Palpation of the gall bladder at the time of laparotomy performed for intra-abdominal disease unrelated to the biliary tract has revealed the unexpected presence of gallstones in an impressive number of patients more than 40 years of age. The problem as to what course should be followed in these cases remains a serious one for the surgeon. Should the gall bladder which contains the "silent" stones be removed forthwith, in spite of the risk from a second major procedure? Or should cholecystectomy be postponed, thereby subjecting the patient to the chance of acute cholecystitis developing in the postoperative period, when the diagnosis might be masked by the effect of narcotics or the condition confused with other less serious complications? In other words, is watchful waiting justifiable? PREVIOUS OBSERVATIONS Answers to this question, which has just been stated in two ways, represent a wide variety of opinions. In 1948, Comfort, Gray,


Abstract Introduction: Organ transplantation is the best and only method of treatment for patients with terminal organ failure. However, the number of donors is still insufficient. It is thus advisable to take action to eliminate the stereotypes concerning transplantation. The aim of the study was to get to know the opinions of the students of higher education institutions in Szczecin on the topic of organ donation and social barriers in transplantology. Materials and methods: The research was conducted in 2010–2013 and was comprised of 1,400 students (864 women – 61.7% and 536 men – 38.3%). The average age of the participants was 21.6 years. The Questionnaire about Organ Donation and Transplantation was used as a research tool. Results: The students generally approve of transplantology and most of them would like to be an organ donor (almost 84%). Medical university students more frequently declare having a knowledge of transplantology (73%), express their willingness to donate organs (87%) and accept xenotransplantation (74%). Female students declare their intention to donate organs more often than male students (68% vs 57% in males) and to receive an organ donation (66% vs 56% in males). Conclusions: There was a diverse degree of acceptance of organ donation depending on the respondents' sex and subject of study. Medical students demonstrated the highest degree of understanding of the issue. The likelihood of acceptance changed depending on the respondent's sex, women have a more understanding approach to the issue of transplantation and declare a willingness to become a donor more frequently than men. The majority of students wanted to donate their organs after death, especially to their own family members. Values derived from their background and the acceptance of transplantation by the mother are the most significant factors affecting one's willingness to donate organs. Television is the main source of information about transplantation. Thus it is particularly important to conduct campaigns promoting transplantation in the media.


rmmmDI' Population change in a given area is an aspect of demographic study, which relates to biophysical and human phenomena Conceptually, it embraces the three components of population dynamics -fertility, mortality and migration-which influence both population structure and change. However, this paper places emphasis on migration, whichredistributes the population in both time and space, resulting inpopulation changes discernible through their impactson the environment. Migration is the movement of people across a specified boundary. It falls into two categoriesnamely international and internal. It is international when it occurs between countries and internal when withinthe same country such as the case of rural-urban migration. These broad forms of migration have far reachingconsequences on the environment both at the origin and destination. This paper addresses itself to ruralurbanmigration, its impact on the environment and resultant rural-urban disparities.


We describe a case of ossification of the ligamentum flavum in the thoracolumbar junction presenting as an L5 radiculopathy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a hypodense lesion on T2-weighted image at the T10-T12 level causing the right dural sac compression, and electrodiagnostic findings were compatible with the right L5 radiculopathy. The location and cause of the compression were confirmed by a surgery. The clinical findings and electrodiagnostic features of such lesions located at the thoracolumbar spinal junction are discussed.


A set of statistical regression equations was developed to predict relative heating and cooling loads of external zones of commercial buildings. The equations were derived from the coil loads predicted by several thousand DOE-2 simulations. These equations formed the basis for the building envelope criteria in ASHRAE/IES Standard 90.1-1989, Energy Efficient Design of New Commercial Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings.'' Because these equations predict relative loads, they can be used to determine the relative importance of a broad range of envelope parameters across a variety of climate types. This paper presents the procedure used to develop the equations. The relative importance of all the major loads input variables are discussed for a sample office building, for a broad range of climates. A load sensitivity analysis is then performed, which permits direct comparison of key envelope parameters. The analysis results provide general guidance to DOE-2 users as to the relative importance of specific loads input variables. 6 refs., 8 figs.


ADECADE AGO reports of research about the preparation of teachers of science and mathematics frequently questioned their own validity on the grounds that the goals of science and mathematics education and the responsibilities of teachers of those subjects were as yet unclear. This problem of clarification has also been the concern of a considerable proportion of research reported since 1930. Various criteria for the reorganization of content materials in teacher education have been explored. Today philosophizing is increasingly supported by research data in picturing the function and preparation of the teacher who has competence.


This work analyzes the feasibility of applying feedback linearization technique to the nonlinear control of superheater steam pressure and power output of a boiler-turbine generating unit. A nonlinear coordinated controller has been designed and evaluated through computer simulation using a well-established and validated nonlinear boiler-turbine model. The simulation results are presented to illustrate the performance of a nonlinear coordinated control system and compare the proposed strategy with the conventional direct energy balance control strategy. The simulation results show that improvement can be achieved in control with a nonlinear control system. The real benefits obtained include improved dispatch rate, tighter regulation of steam pressure, and reduced maintenance over a wide range of operating conditions, and these improvements in control can be maintained for large changes in operating conditions.


Abstract. Ultrasound (US)-guided interventions are often enhanced via integration with an augmented reality environment, a necessary component of which is US calibration. Calibration requires the segmentation of fiducials, i.e., a phantom, in US images. Fiducial localization error (FLE) can decrease US calibration accuracy, which fundamentally affects the total accuracy of the interventional guidance system. Here, we investigate the effects of US image reconstruction techniques as well as phantom material and geometry on US calibration. It was shown that the FLE was reduced by 29% with synthetic transmit aperture imaging compared with conventional B-mode imaging in a Z-bar calibration, resulting in a 10% reduction of calibration error. In addition, an evaluation of a variety of calibration phantoms with different geometrical and material properties was performed. The phantoms included braided wire, plastic straws, and polyvinyl alcohol cryogel tubes with different diameters. It was shown that these properties have a significant effect on calibration error, which is a variable based on US beamforming techniques. These results would have important implications for calibration procedures and their feasibility in the context of image-guided procedures.


Abstract Tingoma is a three-day ritual conducted by Tsonga people to facilitate communication between the living and their Ancestor spirits, and to ensure that there is no disharmony between the beings in these two realms. Using a tingoma conducted for Eunice Maluleke as a case study, we argue that this ritual not only negotiates tension within an individual (body and spirit), and between an individual and his or her Ancestor spirits, but also functions as a site through which larger social and political tensions are addressed. Further, we propose that the structure of tingoma as it is practiced today inscribes and negotiates inter-ethnic tensions of the past. In the second part of this article we examine the ways in which tingoma has been affected by, and engages with, more recent power struggles and related identity politics, specifically those relating to the religious and political affiliations of people residing in South Africa's Limpopo province since the early 1980s.


Artificial metalloenzymes combine the excellent selective recognition/binding properties of enzymes with transition metal catalysts, and therefore many asymmetric transformations can benefit from these entities. The search for new successful strategies in the construction of metal-enzyme hybrid catalysts has therefore become a very active area of research. This review discusses all the developed strategies and the latest advances in the synthesis and application in asymmetric catalysis of artificial metalloenzymes with future directions for their design, synthesis and application (Sections 2-4). Finally, advice is presented (to the non-specialist) on how to prepare and use artificial metalloenzymes (Section 5).


Men with erectile dysfunction (ED) are considered to be at risk from stroke events. Conversely, post-stroke patients are also at high risk of ED, whereas a quantitative result from all the relevant studies has not been previously addressed. Therefore, we have performed a comprehensive review and meta-analysis on this issue. This study was registered on PROSPERO (ID No. CRD42021226618). Twenty studies with a total of 3,382 stroke events were included, of which six studies were included for quantitative analysis, and the remaining 14 studies were calculated for the ratio of ED. Synthetic results from four eligible studies providing the ED cases showed that stroke patients were associated with a significantly higher risk of ED than the general population [pooled relative risk (RR) = 3.32, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.25–8.82, P = 0.016]. Men with stroke were also found to be associated with a significant decline in International Index of Erectile Function −5 (IIEF-5) score as compared with the healthy controls [three studies, standard mean differences (SMD) = −1.8, 95% CI: −2.94 to −0.67, P = 0.002]. The prevalence of ED in post-stroke patients among 14 studies ranged from 32.1 to 77.8%, which was dramatically higher than that of the general population. The result of the GRADE-pro revealed that the quality of the evidence in this study was moderate. The present study has confirmed the high prevalence of ED in men with stroke. ED in stroke patients is a result of both neurological and psychological factors. Rehabilitative interventions rather than phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors are recommended to improve the erectile function for those survivors with ED.


BACKGROUND
Continuous nerve block with ropivacaine is commonly performed after repair surgery for traumatic peripheral nerve injuries. After peripheral nerve injury, tetrodotoxin-resistant voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.8 is upregulated and contributes to macrophage inflammation. We investigated whether ropivacaine promotes peripheral nerve regeneration through Nav1.8-mediated macrophage signaling.

METHODS
A sciatic nerve transection-repair (SNT) model was established in adult Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. The rats received 0.2% ropivacaine or 10 μM Nav1.8-selective inhibitor A-803467 around the injured site or near the sacrum for 3 days. Nerve regeneration was evaluated using behavioral, electrophysiological, and morphological examinations. Moreover, myelin debris removal, macrophage phenotype, Nav1.8 expression, and neuropeptide expression were assessed using immunostaining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and western blotting.

RESULTS
Compared to the SNT-plus-vehicle group, the sensory, motor, and sensory-motor coordination functions of the two ropivacaine groups were significantly improved. Electrophysiological (mean ± SD: recovery index of amplitude, vehicle 0.43 ± 0.17 vs. ropivacaine 0.83 ± 0.25, n = 11, P ˂ 0.001) and histological analysis collectively indicated that ropivacaine significantly promoted axonal regrowth (percentage of NF-200 positive area: vehicle 19.88 ± 2.81 vs. ropivacaine 31.07 ± 2.62, n = 6, P ˂ 0.001). We also found that, compared to the SNT-plus-vehicle group, the SNT-plus-ropivacaine group showed faster clearance of myelin debris, accompanied by significantly increased macrophage infiltration and transition from the M1 to M2 phenotype. Moreover, ropivacaine significantly attenuated Nav1.8 upregulation at 9-days after sciatic nerve transection (vehicle 4.12 ± 0.30-fold vs. ropivacaine 2.75 ± 0.36-fold, n = 5, P ˂ 0.001), which coincided with the increased expression of chemokine ligand 2 and substance P. Similar changes were observed when using the selective Nav1.8 channel inhibitor A-803467.

CONCLUSIONS
Continuous nerve block with ropivacaine promotes the structural and functional recovery of injured sciatic nerves, possibly by regulating Nav1.8-mediated macrophage signaling.


This paper examines how trade credit demand and supply are determined in Korea, where large business groups are dominant in most of the segments and hierarchies of many industries. In particular, we investigate the effects of business group affiliation on trade credit financing, finding that a firm's affiliation with a large business group has a positive effect on trade credit demand but a negative effect on trade credit supply. The results suggest that the extra bargaining power of large business groups enables group affiliates to provide substantially less trade credits but to demand more when they face financial constraints. However, we do not find evidence that trade credit financing functions as an instrument to subsidize member firms through the internal capital markets within a business group. These findings explain the effects of business group affiliation on trade credit demand and supply in short-term debt markets from the perspective of the unique characteristics of the Korean economy.


In end-to-end (E2E) speech recognition models, a representational tight-coupling inevitably emerges between the encoder and the decoder. We build upon recent work that has begun to explore building encoders with modular encoded representations, such that encoders and decoders from different models can be stitched together in a zero-shot manner without further fine-tuning. While previous research only addresses full-context speech models, we explore the problem in a streaming setting as well. Our framework builds on top of existing encoded representations, converting them to modular features, dubbed as Lego-Features, without modifying the pre-trained model. The features remain interchangeable when the model is retrained with distinct initializations. Though sparse, we show that the Lego-Features are powerful when tested with RNN-T or LAS decoders, maintaining high-quality downstream performance. They are also rich enough to represent the first-pass prediction during two-pass deliberation. In this scenario, they outperform the N-best hypotheses, since they do not need to be supplemented with acoustic features to deliver the best results. Moreover, generating the Lego-Features does not require beam search or auto-regressive computation. Overall, they present a modular, powerful and cheap alternative to the standard encoder output, as well as the N-best hypotheses.


Chronic ulcers are a common and socially significant problem worldwide. Autodermoplasty is the gold standard treatment for chronic ulcers. However, it is not always possible to perform this surgical procedure for a rather large group of patients, due to some reasons, which include high risk of autodermotransplant rejection, lack of donor material, and patient's unwillingness to undergo surgery with an often unpredictable result. A potential solution to the problem is to use skin equivalents from allogeneic donor material. The use of allogeneic (donor) human cells makes it possible to fill the deficit of the patient's donor resources and close wound without causing additional injury to the patient. This paper provides an overview of the application of foreign and domestic biomedical cell products in clinical trials and real clinical practice. We draw conclusions on the efficiency of the considered biomedical cell products in the treatment of chronic ulcers, evaluate the conducted research, and make recommendations on the most efficient use of allogeneic dermatotropic biomedical cell products.


Origin of the Large Mammals of North America.-M. Grant' discusses the old continental connections of North America with the Old World and with South America. Most important is his idea about the old "Beringian connection" between northeastern Asia and northwestern America, which, according to him, was not a continuous one in time, as generally accepted (from the upper Cretaceous to the lower Pleistocene). Grant believes that it existed in the lower Eocene, lower Oligocene, middle Miocene, upper Pliocene and lower Pleistocene, but that it was interrupted chiefly in the m-iiddle and upper Eocene, upper Oligocene and lower Miocene. The evidence supporting this assumption is not very convincing, since in part it may be founded only upon a deficiency in our knowledge of the fossil Mammals both of the Old and the New World. Moreover, the geographical distribution of marine animals does not support this view, at least as far as it refers to the older Tertiary. There is hardly any trace of an exchange of faunas between the northern Pacific and the northern Atlantic by way of the Arctic basin during earlier Tertiary times, the similarities in the faunas of these oceans generally being clearly indicative of a very recent connection of them. There is either no resemblance at all, or very close affinity of forms generally amounting to specific identity, the latter cases being f ouncd among forms that are apparently circumpolar cold-water types of recent origin. It shall not be denied that there are a few cases of allied or even identical species in both oceans belonlging to more temperate climnatic conditions (for instance, resemblances of Japanese and Mecliterranean forms) which might possibly indicate a former interruption of the Beringian bridge in the beginning of the later half of the Tertiary, but this point needs further elucidation. A. E. 0.


Corporate governance is a fairly new concept which has been put into practice because of the needs of companies to constantly perform better; and it is this need that has made corporate governance so necessary today. As a set of limitations which must be adhered to in order for a company or firm to reach its optimal performance, corporate governance is a process which ensures growth for a firm and the economy. This paper surveys research on corporate governance of listed manufacturing firms in Greece. A critical analysis based on the available literature is introduced, relatively whether the size of board of directors and ownership structure is related to firm performance. The necessary information for the analysis was collected using secondary data. The listed manufacturing Greek firms were selected based on criteria such as high development rate, high capitalization breadth, and a sufficient enforcement of the principles of corporate governance. The basic hypotheses to be tested were: i) companies that have an expanding Board of Directors have better internal control and thus they perform better than companies, which have a limited number of members in the Board of Directors, ii) firms which belong to an expanded group of shareholders perform better than those firms which belong to a small group of shareholders or are family owned. According to the findings of the research, we can not fully accept the two hypotheses, since some ratios are better in companies which implement the aforementioned corporate governance principles, while the remaining do not seem to present any particular difference due to the implemented principles of corporate governance.


Advances in the dialysis technique and increasing urea Kt/V have not improved outcomes for end‐stage renal disease patients maintained on hemodialysis (HD) therapy. Attention has, thus, focused on enhancing solute removal via prolonged HD sessions. A reduction in the serum levels of phosphorus and β‐2‐microglobulin (B2M) with longer HD treatments has been linked to improved patient outcomes. We have shown that serum phosphorus levels are significantly lowered in patients maintained on thrice‐weekly, in‐center, 8‐hour nocturnal HD performed at a blood flow rate of 400 mL/min. The kinetics of this modality were examined. A total of 8 patients participated in the study (age 45±7 years). Serum creatinine levels decreased from 9.2±1.9 to 3.0±1.0 mg/dL at 8 hours while serum phosphorus decreased from 5.7±1.9 to 2.5±0.7 mg/dL at 8 hours. The initial decrease from predialysis values to 1 hour after the start of HD was significant for both creatinine (P<0.0001) and phosphorus (P<0.001). Serum B2M decreased from 26.8±5.5 mg/L predialysis to 14.9±7.0 mg/L at 8 hours (P<0.01). Dialysate‐side clearances of phosphorus and creatinine were 136±13  and 143±27 cm3/min, respectively. Phosphorus clearances were steadily maintained during the 8‐hour session. A total of 904±292 mg of phosphorus was removed during the 8‐hour treatment, with 501±174 mg (55%) removed during the first 4 hours and the remaining 45% continuously removed during the latter one‐half of the session. The overall calculated B2M clearance was 55.1±40.3 cm3/min using the immediate post‐B2M value and 28.4±34.2 mg/L using the 30‐minute postdialysis value for the calculation. Serum levels of phosphorus and B2M decrease dramatically during an 8‐hour session. Future studies are necessary to determine whether the enhanced solute removal with longer HD sessions translates into an improved outcome for HD patients.


A number of novel genes activated by type I interferons (IFNs) were identified by differential display. Of five induced genes examined, four were of unknown function. However, one gene sequence was identical to the human spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in polyamine catabolism. This enzyme was induced by type I IFNs in a series of hematopoietic cell lines, including Daudi, HL-60, HPBMa, and Wil-2. No induction above constitutive levels occurred in a cell line of epithelial (ME180) or liver (HepG2) origin following treatment with type I IFN. Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase was not induced by IFN-gamma in Daudi or ME180 cells. That induction occurred not only at the level of transcription but also at the enzyme level was confirmed by direct enzyme assays. As the levels of polyamines are related to cell viability, we propose that induction of this enzyme by IFN may be directly related to the anti-proliferative response to type I IFNs.


Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Alfred Hospital and School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic. 2053, Australia. National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia. National Centre in HIV Social Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, Vic. 3000, Australia. Corresponding author. Email: email@example.com


Objective
The individually delivered Supervising for Home Safety (SHS) program improves caregivers' injury-related beliefs and supervision practices. The current randomized controlled trial used a group delivery in a community setting and assessed program impact, feasibility, and acceptance.

Methods
Caregivers of 2-5-year-olds were randomized to receive either the SHS or an attention-matched control program.

Results
In the SHS group only, there were increases from baseline to postintervention in the following: beliefs about children's vulnerability to injury, caregiver preventability of injuries, and self-efficacy to do so; readiness for change in supervision; and watchful supervision. Face-to-face recruitment by staff at community organizations proved most successful. Caregivers' satisfaction ratings were high, as was caregiver engagement (95% completed at least seven of the nine sessions).

Conclusion
The SHS program can be delivered to groups of caregivers in community settings, is positively received by caregivers, and produces desirable changes that can be expected to improve caregivers' home safety practices.


BackgroundDistrict Health Information Systems 2 (DHIS2) is used for supporting health information management in 67 countries, including Solomon Islands. However, there have been few published evaluations of the performance of DHIS2-enhanced disease reporting systems, in particular for monitoring infectious diseases such as malaria. The aim of this study was to evaluate DHIS2 supported malaria reporting in Solomon Islands and to develop recommendations for improving the system.MethodsThe evaluation was conducted in three administrative areas of Solomon Islands: Honoria City Council, and Malaita and Guadalcanal Provinces. Records of nine malaria indicators from 1st January to 31st December 2016 were extracted from the DHIS2 database. The indicators permitted assessment in four core areas: availability, completeness, timeliness and reliability. To obtain more detailed information on the performance of the malaria case reporting system, focus group discussions were conducted with health centre nurses, whilst in-depth interviews were conducted with stakeholder representatives from government (province and national) staff and WHO officials who were users of DHIS2. ResultsData were extracted from nine health centres in Honoria City Council and 64 health centres in Malaita Province. The completeness and timeliness from the two provinces of all nine indicators were 28.2% and 5.1% respectively. The most reliable indicator in DHIS2 was 'clinical malaria' (i.e. numbers of clinically diagnosed malaria cases) with 62.4% reliability. Challenges to completeness were a lack of supervision, limited feedback, high workload, and a lack of training and refresher courses. Health centres located in geographically remote areas, a lack of regular transport, high workload and too many variables in the reporting forms led to delays in timely reporting. Reliability of reports was impacted by a lack of technical professionals such as statisticians and unavailability of tally sheets and reporting forms. ConclusionThe availability, completeness, timeliness and reliability of nine malaria indicators collected in DHIS2 were variable within the study area, but generally low. Continued onsite support, supervision, feedback and additional enhancements such as electronic reporting will be required to further improve the malaria reporting system.


We introduce a novel approach to the study of complex ternary systems where a fluorescent chromophore contains a functionality that incorporates into precrystalline aggregates in concentrated solutions. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach by using carminic acid, a fluorescent molecule possessing a pendant glycosyl moiety, in aqueous glucose solutions. We report the steady state absorption and emission response of carminic acid as well as its picosecond dynamical response. These data, taken collectively, show that saturated glucose solutions exhibit anomalous molecular scale organization and that the persistence time of this organization is significantly less than a nanosecond. Our results indicate that kinetic contributions to crystallization are expected to play an important, sometimes dominant, role in this technologically important process.


While the focus of the work around the Smart Grid concept is mostly on electricity networks, there is a huge potential to increase the energy system environmental and economic efficiency by optimizing the interactions with other energy vectors and networks at both operational and planning stages. This naturally leads to the extended concept of Smart Multi-Energy Grid. The main aim of this talk is thus to present a number of interactions between electricity, heat, gas, hydrogen, transport sector, and so on, and to highlight the opportunities from unlocking the efficiency and flexibility potential that lies in other sectors that electricity interacts or might/will interact with. Technical, commercial, and regulatory challenges, benefits, and opportunities for different actors and at different levels of the energy chain of the Smart Multi-Energy Grid will then be discussed and exemplified. Particular stress will be put on the potential for developing and fast-growing Countries to look into this innovative framework.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Background

Coffee and its compounds have been proposed to inhibit endometrial carcinogenesis. Studies in the Norwegian population can be especially interesting due to the high coffee consumption and increasing incidence of endometrial cancer in the country.

Methods

A total of 97 926 postmenopausal Norwegian women from the population-based prospective Norwegian Women and Cancer (NOWAC) Study, were included in the present analysis. We evaluated the general association between total coffee consumption and endometrial cancer risk as well as the possible impact of brewing method. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to estimate risks, and heterogeneity tests were performed to compare brewing methods.

Results

During an average of 10.9 years of follow-up, 462 incident endometrial cancer cases were identified. After multivariate adjustment, significant risk reduction was found among participants who drank ≥8 cups/day of coffee with a hazard ratio of 0.52 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.34-0.79). However, we did not observe a significant dose-response relationship. No significant heterogeneity in risk was found when comparing filtered and boiled coffee brewing methods. A reduction in endometrial cancer risk was observed in subgroup analyses among participants who drank ≥8 cups/day and had a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2, and in current smokers.

Conclusions

These data suggest that in this population with high coffee consumption, endometrial cancer risk decreases in women consuming ≥8 cups/day, independent of brewing method.

Citation Format: Oxana Gavrilyuk, Tonje Braaten, Guri Skeie, Elisabete Weiderpass, Vanessa Dumeaux, Eiliv Lund. High coffee consumption and different brewing methods in relation to postmenopausal endometrial cancer risk in the norwegian women and cancer study: A population-based prospective study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1268. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1268


A common-mode feedback circuit suitable for fully balanced analog MOS structure realization is discussed. A novel scheme of differential-difference amplifier, the concept of which can be employed in CMFB system, is proposed. A transconductance amplifier is shown as an application example. SPICE simulation is used to verify the theory. >


Ambient Intelligence (AmI) promises future environments that support the well-being of their inhabitants through comfort and assistive environments. For the elderly users, Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) scenarios are targeting safe and independent living at home. Especially the integration of home automation components, such as intelligent light, window, and climate controls seem promising for such scenarios. In this paper, we present a new development method that is based on a detailed three-dimensional model and show how the model can be used for designing and evaluating assistive environments. Such a system has been developed and deployed. We present an architectural foundation of how Universal Remote Console technology can be applied to synchronize the virtual environment model with the real world. Furthermore, we extend previous work on Dual Reality by introducing the concept of Synchronized Realities that includes the synchronization between remote AmI environments. We will discuss application scenarios and show two demonstrators that we have implemented based on the proposed development method.


This article explores the effects of climate and privacy measures on the characteristics of indigenous courtyard houses in Diyarbakır. It compares the characteristics of courtyard houses in Diyarbakir, Turkey, to houses in some Middle Eastern countries. The study sample consisted of fifty historical courtyard houses in Diyarbakır. The results of the study revealed that, like the similar houses in Middle East, there is a horizontal movement around the courtyard all year long and a vertical movement in summer units. But, within the scope of the study, it was found that some houses in the area have spaces that can be used in spring or autumn, in addition to summer and winter units. The findings also revealed that privacy measures had an important role in the space organization of the houses.


Uracil phosphoribosyltransferase, catalyzing the formation of UMP and pyrophosphate from uracil and 5-phosphoribosyl-alpha-1-diphosphate (PPRibP), was purified from an overproducing strain of Escherichia coli. GTP was shown to activate the enzyme by reducing K(m) for PPRibP by about fivefold without affecting Vmax. When started by addition of enzyme, the reactions accelerated over an extended period of time, while enzyme solutions incubated first with GTP and PPRibP displayed constant velocities. This indicated that PPRibP and GTP influenced the structure of the enzyme. Gel-filtration and sedimentation analyses showed that the apparent oligomeric state of uracil phosphoribosyltransferase is defined by a dynamic equilibrium between a slowly sedimenting form (dimeric or trimeric) that has only a little activity, and a more highly aggregated form (pentameric or hexameric), which is more active. It appears that the smaller form predominates in the absence of substrates, while the larger form predominates in the presence of GTP and PPRibP. Guanosine-3',5'-bis(diphosphate) was found to activate the enzyme much like GTP.


In the context of a very uncertain legal and constitutional future, the issue of lifeline ferry service provision in Scotland is considered. Some unintended, and negative, consequences of competitive tendering are set out, focussing particularly on the impact of tendering on the Scottish Government's Fair Work policy and the necessity to reduce carbon emissions. The range of possible constitutional and legal backdrops against which Scottish ferry services will be provided in the future are analysed in terms of the consequences for achieving these objectives and a road map is constructed. EU and Scottish public procurement legislation is described and their similarities are highlighted. Should competitive tendering ultimately be deemed no longer necessary, the need to develop a suitable regulatory regime for a public sector monopoly provider is noted. In an alternative scenario, where tendering continues, it is proposed that the use of Community Benefit clauses, as well as other legal instruments, could be used to align the outcomes of competitive tendering with specified economic and environmental objectives.


This paper focuses on a change in the politics of democratic societies with important implications for national security policy: the increasing political mobilization of women. This change takes several forms, including an increase in the political interest and engagement of women, a growing gender differentiation in policy preferences, and an increasing tendency of women to identify with parties of the left. Despite the importance of these changes, they have been neglected by scholars of national security. In this paper, I examine cross-national evidence on gender difference for a number of security policy issues. I draw on survey measures on a wide variety of issues, including support for international involvement, multilateral institutions, the NATO Alliance, opinions of military power and balance of power, international threats, defense spending, and the use of military force. The study covers up to 14 nations. The most important cross-national finding is that overall gender polarization on security policy issues is strongly correlated with the level of the political mobilization of women. Within nations, gender difference is most prominent on issues of military power, the cost of defense, the acceptability of war, and the use of military force. Gender difference toward international involvement and multilateral institutions are smaller. However, gender difference on each of these issues show variation by nation and over time, which suggests that particular contexts condition the degree of gender polarization. Hypotheses that cast gender difference as universal are therefore suspect. I conclude with a discussion of the implications of the findings for theories of gender difference and for the politics of Western security.


This article has no abstract. The first 100 words appear below: An outborn, 2 hours old male newborn was admitted at the neonatal intensive care unit due to delayed cry after birth and respiratory distress soon after birth. The baby was born at 39 weeks of gestation at another hospital to a 30 year old primi mother by lower uterine caesarian section due to the obstructed labor. Although the mother was not in regular antenatal checkup. Her pregnancy period was uncomplicated. The baby was limp and blue immediately after birth and was managed accordingly by the attending physician and was referred to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University for better management.


Catecholamine contents in non-stimulated and pilocarpine-stimulated submaxillary salivary gland tissue (SGT), oral mucosa (OM) and stimulated saliva in acute experimental staphylococcal sialoadenitis were determined in rats using standard HPLC method. It was shown that 2 hrs after toxin injection, NA contents decreased in non-stimulated SGT, NA and A contents in SGT and OM also decreased. After 2 and 24 hrs NA and A contents were not changed in stimulated SGT and OM and after 24 hrs A content increased in SGT and OM. In saliva after 2 hrs the content and secretion of NA increased, after 24 hrs the content and secretion of NA decreased, but that of A increased. It was concluded that in sialoadenitis the disorders of catecholamine contents in the saliva correlated with its content in OM and influenced the trophic of OM and could be conductive to the development of its pathology.


Extensive manufacture and use of quartz-crystal units for radio communication, instrumentation, control, and detection purposes was responsible for new investigations to improve all phases of piezoelectric units and devices. A small part of the total work included development of circuit arrangements and instruments for accurately measuring the electrical constants of crystal units. This paper describes precision methods of high-frequency radio measurements as used successfully on quartz-crystal units and applicable to other types of units having Q's and impedance ranges up to several million or higher.


The present is a literature review aimed at identifying knowledge production on teaching of the nursing process in graduation courses in Brazil in the past decade. From May 1996 to May 2006, a systematized literature review was conducted using LILACS and MEDLINE databases and by means of a direct search of papers. Fourteen papers were selected predominantly quantitative descriptive exploratory researches (57.14%) carried out with teachers of nursing undergraduate courses (35.72%) or with nursing students (28.57%); the papers approached the topics of physical exam (35.71%) and nursing diagnosis (35.71%). Students considered the nursing process as important for the quality of nursing care; this requires teachers to develop the necessary skills and competences for its use. Among the most effective teaching strategies in the nursing process, the theoretical-practical activities are to be highlighted. Research suggesting practices and actions in the teaching of the different steps of the nursing process should be developed.


ABSTRACT: Fictional accounts of epilepsy are of interest because they may convey information on images and public views of epilepsy which are not contained in medical texts. Thus, medical and nonmedical traditions together form the cultural history of epilepsy. Of the numerous possible aspects of epilepsy in fiction, this paper looks especially at the writers'background of knowledge about epilepsy; epilepsy as a handicap and a reason for social rejection, with special reference to epilepsy under the Nazi rule; threats to patients'lives; the motive of the child with epilepsy as a divine child; and epilepsy as a fate, and a reason for distinction. Literary writers may help their readers understand that a person's suffering and fighting a condition like epilepsy very much deserves our attention and sympathy. Without being exclusive, the paper pays special attention to epilepsy in the writings of Canadian authors.


It is often difficult to apply knowledge learned in one setting in another setting, for example statistical knowledge learned at school to be used for method comparison at work. By using a boundary-crossing approach we have tried to enhance school-work knowledge perspectives for students in secondary vocational laboratory education. An intervention study consisting of five meetings in which three students were taught the statistical knowledge relevant to work took place. During these meetings care was taken to link the school knowledge to work knowledge, and vice versa. Data collection included video recordings of the meetings, as well as interviews with teachers, students themselves and supervisors from work. A pre- and posttest were created to measure the learning gain of the intervention. A qualitative analysis of the meetings and the reasoning of the students during these meetings showed that the level of integrating school-work knowledge increased during the intervention. The pre- and posttest results showed that the students' statistical knowledge improved significantly and with large effect size.


The Gigabit Link Interface Board (GLIB) is an evaluation platform and an easy entry point for users of high speed optical links in high energy physics experiments. Its intended use ranges from optical link evaluation in the laboratory to control, triggering and data acquisition from remote modules in beam or irradiation tests. The GLIB is an FPGA-based Advanced Mezzanine Card (AMC) conceived to serve a small and simple system residing either inside a Micro Telecommunications Computing Architecture (μTCA) crate, or on a bench with a link to a PC. This paper presents the architecture of the GLIB, its features as well as examples of its use in different setups.


This paper is based on a formulation of the Navier-Stokes equations developed by Iyer and Constantin [5] , where the velocity field of a viscous incompressible fluid is written as the expected value of a stochastic process. Our contribution is to establish this probabilistic representation formula for mild solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations on Rd.


In this article,the biotechnology used in bamboo research was retrospected and prospected.The molecular heredity of disease resistance and pest resistance, differentiation and development,tissue culture and cell engineering,flowering in vitro,mutation,genetic transform and gene engineering in bamboo were analyzed and researched.And the problems in this field were also proposed.


There are anthropic reasons to suspect that life in more than three spatial dimensions is not possible, and if the same could be said of fewer than three, then one would have an anthropic argument for why we experience precisely three large spatial dimensions. There are two main arguments levelled against the possibility of life in 2 + 1 dimensions: the lack of a local gravitational force and Newtonian limit in 3D general relativity, and the claim that the restriction to a planar topology means that the possibilities are 'too simple' for life to exist. I will examine these arguments and show how a purely scalar theory of gravity may evade the first one, before considering certain families of planar graphs which share properties which are observed in real-life biological neural networks and are argued to be important for their functioning.


With the introduction of Web 2.0, which includes users as content generators, finding relevant information is even more complex. To tackle this problem of information overload, a number of different techniques have been introduced, including search engines, Semantic Web, and recommender systems, among others. The use of recommender systems for e-Government is a research topic that is intended to improve the interaction among public administrations, citizens, and the private sector through reducing information overload on e-Government services. In this chapter, the use of recommender systems on eParticipation is presented. A brief description of the eGovernment Framework used and the participation levels that are proposed to enhance participation. The highest level of participation is known as eEmpowerment, where the decision-making is placed on the side of citizens. Finally, a set of examples for the different eParticipation types is presented to illustrate the use of recommender systems.


In this article, a thermionic electron emission theory for general electron dispersion relations E(k) is presented, relating electron energy E to wave-vector magnitude k = |k|. This theory does not require the construction of a model Hamiltonian for the electrode's materials, like Dirac or Weyl Hamiltonians. Instead, use is made of the material's band structure data, e.g., the parabolic E(k) approximation for the Richardson–Dushman equation and linear E(k), as used for graphene and 3D Dirac semimetals. This new theory confirms previous findings on parabolic E(k), e.g., that the emission current is independent of effective electron mass in the material as long as it is larger than real electron mass m0. For effective mass lower than m0, the emission is reduced and tends to zero for vanishing effective mass. For materials with negative electron affinity, additional terms arise in the emission current equation. It turns out that the linear E(k) dispersion, e.g., for Dirac semimetals, does not have the potential to surpass the Richardson emission in materials with the same work function. In addition, a more rigorous electron emission theory is established by utilizing real anisotropic band structure data En(k) for electrode materials. For collimated electron emission normal to the surface, the transverse electron velocities tend to zero, i.e., the transverse derivatives of En(k) have to be comparatively small. If stable electrode materials of this kind can be realized, a considerable increase of electron emission by a factor 100 or more can be achieved, compared to the Richardson–Dushman theory, especially for small lattice constants perpendicular to the emission direction.In this article, a thermionic electron emission theory for general electron dispersion relations E(k) is presented, relating electron energy E to wave-vector magnitude k = |k|. This theory does not require the construction of a model Hamiltonian for the electrode's materials, like Dirac or Weyl Hamiltonians. Instead, use is made of the material's band structure data, e.g., the parabolic E(k) approximation for the Richardson–Dushman equation and linear E(k), as used for graphene and 3D Dirac semimetals. This new theory confirms previous findings on parabolic E(k), e.g., that the emission current is independent of effective electron mass in the material as long as it is larger than real electron mass m0. For effective mass lower than m0, the emission is reduced and tends to zero for vanishing effective mass. For materials with negative electron affinity, additional terms arise in the emission current equation. It turns out that the linear E(k) dispersion, e.g., for Dirac semimetals, does not have the potent...


Although evolutionary economics has extensively analysed the evolution of industries in relation to innovation and technology lifecycles, the interplay between industry lifecycles and evolutionary patterns of knowledge networks has not been fully explored yet. This work aims to bridge this gap by analyzing the co-evolutionary patterns of knowledge and trade flows in the mining industry, using social network tools in combination with the Schumpeterian tradition of analysis. The study focuses on three Latin American countries: Brazil, Chile, and Peru, where the mining sector plays a significant role in the economy, particularly in the context of energy and digital transitions. Our findings suggest that the innovation network and the global value chain-trade network display divergent co-evolutionary patterns: while the former tends to be stable and concentrated, the latter shows increasing fragmentation and turbulence. The analysis also shows remarkable evolutionary evidence at the country level.


The current thesis describes the problem of anger and aggression in video games and proposes a solution specifically for action video games where players oppose each other. Losing at those games may cause players to become angry or aggressive. As one of the factors, such anger comes from a feeling of being cheated on. During the thesis, an action genre video game that provides equal opportunities for the opposing sides for winning was developed. An experiment which consists of playing the developed game and filling out the questionnaire by a specific group of people was conducted. Participants of the experiment were treated equally regarding game-external conditions. It turned out that fair video game design factors and external conditions have a positive influence on player emotions.


Despite a general decline in smoking rates in the UK, smoking prevalence remains high among young adults, pregnant women and those from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. These three groups are also more likely to benefit from targeted smoking cessation interventions. Clinical contact between health professionals and patients who smoke creates an opportunity for offering cessation interventions and to reduce smoking-related harm. This article summarises evidence, based on high-quality systematic reviews, on smoking cessation interventions that could be offered by health professionals coming into contact with patients who smoke. The evidence presented here suggests that brief advice by a health professional is beneficial in achieving smoking cessation and so is intensive behavioural support alone or in combination with pharmacotherapies (nicotine replacement therapies (NRTs), bupropion and varenicline). Pharmacotherapies are also effective individually in promoting smoking cessation; a combinatio...


Purpose: Gross Domestic Product(GDP) depends on Agriculture, Service, and industry performance. The main aim of the study is to assess the relationship between dependent variable GDP and Independent variables agriculture, industry, and service sector by using the n-variable Regression Model at initial condition.
Design/Methodology/Approach: The study is an application of the n-variable Regression Model at the initial condition to analyze the situation of GDP along with reasons not becoming zero GDP even after using the initial condition. The secondary data of the GDP of Nepal from the Central Bureau of Statistics of 10 years till 2019/20 has been analyzed. By finding cofactors of correlation coefficient matrix, Mean and standard deviation of the individual data to establish the linear relationship between dependent and independent variable.
Findings/Result: Under initial conditions, if all the independent variables zero, the GDP is −751028.431 billion, negative sign shows that GDP decreases highly if the entire major factor has no role in GDP. It is non-zero GDP. It means in the 11th year the stated amount will be expended from the previous year saving for forex to import which will not be possible in a sustainable economy. It will not be possible in real conditions however it may be hypothetical possible either because of the impact of informal economy or disinvestment or negative net exports. It is significant for forecasting the future GDP of a country effectively assuming different conditions for policy formulation.
Originality/Value: It is the first empirical research using the n-variable Regression Model for GDP Analysis.
Paper Type: Analytical Policy Research


Hidden services were deployed on the Tor anonymous communication network in 2004. Announced properties include server resistance to distributed DoS. Both the EFF and Reporters Without Borders have issued guides that describe using hidden services via Tor to protect the safety of dissidents as well as to resist censorship. We present fast and cheap attacks that reveal the location of a hidden server. Using a single hostile Tor node we have located deployed hidden servers in a matter of minutes. Although we examine hidden services over Tor, our results apply to any client using a variety of anonymity networks. In fact, these are the first actual intersection attacks on any deployed public network: thus confirming general expectations from prior theory and simulation. We recommend changes to route selection design and implementation for Tor. These changes require no operational increase in network overhead and are simple to make; but they prevent the attacks we have demonstrated. They have been implemented


The sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) of tropical Pacific in the boreal summer of 2004 show a distinct tripolar pattern with warm SSTA in the central tropical Pacific, flanked on both sides by cold SSTA. The distinct conditions during the boreal summer of 2004 and the following winter were catalogued as a new coupled phenomenon named El Niño Modoki in a recent generalized study. The 2004 event is unique in the sense that it occurred without any co‐occurring IOD, thereby without any possibility of external modulation of its processes and impacts in the tropics. Using observed data since 1979, we show that the 2004 event indeed involves the distinct equatorial coupled ocean‐atmosphere dynamics different from the conventional El Niño. Further, using an AGCM, we confirm that during boreal summer anomalous twin Walker circulation cells associated with the El Niño Modoki SSTA give rise to observed rainfall anomalies in the tropics.


The mechanism of transition between NaCl and CsCl structures of NaCl has been studied using two different constant-pressure molecular-dynamics algorithms. The characteristic appearances of both results are different, supporting «different» models, proposed by Buerger and Watanabe et al., to explain the above transition. Our results show that these models are essentially equivalent


The capacity for oxygen uptake of a respiratory organ can be estimated using morpho-metric techniques, the two essential measurements being respiratory surface-area and thickness of the tissue barrier across which oxygen diffuses. In cephalopods, the gills are the main site of respiratory exchange and this study was designed to estimate oxygen uptake capacity of the gills of four different genera of cephalopods. A preliminary study was required to determine the form and structure of the gills. Light microscopy showed the surface of the gills to be highly folded, particularly in Octopus. A level of microscopy was chosen at which the outline of the smallest folds of the epithelium and the blood vessels of the gills could be easily resolved. Stereological techniques were then employed to obtain values for the respiratory surface-area related to body weight (cm2 g-1), tissue barrier thickness (μm) and oxygen-diffusing capacity (ml O2 min1 Torr·1 kg1). Values for these three variables obtained for the different species were as follows: Octopus vulgaris 2·9 cm2 g-1, 10 μm, 0·05 ml O2 min-1 Torr-1 kg1; Alloteuthis subulata 10·6 cm2 g1,6 μm, 0·27 ml O2 min-1 Torr-1 kg-1; Nautilus sp. 4·9 cm2 g-1,15 μm, 0·05 ml O2 min-1 Torr1 kg-1; Sepia hatchlings 13·3 cm2 g-1, 4 μm, 0·52 ml O2 min-1 Torr-1 kg-1.


The Investigation of learning performance as an interactive function of individual differences of the learners and alternative modes of instruction is a timely topic in the area of instructional research. This research area is generally referred to as "Aptitude-Treatment-Interaction" (ATI).

This paper makes some general comments about ATI efforts, with specific focus on methodological and conceptual problems connected with this type of research. In addition to providing an overview of the ATI concept, the paper discusses quantitative problems and strategies connected with this research area plus some comments about the direction ATI research may take in the future.


The case of longshoremen and mariners in the coastwise merchant marine, however, suggests that anarchist traditions continued for decades to make their mark. This chapter argues that they permeated syndicalist practices in the country's ports, particularly in Buenos Aires; even when craft-based resistance societies and industrial unions clashed, sometimes violently, over ideology and tactics. The most sophisticated social historian of Argentine anarchism to date, whose narrative of its cultural dimensions is solidly based in archival research, concludes that it was an impoverished and ideologically incoherent ideology centred on spectacular protest and the short-term satisfaction of working-class demands, one that fuelled the flames of disillusionment, frustration, and resentment among disenfranchised European immigrants in America. The Maritime Workers' Union ( Union obrera maritima , or UOM), created in December 1924 with a prominent ex-FOM activist, the socialist Vicente Tadich, at its helm, became the instrument of this ambition. Keywords:anarchism; Argentina; mariners; syndicalism; Union obrera maritima (UOM)


Salinity is one of the most limiting factors for successful crop production in in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Thirty eight soybean genotypes were screened at 8mMNaCl under in vitro condition. Salinity reduced Shoot dry weight, Root dry weight and Plant height. Salt susceptibility index was fully and positive correlated with percent reduction of total dry weight. Principal component analysis showed that the first two components were extracted that comprises of about 98.6% of the total variation in the genotypes. Based on the K-means clustering, 8, 6, 12 and 12 genotypes were categorized under cluster II, IV, III and I and considered as tolerant, moderately tolerant, moderately susceptible and susceptible which represents the 21, 16, 31.5 and 31.5%, respectively. Genotypes Shohag, AGS 313, PK 416, AGS 66, MACS 57, AGS 195, GC 308, AGS 129 were found relatively tolerant to salinity. Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(2): 207-212


The contributions and challenges of Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics and Freire's critical pedagogy to research and practice in environmental education are considered. We present the authors' main concepts and relate them to the principles of critical environmental education that have guided our work in Brazil. Although a raft of current non-anthropocentric theories question the pivotal role of language in representing experience, our purpose is to outline a critical dialogical perspective suitable for particular education contexts. The respect for the otherness of nature implicit in this process can lead to the recognition and acceptance of our own selves and new forms of solidarity and respect for others, including non-human nature. Our interpretive-pedagogical approach informs some of the underlying principles or practices of the critical dimension of environmental education and its research.


This guide provides access and assistance for finding books, articles and other information on Arabic and Middle Eastern subjects. Please feel free to submit any revisions or additions to Rebecca Hankins, email@example.com, 979-845-1951.


A complete Bouguer gravity map of the central-eastern part of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, and a general bathymetric chart of the Lago Fagnano have been realized, on the basis of a series of field geophysical surveys carried out on the Island since 1998. The regional gravity anomaly trend onshore shows a progressive negative gradient from N to S. Distinct, broadly E-W-trending gravity minima are superimposed on this regional negative gradient. They follow the main trace of the Magallanes-Fagnano fault system, which represents the western segment of the left-lateral South America-Scotia transform plate boundary. The gravity minima reflect the presence in the subsurface of restricted and elongated basins developed within the principal displacement zone of the fault system. A relative positive gravity maximum is located just at the SE corner of the Lago Fagnano, and represents the response of a partially exposed crystalline body, occupying an area 3 x 3 km wide. A 2D vertical crustal model has been constructed, combining gravity data inversion and geological information available for the central-eastern region of Lago Fagnano. The bathymetric map of the Lago Fagnano delineates the main morphological features of this 110-km-long, 7-km-wide lake, the largest of Isla Grande. The floor is divided into distinct parts, which suggests that the basin is composed of different sub-basins. In most areas, the basin floor is highly asymmetric in shape, with flat depocentral areas. The most pronounced asymmetry of the basin is seen in the eastern end of the lake, where there is also the deepest depression. The steeper slope of the basin, along the northern shore of the Lago Fagnano, also coincides with the most pronounced regional topographic gradient. The general gravimetric and morphological features of the investigated region are here discussed.


The need for efficient location mechanisms is an important issue in scalable self-organizing networks. Existing solutions are inherently dependent on the spatial distribution of nodes in the topology. This leads to limitations that go against the principles of self-organization. In this paper, we propose Twins, an easily-managed location service for self-organizing networks. Twins defines a logical multidimensional space that is a strict mathematical representation of the network geographic space. This representation is obtained through Hilbert space-filling curves. The geographic space is used for addressing and routing, while localization is based on the curve. Control messages are routed based on the logical structure while data packets are routed in a hop-by-hop basis with greedy next-hop choice. In this paper, we evaluate the Twins management operations in terms of fairness of space sharing and logical/geographic distances between nodes and their location servers. Our results show that Twins assures a fair distribution of control overhead and scales well with the number of nodes.


Contents: PART I: THE NEW IP LANDSCAPE Section 1: A General Perspective 1. Rights in Basic Information, Peter Jaszi Section 2: Taking up Reform 2. The Politics of Reform in Developing Countries, Carolyn Deere 3. Reforms in China, Peter K. Yu 4. A Perspective on Reform in Arab Countries, Ahmed Abdel Latif Section 3: Implications for Drug Pricing 5. A Review of the Economic Literature, Keith E. Maskus PART II: POLICY CHALLENGES IN THE SOUTH Section 1: The Pharmaceutical Sector 6. The Case of the Generic Industry in India, Biswajit Dhar and K. M. Gopakumar 7. TRIPS-Plus Policies and the Pharmaceutical Industry in Thailand, Jakkrit Kuanpoth Section 2: The Protection of Life Forms and Traditional Knowledge 8. The Ability to Utilize TRIPS Flexibilities in Sub-Saharan African Countries, Tenu Avafia, Jonathan Berger and Trudi Hartzenberg 9. Genetic Use Restriction Technologies and Sustainable Development in Eastern and Southern Africa, Patricia Kameri-Mbote and James Otieno-Odek 10. Sui Generis Systems for Plant Variety Protection and Traditional Knowledge in Asia, Daniel Robinson Section 3: Geographical Indications 11. Indications of Geographical Origin in Asia: Legal and Policy Issues to Resolve, Dwijen Rangnekar Section 4: Access to Knowledge and the Role of Research Institutes 12. Education and Access to Knowledge in Southern Africa, Andrew Rens, Achal Prabhala and Dick Kawooya 13. Innovation and Public Research in Central American Countries, Jorge Cabrera PART III: RESPONSES TO THE TRIPS-PLUS WORLD 14. Promoting Checks and Balances, Carsten Fink 15. A Model Law for the Protection of Undisclosed Data, Carlos M. Correa 16. Enforcement Provisions of EPAs, Sisule F. Musungu


Immunotherapy based on adoptive transfer of tumor antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell (TC) is generally limited by poor in vivo expansion and tumor infiltration. In this study, we report that activated STAT5 transcription factors (STAT5CA) confer high efficiency on CD8(+) effector T cells (eTC) for host colonization after adoptive transfer. Engineered expression of STAT5CA in antigen-experienced TCs with poor replicative potential was also sufficient to convert them into long-lived antigen-responsive eTCs. In transplanted mastocytoma- or melanoma-bearing hosts, STAT5CA greatly enhanced the ability of eTCs to accumulate in tumors, become activated by tumor antigens, and to express the cytolytic factor granzyme B. Taken together, these properties contributed to an increase in tumor regression by STAT5CA-transduced, as compared with untransduced, TCs including when the latter control cells were combined with infusion of interleukin (IL)-2/anti-IL-2 complexes. In tumors arising in the autochthonous TiRP transgenic model of melanoma associated with systemic chronic inflammation, endogenous CD8(+) TCs were nonfunctional. In this setting, adoptive transfer of STAT5CA-transduced TCs produced superior antitumor effects compared with nontransduced TCs. Our findings imply that STAT5CA expression can render TCs resistant to the immunosuppressive environment of melanoma tumors, enhancing their ability to home to tumors and to maintain high granzyme B expression, as well as their capacity to stimulate granzyme B expression in endogenous TCs.


We show that the number of labelled graphs with vertices of degrees 1, 2, 3 or 4 only satisfy linear recurrence equations, and are therefore P-recursive. We conjecture that the number of labelled graphs with vertices whose degrees belong to a given finite set is also P-recursive.


Abstract. Accurate modeling of nitrogen deposition is essential for identifying exceedances of critical loads and designing effective mitigation strategies. However, there are still uncertainties in modern deposition routines due to a limited availability of long-term flux measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds for model development and validation. In this study, we investigate the performance of dry deposition inferential models with regard to annual budgets and the exchange patterns of total reactive nitrogen (ΣNr) at a low-polluted mixed forest located in the Bavarian Forest National Park (NPBW), Germany. Flux measurements of ΣNr were carried out with a Total Reactive Atmospheric Nitrogen Converter (TRANC) coupled to a chemiluminescence dectector (CLD) for 2.5 years. Average ΣNr concentration was approximately 5.2 ppb. Denuder measurements with DELTA samplers and chemiluminescence measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have shown that NOx has the highest contribution to ΣNr (~52%), followed by ammonia (NH3) (~ 22 %), ammonium (NH4+) (~ 14 %), nitrate NO3− (~ 7 %), and nitric acid (HNO3) (~ 6 %). We observed mostly deposition fluxes at the measurement site with median fluxes ranging from −15 ng N m−2 s−1 to −5 ng N m−2 s−1 (negative fluxes indicate deposition). In general, highest deposition was recorded from May to September. ΣNr deposition was enhanced by higher temperatures, lower relative humidity, high ΣNr concentration, and dry leaf surfaces. Our results suggest that dry conditions seem to favour nitrogen dry deposition at natural ecosystems. For determining annual dry deposition budgets we used the bidirectional inferential scheme DEPAC (DEPosition of Acidifying Compounds) with locally measured input parameters, called DEPAC-1D, as gap-filling strategy for TRANC measurements. In a second approach, the mean-diurnal-variation method (MDV) was applied to gaps of up to five days whereas DEPAC-1D was used for remaining gaps. We compared them to results from the chemical transport model LOTOS-EUROS (LOng Term OzoneSimulation – EURopean Operational Smog) v2.0 and from the canopy budget technique conducted at the measurement site. After 2.5 years, dry deposition based on TRANC measurements resulted in (11.1 ± 3.4) kg N ha−1 with DEPAC-1D as gap-filling method and (10.9 ± 3.8) kg N ha−1 with MDV and DEPAC-1D as gap-filling methods. Both values are close to dry deposition by DEPAC-1D (13.6 kg N ha−1) considering the uncertainties of measured fluxes and possible uncertainty sources of DEPAC-1D. The difference of DEPAC-1D to TRANC can be related to parameterizations of reactive gases or the missing exchange path with soil. 16.8 kg N ha−1 deposition were calculated by LOTOS-EUROS for considering land-use class weighting. We further showed that predicted NH3 concentrations, an input parameter of LOTOS-EUROS, were the main reason for the discrepancyin dry deposition budgets between the different methods. On average, annual TRANC dry deposition was 4.5 kg N ha−1 a−1 for both gap-filling approaches, DEPAC-1D showed 5.3 kg N ha−1 a−1, and LOTOS-EUROS modeled 5.2 kg N ha−1 a−1 to 6.9 kg N ha−1 a−1 depending on the weighting of land-use classes within the site's grid cell. 7.5 kg N ha−1 a−1 was estimated with the canopy budget technique for the period from 2016 to 2018 as upper estimate and 4.6 kg N ha−1 a−1 as lower estimate. Our findings provide a better understanding of exchange dynamics occurring at low-polluted, natural ecosystems and show opportunities for further development of deposition models.


Cabling is the metastable twisting together of multiple falls of rope caused by torque in the ropes induced by the applied tension, but resisted by the inclination of the ropes to the vertical. Conventional analysis of cabling assumes that rope tension is uniform, ropes are straight from the point of suspension to a sheave at the hook, and rope separation is the same at the top and the bottom. When, as in deep water operations, the weight of the rope results in a tension gradient from top to bottom, not only must a different approach be adopted in calculating rope torque, but the rope no longer falls in a straight line: it is a catenary. A further complication arises when, in an attempt to improve the resistance to cabling, the rope spacing is increased at the top. This paper addresses all these issues, explaining how to analyse this important problem.


ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of single or combined superior oblique tendon (SO) advancement for selected cases of unilateral superior oblique palsy (SOP). Methods The medical records of 14 patients who underwent single or combined superior oblique tendon advancement in one institution from May 2017 to October 2018 were reviewed. All subjects with a diagnosis of unilateral SOP who underwent single or combined SO tendon advancement surgery were included. The goal of the surgery was to correct the hypertropia and head tilt. The single or combined SO tendon advancement surgery was selected based on the amount of hypertropia or head tilt and the Knapp classification of the SOP. The information recorded included pre- and postoperative deviation angle and ocular motility findings. The degree of upshoot in adduction was graded pre- and postoperatively. Results Fourteen patients between the age of 3 and 52 years with unilateral superior oblique palsy were selected to undergo SO tendon advancement. Single SO tendon advancement was carried out in eight acquired Knapp class II or residual SOP patients. SO tendon advancement combined with contralateral inferior rectus recession was carried out in two acquired Knapp class II patients. SO tendon advancement combined with ipsilateral inferior oblique myectomy was carried out in four congenital Knapp class III patients. The changes in pre- and postoperative hypertropia at primary gaze in single SO tendon advancement patients were from 6.25 ± 2.12 prism diopters to 0.86 ± 1.46 prism diopters. The changes in degree of upshoot in adduction were from +1.86 to +0.21. Conclusions SO tendon advancement worked well as single or combined muscle procedure to treat unilateral superior oblique palsy.


We present a method to calculate the natural line width and energy dependent line shape due to fluorescence decay of core excited atoms within a full relativistic multi-reference configuration interaction theory. The atomic absorption lines show a deviation from a Lorentzian line-shape due to energy dependent matrix elements of the localized electronic state coupling to the photon field. This gives rise to spectral lines with small but visible asymmetry. One generally finds an excess of spectral weight at the high energy shoulder of the atomic absorption line. We present the example of nuclear decay of $^{55}$Fe by electron capture of an inner-shell core electron. We show that the amount of ionizing radiation in the energy window between 50 and 200 keV is around one order of magnitude larger due to the energy dependent fluorescence yield lifetime compared to the value one would obtain if one assumes a constant fluorescence decay rate. This yields a total change of energy deposited into ionizing radiation of about 1\textperthousand. Our calculations are in good agreement with previous calculations and experimental observations where data is available. Our results can be further validated by high precision measurements of electron capture nuclear decay spectra using recently developed experimental methods.


In this short note we uncover the geometry behind the classical result on averaging high-frequency vibrations . It is shown that the classical effective potential of Kapitsa is produced by a centrifugal force of a point mass constrained to a certain curve determined by V.


The article analyzes three entities value, concept and image; they become additional (according to Bohr) and interchangeable when working with specific language material. Their essence is vivedly manifested in the reconstruction of the spiritual values, which form concept and the latter becoming image in the works of writers and poets demonstrating the integrative nature of the values. In this regard, the article states that time has come for integral knowledge that requires a change in the parameters of scientific thinking. Thus, overlapped interests of different sciences in one object is a new tendency of the time. The object of study in this article is the wanderer and wandering, they are multidimensional, complex, ambiguous, and can be studied in various fields of scientific knowledge: theology, cognitive linguistics, philosophy, psychology, art history, aesthetics, etc., obtaining a different content in each science.


Ewes which had been lactating for 3--4 weeks and which had been milked by hand from the day of parturition were subjected to food restriction for 4 days. One group of three ewes was fed ad libitum and a second group of four ewes was fed to meet calculated requirements for maintenance and milk production. Over 4 days food intake was reduced by 80% in both groups of ewes. In response to food restriction, milk yields and body weight decreased. Blood amino acids, plasma glucose, glucose pool size, glucose irreversible loss, insulin, thyroxine and the insulin: glucagon molar ratio decreased. In contrast, plasma glucagon remained relatively unaffected and plasma free fatty acids and growth hormone increased. These changes were similar for both groups of ewes and were reversed when food intake was restored. The results suggest that the hormonal control of gluconeogenesis in the ruminant is similar to that in the non-ruminant.


Multidimensional discrete data (MDD) i.e., arrays of arbitrary size, dimension, and base type appear in a variety of business, technical, and scientific application fields. RasDaMan is an effort to give comprehensive domain-independent MDD database support. Based on a formal algebraic array model, RasDaMan offers declarative array operators embedded in standard SQL; key DBMS components are an MDD query optimizer and a streamlined storage manager for efficient access to subsets of huge arrays. We present the RasDaMan approach to MDD management based on the medical and geographic application fields addressed in the project.


The first karyotype analysis of Ctenomys flamarioni, based on a sample of 46 specimens collected along the geographical range of this species, is reported. All specimens exhibited a diploid number of 48 but varied in autosomal arm number from a low of 50 to a high of 78. The amount of constitutive heterochromatin also varied with the species' geographical distribution. Comparison of G-band patterns showed a strong relationship between the karyotype of this species and those belonging to the Argentinian mendocinus group.


Zhengzhou is the demarcation point between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and an important node city to support the ecological protection and high-quality development along the Yellow River Basin. As an important part of Zhengzhou's strategic development project named "expanding to the East, moving to the north, and developing across the river", the "Pingyuan new urban area" and the construction of urban rail transit across the Yellow River has been planned. Based on this plan, this paper puts forward the idea of urban rail transit policing cooperation mechanism across the Yellow River, including cooperation mechanism of anti-terrorism and anti-riot with police intelligence sharing, joint service police cooperation, report responding and police cases handling, the training of urban rail transit police cadets, which provides a forward-looking strategic prospect for Zhengzhou's urban rail transit police cooperation.


Plant Science
During cell division, cohesins keep replicated sister chromatids attached until they segregate into separate daughter cells. This cohesion is stabilized by chromosome transmission fidelity 7 (Ctf7) protein and destabilized by the Wings apart-like (Wapl) protein. Inactivation of Ctf7 results in poorly condensed chromosomes, whereas inactivation of Wapl results in chromosomes that won't let go. De et al. investigated the interaction of cohesion, Wapl, and Ctf7 in Arabidopsis plants. Inactivation of Wapl is lethal to animal cells but has divergent effects on plant cells, so that meiosis and germ cell development are more affected than is vegetative plant growth. The results hint at an as-yet-unidentified system to regulate sister-chromatid cohesion during mitosis.

Plant Cell 28 , 521–536 (2016).


This Guide is designed to assist students in the HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING TECHNICIAN (HVTN) HEATING, VENTILATION & AIR CONDITIONING TECHNIQUES (HVTQ) programs to find resources available to them in the Library and Learning commons.


The disparity between the density profiles of galactic dark matter haloes predicted by dark matter only cosmological simulations and those inferred from rotation curve decomposition, the so-called cusp-core problem, suggests that baryonic physics has an impact on dark matter density in the central regions of galaxies. Feedback from black holes, supernovae and massive stars may each play a role by removing matter from the centre of the galaxy on shorter timescales than the dynamical time of the dark matter halo. Our goal in this paper is to determine constraints on such feedback scenarios based on the observed properties of a set of nearby galaxies.
Using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) analysis of galactic rotation curves, via a method developed in a previous paper, we constrain density profiles and an estimated minimum radius for baryon influence, $r_1$, which we couple with a feedback model to give an estimate of the fraction of matter within that radius that must be expelled to produce the presently observed halo profile. We show that in the case of the gas rich dwarf irregular galaxy DDO 154, an outflow from a central source (e.g. a black hole or star forming region) could produce sufficient feedback on the halo without removing the disk gas.
We examine the rotation curves of 8 galaxies taken from the THINGS data set and determine constraints on the radial density profiles of their dark matter haloes. For some of the galaxies, both cored haloes and cosmological $\rho \propto r^{-1}$ cusps are excluded. These intermediate central slopes require baryonic feedback to be finely tuned. We also find for galaxies which exhibit extended cores in their haloes (e.g. NGC 925), the use of a split power-law halo profile yields models without the unphysical, sharp features seen in models based on the Einasto profile.


Kuttab is fist Islamic education institute, the learning is simple system; reading, writing, physical exercise and skill. This institute development potency with Islamic character. The curriculum balanced intellectuality and spirituality. This article gives information about the firs institute education and scientific tradition in Islam. This tradition will hope motivator and innovator to development Islamic education in Indonesia. This article analyses intellectual tradition in Umayyah. The objective of the analyses awakens our awareness of intellectual tradition, because it will lead our nation into a better future.  Creating such condition requires the involvement of each component of this nation Key word: Kuttab, Madrasah, Pendidikan Islam, Anak


General Collective Intelligence has been defined as a system that combines individuals into a single collective cognition with the potential for vastly greater intelligence than any individual in the group [1], [2]. A novel Human Centric Functional Modeling approach [3] has been used define a model for this collective cognition, and for individual cognition [4], as well as for the intelligence of those systems of cognition, in order to quantify this potential increase in intelligence as exponential. Where other approaches assume the functions of cognition are implemented through mechanisms that are not yet confirmed, these functional models are defined from first principles and simply reflect all observed functionality rather than assuming any implementation at all. Here we show that from the perspective of these functional models, the transition from animal intelligence to a human intelligence capable of a sufficient level of abstraction to develop science and other concepts, and capable of exchanging and accumulating the value of those abstractions to achieve exponentially greater impact on the external world, is a well-defined phase change [5]. The transition from human intelligence to GCI, the transition from GCI to second order GCI, and so forth to Nth order GCI are hypothesized to be subsequent phase changes that may or may not occur [5]. The functional modeling approach is used to clarify the fundamentally different nature of the general problem-solving ability provided by GCI as opposed to the problem solving ability of tools such as computation or computing methods [6] that can be applied to any general problem, and why even super computers without general problem-solving ability are limited to the problems their designers can define, and to the solutions those designers can envision [7]. This model suggests that entire categories of problems cannot reliably be solved without this phase change to General Collective Intelligence, and since this exponential increase in problem-solving ability applies to physics, mathematics, economics, health care, sustainable development, and every other field of human study where intelligence applies. In addition, since this model suggests that any exponential increase in ability to impact the external world possible through GCI cannot have been possible before at any time in human civilization, and since another such increase cannot be possible again until the advent of AGI or the transition to a second order GCI. the implications of GCI are profound [8].


A guide to library and information resources for Health Services Assistance students. This page will help you with the unit HLTAAP001 Recognise healthy body systems and BSBMED301 Interpret and apply medical terminology appropriately.


The western part of the Moroccan Meseta contains thick Middle Cambrian terrigenous deposits, in places 7000 m thick. Field data and geophysical investigations indicate subsident grabens controlled by major N30°E and N60°E fault zones on the northwestern part of the African shield. These grabens correspond to the late evolution of an intracontinental rift that originated during Late Precambrian and Early Cambrian time and can be considered evidence of the opening of the Iapetus paleo-ocean in Morocco.


2-Aminooxazole has recently been proposed as a hypothetical precursor of RNA nucleotides on early earth. UV irradiation was considered as a crucial environmental factor in the proposed reaction sequence. We report on state-of-the-art multireference quantum-chemical calculations elucidating the possible nonradiative deactivation channels of this compound. According to our findings, the gas-phase photochemistry of 2-aminooxazole should be dominated by the photodetachment of the hydrogen atom of the NH2 group via a 1πσNH* state leading either to ultrafast nonradiative deactivation, phototautomerization, or photodissociation of a hydrogen atom. We also identified a possible ring-opening reaction and a ring-puckering process that could occur after electronic excitation. These reactions seem to be less probable because they are driven by a higher-lying excited singlet state and are inherently slower than the hydrogen-atom dynamics.


Recently, urban mixed-use commercial facilities have been required to raise a safe environment in public areas. So, this study focuses on analyze planning factors selected through the precedent research for Pedestrian safety and environment of urban mixed-use commercial facilities. The first purpose of this study is to analyse the applicative estimation of environmental plan to support pedestrians in public space of urban mixed-use commercial facilities in Seoul. And the second purpose of this study is to propose the directions of environmental planning for creating a pedestrian-friendly environment in public space of urban mixed-use commercial facilities. In order to accomplish this purpose, the environmental planning factors for supporting pedestrians and guidelines for disabled shown in the precedent studies are drawn. A survey of research subjects are 4 urban mixed-use commercial facilities located in downtown Seoul. And then a questionnaire survey is performed on architecture and interior design students to evaluate the importance. As a result of the study, the following conclusion are drawn. The pedestrian-friendly environment in urban mixed-use commercial facilities requires planning to strengthen accessibility, supporting and safety of public space.


Abstract : In order to provide a deeper understanding of the workings of principal components, four data sets were constructed by taking linear combinations of values of two uncorrelated variables to form the X-variates for the principal component analysis. This is part of a continuing project that produces annotated computer output for principal components analysis. The complete project will involve processing four examples on SAS/PRINCOMP, BMDP/4M, SPSS-X/FACTOR, GENSTAT/PCP, and SYSTAT/FACTOR. We show here the results from GENSTAT/PCP, Version 4.04.


We extend existing stand-level models of forest landowner behavior in the presence of fire risk to include the level and timing of fuel management activities. These activities reduce losses if a stand ignites. Based on simulations, we find the standard result that fire risk reduces the optimal rotation age does not hold when landowners use fuel management. Instead, the optimal rotation age rises as fire risk increases. The optimal planting density decreases. The level of intermediate fuel treatment, but not its timing, is sensitive to the magnitude of fire risk. Cost-sharing is shown to be an effective instrument for encouraging fuel treatment. (JEL Q23)


Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic zoonotic protozoan, distinguish superior brain parasite load in immune-suppressed patients. Corticosteroids are popular anti-inflammatory with immune-suppressive long course, it possible opportunist higher T. gondii brain parasite load and reverts encephalitis in latent infected personals. The present study concerns this concept and preferred for recognize different levels of T. gondii brain parasite load and immunoglobulin titers in both corticosteroids treated and untreated latent infected mice groups. A total number of 70 Swiss-Webster mice (12-18 g) were divided into four groups, the first and second ones are 30 each (infected-untreated and infected-treated group), the third and fourth 5 each (uninfected-untreated and uninfected-treated control). Administration of glucocorticoid (hydrocortisone sodium succinate) at a dose of 50 mg kgG1 (I.M) injection 3 times a week with oral administration of dexamethasone sodium phosphate in dose of 2.5 mg kgG1 dayG1 per mouse in drinking water for sequence 2 months. The 103 bradyzoites from mice brain of cystogenic ME-49 strain was used for inducing latent infected mice groups at 30 days before corticosteroids therapy. Serum and brain tissue samples were collected for serological assay and parasite load estimation from sacrificed mice. The results showed significance elevation of average percent of brain parasite load and IgM/IgG titers. All values exceeds higher and parallel to the progression of corticosteroids term in infected treated group than the infected-untreated one. In conclusion, long-term corticosteroids therapy possible opportunist higher T. gondii brain parasite load and induce encephalitis in latent infected murine model, imitate this serious condition in T. gondii infected patients who received corticosteroids therapy.


Background & Objectives: Estimation of age in elderly person is often required in medico legal practice. Estimation of age in elderly person is comparatively more difficult than in young persons. The aim of the study was to determine the age of an individual from fusion of various parts of the sternum. Methods: Sterna were obtained from 53 males and 47 females aged between 14 years to 75 years from known corpses during medico-legal autopsies at Tirunelveli Medical College, Tamilnadu, India by dissection and maceration of soft tissues. Results: When the segments of the body of sternum are fused, the age of an individual should be above 21 years. If the manubrium and body of sternum is not fused, the age of the Individual is less than 35 years in males and less than 43 years in females. If the xiphoid process and body of sternum is fused, the age of the individual is more than 32 years in males and more than 40 years in females. Interpretation: Age estimation from union of manubrium and xiphoid with the body of the sternum seem to be reliable where the sex is already determined. Fusion of segments of body of sternum is a more reliable in estimation of age of an individual irrespective of the sex. Conclusions: This study proves that sternum is a reliable tool to estimate the age of a person.


The colon adenocarcinoma causes changes in glandular structures of colon tissues. Pathologists assess these changes to diagnose and grade the colon adenocarcinoma. However, this assessment may consist of a considerable amount of subjectivity. It is possible to reduce this subjectivity by characterizing the glands with mathematical features. For that, the first step is to detect gland locations. In literature, most of the gland detection methods are pixel-based. However, tissue images may show pixel-level variances due to their nature and differences in biopsy preparation and image acquisition procedures. On the other hand, in spite of these variances, the distribution of tissue components forming glands show similar properties. The methods that consider this distribution has the potential of improving the performance. The method proposed in this study first models the distribution of the components by constructing a graph on them. Then, it breaks the constructed graph down into subgraphs and detects the glands using the features of these subgraphs. The experiments conducted on colon tissue images show that the proposed method leads to promising results for detecting the glands.


The spatial distribution of Myxobolus pethericii Fomena, Lekeufack folefack and Tang II, 2007 and Henneguya pethericii Fomena, Lekeufack folefack and Bouix, 2008 gills parasites of Ctenopoma petherici Gunther, 1864 was investigated. The gill apparatus of each host individual was divided into arbitrary regions and the number of cysts of each parasites species in each gill region was determined. Results were analysed at parasite species and xenocommunity levels. Site specificity was determined by application of Chi-square test to the data. At the same time, mean cyst loads were compared between different gill regions. The mean cyst load of the xenocommunity was higher on arches II and III than on arch IV. M. pethericii encysted more on outer hemibranch of arch IV. The medial segment of the gill was more colonized by M. pethericii and the combination made of M. pethericii+H. pethericii. The greater mean cyst load of M. pethericii was observed on medial segment. The specific preferences of a gill region might be affected by the interaction of factors such as the possible heterogeneity of the gill system, possible differences in the hydrostatic pressure of the bronchial pump and the water current over different parts of the gill surface.


Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that occurs as a result of absolute or relative insufficiency of insulin release and/or insulin effect due to impairment of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism, and it is characterized by hyperglycemia and leads to various complications. Objective: In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effects of hesperidin (HP) and quercetin, which are natural flavonoids, on serum malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Materials and Methods: The experimental animals were divided into four groups, each group comprising ten rats designated as follows: Group 1 served as control rats (C); Group 2 served as diabetic rats (DM); Group 3 served as diabetic rats administered HP (DM + HP) (100 mg/kg b. w.); and Group 4 served as diabetic rats administered quercetin (DM + Q) (100 mg/kg b. w.). Results: Serum MDA and GSH levels were significantly higher in STZ-induced DM group than control group (P < 0.05). In DM + HP and DM + Q groups, MDA levels were significantly decreased compared to DM groups (P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference GSH levels between DM, DM + HP, and DM + Q groups (P > 0.05). TNF-α levels in STZ-induced DM group were significantly decreased compared to control group (P < 0.05), and groups of DM + HP and DM + Q had higher serum TNF-α levels than STZ-induced DM group (P < 0.05). In STZ-induced DM group, serum IL-6 levels were decreased compared to control group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: As a result, in this study, we determined that HP and quercetin may play an effective role in regulating insulin metabolism metabolism in diabetes. However, considering the incompatibility of various results in the literature as well as our own results, we think that the actual role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of diabetes is one of the issues that need to be clarified in further studies. Abbreviations used: DM: Diabetes mellitus, MDA: Malondialdehyde, GSH: Glutathione; IL-6: Interleukin-6, TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor alpha, HP: Hesperidin, Q; Quercetin, STZ: Streptozotocin, TC: Total cholesterol, TG: Triglyceride, HDL-C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C: Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, VLDL-C: Very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.


The association of the haemagglutinating activities of Salmonella typhimurium cultures with bacterial adhesion to HeLa cells, and the internalization of the bacteria by HeLa cells, was studied. Adhesion was not inhibited by alpha-methyl-D-mannoside (i.e. adhesion was mannose-resistant), and only four of the six strains tested produced type 1 fimbriae and the associated mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin (MSHA). The other two strains belonged to the non-fimbriate FIRN biogroup. Cultures of all six strains contained a mannose-resistant haemagglutinating (MRHA) activity when grown at 37 degrees C, but cultures of only one fimbriate and one non-fimbriate strain did so when grown at 18 degrees C. From the comparison of cultures grown at 18 degrees C and 37 degrees C, and of mutant strains with the phenotypes MRHA-negative/MSHA-positive, or MRHA-positive/MSHA-negative, it was concluded that the MRHA activity was responsible for the attachment of salmonellae to HeLa cells. Only bacterial adhesion that was resistant to mannose resulted in the internalization of the bacteria by the HeLa cells.