Small farmers dominate dairy farming in Indonesia, and the average productivity is low. An understanding of the performance of farmers and dairy farming businesses is needed to formulate policies for developing small-scale dairy farms. This study aims to provide information about the performance of dairy farms and recommend policies or measures to develop smallholder dairy farms in West Java. The data used in this paper is taken from the IndoDairy Smallholder Household Survey (ISHS) database, covering 600 dairy farm households selected randomly in Bandung, Garut, Cianjur, and Bogor Districts. Data collection took place between August and September 2017. A purposive and proportional random sampling method was utilized to select the samples. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that the main income activity of households (80%) was dairy farming. In addition to dairy farming, households received 10% of their income from off-farm activities, 8% from horticultural production, 2% from other livestock, and 1% from crop production. On average, dairy herd sizes were 5.6 cows per farm, of which the highest found in Bogor (7.7) and lowest in Garut (3.1). The results also show that milk production per cow ranged from 14.1 to 15.2 liters/day/lactating cows, with an average of 14.9 liters/day/lactating cows. Policies and efforts to increase milk production, productivity, and quality of fresh milk through improving feed technology and better dairy farming management are critically important to increasing smallholder dairy farmers' income in Indonesia, especially in West Java.


OSU03012 is a non‐COX inhibiting celecoxib derivative with growth inhibiting and apoptotic activity in many cancer cell lines. To investigate mechanisms related to cell cycle proteins in growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by OSU03012, the primary human oral epithelial cell line, TE1177, was transformed with HPV16 E6 (TE/E6), HPV16 E7 (TE/E7) or empty vector (TE/V). TE/E6 cell lines exhibiting low levels of p53 and undetectable levels of p21WAF1/CIP1 were sensitized to the growth inhibiting and apoptotic effects of OSU03012. The TE/E7 cell lines expressing low levels of Rb and elevated levels of p53 and p21WAF1/CIP1 were resistant. OSU03012 reduced the number of cells in the S phase of the TE/E7 and TE/V cell lines with intact p53‐p21WAF1/CIP1 checkpoint, but not in the checkpoint defective TE/E6 cell lines. Treatment with OSU03012 also markedly reduced the levels of cyclin A and Cdk2 in TE/E7 and TE/V, but not in TE/E6 cell lines, which had significantly enhanced basal levels of cyclin A and Cdk2. Consistent with the TE/E6 cell line, p21WAF1/CIP1−/− mouse embryo fibroblasts were more sensitive to OSU03012‐induced apoptosis as evidenced by PARP and caspase 3 cleavages. These data suggest that p21WAF1/CIP1 is an important factor in the sensitivity of cells to the growth inhibiting and apoptotic effects of OSU03012. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.


Neoplasia occurring in a sinus tract is a well known complication of chronic osteomyelitis. Previous series have been too small to permit survival analysis. Fifty-three consecutive patients (44 men and 9 women) from the authors' institution were reviewed, including 24 who previously were reported. There were 50 patients with squamous cell carcinomas, one with fibrosarcoma, one with myeloma, and one with lymphoma. Mean age was 59 years. One patient sought treatment elsewhere and was lost to followup. Forty-four patients underwent amputation, and eight underwent limb salvage. Followup averaged 9 years. Of 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma, five died of disease. Overall survival in this group was not statistically different from that expected for age matched controls. Despite the low grade nature of most of these lesions, amputation often is chosen as the most reliable means of treating the tumor and the chronic infection.


Engineering of nanoparticle surface functionality provides controlled interactions with biomolecules such as cell membrane lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. Concurrently, this surface chemistry control also opens up new avenues for improving mass spectral analyses. In this Minireview, we highlight some of the emerging work that integrates surface-engineered nanoparticles with mass spectrometry to improve the analysis of a wide variety of chemical and biological systems.


"The preparation of this report was financed in part by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United States Department of Commerce."


The performances of the periodic surface structures of defected shapes on the ground plane for low-pass fllter (LPF) co-design are studied. Simulated results with full wave electromagnetic analyses are in good agreement with those experimental data. The optimal structure of double periodic structure bringing about the perturbation electromagnetic waves will be determined. The proposed LPF has defect ground surface with the characteristics of band-gap characteristics.


The mechanism of collision-induced formation and vibrational-rotational relaxation of electronically excited rare gas molecules (excimers) is examined theoretically. Excimers can be created by way of penetration through the barrier of the effective potential energy. According to this model, quasibound molecules are initially formed in highly excited vibrational and rotational substates. Radiative decay of such excimers is supposed to be closely related to the origin of the first emission continuum of rare gases. A quantum-mechanical problem of finding stationary states of metastable molecules is examined. The solution of the excimer Xe2* is given. It is obtained with the help of special facilities, composed by the author, enabling to perform fast calculations with the precision of 120 binary digits. As is shown, the continuous energy spectrum of quasi-bound excimers exhibits some interesting features: the spectrum consists of narrow resonance-like peculiarities that can be treated as quasi-discrete vibrational levels.


The focus of this essay is microfiction (wei xiaoshuo), a form of Weibo-based fiction writing. From the perspective of its most prominent feature—microness—the authors investigate the dialectical relationship between microness and largeness embodied in its form, the context of its emergence, the conditions of its existence, as well as the issues reflected in its content. Studying three disparate cases of microfiction writing, namely microfiction selected from contests hosted by Sina, Chen Peng's personal Weibo posts, and Wen Huanjian's Weibo novel, Love in the Age of Microblogging (Weibo shiqi de aiqing), we explore the cultural status of microfiction as a reflection of the combination of literary writing and online activities; and its aesthetic, literary, and cultural characteristics. Reading microfiction in both a literary and a sociocultural text, we argue that the smallness is an intrusion upon the largeness and hegemony of grand narratives on the one hand, and a reflection of a boradly changing reality on the other.


Cancer cells have a consistent cytological feature of nucleolar hypertrophy, where RNA Pol I and Pol III genes are transcripted. This implies that transformation in situ is closely linked to the deregulation of rRNA transcription, because the size of the nucleolus reflects the levels of rRNA synthesis. RNA Pol III genes encode a variety of untranslated RNAs, including tRNAs and 5S rRNAs. Deregulation of RNA Pol III transcription enhances cellular tRNAs and 5S rRNA production, leading to an increase in translational capacity to promote cell proliferation, transformation, and tumor formation. tRNA gene promoters require the transcription factor complexes, TFIIIB (TBP, Brf1 and Bdp1) and TFIIIC in addition to RNA pol III, to specify accurate and efficient transcription. The TFIIIB subunits, Brf1 and Bdp1, are specifically used in the RNA pol III transcription. Recent study demonstrated that the induction of Brf1 caused an increase in cell proliferation and oncogenic transformation, whereas depletion of Brf1 impeded transformation. These results demonstrate that increases in RNA Pol III transcription are necessary for cellular transformation. Our previous study showed that EGF induces TBP expression through MAP kinases, mediating RNA Pol III transcription. We had identified that MAK kinases mediated phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 and 28. However, it is not clear which upstream of MAP kinases involves in EGF-induced RNA Pol III transcription and whether epigenetic modifications of H3 mediate the induction genes. Our recent studies showed that EGF strongly induces phosphorylation of H3 serine 28 (H3S28). Furhermore, we found that EGFR inhibitor AG1517 reduced EGF-induced both RNA Pol III transcription and phosphorylation of H3S28, but PI3K inhibitor LY 294002 did not decrease the inductions. EGFR deficient blocked the induction of RNA Pol III genes and phosphorylation of H3S28. In contrast, dominant negative mutant PI3K, Δp85 did not repress the inductions by EGF. To further explore the mechanism underlying EGF-induced RNA Pol III transcription, we found that EGF increases TFIIIB subunit, Brf1 expression. To investigate whether the epigenetic modification phosphor-H3S28 mediates RNA Pol III transcription, we determined phosphorylated H3S28 occupancy on Brf1 promoter by using CHIP assay. The result indicates that phospho-H3S28 specifically occupant on Elk-1 binding site of mouse Brf1 promoter at −507/−346, but not at −71/+98, regulating RNA Pol III transcription. Taken together, these results indicate that EGF activates EGFR and induces phosphorylation of H3S28, which mediate Brf1 expression to upregulate RNA Pol III transcription. This project was supported by NIH grant AA017288 to S.Z. Note: This abstract was not presented at the AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010 because the presenter was unable to attend. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4864.


It has been suggested that ageing may have a differential effect on C fibre-mediated protopathic/tonic pain versus epicritic/phasic pain perception mediated by A delta fibres. The present study attempted to independently assess age-related changes in the function of A delta- and C-nociceptive fibres by examining CO2 laser-induced thermal pain thresholds before, during and after a compression block of the superficial radial nerve in 15 young and 15 healthy elderly adult subjects. Nerve block efficacy was monitored via measures of cold, warm and mechanical threshold, and simple reaction time. During nerve compression block, reaction time and mechanical threshold increased, cold sensation became impaired while warm sensation remained unaffected throughout the test in both groups. With respect to pain sensitivity, young adults exhibited significant increases in thermal pain threshold during A-fibre block while pain threshold remained relatively stable across the 3 test periods in the elderly group. It would appear that elderly adults rely predominantly on C-fibre input when reporting pain whereas younger adults utilise additional input from A delta fibres. Subsequent analysis revealed that during pre- and post-block periods, older adults exhibited a significant elevation in thermal pain threshold; however, when A delta-fibre function was impaired and only C-fibre information was available, both groups responded similarly. These findings support the notion of a differential age-related change in A-fibre-mediated epicritic pain perception versus C-fibre-mediated protopathic pain.


With the use of immunohistochemistry, the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in early acute myocardial ischemia of rats was studied. It was observed that there was an initial (30 min) rise in bFGF expression in limited ischemic myocardium areas and perimyocardial ischemia areas. The grade of expression of bFGF increased with the continuation of ischemia. The results of image analysis and statistical process suggested that the expression of bFGF reach a high level in ischemic myocardial areas after three hour's of ischemia, significantly higher than in control group and in group B1, but no significant difference in pericardial ischemia areas and normal areas of the same group. In summary, early acute myocardial ischemia is accompanied by rapid and prolonged increase in expression of bFGF with characteristic spatial and temporal kinetic. This finding suggests that the immunohistochemical staining of bFGF provide objective morphologic evidence for the diagnosis of early myocardial ischemia.


BACKGROUND
To study the familial risk factors on lung cancer and the effect of genetic factors on lung cancer.

METHODS
With methods of genetic epidemiology, 370 probands of lung cancer and 370 spouses of the probands (control) were studied.

RESULTS
The risk of the probands' relatives was 1.85 times higher than that of their spouses' relatives (P < 0.01). Compared with the spouses' parents and female relatives, the OR of the probands' parents and female relatives was 2.66 and 2.64 (P < 0.01), respectively. Compard with the female controls' parents, the OR of female probands' parents was 2.27 (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
The susceptibility of the probands' relatives with lung cancer is higher than that of their spouses' relatives. The genetic factor is one of risk factors on lung cancer.


The increasing demand for wireless access in vehicular environments (WAVE) supporting a wide range of applications such as traffic safety, surveying, infotainment etc., makes robust channel access schemes a high priority. The presence of selective fading, variable topologies, high density of nodes and feasibility issues represent important challenges in vehicular networks. We present Multi-Carrier Burst Contention, a cross-layer protocol based on a contention scheme that spans both time and frequency domains, employing short and unmodulated energy bursts and a randomized and recursive node-elimination mechanism in order to resolve collisions. It can overcome many of the vehicular environment challenges and provide desirable WAVE features such as scalability, robustness, prioritized access and others. We address physical layer related challenges, present an analytical model, hardware implementation and performance results from theoretical analysis, hardware measurements and simulations, which were run in comparison with the IEEE 802.11p. The results show high scalability and resilience to channel fading and variable topologies and a considerable performance improvement over IEEE 802.11p.


Abstract: This case study suggests that organizational constraints on the introduction of program evaluation often have more to do with problems of organizational learning than with the "political" problems dealt with by Wildavsky (1979) and other students of the evaluation/organization interface. Faced with expanding needs and declining resources, the Montreal Jewish Family Services Social Service Centre attempted to introduce program evaluation as a tool for ensuring more efficient resource allocation. Instead of reflecting the needs of resource allocation, however, the evaluation framework the agency developed was based on compliance-oriented concepts of quality assurance. As was discovered during the first attempt to apply the model, the framework had to be substantially modified in order to serve as a useful tool of program evaluation. The case study thus suggests that the introduction of program evaluation is analogous to the introduction of other kinds of technological change: such changes must be carefully tailored to the needs and constraints of the organizational settings where they are being introduced.


An active source seismic experiment is scheduled for the end of October in the central United States' New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ). Researchers from the center for Earthquake Research and Information (CERI) of the University of Memphis and the U.S. Geological Survey are planning 2600-lb and 5000-lb explosions at the southern and northern ends of the NMSZ, respectively.

Broadband seismic instruments, other temporary broadband seismic stations, and an array of accelerographs near each source will record the large surface waves generated by the explosions in the unconsolidated sediments of the Mississippi embayment.


The success or failure of the project often depends on factors which related to the environment, surrounded by the project and which are outside of the direct control of the project manager. The concept of the project environment, the processes of environmental analysis of the project and the ways in which managers can identify potential problems and develop a plan of action to ensure the success of the project. The management strategy the main factors of the environment includes both organizational forms and measures which aimed at the development process. For alignment of the organizational forms of communication manager must have a clear idea: what kind of interested persons and their actions (functions) need to monitor, and in what form to maintain communication (bilateral relations of interdependence). This information is key to the further construction of the formal organization that supports interaction, the definition of its functions, competencies, allocation of roles, areas of responsibility, instructions, forms and methods of work. Purpose. Summarize, analyze and form an idea of the potential of existing approaches to the management of the project environment. Object of study. Management processes of the persons, who interested in the project environment. Subject of study. Methods and tools for the project management environment.


This disclosure provides an information recording device for use in a non-volatile information recording/reproduction system having a high recording density, the device including a resistive material having less phase separation or the like during switching. This disclosure also provides an information recording/reproduction system including the device. This disclosure provides an information recording device including: a pair of electrodes; and a recording layer between the electrodes, the recording layer recording information by its resistance change, the recording layer including at least one of (a) M3Oz and (b) AxM3—x0z as a main component, in (a) and (b), z being a value representing oxygen deficiency from z=4.5, and in (b), x satisfying 0.00<xn0.03. This disclosure also provides an information recording/reproduction system including the device.


This article presents the results of the investigation of IFN-α synthesis dynamics on local and general levels in patients with the recurrent simple herpesvirus infection. The influence of different types of antiviral therapy to IFN-α level is estimated as well. The normalization of IFN-α level was noted in the group of patients with simple herpesvirus infection after applying of antiviral therapy and three months after the treatment, especially in the group of patients with mild course of HSV 1/2 infection, that proves the antiviral defence stabilization. Moreover, the clinical efficacy of the proposed treatment was established for patients with the recurrent HSV 1/2 infection: in the group of patients with the mild course of HSV 1/2 infection it was 73.5% after the treatment and 85.8% in the remote period; in the group of patients with the mild and severe course of HSV 1/2 infection it was 64.0% after the treatment and 70.4% in the remote period.


Globally, the HIV epidemic continues to have an impact on the lives of millions of
people. In 2008, there were an estimated 83,000 people living with HIV (both
diagnosed and undiagnosed), equivalent to 1.3 per 1000 population in the UK. In
that same year, 7,798 people were newly diagnosed with HIV. The global epidemic is
reflected in the UK; around 38% (2,790) of these newly diagnosed infections were
among black Africans who acquired their HIV through heterosexual contact. It is
thought that most (87%) of these infections among black Africans in the UK were
acquired abroad, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa (Health Protection Agency 2009).
Late diagnosis of HIV is defined as diagnosis taking place after anti-retroviral
treatment would normally have begun, or when the person has an illness which
defines them as having AIDS. It is the most important factor associated with HIVrelated
disease and death in the UK and is a particular problem among black
Africans. In 2007, over 40% of new diagnoses among black Africans were classified
as 'late'.
HIV testing can help reduce transmission of the virus. People who find out they have
HIV may change their sexual behaviour as a result of the diagnosis. A negative HIV
test provides an opportunity for preventive education and advice and may also lead
to changes in behaviour. Increasing the frequency of testing may result in earlier
detection of HIV following infection - when it is most virulent - providing greater
opportunity to reduce transmission


A negative resist based upon photo-acid initiated cationic polymerization of an epoxy resin (1, 2) was reported in the early eighties with the advent of onium salts (3–5). An efficient acid generating onium salt, triphenylsulfonium hexafluoroantimonate (6), absorbs light in the deep UV producing acid upon direct photolysis in this region of the spectrum. The resin component of such a negative resist system must be optically transparent over the exposure wavelengths to obtain vertical image profiles. Another difficulty often encountered with crosslinking negative resists is swelling of the crosslinked matrix during development with organic solvents. This swelling manifests itself in distorted images and/or complete adhesion loss, especially when submicron features are involved. Our goal has been to address these problems and develop an organic developable deep UV resist capable of providing submicron images. Optically transparent commercial resins, styrene-allyl alcohol copolymers, have been converted to glycidyl ethers, thereby providing cationically polymerizable functionalities. Careful choice of the resin was made to obtain reactive ion etch resistance, thermal stability, good adhesion, and coating properties. The synthetic procedure and characterization of the epoxy resin will be presented. The effect of the molecular weight distribution upon swelling during development and general solubility properties also will be discussed. Resist formulations exhibited sensitivities of 19 to 30 mJ/cm2 on a Perkin Elmer 500 in the deep UV (UV2) mode. The electron beam sensitivity is 3 to 5 μC/cm2 at 20 KeV. Submicron images have been generated in both optical and electron beam lithography.


Flow behaviour was observed in simplified model cavities of a high level liquid waste (HHLW) reprocessing glass melter. The effect of heating volume on the Joule-heating flow was evaluated using two cavities with different heating volumes. Electrodes were set to generate Joule-heating. A chaotic flow occurred because the lower part of the cavities was heated while the top surface of the cavities was cooled. Downflow and upflow occurred alternately in cavities. One cavity was a simple cubic cavity, for which it was easy to observe effects of thermal boundary conditions on Joule-heating flow. The other one was a cuboid cavity, which has the same aspect ratio of the upper part of the glass melter. Jouleheating flow behaviour in cavities was calculated by the GSMAC-FEM (Generalized Simplified Marker and Cell-Finite Element Method) code. The GSMAC method can calculate flow field, thermal field and electro-magnetic field as a fully coupled analysis, which exists in the glass melter. To know the flow behaviour in each cavity for the condition with electrode cooling and the condition without electrode cooling, 1-D flow behaviour and 2-D flow behaviour were calculated. It was found that the chaotic flow behaviours generated by Jouleheating were changed by the different conditions. A stable upflow occurred under the chaotic flow area in cavities for the electrode cooling condition. However, the aspect ratio decided the strength of the stable upflow. In the case of the cuboid cavity, the effect of the downflow near the electrodes decreased. The same phenomena could be predicted in the melter.


Contemporary restorative dentistry is a rapidly evolving science which challenges the progressive clinician with a plethora of "new and improved" products. Sound product choices should be couched in the prudent consideration of well conducted in vitro and in vivo product research. This review shall list the most recent product developments in dentin bonding agents (fifth generation agents), resin-containing dental cements and the newest generation of dental cements i.e., resin-ionomer dental cements.


This paper implements the recently introduced measure of sparseness with a specific feedback mechanism to improve the large standard deviation that current random data sources suffer from. The authors will show the drawbacks of the current, frequently used random data sources and suggest a novel approach to rectify these disadvantages. Simulation results are presented for various blocklengths typically used in 3G UMTS/WCDMA systems, showing how the standard deviation may be significantly reduced by up to 33% by using an optimal feedback length. These optimal feedback lengths are also presented, as well as some conclusions regarding communication system simulation and future


Estimates of dynamic motion of Australia since the end of the Jurassic have been made by modeling marine flooding and comparing it with palaeogeographical reconstructions of marine inundation. First, sediment isopachs were back stripped from present-day topography. Dynamic motion was determined by the displacement needed to approximate observed flooding when allowance is made for changes in eustatic sea-level. The reconstructed inundation patterns suggest that during the Cretaceous, Australia remained a relatively stable platform, and flooding in the eastern interior during the Early Cretaceous was primarily the result of the regional tectonic motion. Vertical motion during the Cretaceous was much smaller than the movement since the end of the Cretaceous. Subsidence and marine flooding in the Eromanga and Surat Basins, and the subsequent 500 m of uplift of the eastern portion of the basin, may have been driven by changes in plate dynamics during the Mesozoic. Convergence along the north-east edge of Australia between 200 and 100 Ma coincides with platform sedimentation and subsidence within the Eromanga and Surat Basins. A major shift in the position of subduction at 140 Ma was coeval with the marine incursion into the Eromanga. When subduction ended at 95 Ma, marine inundation of the Eromanga also ended. Subsidence and uplift of the eastern interior is consistent with dynamic models of subduction in which subsidence is generated when the dip angle of the slab decreases and uplift is generated when subduction terminates (i.e. the dynamic load vanishes). Since the end of the Cretaceous, Australia has uniformly subsided by about 250 m with little apparent tilting. This vertical subsidence may have resulted from the northward migration of the continent from a dynamic topography high and geoid low toward lower dynamic topography and a higher geoid.


Abstract The experiment focused on the possibility to utilise the antioxidant potential of rapeseed meal to stabilize fats. The lard, which was used for this purpose, was characterized by gas chromatography. At first the non-sieved meal was added in lard. It is the least technologically difficult method of utilizing meal. Then, the meal was sieved to obtain five fractions, which were added to lard. The aim was to find a fraction of meal that would best stabilize the lard. The results of lard stability with added fractions were compared with the stability of lard enriched with non-sieved meal. Finally, we obtained ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts from non-sieved meal and from the fraction which was the best stabiliser of lard. The aim was to study the effect of these extracts on the stability of lard. Rapeseed meal has stabilized the lard already at 0.5 wt. % content. The non-sieved meal addition of 1, 2 or 4 wt. % has improved the stability of lard by 1.2-2 times. Adding 8-15 wt. % of meal into lard has increased its stability by 3-8 times. The best lard stability has been determined in the fraction retained on the sieve with mesh size 0.15 mm. The lard with added sieved meal has gained a comparable stability the same as after addition of non-sieved meal. The lard with the same additions of extracts (ethanol and ethyl acetate) from non-sieved meal and from meal with sizes 0.15-0.315 mm was more stable than the lard with addition of meal alone. The lard containing ethanol extracts (0.5 wt. %) has a better stability than the lard containing butylated hydroxytoluene (0.02 wt. %).


The suitability of Glucono-8-lactone (GDL) in making Torba yoghurt (strained yoghurt) from cow's whole milk was investigated. Cow's milk with and without addition of different amounts of GDL were used for the manufacture of yoghurt by a traditional method . Additional GDL was found to decrease the production time and the use of lactic acid bacteria, and 1, 2% GDL improved the chemical and sensory properties of the end product. The yeast/mould counts of all samples were also declined by addition of GDL.


Totally 71 literature source focused on the study of the Black Sea fungi (micromycetes) for the period from 1867 to 2018 was analyzed. In the 1860s and 1930s Zostera marina sea grass epidemics were recorded caused by fungi-like organisms of the genus Labyrinthula. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several cases of seagrass local mycosis were also identified. In the 1960s–2000s invertebrate epizootics caused by fungi were recorded: Hyphochytrium peniliae species parasitized on the Cladocera Penilia avirostris and caused its mass death; fungus Leptolegnia pontica infected eggs of Cirripedia Balanus improvisus and significantly reduced the population fecundity; the invasion of the fungus Ostracoblabe implexa led to the destruction of the Ostrea edulis oyster populations. Currently, single cases of the lesions on the cultivated oyster Crassostrea gigas (its spat is brought from other countries) by O. edulis are noted. Fungi-epibionts were isolated from the shells of C. gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Microsporidia Steinhausia mytilovum was identified in mature oocytes of M. galloprovincialis. On the surface of fish and in their internal organs, filamentous fungi and intracellular parasites (microsporidia) were found. Fungi were revealed on the surface of bottlenose dolphins. The study of pelagial, benthal, cellulose-containing substrates', foams', periphyton, micro- and macroalgae, seagrasses mycobiota was carried out. Currently, 435 species of fungi were found in the Black Sea basin. They belong to 212 genera, 84 families, 50 orders, 19 classes, and 3 kingdoms. Totally 372 species were recorded in the marine environment, 196 were found in the freshwaters, and 31 species was recorded in the hypersaline waters. In the water column, 230 species of fungi were identified (in the hydrogen sulfide zone – 21); in the bottom sediments – 202 (in the hydrogen sulfide zone – 31); 70 species were recorded on wood; 30 – in periphyton on glasses and artificial stony supralittoral (berths, traverses); 46 – in marine foam; 50 – on/in molluscs; 18 – on the skin of dolphins; 116 – on macroalgae; 2 – on microalgae; 38 – on seagrasses; 69 – on/in fish; 14 – on/in crustaceans. The number of species found in the coastal waters of different regions is: Georgia – 8; Gelendzhik (Russia) – 56; Crimean Peninsula – 276; the north-western part of the Black Sea – 177; Romania – 112; Bulgaria – 44; Turkey – 9; Danube River – 238; Snake Island – 30. This review reflects individual studies on the fungi ability to utilize cellulose, petroleum and its products, phenol, and sulfur and to cause corrosion of metals. The first results in the study of antimicrobial activity of facultative and obligatory marine fungi of the Black Sea, as well as the ability of fungi to luminescence, are considered. This article lists directions of research in marine mycology that are perspective for the further study.


Small hyperechogenic nodules occurring in thyroiditis frequently raise the question of their nature requiring additional evaluation. Given the scarcity of the studies addressing this issue, we have investigated whether cytopathological analysis of fine needle aspirates (FNA) of these lesions may be of diagnostic relevance. In this preliminary study, we submitted to cytopathological analysis 10 nodular lesions as well as the normal counter-lateral tissue. In none but one of the cases analyzed, the cytopathology was able to detect differences between the hyperechogenic models and the hypoechogenic parenchyma suggesting that these lesions bear no-clinical relevance. Therefore, FNA of these nodules is not advisable and should be limited to those with defined at risk clinical features.


The Inter-Anglican Theological and Doctrinal Commission When David Hamid (now assistant bishop in Europe) was director of Ecumenical Affairs for the Anglican Communion, he noted the peculiar anomaly of his position. Whereas it might conventionally appear that the Anglican Communion Office from which he worked was the "headquarters" of the Anglican Communion, coordinating various Anglican activities throughout the world, in reality the situation was quite opposite. It would be more accurate, he said, to speak of the ACO as the single "branch office," answering to thirty-eight head offices-the headquarters of each of the autonomous provinces of the Communion.1 Anglicanism from its beginnings has struggled with the ecclesiological conundrum of how universal and local dimensions of the church are related, the ways in which competing loyalties to context and catholicity should be acknowledged. The current pace of cultural change and seemingly irresistible forces of globalization present distinctive challenges to the future of Anglicanism. On one hand, the Anglican vision of a "particular or national church" (as the Thirty-Nine Articles put it), deeply rooted in a particular society, embedded in the corporate life of a nation, can speak powerfully to the longing for identity and individuality offered in the gospel. On the other, every Anglican church sees itself as part of the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic church. What happens when it appears that what one local church perceives in its own situation to be an obedient response to the gospel, looks to others like the denial of universal standards of holiness and truth? It is no secret that at the time of the last Lambeth Conference, and in subsequent responses to it, many Anglicans have felt that the bonds of "communion" are being stretched to the limit. Years of talk about the rich potential of unity in diversity need to be cashed in. What is it that actually holds Anglican Christians together across differences of background or conviction? The present Inter-Anglican Theological and Doctrinal Commission was appointed in 2001 to address this question with a study of "the nature, basis and sustaining of communion in the Church, with particular reference to the Anglican Communion." The dilemma over locating where the center and the periphery of Anglican life lies also presents problems for the definition of doctrine. Even during the past twenty-five years, during which international doctrine commissions have been in existence, the Anglican Communion has not been clear about what to do with such theological deliberations. Commissions have worked within the cycle of the Lambeth Conferences, but the first report2 was not even referred to by the 1988 Conference. The second, The Virginia Report, although presented to the 1998 gathering and published with its official proceedings, shows little evidence of having been absorbed into the Communion's bloodstream. It does not yet seem to influence patterns of Anglican thought and action around the world. By way of response to both the theological and practical problems-matters of conviction as well as circumstance-the present commission has chosen to carry out its work in active conversation with member churches of the Communion. While already building up a considerable body of literature, with papers written by or for the commission and materials submitted to it, the most potent resource it has to draw on is the lived experience of how Anglicans in widely differing situations actually identify themselves, appropriate their fellowship, and discern their mission. When a report is published (probably in 2006) it is hoped that it will not just be a document produced, as it were, out of the blue, but will rather offer a theological framework for decision-making from within an established debate about how Anglicans pray, work, and make up their minds together. In the first phase of this process, a series of questions about the nature of communion and its disruption in the church were circulated throughout the Communion, to all diocesan bishops, and as many theological education centers and church news media as possible. …


Dungeons and Dragons is a popular tabletop role-playing game that has been adapted to online play. In this paper, we look at enhancing a Discord Bot called Avrae that is developed by D&D Beyond to help with online play. Avrae enables users to manage gameplay through Unix-like commands. We explore using language models to automatically translate player dialogue into Avrae's commands. We use GPT-3's few shot learning and fine tuning capabilities and achieve 64% accuracy. We also explore the reverse direction, where commands are rendered as descriptive text, suggesting that it may eventually be possible to combine Avrae and LMs to create a system that is capable of role playing alongside players.


Leftists seem to be on the rise in Latin America, but it is unclear to what extent this impacts policy. Thus, a crucial question hangs over this apparent "shift" in regional preferences: does the left have any real options to offer? Or in Latin America in an age of globalization, "what's left for the left?" The contending perspectives are compared, and then the evidence is evaluated using a series of econometric models. In sum, no discernible policy differences between the left and the rest were found. In the conclusion, the implications of this result for Latin American democracy are discussed.


Using an intragastric contrast medium (Lipiodol) the paragastric lymph nodes of 23 patients were lymphangiographed prior to laparotomy. The patients suffered from gastric or duodenal ulcers (15 cases), postresectional ulcers (3 cases), or gastric carcinoma (5 cases). The surgically resected material was examined by radiological and histological techniques. The following results were obtained: 1. After application of the contrast medium the paragastric lymph nodes could firstly be seen 5 hours later and even after 7 days and more. 2. The radiographs presented typical storage phenomena with granular or clod-like structures as an equivalent of the inflammatory lymph node alterations. Histologically a marked sinus catarrh with lipid laden reticulum cells and multinuclear giant cells of the foreign body types was observed. 3. In gastric carcinoma characteristic storage defects up to complete destruction of the lymph nodes were found as a roentgenological equivalent of lymph nodes metastases. In addition there were occasionally abnormal courses of the lymphatic vessels with variations in diameter and bizarre storage formations. 4. The described method provides a helpful tool in the diagnosis of gastric lesions. No side effects have been observed.


The paper investigates the interaction between the notions of expansiveness and admissibility. We consider a polynomially bounded discrete evolution family and define an admissibility notion via the solvability of an associated difference equation. Using the admissibility of weighted Lebesgue spaces of sequences, we give a characterization of discrete evolution families which are polynomially expansive and also those which are expansive in the ordinary sense. Thereafter, we apply the main results in order to infer continuous-time characterizations for the notions of expansiveness through the solvability of an associated integral equation.


Advances in Quantum Chemistry presents surveys of current developments in this rapidly developing field that falls between the historically established areas of mathematics, physics, chemistry, and biology. With invited reviews written by leading international researchers, each presenting new results, it provides a single vehicle for following progress in this interdisciplinary area. This volume concerns the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on the DV-X Method. The focus is on key issues of materials science, surfaces, boundaries, defects, metals, ceramics and organic materials and spectroscopy. The DV-X method is a Density Functional-like development, which has reached an unparalleled theoretical and practical sophistication in Japan and Korea. * publishes articles, invited reviews and proceedings of major international conferences and workshops * written by leading international researchers in quantum and theoretical chemistry * highlights important interdisciplinary developments


Rheumatic diseases (RDs), including osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, are non-infectious slowly progressive incurable inflammatory diseases that lead to prolonged disability due to damage to the musculoskeletal system. Pain is a dominant symptom at any stage of these diseases, is directly related to joint functioning, and determines the quality of life in patients. Moreover, despite the significant successes of studying the role of inflammation and regulation of autoimmune processes, the pathogenetic mechanisms for the development and maintenance of pain in RDs are little investigated. The nociceptive mechanisms due to inflammation and/or joint structural impairment are involved in the development of rheumatic pain. In addition, the latter is also associated with impaired signaling in the nervous system and with psychological problems in patients.At the present stage, pain treatment includes non-pharmacological interventions, as well as the use of certain pharmacological agents, in particular opioids and narcotic drugs. However, despite significant successes in the design of drugs that relieve pain, at present, a significant proportion of patients with RDs still experience pain after therapy. When designing novel drugs for the treatment of pain, it is necessary to take into account the molecular mechanisms of its development in RDs. This review considers the features of the manifestations of pain, its molecular markers and mechanisms at different stages of the disease in patients with the two most common RDs, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.


Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancer. To better understand the natural history of HPV, we assessed the incidence of type-specific HPV infection and examined risk factors for acquisition of high-risk (HR) HPV infection in Danish women. Methods: A population-based prospective cohort study of women aged 20 to 29 years was conducted. Participants were interviewed and underwent 2 gynaecological examinations 2 years apart. Women for whom Hybrid Capture 2 results were available at both visits were included in the analysis (n = 7454). Results: A HR HPV infection was acquired by 12.8% of the women during follow-up. The incidence decreased with increasing age. The commonest types were HPV16, HPV31, and HPV52. HPV66, HPV58, and HPV53 were mainly acquired with other HR types. Multiple HR types were acquired in 50% of the women who became HPV-positive during follow-up. In initially HPV-negative women age, number of sexual partners, and oral contraceptive use were the main risk factors for acquisition, particularly of multiple HR HPV types. Conclusions: HPV infections were commonly acquired. We confirmed the sexually transmitted nature of the infection. Our findings show that both the level of potential exposure and other behavioral factors increase the risk for HR HPV acquisition.


Inkjet printing of phase-change or hot melt materials allows to produce etch masks by digital and additive processing, thus enabling highly efficient fabrication of printed circuit boards, solar cells etc. Previously the binary inkjet printing with drop volumes of 50 pL was demonstrated with Xaarl26 end-shooter printheads.[1] The present work describes new results on printing with XaarlOOl printheads. These printheads offer both, grayscale printing with a subdrop volume of 6 pL and excellent reliability by way of their unique'true throughflow' capability, respectively. While the advantage of grayscale printing for high-resolution patterning is obvious and straight forward, the complexity lies in the recirculating ink systems that provide the constant ink flow through the printhead channels. A narrow temperature range has to be established throughout the total ink path, which avoids hot spots that would damage the inks as well as cold spots that counteract the ink flow rate. Print results with Sunjet Crystal HEP9520, operating between 80 °C and 90 °C, clearly show good droplet formation for 7 distinct gray levels spanning a range from 5 to 37 pL with increments of 5.3 pL at a frequency of 5 kHz.


In insects, fat body glycogen and haemolymph trehalose are principal carbohydrate reserves. Here, in Bombyx mori (Linnaeus, 1758), we report an accelerated fat body glycogen accumulation in feeding 5th instar larvae, when they reach the terminal growth period (TGP). Haemolymph trehalose and glucose levels, however, fluctuated between 7–21 mM and 0.8–10 mM, respectively, depending on the larval physiological age. Food deprivation triggered a dramatic increase in mobilization of glycogen in larvae at TGP than at active growth period (AGP), mobilized almost 78% of stored glycogen at an initial 12 h of food deprivation, possibly by increasing the percentage of active glycogen phosphorylase, as observed. This rapid glycogen mobilization, along with meeting the energy demand of starving tissues, might also have provided glucose for trehalose synthesis, as evident by observed hypertrehalosemia. A prolonged food deprivation (24–48 h) triggered hypotrehalosemia along with an increase in the enzyme activity of trehalase, and the transcript level of trehalase-2, indicating the utilization of trehalose as an energy source for the demanding tissues. Further, in TGP larvae, a prolonged food deprivation increased the level of haemolymph glucose (1.8–3.5 mM) as well as glucose/trehalose ratio, and this suggests that the fat body might have released the glucose molecules directly into the haemolymph, instead of utilizing it for trehalose synthesis, possibly to minimize the expenditure of energy. Thus, short-term food deprivation triggered an initial glycogen mobilization whereas, prolonged food deprivation led to the utilization of trehalose as an energy source. Hence, mobilization of carbohydrate reserves varied depending on the larval physiological age and the extent of food deprivation period. The future investigation can expand our understanding on the role of glucose as an important haemolymph sugar along with trehalose.


The diffusiophoretic migration of a circular cylindrical particle in a nonelectrolyte solution with a solute concentration gradient normal to its axis is analytically studied for a small but finite Péclet number Pe. The interfacial layer of interaction between the solute molecules and the particle is taken to be thin, but the polarization of its mobile molecules is allowed. Using a method of matched asymptotic expansions, we solve the governing equations of conservation of the system and obtain an explicit formula for the diffusiophoretic velocity of the cylinder correct to the order Pe2. It is found that the perturbed solute concentration and fluid velocity distributions have the order Pe, but the leading correction to the particle velocity has the higher order Pe2 ln Pe. The correction to the particle velocity to the order Pe2 can be either positive or negative depending on the polarization parameter of the thin interfacial layer, establishing that the solute convection effect is complicated and can enhance or retard the diffusiophoretic motion. The particle velocity at Pe = 0.6 can be about 17% smaller or 0.2% greater than that at Pe = 0. Under practical conditions, the solute convection effect on the diffusiophoretic velocity is much greater for a cylindrical particle than for a spherical particle, whose leading correction has the order Pe2.


High motional resistance and incompatibility with post-CMOS fabrication due to thermal budget constraints are imperative issues associated with the back-end-of-line integration of lateral extensional vibrating micromechanical resonators. This paper presents piezoelectric ZnO-on-nickel resonators as a viable means for mitigating both of the issues. Lateral extensional mode resonators equipped with thin-film piezoelectric transducers can exhibit much lower motional impedances than their capacitive counterparts due to piezo-transducers' higher electromechanical coupling coefficients. Meanwhile, the employment of electroplated nickel as the structural material allows the process temperature to be kept lower than 300 °C, which is low enough for the post-CMOS resonator fabrication. In this work, various geometrical rectangular and square plates resonators are investigated. Moreover, parallel combination of several resonators into a mechanically coupled array was explored as a systematic approach to lower motional resistance from ~1 kΩs to 0.562 kΩs. Higher order modes were investigated for achieving higher resonance frequencies up to 1.57 GHz. Local annealing by Joule heating was also exploited for quality factor improvement after device fabrication by ~2× enhancement and breaking the record of MEMS electroplated nickel resonators in lowering insertion loss to ~10 dB.


To evaluate the effect of flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) genotype and dietary choline supplementation on trimethylamine (TMA) metabolism in HyLine Brown laying hens, a 3 × 2 two-factorial arrangement was employed with FMO3 genotypes (AA, AT, and TT) and dietary choline supplemental levels (370 and 2,960 mg/kg of diet) as main effects. At 46 wk of age, 108 hens of AT genotype and 108 hens of TT genotype were randomly allotted to one of the 2 dietary treatments, and each dietary treatment consisted of 6 replicates with 9 birds each. A total of 24 hens with AA genotype was allotted to one of the 2 dietary treatments that consisted of 6 replicates with 2 hens. Hens were fed the diet with 370 mg/kg of choline supplementation for 1 wk of adaptation followed by a 6-wk trial period. Yolk TMA concentration was increased by dietary supplemental choline at 2,960 mg/kg (P < 0.05), and TT hens showed a higher TMA content in egg yolks than that in AA and AT hens (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of choline at 2,960 mg/kg increased the TMA concentration of cecal chyme (P < 0.05) and serum (P < 0.05). Hepatic FMO3 mRNA levels in hens were reduced by higher choline added to the diet (P < 0.05). The TMA and methimazole oxidation rate in AA hens was higher than those in AT and TT hens (P < 0.05). A higher choline diet decreased hepatic FMO3 activity by 33.99% (P < 0.05) and 61.39% (P < 0.05) toward TMA and methimazole, respectively. These results suggest that lower hepatic FMO3 activity caused by the mutation may be responsible for the genotype difference in the TMA metabolism. Exposure to a high dosage of dietary choline increased TMA synthesis in the cecum, suppressed activity of FMO3 in liver, and consequently aggravated the burden of TMA metabolism, especially in TT hens.


This article examines continuity, change and adaptation of blat, a Soviet-time informal economic transaction network, in today's Ukraine and Belarus. The analysis is based on 33 in-depth interviews, and the main focus is the descriptions, justifications and explanations of on-going informal participation in contemporary forms of blat. Theories on informal institutions, path dependence and the relationship between individuals and the post-Soviet state are elaborated to highlight the characteristics of contemporary blat transactions. The continued presence of blat, re-adapted to the new socio-economic circumstances, is highlighted – for instance the increased use of money in blat transactions and the growing number of autonomous bribe collectors demanding bribes in interaction with civil servants. Today's blat is a channel for giving bribes and a guarantee for good social services. Individuals justify their participation in these informal activities by placing the blame on dysfunctional laws, heavy bureaucracy, lack of state control, illicit acts by other citizens or state officials, and on low identification with an (immoral) state. Respondents also display a preference for informal solutions, which are seen as a better way of solving many everyday problems.


Ocean models at eddy‐permitting resolution are generally overdissipative, damping the intensity of the mesoscale eddy field. To reduce overdissipation, we propose a simplified, kinematic energy backscatter parametrization built into the viscosity operator in conjunction with a new flow‐dependent coefficient of viscosity based on nearest neighbor velocity differences. The new scheme mitigates excessive dissipation of energy and improves global ocean simulations at eddy‐permitting resolution. We find that kinematic backscatter substantially raises simulated eddy kinetic energy, similar to an alternative, previously proposed dynamic backscatter parametrization. While dynamic backscatter is scale‐aware and energetically more consistent, its implementation is more complex. Furthermore, it turns out to be computationally more expensive, as it applies, among other things, an additional prognostic subgrid energy equation. The kinematic backscatter proposed here, by contrast, comes at no additional computational cost, following the principle of simplicity. Our primary focus is the discretization on triangular unstructured meshes with cell placement of velocities (an analog of B‐grids), as employed by the Finite‐volumE Sea ice‐Ocean Model (FESOM2). The kinematic backscatter scheme with the new viscosity coefficient is implemented in FESOM2 and tested in the simplified geometry of a zonally reentrant channel as well as in a global ocean simulation on a 1/4° mesh. This first version of the new kinematic backscatter needs to be tuned to the specific resolution regime of the simulation. However, the tuning relies on a single parameter, emphasizing the overall practicality of the approach.


INTRODUCTION
Hyperuricemia has been associated with cardiovascular risk factors but it remains controversial if uric acid is an independent predictor of cardiac mortality.

METHODS
A total of 503 CHD patients (457 nonhypoxemic and 46 hypoxemic) and 772 control patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. Demographic, clinical, and analytical data [serum uric acid and 24h urine uric acid levels, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-pro-BNP), and C-reactive-protein (CRP) concentrations] were studied. Survivals curves to determine cardiac death and arterial thrombosis in CHD patients were also examined.

RESULTS
Noncyanotic and cyanotic CHD patients had significant higher serum uric acid concentration (5.2 ± 1.5 vs 4.9 ± 1.3mg/dL, P = .007 and 6.7 ± 2.1 vs 4.9 ± 1.3mg/dL, P < .001, respectively) and gout (1% vs 0%, P = .003 and 4% vs 0%, P < .01, respectively) than the control population. Among CHD patients, hyperuricemic patients were significant older and with overweight, used more diuretics, were more cyanotic and had higher serum creatinine, NT-pro-BNP and CRP concentrations than nonhyperuricemic. In the multivariable analysis, the body mass index (BMI) (OR 1.09; 95% CI 1.01-1.18), cyanosis (OR 6.2; 95 CI 1.5-24.6), serum creatinine concentration (OR 49; 95% CI 44-538), and being under diuretic treatment (OR 4.5; 95% CI 1.4-14.5) proved to be risk factors for hyperuricemia in CHD patients. The Kaplan-Meier events free survival curves, during a 5.2 ± 2.7 years follow-up of up time, showed that hyperuricemic CHD patients had significant higher cardiovascular death (P = .002). However, after applying the Cox regression analysis uric acid levels lost its statistical significance. No significant differences were seen in relation to thrombotic events between CHD patients with and without hyperuricemia.

CONCLUSIONS
CHD patients, noncyanotic and cyanotic, have higher serum uric acid levels and gout than patients in the general population. BMI, renal insufficiency, cyanosis, and the use of diuretics were risk factor for hyperuricemia among CHD patients.


The scarcity of financial resources is the main obstacle to improve university library services in both developed and developing countries. Examples from different countries show that lack of financial resources is an international problem. It is clear that the worldwide crisis in the economy in the 1970s negatively affected the universities and their libraries of both developed and developing countries. Librarians have therefore struggled to overcome the finance problem for several years. Today, university libraries in different countries, either developed or developing, are still complaining about the lack of financial resources for their services. But, their problems are not identical. It is seen that the universities of developed countries have found alternative income resources and have transferred some of them to their libraries. When looking at university libraries in developing countries, in addition to scarcity of financial resources, the lack of library policy regarding fiscal resources is an another barrier. Turkish university libraries are also suffering from similar problems. In this paper, the current trends related to financial resources of university libraries in a global context are described and then the situation in Turkey more specifically is discussed.


Disclaimer: Opinions expressed in the case studies and any errors or omissions therein are the responsibility of their authors and not of the editors of this volume or of the institutions with which they are affiliated. The authors of the case studies wish to disassociate the institutions with which they are associated from opinions expressed in the case studies and from any errors or omission therein.


The system of nomenclature for influenza A viruses recommended by WHO in 1971 provided a basis for the designation of these viruses into types based on their nucleoprotein antigens. Influenza A viruses were further divided into subtypes based on the antigenic character of their haemagglutinin and neuraminidase components. To review the relevance to influenza virus nomenclature of new information on the antigenic and molecular characterization of influenza A viruses a meeting was held in Atlanta, GA, USA, in November 1978 under the auspices of WHO. Although the 1971 system of nomenclature has worked well, new information on relationships between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase subtypes indicates that the number of subtypes could be reduced. However, for the present, the participants in the meeting recommend that the 1971 system should still be used, without modification, at least until a further meeting is held in 1980. In the meantime, WHO wishes to encourage studies that will further define these relationships and solicits comments relevant to the proposals outlined in this Memorandum.


Growing two or more cultivars of the same crop species in mixture reduces intra-specific competition for growth resources by inducing variation in spatial and temporal patterns of crop growth, increases competitive ability of crops against weeds and thus enhances crop yield. This study was conducted to evaluate the potentiality of wheat cultivar mixtures to reduce weed growth and increase the wheat yield under different irrigation regimes, and determine the best row mixture ratio of two wheat cultivars for better weed suppression and higher productivity of wheat. Factors included seven cultivar mixture ratios viz. sole BARI Gom 25, sole BARI Gom 30, 1:2, 2:1, 2:3, 3:2 and 1:1 of BARI Gom 25 to BARI Gom 30, and three water management practices viz. no irrigation, one irrigation at crown root initiation (CRI) stage, and two irrigation at CRI and flowering stages arranged in a split-plot design with three replications. Results clearly indicated that cultivar mixture can improve the competitive ability of wheat plants against weeds and can increase wheat productivity. Both cultivars showed better growth, higher weed suppression and increased yield when grown in mixture irrespective of ratios compared to their monoculture. Based on the combined grain yield, different mixture ratios performed in the order 1:1, 2:3, 1:2 and 2:1 BARI Gom 25 to BARI Gom 30 under two irrigation regimes. BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 30 inter-planted in 1:1 row ratio under two irrigation appeared as the best practice resulting 9% and 5.83% yield advantages over sole culture of BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 30, respectively; while mixture ratio of 3:2 resulted in 6.43% and 3.36% weed dry matter reduction over sole culture of BARI Gom 25 and BARI Gom 30, respectively. In conclusion, cultivar mixture strategy can be adopted as an effective tool for better weed management and increased yield of wheat.


In this paper an agri-food traceability system based on public key cryptography and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology is proposed. In order to guarantee safety in food, an efficient tracking and tracing system is required. RFID devices allow recording all useful information for traceability directly on the commodity. The security issues are discussed and two different methods based on public cryptography are proposed and evaluated. The first algorithm uses a nested RSA based structure to improve security, while the second also provides authenticity of data. An experimental analysis demonstrated that the proposed system is well suitable on PDAs too.


Get Synched! Learning happens when students and instructors effectively connect and communicate. NEW PERSPECTIVES ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS 2011 makes it possible. Creating a fully integrated and interactive teaching and learning environment, NEW PERSPECTIVES ON COMPUTER CONCEPTS 2011 consists of a printed book, companion Web site, media rich BookOnCD, and WebTrack assessment. Students and Instructors work in sync to explore, understand, and apply computer technology in everyday life.


The concept of job satisfaction of faculty members has great relevance for effective and productive higher education system. The present study tries to examine the job satisfaction factors like financial, working VOLUME NO: 1 (2010), ISSUE NO. 01 (MAY) ISSN 0976 2183 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN COMMERCE & MANAGEMENT (IJRCM) Ground Floor, Building No. 1041-C-1, Devi Bhawan Bazar JAGADHRI – 135 003, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana, INDIA www.ijrcm.org.in 14 condition, supervision, geographic location, advancement opportunities, organizational prestige and gender for faculty members of 32 professional colleges in Delhi National Capital Region. Conceptual framework of the study was developed and the selected convenient sample size of 188 was determined after a pilot study done for 30 not included in the study. Questionnaire having five point Likert type scale, ranking questions, having a mix of qualitative as well as quantitative research design was employed. Cronbach's alpha was used as reliability statistics. Other statistical methods engaged to analyze the data were descriptive statistics, correlation matrix, chi square test and ranking of variables. The results of this empirical study show that there is a significant relationship between four factors while gender has no role to play vis-a-vis job satisfaction. Positive satisfaction levels with job were found among faculties and they would remain in their present jobs only if they have advancement opportunities closely followed by organizational prestige and financial factors.


ABSTRACT Manuscript surveys, digitization efforts, database building: all have been pursued in the past fifteen years at the Centre for the Study of the Sociology and Aesthetics of Music (CESEM) in Lisbon's Universidade Nova. In so doing, the materiality of medieval and Renaissance codices has been both confronted and abstracted from. Digital tools have been used to expand the reach of past methodologies, but research has also been transformed by their power and ubiquity. This paper will contrast the situation before and after 2010, addressing the ways in which Lisbon-based research on music-related codices and fragments has furthered awareness of their characteristics. The manuscripts referred to include the Ajuda songbook, the Cantigas de Santa Maria codices, and, among the many manuscripts included in the Portuguese Early Music database, the twelfth-century plenary Missal in the Salamanca University Library.


The paper presents results of study on two morphologically very similar lichens in Poland, P. multipuncta (Turner) Nyl. and P. ophthalmiza (Nyl.) Nyl. (Pertusariales, Ascomycota). Previously, specimens were determined using only thallus characters and spot test reaction, with no data on lichen substances. This led to several misidentifications. After the revision of all available material of P. multipuncta from Poland it appeared to be reported correctly only from one locality in Gorce Mts. Most of other specimens belong to P. ophthalmiza , which has not been recorded in Polish lichenological literature until 2008.


This research paper focusses on the competences expected from computer science novices in the domain of basic programming and how they can be classified. By means of a qualitative content analysis of current learning objectives at German universities and the perspective of university teachers, basic programming competencies are identified. Since the competency model proposed by the German Society of Computer Science (GI) reveals several deficits, competencies are classified along the Anderson Krathwohl Taxonomy (AKT) of learning, teaching and assessing. As a result, dimensions and subtypes of the AKT are revised towards a model specific to computer science aiming at the classification of programming competencies according to their cognitive complexity and knowledge dimension. The adaptation of the educational model can thereby help standardize curricula, and develop assessments and corresponding items in the future.


MgFe 2 O 4 -B/Ag 3 VO 4 visible light active photocatalyst was successfully synthesized for the photocatalytic decolorization of organic pollutants. Malachite green (MG) was selected as a model dye representing those pollutant chemicals. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Malachite green (MG) decolorization was carried out by visible light irradiation of a 105 W tungsten light source. Decolorization yield and kinetic studies were traced by the help of a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Kinetic model of decolorization was derived from Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model and found coherent to first order kinetics. Catalysis reaction showed high dependency on pH especially out of 5-7 range which gave high decolorization. Photocatalytic activity also depended on concentration with dual character in which high concentration hindered the light coming to catalyst surface but on the other hand it supported the activity by boosting the dark adsorption resulting in a decolorization time changing from 40 to 100 min. After the reaction was completed, powders of catalyst were effortlessly removed from the medium by a magnet bar. It was shown that MgFe 2 O 4 -B/Ag 3 VO 4 photocatalyst has a potential to be simple and efficient alternative material for the removal pollution resources from wastewaters.


A kinetic characterization is presented for intron insertion into a target duplex DNA site during L1.ltrB intron mobility. This reaction is catalyzed by a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP), consisting of a lariat form of group II intron RNA and the intron-encoded LtrA protein. In the first stage of intron mobility, the RNA component of the enzyme by itself inserts directly into the target ds DNA site, and thus, the RNP enzyme does not carry out turnover. Using single-turnover kinetics, we established an in vitro kinetic assay system and investigated mechanism of the intron RNA insertion process.


SUMMARY It is argued that the association of any two random elements with positive joint probability density function is characterized by its odds ratio function. The impact of this fundamental result is explored in two applications. In Bayesian analyses it is the association between an observable random variable and a random parameter that is of primary interest. In multivariate analysis it is the association between two random vectors that is investigated. If two random elements are strongly related the corresponding conditional distributions can well be separated. A concept of dependence therefore implies an approach to solving problems of discrimination. Discrimination based on the characterization of association by the odds ratio function is exemplified in Bayesian inference and in multivariate analysis.


This study assessed the use of an integrated biophysical process incorporating the addition of powdered activated carbon (PAC) to a dual-sludge biological process, in order to improve the removal of problematic contaminants from complex herbicides production wastewater. The main focus was on the removal of nitrogen compounds, total organic carbon (TOC), and halogenated organics (AOX). The dual-sludge pilot setup comprised a conventional activated sludge (CAS) system followed by a membrane bioreactor (MBR) system. The dilution ratio of raw wastewater was gradually decreased (with groundwater) from 0.8 to 0 (no dilution), and PAC was added in the last phase of the study to maintain an equilibrium concentration of 2000 mg/L. PAC addition stimulated a high and steady removal (98%) of the ammoniacal nitrogen, conforming to the sea discharge limit of 5 mg/L. However, the effluent concentrations of total nitrogen, TOC, and AOX were still above the stringent discharge limits of 20, 100 and 0.5 mg/L respectively. Furthermore, it was shown that synergistic effect of various toxic organic compounds, rather than mineral salinity, was the major cause for the acute inhibitions of nitrification and AOX removal. The study showed that the proposed process can function as an efficient treatment system for the complex wastewater typically produced in the herbicide industry, however, it is recommended that complementary physico-chemical treatment steps be added to the treatment process.


There is broad scientific interest in lamellar zeolitic materials for a large variety of technological applications. The traditional synthetic methodologies towards two-dimensional (2D) zeolitic precursors have made a great impact in the construction of families of related zeolites; however, the connection between structurally distinct 2D zeolitic precursors is much sparser by comparison, resulting in a synthetic obstacle that theoretically limits the types of zeolites that can be constructed based on each building layer. Herein, we report a Ge-recycle strategy for a topotactic conversion between different 2D zeolitic precursors through a three-dimensional (3D) germanosilicate. Specifically, the intermediate germanosilicate can be constructed within 150 min by taking advantage of its structural similarity with the parent lamellar precursor. This novel process enables the conversion of one 2D zeolite structure into another distinct structure, thus overcoming the synthetic obstacle between two families of zeolitic materials.


The author would like to correct a misplaced decimal in the amount of fluoxetine the patient was taking. In the third sentence of the Case Report section, the sentence should read: She was taking allopurinol 300 mg twice daily, fluoxetine 15 mg daily, ibuprofen 200 mg twice daily as needed, metformin 500 mg twice daily, and glipizide 300 mg twice daily. Reference: 1. Alaa A. Alhubaishi: Pancytopenia and Septic Infection Caused by Concurrent Use of Allopurinol and Mercaptopurine: A Case Report Illustrating the Importance of Clinical Pharmacist Consultation. Am J Case Rep 2019; 20: 1245-1247. DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.914166.


AIMS
To describe the level of work engagement of active healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic, and its relationship with psychological distress according to the professional category.

BACKGROUND
Healthcare professionals working on the front line of the COVID-19 pandemic are at risk of psychological distress, and work engagement could be a positive attitude that could serve as a protective factor.

METHODS
Cross-sectional observational study of 1459 healthcare professionals. Psychological distress was measured with the General Health Questionnaire and work engagement with the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. Data were analysed with bivariate analyses and correlations.

RESULTS
Psychological distress was reported by 80.6% of healthcare professionals. Work engagement as high with a total mean score of 5.04 (SD=1.14). The results showed that distressed professionals showed significantly lower levels of work engagement.

CONCLUSIONS
The present study identified psychological distress and work engagement experienced by healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of the variables included in the study revealed a significant relationship with psychological distress and work engagement.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING MANAGEMENT
The relationship between the working conditions with psychological distress and work engagement suggests that improvements in the workplace are needed to promote protective measure for the mental health of healthcare professionals.


Linear matrix inequality (LMI) based delay-dependent stability analysis/synthesis methods have been applied to power system load frequency control (LFC) which has communication networks in its loops. However, the computational burden of solving large-scale LMIs poses a great challenge to the application of those methods to real-world power systems. This paper investigates the computational aspect of delay-dependent stability analysis (DDSA) of LFC. The basic idea is to improve the numerical tractability of DDSA by exploiting the chordal sparsity and symmetry of the graph related to LFC loops. The graph-theoretic analysis yields the structure restrictions of weighting matrices needed for the LMIs to inherit the chordal sparsity of the control loops. By enforcing those structure restrictions on weighting matrices, the positive semidefinite constraints in the LMIs can be decomposed into smaller ones, and the number of decision variables can be greatly reduced. Symmetry in LFC control loops is also exploited to reduce the number of decision variables. Numerical studies show the proposed structure-exploiting techniques significantly improves the numerical tractability of DDSA at the cost of the introduction of acceptable minor conservatism.


The resistance of materials to liquid impingement erosion and to cavitation erosion are considered related properties. Hence, test methods dealing with these erosion mechanisms that are covered by ASTM standards are considered as alternative tests for some applications.These methods consist of vibratory cavitation erosion, cavitating liquid jet erosion, and liquid impingement erosion. Meaningful comparison between test results obtained by these test methods depends on a high degree of repeatability and reproducibility within each test method. These prerequisites are not met in the prevailing standards, hence it is very difficult to convert test results between them. Increasing repeatability and reproducibility within each test method are possible. This requires the preparation of the unified specimens in a controlled way, and the application of relevant comparison criteria.


Many researchers have evaluated different parts of UMLTM and have come up with suggestions for improvements to different parts of the language. This chapter looks at UML (version 1.4) as a whole, and contains an overview evaluation of UML and how it is described in the OMGTM standard. The evaluation is done using a general framework for understanding quality of models and modeling languages in the information systems field. The evaluation is based on both practical experiences and more theoretical evaluations of UML. Based on the evaluation, we conclude that although being an improvement over it is predecessors, UML still has many limitations and deficiencies, both related to the expressiveness and comprehensibility of the language. Although work is well underway for the next version of UML (version 2.0), not all of the important problems seem to be addressed in the upcoming new version of the language.


Impinging/overriding dorsal spinous processes of the thoracolumbar vertebrae are a common cause of poor performance in horses. In the last five decades, numerous surgical treatments have been reported on, from transverse transection of the affected dorsal spinous processes, endoscopic resection of the affected dorsal spinous processes, to transection of the interspinous ligament. Until recently, cosmetic outcomes have been reported as good to excellent in studies. However, a previously unreported complication of neurogenic atrophy of the contralateral epaxial muscle following desmotomy of the interspinous ligament has been recently reported. The authors hypothesised that this was because of a more lateral approach than previously described, resulting in the scissors being too far across midline and transecting a nerve in the region. Considering this finding, we have reviewed the literature on the neuroanatomy of the thoracolumbar region in the horse. Literature on the neuroanatomy of the horse is lacking when compared to that of humans and companion animals, with most of the work extrapolated from companion animals. Based on the current literature, we hypothesise that transection of an intermediate branch of the dorsal spinal nerve supplying the m. longissimus is potentially the cause of the post-operative neurogenic atrophy. The lack of detailed knowledge of the neural anatomy of the equine back has resulted in the role of local anaesthesia in localising pain in the equine back being poorly understood. The wide variation in techniques used for localising back pain may explain why some horses suffering from poor performance or an abnormal gait because of back pain, improve to local anaesthesia of the back while others do not. This review article highlights a lack of anatomical knowledge regarding the equine thoracolumbar region in the literature despite diagnostic local anaesthesia, medication, and surgery in this area being relatively common.


We study electromagnetic wave propagation in a periodic and frequency dependent material characterized by a space- and frequency-dependent complex-valued permittivity. The spectral parameter relates to the time-frequency, leading to spectral analysis of a holomorphic operator-valued function. We apply the Floquet transform and show for a fixed quasi-momentum that the resulting family of spectral problems has a spectrum consisting of at most countably many isolated eigenvalues of finite multiplicity. These eigenvalues depend continuously on the quasi-momentum and no nonzero real eigenvalue exists when the material is absorptive. Moreover, we reformulate the special case of a rational operator-valued function in terms of a polynomial operator pencil and study two-component dispersive and absorptive crystals in detail.


Branchwidth is a connectivity parameter of graphs closely related to treewidth. Graphs of treewidth at most k can be generated algorithmically as the subgraphs of k-trees: starting with Kk+1 one repeatedly chooses a k-clique C and adds a new vertex adjacent to vertices in C. In this paper we give an analogous algorithm for generating the graphs of branchwidth at most k. To this end we first investigate the family of edge-maximal graphs of branchwidth k, that we call k-branches. The k-branches are, just as the k-trees, a subclass of the chordal graphs where all minimal separators have size k. However, a striking difference arises when considering subgraph-minimal members of the family. Whereas Kk+1 is the only minimal k-tree, we show that for any k ≥ 7 a minimal k-branch having q maximal cliques exists for any value of q 6∈ {3, 5}, except for k = 8, q = 2. We give a precise characterization of minimal k-branches for all values of k. Our investigation culminates in a non-deterministic generation algorithm, that adds one or two new maximal cliques in each step, yielding as output exactly the k-branches. Full draft is avalaible as LIRMM RR05-048 at http://www.lirmm.fr/~paul CNRS LIRMM, Montpellier, France, firstname.lastname@example.com CIS Dept., Univ of Oregon, USA Dept. of Informatics, Univ. of Bergen, Norway, email@example.com Research conducted while on sabbatical at LIRMM


The present manuscript describe simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate, precise and economical first derivative spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of diazepam and propranolol hydrochloride in combined tablet dosage form. The derivative spectrophotometric method was based on the determination of both the drugs at their respective zero crossing point (ZCP). The first order derivative spectra was obtained in 0.05M methanolic sulphuric acid and the determinations were made at 248 nm (ZCP of propranolol hydrochloride) for diazepam and 242 nm (ZCP of diazepam) for propranolol hydrochloride. The linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 2.5-30 μg/ml for both diazepam and propranolol hydrochloride. The mean recovery was 99.77 ± 1.39 and 100.6 ± 1.18 % for diazepam and propranolol hydrochloride, respectively. The method was found to be simple, sensitive, accurate and precise and was applicable for the simultaneous determination of diazepam and propranolol hydrochloride in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form. The results of analysis have been validated statistically and by recovery studies.


Mortality from malignant pleural neoplasms in Italy, 1980-87, was studied in order to detect areas at risk. The number of observed deaths occurring in each of the 8000 Italian municipalities was contrasted to the expected figure obtained from regional and/or national rates; whenever a significant increase, based on at least three observed cases, was detected, the municipality was included in the study. The main findings in Piedmont concern the city of Casale Monferrato, where an important asbestos cement factory is located, and some areas characterized by the presence of the textile industry. Genoa and other harbours of the northwestern coast, where important shipyards are located, were detected. In Lombardy an increased in risk concerning women was observed in several municipalities. Major increases in risk were seen in Venice. Trieste and Monfalcone, where important shipyards are located. In Tuscany, the highest risk was reported in Leghorn and surrounding areas; naval industry and chemical industries should be considered. In southern Italy, several cities with industrial harbours were shown to be at risk.


1. The filter feeding of four species of leaf-mining chironomid larvae with and without functional haemoglobin was studied at different oxygen concentrations. 2. Two red species, Glyptotendipes pallens and Endochironomus dispar , showed at low oxygen concentrations a reduced amount of filter feeding after treatment with carbon monoxide (to render the haemoglobin functionless). The blood pigment is therefore of significance to these larvae in increasing the amount of feeding possible at low oxygen concentrations. 3. Two pale species, Endochironomus tendens and E. albipennis , however, despite their having little haemoglobin, were nevertheless capable of filter feeding in water poor in oxygen. 4. The capacity to live anaerobically was greatest in the red species. 5. In potassium cyanide solutions, on the other hand, the red Glyptotendipes pallens larvae were more rapidly affected than the pale Endochironomus tendens larvae. It is tentatively suggested, therefore, that the ability of the larvae poor in haemoglobin to filter feed at low oxygen concentrations may be due to their possession of respiratory enzyme systems, alternative to the cyanide-sensitive type, which are efficient at low oxygen pressures.


Farnesyl transferase inhibitors (FTIs) were shown to be effective in modulating tumor growth in Ras‐transformed tumor cells. Recent studies have focused on Rho GTPases as putative targets of FTI action. Previously, we demonstrated that FTIs were effective in inhibiting the growth and invasiveness of RhoC GTPase‐overexpressing inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) cells however, RhoC activity was increased. In this study, we examine the mechanisms of FTI action on breast cancer cells in culture through modulation of RhoC and RhoA GTPases. We found that FTI inhibition of breast cancer cell growth was reversible and resembled what has been described for an in vitro model of tumor cell dormancy. On FTI treatment, levels of active RhoA decreased significantly, whereas levels of active RhoC increased 3.8‐fold. We studied the role of these two GTPases in a fibronectin and basic FGF‐induced model of breast cancer cell dormancy. Hypoactivation of RhoA and hyperactivation of RhoC were seen to induce morphology and growth changes consistent with tumor cell dormancy in culture. In addition, the JNK/SAPK pathway was induced on FTI treatment. A pharmacologic inhibitor of the JNK/SAPK pathway significantly reduced the number of dormant cells. This study has implications for the use of FTIs as therapeutic agents as well as potential mechanisms for breast cancer cell dormancy.


In recent years, an apparent decline in human sperm quality has been observed worldwide. One in every 5.5 couples suffers from infertility, with male reproductive problems contributing to nearly 40% of all infertility cases. Although the reasons for the increasing number of infertility cases are largely unknown, both genetic and environmental factors can be contributing factors. In particular, exposure to chemical substances during mammalian male germ cell development has been linked to an increased risk of infertility in later life owing to defective sperm production, reproductive tract obstruction, inflammation, and sexual disorders. Prenatal exposure to nanomaterials (NMs) is no exception. In animal experiments, maternal exposure to NMs has been reported to affect the reproductive health of male offspring. Male germ cells require multiple epigenetic reprogramming events during their lifespan to acquire reproductive capacity. Given that spermatozoa deliver the paternal genome to oocytes upon fertilization, we hypothesized that maternal exposure to NMs negatively affects male germ cells by altering epigenetic regulation, which may in turn affect embryo development. Small non-coding RNAs (including microRNAs, PIWI-interacting RNAs, tRNA-derived small RNAs, and rRNA-derived small RNAs), which are differentially expressed in mammalian male germ cells in a spatiotemporal manner, could play important regulatory roles in spermatogenesis and embryogenesis. Thus, the evaluation of RNAs responsible for sperm fertility is of great interest in reproductive toxicology and medicine. However, whether the effect of maternal exposure to NMs on spermatogenesis in the offspring (intergenerational effects) really triggers multigenerational effects remains unclear, and infertility biomarkers for evaluating paternal inheritance have not been identified to date. In this review, existing lines of evidence on the effects of prenatal exposure to NMs on male reproduction are summarized. A working hypothesis of the transgenerational effects of sperm-derived epigenomic changes in the F1 generation is presented, in that such maternal exposure could affect early embryonic development followed by deficits in neurodevelopment and male reproduction in the F2 generation.


Modern scholarship on deliberative rhetoric in medieval England often examines traditions of counsel that emerged out of classical democratic norms. However, John Gower's definition of rhetoric in book 7 of the Confessio amantis describes a deliberative rhetorical practice specifically adapted for use by an authoritative monarch. Drawing on his inherited Aristotelian tradition, Gower depicts an embodied theory of deliberative rhetoric that depends on a sovereign's reasoned capacity for deliberation and dissemination of truth in plain language. He illustrates the political possibilities that accompany this rhetorical practice through his extended discussion of the Lucrece myth. By examining his English-language Fürstenspiegel, we can better understand the close relationship between symbolic interpretation, rhetorical practice, and virtue.


In this study, to determine the characteristic features of sexual crime cases and to evaluate the existing differences related to sexual crime cases in the base of changes made in Turkish Penalty Law were aimed. All decisions belong to lawsuit files those were arrived a decision in Samsun 1st Penalty Courts between the years 1999-2003 were examined and lawsuits about sexual crime cases were included in the study. While all the accuseds were found out as males, only 9,4% of victims were males. Those were found out that the most of accuseds (43,4%) were in the groups of 21-30 years while the most of the victims (31,6%) were in 16-18 years. The most frequently sexual crimes reflected to law court were determined as to violate crimes. All of the individuals belonging to medicine or law, who's interested with medical and judicial aspect of sexual crimes, must be informed about characteristic features of sexual crimes beside new legislation. Sexual crimes evaluation centres must be organized in every cities and big countries.Key words: Sexual crime, sexual assault, accused, victim, court decisions.


We investigated the participation of local ethnic groups in wetland conservation, determined the economic benefits that they received from the wetlands, and assessed socioeconomic factors that affect dependency on wetlands. A total of 217 wetland resource-user households residing around Ghodaghodi Lake, western Nepal were surveyed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-tests and ordinary least squares regressions. The wetland resources contributed significantly to the household economy of the local people. Each household extracted lake resources at an annual worth of NPR 4379 ($63 USD), equivalent to 12.4% of the household total gross income. Although the people maintained a positive attitude toward wetland conservation, their participation in conservation efforts was inadequate. Socioeconomic factors such as larger household size, older age of the head of the family, and larger area of agricultural land increased the rate of resource extraction. In contrast, when households were involved with local conservation organizations, resource extraction was reduced. We recommend the following resource conservation and livelihood strategies: implementation of community-based conservation approaches to increase system productivity, adoption of biogas plants, and improved cooking stoves to reduce fuelwood consumption, coupled with conservation awareness programs.


The WTO negotiations dragged on for over seven years because of the divergent interests of the WTO members. Even among the developed countries, the United States (US) has different interests compared to the European Union (EU). The US is aggressively demanding for significant reduction in tariffs. Compared to the US, the EU is unable to lower its tariffs drastically because further tariff reductions will erode border protection for some of its important agricultural products. In this study, EU agricultural products are examined by tariff lines at eight digit level to reveal the sensitive agricultural products in the EU. These products are butter, skim milk powder, beef meat, poultry meat, pig meat, white sugar, wheat, barley, and maize. A spreadsheet model is used as an analysis tool to complement the various modelling approaches in identifying the sensitive agricultural products of the EU. The spreadsheet projection model is a simple forecasting model that uses a set of projection values from other models to predict possible outcomes. The sensitivity of EU agricultural products is analysed with various exchange rates (USD 0.90 per Euro to USD 1.50 per Euro), different tariff reduction formulas (according to the EU proposal, WTO draft proposal, and US proposal), and the scale limits in the Draft formula and US formula. Out of the many proposals submitted to the WTO for the tariff reduction formula, the US proposal is the most extreme and the EU proposal is the most lenient with the G-20 proposal and the WTO draft proposal being in the middle. It is natural that the EU proposal will generate a lower number of sensitive products compared to the WTO draft proposal, and the US proposal will generate the highest number of sensitive products. The results demonstrate that cereals such as wheat, barley, and maize are the most resilient to the erosion of border protection due to further reduction in tariffs in the projected Doha Round. In contrast, poultry meat has the weakest border protection in the projected Doha Round. The examined EU agricultural products are very sensitive to the fluctuations of exchange rate. In the projected Doha Round, there are no sensitive agricultural products in the EU if the Euro is very weak – USD 0.90 per Euro. On the contrary, a very strong Euro (USD 1.50 per Euro) will create the highest amount of sensitive products in the projected Doha Round. WTO members are entitled to select and designate an appropriate number of sensitive products. Proposals have extended from as little as one percent to as much as fifteen percent of tariff lines. The EU has proposed eight percent of the tariff lines to be designated as sensitive products in contrast to the proposal for only one percent by the US and G-20 group. The WTO draft proposal estimated that the number of sensitive products may be between four to eight percent of all agricultural tariff lines. Thus, the EU may be eligible to designate between 88 to 176 tariff lines as sensitive products. This study has analysed only nine tariff lines out of the 2200 tariff lines for EU agricultural products. The examined EU agricultural products may represent other tariff lines in the same product category, but potential sensitive products at eight digit level have to be analysed individually in order to choose the correct and exact number of sensitive products for the EU. Index words: EU, Doha Round, agriculture, tariffs, exchange rates, sensitive agricultural products, border protection, WTO draft proposal, EU proposal, US proposal


This paper discusses two patterns of language mixing involving verbal predicates produced by bilingual speakers, the so-called light verb construction and the so-called affixal pattern. The empirical focus of the study is on Greek-German and Cypriot Greek-English varieties, which are contrasted to the Spanish-German variety discussed in González-Vilbazo and López (2011). An analysis of the constructions is offered using the tools of Distributed Morphology and Minimalist Syntax. The paper shows that bilingual speakers have very detailed knowledge of fine properties of their two linguistic systems that become apparent in the context of building verbs.


A soluble-support-assisted technique was successfully applied to electrochemical reactions, leading to anodic disulfide bond formation. The support-bound peptide was soluble in electrolyte solution, allowing electron transfer at the surface of the electrodes. After completion of the reaction, the support-bound product was recovered as a precipitate by simple dilution of the reaction mixture with poor solvent.


The three most common primary bone cancers are osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. Osteosarcoma occurs most often in children and young adults, with a peak incidence at ages 10 to 14 years. It also can occur later in life due to malignant transformation of benign bone lesions. Osteosarcoma occurs most commonly around the knee, but can occur in other bones. Management varies depending on tumor characteristics and involves chemotherapy and surgery. Ewing sarcoma is most common in teenagers. It occurs most commonly in long bones but can occur in the pelvis and other bones. Management involves surgical resection when possible, along with chemotherapy and occasionally radiation therapy. Chondrosarcoma typically occurs in patients 40 years and older. It can occur as a primary tumor or from malignant transformation of benign bone tumors. Chondrosarcomas are relatively resistant to chemoradiation, so surgery is the standard therapy. When any of these tumors is suspected, patients should be instructed to avoid weight-bearing on the affected extremity to help prevent pathologic fracture while evaluation is completed. Imaging with x-rays and occasionally magnetic resonance imaging study are the initial diagnostic steps. If imaging suggests a primary bone cancer, prompt referral to an orthopedic oncology subspecialist is indicated.