UNLABELLED
The aim of the study is the analysis of own results of myocardial infarction treatment using percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the setting of twenty-four hour long hemodynamic service. Between 01.12.1998 and 31.12.2001 249 patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction were admitted to our Department. Their mean age was 58 years, men -73.5%, median of pain duration was 4 hours, diabetes occurred in 11.6%, hypertension in 37.3%, dyslipidemia occurred in 14%, smokers constituted 59% of patients. 60.2% of patients were in Killip class I, 18.5% in class II, 8.0% in class III and 13.3% in class IV. Anterior and/or lateral myocardial infarction was diagnosed in 105 patients, inferior and/or posterior in 144 patients. Angiography was performed in 225 patients, PCI was performed in 178. TIMI 3 flow was achieved in 76% of patients with shock and 90% of patients without shock. Multivessel coronary artery disease was present in 71% of patients. 30-day mortality in patients treated with PCI was 11.8%, after exclusion of III and IV Killip class patients mortality was 4.3%. 30-day mortality in group of patients with cardiogenic shock was 38.0%. Relative risk of death in patients in III and IV Killip class was higher for these treated conservatively: IV class -1.51 (p = 0.075), III and IV class (common group) -1.38 (p = 0.064). In the year of 2001 30-day mortality among the patients in I and II Killip class treated with PCI was 2.43%.

CONCLUSIONS
1. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention in the treatment of myocardial infarction improves prognosis in group of patients with cardiogenic shock in 30-day observation. 2. 11.8% mortality observed in our PCI treated group is associated in our opinion with occurrence of multivessel coronary disease in 71% of patients.


Microtiter plate-format optodes could be assembled by casting bulk-response membranes into the standard 96-well polypropylene-based plate or by screen printing them on an optically transparent substrate with 96-well pattern. The compositions of thick optode membranes, especially the ratios of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) to plasticizer [bis-(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate (DOS)], were carefully optimized to provide reproducible and rapid response. Adjusting the ratio of PVC to DOS by 1:6, bulk-response membranes containing neutral carrier (4-tert-butyl calix[4]arene tetraacetic acid tetraethyl ester for sodium-selective membrane or valinomycin for potassium-selective membrane) and lipophilic pH indicator (ETH 5294) could exhibit equilibrium response in 5 min. The practical utility of microtiter plate-format optodes has been examined by determining clinically relevant electrolytes in serum samples. It was demonstrated that microtiter plate-format optodes can provide high sample throughput (approximately 100 samples in less than 5 min), analytical performance comparable to that of a potentiometric clinical analyzer, and additional information on electrolytes using the same samples prepared for other colorimetric measurements.


This paper investigates the resource allocation algorithm design for intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) aided multiple-input single-output (MISO) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) multicell networks, Where a set of base stations cooperate to serve a set of ultra-reliable loiv-latency communication (URLLC) users. The IRS is deployed to enhance the communication channel and increase reliability by creating a virtual line of sight for URLLC users With unfavorable propagation conditions. This is the first study on IRS-enhanced OFDMA-URLLC systems. The resource allocation algorithm design is formulated as an optimization problem for the maximization of the Weighted system sum throughput While guaranteeing the quality of service of the URLLC users. The optimization problem is non-convex and finding the globally optimal solution entails a high computational complexity Which is not desirable for real-time applications. Therefore, a suboptimal iterative algorithm is proposed Which jointly optimizes all optimization variables in each iteration using a new iterative rank minimization approach. The algorithm is guaranteed to converge to a locally optimal solution of the formulated optimization problem. Our simulation results show that the proposed IRS design facilitates URLLC and yields large performance gains compared to two baseline schemes.


Critical care has frequently been fatal for trauma patients suffering from hemorrhage. The pre-hospital communication gap between the paramedics and the doctors contributes most towards this. This paper discusses a system model of a 5G-enabled communication architecture among the major trauma centres in the Greater Manchester. An Internet of sensors acquires and wirelessly communicates biosignals from the patient in real time, using 5G. These signals are then displayed as parameters to the closest trauma care management centres. This paper proposes a connectivity model that supports such a system by assessing and identifying the most optimal path for signal transmittance. A system-level 5G network modelling and simulation findings reveal that a signal-to-noise ratio of over 2dB is achieved for two base stations between the incident site and the nearest emergency medical centre. This value decreases by over 5 dB as the number of base station doubles. Hence, reconfigurable 5G base stations connectivity subsystems are required for critical vertical use cases of the radio standard.


We present a case of a 15‐year‐old boy who developed toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) from sulfacetamide eyedrops. He presented with conjunctival injection and an erythematous rash that rapidly progressed to epidermal necrosis of over 30% of his body. A skin biopsy revealed an acute lichenoid reaction pattern consistent with TEN. After 22 days in hospital, he was left with significant scarring to his eyes, mouth and anogenital areas. An extensive search for an infective aetiology was negative. Previously exposed to bactrim tablets, he used Bleph‐10 eyedrops 3 days before admission to hospital. The patient had a strong family history of sulphur allergy. The onset of TEN after topical administration of medication has been reported rarely in the literature. This case highlights the need for a thorough medication history that includes topical preparations.


Reinforced concrete (RC) corrosion is a leading of structural deterioration and premature degradation for the infrasturctures, with significant affected for safety, durability and reability. Therefore, early assessment of RC corrosion is important to prevent deterioration of the structure. The objective of this paper is to apply Boundary Element Method (BEM) for improving reinforced concrete (RC) corrosion assessment using field measurement data. In this study, the potential on whole domain of concrete structures was modeled by Laplace equation. The Laplace equation was solved by BEM, hence the potential on the concrete structure can be determined. The field data were measured by using half-cell potential technique and collected from an existing house in Aceh region that struck by the 2004 Sumatra tsunami. The simulation results show the use of BEM can improve the RC corrosion assessment. According to ASTM C876, the distribution of potential values on the concrete surface above the corroded area were in range -200 mV to -350 mV that indicated active corrosion was occurred. It can be inferred, the method can improve the field measurement data since it has capability to predict the corrosion profiles of reinforcing steel in more precise.


Dipyridamole showed an antiviral activity aganinst mengovirus in FL cells using the agar diffusion plaque inhibition test, plaque reduction test, tube titration test, and virus yield test after one replication cycle. With the last two tests mentioned above the inhibitory action was also confirmed in L cells. In consequence of the known transport inhibition of uridine into the cell in presence of dipyridamole only a very small incorporation of 3H-uridine into acid-insoluble material could be demonstrated. Applying the method of prelabelling of FL cells at 16 degrees C for 1 h with subsequent addition of dipyridamole the drug failed to show an effect on cellular RNA synthesis per se in uninfected cells whereas the viral RNA synthesis in mengo-virus-infected L cells was completely depressed.


Close intra-arterial infusion of the appetite regulating peptide orexin-A stimulates bicarbonate secretion from the duodenal mucosa. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the ability of orexin-A to induce intracellular calcium signaling in acutely isolated duodenal enterocytes. Freshly isolated clusters of enterocytes, obtained from rat duodenal mucosa or human duodenal biopsies, were loaded with fura 2-AM and mounted in a perfusion chamber. Cryptlike enterocytes were selected (caged), and changes in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) were evaluated by fluorescence imaging. Total RNA was extracted from pellets of enterocytes and reverse transcribed to cDNA, and expression of orexin receptors 1 and 2 (OX1R and OX2R) was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. Orexin-A at all concentrations tested (1-100 nM) increased [Ca2+]i in enterocytes isolated from continuously fed rats, and the OX1R-antagonist SB-334867 (10 nM) attenuated the response. The primary [Ca2+]i response was a slow increase to a sustained plateau persisting after orexin-A removal, and a similar response was observed in enterocytes from human biopsies. In contrast to orexin-A, the OX2R agonist (Ala11,D-Leu15)-orexin-B (1-10 nM) did not induce calcium signaling. There were no significant [Ca2+]i responses in enterocytes from animals food deprived overnight, and overnight fasting decreased (P<0.01) enterocyte OX1R as well as OX2R mRNA. Induction of intracellular calcium signaling in isolated duodenal enterocytes is thus mediated primarily by OX1R receptors. Short (overnight) food deprivation markedly depresses receptor expression and inhibits orexin-A induced increases in [Ca2+]i. Studies of enterocyte signaling and intestinal secretion requires particular evaluation regarding feeding status.


An increasing number of countries shows a trend towards a certain degree of consolidation of powers in financial supervision, which has resulted in the establishment of unified regulators, different from the national central banks. On the contrary a high involvement of the central bank in supervision seems to be correlated with a multi – authorities regime (central bank fragmentation effect). This paper, using a simple application of a general common agency game, sheds light on which conditions the politicians prefer to implement a unified sector supervision outside the central bank. From a theoretical point of view the quality of public sector governance plays a crucial role in determining the supervision unification. Focusing on the behaviour of the "good" policymaker (helping hand type), it will prefer a unified financial authority different from the central bank if the correspondent welfare gains – linked to at least one of the four effects: moral hazard, conflict of interest, bureaucracy and reputation – are considered higher respect to the information losses. The "bad" policymaker (grabbing hand type) will choose the single financial authority if the financial industry likes it, and the central bank is not a captured one. On the other side, the paper tests the model, investigating the robustness of the institutional position of the central bank in explaining the recent trend in supervision consolidation, with an empirical analysis performed with ordered functions on a updated dataset. JEL Classification: G18, G28, E 58.


Significant research involving the isolation and detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) has become prevalent in the field of biomedicine. It plays a crucial role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and has made substantial strides in recent years. A major event in the timeline of cancer is metastasis, a set of occurrences where cells are shed from a cancerous site, then flow through the circulatory system and seed themselves throughout the body, forming secondary tumors. There are few observable symptoms in the early stages of metastasis and this fact severely limits clinical treatment. The fabrication and preliminary testing of a magnetophoretic bioseparation chip capable of isolating and detecting CTCs from peripheral blood, which can aid in early detection of metastases, is presented in this work. MCF7 breast cancer cells along with superparamagnetic microparticles, which are specifically coated with anti-EpCAM to bind to the cancer cells, are spiked into a blood sample. After the spiked blood sample is introduced into the biochip, a locally engineered magnetic field gradient captures the magnetically labeled cancer cells while the non-target cells are allowed to pass by. Once the target cells are isolated from the blood sample, flow cytometry is used to determine the recovery rate of the magnetophoretic device. The proposed device can operate at continuous flow rates magnitudes higher than other CTC isolation devices and is fabricated using much simpler methods which make it quite unique. These properties combined with greater than 80% recovery rates make the device quite favorable for economic point of care use in clinical applications.


Preventing accidents on the roads and increasing safety measures are essential to reducing traffic jams and saving lives. One of the major road accidents in the United States involves tall vehicles and overpasses. Although there are commercial truck overpass warning systems in the market, the majority of these systems include a certain percentage of overpasses that exist on predetermined truck routes and not city streets. These systems do not incorporate machine learning models that use historical driving route data to predict the next route segment a tall vehicle will be adopting. In addition, these systems require regular updates and maintenance and eventually run out of storage space. In this work, we propose SafeOverPass as a low-clearance warning system that leverages edge computing and machine learning to provide essential warning mechanism to tall vehicle drivers. Our results show that SafeOverPass can provide the driver with early low-clearance warning to prevent accidents without any hardware or software complexity for the user.


'War doesn't start at nine in the morning and finish at five at night...As the war progressed I soon learned there was no time, dates or even an outside world, it was just an existence.'- Phil Stant's story is miles away from your usual footballer's rags-to-riches tale. He might have grown up like many sixties lads - idolising George Best and dreaming of playing at Wembley - but his life before professional football included bomb disposal, manoeuvres in the dark and seeing front-line action in the Falklands.Throughout his school days, Stant dreamed of gracing the pitch and hearing thousands of fans cheer his name. As his thoughts turned to an army career, however, he endured rigorous training and was soon engaged in combat and military exercises. Part of the task force that sailed to regain the Falkland Islands, Phil witnessed the defining moment in the conflict - the sinking of the Sir Galahad. He never gave up his love for football, and swapped the thrill and excitement of the battleground for the pitch, playing for a string of teams, including Notts County, Reading, Fulham, Brighton and Lincoln City.Phil writes about his extraordinary life from the days of 'jumpers for goalposts' to living in the barracks and his time on the frontline, onto the pitch and from the sidelines. Including an account of his return to the Falklands on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the conflict and with candid anecdotes told in Phil's frank style, this is a must-read with something for everyone.


In severe cases of laryngeal cancer it is sometimes necessary to remove the larynx (the voice box) completely, this is called laryngectomy. During this operation the windpipe (the trachea) is separated from the voice box and
bypassed to an opening at the bottom of the neck through which the patient can breathe.
To be able to speak an air valve is placed between the windpipe and the gullet (the esophagus). In this study the commonly used Groningen Button is used. The valve allows air to flow to the mouth again but prevents food and drinks from reaching the lungs. The patient's voice after this kind of procedure often is of very low quality. At the University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) a new kind of
prosthesis has been developed. Goal of these prostheses is to give laryngectomy patients a natural sounding voice again.
The goal of assignment is to revise and improve both the sound properties and the production technique. (chapter 1)
There are several features which influence the frequency of the prosthesis. Some of which can be changed. The formula is used to describe the influence of various features in the case of weights attached to the membranes and derived to a formula for a homogeneous membrane. Subsequently, the changeable properties, like
elasticity, thickness and mass, are listed and elaborated. (chapter 2)
These variables, which could be used to lower the frequency, lead to some choices in material, configurations and production methods.(chapter 3)
A selection of combinations in the variables of the membranes was made and tested to determine the influences of, for instance, the porosity on the elasticity and the effect of the different properties on the frequency. Due to a lack of available time in the lab in Enschede and failed membrane samples only part of the selection is made, these samples were later tested. (chapter 4)
The test results made it clear both techniques can be used to create very porous membranes with a relative high quantity of Tungsten powder. The elasticity of the membranes, at least the ones made by spreading, looks promising. (chapter 5)
Another thing that is shown in this study is the importance of the a well chosen base material. (chapter 6)
The possibilities for series production of the membranes are studied. But without an adequate membrane configuration a decision can not be made (chapter 7)
To make the design of the prosthesis suitable for series production a variety of concepts is developed. The possibilities to assemble the membrane got most attention because of the difficulties encountered during the assembling of the prototypes. A concept is chosen. (chapter 8)


sensor networks faces a number of challenges; a wireless sensor network which includes a number of sensor nodes must provide reliability and fault tolerance against a number of odds such as scalability, hardware, environmental conditions, power and energy factors. In this paper, we address these two issues of Reliability and Fault Tolerance using mirror nodes. We demonstrate that increased reliability can be achieved by using mirror nodes and the costs could be maintained by implementing the Direct Processor Access(DPA). Experimental results on the benchmarks data set show that our proposed system based on Direct Processor Access outperforms the other well-known methods such as the Distributed Deviation Detection, Distributed anomaly detection, Intrusion detection for routing attacks, Statistical en route filtering and Abnormal Relationship Tests(ART). The improvement in performance using DPA is very high, particularly, for the graphical and network processes (6.8 percent improvement). Statistical Tests also demonstrate higher fault tolerance and improvement in performance for our method. Finally, we show that our system is robust and is able to handle faulty sensor nodes without compromising performance.


The 36 Old Street Quarter is a downtown area of Hanoi City, which has over 1000 years old and contains such traces of history and architecture. The grid structure gives it a significant character that is a part of the local heritage facing phenomenon of replacing settings of ancient spaces, stoning the streets and concretizing old buildings due to anti-conservative interplay from its users. Therefore, this paper examines the user's behaviour in optimizing different settings of Hanoi Old Quarter (HOQ) towards conservation efforts. Theoretically, the research was conducted by making use of 'affordances' terminology of Gibson (1986/1979) to understand interactions between the spatial settings and its user. Methodologically, the purposeful method of local people and layout-based sketch of the blocks, and analysed images of outdoor and shared places have been employed for three survey sites respectively. The results of community-based behaviours, its patterns and 'verb-ability' are fundamental factor to develop ground-up programs on urban and architectural conservation in the Vietnam's contextualisation.


Directed cell migration poses a rich set of theoretical challenges. Broadly, these are concerned with (1) how cells sense external signal gradients and adapt; (2) how actin polymerisation is localised to drive the leading cell edge and Myosin-II molecular motors retract the cell rear; and (3) how the combined action of cellular forces and cell adhesion results in cell shape changes and net migration. Reaction-diffusion models for biological pattern formation going back to Turing have long been used to explain generic principles of gradient sensing and cell polarisation in simple, static geometries like a circle. In this minireview, we focus on recent research which aims at coupling the biochemistry with cellular mechanics and modelling cell shape changes. In particular, we want to contrast two principal modelling approaches: (1) interface tracking where the cell membrane, interfacing cell interior and exterior, is explicitly represented by a set of moving points in 2D or 3D space and (2) interface capturing. In interface capturing, the membrane is implicitly modelled analogously to a level line in a hilly landscape whose topology changes according to forces acting on the membrane. With the increased availability of high-quality 3D microscopy data of complex cell shapes, such methods will become increasingly important in data-driven, image-based modelling to better understand the mechanochemistry underpinning cell motion.


The ITER scenarios and the project of DEMO involve stable operation above the Greenwald density, which justifies efforts to understand and overcome the density limit, this last observed as a disruptive termination of tokamak discharges and a thermal crash (with no disruption) of stellarator and reversed-field pinch (RFP) ones. Both in the tokamak and the RFP, new findings show that the high density limit is not governed by a unique, theoretically well-determined physical phenomenon, but by a combination of complex mechanisms involving two-fluid effects, electrostatic plasma response to magnetic islands and plasma–wall interaction. In this paper we will show new evidence challenging the traditional picture of the 'Greenwald limit', in particular with reference to the role of thermal instabilities and the edge radial electric field Er in the development of this limit.


Among the artistic centres of the kingdom of France during the Renaissance, Toulouse, the capital of the province of Languedoc, was very attractive and internationally renowned, thanks to its geographical position, its political institutions (its parliament) and its economic dynamism. The rise to power of ambitious Nobles of the Robe and members of the bourgeoisie took place alongside a very active humanist milieu, stimulated by a university where Roman law was taught.
Although the city was set apart from its provincial rivals by its archaeological poverty, the strive towards classicism was strong and early. From the end of the fifteenth century, epigraphy, along with numismatics and architectural observation, was used to retrace and celebrate a glorified ancient past. At the same time, a large number of privately owned buildings testified to the city's strong interest in epigraphy within an artistic context, marked by the introduction of the 'à l'antique' repertoire and by strong social competition. From the noble motto to the humanist emblem, this article proposes to analyse several uses of 'speaking' architecture in order to highlight the different logics of distinction and demonstration that marked architectural commissions during the Renaissance.


The paper describes a modular approach based on click chemistry for the surface modification of magnetic oxide nanoparticles and their covalent inclusion within chemical hydrogels. As a proof of concept, we prepared cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and we modified their surfaces through the reaction with molecules bearing a carboxylic function and, alternatively, either an azide or an alkyne moiety. In the second step, the modified nanoparticles were reacted through a Huisgen 1, 3-dipolar cycloaddition with a molecule bearing an unsaturated function and either an alkyne or an azide moiety, respectively. Finally, the particles were successfully copolymerized with acrylamide and N, N'-methylenebisacrylamide to obtain a magnetically responsive hydrogel. This approach could be easily extended towards any type of inorganic oxide nanoparticles and their inclusion within any radically co-polymerized hydrogel. Copyright © VBRI Press.


BACKGROUND
Long-term tunnelled central venous catheters (TCVC) are increasingly used in oncology patients. Despite guidelines on insertion, maintenance and use, infections remain an important complication. Most infections are caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Therefore antimicrobial prevention strategies aimed at these micro-organisms could potentially decrease the majority of the TCVC infections.

OBJECTIVES
To determine the efficacy of administering antibiotics prior to insertion of a TCVC with or without vancomycin/heparin flush technique in the first 45 days after insertion of the catheter to prevent Gram-positive catheter-related infections in oncology patients.

SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE,and CENTRAL up to July 2001. Reference lists from relevant articles were scanned and conference proceedings were hand searched. The authors of eligible studies were contacted to obtain additional information.

SELECTION CRITERIA
We selected randomized controlled trials giving prophylactic antibiotics prior to insertion of the TCVC, and trials using the combination of an antibiotic and heparin to flush the TCVC in oncology patients.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two reviewers independently assessed the studies for inclusion, extracted the data and assessed the quality.

MAIN RESULTS
We included eight trials totalling 527 patients. Four reported on vancomycin/teicoplanin prior to insertion of the TCVC, and four reported on antibiotic flushing combined with heparin. The overall effect of an antibiotic prior to catheter insertion decreases the number of Gram-positive TCVC infections (odds ratio [OR] = 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29 to1.04). Given an expected infection rate of TCVC during the first 45 days of up to 30% this OR implies that the number needed to treat (NNT) will be 10 (95% CI 4 to13), this means vancomycin needs to be given to 10 patients to prevent one TCVC infection. Flushing the TCVC with antibiotics and heparin proved to be beneficial (OR = 0.35, 95% CI 0.16 -to 0.77). For intraluminal colonization the baseline infection-rate is 15% which leads to a NNT of 13 (95% CI 5 to 23).

REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
Both interventions lead to a positive overall effect but should be considered with care due to the small number of studies. Depending on the baseline TCVC infection rate it is justified to administer antibiotics prior to the TCVC insertion or to flush the catheter with a combination of an antibiotic and heparin, if the catheter-related infection rate is high.


Species differences in patterns of phenotypic plasticity may be an important aspect of adaptive diversity. Plasticity for functionally important root traits was studied in inbred field lineages of Polygonum persicaria and P. cespitosum (Polygonaceae). Replicate seedlings were grown in plexiglass rhizotrons under a range of constant and temporally variable moisture treatments. Plasticity was determined for final whole-plant biomass, root biomass allocation, and absolute and proportional root length. The dynamic aspect of root plasticity was examined by digitizing weekly tracings of the proportional deployment of each plant's root system to different vertical soil layers. Plants of both species expressed significant functionally adaptive phenotypic plasticity in the relative allocation, length, and vertical deployment of root systems in response to contrasting moisture conditions. Plasticity patterns in these closely related species were in general qualitatively similar, but for most traits differed in the magnitude and/or the timing of the plastic response. Dynamic changes in root deployment were more marked as well as faster in P. persicaria. Species differences in patterns of individual plasticity were generally consistent with the broader ecological distribution of P. persicaria in diverse as well as temporally variable moisture habitats.


The popularity of XML has motivated the development of novel XML processing tools many of which embed the XPath language for XML querying, transformation, constraint specification, etc. XPath developers (as well as less technical users) have access to commercial tools to help them use the language effectively. Example tools include debuggers that return the result of XPath subexpressions visualized in the context of the input XML document.This paper provides a glimpse of the functionality of XPlainer-Eclipse, a novel kind of query understanding and debugging tool that provides visual explanations of why XPath expressions return a specific answer. XPlainer-Eclipse combines editors for visualizing both XML documents and XPath expressions as trees together with the explanation of the answers.


The random exfoliation at very positive potentials (>5 V vs Li/Li+) of graphite (used as a conductive component in positive electrodes of lithium-ion batteries) was investigated with in situ Raman microscopy and post mortem scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A novel semiautomated computational method for the data analysis of both characterization methods was developed to correlate Raman and SEM information with good lateral resolution, in order to locate exfoliated graphite particles. Proof is given that the exfoliating particles detected via the semiautomatic in situ Raman microscopy mappings correctly describes exfoliated areas, as confirmed via post mortem SEM pictures. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Frequently, lots of organizations have experienced the value discrepancy between the expected value and the realized value from IS (information systems) investments. Being positive or negative the difference is, however, the existence of discrepancy itself is an evidence of less-than-sound management and measurement of IS projects. Analyzing the factors that cause such discrepancy has become an issue of scrutiny both in academia and in practice.
We model which factors, as predictors, will affect the value discrepancy, as dependent variables, in IS investment. This research will establish and examine the research model, the validity of category classification of value discrepancy factors and the perceptual level of IS value discrepancy by survey research. As a result of the survey research, the strategic alignment, the proper system design for staffs, the project planning capability, and interdepartmental task cooperation are perceived as the factors that significantly affect the value discrepancy. And known as IS success factors such as the managerial support, the change management, the standardized process, and the competitive investment are not significant factors
The research findings will provide and emphasize useful implications which factors should be deliberately investigated in IS investment both for practices considering is deployment and for academia.


The measurement sensitivity of interferometric fiber sensors can be limited by the laser phase noise. We investigate the phase noise characteristics of a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser in an unbalanced fiber-optic interferometer. Measurements were made of the phase-induced intensity noise of an interferometer with varying optical path differences. The experimental results of the relation between the noise and the optical path difference are given, and the application of the results in the design of a fiber-optic accelerometer is discussed.


The usage of "motor-wheel" systems requires the electric vehicle control system improvement by using the characteristics of the wheel adhesion to the road surface. One of the aspects of such improvement is the enhancement of the algorithms for the functioning of the antilock braking system (ABS). In developing the ABS control algorithms, various approaches and methods of modern control theory are used, including methods based on the estimation of wheel slip, traction force, wheel friction coefficient using linear and nonlinear estimation methods, linear and nonlinear regulators. This work illustrates the application of the principle of high order integral adaptation (PIA) of Synergetic Control Theory (SCT) for constructing a robust control law for an electric vehicle wheel slip. The main features of the SCT contain: firstly, a fundamental change in the goals of the behavior of the synthesized systems; secondly, direct consideration of the natural properties of nonlinear objects; thirdly, the formation of an analytical mechanism for generating feedbacks, i.e. control laws. PIA consists in introducing nonlinear integrators into the control law that compensate for disturbances without their immediate estimation. The obtained in this work control law has a fairly simple structure, is focused on using physically accessible state variables of the braking system, and its implementation does not require immediate estimation of disturbances or building a complex neural network to calculate disturbances. The results of computer simulations of the synthesized robust control law for ABS indicate its effectiveness in functioning under conditions of external environment uncertainty.


The article raises an important problem of legal education in Poland. After covering the changes in legal education in the world, the paper moves on to focus on the role of academic and practical legal education. The authors point to the specific role of the hidden dimension of legal education, which tends to be unseen, but plays a key part in educating lawyers in Poland. The final part of the article discusses the possibile changes to be made in the system of legal education.


The article reviews the progress in the development of discharge-pumped soft X-ray lasers. Especially the results of the last decade proved that discharge created plasmas in capillaries are sufficiently uniform to allow for soft x-ray amplification. Amplification conditions and population inversion mechanisms are briefly reviewed. Then the activities in individual fields are summarized with emphasis on the gas filled capillaries which obey electron-collisional excitation pumping. Namely these capillaries can work as an efficient, table-top, high average power soft X-ray lasers capable to produce millijoule-level laser pulses at a repetition rate of several Hz, with a corresponding spectral brightness. Finally, some of tested applications are also briefly mentioned.


Disaster situations either natural or made-man caused a large number of deaths and injured people. Morocco has experienced several disasters recently, the last one was the railway accident on 16 October 2018, which caused 127 serious injuries and 7 deaths. This large number was a big problem for the hospital to manage the received victims in right direction, which caused lives lost and disability. In this article, in collaboration with Mohammed (V) hospital in Casablanca city in Morocco, we suggested a solution that saves lives and eliminates number of disability by using a hybrid algorithm to size the hospital resources in the case of a massive influx of victims. We also suggested a support decision tool that is called Emergency Support Decision Tool. This helpful tool gives an idea about the needed resources that support these emergencies according to the victim's number. The proposed solution consisted in making a hybrid algorithm that mixed the theoretical simulation process and the experience feedback by developing hybrid genetic and hybrid heuristic algorithms. These algorithms using as an input the matrix solutions that generated under ARENA software and the solution generated by neural networks that based on experiences feedback. The objective was to provide a solution based on available resources. In fact, the results showed that the hybrid heuristic algorithm is more performant than the hybrid genetic algorithm.


Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA

Lung cancer is the main cause of cancer-related death worldwide and genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors affect the outcome of the disease. The WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) gene is a putative tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 16q23.3-24.1. It is composed of 9 exons and codes for a 414 amino acid protein. The WWOX gene has been previously reported to lose its tumor suppressor effect in several types of cancer including lung, ovarian, breast, stomach, uroepithelial and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. Docking Protein 1 (DOK1) is another putative tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 2p13 and is known to be down-regulated and hypermethylated in various types of cancer including lung, breast or head and neck cancers and Burkitt lymphoma. WWOX activates MEK2 (MAP2K2-mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 2) which plays a crucial role in mitogen growth factor signal transduction. This activation increases ERK signaling in the MAPK/ERK pathway leading to transcription. The WWOX protein has two WW (tryptophan) domains which recognize the proline-rich region of other proteins. The DOK1 protein has a proline-rich region on its COOH terminal which may interact with the WWOX protein. DOK1 activates the RAS-GAP (GTPase activating proteins) signaling pathway leading to transcription when it is phosphorylated. Both WWOX and DOK1 also play important roles in the wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between WWOX and DOK genes by analyzing the expression levels of WWOX and DOK1 using RT-PCR in tumor tissue samples obtained from patients with non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). When we analyzed expression levels by Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient Test, we observed down-regulation of the WWOX and DOK1 expression by 92.3% and 69.4% of the patients, respectively. Expression levels of WWOX and DOK both decreased simultaneously in 66.7% of the patients. We found a significant positive correlation between the expression levels of the WWOX and DOK1 genes when analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test (p=0.033).

Citation Format: Onur Baykara, Seda Ekizoglu, Esin Tuna, Ahmet Demirkaya, Kamil Kaynak, Hikmet Kose, Nur Buyru. Simultaneous down-regulation of WWOX and DOK1 genes in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1397. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1397


In her essay, Christine Morris addresses an important topic in the study of ethnic relations: the relationship between the written word and the oral tradition. She points out that studies often concentrate on the economic and social effects that the written tradition has on oral cultures; however, the ethics of this process has been ignored in research. Morris examines this aspect of the relationship and argues that the replacement of the oral tradition with the written word is a continuation of western chauvinism that has been the basis of the European conquest of aboriginal cultures in the world. The replacement of the oral with the written is thus a form of colonialism — although very subtle — in its argument to protect and save oral traditions for posterity. But the written word can only supplement the oral tradition; it cannot — and it should not — supplant orality.


A comparative study was made of enteroendocrine cells in the larvae of bony fishes (Teleostei): carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), big head (Aristichyts nobilis Richardson), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Valenciennes), and atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.). Argyrophil cells demonstrated by the method after Grimelius were found in all examined fish species. They are located in the pyloric appendices, stomach and intestinal mucosa. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells demonstrated by the immunocytochemical method were located in the pyloric part of the stomach in all examined fishes, except for the atlantic salmon in which they were not identified. The first argyrophil cells were identified at the age of about 10 days, while gastrin-immunoreactive cells proved to appear 5-7 days later.


The character of the substitutional order, the chemical shift, and the nuclear quadrupole coupling in the mixed yttrium-lutetium aluminium garnets Y3-xLuxAl5O12 (0≤x≤3) were studied for the first time using 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) and multiple quantum (MQ) MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The relatively narrow distribution of the isotropic NMR line shifts, revealed by MQ MAS NMR, in crystals with compositions x = 0.75 and x = 1 compared to mixed garnets of other compositions showed that these crystals are partially ordered solid solutions. The aluminium quadrupole coupling constants and isotropic chemical shifts were evaluated for all garnets under study.


Written communication is a key research skill, yet the current model of pre- and postdoctoral training in the biomedical sciences lacks consistent formal training in this area, leading to crises of confidence when tackling research writing. A 15-hour non-credit workshop, "Secrets of Successful Scientific Writing," was developed in collaboration with an experienced instructor of scientific writing. The workshop consisted of six 2.5-hour sessions and was offered six times; a total of 126 trainees attended over these six offerings. Topics included strategies to engage the audience, principles of psychological linguistics to maximize sentence effectiveness, conventions of biomedical journal writing, technical writing and the history of scientific publishing, and two sessions on grant writing. Student confidence in and familiarity with targeted writing skills were assessed by self-evaluation questions administered immediately before and after each session. The workshop was determined to be effective at improving the confidence of participants regarding specific writing skills in the biomedical sciences, with all but two of the measures showing that the workshop had a large effect size. We conclude that a short, structured workshop can help improve the confidence and knowledge of pre- and postdoctoral writers, preparing them to better meet the writing challenges of their professional careers.


Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase are very common and effective treatments for hyperlipidemia. Epidermal cholesterol synthesis has been shown to be essential for maintaining the cutaneous barrier function. We present two patients who experienced cheilitis after beginning treatment of hyperlipidemia with simvastatin (Zocor). The rash resolved after discontinuation of medication and subsequent treatment with topical moisturizers and topical corticosteroids. We suspect that skin barrier dysfunction may occur in the mucosa from inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase in a manner analogous to the epidermis.


My 4-year-old daughter's preschool class recently formed a relationship with the participants of a local adult daycare center. Once a month, the preschoolers walk to the nearby center for some type of activity with the older adults: sharing stories, songs, Bingo games, or whatever seems appropriate for the theme of the month. This arrangement seems to be "win-win" for both the children and the older adults, as shown by the responses of the participants.
As I experience this intergenerational activity through my daughter, I wonder why these experiences are so important to the participants. As a nurse, I also wonder why nursing, a profession that cares for people across the life span, has really not grasped intergenerational programming as a way to provide holistic care. And, if nurses were to embrace this thinking, how could intergenerational activities be implemented into the care of patients and families?


ABSTRACT The question of 'what works' is currently dominating educational research, often to the exclusion of other kinds of inquiries and without enough recognition of its limitations. At the same time, digital education practice, policy and research over-emphasises control, efficiency and enhancement, neglecting the 'not-yetness' of technologies and practices which are uncertain and risky. As a result, digital education researchers require many more kinds of questions, and methods, in order to engage appropriately with the rapidly shifting terrain of digital education, to aim beyond determining 'what works' and to participate in 'intelligent problem solving' [Biesta, G. J. J. 2010, "Why 'What Works' Still Won't Work: From Evidence-Based Education to Value-Based Education." Studies in Philosophy and Education 29 (5): 491–503] and 'inventive problem-making' [Michael, M. 2012, "'What Are We Busy Doing?' Engaging the Idiot." Science, Technology & Human Values 37 (5): 528–554]. This paper introduces speculative methods as they are currently used in a range of social science and art and design disciplines, and argues for the relevance of these approaches to digital education. It synthesises critiques of education's over-reliance on evidence-based research, and explores speculative methods in terms of epistemology, temporality and audience. Practice-based examples of the 'teacherbot', 'artcasting' and the 'tweeting book' illustrate speculative method in action, and highlight some of the tensions such approaches can generate, as well as their value and importance in the current educational research climate.


Background: Research findings suggest that attitudes towards psychotherapy predict willingness to seek therapy. However, understanding how medical students think about using and referring their patients for psychotherapy is limited. Aims: The aims of this study are to measure medical students' attitudes towards professional help seeking, and to investigate the reasons for whether or not they would refer their patients to psychotherapy in their future role as doctors. Method: The participants were 127 medical students in their first and second year of the MBBS4 programme at the Cyprus campus of St George's University of London, who completed a self-report measure of attitudes towards psychotherapy and a semi-structured interview. Findings: Participants showed general positive attitudes towards psychotherapy, but were reluctant to use or refer their patients, largely due to perceived stigma and accessibility. Conclusions: Medical students should be further trained in order to become more confident in using psychotherapy and referring their patients.


Stem cell factor (SCF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that exerts its activity by signalling through the tyrosine kinase receptor known as Kit or CD117. SCF-Kit signalling is crucial for the survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic cells of myeloid lineage. Furthermore, since myeloid leukaemia cells express the Kit receptor, SCF may play an important role in myeloid leukaemia progression too. However, the mechanisms of this pathophysiological effect remain unclear. Recent evidence shows that SCF triggers accumulation of the inducible alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in hematopoietic cells—a transcription complex that plays a pivotal role in cellular adaptation to low oxygen availability. However, it is unknown how SCF impacts on HIF-1α accumulation in human myeloid leukaemia and mast cells. Here we show that SCF induces HIF-1α accumulation in THP-1 human myeloid leukaemia cells but not in LAD2 mast cells. We demonstrated that LAD2 cells have a more robust glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidative system compared to THP-1 cells and are therefore protected against the actions of ROS generated in an SCF-dependent manner. BSO-induced GSH depletion led to a significant decrease in HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) activity in THP-1 cells and to near attenuation of it in LAD2 cells. In THP-1 cells, SCF-induced HIF-1α accumulation is controlled via ERK, PI3 kinase/PKC-δ/mTOR-dependent and to a certain extent by redox-dependent mechanisms. These results demonstrate for the first time an important cross-talk of signalling pathways associated with HIF-1 activation—an important stage of the myeloid leukaemia cell life cycle.


Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators: Creative Strategies and Practical Solutions. 3rd ed. By Kenneth D. Crews. Chicago: ALA, 2012. 192 p. $57.00 softcover (ISBN 978-08389-1092-4). Copyright Law for Librarians and Educators, now in its third edition, is a complete revision of the original published in 2000. (1) Dr. Crews includes more recent case law and presents a fresh perspective on many of the copyright issues librarians and educators encounter daily. The book contains eighteen chapters divided into five broad areas of copyright: "The Reach of Copyright," "Right of Ownership," "Fair Use," "Focus on Education and Libraries," and "Special Features." The chapters are focused, well structured, and emphasize key points, pertinent examples, and useful strategies. The structure of the book lends itself well to desktop reference. A reader earl easily locate a topic of interest and quickly review it. Any needed reference to the law or other resources are provided in the text. This feature can be quite useful when dealing with faculty questions requiring quick resolution. This book will provide a basic understanding of copyright and the key exceptions in the law for education and libraries, and a practical understanding of lair use and related court interpretations. Readers will be able to navigate through the complexities of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and be able to construct usefid strategies to deal with the most common copyright issues encountered by librarians and edueators. (2) The book begins with multiple scenarios that depict common classroom oeeurrences. One example features an English literature instructor who assigns Pride and Prejudice to her class. To give her students a differing perspective on the novel, she wants to show a recent film version of the book to her class using a course management system. After concluding that such a showing is allowable within fair use guidelines of the TEACH Act, however, the instruetor discovers that the DVD's copy proteetion prevents her making available dips of the movie. (3) Using this scenario, Crews systematica4lly examines questions related to the inherent copyright issues, including whether one can use software to bypass copy-protected media in eases where a fair use judgment is reached. These questions and others are discussed in depth in the remaining chapters of the book. The book is structured as follows: Part 1 discusses changing needs and copyright solutions as well as the scope of protected works. Works without copyright protection 'also are discussed. …


E-Collaboration has been attracting more and more attention and interest of academic researchers and industry practitioners. However, the paradigm of e-Collaboration has yet to be established. Various researches often incline to label subjective research studies relate to inter-organization interaction or integration with the hot title. To clarify terminology used and to remove ambiguity on e-Collaboration, the paper aims to provide a cohesive framework of e-Collaboration from the perspective of inter-organizational integration. The framework highlights the core feature of e-Collaboration—joint intellectual efforts, which has been neglected by existing studies. Moreover, a mathematical modeling approach is further used to illustrate the differences among each levels of integration in a two-party context. The descriptive and modeling approaches both attempt to establish a paradigm for e-Collaboration. And the future research directions will be indicated based on the paradigm.


The research object of this paper is BiBei comprehensive land consolidation projects in Bishan County of Chongqing, analysis the land comprehensive consolidation impact on land quality in hills and mountains. The results show: (1) Through comprehensive improvement of rural land, land topography factors increase the value of 18.66%; Soil factors increase the value of 10.38%; Moisture factors comprehensive values improved7.88%; Landscape factors increase the value of 2.59%a€'(2) Overall, land quality integrated value is 1 before comprehensive improvement of rural land. Land quality integrated value is 1.395 after comprehensive improvement of rural land, improved by 39.5 %. Visible through the comprehensive improvement of rural land, land quality has increased in the study area, a good foundation for the sustainable development of agriculture.


In this article we give arguments to support the usage of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy® (MDT) as a very suitable method for this difficult task. We do encourage the usage based on our recent intensive work with the paralympians. physiotherapist in any paralympic sport has to fulfill all the tasks his or her colleagues have with elite able-bodied athletes and in addition to that make sure that whatever disability the Paralympian has is not being worsened by the high-performance sport. We suggest MDT as a choice that has the capacity to fulfill the task. Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy®, also known as the McKenzie Method, is one of the most evidence based non-invasive approaches to assessment and management of musculoskeletal disorders. The concept of MDT draws from symptomatic andmechanical responses of the patient's body during functional tests in positions, movements and repeated movements. Based on these responses is a clinician able to classify the problem and choose the appropriate treatment strategy. MDT uses the very same principles for the extremities that it uses for the spine.DOI: https://doi.org/10.24040/sjss.2020.6.2.23-29


BACKGROUND
Hospitalized patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) appear to be at increased risk of venous thromboembolism. Previous work at our institution has demonstrated that the proportion of doses administered varies between patients and locations.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the proportion of doses of thromboprophylaxis not administered between patients with and without HIV.

DESIGN
Using retrospective data, the proportion of nonadministered doses was determined in all hospitalized adults and stratified by HIV status.

SETTING
Large, urban, academic medical center in Baltimore, Maryland.

PATIENTS
Data were available for 4947 patient visits, 583 of which were by patients with HIV. Most visits by patients with HIV were to a designated HIV care unit.

MEASUREMENTS
Proportion of doses of thromboprophylaxis not administered, and documented reasons for dose nonadministration.

RESULTS
A total of 42,870 doses were prescribed. The proportion of doses not administered was greater for patients with HIV (23.5%) compared with patients without HIV (16.1%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.49-1.70, P < 0.001). Documented dose refusal accounted for a greater proportion of nonadministered doses in patients with HIV (15.9% vs 10.8%, OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.43-1.70, P < 0.0001). On the HIV care unit, the proportion of doses not administered was greater for patients with HIV (26.4% vs 13.1%, OR: 2.39, 95% CI: 1.93-2.96, P < 0.001). Within this unit, documented dose refusal was greater for patients with HIV (13.7% vs 10.7%, OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.16-1.51, P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Nonadministration and documented refusal of thromboprophylaxis appear to be more common in patients with HIV at our institution.


Clinical Image: A 55 years old African male known case of SLE, Hypertension and atrial fibrillation was admitted in Internal medicine unit with acute ischemic stroke. He was on 10 mg prednisolone, azathioprine 50 mg BD and hydroxychloroquine 200 mg once daily and was in remission. His last SLE flare was 6 months back. On day 3, he complained of left knee pain. Left knee and lower thigh were tender without any swelling or erythema. Radiographs of left knee joint showed serpiginous sclerosis (A) along the distal femur and proximal tibia suggestive of bone infarcts. No periosteal reaction was detected and joint space was preserved. MRI lower limbs showed bilateral involvement of distal femur and proximal tibia with intramedullary lesion (B) having serpiginous borders and characteristic double line sign consisting of high signal intensity inside and a low intensity peripheral rim (C ) on T2WI /STIR and TIWI (D) (Figure 1). His pain was controlled with simple analgesics (NSAIDs, acetaminophen). He was pain free on follow up visit in 4 weeks.


A Pareto distribution has the property that any tail of the distribution has the same shape as the original distribution. The exponential distribution and the uniform distribution have the tail property too. The tail property characterizes the univariate generalized Pareto distributions. There are three classes of univariate GPDs: Pareto distributions, power laws, and the exponential distribution. All these distributions extend to infinite measures. The tail property translates into a group of symmetries for these infinite measures: translations for the exponential law; multiplications for the Pareto and power laws. In the multivariate case, for cylinder symmetric measures in dimension d 3, there are seven classes of measures with the tail property, corresponding to five symmetry groups. The second part of this paper establishes this classification. The first part introduces the probabilistic setting, and discusses the associated geometric theory of multiparameter regular variation. We prove a remarkable result about a class of multiparameter slowly varying functions introduced in Ostrogorski [1995].


Land use/cover change practices in the Brazilian Amazon, such as cattle ranching, logging, agriculture, mining, and urbanization are the major contributors to deforestation and have major impacts on ecosystems and environmental processes at local, regional and global scales. A simulation of future landscape in the Kayabi Indigenous Territory in the Brazilian Amazon was carried out using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Remote Sensing and the IDRISI's Land Change Modeler. The model was able to successfully simulate deforestation expansion in the region and identify the main landscape attributes driving anthropogenic disturbance expansion in the studied area. Distance from roads and distance from existing disturbance were found as the key factors driving deforestation in the Kayabi area.


A plasmid encoding the influenza nucleoprotein gene from A/NT/60/68 virus was transduced into the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA- strain SL3261. The bacterial vector expressing the viral gene product was able to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses to the nucleoprotein antigen. CD4+ virus-specific T cells capable of proliferation were readily induced and, in some circumstances, class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxicity was detected. However, virus-specific class I MHC-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were not detected after such immunization. Mice immunized orally with the nucleoprotein-expressing bacteria mounted a strong anti-viral antibody response and spleen cells from such mice proliferated specifically to virus challenge in vitro, producing interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). Orally immunized mice showed significant protection from challenge infection with influenza virus if the mice were also boosted intranasally before infection.


Virtual Reality (VR) headsets can open opportunities for users to accomplish complex tasks on large virtual displays, using compact setups. However, interacting with large virtual displays using existing interaction techniques might cause fatigue, especially for precise manipulations, due to the lack of physical surfaces. We designed VXSlate, an interaction technique that uses a large virtual display, as an expansion of a tablet. VXSlate combines a user's head movements, as tracked by the VR headset, and touch interaction on the tablet. The user's head movements position both a virtual representation of the tablet and of the user's hand on the large virtual display. The user's multi-touch interactions perform finely-tuned content manipulations.


This paper describes switching surge analysis for reclosing decision in 345㎸ combined transmission line with XLPE power cable. Reclosing operation should be decided based on the detailed technical analysis in combined transmission line because this line includes power cable section which is week on insulation. Insulation of power cable can be breakdown at the week point in case of reclosing moment. Therefore the detailed analysis has to be carried out by considering several conditions such as length ratio of power cable section, arrestor, inserting resistance, charging rate, grounding resistance, etc.. On the other hand sheath voltage on IJ(Insulated Joint) is analyzed to check dangerous condition on cable cover. Analysis is performed by EMTP/ATP. Analysis results show that reclosing can be operated as the single line-to-ground fault occurs on overhead line in 345㎸ combined transmission line, if the inserting resistance is considered before the operation of main circuit breaker.


This paper presents a new method to protect the radial feeders on marine vessels. The proposed protection method is effective against Phase-Phase (PP) faults and is based on evaluation of the ratio between the negative-sequence and positive-sequence of the fault currents. It is shown that the magnitude of the introduced ratio increases significantly during the PP fault, hence indicating the fault presence in an electric network. In this paper, the theoretical background of the new method of protection is firstly discussed, based on which the new protection algorithm is described afterwards. The proposed algorithm is implemented in a programmable digital relay embedded in a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) test setup that emulates a typical maritime feeder using a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). The HIL setup allows testing of the new protection method under a wide range of faults and network conditions and the experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness in all scenarios conducted. The proposed protection method offers a solution to the protection challenges associated with variability of the short-circuit currents in radial feeders, advancing in this way the traditional mean of protection in maritime feeders, represented by OverCurrent (OC) relays.


Abstract Research and development (R & D) activities of firms are becoming increasingly internationally organised, with a growing number of new locations in emerging economies and an increasing number of small and medium-sized enterprises tapping into internationalisation. The aim of this paper is to link international R & D strategies of small and medium-sized enterprises to the spatial organisation of R & D activities. A survey of Austrian firms forms the basis of the analysis. The findings show a clear spatial concentration of foreign R & D activities of Austrian firms in Western and Eastern Europe, especially Germany. However, this general distance decay function is distorted by regions' evolutionary trajectories and their peculiarities, such as cultural and cognitive proximity, and by the scope of R & D envisaged by the firm. The analysis reveals that knowledge-exploiting strategies are more common for activities in emerging economies, whereas knowledge-gaining and learning strategies drive the establishment of activities in countries with an advanced national innovation system. Furthermore, small and medium-sized firms tend to internationalise via international cooperation rather than via the establishment of own subsidiaries abroad. Plans for future activities show only limited change in this respect.


Mobile arrays employing diversity combining and adaptive beamforming techniques overcome multipath fading, improve coverage, and increase capacity in wireless communications systems. In this thesis, diversity combining and adaptive beamforming performance of different four element arrays for mobile (vehicular speed) and portable (pedestrian speed) terminals is investigated. The performance of four element arrays with different configurations and with different element patterns is compared using the square array of four half-wave dipole elements as the baseline. Results from diversity and beamforming measurements, performed in urban and suburban environments for both line-of-sight (LOS) and obstructed multipath channels are used to analyze and compare the performances of different four element arrays. At cumulative probabilities of 10%, 1% and 0.1%, diversity gain and improvement in signal-to-interference-plus-noise-ratio (SINR) are calculated from the diversity combining measurements and interference rejection measurements respectively. Experimental results illustrating the dependence of diversity gain on power imbalance, envelope correlation and diversity-combining scheme are presented. Measurements were performed at 2.05 GHz using the handheld antenna array testbed (HAAT). Low profile linear arrays are shown to provide diversity gain values of 5 to 8 dB and 11 to 16 dB, respectively for switched and maximal ratio combining at the 99% reliability level in non-line-of-sight urban channel. Interference cancellation of 24 to 28 dB was recorded in urban and suburban line-ofsight (LOS) channels for the sectorized square array. Results of vehicular measurements with the arrays mounted on a ground plane supported above the vehicle roof are also reported.


In hypertension there was shown an increase of the erythrocyte suspension viscosity coefficient, a decrease of the transmural difference of the abdominal aorta potentials and the erythrocyte charge at a lowering of the level of the studied electrolytes in plasma, the abdominal aorta wall and an increase of sodium content in erythrocytes. Heparin corrected the changes in the coefficient of viscosity and charge of erythrocytes, the transmural difference of potentials, potassium and magnesium levels in erythrocytes, sodium level in the abdominal aorta wall induced by hypertension. On the whole there was observed no levelling by heparin of electrolyte imbalance in the erythrocyte-plasma-abdominal aorta wall system.


A new thermal-fatigue life prediction equation for a class of lead-free solder alloys, 95.5wt%Sn3.9-4.0wt%Ag0.5-0.6wt%Cu is proposed in this investigation. The test vehicle consists of a lead-free solder-bumped WLCSP, lead-free PCB, and lead-free solder paste. The coefficients of the fatigue equation presented herein are determined by best fitted with the isothermal fatigue data of the test vehicle. Failure modes and locations of the failed samples are discussed.


By using different continuation methods, we unveil a wide region in the parameter space of the discrete cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, where several families of stable vortex solitons coexist. All these stationary solutions have a symmetric amplitude profile and two different topological charges. We also observe the dynamical formation of a variety of "bound-state" solutions composed of two or more of these vortex solitons. All of these stable composite structures persist in the conservative cubic limit for high values of their power content.


Menstruation, although a normal physiologic process, can result in cramping and discomfort in women. The symptomatology may manifest as musculoskeletal changes that can be identified and addressed to provide relief for suffering patients.

 To evaluate for common somatic dysfunctions and Chapman's reflex points by performing full-body osteopathic structural exams (OSE) on women during menstruation compared to when they are not menstruating.

 Participants were menstruating, female faculty, staff and students recruited from Kansas City University. Data was gathered in the form of OSE findings from 2 intervals of menstruation and compared to data gathered from 2 intervals of non-menstruation.
 Each participant was evaluated at 4 visits: visit 1 during menstruation, visit 2 during non-menstruation, visit 3 during their subsequent cycle of menstruation, and visit 4 during their subsequent cycle of non-menstruation. At each visit, the participant was evaluated separately by the fellow and the physician.

 Of the 32 potential participants, 23 completed the study. In this population, 23 participants (100%) had a lumbar somatic dysfunction during one menstrual cycle, with only 14 (60.9%) having a lumbar dysfunction during non-menstruation (P=0.004). Of the 5 posterior Chapman's reflex points evaluated, 17 participants (73.9%) had at least 1 of the Chapman's points with dysfunction during 1 menstruation cycle compared to only 10 participants (43.5%) during non-menstruation (P=0.039). Three participants (13%) were found to have a left-sided innominate dysfunction during 1 menstrual cycle compared to only 1 participant (4%) having a left-sided innominate dysfunction during non-menstruation (P<0.001).

 This study found 3 common areas of dysfunction in menstruating women that could be targeted by physicians for evaluation and treatment: the lumbar spine, the left innominate, and two posterior Chapman's points. These findings aid in closing the gap from previously published data regarding the presence of somatic dysfunction in women during menstruation.


Abstract This study focuses on the description of oxidation of CdTe monocrystal surfaces after selective chemical etching. Measurements of surface morphology of the oxides occurring in short time are valuable for deeper understanding of the material degradation and fabrication of reliable devices with enhanced performance. The samples with (1 1 1) orientation were selectively etched and cleaned of oxide. Exposure of the oxide-free surfaces of CdTe to air at normal atmospheric conditions over 24 hours leads to an appearance of characteristic surface features. The oxidized surfaces were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, Raman spectroscopy and ellipsometry. The results indicate clear differences in the oxidation of Cd-terminated and Te-terminated surfaces.


The method and program complex realization for restoration scheme search of a power consumption in networks on the basis of algorithm processing of the network count and artificial neural networks (ANN) are proposed and given reason. Both algorithms work in a competing mode, mutually smoothing lacks of each separate method. Work complex principles, in particular, concerning application of the generalized error vector for ANN self-training and solution stability are theoretically proved. The program complex realized as a part for "the adviser of the distributive network dispatcher", was tested on a 201 buses, 7 sources and 227 lines distribution network and one has shown good results.


Notice treatment is available; for many endocrinologist alopecia has replaced hirsutism as the major irritant. Therefore, I approached the chapter on alopecia with high expectations but was disappointed to find that this area was dealt with in a cursory manner. However, overall this book on andro6th European On Adenomas genic disorders will be helpful for the specialist in the area of PCOS and hirsutism. There are omissions and this reviewer is particularly disappointed to note that while much attention is paid to the adrenal as a source of androgens, the vexed question of the control of adrenal androgen secretion is not addressed. Although this book is of uneven standard the best is excellent and therefore it is recommended. T. J. McKenna 24-27 jUly 1996, ~ ~ ~ l i ~ , G~~~~~ Further details: professor D~ K . ~ . Werder, SchlossparkKlinik, Heubnemeg 2, 14059 ~ ~ ~ l i ~ , G ~ ~ ~ ~ . Phone 0049 030 32 64


Natrix natrix is, together with N. tessellata, the only representative of water snakes found in Iran. The lack of ecological studies on this species in Iran stimulated the current preliminary research on some basic biological traits. From April to July 2008, a total of fifty five snakes were collected from two stations in the southern part of the Caspian Sea coast, Iran: Gomishan Wetland and Sari. Basic morphometrics were compared between sexes and stations and gonadal development was compared between stations and seasons. At the two stations, adult sex ratio was not different from 1:1 and juveniles composed a predominant portion of the sample. Both sexes had unimodal length class size with a peak at 40-45 cm snout-vent length (SVL). Body sizes were unusually small for the species and no SVL sexual dimorphism was detected although males were relatively heavier than females for the same SVL. Snakes of both sexes attained larger size with better body condition at Sari than in Gomishan. Males and females carried more mature gonads in summer. However, in Sari males developed relatively larger testes earlier in the season and both sexes displayed less synchronic reproduction at this station. These results are best explained by local varia- tions in habitat, trophic availability and degree of environmental disturbance.


Antipsychotic drugs revolutionised psychiatric practice and provided a range of tools for exploring brain function in health and disease. Their development and introduction were largely empirical but based on long and honourable scientific credentials and remarkable powers of clinical observation. The class shares a common core action of attenuating central dopamine transmission, which underlies the major limitation to their use – high liability to disrupt extrapyramidal function – and also the most durable hypothesis of the basis of psychotic disorders, especially schizophrenia. However, the Dopamine Hypothesis, which has driven drug development for almost half a century, has become a straight-jacket, stifling innovation, resulting in a class of compounds that are largely derivative. Recent efforts only cemented this tendency as no clinical evidence supports the notion that newer compounds, modelled on clozapine, share that drug's unique neurological tolerability and can be considered 'atypical'. Patients and doctors alike must await a more profound understanding of central dopamine homeostasis and novel methods of maintaining it before they can again experience the intoxicating promise antipsychotics once held.


In some paramagnetic media, the effective field Hi which includes exchange interaction and external magnetic field, can cause the splitting of ground state energy level. In the region of the temprature T>Tc, the Curie temperature, there is certain probability distribution of electrons on two energy levels arised from ground state splitting. This induces the ground state energe level for double transition. It is proved by calculation according to this theory, there are several temperature characteristics for magneto-optical Faraday effect of the paramagnetic media. With the external magnetic field not too high, the ratio of the Verdet constant to magnetic susceptibility x is V/x = A(1+BT) in some media, or V/x = A(1 + B/T) in other media. It is also showed that both the real part θ′ and the imaginary part θ" of Faraday rotation are proportional to the effective field Hi, and with similar temperature character beyond the range of optical absorption.


Inequality has become essential to understanding contemporary British society and is at the forefront of media, political and
practice discussions of the future of the arts in the UK. Whilst there is a wealth of work on traditional areas of inequality,
such as those associated with income or gender, the relationship between culture, specifically cultural value, and inequality is
comparatively under-researched.
The literature review considers inequality and cultural value from two points of view: how cultural value is consumed and how
it is produced. The review argues that these two activities are absolutely essential to understanding the relationship between
culture and social inequality, but that the two activities have traditionally been considered separately in both academic research
and public policy. The review concentrates on the 'big three' issues of inequality – race, class and gender, where most of the
literature is to be found, but also touches on disability, sexuality and spatial inequality. All of the research reviewed suggests an
undeniable connection between cultural value and inequality. Understanding that connection is currently impeded by problems
with data. The report suggests the political saliency of this topic means that public policy must do more to provide robust
research, particularly about cultural production.


'Cast light and evil will go away.' This is the basic idea of the transparency exercise of regional trade agreements (RTAs) at the World Trade Organization (WTO). Information sharing on RTAs is critically important because monitoring is impossible without it. In order for us to see not only good but also evil RTAs, a light called 'notification requirement' should reach them. In reality, however, it is too optimistic to assume that the light reaches all RTAs. There seem to be many ghosts living in the dark; no information on ghosts can be shared and none can confirm if they are really ghosts. This paper attempts to reveal those RTAs upon which the light of the transparency exercise has not reached. While many studies have pointed out that there are many non-notified RTAs as a reservation in conducting analysis of RTAs, this is the first scholarly attempt to identify the comprehensive picture of non-notified RTAs, with an emphasis on the Asia-Pacific. Because information on all RTAs notified to the WTO is included in the WTO RTA Database, gathering information on non-notified trade agreements is the key to understanding the universe of trade agreements.


Re-completion and re-drilling of existing wells and introduction of new large drilling rig systems are elements that have led to renewed focus on the fatigue capacity for existing and new subsea wells. Due to lack of applicable codes and standards for such fatigue calculations, a unified analysis methodology has been developed and described in a Wellhead Fatigue Analysis Method Statement (MS). The intention of this work is to reflect the best practice in the industry and to provide an important contribution to well integrity management. The analysis methodology is limited to fatigue damage from dynamic riser loads present during subsea drilling and work over operations. The analysis procedure may be divided into three parts. i) A local response analysis that includes a detailed finite element model from wellhead datum and below. Interaction between the structural well components and soil structure interaction is properly accounted for. The main result from this analysis is the load-to-stress curve that describes the relationship between the riser loads at the wellhead datum and the stress at the fatigue hot spots. The analysis also provides the lower boundary conditions of the global load analysis model. ii) A global load analysis where the floating mobile drilling unit (MODU) motions and wave loads on the riser are taken into account. The results are time series or load histograms of the loads at wellhead datum, with focus on the bending moment, in all relevant environmental sea states. iii) Fatigue damage assessment, where a mapping of the loads with the relevant load to stress curve is carried out together with subsequent fatigue damage calculation. Appropriate S-N curve is applied together with wave scatter diagrams for the relevant operations and durations. The final result is the accumulated fatigue damage. With a unified analysis methodology in place particular attention is placed on a structured and specified analysis input and output. Results are suggested presented as a function of time and also as a function of key analysis input parameters that are associated with uncertainty. These are prerequisites from a well integrity management perspective in ensuring analysis results that are comparable. This paper presents the essence of the Wellhead Fatigue Analysis Method that was developed in cooperation between Statoil and DNV. Currently this analysis methodology is under extension and revision in the joint industry project (JIP) "Structural Well Integrity During Well Operations". 11 operators participate in this JIP which also has structured cooperation with equipment suppliers, drilling companies and analysis houses. The aim is to form a wellhead analysis recommended practice document.Copyright © 2011 by ASME


This book discusses teachers' interaction styles and their influence on secondary school students' attitude and achievement in mathematics. It discusses how interaction styles, the school support structure, family, and students' attitude towards school affect the attitudes towards mathematics. Drawing from Bauerfeld's interactive theory of learning, the author: establishes the type of teacher interaction styles used in teaching mathematics in secondary schools; discusses the effects of employing direct and indirect teacher interaction styles; and determines the role of gender and students' attitudes towards mathematics and teachers in relation to performance. She posits that although both direct and indirect teacher interaction styles are used in teaching mathematics in secondary schools, indirect interaction styles result in; greater student achievement, positive attitude towards the subject and the teacher. She recommends that indirect interaction styles should be employed in the teaching and learning of mathematics for better performance. The book is recommended to educationists, education planners and quality assurance officers in the education sector.


Introduction Data regarding extra-genital Neisseria gonorrheae (NG) and Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) in men who have sex with men (MSM), and transwomen (TW) in Latin America is limited. We determined the prevalence of pharyngeal, rectal, and urethral NG and CT among MSM, and TW and associated risk factors and behaviours. Methods We used data from the Expedited Partner Therapy Screening Study of men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TW) in Lima, Peru. Participants completed a CASI survey regarding socio-demographic data, sexual risk behaviours, and STD symptoms. Anal and pharyngeal swabs and urine specimens collected by the study physician were tested for CT and NG using NAAT (Aptima GenProbe). Results We screened 834 participants (551-gay identified men, 264 heterosexual/bisexual men and 19 TW) for CT and NG between October 2012 and July 2014. The median age of participants was 27 years (range 18–70). CT prevalence was 3.5% in urine, 4.5% in pharyngeal and 15.6% in rectal specimens. NG prevalence was 2.7% in urine, 9.4% in pharyngeal and 8.3% in rectal specimens. Approximately 75% of participants with rectal infections reported no symptoms in the previous 30 days. More than 92% of extra-genital CT infections and 83% of extra-genital NG infections were identified in participants with negative urine test results. Younger age was strongly associated with increased prevalence of both pharyngeal NG (p = 0.054) and rectal CT (p = 0.008) and NG infections (p = 0.002). Receptive anal intercourse was associated with higher prevalence of rectal CT infection (p = 0.012). Pharyngeal NG (p = 0.005) was more frequent in participants reporting multiple partners. Conclusion Extragenital CT and NG infection is highly prevalent, usually asymptomatic and in a majority of cases, associated with negative urine tests among MSM and TW in Peru. Routine screening at multiple anatomic sites using NAAT should be performed.


In paper the empirical assessment of formation of innovative modes is presented to the industries. Relevance of research is caused by need of development of new tools of the analysis and stimulation of innovative development as industrial companies and national economy as a whole.Research objective – an assessment of the factors influencing innovative behavior of the company and allocation of innovative modes in the industry. Authors for the analysis of factors have used a method of the regression analysis of 627 Russian industrial companies given questioning, for allocation of innovative modes the clustering method is used with the help to – averages. In research factors are analysed: investments of the companies in researches and development, orientation to grocery and technological innovations, orientation to marketing innovations and creation of value, orientation to organizational and administrative innovations. Results of research show that in the Russian industrial sector it is possible to allocate innovative modes: "simulators", "founders of valuable innovations", "effective producers", "technological innovators", "radical innovators". The "maturity levels" are developed for the allocated innovative modes depending on characteristics: opportunities the company independently to develop new products (services); improvement existing products, managements of researches and development, including coordination with external developers in network projects, strategic alliances, digital innovative platforms; generation and identification of new ideas; implementation of selection of ideas on the basis of the principles of compliance of strategy and their further development; identifications of new enterprise opportunities (studying of changes of environment and branch market, assessment of influence and identification of threats); providing a susceptibility to new technologies, a transfer of technologies; ensuring rationalization of system of production and management and commercial processes; improvement of operating technological processes; commercial use of objects of intellectual property. It is shown that the companies of higher level of an innovative mode make a bigger contribution to gross domestic product, create more workplaces and provide higher level of a salary, therefore development of the mechanism of stimulation of transition of the companies to more advanced level of an innovative mode is necessary.


The geographical distribution and production of the Barents Sea capelin (Mallotus villosus, Osmeridae) is modelled by the use of a state-variable optimization technique (dynamic programming), where the main objective of individuals always is to maximize fitness, or total expected reproduction (RO), by selecting the most profitable habitats through time. Fitness is gained by successful reproduction (a function of size) during the spawning season on the breeding grounds off northern Norway. The environment (predators, temperature and zooplankton prey) is determined by a meteorologically forced circulation model for the year 1980, creating a spatial and seasonal fluctuation in the environment. Predation from cod is the main source of mortality, and the distribution of the cod (Gadus morhua) stock is assumed to vary with temperature. Growth is predicted from a bioenergetic model, incorporating the cost of swimming between feeding areas and spawning grounds. Field data of the capelin stock recorded during autumn cruises from 1979 is implemented at the start of the model, and then this stock is modelled through 1980 and the first months of 1981. Model predictions are compared with the observed distribution of capelin in autumn 1980. Habitat selection has consequences for the dynamics of the population and growth of individuals, demonstrating the importance of combining external (environmental) and internal (evolutionary) forcing to understand and predict the dynamics of fish populations. This study is the first application of dynamic programming to model the dynamics and ecology

of horizontal fish migration, and we suggest that the method may be developed into a useful tool for the management of short-lived species.


This paper proposes methodological procedures to be used by the accounting, organizational and managerial researchers and executives to ascertain the criticality of the variables and the processes in the measurement of management control system. We have restricted the validation of proposed methods to the extraction of critical success factors (CSF) in this study. We have also provided a numerical illustration and tested our methodological procedures using a dataset of an empirical study conducted for the purpose of ascertaining the CSFs. The proposed methods can be used by the researchers in accounting, organizational information systems, economics, and business and also in other relevant disciplines of organizational sciences. The main contribution of this paper is the extension of Rockart's work [33] on critical success factors. We have extended the theory of CSF beyond the initially suggested domain of information into management control system decision making. The methodological procedures developed by us are expected to enrich the literature of analytical and empirical studies in accounting and organizational areas where it can prove helpful in understanding the criticality of individual variables, processes, methods or success factors.


This study examines the impact of the morphological characteristics of plots in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area (HMA) on the retail landscape, with a focus on understanding the ways in which the morphological characteristics potentially influence the distribution, agglomeration and diversity of retail businesses. Although frequently underestimated in contemporary placemaking practices, this research emphasizes the role of the dual nature of plots as an element of urban form and an element of control over the retail landscape of the city. In this sense, the role of the morphological characteristics of plots in shaping the retail landscape of the city was investigated. The compositional (size, frontage ratio) and configurational (integration, betweenness, frequency) features of the plot in the HMA ( n = 77,736) were measured. Thereafter an unsupervised two-step clustering method was applied to reveal the subtle morphological regions through plot patterns. Computational plot characterization with open data sets yielded six plot types having different morphological characteristics and geographic distribution patterns. The spatial capacities of each plot type for retail distribution, agglomeration and diversity were then analysed and compared. This research argues that the interrelationship of the dual nature of plot plays an important role in placemaking processes. The results suggest that the spatial capacity of plots to accommodate street-based retail clusters is improved with spatially integrated, fine-grained urban fabric with independent micro-businesses involving a diversity of uses and actors. The study argues that these spatial conditions might also increase retail resilience and contribute to the vitality and viability of the retail landscape.


So far, all experimental tests of Bell inequalities which must be satisfied by all local realistic hidden-variable theories and are violated by quantum mechanical predictions have left at least one loophole open. We propose a feasible setup allowing for a loophole-free test of the Bell inequalities. Two electron spin qubits of donors31P in a nanoscale silicon host in different cavities 300 m apart are entangled through a bright coherent light and postselections using homodyne measurements. The electron spins are then read out randomly and independently by Alice and Bob, respectively, with unity efficiency in less than 0.7 µs by using optically induced spin to charge transduction detected by radio-frequency single electron transistor. A violation of Bell inequality larger than 37% and 18% is achievable provided that the detection accuracy is 0.99 and 0.95, respectively.


This epidemiological study aims to assess the perception of the level of occupational stress and quality of worklife (QWL) in the staff of an aerospace company in Morocco. A valid questionnaire is administrated to the staff and filled in autonomously and anonymously.In this study, perception of QWL seem to be affected by gender, indeed prevalence of a satisfying QWL is noticed to be higher for men. QWL is also affected by education level, respondents with a level of education of 3 years or higher have a better perception of QWL with a prevalence of 72%.The respondents asserted high job demand scores, high decisions latitude, as well as a significant support from colleagues. According to Karasek, this positive configuration places the individual in an "active" and not "high strain" position. On the other hand, monetary recognition is considered to be unsatisfactory according to respondents, thereby raising an imbalance in the (effort / reward) balance, leading to a possible presence of stress according to the Siegrist model.


Stylized evidence indicates that democracies and autocracies both expropriate foreign direct investment but that democracies do so less frequently. What explains the similarities and differences in expropriation between regime types? An analysis of actual expropriation acts in 63 developing countries from 1960 to 1990 shows that democracies are most likely to expropriate foreign investment when leaders face little political constraint and when they reside in countries with frequent leadership turnover. Autocrats are least likely to expropriate foreign assets when they face high political constraints and have stayed in power for a long time. In essence, the chief executive's political incentive and policy-making capacity determine the host government's expropriation decisions. The findings have important implications for the rule of law, property rights protection, investment behaviors, and the prospect of privatization reforms.


Cryogenic CO2 aerosol cleaning being a dry, chemically-inert and residue-free process is used in the production of optical lithography masks. It is an attractive cleaning option for the mask industry to achieve the requirement for removal of all printable soft defects and repair debris down to the 50nm printability specification. In the technique, CO2 clusters are formed by sudden expansion of liquid from high to almost atmospheric pressure through an optimally designed nozzle orifice. They are then directed on to the soft defects or debris for momentum transfer and subsequent damage free removal from the mask substrate. Unlike aggressive acid based wet cleaning, there is no degradation of the mask after processing with CO2, i.e., no critical dimension (CD) change, no transmission/phase losses, or chemical residue that leads to haze formation. Therefore no restriction on number of cleaning cycles is required to be imposed, unlike other cleaning methods. CO2 aerosol cleaning has been implemented for several years as full mask final clean in production environments at several state of the art mask shops. Over the last two years our group reported successful removal of all soft defects without damage to the fragile SRAF features, zero adders (from the cleaning and handling mechanisms) down to a 50nm printability specification. In addition, CO2 aerosol cleaning is being utilized to remove debris from Post-RAVE repair of hard defects in order to achieve the goal of no printable defects. It is expected that CO2 aerosol cleaning can be extended to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) masks. In this paper, we report advances being made in nozzle design qualification for optimum snow properties (size, velocity and flux) using Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) technique. In addition the two new areas of focus for CO2 aerosol cleaning i.e. pellicle glue residue removal on optical masks, and ruthenium (Ru) film on EUV masks are presented. Usually, the residue left over after the pellicle has been removed from returned masks (after long term usage/exposure in the wafer fab), requires a very aggressive SPM wet clean, that drastically reduces the available budget for mask properties (CD, phase/transmission). We show that CO2aerosol cleaning can be utilized to remove the bulk of the glue residue effectively, while preserving the mask properties. This application required a differently designed nozzle to impart the required removal force for the sticky glue residue. A new nozzle was developed and qualified that resulted in PRE in the range of 92-98%. Results also include data on a patterned mask that was exposed in a lithography stepper in a wafer production environment. On EUV mask, our group has experimentally demonstrated that 50 CO2 cleaning cycles of Ru film on the EUV Front-side resulted in no appreciable reflectivity change, implying that no degradation of the Ru film occurs.