Electric power systems could benefit from a device that would limit the magnitude of short-circuit current. A switched resistor fault current limiter requires a commutating switch capable of interrupting current without the benefit of a natural current zero. The unstable diffuse plasma discharge between electrodes in a cylindrical geometry might be capable of such a task but the phenomena involved in this discharge is not completely understood. To develop a detailed model of this unstable discharge, measurements of the plasma density as a function of position and time were made using a double probe. A maximum density of 5 x 1020 m-3 was measured 90 mm from the cathode of this diffuse copper vapor discharge in vacuum.


In this paper, we consider the problem of evaluating the capacity of a LoRaWAN cell. Previous analytical studies investigated LoRaWAN performance in terms of the Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) given a number of devices around a gateway and its range. We improve the model for PDR by taking into consideration that the following two events are dependent: successful capture during a collision and successful frame decoding despite ambient noise. We consider a realistic traffic model in which all devices generate packets with the same inter-transmission times corresponding to the duty cycle limitation at the highest SF, regardless of the distance to the gateway. Based on the developed model, we optimize the Spreading Factor (SF) boundaries to even out PDR throughout the cell. We validate the analytical results with simulations, compare our model with previous work, and experimentally validate the hypothesis of Rayleigh fading for the LoRa channel. The important conclusion from our results is that a LoRa cell can handle a relatively large number of devices. We also show that there is practically no inter-SF interference (cross interference between transmissions with different SFs): interference from higher SFs comes from nodes located farther away, so they face greater attenuation and thus, they do not interfere with lower SF nodes.


OBJECTIVES
To describe the perceived needs, preparedness, and emotional distress of male caregivers of postsurgical patients with gynecologic cancer during the transition from hospital to home.
.

SAMPLE & SETTING
50 male caregivers of patients with gynecologic cancer on an inpatient unit at University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center in Cleveland, OH.
.

METHODS & VARIABLES
Caregiver needs, perceived preparedness, and emotional distress were measured at admission and at one week postdischarge. Instruments included the Comprehensive Needs Assessment Tool for Cancer Caregivers, Preparedness for Caregiving Scale, and National Comprehensive Cancer Network Distress Thermometer. The analysis consisted of descriptive statistics, Spearman's correlations, and univariate linear regressions.
.

RESULTS
At both time points, male caregivers' greatest needs were interaction with the healthcare staff and information. Perceived preparedness was not associated with emotional distress. Male caregivers who were young, were employed, were unmarried, and had a lower income had greater needs.
.

IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING
A relational nursing care approach that maintains effective communication with male caregivers is essential. Nurses should broaden the caregiver assessment beyond the practical care of the patient.


Last week, I wrote about the crucial role that the development of rural infrastructure plays in creating the type of living environment that would attract young people to a career in farming. Since farming operations are located mostly within rural economies, it seems logical to assume that growth and development of the agricultural sector would be a catalyst for rural development. However, research carried out by the University of the Western Cape's Institute for Poverty, Land and Agrarian Studies (PLAAS) has shown that there is not necessarily a direct correlation between agricultural development and inclusive rural economic growth and job creation. What matters is the manner in which agricultural development is achieved.


Innovations in global mental health have focused on addressing the 'supply side' barriers to reduce the treatment gap and, in doing so, have redefined three core assumptions regarding mental health care, namely, what comprises a mental health care intervention, who is a mental health care provider and what is a mental health care setting. However, such innovations alone will not reduce the treatment gap because of the gap between the understanding of mental disorder that mental health specialists use, best illustrated through the diagnostic systems and the epidemiological instruments arising from them, and how the rest of the world conceptualises psychological suffering. It is this 'credibility' gap that needs to be bridged in three key ways: first, to distinguish mental disorders that could benefit from biomedical interventions from milder distress states; to offer interventions for distress states mainly through low intensity psychosocial interventions delivered outside the formal health care system; and to base the descriptions of diagnostic categories on the patterns of phenomena observed in general populations, rather than those observed in specialist settings.


the design of digital Boolean and switching minimization of logic, analysis and design of combinational and sequential logic circuits. measurement and theorems, storage elements, sinusoids and 222 and FNRS 222L) and (FNRS 205 and FNRS 205L) or FOR 205) and Coreq: FNRS 311L. The theory and practice of controlling forest stand establishment, composition, structure, and growth. Systems include: reproduction methods, release operations, and intermediate treatments. Pre-requisite(s) and/or co-requisite(s) may differ on regional campuses. 311L.


The papers in this proceedings were presented at the World Environmental & Water Resources Congress 2009, which was held in Kansas City, Missouri from May 17 to 21. This annual conference is an important opportunity for professionals in the environmental and water resources fields to convene and focus on issues facing our world. The theme of this year's technical program is the Great Rivers of the World. This proceedings illuminates the engineering challenges of addressing the important environmental and development issues while focusing on the need for a sustainable future.


Classification of network vulnerability is critical to detection and risk analysis of network vulnerability. A broad range of classification methods have been proposed in literature. This paper reviews a total of 25 selected approaches and identifies the differences and relations among them. It also points out some open issues for research in this field.


We investigate the quantum structure of Witten's cubic open bosonic string field theory by computing the one-loop contribution to the open string tadpole using both oscillator and conformal field theory methods. We find divergences and a breakdown of BRST invariance in the tadpole diagram arising from tachyonic and massless closed string states, and we discuss ways of treating these problems. For a Dp-brane with sufficiently many transverse dimensions, the tadpole can be rendered finite by analytically continuing the closed string tachyon by hand; this diagram then naturally incorporates the (linearized) shift of the closed string background due to the presence of the brane. We observe that divergences at higher loops will doom any straightforward attempt at analyzing general quantum effects in bosonic open string field theory on a Dp-brane of any dimension, but our analysis does not uncover any potential obstacles to the existence of a sensible quantum open string field theory in the supersymmetric case.


In cloud computing user can easily share and modify data inside group. Here data integrity can be easily ensured by using the public signature of existing users in the cloud group. By using data sharing services in cloud user can able modify data as a group on cloud. Integrity of these services can be improved using signature of public existing users on group. Shared data is divided into blocks. All user are responsible for modifying data on different blocks. When any user shows malicious activity in group then that user must be revoked for security purpose. So the block modified by that user must be re-sign by existing users in group. Traditional way to re-sign this is to down load part of data and re-sign it at the time of revocation of user. But this approach is not efficient for large amount of data being shared. This paper gives novel method for auditing integrity of shared data and provide effective way for user revocation. It uses the concept of proxy re-signature to avoid the downloading of re-signed block by existing user.


Oculo-facio-cardio-dental syndrome consists of (1) eye anomalies: congenital cataract and microphthalmia, or secondary glaucoma, (2) facial abnormalities: (long narrow face, high nasal bridge, pointed nose with cartilages separated at the tip, cleft palate, or submucous cleft palate, (3) cardiac anomalies: atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), or floppy mitral valve; and (4) dental abnormalities: canine radiculomegaly, delayed dentition, oligodontia, persistent primary teeth, or variable root length. Other less common findings are: sensorineural hearing loss, septate vagina, and syndactyly of toes 2-3. Inheritance may be an X-linked dominant trait, lethal in the male.


A detailed ichnological analysis, for the first time, has been preformed on Upper Eocene-Lower Oligocene Transition of Manipur, Indo-Myanmar Ranges (Northeast India). Previous trace fossil analyses in India are scarce and usually poorly detailed, especially with respect to Cenozoic materials. Sediments from the Disang and Barail groups contain a relatively abundant and moderately diverse trace fossil assemblage that has been characterized at the ichnogenus and ichnospecies level. ?Arenicolites Salter 1857, Helminthopsis tenuis Ksi˛a . zkiewicz 1968, Ophiomorpha nodosa Lundgren 1891, Phycodes palmatus (Hall 1852), Planolites montanus Richter 1937, Rhizocorallium jenense Zenker 1836, Thalassinoides paradoxicus (Woodward 1830) and Skolithos linearis (Haldeman 1840) have been described therein in detail, most of them for the first time in the Manipur state. This ichno-assemblage represents the record of classical Skolithos and/or Cruziana ichnofacies, being characteristic of a shallow-marine environment, with occasional high-energy


There are several important factors related to political conflict associated with arctic wilderness areas: scientific studies, economic interests, ethnic identities, geographic differences, and national histories. How groups with an interest in these wilderness areas inject their values into these factors stimulates political debate with each other and with stewarding agency officials. Analyzing the mixed currents of scientific, economic, ethnic, geo- graphic, and historical values of user groups can help officials better appreciate the politics of managing wilderness areas. This work also points out three shared goals of the eight arctic nation-states for managing wilderness areas in the circumpolar region.


We analyze a standard adaptive finite element method (AFEM) for second order semi-linear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) with vanish- ing boundary over a polyhedral domain in R d , d ≥ 2. Based on a posteriori error estimates using standard residual technique, we prove the contraction property for the weighted sum of the energy error and the error estimator between two consecu- tive iterations, which also leads to the convergence of AFEM. The obtained result is based on the assumptions that the initial mesh or triangulation is sufficiently refined and the nonlinear inhomogeneous term f(x,u(x)) is Lipschitz in the second variable.


The map matching problem is, given a spatial road network and a sequence of locations of an object moving on the network, to identify the path in the network that the moving object passed through. In this paper, an integer programming formulation for the offline map matching problem is presented. This is the first approach that gives the optimal solution with respect to a widely used objective function for map matching.


In a Leguminous seedling, and probably in most young Dicotyledons, the rapidly growing leaves near the apex of the shoot inhibit the growth of axillary buds (except of those that are very close bebeath them), and they also tend to inhibit the growth of other shoots, if any are present, and subsequently to kill them. But at the same time they promote the elongation of their own shoot below them, and also stimulate its growth in thickness. The question therefore arises how it is that the growing leaves tend to affect other shoots in the opposite way to that in which they affect their own shoot. This question was brought to notice very clearly by experiments previously reported (Snow 1931, b ). For it was found that in a young pea or broad bean plant that possessed two equal shoots springing from the same level, if one of the shoots was deprived of its growing leaves, it was quickly inhibited in growth by the other shoot, and was killed after about 4 weeks. The question therefore arose how it was that the defoliated shoots were inhibited and killed by the intact shoots, of which the rapidly growing leaves are the inhibiting members, whereas the growth of the intact shoots themselves was not inhibited, but increased, by their own growing leaves above them. It was made clear that the explanation must be that the defoliated shoots were differently situated in relation to the growing leaves of the intact shoots; and it was pointed out that they were differently situated in that, firstly, any influence entering them from these leaves must be travelling upwards in them instead of downwards, and, secondly, they were out of the line between the growing leaves and the roots. But there was also a third difference not mentioned previously, for the stimulus for cambial growth, proceeding from the growing leaves of the intact shoots, travelled down those shoots, but did not spread up into the defoliated shoots, since it is unable to travel in the morphologically upward direction.


To test the anatectic theory of migmatite formation, modal analyses and field studies were made of migmatites in Gilpin County, Colorado, and adjoining areas. The metasomes of a significant number of these migmatites were found not to fit the presently accepted definition of granite as a rock containing roughly equal proportions of quartz, orthoclase, and plagioclase. Field relationships show that many of the migmatites were derived from granite pegmatite dikes. Therefore, if anatexis is a factor in the genesis of the migmatites in this area this process must be relegated to a more remote stage of magma generation.


This article aims to describe what makes a good psychologist from the perspective of a student at the beginning of her professional journey. It also describes the role and practices of psychologists based on her experience of participating in a mentoring programme in Cambridgeshire, England.


From 1960 onward, the expanding use of microchips played a major role in the establishment of the digital world. This paper examines the dominant manufacturing technology for microchips in this period: silicon-gate MOS technology. It reconstructs the development of silicon gate technology from its emergence at Bell Labs, Fairchild, General Micro-electronics, and Hughes in the mid-1960s to its stabilization at Intel and its augmentation with ion implantation at Mostek in the early 1970s. This article argues that silicon gate emerged at the convergence point of three contextual logics: material logic (the opportunities and constraints offered by materials and material capabilities), market logic (the dynamics of semiconductor markets), and competitive logic (the imperative of surviving in a fiercely competitive industry). Thus, this article is intended as a contribution to materials-centered studies and to recent interest on the connection between intentionality and materiality in technology and science.


Here we discuss the application of scanning fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (SFCS) using continuous wave excitation to analyze membrane dynamics. The high count rate per molecule enables the study of very slow diffusion in model and cell membranes, as well as the application of two-foci fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy for parameter-free determination of diffusion constants. The combination with dual-color fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy with continuous or pulsed interleaved excitation allows binding studies on membranes. Reduction of photobleaching, higher reproducibility, and stability compared to traditional FCS on membranes, and the simple implementation in a commercial microscopy setup make SFCS a valuable addition to the pool of fluorescence fluctuation techniques.


A survey to collect soil nematodes with potential to control Ceratitis capitata flies was carried out in different locations in Tunisia. Several nematode isolates were recovered, laboratory colonies were established, and their taxonomic identities were determined based on molecular methods. Among all the recovered nematode isolates, two of them, Oscheius tipulae TC2 and OC2, were evaluated for their capacity to control C. capitata flies and for their ability to kill and reproduce on Galleria mellonella larvae. Our results show a great potential of these two isolates as biocontrol agents as they kill C. capitata eggs and pupae and interfere with the metamorphosis of C. capitata larvae. More specifically, TC2 and OC2 nematodes killed 39 and 31% of C. capitata eggs, respectively, impaired the metamorphosis of up to 77% and up to 67% of C. capitata larvae, respectively, and killed up to 66% and up to 58% of C. capitata pupae, respectively. The efficacy of TC2 and OC2 nematodes was particularly high on C. capitata pupae, and significant insect mortalities were observed even at concentrations of 1 and 5 nematodes/pupae, respectively. We also found that TC2 and OC2 nematodes efficiently kill and reproduce in G. mellonella larvae, suggesting that these insects could be used for mass-multiplication of these nematodes. These results reveal the potential of O. tipulae to complement integrated pest management programs against C. capitata flies.


The central nervous system of Rhodnius has been studied in sections stained with osmium/ethyl gallate. The single type of glial cell responsible for perineurium and axon sheaths in the peripheral nerves becomes differentiated in the thoracic ganglia into four types. Type i cells form the layer of perineurium cells filled with filamentous mitochondria. These cells which are rich in succinoxidase control the passage of all substances to and from the ganglion. Type ii cells produce the thick myelin-type sheaths for the lateral group of motor axons (see below). Type iii cells, the giant glial cells in the ganglionic layer, have a very extensive cytoplasm which sends deep tongue-like invaginations into the large ganglion cells. This cytoplasm must control the transmission of nutrients and excretory substances to and from the neurones. It contains some non-specific esterase. Type iv cells form an investment of the neuropile. They also have extensive cytoplasm which surrounds the axons and dendrites and provides intensely staining inter-neuronal material in the synaptic regions. This material, the 'darkly staining neuropile', is the chief site of acetylcholine esterase. The nerve-tracts are well displayed by the osmium / ethyl gallate method. The axons appear as unstained cords containing mitochondria, against the dark neuropile. The large motor axons of the legs separate into two groups. The medial group run directly into the neuropile and have thin sheaths. The lateral group remain outside the neuropile; they become narrow and enclosed in a thick myelin-type sheath; but as they turn into the neuropile the sheath becomes thin and the axons enlarge again.


Objective: To prove the efficacy of LDH level measurement in order to differentiate between malignant and non malignant ascites. Setting: RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta. Material and method: Cross sectional analysis by comparing LDH level in ascites of ovarian cancer with LDH level in non malignant ascites. Ascites sample collected from ovarian cancer patient and non cancer patient by paracentesis or aspiration during operation about 10 cc and measured the LDH level by enzymatic method. Results: LDH level from 17 ovarian cancer patient (8 cases stage IA, 3 cases stage UB, 1 case stage IC, and 5 cases stage IIIC; 82% from cases is adenocarcinoma, 12% is granulosa cell and 6% germ cell tumors), and 9 cases of non cancer patient (4 cases hepatic cirrhosis, 2 cases with heart failure, 1 case tuberculosis peritonitis and 2 cases benign ovarian tumor) with characteristic most age 30 - 50 years old. LDH level in ovarian cancer patients is significantly higher than non cancer (p<0.05). But there is no significant relationship between LDH level with ovarian cancer stage. In this research there is high level of LDH from germ cell tumour (dysgerminoma) (3998.0 U/L) compare with adenocarcinoma (1640.1 U/L) and granulosa cell (269.0 U/L). But because there is insufficient cases of germ cell and granulosa cell in this research, the analytical study is not done. There is no correlation between LDH level with Gatot Purwoto malignant scoring system. Conclusion: The LDH level in ovarian cancer is significantly higher than non malignant ascites,but there is no significant relationship between LDH level in ascites and stage of cancer. The LDH level in ascites is very high from germ cell type, but not proven statistically. Keywords: lactat dehydrogenase, ascites, ovarium cancer


The Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) is considered an unconventional manufacturing process, being used in the machining of conductive materials allowing the preparation of metal components in the most varied conditions of mechanical term treatment and hardness. This is one of the main processes used by the tooling industry, due its dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and superior surface integrity. However, the parameters used for control of machinery and execution of this process do not consider heat treatment or hardness of parts as a variable. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the behavior of ABNT NM 122 grade D2 and grade O1 steels with and without heat treatment quenching and tempering machined electro. It was observed a dimensional variation, and surface roughness integrity between the samples was observed. Keywords: Electrical discharge machining; EDM by penetration; machining; heat treatment.


To determine the dispersion characteristics of nonlinear single-mode optical fibers, the various orders of derivative of the propagation constant with respect to frequency must be calculated. Recent studies have shown that high nonlinearity changes the guided modal field and then modifies the chromatic dispersion characteristics. However, the methods used either were approximate or were based on rigorous formulation but requiring numerical differentiation. A rigorous method that eliminates the need of numerical differentiation entirely is proposed. It is based on a variational finite-element formulation. The propagation constant and the modal field are obtained by solving a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, and this part dominates the computational efforts. The derivatives of the propagation constant can be easily obtained by solving sets of linear algebraic equations. Several examples are examined to show the change of chromatic dispersion characteristics resulting from the change in the modal field under the influence of nonlinearity. >


Objectives: To quantify home care needs, healthcare utilization, and 2-year mortality after pediatric critical illness due to respiratory failure, and evaluate the impact of new morbidity and abnormal function at hospital discharge on resource use and outcomes. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Quaternary care PICU. Patients: Patients less than or equal to 18 years with respiratory failure from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2014. Measurements and Main Results: Patient demographics, hospitalization characteristics, and healthcare utilization were quantified and compared according to morbidity development and discharge functional status. Multivariable regression methods evaluated 2-year readmission rates and mortality by morbidity development and discharge functional status. Of 163 patients, the median age was 2.1 years (interquartile range, 0.6–10.9 yr), 61 (37.4%) had a comorbidity, and 73 (44.8%) had abnormal function at admission. Median ventilation duration was 6.0 days (interquartile range, 3.0–11.7 d), and median PICU and hospital length of stay were 8 (interquartile range, 4–15) and 14 days (interquartile range, 8–23 d), respectively. At hospital discharge, eight of 163 (4.9%) had died, and 14 of 163 (8.6%) had a new morbidity. Of the surviving 155 patients at hospital discharge, 87 (56.1%) had abnormal function, 120 (77.4%) had new medications, 24 (15.5%) had new medical devices, and 43 (27.7%) had new home care equipment. Cumulative 2-year mortality was 14 of 163 (8.6%) with six of 163 (3.7%) occurring after discharge. Within 2 years, 81 of 155 of patients (52.2%) were readmitted, often (58/81, 71.6%) to the PICU. Abnormal function at discharge was associated with elevated odds of readmission to the hospital (odds ratio, 1.49; 1.28–1.74; p < 0.0001) and PICU (odds ratio, 1.47; 1.27–1.71; p < 0.0001) within 2 years. Conclusions: After critical illness, children have significant new healthcare burdens heretofore unrecognized. Abnormal functional status at hospital discharge was associated with increased healthcare utilization up to 2 years thereafter.


ABSTRACT This paper reports on the study of a subsidy programme that was established in Quebec for alternate housing models (AHMs), which allows private and community organisations to offer housing services within the framework of a partnership with public health-care services. The research objectives were: (a) to compare how facility characteristics and services provided by AHMs and nursing homes (NHs) differ; (b) to examine the personal characteristics of residents living in AHMs; and (c) to compare residents with similar characteristics within AHMs and NHs in terms of unmet needs, quality of care, satisfaction with care and services, and psycho-social adaptation to the residence. A cross-sectional study was undertaken with individually matched groups to assess whether AHMs meet the needs of elders in a way similar to NHs. Overall, residents in both groups had moderate to severe levels of disability and about 60 per cent had mild to severe cognitive problems. While their general features were heterogeneous, the AHMs were more comfortable and homelike than the NHs. The quality of and satisfaction with care was appropriate in both settings, although AHMs performed better. Only one-quarter of residents in both settings, however, evidenced a good level of psycho-social adaptation to their residence. This partnership approach is a good strategy to provide a useful range of housing types in communities that can respond to the needs of elders with moderate to severe disabilities.


Because of their ecological importance, amphipod crustacea are employed worldwide as test species in environmental risk assessment. Although proteomics allows new insights into the molecular mechanisms related to the stress response, such investigations are rare for these organisms because of the lack of comprehensive protein sequence databases. Here, we propose a proteogenomic approach for identifying specific proteins of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus fossarum, a keystone species in European freshwater ecosystems. After deep RNA sequencing, we created a comprehensive ORF database. We identified and annotated the most relevant proteins detected through a shotgun tandem mass spectrometry analysis carried out on the proteomes from three major tissues involved in the organism's reproductive function: the male and female reproductive systems, and the cephalon, where different neuroendocrine glands are present. The 1,873 mass-spectrometry-certified proteins represent the largest crustacean proteomic resource to date, with 218 proteins being lineage specific. Comparative proteomics between the male and female reproductive systems indicated key proteins with strong sexual dimorphism. Protein expression profiles during spermatogenesis at seven different stages highlighted the major gammarid proteins involved in the different facets of reproduction.


The conformational equilibrium of the axial/equatorial conformers of 4‐methylene‐cyclohexyl pivalate is studied by dynamic NMR spectroscopy in a methylene chloride/freon mixture. At 153 K, the ring interconversion gets slow on the nuclear magnetic resonance timescale, the conformational equilibrium (−ΔG°) can be examined, and the barrier to ring interconversion (ΔG#) can be determined. The structural influence of sp2 hybridization on both ΔG° and ΔG# of the cyclohexyl moiety can be quantified.


The book that will lay the groundwork for the corporate law debates of the coming decade is The Anatomy of Corporate Law. Written by seven of the world's leading corporate law scholars - Henry Hansmann, Reinier Kraakman and Ed Rock of the U.S.; Paul Davies of England; Gerard Hertig of Switzerland; Klaus Hopt of Germany; and Hideki Kanda of Japan - The Anatomy of Corporate Law attempts to identify the underlying structure of corporate law, and to provide a framework for understanding the wide range of approaches that different countries take to corporate law regulation. It is hard to overstate the significance - and the success - of this project. Traditional comparative law scholarship tended to explore the differences among jurisdictions in intricate detail. The authors of The Anatomy of Corporate Law insist that these local variations are only that - variations on a single, common theme. Throughout the book, they take a functional approach, an approach that emphasizes the extent to which countries that seem to have very different legal rules nevertheless tend to develop roughly similar solutions to the characteristic problems of corporate law. The central issue for corporate law in every jurisdiction, they argue, is three kinds of agency problem: the potential conflicts between managers and shareholders, between majority and minority shareholders, and between the firm and third parties. To understand how different countries address these conflicts, the authors develop a typology of ten different strategies. The authors divide the strategies into two categories, which they refer to as "regulatory" and "governance" approaches, and then distinguish strategies that operate ex ante from those that come into play ex post. Having developed their typology, the authors then apply it to related party transactions, control transactions, investor protection and a variety of other key corporate law issues. The great virtue of The Anatomy of Corporate Law is that its typology of strategies provides a simple, user-friendly way to compare the corporate law regimes of a wide range of different countries. Almost as remarkable as the typology itself - especially given that the book is the work of seven different scholars - is the clarity and elegance of the analysis. The authors develop and apply their typology in less than two hundred pages, a succinctness that would fill the editors of that other anatomical guide, Gray's Anatomy, with envy. To say so much in so brief a compass, the authors obviously had to exercise ruthless editorial judgment as what to include and what to omit. After describing the authors' typology and exploring several of their applications, I focus on several issues and perspectives that the authors left out. The most important omission is the bankruptcy or insolvency regime. In recent years, it has become increasingly apparent that bankruptcy - or corporate reorganization - is best seen as a component of corporate law; and indeed that it is impossible to understand other corporate law issues without appreciating the role that bankruptcy plays in shaping the incentives of managers and other constituencies even while the corporation is financially healthy. Second, the authors also omit any sustained discussion of corporate groups - that is, the parent-subsidiary arrangements that characterize nearly every large corporation. Although the authors refer to the extensive regulations of corporate groups in Germany and elsewhere, they have little to say about these regulations and do not offer any analysis of the factors that influence a company's decision whether to set up a new business as a division within an existing corporation, or to locate the business in a separate corporation. Finally, the authors do not consider the distinctive challenges of corporate governance in developing countries. Although the authors suggest that the ten-part typology is relevant to any country, their analysis focuses on five notably developed jurisdictions - the U.S., the U.K., Germany, France and Japan. In the developing nations whose corporate law has been a particular concern in recent years, by contrast, it is important to move beyond the typology in order to account for problems such as limited judicial enforcement. My analysis can be seen as a proposing several friendly amendments to the authors' analysis. The additions suggest ways that the anatomy could be made even more complete.


Using netnography—an online research approach focused on the interactions between members in a community—as the research method and over a period of several months, the authors explored the adult fans of LEGO Facebook community. Data were collected on the different ways in which value is created by members, where Hope Schau and colleagues brand community model was used as an investigative framework. We drew on their four key value creation themes: social networking, impression management, community engagement, and brand use. In structuring our work around these themes, the subsequent research findings illustrate how LEGO fans and their community groups on social media create value not only for members but for the LEGO brand as a whole. Key parts of the research process involved establishing and applying an ethical framework for the project and executing netnographic procedures related to access, the recording of data, and the analysis of findings. Two journal publications have resulted from the research, where netnography and the same data resource are used first to write about value and then in the second article, about co-creation. Our research case study highlights a range of practical factors encountered in undertaking this relatively new type of research method, including planning the project, deciding the sample, conducting the research, data analysis, and the writing up of the results.


Identifying a bicluster, or submatrix of a gene expression dataset wherein the genes express similar behavior over the columns, is useful for discovering novel functional gene interactions. In this article, we introduce a new algorithm for finding biClusters with Linear Patterns (CLiP). Instead of solely maximizing Pearson correlation, we introduce a fitness function that also considers the correlation of complementary genes and conditions. This eliminates the need for a priori determination of the bicluster size. We employ both greedy search and the genetic algorithm in optimization, incorporating resampling for more robust discovery. When applied to both real and simulation datasets, our results show that CLiP is superior to existing methods. In analyzing RNA-seq fly and worm time-course data from modENCODE, we uncover a set of similarly expressed genes suggesting maternal dependence. Supplementary Material is available online (at www.liebertonline.com/cmb).


In tropical forests light is presumed to be the most important limiting resource for trees below the forest canopy, and interspecific variation in shade tolerance an important driver of tree community composition. It has been hypothesized that tree light requirements may increase with tree size, but to date no study has explicitly quantified ontogenetic changes in light requirements for tropical trees. Here we make use of a field measure of whole-plant light compensation point (WPLCP) to quantify size-related shifts in light requirements of seven Dominican rainforest tree species, at two distinct size categories: saplings and pole-size juveniles. Although our dataset was large (representing 429 trees remeasured over a 13-month period), relative tree growth rate was only weakly related to estimated light levels ( r 2 = 0–0.36) across all species/size groups, and WPLCP could thus only be estimated for saplings of three species, and juveniles of one species. Both sapling and juvenile WPLCPs were significant for only one species, where we observed a size-dependent decrease in light requirements, a result contradicting our hypothesis. However, generalizations possible from our dataset are limited, as WPLCP could not be accurately determined within species/size groups, and did not match a priori qualitative shade-tolerance rankings. Overall, our data neither confirm nor deny a hypothesized ontogenetic increase in light requirements of tropical trees. We suggest that the highly dynamic canopies of Dominican rainforests due to strong, persistent winds on the island make estimates of understory light levels using hemispherical photography unreliable: a limitation that is likely present, though less pronounced, in many forest ecosystems.


There has been a substantial increase in the use of advanced high strength steel (AHSS) in automotive structures in the last few years. The usage of these materials is projected to grow significantly in the next 5–10 years with the introduction of new safety and fuel economy regulations. AHSS are gaining popularity due to their superior mechanical properties and use in parts for weight savings potential, as compared to mild steels. These new materials pose significant manufacturing challenges, particularly for welding and stamping. Proper understanding of the weldability of these materials is critical for successful application on future vehicle programs. Due to the high strength nature of AHSS materials, higher weld forces and longer weld times are often needed to weld these advanced steels. In this paper, the weld current lobes, mechanical properties (shear tension and coach peel), metallographic cross-section and microhardness profile of uncoated Direct Strip Production Complex 700B (DSPC 700B) 1.7 mm steel welded to itself in a two-metal stackup are discussed. Weld lobes were developed with Medium Frequency Direct Current (MFDC) equipment, ISO-type B20 tips, weld force of 5.78 kN and hold time of 5 cycles. The weld times were varied at 19, 24 and 29 cycles, with each producing current ranges at or below 4.0 kA. Tensile shear and coach peel samples were made at weld time of 19 cycles, with samples showing average loads of 18.38 kN and 3.14 kN respectively. Also, microhardness assessment using metallographic cross-sections were analyzed at three different weld cycles (19, 24 and 29 cycles). Similar heat affected zones (HAZ) and weld zones were observed for three different weld cycles.Copyright © 2009 by ASME


Aim. There is little regarding the effect of dietary protein degradability and energy sources on ruminal microbial protein production and utilization in the duodenum of dairy cows. Materials and methods .Two in vitro experiments were conducted to verify the effect of glucogenic or lipogenic diet provided with soybean meal (SB) versus a common xylose-protected SB (Yasmino max soy ® , XPS) on the ruminal fermentation potential, the ruminal-N yield, and the utilizable CP in the duodenum of dairy cows. Barley and corn were used as ground and steam-flaked as the main source of energy in glucogenic diets while in lipogenic diets, corn silage, sugar beet pulp, linseed, and fat prill were included. In order to estimate the microbial-N yield, after a test to evaluate the ruminal fermentation responses for each diet, a second culture was conducted and stopped at the of half time gas production. Some selected diets were incubated to estimate the amount of utilizable CP in the duodenum. Results .Gas produced from the fermentable part (b) was higest in the corn grain and XPS diet. Corn silage+soybean meal (CSSB) had the lowest amount of microbial-N to dietary-N. Steam flaked barely+SB (SFBSB) diet had the highest amount of microbial-N to dietary-N, Utilizable crude protein (uCP) and relative uCP in 8 and 24 hours after incubation. Glucogenic diets had higher EuCP than L diets. Conclusion .Overall, the results demonstrate that the glucogenic diet along with the xylose-protected soybean meal improve the microbial nitrogen production and the cp utilization after 8 and 24 hours of incubation.


The flux pinning mechanism of BaFe1.9Ni0.1As2 superconducting crystals have been investigated systematically by magnetic measurements up to 13 T at various temperatures. The field dependence of the critical current density, Jc, was analysed within the collective pinning model. A remarkably good agreement between the experimental results and theoretical δl pinning curve is obtained, which indicates that pinning in BaFe1.9Ni0.1As2 crystal originates from spatial variation of the mean free path. Moreover, the normalized pinning force density, Fp, curves versus h = B/Birr (Birr is the irreversibility field) were scaled using the Dew-Hughes model. Analysis suggests that point pinning alone cannot explain the observed field variation of Fp.


Diabetic foot is a well-known complication with considerable morbidity and mortality related to the diabetic population. Neuropathy, deformity, infection and ischemia are important contributors to the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers. A multidisciplinary team approach by physicians, nursing staff, diabetic educators and the caregiver as well as close monitoring of feet by the patient himself can prevent foot-related complications. Proper foot care, foot hygiene, annual foot examination and the correct choice of footwear are the main elements in preventing foot problems like deformity, ulceration and amputations. Physicians play a key role in the early detection and prevention of foot problems. Foot evaluation is the most neglected part of physical examination in diabetic patients. This inertia is evident in both physicians and patients. Emphasis on visual inspection and physical foot examination at every visit may address the morbidity and mortality due to diabetic neuropathy and vasculopathy. This article will highlight extensively history taking and foot examination in the diabetic foot clinic. Optimal glycemic control, simple foot care practices, knowledge and appropriate footwear use play an important role to reduce the disease burden.


False information has a significant negative influence on individuals as well as on the whole society. Especially in the current COVID-19 era, we witness an unprecedented growth of medical misinformation. To help tackle this problem with machine learning approaches, we are publishing a feature-rich dataset of approx. 317k medical news articles/blogs and 3.5k fact-checked claims. It also contains 573 manually and more than 51k automatically labelled mappings between claims and articles. Mappings consist of claim presence, i.e., whether a claim is contained in a given article, and article stance towards the claim. We provide several baselines for these two tasks and evaluate them on the manually labelled part of the dataset. The dataset enables a number of additional tasks related to medical misinformation, such as misinformation characterisation studies or studies of misinformation diffusion between sources.


In this article, we obtained the factorization form of the evolution operator corresponding to the Hamiltonian which describes the interaction of a two-level atom with one propagating mode in an optical ring cavity and the exact solution is followed. A new scheme for realizing quantum Zeno effect is proposed by measuring the atomic momentum (external state) frequently to freeze the atomic energy state (internal state) in its initial energy state.


The "meridian theory" is the summary and sublimation of long-term medical practice of the Chinese ancient sages. Via reduction and reconstruction about the theoretical system, it has been put forward a doctrine of "binary structure" about the meridian and acupoints which, at the limbs, present a longitudinal arrangement, and those at the head-face and trunk present a horizontal distribution, being closely related to the "dematome" of the body. Centered on the ontogenesis of the embryonic "somite", a closely connected "structure-function unit" complex is formed with the development of the dermis-muscle-ogran-nerve within the homo-segment. This form constitutes the basic characteristics of pathological reaction rules and therapeutic effects of meridian acupoints.


Government investment in carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a large and expensive fossil‐fuel subsidy with a low probability of eventual societal benefit. Within the tight resource constrained environments that almost all governments are currently operating in, it is irresponsible to sustain this type of subsidy. CCS has been promoted as a 'bridging' technology to provide CO2 reductions until non‐fossil‐fuel energy is ramped up. But the past decade of substantial government investment and slow progress suggests that the challenges are many, and it will take longer to build the CCS bridge than to shift away from fossil‐fuels. Optimism about the potential of CCS is based primarily on research on technical feasibility, but very little attention has been paid to the societal costs of governments perpetuating fossil‐fuels or to the sociopolitical requirements of long‐term regulation of CO2 stored underground. Deep systemic change is needed to alter the disastrous global fossil‐fuel trajectory. Government investment in CCS and other fossil‐fuel technologies must end so that the distraction and complacency of the false sense of security such investments provide are removed. Instead of continuing to invest billions in CCS, governments should invest more aggressively in technologies, policies, and initiatives that will accelerate a smooth transition to non‐fossil‐fuel‐based energy systems. We need to divest from perpetuating a fossil‐fuel infrastructure, and invest instead in social and technical changes that will help us prepare to be more resilient in an increasingly unstable and unpredictable future. WIREs Clim Change 2014, 5:169–173. doi: 10.1002/wcc.266


Ameloblastoma is a locally-aggressive odontogenic tumor. Etiopathogenesis and locally-aggressive growth properties of ameloblastoma can be attributed to a hypoxic microenvironment conducive to tumor cell survival. Epithelial-derived follicular ameloblastoma cells (EP-AMCs) display enhanced basal autophagy, but the interplay of hypoxia and autophagy in EP-AMCs survival and ameloblastoma recurrence are unclear. We evaluated differential expression of autophagic markers in primary and recurrent ameloblastomas and hypothesized that hypoxia-induced autophagy supports EP-AMC survival. Primary and recurrent ameloblastomas were comparatively assessed for expression levels of pan-cytokeratin. vimentin and autophagic markers SQSTM1/p62, LC3 and pS6. EP-AMCs compared with human odontoma-derived cells (HODCs) were subjected to severe hypoxia to determine the interplay of hypoxia and autophagic process in post-hypoxia survival. Pan-cytokeratin and SQSTM1/p62 were expressed by both primary and recurrent ameloblastoma epithelial cells while the ameloblastoma connective tissues displayed weak reactivity to vimentin. Under hypoxia, EP-AMC expression levels of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α, p62 and LC3 were increased while pS6 was decreased post-hypoxia. The combined decrease in pS6 and enhanced LC3 in EP-AMCs under hypoxia indicate that EP-AMCs re-establish basal autophagy under hypoxia. Taken together, these suggest a possible role of LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) in ameloblastoma cell survival.


Experiment was conducted during four years 2003-2006. Materials used were three genus grass species of C-4 photosynthesis: Andropogon gerardi Vitman, Panicum virgatum L. and Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Hack. Plants were planted at spring 1998. Agrotechnical part of experiment was conducted in Botanical Garden of Plant Breeding & Acclimatization Institute in Bydgoszcz and analytical part in Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology of University of Technology and Life Science in Bydgoszcz. Forage from grass C-4 photosynthesis were material of good ensilage suitability. High structural carbohydrates (NDF, ADF) contents in tested forage dry matter suggest ensilage at early phases of plant development. Above results suggest to possibility of usage of forage from grass C-4 carbon fixation group for animal feeding purposes. C-4 grass forage should be recognized as a supplementary source of green matter in periods of insufficient access to traditional silage sources.


Dynamical systems are capable of performing computation in a reservoir computing paradigm. This paper presents a general representation of these systems as an artificial neural network (ANN). Initially, we implement the simplest dynamical system, a cellular automaton. The mathematical fundamentals behind an ANN are maintained, but the weights of the connections and the activation function are adjusted to work as an update rule in the context of cellular automata. The advantages of such implementation are its usage on specialized and optimized deep learning libraries, the capabilities to generalize it to other types of networks and the possibility to evolve cellular automata and other dynamical systems in terms of connectivity, update and learning rules. Our implementation of cellular automata constitutes an initial step towards a general framework for dynamical systems. It aims to evolve such systems to optimize their usage in reservoir computing and to model physical computing substrates.


Certain defects in utterances of a word or phrase occur in English as spoken by Japanese native subjects, referred to in this article as Japanese English. This study considers such prosodic feature patterns as one of the most common causes of deficiencies in Japanese English. Japanese English is linguistically supposed to have the phonetic characteristics of the native language, Japanese. This supposition leads to the hypothesis that pitch patterns of Japanese English can be interpreted from the point of view of comparative linguistic features of English and Japanese, and that Japanese English would have better (i.e. closer to English) prosodic patterns if its particular characteristics were removed. In this study, the hypothesis was acoustically examined by means of a synthesis-by-analysis system, STRAIGHT, and then tested by listening experiments. Results of the experiments indicate practical verification of the hypothesis.


A series of Cu(I) mixed-ligand complexes containing dmp (2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) and one of simple diphosphine ligands (Ph2P(CH2)nPPh2) were prepared. Among the complexes, [Cu(dppp)(dmp)]PF6 (n=3) and [Cu2(dppb)2(dmp)2](PF6)2 (n=4) were characterized by X-ray structure analyses. The dppp complex has been characterized as a mononuclear complex, while [Cu2(dppb)2(dmp)2]2+ exists as a dinuclear complex in which two dppb ligands bridge between the two Cu(I) atoms. Although the distorted tetrahedral structures around the central metals of the two complexes are similar, the P-Cu-P angles are different between the two complexes. All of the series of complexes show photoluminescence in solution, and the intensity of the luminescence increases with n (n=2-4). The non-radiative rate constants of the complexes decrease markedly with n although radiative rate constants of the complexes are similar.


Background: Extreme sports events are increasing in popularity, particularly in mountainous areas throughout Great Britain. Emergency medical care for these events is usually provided by voluntary organisations, providing event side first aid and referring patients to nearby District General Hospitals. The Fort William Mountain Bike Race is part of the UCI World Cup Series: 173 competitors racing in cross country, downhill and 4X events. The Belford Hospital provides year round medical care for the Lochaber community, which frequently swells during the tourist season. The hospital has 8300 new attendances per annum, 35 patient reviews per 24 hrs. Methods and Results: We have reviewed the impact of the event on the local hospital. In total 52 riders reported 61 injuries. The hospital treated 24 (14%) riders. Retrospective analysis of attendances has revealed 19 riders attended on race days, increasing attendees by up to 28%, 46% of injured riders were seen at the A&E department, 1 rider requiring admission for observation and 1 rider required inter-hospital transfer. Injury patterns (knee 20%, hand/wrist 18% & shoulder 18%) were similar to other reported series. Conclusions: We believe that extreme sports events can have considerable impact on small district general hospitals. Additional triage and staffing resources should be utilised and event organisers should anticipate the additional problems they present to the local community. District General Hospitals continue to provide a substantial contribution to the provision of health care for extreme sports within the UK.


The syndrome of hyperprolactinemia, galactorrhea, and amenorrhea is frequently caused by a pituitary tumor. Transsphenoidal surgical removal is often advocated for microadenomas, tumors smaller than 10 mm, to prevent the progression of these small adenomas into large tumors. Because no strong evidence indicates that microadenomas naturally progress to macroadenomas, we studied 25 women who had had hyperprolactinemia, amenorrhea, or galactorrhea for a mean duration of 11.3 years. Their mean initial prolactin level was 225 ng/mL (normal, less than 36 ng/mL). Of 22 patients presenting with amenorrhea, 7 resumed menses spontaneously. Galactorrhea resolved completely in 6 of the 19 patients with this disorder. Only 1 patient had progression of a sellar abnormality, and this was slight. Visual fields remained full in all patients, and basal adrenal and thyroid functions remained normal. The mean prolactin level was 155 ng/mL at the reevaluation (p less than 0.01, initial versus reevaluation levels). Hyperprolactinemia apparently has a benign clinical course in most women, and we advocate a conservative approach to management of this disorder.


PURPOSE
The use of gefitinib, the first drug approved to inhibit the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, is indicated in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer with tumors progressive after chemotherapy. The unique mechanism of action of this agent leads to distinctive patterns of response and toxicity in persons with lung cancer. Many of the principles of management relevant to gefitinib are distinct from those with conventional cytotoxic drugs. To meet this need, we present practical guidelines on the use of gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer.

METHODS
This article reviews gefitinib's indications, dosing, response phenomena, and patterns of relapse in individuals with radiographic response.

RESULTS
We present our recommendations for the management of rash and diarrhea caused by this agent.

CONCLUSION
This information can guide practitioners and help them inform their patients about what to expect when they receive gefitinib.


The Kevitsa mafic‐ultramafic intrusion, located within the Central Lapland Greenstone Belt in northern Finland, hosts a large, disseminated Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposit. A three‐dimensional seismic reflection survey was conducted over the Kevitsa intrusion in 2010 primarily for open‐pit mine planning and for deep mineral exploration purposes. In the Kevitsa three‐dimensional seismic data, laterally continuous reflections are observed within a constrained region within the intrusion. In earlier studies, it has been suggested that this internal reflectivity mainly originates from contacts between the tops and more sulphide‐rich bottoms of smaller scale, internally differentiated magma layers that represent a spectrum of olivine pyroxenites. However, this interpretation is not unequivocally supported by the borehole data. In this study, data mining, namely the Self‐Organizing Map analysis, of extensive Kevitsa borehole data is used to investigate the possible causes for the observed internal reflectivity within the Kevitsa intrusion. Modelling of the effect of mineralization and alteration on the reflectivity properties of Kevitsa rock types, based on average modal compositions of the rock types, is presented to support the results of the Self‐Organizing Map analysis. Based on the results, we suggest that the seismic reflectivity observed within the Kevitsa intrusion can possibly be attributed to alteration, and may also be linked to the presence of sulphide minerals.


In murine schistosomiasis, H-2k CBA and C3H mice develop severe CD4 T cell(CD4) mediated liver pathology(LP) and a high Th1/17 response very focused on a single epitope of the parasite egg antigen Sm-p40(p234-246). Low pathology C57BL/6 mice do not recognize this antigen. A possible reason for this result is that p234-246 exacerbated dominance(ED) polarizes the anti-egg response causing severe LP. To test this hypothesis we: a)analyze the LP of SJL mice whose H-2 haplotype also exhibit ED of a single Sm-p40 epitope and b) analyze the LP of CBA mice whose p234-246 ED was neutralized by an epitope cocktail. Methodology:H-2s Sm-p40 restriction pattern was determined with the rankpep software. SJL LP was documented by comparative liver morphometric analysis(LMA) of infected CBA, C57BL/6 and SJL mice euthanized 7 weeks-post-infection(wpi). The effect of p234-246 ED neutralization was studied by LMA of 3 groups of infected CBA mice euthanized at 7wpi. The 1st group was treated with an emulsion of adjuvant and 4 synthetic epitopes designed to compete for I-Ak with an affinity equal or higher than p234-246, the 2nd was treated with adjuvant alone and the 3rd was not treated. Results:LMA shows that SJL mice develop as severe a LP as CBA mice and that p234-246 ED neutralization prevents development of severe LP. Conclusion:These results show that ED may be pathogenic in CD4 mediated diseases and that its neutralization may be an effective therapeutic strategy that deserves exploration.


The role of autonomic nervous system and non-autonomic components in hemodynamic abnormalities of young patients with borderline hypertension was examined by comparing the effects of sequential pharmacological autonomic blockade on hemodynamics between 8 patients with borderline hypertension (mean age 20.0 +/- 0.2) and 10 normotensive subjects (mean age 19.3 +/- 0.2). Propranolol (0.2 mg/Kg), atropine (0.04 mg/Kg), and phenotolamine (10 or 15 mg) were given intravenously in that order to produce "total" autonomic blockade. Increased cardiac index, heart rate, and mean arterial blood pressure with normal peripheral vascular resistance were noted at rest in patients with borderline hypertension. Cardiac index and heart rate in patients with borderline hypertension were normalized by propranolol, but after "total" autonomic blockade mean arterial blood pressure and peripheral vascular resistance were higher in patients with borderline hypertension as compared to those in normotensive subjects. These results suggest that, although autonomic nervous system control of circulation is abnormal, non-autonomic components play an important role in maintaining increased peripheral vascular resistance in borderline hypertension in young men.


In an industry that is characterized by highly volatile prices, seasonality, strong business cycles, cyclicality and capital intensiveness, risk management is extremely important. Ship-owners and charterers face enormous risks, which emanate from fluctuations in freight rates, bunker prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates and vessel values. These risks substantially affect the interplay between revenue and cost. Modern risk management techniques, involve the use of financial derivatives products, some of which have been developed exclusively for protecting (hedging) against the adverse price fluctuations of the aforementioned sources of risk in shipping. By using derivatives products, ship-owners and charterers can secure (stabilize) the level of their future income or costs and thus reduce uncertainty and unforeseen volatility of their cash-flow. To explore the importance of hedging freight rate risk in shipping operations, a survey of recent empirical evidence that has appeared in economic studies has been conducted. Developments over the past 20 years have been fast, with certain amount of research carried, which has helped to understand better the special features of these derivatives markets. They are all summarized in the current study, which can provide the stepping stone for further work in the area of shipping derivatives and risk management in shipping.


Kubo's extensivity Ansatz is proved for Markoffian macrovariables by the help of the mean value theorem and Haar's lemma, together with a rigorous derivation of the asymptotic equations of the distribution function and generating function in the thermodynamic limit. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of these equations are proved under some appropriate conditions. Complete and general solutions of them are obtained to give the solution of the Cauchy problems. Time-evolution equations of the most probable path, variance and cumulants of higher order are derived on the basis of the asymptotic equation of the generating function. It is shown that the generalized thermodynamic potential approaches the equilibrium solution with the passage of time. The convergence of the system size expansion is also discussed.


Free amino acids (FAAs) are important regulators of key pathways necessary for growth, development, and immunity. Data on FAAs in human milk (HM) and their roles in infant development are limited. We investigated the levels of FAAs and total amino acids (TAA, i.e., the sum of conjugated amino acids and FAAs) in HM in relation to infant and maternal characteristics and immunological conditions. FAA and TAA levels in HM sampled at 6 weeks (n = 671) and 6 months (n = 441) of lactation were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Child growth was ascertained at 4–5 weeks and at 6–7 months of age. Child allergy and lower respiratory tract infections were assessed in the first years of life. Associations of amino acid (AA) levels in HM with child growth and health outcomes were determined by Spearman correlation and modified Poisson regression, respectively. Free glutamine, glutamate, and serine in 6-week HM positively correlated with infant weight gain in the first 4–5 weeks of age. Maternal pre-pregnancy weight and body mass index (BMI) were negatively correlated with free glutamine and asparagine in 6-week and 6-month HM and positively correlated with the sum of TAAs in 6-month HM, but significance was lost following confounder adjustment. Free glutamine was lower in 6-month HM of mothers with an allergy (either active or non-active). No consistent associations were found between FAAs in HM and child health outcomes. However, potential negative associations were observed between specific FAAs and the risk of food allergy. These results suggest that specific FAAs play a role in infant growth. Moreover, these findings warrant further investigations into the relation of FAAs in HM with infant health outcomes and maternal allergy.


A 90-year-old woman with hypertension developed metabolic alkalosis and myoclonus. Her medications included diltiazem hydrochloride, benidipine hydrochloride, kallidinogenase, procaterol hydrochloride, sennoside, dihydrocodeine phosphate, and KM powder antacid that contained 354 mg of licorice and 900 mg of sodium bicarbonate per 3.9 g of powder. Endocrinological studies showed slightly reduced plasma renin activity and normal plasma aldosterone concentration. A provisional diagnosis of licorice-induced metabolic alkalosis was established and the patient was successfully treated after correction of serum pH and cessation of the medications. Licorice-induced metabolic alkalosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis of myoclonus.


We compared four commercial quality-control materials equilibrated in sealed ampoules at 21 or 26 degrees C in three models of blood gas machines and found po2 differences of about 13.3 Pa (10 mmHg) for an aqueous mixture with hemoglobin; about 6.7 Pa (5 mmHg) for two aqueous buffers without hemoglobin, and none for a fluorocarbon-containing emulsion. Differences for pco2 and pH were small but statistically significant. Variability within machines for pco2, po2, and pH was small but differences among machines were large, especially for po2. These results emphasize that aqueous solutions and hemoglobin-containing mixtures used for proficiency testing and quality control should be equilibrated at the temperature recommended by the manufacturer, opened, and sampled promptly.


Parenting plays a vital role in determining children"s future life opportunities and irrespective of the skills and resources parents bring to the task all parents can find parenting challenging on occasions. This study explored the views of parents who attended a Webster Stratton Incredible Years Parenting Programme for parents of pre-school children at a local Children"s Centre. Families living in known socially deprived areas of a local outer London borough were targeted. The group parenting programme was delivered over a period of ten weeks focusing on positive behaviour management strategies using praise and rewards with an emphasis on developing play and communication skills. A home visit to support the development of play skills was offered to some families.
A qualitative design methodology was used to elicit parents" views about their reasons for attending the programme and any changes they perceived in their own and their children"s behaviour as a result.
Thirteen parents were interviewed in their homes approximately six months after the completion of the programme. The data from the interviews was analysed using thematic analysis. Six key themes and a number of sub-themes were identified. Parents cited a number of practical, emotional and social reasons for attending the programme. Parents reported substantial changes in their behaviour and a greater awareness of the link between these and their children"s behaviour. They reported a
vi
greater sense of self-efficacy and valued being part of a group. For these parents participating, a group parenting programme was viewed as a positive experience. A number of parents thought the programme needed to be extended to incorporate support after the completion of the programme. The research also highlighted parental views of how their own upbringing and childhood experiences had impacted on them as parents.


Advantages such as ultra-lightweighting, parts consolidation, and using newly available fast-curing resin formulations are driving the need to develop improved understanding of carbon fiber composites. Towards this end, the present segment of research is focused on developing a multi-scale model to predict the performance of non-orthogonal woven fabric composites. Woven fabrics (where the fiber tows are orthogonal) are used extensively to manufacture components with complex geometries due to their excellent drapability. However, during draping, the fiber tows in the composite preform reorient themselves to conform to the part geometry (the fiber tows are sheared to become non-orthogonal), and the fiber directions may change drastically compared to the original preform, resulting in significant changes in strength and stiffness of the final composite. The ability to include these processing induced effects in predicting the structural performance of these non-orthogonal fabric composites allows us to improve the accuracy of the prediction and optimize the designs. In this paper, a multi-scale modeling approach was developed to predict the performance of composites made using non-orthogonal woven fabrics. Sample coupons molded with and without a pre-determined amount of shearing were evaluated in tensile and three-point bend experiments, and the numerical predictions were compared with the experimental results. A good correlation was observed, validating the developed model.


Relevance Currently, the first place goes to the creation of new high-yielding varieties and hybrids F1 crops that meet the requirements of modern industrial technologies. Heterosis hybrids have high yield, marketability, equalization, friendly yield and resistance to disease. Methods When developing new varieties and hybrids of radish suitable for mechanized harvesting, attention should be paid to the strength of the attachment of the leaf outlet and its upright position, the uniformity of immersion in the soil and the easy pull-out of root crops. Studies were performed in a protected (heated film greenhouse) and open ground in All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Growing – Branch of the FSBSI Federal Scientific Vegetable Center. Results The results of breeding work with European radish are presented. According to the results of expert evaluation, the state register of breeding achievements included two varieties of European summer radish – Bianca, Sirius and one hybrid of European winter radish – Tsyganskiy Baron F1. The new varieties are distinguished by uniformity in shape, length, diameter of the root crop, compact leaf rosette, form a root crop in a short and long daylight, recommended for cultivation under film shelters and in the open ground (early spring and summer sowing time). As a result of repeated inbreeding, inbred lines of European winter radish (brought to the seventh generation) were created, characterized by high equalization of the root crop, with strict self-compatibility. These lines were included in the process of creating heterosis hybrids. Evaluation of the obtained hybrids was carried out in the open ground. A hybrid of radish European winter Tsyganskiy Baron F1 – medium-ripe, flat-rounded root, black, weighing 220-260 g. Perspective hybrid in relation to the standard has a more aligned form of the root, with a rich black color and smooth surface. Tsyganskiy Baron F1 on the above indicators exceeds the standard night, resistant to stressful conditions.


ObjectiveTo determine whether the Nurr1 gene, which is critical for the development and maintenance of nigral dopaminergic neurons, is a risk factor associated with PD. BackgroundThe Nurrl gene is highly expressed in the dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Knockout of the gene results in agenesis of nigral dopaminergic neurons and heterozygous knockout mice increases 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced neurotoxicity. MethodsThis study included 105 patients with familial PD (fPD) and 120 patients with sporadic PD (sPD) and 221 age-matched healthy control subjects. The polymorphisms and mutations of the Nurr1 gene in patients with PD were initially examined by heteroduplex analysis and sequencing analysis from PCR-amplified Nurr1 gene fragments. A polymorphism in the Bse RI restriction site was identified, and a relatively large-scale analysis then was conducted by three independent investigators who were blinded to the clinical status of the subjects. ResultsA homozygous 7048G7049 polymorphism was found in intron 6 of the Nurr1 gene, which was significantly higher in fPD (10/105; 9.5%) and in sPD (5/120; 4.2%) compared with healthy control subjects (2/221; 0.9%). The mean age and the SD at onset of these homozygote patients with PD was 52 ± 15 years for fPD and 46 ± 7 years for sPD. The clinical features of these homozygote patients with PD did not differ from those of typical PD. ConclusionsThe homozygote polymorphism of 7048G7049 in intron 6 of the Nurr1 gene is associated with typical PD.


Background: In the field of tissue engineering, there is currently increasing interest in new biomedical materials with high osteogenic ability and comparable mechanical function to repair bone defects. Three-dimensional (3-D) bioactive borosilicate glass (BG) scaffolds exhibit uniform interconnected macro-pores, high porosity and high compressive strength. In this study, we fabricated 3-D BG scaffolds by the 3D printing technique, then coated the surface of the 3-D BG scaffolds with mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) (BG-MBG scaffold). Methods: The biocompatibility of the BG-MBG scaffolds was evaluated by assessing biodegradability, cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis of osteogenic gene expression with human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs). Moreover, the BG-MBG scaffolds were used to repair rat femoral defects and their performance was evaluated using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT), fluorescence labeling, histological analysis and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. Results: The results showed that the BG-MBG scaffolds possessed ordered nearly 4nm meso-pores and regular macro-pores, as well as good biodegradability, and that they stimulated the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. In in vivo studies, the result of micro-CT reconstructed images (BG-9M group, 0.63 ± 0.02 g/cm3 and BG group 0.13 ± 0.02 g/cm3 ) and van Gieson staining (BG-9M groups, 62.67 ± 3.39% and BG group, 12.33 ± 2.58%) showed that the BG-MBG scaffolds could significantly enhance new bone formation in both inner and peripheral scaffolds in defects, in and in without the presence of growth factors or stem cells (P < 0.05). Conclusions: It is believed from these results that the BG-MBG scaffolds possess excellent osteoinductive and osteogenic properties which will make them appealing candidates for bone defect repair. The novelty of our research is to provide a new material to treat bone defects in clinic.


After affected by the giant tsunami waves following the 9.1 earthquake on December 26, 2004 in Aceh province of Indonesia, many of natural resources were damaged, including the loss of germplasm of rice in low land area. Therefore, we attempt to collect and evaluate the Acehnese germplasm of rice. We identified the Acehnese accession of rice by describing the characteristics of the rice plant using cultivation method of system for rice intensification or SRI with organic approach. Some of the descriptors include days of tillage formation, days from emergence to flowering, kernel weight, plant height, and yield components. We found that the Acehnese rice germplasm collection is very diverse: the days of tillage formation is 6 to 18 days after planting; the days from emergence to flowering is 56 to 90 days, plant height is 77 to 121 cm,  and 1,000 kernel weight is 19.47 to 30.27 g. So, we concluded that the diversity of Acehnese rice is very rich, the rice accessions were identified and now stored in the cool storage system. Evaluation of the accession showed considerable promise as material research with high yield potential, high levels of tolerance to stresses such as weeds, drought, acidity and blast for further evaluation. The progenies might provide the improved sustainability of intensified systems through durable crop resistance to biotic and abiotic stress. In the future, characterization traits will be selected for resistance to pests-diseases, and tolerance to drought and salinity stresses, as well as analysis of grain quality. We will also develop the high multiple resistance to environmental stresses.


First results of an X-ray diffraction study of a newly found substantial reduction in radiation damage by permanent magnetic fields in InSb single crystals during implantation with In+ ions are discussed. The data indicate that, in the presence of a permanent magnetic field, there is a decrease in formation of point defects, and in their trend to form clusters. These observations are supported by Rutherford backscattering measurements. A scheme to perform grazing-incidence measurements using a diffractometer equipped with parallel beam optics is presented.


In this study, 167 land parcels of downtown Shanghai, China, were used to investigate the relationship between parcel-level land use/land cover (LULC) components and associated summertime intra-surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect, and further analyze the potential of mitigating summertime intra-SUHI effect through the optimized LULC components, by integrating a thermal sharpening method combining the Landsat-8 thermal band 10 data and high-resolution Quickbird image, statistical analysis, and nonlinear programming with constraints. The results show the remarkable variations in intra-surface urban heat island (SUHI) effect, which was measured with the mean parcel-level blackbody sensible heat flux in kW per ha (Mean_pc_BBF). Through measuring the relative importance of each specific predictor in terms of their contributions to changing Mean_pc_BBF, the influence of parcel-level LULC components on excess surface flux of heat energy to the atmosphere was estimated using the partial least square regression (PLSR) model. Analysis of the present and optimized parcel-level LULC components and their contribution to the associated Mean_pc_BBF were comparable between land parcels with varying sizes. Furthermore, focusing on the gap between the present and ideally optimized area proportions of parcel-level LULC components towards minimizing the Mean_pc_BBF, the uncertainties arising from the datasets and methods, as well as the implications for sustainable land development and mitigating the UHI effect were discussed.


ABSTRACT This is an analytical descriptive empirical juridical study to analyze the data obtained through field research related to the specific theory of law related to agrarian law. Through this study, the problems found in the field were explained and analyzed then a conclusion was drawn to be the solution to problems. The data analysis was conducted by concluding the primary and secondary data which then were evaluated and qualitatively analyzed to discuss the problems based on the data found in the field and the regulations of legislation related to the agrarian law to obtain new description or to strengthen the existing description in answering the problems and drawing a conclusion as well as beneficial suggestions. Land conflict in Langkat District occured due to the factors of lack of knowledge and legal awareness and unfavorable behavior due to the high dependence on land in meeting the daily life necessities in the community in Langkat District. The settlement of the conflict occured in Langkat District was done through mediation at the Langkat District Land Office and if this mediation failed the conflict settlement was usually continued to be sttled through litigation (court of law). Keywords: Land Conflict, Land Office, Langkat District


A series of 16 derivatives of 2-hydroxy-1H-isoindole-1,3-diones was designed and synthesized as potential antitumor agents. The cytostatic activity against L1210 cell growth of these compounds was studied, and their IC50 values were found to be in the range of 10(-4) to 10(-8) M. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of these compounds showed that the inhibitory effect was well correlated with the electronic and the lipophilic parameters. Derivatives having a substituent with strongly electron-donating properties at the 6-position showed enhanced inhibitory activity while compounds having an electron-withdrawing group at the same position showed lower activity.


Fractal theory is the propelled technique to analyze the non-linear signals with more complexity.  Quantification of chaotic nature and complexity of the multifaceted therapeutic signals requires the estimation of the spectrum of Generalized Fractal Dimensions (GFD) where the complexity means greater inconstancy in the general form of fractal dimension range.  This paper has proposed a fuzzy multifractal technique to analyze the age related classifications by using the Fuzzy Generalized Fractal Dimensions (F–GFD) with Gaussian fuzzy valued function through the cardiac inter-beat interval dynamics in electrocardiogram (ECG) signals.  It has been revealed that, the designed Fuzzy GFD method accurately categorizes the young and old age subjects by graphical comparison with the typical GFD method.  The classification rate of young and elderly subjects has also supported statistically by ANOVA test.   Hence the fuzzified multifractal analysis accomplishes significantly to discriminate age groups than the classical multifractal analysis in heartbeat rate time series from ECG signals and also the conventional GFD is a specific case of the proposed F–GFD.


The aim of the study was to estimate colonic mucus physicochemical state in children with ulcerative colitis. Investigations were performed in 36 children, aged 10-17 years, allotted into three groups dependently on the severity of the disease. The severity of the disease was estimated basing on Truelove-Witts criteria. Mucus analysis was performed with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and spectrophotometric method. Mucus fraction dissolved in normal saline was subject of investigations. Protein content was determined in this fraction with Lowry's method. The obtained results demonstrated different mucus solubility dependent on the severity of the disease. Mucus protein concentration increased whereas mucus viscosity decreased with the severity of the disease. Colonic mucus physicochemical properties change dependently on the disease severity. Determination of soluble protein fraction in mucus may be a useful marker in the estimation of the disease severity.


The US National Institutes of Health and the Food and Drug Administration have jointly set up a database of all US clinical trials for serious illnesses.

The action is a result of the Food and Drug Modernization Act of 1997, which required the Department of Health and Human Services to establish a registry of the clinical trials being conducted for both the governmental and private sectors.

"This is the single place you can go where the most important information, we hope, will be available to everybody," said Donald Lindberg of the National Library of Medicine, the largest medical library in the world, which is running the registry.

The website contains information on about 4000 studies being conducted at 47,000 sites nationwide, most of which are sponsored by the National Institutes of Health or universities. More studies, particularly trials run by drug companies, will likely be added.

Access to the new registry is free (http://clinicaltrials.gov), and the registry will be regularly updated. An introductory statement reads: "This federally sponsored database is designed to be the most comprehensive central listing of clinical studies sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, other federal agencies, the pharmaceutical industry and non-profit organizations. Users are not asked to provide personal information, nor will they be sent unsolicited material."

A free phone number for the database is planned for 2001. The website also provides information for people considering participating in a trial. It has a list of 20 frequently asked questions and answers, including: what is a clinical trial; what is a protocol; what is informed consent; what is a control or control group; what protections are there for participants?

The website also contains information on understanding clinical trials from a patient's perspective, by Patty Delaney, a 10-year survivor of Hodgkin's disease and a member of the Food and Drug Administration's cancer liaison program in the Office of Special Health Issues.


The MobiCrop app, which is a distributed mobile application has been proposed to aid crop farmers with timely decision making on the applicability of pesticides (i.e., which pesticide to apply, when, where, and how to apply them). Due to the vast amount of pesticide and crop data, the application is designed following the three-tier architecture technique which comprises the mobile devices, a cloud-hosted middleware, and cloud-based database. The idea is to enable the mobile device to retrieve the needed pesticide data from the back-end and when necessary, part of the data can be stored on the mobile through caching for offline accessibility. However, constantly updating the mobile cache through data polling is costly for the wireless bandwidth and energy usage on the mobile. Also, it is difficult to update the stale cache data when there is no wireless connectivity. Hence, this work explores three architectural designs of the MobiCrop app which are the: 1) the standalone (network independent), 2) distributed architecture through data offloading, and 3) distributed architecture through data partitioning.


AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
To examine the effect of a hospital-based clinic intervention on glycaemic control self-efficacy and glycaemic control behaviour of Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM).

BACKGROUND
Self-efficacy expectations are related to self-management of diabetes and, in conjunction with environmental support, are better predictors of behaviour than are knowledge and skills. Enhancing self-efficacy in patients with DM has been shown to have a positive effect on behavioural change and positively influence long-term glycaemic control.

DESIGN
A randomised controlled trial study consisting of two-group pretest-post-test.

METHODS
One hundred and fifty-seven patients with type 2 DM were randomly divided into two groups: (1) the experimental group (77 patients) receiving one-month hospital-based clinic intervention and (2) the control group (80 patients) receiving usual care. Data collection instruments used in this study were Diabetes Management Self-Efficacy Scale and Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities Measure. Outcomes were determined by changes in glycaemic control self-efficacy and glycaemic control behaviour of patients with type 2 DM.

RESULTS
The findings revealed that the experimental group showed statistically significant improvement in glycaemic control self-efficacy and glycaemic control behaviour immediately and four months after the intervention (F = 26.888, df = 1, 155, p < 0.05 and F = 18.619, df = 1, 155, p < 0.05, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS
One-month hospital-based clinic intervention could be useful in improving glycaemic control self-efficacy and glycaemic control behaviour.

RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE
Nurses can learn and use the sources of self-efficacy to enhance patients' self-efficacy on their glycaemic control in clinical care. The health education is most important in nursing care and should be considered while organising the hospital-based clinic intervention.


Nowadays, Machine Learning and Deep Learning methods have become the state-of-the-art approach to solve data classification tasks. In order to use those methods, it is necessary to acquire and label a considerable amount of data; however, this is not straightforward in some fields, since data annotation is time consuming and might require expert knowledge. This challenge can be tackled by means of semi-supervised learning methods that take advantage of both labelled and unlabelled data. In this work, we present new semi-supervised learning methods based on techniques from Topological Data Analysis (TDA), a field that is gaining importance for analysing large amounts of data with high variety and dimensionality. In particular, we have created two semi-supervised learning methods following two different topological approaches. In the former, we have used a homological approach that consists in studying the persistence diagrams associated with the data using the Bottleneck and Wasserstein distances. In the latter, we have taken into account the connectivity of the data. In addition, we have carried out a thorough analysis of the developed methods using 3 synthetic datasets, 5 structured datasets, and 2 datasets of images. The results show that the semi-supervised methods developed in this work outperform both the results obtained with models trained with only manually labelled data, and those obtained with classical semi-supervised learning methods, reaching improvements of up to a 16%.


International joint ventures (IJVs) have become popular because of their importance as a strategic alternative in global competition. The measurement of the performance of IJVs has been an important research topic for a few decades, however there is no consensus on an appropriate definition and measurement of IJV performance. In this study, a model is proposed to assess IJV performance in construction. The validity of the proposed drivers and measures of performance is investigated and relationships between them are analyzed. The effects of interpartner fit/relations, structural IJV characteristics, host country factors, and project-related factors on IJV performance are examined through a questionnaire survey. IJV performance is defined by a four-dimensional construct that considers the performance of the project, the IJV partners, the IJV organization itself, and the perceptions of the IJV partners. The results point out the significance of the interpartner fit and the quality of partner relations for a successful IJV operation. The findings of the study also suggest that project-related factors have a moderate influence on IJV performance. In a properly designed IJV structure, partners with compatible skills, resources, and cultures are found to maintain good relations and are expected to achieve greater IJV success.


With the rapid development of organic electronics, one-dimensional (1D) organic p–n heterojunctions have attracted increasing interest because of their unique optoelectronic properties and potential as building blocks for sophisticated integrated circuits. Recently, significant progress has been made in the methods for synthesizing or fabricating 1D organic p–n heterojunctions, including two typical types of organic–organic heterojunctions and organic–inorganic heterojunctions. Various device applications have been demonstrated based on these 1D organic heterojunctions with new or enhanced optical and/or electrical properties. This MiniRev highlights the recent remarkable advances in this field with a concise summary of the various preparation methods such as solution process, physical vapor techniques, template and templateless methods, etc., to form segmented, cross-stacked, bilayer, and core–shelled structures. The potential applications of these 1D organic heterojunctions in optoelectronic devices, such as ambipolar transistors, photovoltaics, photodetectors and diodes, are demonstrated in the second part. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities existing in this field are also deeply discussed.


Balimau Putih [an Indonesian cultivar tolerant to rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV)] was crossed with IR64 (RTBV, susceptible variety) to produce the three filial generations F1, F2 and F3. Agroinoculation was used to introduce RTBV into the test plants. RTBV tolerance was based on the RTBV level in plants by analysis of coat protein using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The level of RTBV in cv. Balimau Putih was significantly lower than that of IR64 and the susceptible control, Taichung Native 1. Mean RTBV levels of the F1, F2 and F3 populations were comparable with one another and with the average of the parents. Results indicate that there was no dominance and an additive gene action may control the expression of tolerance to RTBV. Tolerance based on the level of RTBV coat protein was highly heritable (0.67) as estimated using the mean values of F3 lines, suggesting that selection for tolerance to RTBV can be performed in the early selfing generations using the technique employed in this study. The RTBV level had a negative correlation with plant height, but positive relationship with disease index value


The origin of dark matter is a driving question of modern physics. Low-energy antideuterons provide a"smoking gun"signature of dark matter annihilation or decay, essentially free of astrophysical background. Low-energy antiprotons are a vital partner for this analysis, and low-energy antihelium could provide further discovery space for new physics. In the coming decade, AMS-02 will continue accumulating the large statistics and systematic understanding necessary for it to probe rare antinuclei signatures, and GAPS, which is the first experiment optimized specifically for low-energy cosmic antinuclei, will begin several Antarctic balloon campaigns. The connection of cosmic-ray antinuclei and dark matter is reviewed and the outlook in light of experimental progress is presented.


The lifetime of polymers is affected by the consumption and physical loss of the additives used for the improvement of performance. The practice and scientific experiments revealed direct relationships between the service life of the polymer and the transport characteristics of the antioxidants applied. From an effective stabilizer low volatility, high solubility and low diffusion rate are expected. While the first parameter is determined only by the chemical nature of the additive, the solubility and the mobility depends also on the chemical and physical structure of the polymer. In our laboratories the solubility and the diffusion rate of different additives have been studied in amorphous and semicrystalline (ethylene) polymers. The effect of the nature of the small molecules, like size, shape, and hydrogen bonding, as well as the thermal history of the polymer were investigated. Quantitative relationships were established between the characteristics of the components and the transport properties.


Sources that generate symbolic sequences with algorithmic nature may differ in statistical complexity because they create structures that follow algorithmic schemes, rather than generating symbols from a probabilistic function assuming independence. In the case of Turing machines, this means that machines with the same algorithmic complexity can create tapes with different statistical complexity. In this paper, we use a compression-based approach to measure global and local statistical complexity of specific Turing machine tapes with the same number of states and alphabet. Both measures are estimated using the best-order Markov model. For the global measure, we use the Normalized Compression (NC), while, for the local measures, we define and use normal and dynamic complexity profiles to quantify and localize lower and higher regions of statistical complexity. We assessed the validity of our methodology on synthetic and real genomic data showing that it is tolerant to increasing rates of editions and block permutations. Regarding the analysis of the tapes, we localize patterns of higher statistical complexity in two regions, for a different number of machine states. We show that these patterns are generated by a decrease of the tape's amplitude, given the setting of small rule cycles. Additionally, we performed a comparison with a measure that uses both algorithmic and statistical approaches (BDM) for analysis of the tapes. Naturally, BDM is efficient given the algorithmic nature of the tapes. However, for a higher number of states, BDM is progressively approximated by our methodology. Finally, we provide a simple algorithm to increase the statistical complexity of a Turing machine tape while retaining the same algorithmic complexity. We supply a publicly available implementation of the algorithm in C++ language under the GPLv3 license. All results can be reproduced in full with scripts provided at the repository.


Online shopping in India is an emerging trend for marketers for promoting their merchandise in a wide geographical area using the Internet. India acquired 283.8 million Internet users by 2016. India is now the third largest Internet user after the U.S. and China. Lack of trust is the biggest obstacle to the success of online shopping. The present study focused upon the relationship of trust antecedents with consumer trust and consumer trust with online shopping activities with the help of a cross-sectional survey conducted in Punjab. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to achieve the results of this research. The results revealed that knowledge and privacy protection did not have a significant relationship with consumer trust. The results revealed that security protection, perceived risk, and perceived benefits are very important antecedents for building trust among the consumers towards online shopping. Consumer trust was found to have a significant relationship with online shopping activities. Finally, some useful implications have been offered for the marketers at the end.


Most experimental cancer drugs that reach clinical trials fail to help enough patients, and the drugs are shelved. But in many trials, there are the exceptions: a rare patient with advanced cancer whose tumors shrink or even disappear for many months or years. This month, the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) announced that it is casting a wide net for such "exceptional responders" in hopes of ferreting out genetic or other molecular peculiarities that may explain why a drug sometimes has dramatic beneficial effects in certain patients. NCI also intends to launch a new kind of clinical trial that will genotype a patient9s tumor and match it to a potentially effective drug, including experimental drugs that haven9t been approved.