgM became inhibitory for LPS‐induced B cell proliferation. Thus, a CsA‐insensitive signal could inhibit both B cell proliferation and the development of ASC. In contrast, the CsA‐sensitive signal induced by sIg required high concentrations of gαIgM for triggering and enhanced the LPS proliferative response without affecting development of ASC. Evidence is presented that these two signals are regulated independently, suggesting that together they may transmit information about the physical form of an antigen to the B cell.


We investigate the possibilities for the generation of solitons and vortices in a degenerate gas of neutral fermionic atoms. In analogy with the already experimentally demonstrated technique applied to a gaseous Bose-Einstein condensate we propose the phase engineering of a Fermi gas as a practical route to excited states with solitons and vortices. We stress that solitons and vortices appear even in a non-interacting fermionic gas. For solitons, in a system with a sufficiently large number of fermions and appropriate trap configuration, the Pauli blocking acts as the interaction between particles.


A basic hypothesis of probabilistic migration models is that informal sector employment is a temporary staging post for new migrants on their way to formal sector employment. In this paper the authors argue that there are no conclusive tests of this hypothesis in the empirical migration literature and examine evidence from a sample survey to test if the informal sector in Delhi performs the role postulated in probabilistic models. The authors also test some of the main hypotheses of the segmented labor market theory a popular alternative to neoclassical theory for analyzing the structure of urban labor markets in developing countries. The empirical evidence indicates that the migration process postulated in probabilistic models does not seem to be realistic in the case of Delhi and that the segmentation model is only partially valid. Over 1/2 of the informal sector entrants had been attracted to Delhi by opportunities in this sector itself; actual and potential mobility from the informal to the formal sector was low; education and urban experience were rewarded at the same rate in both sectors; and education was 1 of the important determinants of mobility between sectors. (authors)


This is an expository article. In the first part we recall the definition and a few results concerning singular Hermitian metrics on torsion-free coherent sheaves. They offer the perfect platform for the study of properties of direct images of twisted pluricanonical bundles which we will survey in the second part.


Marketing is considered to be one of the most critical tasks for minor plus medium-sized enterprises in terms of growth as well as development, but it is also considered to be the biggest challenge for SMEs. Shortage of possessions, expertise and expertise, it is hard for SMEs to carry out traditional marketing activities. As a result, working in an atmosphere of aggregate dynamics, turbulence and competitiveness means that entrepreneurs with innovative creative concepts and attitudes, such as Entrepreneurial Marketing, have to overcome and modify conventional marketing principles (EM). When conventional marketing does not support small and medium enterprises (SME) then here is A new area of exploration that initiated by combination of marketing and entrepreneurship is Entrepreneurial marketing. The main purpose of this essay is the notion that can be found in literature like types, dimensions of Entrepreneurial marketing and major differences b/w Entrepreneurial marketing and conventional marketing. It also give a brief view about the history of basis of different new fields and in the last it focuses on the significance of small and medium enterprise with reference to the modern standard. The main objective of this study is to provide guideline to small and medium enterprises and give suggestion to them about future research direction in the same field.


Animal camouflage represents one of the most important ways of preventing (or facilitating) predation. It attracted the attention of the earliest evolutionary biologists, and today remains a focus of investigation in areas ranging from evolutionary ecology, animal decision‐making, optimal strategies, visual psychology, computer science, to materials science. Most work focuses on the role of animal morphology per se, and its interactions with the background in affecting detection and recognition. However, the behaviour of organisms is likely to be crucial in affecting camouflage too, through background choice, body orientation and positioning; and strategies of camouflage that require movement. A wealth of potential mechanisms may affect such behaviours, from imprinting and self‐assessment to genetics, and operate at several levels (species, morph, and individual). Over many years there have been numerous studies investigating the role of behaviour in camouflage, but to date, no effort to synthesise these studies and ideas into a coherent framework. Here, we review key work on behaviour and camouflage, highlight the mechanisms involved and implications of behaviour, discuss the importance of this in a changing world, and offer suggestions for addressing the many important gaps in our understanding of this subject.