This study was conducted for the purpose of detecting monocyte-specific alloantibodies by screening of sera which had been retroplacentally obtained, and with a view to delimitating their reactivity pattern from B and T lymphocytes. The data presented provide evidence for an unambiguous distinction of seven different monocyte antigens, MA-1 to MA-7. Segregation analyses of 14 informative families with 69 children revealed HLA-linked autosomal, codominant inheritance of these human monocyte antigen (HMA) via two gene loci (HMA-A and HMA-B) each of them with multiple allelism. The following gene frequencies were established: 0.1340 for HMA-A1; 0.0315 for HMA-A3; 0.0315 for HMA-A5; 0.0146 for HMA-A6; 0.0657 for HMA-B2; 0.0289 for HMA-B4, and 0.0614 for HMA-B7.


There is a rising demand in the world for coconut water as a healthy natural beverage. Different coconut varieties are used in different countries to be processed as a natural drink. The coconut form "King coconut" has long been used in Sri Lanka as the ideal coconut variety for this purpose. However, with the expansion in the local and export beverage coconut market, the supply does not meet with the demand at present. Therefore, this study was conducted to identify potential coconut varieties/forms mainly relating to the yield of beverage. The study was conducted in the main coconut triangle and Southern Sri Lanka. Eleven coconut forms, namely, King coconut and Bothal thembili in the variety Aurantiaca, Red, Yellow, Green and Brown dwarf and Murusi in the variety Nana, Bodiri, Dothalu, and Sri Lanka tall. These are included in the variety Typica along with Nipol, which is a natural hybrid being identified to be suitable as beverage coconuts. Out of them the yielding ability was high in King coconut, Red dwarf and Yellow dwarf while Bodiri, Nipol and Dothalu fared well. Many coconut forms suitable for beverage purpose were observed to be having seasonality in nut production. Ensuring adequate soil fertility and prevention of water deficit over prolonged periods were observed to help sustain yield and reduce seasonality in bunch emission. There were no large scale plantations for beverage coconuts in Sri Lanka, and the entire collection was from home gardens and very small scale holdings. It is recommended to establish medium scale holdings with coconut forms having high yield potential as identified in the current study, with proper management guidance to ensure a steady supply of beverage coconuts to the local as well as export market.


We propose a theory of task trade between countries that have similar relative factor endowments and technological capabilities, but may differ in size. Firms produce differentiated goods by performing a continuum of tasks, each of which generates local spillovers. Tasks can be performed at home or abroad, but offshoring entails costs that vary by task. In equilibrium, the tasks with the highest offshoring costs may not be traded. Among the remainder, those with the relatively higher offshoring costs are performed in the country that has the higher wage and the higher aggregate output. We discuss the relationship between equilibrium wages, equilibrium outputs, and relative country size.


Advances in industrial biotechnology offer potential opportunities for economic utilization of agro-industrial residues such as banana peel and corn pith as a substrate for many biochemical reactions. Due to their rich organic nature, they can serve as an ideal substrate for the production of value added products like alpha amylases. In the present work, an attempt was made to optimize different process variables by Taguchi methodology for the production of amylase using banana peel and corn pith by Bacillus subtilis. The orthogonal array design of the experiment was used to study the effects of carbon and nitrogen source, pH, temperature, inoculum size, and incubation time on amylase production. The predicted values of amylase activity by Taguchi S/N ratio methodology were 1799 U/ml for banana peel and 671 U/ml for corn pith. The measured amylase activities at optimal conditions by experimental runs were 1580 U/ml for banana peel and 530.32 U/ml for corn pith, respectively. After ignoring minor effects the deviation between the predicted and measured were further reduced. The predicted results are in good agreement with the experimental values.


The cholinergic and noradrenergic nervous systems in the cochleas of cynomolgus monkeys were examined by histochemical and immunohistochemical demonstration of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and/or dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH), respectively. AChE activity was demonstrated in the efferent fibers making synaptic contact with the perikarya and the cell processes of type II neurons. Type II neurons also demonstrated AChE activity on the cell surface and their neurites, suggesting that the AChE-positive fibers in the simian cochlear nerve trunk, previously believed to be of efferent origin, are the central processes of type II neurons. TH-like and DBH-like immunoreactivity of beaded unmyelinated fibers demonstrated similar distribution throughout the cochlear nerve trunk, Rosenthal's canal, and osseous spiral lamina. During their course, they came in contact with unmyelinated efferent fibers and neurites of type II neurons and abutted blood vessels. However, their distribution was not restricted to following blood vessels or cochlear nerve fibers. These observations indicate that the sympathetic nerve supply and olivocochlear efferent system in the cochleas of monkeys differ from those of smaller animals.


Coupled with longer lifespans, the older workforce has been of key interest to policymakers trying to sustain an affordable social welfare system in countries with an ageing population. Drawing data from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), this paper investigates patterns of labour market transitions in the population aged 50 and over by tracking over 4,000 individuals' employment statuses during 2009-2018, with a principal focus on retirement and reentry into the workforce. We identify multiple retirement pathways and some work mobilities at an older age. Regarding the predictors of labour market transitions, the survival analysis results demonstrate a strong influences of institutional factors such as job sector and pension arrangements upon subsequent labour market withdrawal. There is also a tendency for self-employed people and farmers to remain in the workforce to older ages, in sharp contrast with public sector workers.


A program has been developed to investigate the potential of hybrid fuels for use in highway transportation. Hybrids are fuels derived from combinations of readily available energetic non-conventional materials with petroleum. They are generally formulated as solutions, emulsions, or slurries. The underlying objective of the program is to reduce the use of petroleum-derived fuels and/or to minimize the processing requirements of the finished hybrid fuels. During the first year of the program, extensive work was done on the development and testing of water and alcohol emulsions and alcohol solutions. In the second year, the emphasis was placed on the development and testing of hybrid fuel slurries. Components evaluated included carbohydrates and various forms of carbon. It was concluded that, of the slurries tested, the carbon (coke, carbon black, etc.) slurries have the most potential for development into finished fuels. The efforts during the third year will concentrate on advancing the development of the slurries (especially the carbon slurries) to the same point as the solutions and emulsions. This work will include examination of the mechanical difficulties, the stability problems, and the combustion phenomena observed when using slurries in heat engines.


Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and maturation are three major phases of the development of blood vessels. Although many receptors required for blood vessel formation have been defined, the intracellular signal transduction pathways involved in vascular maturation remain unclear. KLF2–/– embryos fail to develop beyond 13.5 days because of a lack of blood vessel stabilization. The molecular mechanism of KLF2 function in embryonic vascular vessels is still largely unknown. Here we show a normal development pattern of endothelial cells in KLF2–/– embryos but a defect of smooth muscle cells at the dorsal side of the aorta. This phenotype results from arrested vascular maturation characterized by the failure of mural cells to migrate around endothelial cells. This migration defect is also observed when platelet-derived growth factor-B (PDGF) controlled migration is studied in murine embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells from KLF2–/– animals. In addition, KLF2–/– MEFs exhibit a significant growth defect, indicating that KLF2 is required to maintain the viability of MEF cells. The PDGF signal is mediated through the Src signaling pathway, and a downstream target of KLF2 is sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1. These studies demonstrate that KLF2 is required for smooth muscle cell migration and elucidate a novel mechanism involving communication between PDGF and KLF2 in vascular maturation.


Abstract Security threats, among other intrusions affecting the availability, confidentiality and integrity of IT resources and services, are spreading fast and can cause serious harm to organizations. Intrusion detection has a key role in capturing intrusions. In particular, the application of machine learning methods in this area can enrich the intrusion detection efficiency. Various methods, such as pattern recognition from event logs, can be applied in intrusion detection. The main goal of our research is to present a possible intrusion detection approach using recent machine learning techniques. In this paper, we suggest and evaluate the usage of stacked ensembles consisting of neural network (SNN) and autoen-coder (AE) models augmented with a tree-structured Parzen estimator hyperparameter optimization approach for intrusion detection. The main contribution of our work is the application of advanced hyperparameter optimization and stacked ensembles together. We conducted several experiments to check the effectiveness of our approach. We used the NSL-KDD dataset, a common benchmark dataset in intrusion detection, to train our models. The comparative results demonstrate that our proposed models can compete with and, in some cases, outperform existing models.


This study aims to measure the effect partially and simultaneously on the marketing mix variable and the trust variable on patient satisfaction at PUSKESMAS Srondol Semarang city. The object of the research is the Srondol PUSKESMAS patients who have used the service facilities in the last 3 months or from January to March 2021 a total of 30 people. Collecting data using an online questionnaire/questionnaire using Google Form and measured by a Likert scale. The research method uses multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS 23 data processing. The results show that the marketing mix variable and the trust variable have a significant influence on patient satisfaction at PUSKSMAS Srondol and marketing mix variables have a dominant effect on patient satisfaction at PUSKSMAS Srondol in Semarang.


A novel and efficient block-matching motion estimation criterion called minimized maximum error (MiniMax) is considered. The proposed method can save hardware area about 15% with acceptable video performance. A chip which combines the MiniMax matching criterion and the one-dimensional full search algorithm is presented. The ASIC is motivated by the need of the intensive computational demand to perform motion estimation in real time. The proposed single chip can match the applications of H.261 and MPEG international standards. Chip cascading is allowed for larger searching range applications. >


UNLABELLED
Hepatic dysfunction caused by malignancy is uncommon and can be the result of primary hepatocellular carcinoma, liver metastasis, secondary malignancies, or a complication of chemotherapeutic agents. Hematological malignancies, as leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Hodgkin lymphoma, typically do not result in hepatic dysfunction and rarely manifest as fulminant liver failure.

CASE PRESENTATION
A 43 year-old male was referred with 2-week diarrhea, nausea and vague abdominal discomfort. He was treated with oral antibiotics. However, symptoms progressed and he was admitted with advanced liver failure. On admission the patient was jaundiced, agitated, with tachycardia and hypotension. There were echymosis around the eyes and chest, active bleeding at sites of vein punctures and macroscopic hematuria. The abdomen was tender with an enlarged liver. Admission laboratory findings were consistent with acute hepato-renal failure. Viral hepatitis serology was negative, antinuclear antibody screen was negative, and iron panel was normal. Abdominal ultrasound showed liver and spleen enlargement. He developed refrac- tory hypoglycemia, further increase in serum lactate and died 5 days after admission.

CONCLUSIONS
Acute liver failure is uncommon as the presenting feature of lymphoma. This fact may delay diagnosis, contributing to the reported poor prognosis. Establishing a diagnosis of malignancy as the cause of acute liver failure is difficult and requires a high index of suspicion. Given the poor prognosis associated with late or missed diagnosis and the potential benefits of early chemotherapy, lymphoma should be considered in any patient presenting with acute liver failure without an obvious etiology and associated with lactic acidosis and hepatomegaly.


This research aimed to preserve Benthik traditional game using Benthix VR. Benthix VR used the Virtual Reality Interface Design (VRID) development model. The development phase of the VRID model started from High Level to Low-Level phase. The High-Level Design (HLD) phase consisted of identifying data elements and multiple objects, and modeling component objects. The output from the HLD phase would be input to the LowLevel Design (LLD) phase. The LLD phase was a phase of repetition and fine-tunes from the modeling of several component objects thoroughly. Testing of Benthix VR was conducted on 34 respondents with five assessment aspects. Those were enjoyment, realism, interactivity, usability, and impact. The average result of the questionnaire assessment of all aspects is 3,18824. These results indicate that users feel Benthix VR is comfortable, realistic, interactive, and fascinating. Moreover, they are also interested in playing Benthik in the real world after using the application.


AN ALLOWANCE for fault resistance in fault current computations is desirable in certain types of problems. The present paper gives the results of a study made to determine reasonable values of fault resistance to use in computing line-to-ground fault currents, particularly in inductive co-ordination studies. The sources and nature of the data used in the study are described in a companion paper.


This study evaluated the cardiorespiratory stability of six dose-regulated, 12-hour, chloralose anesthetic maintenance protocols. Thirty mongrel dogs were premedicated with morphine sulfate (5mg/kg) and anesthetized with an induction dose of chloralose (80mg/kg). Fifteen animals were permitted to breathe spontaneously and 15 animals were ventilated mechanically to maintain a constant arterial pCO2 (40 +/- 5 mmHg). The spontaneously breathing dogs were separated into three groups in which animals (n = 5) were given different bolus doses of supplemental anesthetic. Initially the spontaneously breathing animals were hypoxemic, acidemic and hypercapnic. No consistent hemodynamic difference was noted among these groups. The mechanically ventilated animals were also divided into three groups that received varying doses of supplemental chloralose by constant infusion. Significant (p less than 0.01) myocardial depression was noted in the heavy-dosed animals by the third hour. Systolic pressure decreased 44%, pulse pressure decreased 37% and peak left ventricular dP/dt decreased 52%. All heavy-dosed animals expired before the eighth hour. Although these data suggest that morphine-premedicated, chloralose-anesthetized animals generally provide a stable cardiopulmonary model, high-dose chloralose supplementation depressed ventilation and produced a dose-dependent cardiotoxicity.


Cultured human renal epithelial cells were treated with the cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and alteration in expression and function of markers including Classes I and II MHC antigens and the adhesion molecules LFA-3 and ICAM-1 was examined. It was found that a mixture of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced Class II MHC antigens, up-regulated expression of Class I, LFA-3 and ICAM-1 molecules and enhanced binding of 51Cr-labeled mononuclear immune cells. However, lymphocytes failed to proliferate in response to allo-stimulation by renal epithelial cells. Lymphocytes recovered after four days in mixed culture with allogeneic renal cells were purified and re-stimulated with irradiated spleen cells for five days prior to measurement of proliferation. These lymphocytes failed to proliferate if the spleen cells were syngeneic with the renal cells used in the primary stimulation. However, if the renal cells were from a third-party donor the lymphocytes showed a normal proliferative response to the allogeneic spleen cells. It has been demonstrated that cytokine-stimulated renal epithelial cells bind, but fail to initiate proliferation of, resting allogenic lymphocytes and that activated renal cells can specifically anergise potentially graft damaging allospecific T lymphocytes.


Background Visual attention plays a crucial role in daily living and in sports, affecting an athlete's performance and thus, potentially, the outcome of a match. However, studies assessing the association between the level of sports expertise and visual attention have yielded mixed results. This study was conducted to examine whether visual attention could be developed with increased sports expertise, and whether visual attention differed between male athletes and female athletes. Methods A total of 128 participants were included in this study: 64 first-level national soccer athletes recruited from college soccer teams (considered elite athletes; 32 men and 32 women with similar soccer performance requirements and training experience), and 64 physical education college students with limited soccer experience (considered novice athletes; 32 men and 32 women with matched soccer experience). To assess visual attention, we used a multiple object tracking (MOT) task with four targets among a total of 10 objects moving at a fixed speed of 10°/s in random directions across a computer monitor screen. Tracking accuracy on the MOT task was calculated for each participant as the proportion of correctly selected targets. A univariate analysis of variance was performed, with group (expert, novice) and sex (male, female) as independent variables, and tracking accuracy on the MOT task as the dependent variable to assess whether sports expertise or sex influenced visual attention. Simple effects tests followed by comparisons with Bonferroni corrections were used, and effect size calculations were performed using Cohen's f statistic. Results Tracking accuracy on the MOT task was significantly affected by sports expertise (F(1,124) = 91.732, p < 0.001, ηP2 = 0.425), with accuracy among expert soccer athletes superior to that among novice soccer athletes. Moreover, a statistically significant interaction between sports expertise and sex was detected (F(1,124) = 7.046, p = 0.009, η P2= 0.054). Better tracking performance was observed for male soccer players (mean [SD], 0.39 [0.12]) than for female soccer players (mean [SD], 0.27 [0.08]); p < 0.01; d=1.17; r = 0.51) but only in the novice group. No significant sex difference was detected in tracking performance between elite male soccer athletes (mean [SD], 0.51 [0.09]) and elite female soccer athletes (mean [SD], 0.49 [0.11]). Conclusion These findings confirm previous results indicating that long-term extensive sports training develops visual attention as assessed by MOT performance and extend previous findings to include soccer athletes. The findings of a sex difference in visual attention among novice soccer players but not among elite soccer athletes who had similar performance requirements and training experience suggest that long-term extensive training may minimize the sex difference in visual attention.


A nano-Fe3O4–CoOx catalyst was prepared via a simple wet impregnation method. The nano-Fe3O4–CoOx catalyst showed good catalytic performance for the conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) with t-BuOOH as the oxidant. Several important reaction parameters were explored, with the highest FDCA yield of 68.6% obtained from HMF after 15 h at a reaction temperature of 80 °C. One-pot conversion of fructose into FDCA was also successful via two steps. Catalytic conversion of fructose over Fe3O4@SiO2–SO3H yielded 93.1% HMF, which was oxidized in situ into FDCA with a yield of 59.8%. Furthermore, recycling of nano-Fe3O4–CoOx was accomplished with the help of a magnetic field. Nano-Fe3O4–CoOx showed high stability in the reaction process. The use of nonprecious metals and no requirement of a base additive made this method much more economical and environmentally friendly.


The authors present a review of the literature concerning multiple malignancies in a single patient. They emphasize etiological aspects and possible preventive strategies in a clinical entity which appears to be recognized with an increasing frequency.


Starting from the necessity of expanding the periodontal care of the population, the author points to the special importance of the patient's education, information and instruction in the periodontal practice and to the employment of dental nurses specialized in dental and oral hygiene. The author's approach which is based on an audiovisual method is explained; its advantages and disadvantages are discussed.


Abstract Growth characteristics have a complex inheritance pattern, and the gene-environment interaction makes predicting tree responses to environmental change difficult. The primary goals of this study are to evaluate the variation in growth traits of different white poplar clones and to measure the inter-site variation and ecological sensitivities. In the experiment, a total of 30 white poplar clones were planted and measured over 5 years for height (H) and diameter at breast height (DBH) at four different sites in North China. ANOVA results showed that there were significant differences in H and DBH between clones at each site (P<0.01). Phenotypic and genotypic variation, and the repeatability of H and DBH, increased with the tree growth, which suggested that the inter-clone variation became gradually larger under the control of genetic factors. Under a selection ratio of 20%, the genetic gains of H and DBH also increased with the tree growth at the same site. Correlation analysis showed a significantly positive association between H and DBH both at the same age and sites, but the correlation coefficients decreased with increasing age. In conclusion, genetic gains were not equal between different sites, indicating differences in the influence of environment on the poplar genotype. Further investigations may be able to determine the role of environment for tree breeding programs and genetic selection.


The agricultural sector in India has been successful in keeping pace with the rising food demand of a growing population. Rapid agricultural growth continues to be the key to poverty alleviation and overall economic development. The changing economic scenario in India and the need for appropriate agricultural technologies and agro-management practices to respond to food and nutritional security, poverty alleviation, diversifying market demands, export opportunities and environmental concerns is posing new challenges to technology dissemination systems. Public extension by itself can no longer respond to the multifarious demands of farming systems. There is need to reevaluate the capacity of agricultural extension to effectively address the contemporary and future needs of the farming community. Public funding for sustaining the vast extension infrastructure is also under considerable strain. Meanwhile in response to market demand, the existing public extension network is inexorably being complemented, supplemented and even replaced by private extension. As the nature and scope of agricultural extension undergoes fundamental changes, India looks for a whole new policy mix that nurtures the pluralistic extension system in India. The current study tries to analyse in-depth the various issues of pluralistic extension system in India and the policy reforms carried out to address them.


This study demonstrates the potential of Raman microscopy in the analysis of thin film cross‐sections. Raman maps of the photovoltaic material CuInS2 (CIS), which was prepared by the spray ion layer gas reaction method, revealed the spatial distribution of two different CIS modifications – chalcopyrite‐type and CuAu I‐type CIS – as well as contaminants and segregates with a lateral resolution of approx. 400 nm. Additionally, the chemical heterogeneity of a CuGaSe2/CuGa3Se5 bi‐layer stack was clearly resolved. Raman microscopy provides a convenient way to simultaneously probe the chemical and structural properties of a sample. Based on Raman spectra, chemical species and even different crystal structures of inorganic compounds can be identified. Knowledge of the distribution of different phases and contaminants in thin films is crucial for further improvements of the coating process. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)


Abstract Analysis of tectonic stress from the inversion of fault kinematic and earthquake focal mechanism data is routinely done using a wide variety of direct inversion, iterative and grid search methods. This paper discusses important aspects and new developments of the stress inversion methodology as the critical evaluation and interpretation of the results. The problems of data selection and separation into subsets, choice of optimization function, and the use of non-fault structural elements in stress inversion (tension, shear and compression fractures) are examined. The classical Right Dihedron method is developed in order to estimate the stress ratio R, widen its applicability to compression and tension fractures, and provide a compatibility test for data selection and separation. A new Rotational Optimization procedure for interactive kinematic data separation of fault-slip and focal mechanism data and progressive stress tensor optimization is presented. The quality assessment procedure defined for the World Stress Map project is extended in order to take into account the diversity of orientations of structural data used in the inversion. The range of stress regimes is expressed by a stress regime index R', useful for regional comparisons and mapping. All these aspects have been implemented in a computer program TENSOR, which is introduced briefly. The procedures for determination of stress tensor using these new aspects are described using natural sets of fault-slip and focal mechanism data from the Baikal Rift Zone.


It was investigated whether radiographic osteoarthritis (ROA) is associated with specific haplotypes of the COL2A1 gene. Radiographs of knees, hips, hands, and spine were scored for the presence of ROA in subjects of 55–70 years from a population‐based cohort study, the Rotterdam study. Cases had ROA in 3 or more joint groups; controls, from the same population, had ROA in less than 3 joint groups. Allele frequencies of 3 dimorphisms (HaeIII, HindIII, MaeII) and a VNTR polymorphism of the COL2A1 gene were determined. The VNTR allele 14R2 and the HindIII polymorphism showed a significant association. Haplotype analysis of the HaeIII, HindIII and VNTR polymorphisms showed that a specific haplotype (1‐2‐14R2) is strongly associated with ROA in 3 or more joint groups (OR = 5.3, 95% CI 2.3–12.7). Our results suggest that a specific haplotype of the COL2A1 locus may predispose to generalised ROA.


Distinguishing between two facets of uncertainty has become a standard practice in risk analysis, namely aleatory (representing variability) and epistemic (due to lack of knowledge). For representing aleatory uncertainty, there is a large consensus in the community about the use of probabilities under the frequentist perspective. However, for representing epistemic uncertainty, no unique straightforward answer exists. The different belief systems about the appropriate setting for uncertainty representation induce ontological-type uncertainty. Depending on how this representation is conducted might impact the decision-making phase especially when the chosen approach fails to provide a clear and transparent picture of the background knowledge underlying the risk analysis (Aven 2016).

For representing epistemic uncertainty, several authors have advocated the use of subjective probabilities interpreted as beliefs (perceptions) about the probabilistic model within the Bayesian setting. Yet, when the "background knowledge is weak", i.e. in situations where the available data are imprecise, diffuse, fluctuating, incomplete, fragmentary, vague, ambiguous, etc. (e.g., Dubois 2010), expressing uncertainties in the form of subjective probabilities may often be too "rich": the identification of the probability distribution requires more information than what an expert may be able to supply, which is often restricted to the 0.50 and 0.95 fractiles or a prescribed mode and a support (Dubois and Prade 1994). Alternative uncertainty theories termed as "extra-probabilistic" (possibility theory, belief theory, imprecise probability, etc.) have been developped over the past years, which go beyond the systematic use of a single probabilistic law. The pillar of these theories is that many of such probabilistic laws may exist given the pieces of available information: these advocate bounding instead of providing a single uncertainty (probabilistic) model.

In the present contribution, we analyse the pros and cons of this bounding strategy with a special focus on possibility theory. The analysis is peformed by comparison with conservative approaches using safety margins and traditional pure probabilistic approach by means of applications in the field of CO2 geological storage (Loschetter et al. 2015) and in natural hazard assessments (Rohmer and Baudrit 2011). We show that: 1. the possibility theory is a flexible setting for handling a broad range of different situations of epistemic uncertainty (e.g., representing and reasoning with vague concepts; handling imprecision; dealing with a probabilistic model whose parameters are ill-known); 2. the bounding strategy enables to convey an intuitive, understandable, transparent and communication-facilitating message on the level of epismetic uncertainty, i.e. on what is unknown.

The other side of the coin is the level of sophistication added by the bounding strategy. Picturing the "flaws in the assessment process" using bounds may help the decision-making process by clearly displaying the limitations of the predictions instead of giving outcomes with an artificially high level of confidence. However, if the message on bounds is not transferred cautiously from scientists to end-users, this might undermine the confidence in the risk analysis, potentially leading to a loss of credibility in the results. A possible line of improvement is discussed through sensitivity and robustness characterisation.

References

Aven, T. (2016). Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their foundation. European Journal of Operational Research, 253(1), 1-13.
Dubois, D. (2010). Representation, propagation, and decision issues in risk analysis under incomplete probabilistic information. Risk analysis, 30(3), 361-368.
Dubois, D., Prade, H. (1994). Possibility theory and data fusion in poorly informed environments. Control Eng. Pract. 2, 811–823.
Loschetter, A., Rohmer, J., de Lary, L., and Manceau, J. (2015). Dealing with uncertainty in risk assessments in early stages of a CO2 geological storage project: comparison of pure-probabilistic and fuzzy-probabilistic frameworks. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 1–17.
Rohmer, J. and Baudrit, C. (2011). The use of the possibility theory to investigate the epistemic uncertainties within scenario-based earthquake risk assessments. Natural hazards, 56(3), 613–632.


Microbiology Resource Announcements (MRA) provides peer-reviewed announcements of scientific resources for the microbial research community. We describe the best practices for writing an announcement that ensures that these publications are truly useful resources. Adhering to these best practices can lead to successful publication without the need for extensive revisions.


In this paper, the friction and wear characteristics of contact type sealing unit for a water turbine have been presented. The sealing unit for a small hydropower generation is to stop a leakage of circulating water from an outside of an impeller to an inside of a rolling bearing. The friction heating between a seal ring and a seal seat may radically increase a surface temperature in which increase a power loss and wear on the rubbing surface. The surface wear strongly affect to the seal life of a mechanical face seal. In this study, the hardness of a stainless steel in which is a heat-treated is 892.8 in Vickers hardness and the hardness of silicone carbide of SiC is 714.1 in Vickers hardness. The surface hardness of a heat-treated stainless steel is 25% high compared with that of a ceramic material of SiC. The contact modes of rubbing surfaces are a dry friction, a water film friction and a mixed friction that is contaminated by a dust, silt, and moistures, etc. These two factors of a contact rubbing modes and a material property are very important parameters on the tribological performance such as a friction and wear between a seal ring and a seal seat in primary sealing unit. The experimental result shows that the surface hardness of a seal material is very important on the friction coefficient and a wear volume. Thus, the results recommend higher hardness of a seal material, which may reduce a friction loss and increase a wear life of primary seal components.


ABSTRACT Background and Context Computing education is expanding, while the teaching of algorithms is less well studied. Objective The aim of this study was to examine teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) for teaching algorithms. Method We conducted semi-structured interviews with seven computer science (CS) teachers in upper secondary education (students aged 15–18). The data were analyzed qualitatively. Findings We found two patterns of variation in teachers' PCK. First, we detected variation in the teachers' goals related to their view of algorithms: they either focused on "thinking" about the algorithm as an object, or focused on "thinking and making", where the algorithm is also regarded as a program. Second, we found variation in teachers' knowledge about responding to differences between students, which may be generic or topic-specific. Furthermore, our findings reveal that teachers consider class discussions to play a significant role as an instructional method for provoking reflection. Implications Our findings regarding PCK may be beneficial for the development of teacher education and professionalization activities for CS teachers.


PURPOSE
To evaluate the effect and safety of phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation in eyes with Fuchs' heterochromic iridocyclitis.

METHODS
We reviewed the 13 patients (14 eyes) with heterochromic iridocyclitis who had phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Intraoperative and postoperative complication was observed.

RESULTS
Intraoperative complication included miosis and hemorrhage in anterior chamber. Postoperative complication were glaucoma and hyphemia. Best corrected postoperative visual acuity was 1.0 or better in 65% of eyes.

CONCLUSION
Eyes with heterochromic iridocyclitis tolerated well to the phacoemulsification with IOL implantation.


This is a retrospective study of 217 cases of foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree. The diagnostic techniques, current management, and statistics related to sex, age, yearly incidence, duration of symptoms, nature of foreign body, location, and duration of hospitalization are discussed. The most common complications resulting from a foreign body in the tracheobronchial tree were atelectasis, subglottic stenosis, and pneumonia.


Through analyzing the economic profits of rural cooperative economic organizations, the following conclusions are obtained. The rural cooperative economic organizations can get the economic profits which are in accordance with the demands of market-oriented economy. The rural cooperative economic organizations can benefit from sharing the knight service provided by the government; reducing and avoiding various kinds of risks in operation; applying the agricultural technology and standardization production. Besides, the organizations can share the profits bought along by the standardization production of agricultural production and their members can enjoy the profits bought by socialized service system. In addition, the rural cooperative economic organizations can enjoy the profits produced by the agricultural management integration strategy. What' more, they can increase profits by reducing the transaction costs; enlarging scale and enjoying the brand advantages. The analyses of the costs of the development of rural cooperative economic organizations mainly include the organizing costs, operation costs, restriction costs and cooperation costs. We think that the slow development of rural cooperative economic organizations is caused by their high operation cost and the impediment of external environment. In the end, the countermeasures on strengthening the research on the theory, promotion, education and training of rural economic cooperative organizations and intensifying the supports on the policies of rural economic cooperative organizations are put forward.


Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) and their parasitoids on cultivated and wild hosts in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Information on frugivorous flies in cultivated or wild host plants and their parasitoids in the Cerrado-Pantanal ecotone in Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul is presented and discussed. Fruit fly samples were collected weekly in specific fruit trees, and McPhail® traps were installed in the same trees for a period of two years. The fruit flies infested ripe and unripe fruits of Averrhoa carambola L., Schoepfia sp., Psidium guajava L. and Pouteria torta (Mart.) Radlk and mature fruits of Anacardium occidentale L. and Inga laurina (Sw.) Willd. Nineteen fruit fly species were obtained with the combination of sampling methods (collecting fruits and trapping), nine of them obtained with both methods, five found only in fruits and five only in traps. This is the first record of Anastrepha striata Schiner in a species of Sapotaceae, as well as for A. castanea Norrbom and A. daciformes Bezzi in Schoepfia sp. (Olacaceae), and for A. distincta Greene in fruits of P. guajava in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Fruit collections simultaneously associated with capture of fruit flies by McPhail traps in the same host plants are essential to understand the diversity of fruit flies and their relationship with hosts and parasitoids. Species of Braconidae and Pteromalidae were recovered, where Doryctobracon areolatus (Szepligeti) was the most abundant parasitoid in larvae of tephritids infesting both cultivated and wild host fruits.


Background Programme evaluations conducted alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have potential to enhance understanding of trial outcomes. This paper describes a multi-level programme evaluation to be conducted alongside an RCT of a falls prevention programme (RESPOND). Objectives (1) To conduct a process evaluation in order to identify the degree of implementation fidelity and associated barriers and facilitators. (2) To evaluate the primary intended impact of the programme: participation in fall prevention strategies and the factors influencing participation. (3) To identify the factors influencing RESPOND RCT outcomes: falls, fall injuries and emergency department (ED) re-presentations. Methods/design 528 community-dwelling adults aged 60–90 years presenting to two EDs with a fall will be recruited and randomly assigned to the intervention or standard care group. All RESPOND participants and RESPOND clinicians will be included in the evaluation. A mixed methods design will be used and a programme logic model will frame the evaluation. Data will be sourced from interviews, focus groups, questionnaires, clinician case notes, recruitment records, participant-completed calendars, hospital administrative datasets and audio-recordings of intervention contacts. Quantitative data will be analysed via descriptive and inferential statistics and qualitative data will be interpreted using thematic analysis. Discussion The RESPOND programme evaluation will provide information about contextual and influencing factors related to the RESPOND RCT outcomes. The results will assist researchers, clinicians and policy makers regarding decisions about future falls prevention interventions. Insights gained may be applicable to a range of chronic conditions where similar preventive intervention approaches are indicated. Trial registration number This programme evaluation is linked to the RESPOND RCT which is registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12614000336684).


Docetaxel is extensively used in chemotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. Little attention has been given to oedema as a possible side effect of docetaxel-containing therapies. Until now, no review was conducted to evaluate docetaxel-containing therapies versus docetaxel-free therapies on the magnitude of the risk of developing oedema. In this systematic review, we investigated the risk of developing oedema in patients being treated for breast cancer with or without docetaxel. In this systematic literature review, we searched PubMed and Web of Knowledge for studies on breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy containing docetaxel. We included clinical trials comparing docetaxel versus docetaxel-free chemotherapy. Oedema had to be reported and measured as a key outcome or an adverse effect. Methodological checklists were used to assess the risk of bias within the selected studies. Seven randomised clinical trials were included. Six trials were of moderate methodological quality. All trials showed an increased rate of oedema in the docetaxel-treatment arm. The trial of weakest methodological quality reported the highest incidence of oedema. The results moderately suggest that adjuvant chemotherapy containing docetaxel is related to a significantly increased risk of developing oedema, compared with docetaxel-free chemotherapy.


Summary College tutors for psychiatry trainees are National Health Service (NHS) consultants who have responsibility for organisation and delivery of postgraduate education and learning opportunities for the core trainees in NHS trusts. College tutors are responsible for monitoring the progress of trainees through the core training schemes. Tutors have various roles and responsibilities in teaching and training. Being a tutor can be a rewarding experience and any consultant interested in postgraduate teaching should consider becoming one.


Neuroimaging and studies using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have shown that a hierarchically organized neural network comprising the right temporoparietal junction (TPJ) and the prefrontal cortex is involved when discriminating one's own face from other faces. Less clear, however, is the role of attention in self-other distinction. Accordingly, the present study aimed at investigating the role of the right TPJ in self-other and other-other discrimination by using low-frequency repetitive TMS while controlling for attention. We tested 10 healthy right-handed subjects using a video task, which comprised morphings of famous, unfamiliar, and the subjects' own faces that gradually transformed into each other. Reaction time (RT) was measured by pushing a mouse button once a change of identity was recognized. Subjects received rTMS over the right TPJ, sham stimulation, or no stimulation, separated by 1 week. rTMS over the right TPJ influenced the distinction between one's own and a famous face. Specifically, subjects needed more features to identify the famous face after rTMS to the right TPJ compared with the control conditions. No rTMS effect was observed when subjects had to distinguish between their own and unfamiliar faces, nor did rTMS affect attention. This suggests that the right TPJ is involved in self-other distinction, specifically if the other's face is familiar to the subject.


The essentiality and carcinogenicity of chromium depend on its chemical form. Oxidation state and solubility are particularly important in determining the biological effects of chromium compounds. For this reason, total chromium measurements are of little value in assessing its nutritional benefits or its toxicological hazards. Aqueous sodium carbonate-sodium hydroxide solutions have been successfully used for extracting hexavalent chromium from a variety of environmental and biological matrices while preserving its oxidation state. Typical recoveries are 90 to 105% in samples spiked with both trivalent and hexavalent chromium. Determination of hexavalent chromium after extraction with sodium carbonate-sodium hydroxide solution, coupled with the determination of total chromium after nitric acid-hydrogen peroxide digestion, has been applied to the evaluation of chromium speciation in airborne particulates, sludges, and biological tissues.


In this paper, the Lorentz invariance violation (LIV) is introduced in the calculations of photon propagation in the universe. LIV is considered in the photon sector, and the mean-free path of the interaction is calculated. The corresponding photon horizon, including LIV effects, is used to predict major changes in the propagation of photons with energy above 1018 eV. The flux of GZK photons on Earth, considering LIV, is calculated for several source models of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). The predicted flux of GZK gamma-rays is compared to the new upper limits on the photon flux obtained by the Pierre Auger Observatory in order to impose upper limits on the LIV coefficients of order n = 0, 1, and 2. The limits on the LIV coefficients derived here are more realistic than previous works and in some cases more restrictive. The analysis resulted in LIV upper limits in the photon sector of , , and in the astrophysical scenario, which best describes UHECR data.


In Chad, a classic conflict between cattle breeders and farmers led to the set up of measures which spatially divided responsibilities. These measures which the antagonist groups agreed to support helped to rapidly reduce tensions. Later transposed to other identical areas, this solution proved to be just as effective and attracted considerable attention during subsequent consultations. Nevertheless, such measures do not exempt sub-Saharan states from developing plans for regional land management.


Titanium dioxide-based systems are the preferred photo-catalytic materials. Among this the commercial P25 has been consistently employed for Photo-catalytic and PEC applications. This system ( ~20% Rutile and ~80% anatase) possibly crystallizes in a core shell configuration and the relevance of this. patterning for the observed photo-catalytic or Photo-electrochemical (PEC) activity is examined.


A 44-year-old man with chronic myeloid leukemia and a 10-year-old boy with adrenoleukodystrophy, both admitted for bone marrow transplantation in December 1992, developed clinical signs of septicemia within 2 weeks after transplantation. Three strains of Stomatococcus mucilaginosus were isolated from blood cultures. These were among the first cases of S. mucilaginosus infection diagnosed at our Laboratory and the first reported from Scandinavia. S. mucilaginosus is part of the endogenous oral flora. Both patients had signs of oral mucositis. All 3 strains were isolated earlier with the Laboratory's present blood culture system, compared with the one in use before spring 1992.


The fabrication of the β = 0.12 half-wave resonator prototype at the Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP) is now complete, and the subsequent processing and the vertical test are expected to begin shortly. The details of the fabrication are reported in this paper. We describe the fabrication steps, together with the quality control effort, for the optimal performance of the cavity at the vertical test.


Understanding the impact of DNA variation on human traits is a fundamental question in human genetics. Variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) make up roughly 3% of the human genome but are often excluded from association analysis due to poor read mappability or divergent repeat content. While methods exist to estimate VNTR length from short-read data, it is known that VNTRs vary in both length and repeat (motif) composition. Here, we use a repeat-pangenome graph (RPGG) constructed on 35 haplotype-resolved assemblies to detect variation in both VNTR length and repeat composition. We align population scale data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) Consortium to examine how variations in sequence composition may be linked to expression, including cases independent of overall VNTR length. We find that 9,422 out of 39,125 VNTRs are associated with nearby gene expression through motif variations, of which only 23.4% associations are accessible from length. Fine-mapping identifies 174 genes to be likely driven by variation in certain VNTR motifs and not overall length. We highlight two genes, CACNA1C and RNF213 that have expression associated with motif variation, demonstrating the utility of RPGG analysis as a new approach for trait association in multiallelic and highly variable loci.


INTRODUCTION
Research on the relationship between personality and psychosis onset is growing, with the goal of preventing or intervening early in patients' vulnerability. The identification of individuals with at-risk mental states has enabled the development of early intervention strategies, such as Programma 2000, a youth mental health service that was implemented in Milan (Italy).

AIMS
Focusing on the 18-25 age range-the time window with the highest incidence of psychotic onset-this study aims to identify the personality traits that may characterize the at-risk mental states and the social functioning of a group of help-seeking young adults.

METHODS
The sample includes 169 people (48.5% males and 51.5% females). Data were collected during an initial assessment that comprised the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale, the Personality Inventory for DSM-5, the Checklist ERIraos and a clinical session.

RESULTS
Results identified a three-cluster solution based on the Checklist scores: Cluster 1 'Not at psychotic risk'; Cluster 2 'At intermediate risk'; Cluster 3 'With psychotic onset'. The multivariate analysis of the variance of personality traits shows significant differences among the clusters in negative affect, detachment and disinhibition. Higher scores in these traits may distinguish individuals, not at psychotic risk from those at intermediate risk or with psychotic onset. Moreover, social functioning was found to be negatively associated with clusters of psychotic risk.

CONCLUSION
Findings from this study highlighted the need to evaluate personalized interventions targeting such personality traits that could prevent psychotic transition and promote psychological well-being.


We know that metabolic syndrome (MS) is a modern cardiovascular (CV) "epidemic", especially in western populations. MS is indeed strictly related to the risk of developing CV diseases (CVD) and/or diabetes. Therefore, the aim of our multi-center study was to promote a "healthy style" for fighting MS. Each participating center analyzed its own database of outpatients and globally we have pulled out 100 volunteers to participate in the study. Before starting, we collected their written consent. Enrolled subjects have not any history of overt CVD and/or diabetes, but they matched National Cholesterol Education Program/Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP/ATP) criteria for MS. After enrolment (t0), subjects were randomly divided into two homogeneous groups: a) only diet suggestions; b) both diet and exercise prescription. Later, we measured for each subject: blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist hip ratio (WHR), six-minute walking test (WT6M), distance and common blood tests such as fasting plasma glucose, high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and triglycerides (T1 assessments). At six months (T2), the same parameters were measured and then statistical comparisons were performed. Attention to diet caused significant changes only in WC and WHR, whilst a coupling of exercise and diet revealed a statistically significant improvement in HR, BP, BMI, blood samplings and WT6M too. In conclusion, a healthy lifestyle should be more encouraged by physicians and/or collaborators (such as dieticians) operating in preventive settings. Diet and physical activity may be early useful strategies in the "battle" against MS even before any medication choices. Further studies will be necessary in order to better address the topic.


Curvature has ultimately had a single role throughout the history of mathematics: to illustrate the natural beauty of mathematics and to describe, in the best way, the mathematical aspects of nature. The notion of curvature first began with the discovery and refinement of the principles of geometry by the ancient Greeks circa 800-600 BCE. Curvature was originally defined as a property of the two classical Greek curves, the line and the circle. It was noted that lines do not curve, and that every point on a circle curves the same amount. The actual study of curvature began when Aristotle expanded upon these two points and declared that there are three kinds of loci: straight, circular, and mixed. It was from this premise that the true study of curvature began.


Lynch syndrome (LS), which is the most common hereditary colorectal cancer, accounts for about 3% of all colorectal cancers. However, due to its various clinical manifestations, it is difficult to be diagnosed. The diagnosis of LS requires comprehensive application of various screening criteria (such as the Amsterdam criteria, Bethesda criteria), predictive models, risk factors, immunohistochemistry test of mismatch repair (MMR) protein, microsatellite instability (MSI) detection, MLH1 methylation detection, BRAF gene mutation detection, germline gene mutation detection, and so on. LS can be diagnosed only after the identification of pathogenic germline mutation of MMR gene. The first-degree and second-degree relatives of LS patients are recommended to be tested for the identified mutant gene. For LS patients and gene mutation carriers, LS associated cancer can be detected early or even prevented by monitoring and preventive surgery. Reproductive techniques can be used to prevent this disease from being passed down to the next generation.


The issue of this research is to find the usually defects occurred to the historical building in Malaysia. The purpose of this research is to identify and analyze the cause of defects happened. Besides that, within the completely research, we can identify the locations of the defects happened to the historical buildings in Malaysia. Besides that, we can analyzed of main defects happened to the historical buildings. This research mostly focused on the conservation defect analysis on historical buildings in Malaysia. As we know, building in Malaysia most exposed to the defects because of the climatic action. Some of these historic buildings in Malaysia are structurally sound and have undergone physical transformations to adapt to climatic conditions as well as the local way of life. Building defects usually occur in most historical buildings in Malaysia. Issues and problems related to building defects should be given serious attention and addressed promptly as they may damage the original architectural designs and materials that are applicable to the historical buildings in the long run. The focused case study of this research is the conservation buildings. Conservation buildings also can expose to the defects happened. It found that there are some conservation work approaches adopted in the project site which do not meet the conservation principles, philosophy and ethics as required by the international standard. So that, it also can give building damage or defects to the historical buildings in Malaysia. The techniques, methods and material that been use to build and construct the buildings is a main concern in conservation projects. There have several techniques or methods of building conservation that are restoration, preservation and reconstruction. Other than that, those techniques also need right considerations before conservation works was starting. It is important to avoid any damage and accident to the people and building in the current and future.


In this article the design of a magnetically and optically isolated trigger is discussed. Critical issues for trigger design are presented together with some experimental usages. In this trigger, an optical coupler is used to cut off the ground loop between the circuits of the preceding control system and the power supplies of the double functional device KT-5D (as a simple magnetic torus or a tokamak). A magnetic coupler is used to provide a pulse-power output for the silicon controlled rectifier. The output is a 230 mus transistor-transistor logic (TTL) with an amplitude of 3.0 V. The rising time and the trailing time are no more than 4.0 mus. The delay time between the input and the output of the trigger is 6.8+/-0.2 mus. A resistance-capacity branch is integrated into the trigger to provide an adjustable delay time of up to 72 ms. The zero quiescent dissipation character endows the trigger with a long lifetime of years dispensing with any charging or replacing batteries. It is observed that the trigger has a good stability even in a high electromagnetic circumstance (at the order of 1 T). Using it as a trigger for the silicon controlled rectifier, we realized the compatible operation of the steady state mode and the pulse mode in KT-5D.


ABSTRACT.
 Toxoneuron nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a koinobiont endoparasitoid of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), derives nutrition from the host hemolymph during the internal portion of its larval development but feeds destructively on host tissues externally after egression. To investigate the importance of this tissue-feeding phase, and to evaluate the behaviors associated with postegression feeding, T. nigriceps larvae were subjected to one of four treatments: 1) allowed to carry out normal tissue feeding, 2) deprived of tissue feeding, 3) presented with tissues scraped away from the host remains, and 4) fed tissues scraped from an unparasitized H. virescens larva. Additionally, total carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins were quantified from pre and posttissue feeding T. nigriceps larvae to examine the effect of postegression feeding on parasitoid nutritional physiology. Parasitoids that received no tissues after egression, or that received tissue from an unparasitized H. virescens larva, had significantly smaller body masses at all stages than those allowed to feed naturally or fed tissues scraped from a parasitized host. Parasitoids that underwent normal host feeding after egression also reached larger masses then those fed scraped host tissue. Parasitoids that received no tissue after egression survived to adulthood significantly less often than those that were presented with any H. virescens tissue. This suggests that postegression tissue feeding is a vital developmental step for T. nigriceps, and that T. nigriceps will not only feed when normal postegression behavior is disrupted, but will also feed on unparasitized tissue. The quantification of macronutrients in the tissues of pre and posttissue feeding T. nigriceps larvae showed significantly elevated proportions of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates in the tissues of larvae that had completed feeding, with the greatest difference being in total lipids.


The register allocation in loops is generally carried out after or during the software pipelining process. This is because doing the register allocation at first step without assuming a schedule lacks the information of interferences between values live ranges. The register allocator introduces extra false dependencies which reduces dramatically the original ILP (Instruction Level Parallelism). In this paper, we give a new formulation to carry out the register allocation before the scheduling process, directly on the data dependence graph by inserting some anti dependencies arcs (reuse edges). This graph extension is first constrained by minimizing the critical cycle and hence minimizing the ILP loss due to the register pressure. The second constraint is to ensure that there is always a cyclic register allocation with the set of available registers, and this for any software pipelining of the new graph. We give the exact formulation of this problem with linear integer programming.


The precise segmentation of magnetic resonance images (MRI) is an important subject in both medical and computer science communities. The intrinsic complexity of the images and their relative lack of systematics have brought to develop different approaches to segment the different parts of human head. This paper investigates a novel feature extraction approach to MRI segmentation based on feed-back pulse coupled neural network in conjunction with toboggan theory. Due to the dynamics of the FPCNN, multiple unconnected groups of neurons will often pulse at the same time, calling for further processing to identify distinct regions. We locate the object's label by FPCNN. Finally, toboggan automatically partitions the MRI image. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well compared to the traditional algorithms.


The process of distribution of non-stationary waves in the bending beam is examined on the basis of the specified equalizations [1]; the moment of flection is suddenly attached. Unlike to the [2], the speeds of the longitudinal and transversal waves fronts distribution coincide with speeds in the elasticity theory


Humans must often focus attention onto relevant sensory signals in the presence of simultaneous irrelevant signals. This type of attention has been explored in vision with the N2pc component, and the present study sought to find an analogous auditory effect. In Experiment 1, two 750-ms sounds were presented simultaneously, one from each of two lateral speakers. On each trial, participants indicated whether one of the two sounds was a pre-defined target. We found that targets elicited an N2ac component: a negativity in the N2 latency range at anterior contralateral electrodes. We also observed a later and more posterior contralateral positivity. Experiment 2 replicated these effects and demonstrated that they arose from competition between attended and unattended tones rather than reflecting lateralized effects of attention for individual tones. The N2ac component may provide a useful tool for studying selective attention within auditory scenes.


Several systems of differential operators are constructed and their study is commenced. These systems are generalizations, in a reasonable sense, of the Heisenberg Laplacian operators introduced by Folland and Stein. In particular, they admit large groups of conformal symmetries; various real form of the special linear groups, even special orthogonal groups, and the exceptional group of type E6 appear in this capacity.


Seventy years ago it was discovered that glutamate plays a central role in brain metabolism and is abundant in the brain. Glutamate was then found to be the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. As stated in the first article of this series, there are three families of ionotropic receptors with intrinsic cation permeable channels: N- methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and kainate (Ka). Among these there are three groups of metabotropic, G protein-coupled glutamate receptors (mGluR) that modify neuronal and glial excitability through G protein subunits acting on membrane ion channels and second messengers such as diacylglycerol and cAMP. There are also two glial glutamate transporters and three neuronal transporters in the brain. Although glutamate is the most abundant amino acid in the diet, there is no evidence for brain damage in humans resulting from dietary glutamate. However, a Ka analog, domoate, is sometimes ingested accidentally in blue mussels; this potent toxin causes limbic seizures, which can lead to hippocampal and related pathology and amnesia. Endogenous glutamate may contribute to the brain damage occurring acutely after status epilepticus, cerebral ischemia or traumatic brain injury by activating NMDA, AMPA or mGluR1 receptors. Glutamate may also contribute to chronic neurodegeneration in such disorders as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. In animal models of cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury, NMDA and AMPA receptor antagonists protect against acute brain damage and delayed behavioral deficits. Other clinical conditions that may respond to drugs acting on glutamatergic transmission include epilepsy, amnesia, anxiety, hyperalgesia and psychosis. In this second part of this review, we will explore those diseases in which the pathophysiology and pathology are associated, in part, with the glutamate system. (J Toxicol Pathol 2008; 21: 133-173)


Background: Rehabilitation therapy plays an essential role in assisting stroke patients in regaining function. For this reason, many studies have been conducted to optimize rehabilitation interventions to improve effectiveness and efficiency. In this context, robotic devices for rehabilitation and assistance can be effective. Several studies have demonstrated that using a robot as a therapy tool can significantly reduce motor impairment. However, the slacking behavior, in which the patient lets the robot guide their movements even when they are capable of doing so by themselves, has been identified as a major barrier to reaching the full potential of robot-assist rehabilitation. This paper developed a novel electromyographical-based adaptive assist-as-needed (aAAN) controller aiming to avoid this slacking behavior. Methods: Five stroke patients were recruited to test the controller. Motor impairment status was documented with the Fugl-Meyer (FMA) assessment. In this experiment, horizontal arms tasks were conducted with the robot off and on to assess the subject's performance in both scenarios. Velocity, time, and position were quantified as performance parameters during the training. Arm and shoulder EMG and electroencephalography (EEG) were used to assess the performance of the controller. Results: The cross-sectional results showed strong second-order relationships between Fugl-Meyer score and outcome measures, where performance metrics (path length and accuracy) were sensitive to change in participants with lower functional status. In comparison, speed and electrophysiological metrics (EMG and EEG) were more sensitive to change in participants with higher functional status. EEG signal amplitude increased when the robot suggested that the robot was inducing a challenge during the training tasks. Conclusion: The preliminary results were very promising; slacking was avoided for all participants during training with the aAAN controller.


ABSTRACT In disciplines that overlap in their interest in urbanization, settler colonialism and racial capitalism, there is a sense that we need new narrations of space, place, and time. In my response to Deb Cowen's 2019 Urban Geography Plenary at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Geographers, I engage with the method that Cowen has so thoroughly executed and situate it in a broader trend emerging in analyses of racial capitalism and settler colonialism. I argue Cowen's paper can be situated in a body of scholarship that seeks to make an analytical move that we might think of as the annihilation of time by space.


This report demonstrates the importance of including external chest compression as a method of resuscitation in first aid for cases of life-threatening asphyxic asthma. Chest compression may be the only way that death of such patients may be avoided. Three such patients, two with respiratory arrest, were successfully treated by external chest compression. During the 1960s, there was an increase in asthma deaths, 81% of which occurred unexpectedly, outside the hospital. This coincided with the abandonment of the trusted methods of chest compression and the introduction of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Acute asphyxic asthma was the most common cause of death. In acute asphyxic asthma, the chest wall does not deflate spontaneously. The trapped air must be expelled by external compression. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation may not work because air is being blown in while none escapes.


Strigula confusa Fryday, Coppins & Common is described from the western British Isles, where it grows over bryophytes on mildly basic rocks. The concept of the genus Thelenella is expanded to include Chromatochlamys and the following new combinations are made: Thelenella larbalestieri (A. L. Sm.) Coppins & Fryday, Thelenella muscorum var. octospora (Nyl.) Coppins & Fryday, Thelenella vezdae (H. Mayrhofer & Poelt) Coppins & Fryday. Thelenella sordidula (Th. Fr.) H. Mayrhofer is reported for the first time from Europe (Svalbard).


Microwave plasma was employed for the nitriding of SCM445 steel and characteristics of the steel obtained by this process were compared with those of steel treated by conventional ion nitriding. The latter showed a large amount of globular shaped nitride compounds around 1-2 μm size precipitated on the steel surface and surface coarsening after ion nitriding. However, microwave plasma nitriding successfully produced a nitrided steel without a compound layer and a diffusion layer thickness of more than 0.5 mm was achieved at gas composition of 30%N 2 -70%H 2 (500°C, 2 h). Also, a smooth surface was also achieved. Microwave plasma nitriding was capable of producing just the diffusion layer with a good surface condition for subsequent deposition of a protective coating.


A seroepidemiologic survey of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum transmission was conducted in 94 Orang Asli children and adults. The prevalence of malaria was 46% in this population, and infections due to P. vivax and P. falciparum occurred with equal frequency. Multi-species infection was common, particularly in children less than 10 years of age. Circumsporozoite (CS) antibodies to P. vivax were detected by ELISA, using the recombinant protein NS181V20, in sera from 53-95% of all subjects in this study. The specificity of reactivity to NS181V20 was confirmed by immunofluorescence using air-dried sporozoites. CS antibodies to P. falciparum were present in less than 50% of the population less than 30 years of age. These data support further testing of this protein as a candidate vivax vaccine.


The nucleus accumbens (NAc) receives converging input from a number of structures proposed to play a role in affective disorders. In particular, the basolateral amygdala (BLA) provides an affective input that overlaps with context-related information derived from the ventral subiculum of the hippocampus (vSub). We examined how stimulation of the BLA is modulated by, and in turn affects, vSub inputs to this region. In-vivo extracellular recordings were performed in the NAc of anaesthetized rats. The effect of high-frequency (theta-burst) stimulation (HFS) of the BLA on both BLA and vSub-evoked responses was tested. In addition, the involvement of dopamine D2 receptors in BLA-induced plasticity in the NAc was examined by pre-treatment with sulpiride (5 mg/kg i.v.). Finally, tetrodotoxin (TTX) was used to inactivate the vSub and the effect on BLA-evoked responses was assessed. We found that HFS of the BLA causes hetereogeneous patterns of plasticity, depression and potentiation, respectively, in the rostral and caudal subregions of the NAc that are disrupted following D2 receptor antagonist treatment. In addition, inactivating the vSub with TTX attenuates the ability of the BLA to drive spike firing in the NAc. Thus, the vSub is required for activation of the NAc by the BLA. These data support a model whereby the amygdala can coordinate reward-seeking and fear-related behaviours via its differential regulation of NAc output. In addition, the hippocampus inappropriately dominates information processing within this circuit, potentially contributing to the overwhelming focus on internal emotional states in disorders such as depression.


As maturation of the small intestine has similar features to an immunologically mediated reaction, we studied the effect of the immunosuppressive agent, cyclosporin A (CyA), on the development of the small intestine during weaning in the DA x PVG rat. Intestinal development was measured by villus area, crypt length, crypt cell production rate (CCPR), and disaccharidase activity. Rat pups received either cyclosporin A (7.5 mg/kg daily subcutaneously) or polyethoxylated castor oil (Cremophor, drug vehicle) subcutaneously from 12 days of age. Cremophor- and CyA-treated litters were killed at 18, 20, 22, 24, and 26 days of age. CyA-treated animals had retarded weight gain, lower mesenteric lymph node and spleen weights, fewer intraepithelial lymphocytes, and reduced systemic secretion of rat mucosal mast cell protease II. CyA treatment retarded any increase in villus area, crypt length and CCPR until day 26 of age. Lactase activity was retained longer, and sucrase and maltase induction was delayed. We conclude that CyA retarded normal development of the small intestine, but some maturation still occurred at the end of weaning.


CV Setia Kawan is a company that manufactures hydraulic. The production process is based on customer orders received by the Marketing Section, and then forwarded to the Department of Planning. After the Planning Division began to plot the progress of production, raw material requirements plan, and plan workforce needs are still done manually, by way of making it on a piece of paper. The weakness of manual recording is sometimes an error in the listing, which can result in a long time. Production Planning and Control is the determination and the determination of production activities to be undertaken to achieve the objectives of the mill company, and oversee the implementation of the activities and results of the production process, so that what has been planned can be implemented and the expected objectives can be achieved. To improve the planning and supervision of the production process at CV Setia Kawan by making information systems planning and supervision of the production process. By using the Production Planning and Control, the planning and control of production processes at CV Setia Kawan can support the performance of the planning section has an important role in the production process.


We have developed a workflow to interpret formation permeability in a hydrocarbon reservoir with consideration of interlayers by numerically simulating the measured pump-out flow and pressure responses from wireline formation testing (WFT). With the field data obtained from a dual packer tool in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico, we have developed and validated a high-resolution numerical model to simulate the fluid-sampling process together with transient pressure. History matching has been performed with field data to assess the effective thickness and then interpret the permeability for each flow unit. In addition to generating eight cases under various configurations of laminated layers, we use pressure buildup derivatives obtained from packers and observation probes as a diagnosis tool to examine the effect of the interlayer on WFT measurements. Oil-based mud-filtrate invasion affects the early-time behavior of pressure transients because of the associated changes in fluid viscosity and compositions. Low vertical permeability can behave as a vertical barrier for the flow in a WFT tool, indicating the difference contrast in permeability between individual flow units. As for the field case, effective water horizontal permeabilities for tests 1 and 2 are 14.0 and 10.6 mD, respectively. Low vertical permeability results in a distortion in the derivatives, particularly during the transition between flow regimes. In a laminated reservoir, a radial flow regime will develop when the radial length of interlayer is greater than the vertical formation interval and when the complete circular shape of interlayer is formed. It is recommended that any observation probe be positioned in or below the interlayer to accurately define the vertical communication of interlayers and its configuration. If dual packers and observation probes are located in the same zone, their pressure responses exhibit the same flow regimes; otherwise, different pressure responses can be developed in the observation probes when a partially sealing interlayer exists.


Purpose:
The main purpose for this project is to solve the phubbing problem. Phubbing, is the combination of the words "phone" and "snubbing" (NOELLE DEVOE, 2015). It refers to a person interacting with their phone (or other device) rather than interacting with a human being (Techopedia, 2016).
Nowadays, the phubbing problem is become serious, we can see people keep play their smartphone at anywhere. Even they gathering with their friends or family, they also will only play with their smartphone or pad, and less chats or communicate with their friends and family. This will course the relationship between friends or family become further and further. Worst result maybe will course the people don't want table to each other, just play with own smartphone or device.
To solve/ reduce this problem, we were design this system, SNC Social Gaming System. This system we plan to setup at restaurant and cafe to allow customers to play the game. With playing the game, the customers can know their opponents, not only their name, but also their face and appearance. Sometime, they also will start talk with their opponents and make friend with them. This will solve the phubbing problem, at least they will start talk/ chat with other people. This will be a good sign to reduce the phubbing issue.
Scope:
This project included Reward Management System, Game Live Streaming System, Leaderboard System and few games.
First is Reward Management System. This system is used by staff in restaurant or cafe to edit or update the reward menu. This project will allow player to choose a food from reward menu as reward of the game. So this system will allow the staff edit and
update the menu if they plan to change the reward menu. The staff can add in new item, modify the detail for an item and also remove the item. Besides that, the staff also can check the condition for the player (Win the game or Lose the game) with using this system. So they can add the reward price to the losers' bill or all players' bill base for this system.
Besides that, Game Live Streaming System also is in this project scope. This system also is used by the staff, to show/ display the current game to a big screen, so the non-player customer also can view the game. The staff can display all the current game to the big screen so the non-player customer can feel the atmosphere and support them. The staff also can switch the game from sub-screen to main screen, so the main screen not only displays same game, because the staff can switch it to other game anytime if they want.
Next is Leaderboard System. This system will store/ hold all the high score data, not only local category learderboard, but it also handle the country category and world category leaderboard. So the staff and the customers can know who is the highest score holder in this restaurant, this country and also in the world.
Lastly are the games. For now, this project included 2 games, which is Coco Collector and Sweets Killer to allow the customer to play. The gameplay for Coco Collector is who can collect most "Coco" in limited time, he/ she will be the winner. Besides that, the gameplay for Sweets Killer is who able to kill all the opponents and stay until the end becomes the last survivor, he/ she will be the winner.
Methodology:
The tools used in this project is Unity game engine, 3ds Max, Parse Cloud and Kii Cloud.
First, this used Unity game engine as main development tool to build this project. Besides that, 3ds Max used to create or modify/ edit the models which used in the project.
Next, we used 2 extra plugin to hold the data, which are Parse Cloud and Kii Cloud. In this project, we used Parse Cloud to hold the reward menu data, all the
reward's detail will send and store at Parse Cloud. Furthermore, we used Kii Cloud to hold/ store the leaderboard data, so we can get the leaderboard data from it.
Development phases:
The development phase for this system is prototype model.
Since this project was involved many people, included restaurant staff and customer. Especially the staff, they are main users for this system, because they need to control this system, like Reward Management System, Game Live Streaming System, Leaderboard System. For given convenience to them, we need to design it to lets them easy to use the system.
So we choose used prototype model, first we will build a prototype base for the opinion/ suggestion we collected from the staff. After that, we will let the staff test the prototype and ask the feedback from them and modify the system base for the feedback. We will keep ask the feedback from staff and modify the system, until the staff satisfy with the system. With this model, we can make sure this system does not be an extra burden for them.
Assessment criteria used:
In testing phase was used the test plan to test the game from several area. For example, Functionality Testing and Multiplayer Testing. Functionality Testing, to test the system can work correctly and less error and bug. Multiplayer Testing, to test the system either can support more players to join the game or not and also test the system can support how many users join at the same time.
Results:
The system was success to implement and all main functions are work correctly, but the design of the system still messy and still have some bug unsolved. The strength for our system is can let the non-player customers also can feel the game's atmosphere, because we will show the current game into a big screen like World Cup Football Competition will show in a big screen. But the weakness is this system is fully dependent for the internet, if didn't have internet, most of the functions in this system will not work.
Conclusions and Recommendations:
The author can learnt how to store he data to online server, this is very useful for future use, because nowadays most of the game will related with the online, so some of them also will store the data online. Besides that, the author also learnt how to handle the online multiplayer, like what the author just say, online are most familiar in now, so online multiplayer also will very useful in future development.
The future improvement for this system is solving hard to maintain problem and able to add in game easily. To solving hard to maintain the system issue, we try to upload the system online and asking the client downloads the system. So when we update and maintain the system online, the system in clients' side also will update automatically, so we not need maintain or update the system shop by shop, this concept same as the application in Google Play. Besides that, to let the system able to add in game easily, we will try to separate the system and the game part, and will use hyperlink to link to the game, so every time when add in new game, we not need disturb the system too much.


We investigate polarization-dependent ultrafast photocurrents in the Weyl semimetal TaAs using terahertz (THz) emission spectroscopy. Our results reveal that highly directional, transient photocurrents are generated along the noncentrosymmetric c axis regardless of incident light polarization, while helicity-dependent photocurrents are excited within the ab plane. This is consistent with earlier static photocurrent experiments, and demonstrates on the basis of both the physical constraints imposed by symmetry and the temporal dynamics intrinsic to current generation and decay that optically induced photocurrents in TaAs are inherent to the underlying crystal symmetry of the transition metal monopnictide family of Weyl semimetals.


Managing information security within an organization is becoming a very complex task. The information security posture assessment is performed by using frameworks, methodologies or standards considering the subject separately. The model proposed within the paper aims to holistically consider all the security dimension. This is because the security level is as strong as the weakest link is. In order to minimize the likelihood that a given threat takes advantage of the weakest link a formalized structure taking into account all security elements is needed. The proposed model is based on and integrates some security best practices and standards in order to define an assured Information Security Categorization. From this point, an assessment process should be performed, giving the evidence that the information security within a given organization, is thoroughly managed.


It is argued that in schizophrenic patients the process of selecting responses to incoming stimuli becomes increasingly random the more disturbed the patient is. This is seen as a disordered overextension of normal behavioral flexibility and variability. A model is proposed which considers the range of human behavior to be the result of perceptions of incoming stimuli compared to related analogs retrieved from memory. In the schizophrenic individual, the range of memory elements likely to be elicited by an input becomes abnormally large so that in the severely disturbed patient, behavior approaches randomness. The model is discussed in light of current thinking about schizophrenia, and data are presented in support of the new approach.


This study aims to examine the effect of suitability of compensation, information asymmetry, effectiveness of internal control, adherence to accounting rules, and the organization's ethical culture of accounting fraud. The research population of all village credit institution in Bangli is 159 with as many as 318 respondents. The results showed that information asymmetry had a positive effect, compliance with accounting rules had a negative effect, and conformity of compensation, effectiveness of internal controls and organizational ethics did not affect the tendency of accounting fraud. The results of the study show that information asymmetry is a factor causing fraud and this can be overcome by the obedience of accounting rules in the village credit institution.


We report 3 cases of cor triatriatum that were diagnosed late, in the 4th and 5th decades of life. The presentations of these 2 men and 1 woman varied substantially, both in anatomic and symptomatic aspects. The woman had an associated complex congenital anomaly, which is not uncommon in cases of cor triatriatum. We present our cases, along with a review of this rare congenital cardiac anomaly.


While most extant scholarship has focused on how stakeholders influence firms, we propose that firms play a critical role in "shaking" stakeholders. Shaking stakeholders means to proactively initiate cooperation with those affected by a firm to alter awareness, behavior, and networks so as to catalyze change in society and the marketplace to reward cocreated innovations in core operations of the firm that improve social and environmental impacts. Two previously underappreciated aspects of stakeholder relations are highlighted. First, the firm can be the entity that leads engagement that shakes stakeholders out of complacency. Second, firms can catalyze collaborative relationships to cocreate sustainable value that is shared with stakeholders. We offer several cases to illustrate this strategy. While stakeholder shaking may be useful in any business environment, global ecological crises, societal problems, and governance failures heighten the need for firms to take action to bring about profound and systemic changes.


Abstract The study examined the effect of corporate governance on the performance of firms in Africa by using both market and accounting based performance measures. Unique data from 103 firms drawn from Ghana, South Africa, Nigeria and Kenya covering the five year period 1997-2001 was used and analysis done within the dynamic panel data framework. Results indicate that the direction and the extent of impact of governance is dependent on the performance measure being examined. Specifically, our findings show that large and independent boards enhance firm value and that combining the positions of CEO and board chair has a negative impact on corporate performance. We also find that CEO's tenure in office enhances a firm's profitability whiles board activity intensity affects profitability negatively. The size of audit committees and the frequency of their meetings have positive influence on market based performance measures and that institutional shareholding enhances market valuation of firms. For enhanced performance of corporate entities, we recommend a clear separation of the positions of CEO and board chair and also to maintain relatively independent audit committees.


Additional information Abstract A significant reappearance of tuberculosis (TB) was observed in industrialized countries during the last two decades. This is due to the spread of HIV infection itself and to today's migratory phenomenon as a consequence of wealth disparity, poverty, wars and political persecutions. This proportion is expected to increase and represents an important cause of the overall resurgence of the TB epidemic and drug-resistant TB in Western Europe and the USA. TB is currently one of the leading causes of death worldwide and a health problem in high-income countries. Although WHO global TB report 2015 with its " STOP TB " strategy has the goal to eliminate TB as a public health problem by 2050, TB shows no signs of disappearing despite some decline in high-income countries. In order to intensify the fights against this deadly disease, further efforts should be aimed to improve examination/detection processes to accurately determine all kinds of TB, and how best to enhance TB control through a coordinated medical screening program of migrants for active TB. Migration in itself is not a definitive risk for TB. Stressful living condition, social isolation, poverty, political fear/persecution, and difficulties to access to health care can expose these individuals to the risk of TB infection during and after the migration process. This chapter aims to discuss and highlight all these issues.


Querying the existence of an edge in a given graph or hypergraph is a building block in several algorithms. Hashing-based methods can be used for this purpose, where the given edges are stored in a hash table in a preprocessing step, and then the queries are answered using the lookup operations. While the general hashing methods have fast lookup times in the average case, the worst case run time is much higher. Perfect hashing methods take advantage of the fact that the items to be stored are all available and construct a collision free hash function for the given input, resulting in an optimal lookup time even in the worst case. We investigate an efficient shared-memory parallel implementation of a recently proposed perfect hashing method for hypergraphs. We experimentally compare the resulting parallel algorithms with the state-of-the-art and demonstrate better run time and scalability on a set of hypergraphs corresponding to real-life sparse tensors.


Abstract Fundamental and experimental differences between X-ray and neutron scattering methods are outlined and the advantages of either radiation for the study of disorder in crystals are described. Special emphasis is laid on their complementarity, e.g. to identify the atomic species involved in the disorder or to decide between the elastic or inelastic nature of the diffuse scattering (static or dynamic disorder). This is illustrated by three examples: LiNbO3 (dynamic nature of chain-like disorder), doped Zr02 (identification of cationic and anionic disorder components) and decagonal quasicrystals (distinction between quasi-isoelectronic elements).


This paper emanates from the findings of "DentEd" and "DentEdEvolves," two sequential European Union-funded Thematic Network Projects on Dental Education. Despite the existence of EU Directives and Guidelines, which were devised to assure comparable and acceptable standards of dental education and competence gained from training programs, there are serious differences among countries. The differences are greater in those countries about to join an expanding EU, where the stomatological approach to education predominates. Both projects had considerable support and advice from the Association from Dental Education in Europe, the American Dental Education Association and the International Federation of Dental Education Associations. An international effort is now proposed to converge towards higher standards in dental education by agreeing to broad principles for the "Profile of an International Dentist" (see www.dented.org/dresden.php3). The UK's General Dental Council recently adopted its profile of a dentist, which is compatible with and related to the EU's Dental Directives and Guidelines (see www.gdc-uk.org/pdfs/first_five_years_2002.pdf). An agreed profile provides a basis on which to structure a pan-European approach and could be more widely adopted. Dental schools throughout the world might be asked to verify those elements with which their graduates actually comply. It is also intended to use the profile as a basis for a modularized approach that would facilitate students studying elements of their course in different universities as part of an EU drive towards convergence in third- level education. It is not intended to promote a single educational approach. Unfortunately, at this stage, it will have little impact on global ill health, mainly associated with poverty and more recently the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The University of Columbia's Earth Centre has made enormous strides in focusing attention on global health and deprivation. Almost one-sixth of the world's population is starving. In sub-Saharan Africa, where poverty is exacting its greatest toll, the HIV/AIDS pandemic is devastating populations, including health care workers. Realistically, our impact as dental educators on global health will be limited. Nevertheless, a better educated and understanding profession is more likely to apply the benefits of knowledge, science and affluence to help those most in need.


The author critically evaluates the evolution of the Brazilian mortality pattern during the last fifty years under the framework of the epidemiologic transition theory. The author also discusses mortality determination as a result of economic development and preventive measures. He considers that cardiovascular diseases neoplasms and injuries are related with environmental and socio-cultural factors and therefore cannot be considered chronic degenerative diseases but preventable ones. These groups of disease are also considered to be unevenly distributed and more prevalent in deprived populations. The author also refers to the simultaneous prevalence of two distinct epidemiologic patterns described in the epidemiologic transition theory due to the remaining infectious diseases prevalence or to the outbreak of previously eradicated infectious diseases in Brazil leading to an incomplete epidemiologic transition. (SUMMARY IN ENG) (EXCERPT)


The salted fish is one that is frequently consumed foods by the general public, but people do not realize that a lot of salted fish in the market that contained formaldehyde that can endanger the health of the body and is a food that is not suitable for consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine the temperature and the time required for formaldehyde in salted fish can be reduced. The formaldehyde method used to reduce level in foods, especially salted fish is by using immersion in water. Soaking dried fish is done by using variations in temperature and immersion time. Stage of the study was initiated with the addition of making salted fish with formalin at a concentration of 4%. The fish used is fresh mullet. Variations in temperature used is 40°C, 50°C,  60°C, and 70°C while the variation of time used is 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes. The level of formaldehyde was analyzed by acid kromatofat and UV-Vis. The analysis results of formaldehyde levels using UV-Vis is the best temperature to reduce levels of formaldehyde in salted fish is 70 ° C by 80.2% and the best time to reduce levels of formaldehyde that is 25 min for 95.6%. Test statistics using Minitab ANOVA variance variant which shows that the influence of the decreased levels of formaldehyde salted fish and produce temperature and the best time is at a temperature of 70 °C and 25 minutes at a time. Keywords : Mugil chepalus, formaldehyde, salted fish, water solvent


This article is a critical (not merely descriptive) guide to fake news. It tracks the term's history, first in American comedy shows, and shifting more recently into a feature of "post-truth" politics, where it is manufactured (un-humoursly) as a weapon of strategic deception (even geo-political). Fake news phenomena have considerably dangerous implications for contemporary democracy.