The purpose of this study was to define Korean adolescent girls' brassiere size demand features in order to improve the suitability of junior brassieres for adolescent girls. The subjects for the data collection were Korean teenage girls from age 13 to 17 (n=492). Their body size was collected by conducting anthropometric measurement. The results of this study show that not only the growth of height, but also the growth of the body length is almost finished at the age of 15. The brassiere cup size, which shows the breast growth directly, increased remarkably at age 13 to 14, and once again at age 17. The demand for brassiere band size 70 appeared generally high among all ages. The research also suggests that the band size 60 and over 85 is also needed among the teenage girls. In matters of the brassiere cup size, junior brassieres over B-cup size are also necessary for teenage girls with big breasts to support their heavy breast weight. These results imply that the junior brassiere companies should improve their brassiere size range to fit the teenage girls' breasts properly.


This essay proposes practical engagement with archived materials as a model for the director's creative process, a process which also considers the play as a form of archival record: that the play-text is itself an archive of its own world. That archive, the article suggests, can be supplemented by historical research and interpreted with techniques and approaches gleaned from the archives of performance practice: a parallel, perhaps, to the dizzingly complex material and cultural exchanges out of which Shakespeare's work originally emerged. To support this hypothesis, the article draws upon the author's personal experiences of directing Hamlet using a research-led approach, in which the production was informed by archival material relating to productions of Hamlet directed or planned by Stanislavski, Gordon Craig, Michael Chekov, Meyerhold and Tarkovsky. While considering the ways in which results and decisions might reveal themselves in researching the recorded processes and methods of theatre practitioners in the archive, the article ultimately suggests that material gleaned from conventional historical research of the play must also be supplemented with discoveries made by reading the play as an archive of its own world, and no other.


The Government intends to procure a family of affordable Joint Tactical Radios (JTRs) to meet military communications requirements of increased communication performance and interoperability to support Joint Vision 2010 and Network Centric Warfare. This procurement will be accomplished in a competitive, non-developmental environment capitalizing on commercial technologies and processes to the maximum extent possible. These radios will comprise a system called the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) and will be based on a common, open standard architecture developed by Industry. The JTRS software communications architecture (SCA) will define the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) architecture. A key component of the JTRS architecture is the ability to distribute computing applications (called resources) among different processes in a virtual computing space. A key focus within this architecture is component interoperability (sometimes called "plug and play"). The JTRS paradigm for this distributed component interoperability requires that the communication between the layers of the generic open system interconnect (OSI) network stack be revisited. For JTRS, this means that the external communication network protocol stack would have to be capable of being distributed within the JTR. The capability to effectively distribute the stack depends on the ability to define an interface and appropriate transport mechanism between the distributed network stack entities. This paper presents the process, rationale and final outcome of a definition for effectively distributing these interfaces within the JTR, taking into account the JTRS Operational Requirements Document (ORD) factors of interoperability, performance, security, and portability.


Spatiotemporal variability of ionosphere poses a major challenge in characterization of observable parameters, critical frequency of F2 layer (foF2), maximum ionization height (hmF2), total electron content (TEC), and slab thickness. The nature of the multiscale space‐time variability of ionosphere can be modeled as a random field. In this study, as a first step in random field modeling of the trend, hourly‐monthly parametric probability density functions (PPDF) of foF2, hmF2, slab thickness, and TEC are obtained using IONOLAB‐PDF method for three midlatitude stations (namely, Juliusruh, Pruhonice, and Rome) for low, moderate, and high solar activity years of 2009, 2012, and 2014, respectively. foF2 and hmF2 are obtained from ionosondes. TEC is estimated from dual‐frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers. It is observed that hourly‐monthly PPDFs of all ionospheric parameters at the three midlatitude stations can best be represented by lognormal and Weibull distributions. The estimates of mean and standard deviations of hourly‐monthly PPDFs indicate that the spatiotemporal stochastic trend variation of the midlatitude ionosphere differs in terms of foF2 and GPS‐TEC. The hourly‐monthly PPDF of foF2 represents all major anomalies as well as seasonal and hourly trends, whereas those of GPS‐TEC is highly dependent on solar activity level and latitude. The general statistical trend of hmF2 is anticorrelated with foF2 as expected. The mean of hourly‐monthly PPDF of slab thickness is around 400 km in 2012 and 2014 for all stations between 0200 UT and 1600 UT.


DRAMATIC AND NUMEROUS advances in science, technology, and medicine provide new opportunities to keep people healthy as well as to diagnose, treat, and cure disease. Unfortunately, increasing complexity increases opportunities for mistakes and errors, particularly in healthcare organizations as they struggle to prevent patient harm (Chassin and Loeb 2011). Safety problems persist and harm to patients continues despite widespread attention to the need for improvement (Stelfox et al. 2006). An engaged and empowered workforce is critical to improving the patient experience, improving health outcomes, and correcting unsafe conditions (Rathert and May 2007). However, all healthcare workers—nurses, physicians, security guards, chaplains, and so many others—are subject to the same stressors and system failures that lead to patient harm. This situation compromises the workforce's ability to ensure care that is consistently excellent and safe. Patient harm events are further exacerbated by employee fatigue, disengagement, burnout, intimidation, bullying, and violence in the work place.


Abstract:This article presents an analysis of the genre of the satyr play through the conjunction of its single extant example—Euripides' Cyclops—and the work of Emmanuel Levinas. Levinas maintains that Ulysses' craft (μῆτις or "cunning intelligence")—on display in the ruses perpetrated against the titular monster—is the essence of war. Yet through Marcel Detienne and Jean-Pierre Vernant's interpretations of "cunning intelligence," as well as comparisons of Levinas's positions with those of Nietzsche and Plato, an alternative view is available, one that would recast Ulysses' craft as the cunning necessary to manifest the infinity of peace within the totality of war. As middle terms between ancient Greek tragedy and comedy, Cyclops and the genre of the satyr play to which it belongs perform this ethical mediation. Ulysses' craft is thus also Euripides' craft: the craft of the satyr play, and even of the dramatic as such.


Objective To explore the effect observation on modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture in the treatment of urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery and its influence on the incidence of adverse reactions. Methods The clinical data of 84 patients suffered from urinary retention after radical resection of cervical cancer (December 2018–December 2019) in the oncology department of Jinan Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine were selected for retrospective analysis. According to the order of admission, they were divided into group A (n = 42), treated with conventional therapy, modified Zishen Tongguan decoction, and acupuncture, and group B (n = 42), treated with conventional therapy. The clinical efficacy of the two groups was observed, the urination function indexes after therapy were recorded, and the clinical efficacy and incidence of adverse reactions were analyzed. Results After therapy, compared with group B, the average urinary flow rate, maximum urinary flow rate, bladder compliance (BC) level value, and the number of patients with good recovery of bladder function of group A were obviously higher (P < 0.05), and the urination time and detrusor pressure were obviously lower (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the average scoring of overactive bladder syndrome score (OABSS) between the two groups at 7 days of therapy (p > 0.05). The average OABSS of group A at 14 days of therapy was obviously lower than that of group B (P < 0.001). Compared with group B, the total clinical effective rate of group A was obviously higher (P < 0.05), while the total incidence of adverse reactions was obviously lower (P < 0.05). Conclusion Modified Zishen Tongguan decoction combined with acupuncture is a reliable method to treat urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery, which greatly improves the urination function of patients, as well as the clinical efficacy. Further research will help create a better solution for patients with urinary retention after cervical cancer surgery.


PurposeAgricultural accounting is gaining ground across different disciplines, rendering it a significant research area. This study aims to assess agricultural accounting research for the past 93 years in terms of publication frequency, subject areas, topics that received the most attention among researchers, as well as the institutions that contribute to this subject area.Design/methodology/approachThis study employs a bibliometric analysis collected through the Scopus database. The sample included 3,612 documents. The analyzed variables include the number of publications per year, documents published, country, author affiliation, keywords and active institutions. Analyses include graphical network maps.FindingsThe findings of this study reveal the importance of supportive institutions, human capabilities and international collaboration in aiding research and development. It provides an overview of agricultural accounting literature over the years and aid researchers in this research domain to explore more studies and develop better arguments. The results also indicate the continuing growth in the number of publications in recent years by authorship; country include the USA, China, the UK, Australia and Germany; institutes include Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wageningen University and Research Centre; and the subject areas include Environmental Science; Agriculture and Biology sciences; and Social Sciences. The most frequent keywords connecting to author's area of research, as highlighted in Figure 5, include agriculture, accounting, water accounting, environmental accounting and cost analysis.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on the Scopus database, which has limited coverage. The keywords of the literature search were restricted to "agriculture and accounting" or "agricultural and accounting" and the research approach limited to quantitative perspective.Practical implicationsThe findings may benefit policymakers as well as academicians toward understanding the areas of interest in agricultural accounting.Originality/valueThis study provides the potential areas within agricultural accounting literature in a broader scope that deserve multiple accounting practices to cover diverse agricultural activities such as cost accounting, financial reporting, managerial accounting, auditing, taxation and financial information systems. The study suggests developing countries promote innovative research on agricultural practice to meet global scientific and technological developments.


DR. H. G. TURNEY: I feel that I can hardly proceed to the remarks which I propose to make to-night without some reference, however short, to the memorable meeting of last week. It was memorable for the remarkable collection of cases which must have aroused the minds of even the least imaginative amongst us. I can only liken it to a scene from a new Gulliver's Travels where cheek by jowl one met Lilliputians and Brobdingnagians, and where, as a friend of mine humorously put it, everyone seemed to be of the wrong age and of the wrong sex or no sex at all. Professor Schiifer in his luminous address laid stress on the complexity of pituitary products and hinted at the possible independent action of the different elements. Much has already been done by pharmacological research to identify and separate these various constituents, but disease often affords a finer analysis even than the laboratory, and as the knowledge of these conditions becomes more widely spread we may expect by the recognition of atypical cases and their dissection in the light of physiology, pharmacology and pathology to make still further advance. Harvey Cushing's monumental work shows what is possible even for a single man to achieve by this combination of experimental research and clinical observation. It is mainly due to him that the broad lines of pituitary disease have been laid down and that the time has now arrived for humbler workers to contribute some quota by the observation and


A case of gallbladder malignant melanoma in a 62-year-old woman is reported. The gallbladder, resected for tumor mass seen on ultrasound examination, revealed neoplastic epithelioid cells with dark granules in the cytoplasm. These cells with pigment were positive immunohistochemically for S-100, HMB45 and vimentin. The patient, affected by dysplastic nevus syndrome, had a history of a melanoma in situ in her left upper arm that was excised 11 years ago. This is only the second case reported to date of primary malignant melanoma in dysplastic nevus syndrome.


Abstract 2976 Background: c-Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) activity has been implicated in establishing the oncogenic phenotype across several human cancers with high levels of the activating c-Met ligand, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). Malignant plasma cells secrete HGF-activator (HGFA), which converts HGF to its active form, and high HGF levels are correlated with a poor prognosis in multiple myeloma (MM). Syndecan 1 (CD138) on malignant plasma cells binds HGF and potentiates interleukin-6-induced growth and migration. HGF stimulation of myeloma cells also activates autophosphorylation of c-Met and other critical downstream signaling pathways promoting oncogenesis. Finally, pre-clinical studies have shown that suppression of c-Met signaling with a number of small molecules, including ARQ 197, induced myeloma cell apoptosis. Tevantinib-mediated cytotoxic response was observed at concentrations of less than 5 μM, which are achievable in the clinic. These findings supported the hypothesis that suppression of the HGF/c-Met signaling axis could be a rational strategy against relapsed multiple myeloma. Methods: In this phase II study, the efficacy and safety of ARQ 197, a non-competitive and highly selective inhibitor of the c-Met RTK, is being studied in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma. Primary objectives were to determine the overall response rate (ORR) to single-agent tivantinib in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma who had received one to four prior lines of therapy, and to define the toxicities in this population. ARQ 197 was administered at a starting oral dose of 360 mg twice daily with meals for each day of every 4-week treatment cycle. This dose was selected from prior phase I investigations in solid tumors, and at this dose level, steady-state plasma level sof ARQ-197 were 7 μM. Treatment could continue providing that patients did not experience undue toxicities, or disease progression. Tivantinib is provided through the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (CTEP), and this study is supported by CTEP, as well as the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center SPORE in Multiple Myeloma. Results: A total of 10 patients have been enrolled and treated to date, all of whom were evaluable for toxicity, with 8 evaluable for response based on having completed two treatment cycles. Patients had received from 1–3 prior lines of therapy for their disease, and 7/10 (70%) had presented with International Staging System stage I disease at diagnosis. All patients on study had an ECOG performance status of 1 or better, and received a median of 3.5 cycles of tivantinib (range 1–7). The most common adverse events (AEs) of any grade seen in at least 30% of patients included diarrhea (30%), dizziness (30%), dry eyes (30%), shortness of breath (30%), memory change (30%), myalgias (40%), fatigue (60%), and neutropenia (60%). Serious AEs (SAEs) occurred in 2 patients, including one patient with grade 3 syncope, and another with grade 4 neutropenia and a grade 3 anal fissure. Stable disease (SD) has been seen as the best response in 5/7 (71%) evaluable patients, which was maintained for up to 7 cycles, while the remaining patients showed evidence of disease progression. Conclusion: Enrollment is continuing to this first study of any c-Met inhibitor in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma to better define the role of single-agent tivantinib in this setting. To date, tivantinib has been tolerated well, and some evidence of activity has been seen, with stable disease in 63% of patients, all of whom were progressing at the time of enrollment. Updated toxicity and efficacy data will be presented at the time of the Annual Meeting. Correlative studies are also underway with the goal of identifying potential predictive biomarkers. Disclosures: Off Label Use: Tivantinib is being evaluated for patients with relapsed myeloma, but is not yet approved in this setting.


The Montney Formation is a Lower Triassic, siliciclastic-dominant unit in the subsurface of west-central Alberta and northeast British Columbia (Fig. 1⇓). Throughout its area of occurrence it is underlain unconformably by either Permian or Carboniferous strata and overlain abruptly, and probably unconformably, by the Middle Triassic Doig Formation. Towards its eastern outcrop limit Jurassic strata truncate successively older Montney beds.

 Fig. 1.
Location of study area and cross-section in Figure 3⇓.

Although strata equivalent to the Montney in outcrop have been subdivided into a number of named members (see Davies et al., 1997, for a brief review), generally it has proven difficult to correlate the outcropping units into the subsurface. Only Barss et al. (1964) suggested such a correlation when they correlated the uppermost beds of the Montney Formation, which in the western parts of the basin have a distinct log signature, with Manko's (1960) Black Shale member of the Sulphur Mountain Formation. However, as will be discussed later, this correlation is incorrect. Internal subdivision of the subsurface Montney Formation has only been attempted with any degree of consistency by Davies et al. (1997).

The objective of this paper is to review the lithostratigraphic divisions of previous authors and offer an alternative and regionally consistent subdivision into informal members. The lithostratigraphic scheme presented herein resulted from the author compiling a series of regional cross-sections through the Montney Formation, but due to the size of such cross-sections they cannot be published in the journal format.

### Introduction

Montney strata were formally defined in the subsurface of western Canada by Armitage (1962), in the Texaco NFA Buick Creek 6-26-87-21W6 well of northeast British Columbia, between log depths 5625 ft and 6500 ft (1714.5 and 1981.2 m respectively). In the type section, the Montney rests unconformably on Permian strata and is …


In this paper, the monitoring patch is evaluated as an alternative instrumentation technique for aircraft-type composite structures, by means of the Multi-Instrumented Technological Evaluator. In this case, the goal is to evaluate the strength and failure modes of a carbon-epoxy composite plate with two drop-offs instrumented with a monitoring patch. With the aid of finite element models, the testing of the plate under combined loads is analysed to have a first numerical approach of its behaviour. Then, the experimental campaign is accomplished by testing the plate with multi-instrumentation devices and techniques such as strain gauges and digital image correlation. A correct calculation/test correlation is achieved by comparing the strain values calculated by the finite element model and the experimental strain data acquired by gauges and digital image correlation. The results confronted provide a first evidence to quantify the influence of the monitoring patch on the mechanical performance of the composite plate. Therefore, it could be employed in the near future as instrumentation technique on large composite structures.


ObjectivePatients of IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) often present nasal symptoms that could be diagnosed as allergic rhinitis (AR) or chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). In this study, demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of IgG4-RD patients complicated with AR/CRS were investigated.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed 756 IgG4-RD patients who were recruited in five medical centers from 2009 to 2021. We divided 756 IgG4-RD patients into 2 groups: the case group included IgG4-RD patients complicated with AR/CRS, and the control group included IgG4-RD patients without AR/CRS. Results411 patients were diagnosed as AR/CRS among the 756 patients. Patients in the case group showed longer disease duration and interval between symptom onset and diagnosis. Multiple organs involvement(≥3) and allergic disease were more common in the case group. The most frequently involved organs in the case group were lung, salivary gland and lacrimal gland. Patients in the case group had a higher level of serum IgG4, IgE and ESR. High IgE level and complication of allergic disease were risk factors for patients in the case group. In the case group, most patients had nasal manifestations before the diagnosis of IgG4-RD. The median time interval from nasal symptoms appearance to IgG4-RD diagnosis was -120 and -90 months for patients complicated with AR and CRS, respectively.ConclusionThis study revealed the clinical characteristics of IgG4-RD patients complicated with AR/CRS. Our findings may be conducive to determine a new clinical entity of IgG4-RD and suggest underlying association of pathogenesis of IgG4-RD and AR/CRS.


This study aims to investigate the effect of xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose on physical and chemical qualities of green asparagus juice. We adopted the surface-response method and the CCD experiment design with respect to three response variables including stability, viscosity and colour of the product. It was revealed that both xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose concentrations are both positively correlated with viscosity and stability of the product. In addition, the coefficient of the interaction of xanthan gum and carboxymethylcellulose was not significant (p < 0.05). In sensory
evaluation, both carboxymethylcellulose and xanthan gum were found to be influential on product state. However, hydrocolloid concentration effects were not profound on perceived product colour and odour


In statistics, we quantify uncertainty to help determine the accuracy of estimates, yet this crucial piece of information is rarely included on maps visualizing areal data estimates. We develop and present three approaches to include uncertainty on maps: (1) the bivariate choropleth map repurposed to visualize uncertainty; (2) the pixelation of counties to include values within an estimate's margin of error; and (3) the rotation of a glyph, located at a county's centroid, to represent an estimate's uncertainty. The second method is presented as both a static map and visuanimation. We use American Community Survey estimates and their corresponding margins of error to demonstrate the methods and highlight the importance of visualizing uncertainty in areal data. An extensive online supplement provides the R code necessary to produce the maps presented in this article as well as alternative versions of them. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Accelerating globalization and new technologies have driven a radical change in management and corporate culture, not only in the way of facing the market but also in decision-making. Employees no longer depend on the willingness of a boss or supervisor to do their jobs. Now they are responsible for their own actions, work together and serve as important pieces in the model of leadership of the company.
The Armed Forces are not immune to this process, in fact, the Empowerment is a very important in the process of instruction and action plans troops tool. Special Forces Training School with her in San Jose del Guaviare is becoming increasingly emphasize the importance of their instructors provide safety information and their students, so that they are convinced of the important role they play in a mission and are capable of coping making their own decisions at the right so that the objectives proposed in an operation to be successful now.
The aim of this paper is to show the empowerment as a strategic tool, relevant to the instructional process Special Forces, (FFEE) and adequate planning, development and success of an operation involving the same, concluding that the empowerment It is a tool that provides total quality elements to strengthen the processes of training and action in the Armed Forces and above is the best option to give a controlled subordinates power.


The concept of drive in psychoanalysis corresponds to the question of motivation. This is related to the psychoanalytical methodology that is founded up on a specific process of communication, the listening and the interpretation of subjectivity and its unconscious origins. This specificity explains why psychoanalytic psychology deals with attachment and aversion drive (on one side sexuality, broadly speaking, including infantile sexuality, and on the other side aggressivity and destructivity). In the unconscious part of the mind, these drives are materialized in fantasies, action representations, that impose themselves unconsciously upon the conscious mind and give rise to intrapsychic conflicts and to personality disorders that are treated by psychoanalysis.


The goal of the present research is to analyze and compare the concepts and categories of multi-cultural education in educational system of Iran and Germany. The society of this research is in a textual form and includes the superior texts and documents of Iran and Germany educational systems. The sample of research includes the fundamental transformation document of education and training, Iran's perspective document, Germany's superior documents, centers of international affairs and foreign schools. The research methodology is documentary analysis and contents analysis. The tool of data collection is a 24-item checklist that evaluates the condition of multi-cultural education in terms of goal, methods and contents. In order to analyze the data, chi-square test is used. The results show that goal, contents and educational method are not taken into consideration in Iran's educational system in comparison with Germany's educational system. As a result, in order to observe the contents and methods of multi-cultural education in Iran's educational system, the strategies and goals must be investigated in perspective, enormous Programs and superior documents of Iran's general educational system. Despite the presence of many cultural and ethnical variations in Iran that makes the opportunities of the development of multi-cultural education possible, the lack of enormous strategies, long-term programs and goal of multi-cultural education is completely visible. This issue is a main obstacle of the realization of contents and multi-cultural education methods in Iran's educational system.


: Because opinions on the advisability of splenectomy, especially in children, have recently changed considerably, an experiment was set up to study the application of 3 hemostatics in deep injuries to the liver and to the spleen in 29 rabbits and to dogs. Of the 3 substances tested GRF-adhesive and Avitene appeared to give reasonably good results in splenic injuries, but a supplementary suturing procedure or a ligation of the vessels seemed desirable. The effect of GRF-adhesive on liver injuries was satisfactory.


In this paper, a method of incipient fault diagnosis and amplitude estimation based on Kullback-Leibler (K-L) divergence is proposed. An incipient fault is usually regarded as the precursor of a significant system fault, but due to a low amplitude and non-obvious characteristics, it is easy for such a fault to be hidden by disturbance and noise. Based on this and considering the sensitivity of the K-L divergence method in data feature extraction, a method of diagnosing incipient faults is designed. In order to consider the safety performance and lay a foundation for the fault tolerance of the system, an amplitude estimation method for incipient faults is also proposed. By mapping the characteristic change in the residual data to the numerical change in the K-L divergence, the amplitude of the incipient fault can be measured with high sensitivity. Considering the generality of the method, a Gaussian mixture model is used to model the residual data in order to increase the accuracy of fault amplitude estimation. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method for incipient fault diagnosis and amplitude estimation is verified by experiment.


The study examined profitability of tomato production in Yamaltu-Deba Local Government Area of Gombe State. A three-stage sampling technique was used to select 96 tomato producers. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and were analysed using descriptive statistics, farm budget model, and t-test analysis. The results revealed that, the mean age of tomato producers was 38.94 years, 92.48% were males, 71.56% were married with the majority (95.44%) had family size ranging from 1 – 6 persons, and had 6.55 mean years of farming experience, having an average of 0.6 ha farm size holding. Furthermore, the result revealed that only 8.74% that have attained tertiary education. The results also revealed average variable costs constituted 88.98% and 88.84% of the average total costs of production in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. The per hectare average net income realised were found to be ₦ 154,444.20 ($ 398.05) and ₦ 39,725.14 ($ 102.38) in the dry and rainy seasons respectively. Hence, the returns per naira invested was ₦ 0.67 ($0.00173) in dry season and ₦ 0.18 ($0.00046) in rainy season (P<0.05). Moreover, the results revealed positive and desirable gross and operating ratios of < 1; implying the tomato farms in the study area maintained profitability levels both in the short and long run. However, inadequate capital was critical; which was attributed to lack of affordable sources of credits. Lack of storage and processing facilities were among the impediments to large scale tomato production in the study area. However, improvement in the existing patterns and as well as the provision of adequate essential factors of production will help expand the present scale of operations. Therefore, governments and other financial institutions should do more to provide soft loans to the farmers to improve efficiency.


Parent-adolescent conflicts are frequently sufficiently severe to require third-party intervention. Because the adolescent is more likely to be in a setting where counsel is more easily available, the helping person can make use of insight and emotional maturity that is concomitant with the adolescent's acquisition of formal thought.


Visible light communication (VLC) based systems are a viable green supplement to existing radio frequency based communication systems. However, it has been found that the performance of VLC based systems is impaired in conditions when the users are mobile with respect to the transmit luminaire. The relative motion of the mobile users with respect to the luminaire renders the overall VLC channel to be time-varying. Recently, the impact of user mobility on the overall channel impulse response has been modeled by a generalized time-varying VLC channel model, which necessitates for an efficient mechanism at the receiver to tackle this phenomenon. In addition to user mobility, the inter-symbol interference, and the nonlinear characteristics of the light emitting diode are major factors that limit throughput of a VLC-based communication system. To mitigate these impairments, existing techniques such as Volterra/Hammerstein based receivers suffer from modeling error due to truncation of the polynomial kernel till second order terms. Recently, sparse reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) based methods have been suggested that guarantee universal approximation with the reasonable computational simplicity. However, the choice of a single hyper-parameter restricts its ability to model time-varying channels/systems. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel RKHS based post-distorter that adaptively learns a sparse dictionary based on the incoming observations, and monitors validity of the dictionary based on a proposed metric in RKHS. In order to mitigate the time-varying VLC channel based on this metric, a criterion for clearing the contents of the existing dictionary is proposed, and the requirement to learn a new dictionary is detected. Furthermore, the concept of mixture-adaptive kernel learning is introduced in this work for the minimum symbol error rate (MSER) criterion. From the convergence analysis presented in this paper, faster mean squared error (MSE) convergence is proved for the mixture-kernel based post-distorter. Additionally, it is also proven that for a given step-size, the proposed mixture-kernel MSER post-distorter always converges to a lower MSE as compared to the classical single-kernel MSER.


Breakdown failures seen as early as post gate formation are a potential yield issue for all HEMT processes. We report on several of these mechanisms and detail the experiments used to verify our hypotheses. Our findings indicated that premature breakdown failures can be correlated with both physical and chemical characteristics of the HEMT structure. Utilizing enhanced processing techniques, we have shown an increase in yield during RF screening of >50%.


The Maglemosian site of Barmose I in Denmark (Blankholm, 1991) is analysed by the ring and sector method. This is a simple method for within-site spatial analysis, based on the use of rings and sectors around hearths. The results of the analysis are contrasted with the ideas put forward by Blankholm. The ring and sector method makes it possibIe to demonstrate whether a hearth was inside a dwelling or in the open. Contrary to the assumption by Blankholm, it was found that the hearth of Barmose I must have been located in the open air, not inside a hut, despite the presence of bark flooring. A general conclusion is that complex computerized procedures, such as several of the clustering techniques applied by Blankholm, are not well suited to analyse open-air sites of this type, consisting of a central hearth with an artefact concentration around it. Their level of resolution is set too high for such situations, where many different activities were performed in a small area near the hearth, overlapping each other in space. Indications are that Barmose I was a hunting camp, occupied by a small group of men; there are no good arguments for the presence of women.


Precise evaluation of evapotranspiration in an extended area is crucial for water requirement. By using remote sensing evapotranspiration algorithms, many climatological variables are needed. In case of using climatological variable measurements, many climatic stations must be established in that specific area. By using data mining method integrated with remote sensing, evapotranspiration can be calculated with high accuracy. A physical-based SEBAL evapotranspiration algorithm was modeled by GIS model builder for ET calculations. Albedo, emissivity, and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) were considered as M5 decision tree model inputs. Evapotranspiration was evaluated for 3 April 2020 to 17 September 2020 and the equations were extracted in the M5 decision tree model and these equations were modeled in GIS by using python scripts for 3 April 2020 to 17 September 2020. The results make clear that the mathematical decision tree model can estimate the evapotranspiration gained by physical-based SEBAL algorithm in high accurately.


This study aimed to determine the effects of a single bout exercise on mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling in cardiac and skeletal muscles. Fischer 344 rats (4 months old) were randomly divided into the control or a single bout of exercise group (n=10 each). The rats performed a single bout of treadmill exercise for 60 min. Mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling (e.g., Bax, Bcl-2, mitochondrial permeability transition pore [mPTP] opening, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3) was measured in cardiac (e.g., left ventricle) and skeletal (e.g., soleus and white gastrocnemius) muscles. A single bout of exercise significantly decreased mPTP opening sensitivity in all tissues. However, a single bout of exercise did not show any statistical differences in Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, and cleaved caspase-3 in all tissues measured. A single bout of exercise did not show definite results on characteristics of mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signaling. Therefore, further research is necessary to provide a more mechanistic understanding of the apoptosis pathway.


Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present an innovative agile methodology that proposes fundamental changes in managing the development of in-house information systems in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and benchmarks it with one of two database technologies enabling these systems to be both efficient and competitive.

Design/methodology/approach

The objectives are achieved by presenting an elaborated design of the agile methodology that manages the system development process by addressing three basic components: roles played by system players, process needed to fulfill the system development, and artifacts to document the project. A case study is conducted as a proof of the effectiveness of the proposed methodology and measures whether the selection of the database technology affects the effectiveness of the system development process.

Findings

Results show that, compared with traditional methodologies, the proposed methodology reduced the cost of system development and testing by 30 percent and enhanced the IT – business alliance. Further, this work found that the selection of a suitable database technology is strongly related to the complexity and interrelationships between the data used.

Originality/value

Such research did not receive the needed attention (Hunter, 2004) even in the past decade. Successful adoption of IT by companies could be in the form of customized IS which could be expensive for SMEs to adopt due to a lack in technical expertise and financial resources. The proposed methodology has the potential to promote sustainable development through helping SMEs in reducing the time and cost of IT project development.


Internet of Things(IoT) is a heterogeneous network consists of various physical objects such as large number of sensors, actuators, RFID tags, smart devices, and servers connected to the internet. IoT networks have potential applications in healthcare, transportation, smart home, and automotive industries. To realize the IoT applications, all these devices need to be dynamically cooperated and utilize their resources effectively in a distributed fashion. Consensus algorithms have attracted much research attention in recent years due to their simple execution, robustness to topology changes, and distributed philosophy. These algorithms are extensively utilized for synchronization, resource allocation, and security in IoT networks. Performance of the distributed consensus algorithms can be effectively quantified by the Convergence Time, Network Coherence, Maximum Communication Time-Delay. In this work, we model the IoT network as a q-triangular r-regular ring network as q-triangular topologies exhibit both small-world and scale-free features. Scale-free and small-world topologies widely applied for modelling IoT as these topologies are effectively resilient to random attacks. In this paper, we derive explicit expressions for all eigenvalues of Laplacian matrix for q-triangular r-regular networks. We then apply the obtained eigenvalues to determine the convergence time, network coherence, and maximum communication timedelay. Our analytical results indicate that the effects of noise and communication delay on the consensus process are negligible for q-triangular r-regular networks. We argue that q-triangulation operation is responsible for the strong robustness with respect to noise and communication time-delay in the proposed network topologies.


Skin colour segmentation is rapidly growing area of research in computer science for identification and authentication of persons. In this paper, a novel generic bivariate Pearsonian mixture model for skin colour segmentation is proposed. It is observed that the hue and saturation of the colour image better characterise the features of the individual human races. In general, the human race can be characterised in to three categories namely Asian, African and European. The feature of the skin colour of these races are modelled by three different bivariate Pearsonian distributions. The combination of all these three races of people in an image can be characterised by a three component mixture model. Deriving the updated equations of the EM-algorithm, the generic bivariate Pearson mixture model parameters are estimated. The initialisation of the model parameters are done through moment method of estimation and K-means algorithm. The segmentation algorithm is developed using component maximum likelihood under Bayesian frame. The performance of the proposed algorithm is carried by experimentation with random sample of five images and computing the segmentation performance metrics such as PRI, GCE and VOI. The efficiency of the proposed model with that of bivariate GMM is carried through confusion matrix and ROC curves. It is observed that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithms.


In this paper, we propose a new compression method for the edge image by analyzing the characteristics and the distribution of pixel values of the edge image. The pixel values of the edge image have the Gaussian distribution around '0', and most of the pixel values are `0`. By these analyses we suggest the Zero-Based codec that expresses all values in a CU by a single bit flag. Also, in order to reduce the computational complexity of the proposed codec, the block partition and the intra-prediction techniques are proposed by using edge information like the number of each edge direction, the distribution and the amplitude of a major edge direction in the CU. Experimental results show that the proposed codec leads to a slighter distortion in Y domain than that of HEVC, but has far faster processing speed up to 53 times while it maintains the similar image quality compared to HEVC.


Atoms in a sub-wavelength lattices have remarkable optical properties that have become of high scientific and technological significance. Here, we show how the coupling of light to more than a single atomic array can expand these perspectives into the domain of quantum nonlinear optics. While a single array transmits and reflects light in a largely linear fashion, the combination of two arrays is found to induce strong photon-photon interactions that can convert an incoming classical beam into highly antibunched light. Such quantum metasurfaces open up new possibilities for coherently generating and manipulating nonclassical light, from optical quantum information processing to exploring quantum many-body phenomena in two-dimensional systems of strongly interacting photons.


Mechanical characteristics of the STS 304 which is heat resistance steel were investigated after artificial aging at 650 oC with 1,000 hours. Tensile test specimens and small test pieces were done artificial aging up to 1,000 hours in the high temperature atmospheric environment. The results present that as the aging time increased, tensile properties were deteriorated. In the case of failure mechanism, the configuration of the fractography presented drastic change from ductile to brittle with aging time. M23C6 carbide leading to the change of the mechanical properties and fracture mode of the aged STS 304 steel continuously precipitated along the grain boundaries of austenite microstructure.


OBJECTIVE
Low thyroid function may be associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR). We therefore studied the association of thyroid function with estimated GFR (eGFR) in a population-based study.

DESIGN
A cross-sectional, population-based study of 29 480 individuals above 40 years of age, without previously known thyroid disease.

METHODS
We calculated geometric mean eGFR and odds ratio (OR) of chronic kidney disease (CKD; eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) according to categories of thyroid function, using people with TSH in the lower third of the reference range (0.50-1.4 mU/l) as the comparison group.

RESULTS
TSH within the reference range (0.50-3.5 mU/l) was negatively associated with eGFR (P for trend <0.001). Compared with people with TSH in the lower third of the reference range (83.0 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)), eGFR was lower in people with TSH in the middle (81.6 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) and highest third (80.3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)) of the reference range, and in people with subclinical (79.3 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), P<0.001) or overt hypothyroidism (76.5 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), P<0.001). The prevalence of CKD was higher in people with TSH in the middle (OR 1.20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.07-1.35) or highest third (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.13-1.52) of the reference range, compared with people in the reference group. Also, CKD was more common in people with subclinical (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.38-1.93) or overt (OR 1.98, 95% CI 1.22-3.20) hypothyroidism.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that low thyroid function, also within the clinically normal range, is associated with reduced GFR.


Modern infrastructure and industrial plants have a finite design life. Their effective and profitable operation depends on well organized maintenance and condition assessments. Non-destructive evaluation and inspection is a key tool for condition assessment. However, despite best efforts, full inspection coverage of a plant is not always possible because of access problems, time constraints and limited budgets. Many inspection companies are beginning to use partial coverage inspection (PCI) techniques to solve this problem. PCI describes the use of inspection data collected from a small area of the component to extrapolate to the condition an the rest of the component. Extreme value analysis (EVA) is a technique of particular interest for this application as it allows an inspector to construct a statistical model of the smallest thickness measurements across the component. This model can then be used to extrapolate to the most likely minimum thickness. In this thesis, an analysis of the uncertainties that can arise when using EVA for extrapolation is performed. A clear outline of the uncertainties expected to result from EVA extrapolation is presented and it is made usable for inspectors. In addition, a simple test algorithm to analyse when EVA is suitable for a set of inspection data is described. It is hoped that the work described in this thesis will enhance confidence in the practical use of the technique in the field. Furthermore, the effect of surface roughness on ultrasonic thickness measurements is investigated with joint experimental and computational studies. It is shown that the thickness measurement distribution can differ significantly from the actual thickness distribution, particularly for the smallest values of thickness and with rougher surface conditions. Consequently, extrapolations from extreme value models using ultrasonic thickness data are shown to be conservative compared to the true condition of the component.


This reseach aims to describe the acculturation of the Javanese traditional culture wich name is "Temu Manten. This is the cultural root of the Javanese people that has occurred in all parts of Sumatra, especially South Sumatra. Researcher used qualitative research, it is descriptive type by Schutz's phenomenological theory research approach. The researcher describes a symptom, fact, event and problem. The researcher used two primary data sources (observations and interviews) and secondary (the results of research, books and other sources as other data sources). The researcher took purposive sampling to determine the informants. Analytical descriptive is used by researcher to describe their findings. As the results of this study found that the acculturation of the Javanese traditional culture which called as "Temu Manten" does not only occur in South Sumatra, but has occurred in various regions on the island of Sumatra. The factors that influenced the acculturation of this culture are the existence of transmigration, migration, inter-ethnic marriage, level of education, modernization and globalization. However, cultural acculturation in Indonesia got rich in culture that can be preserved to remain and known by next generations of Indonesia.


A formulation is presented for designing optimal output feedback compensators of fixed order for two-time scale-systems. The formulation uses an observer canonical form to represent the compensators dynamics. It precludes the use of direct feedback of the plant output and achieves spillover suppression. A case study involving the rapid pointing of a flexible robot arm is presented. The results demonstrate the performance and robustness of the controller design. >


To evaluate the osteogenic potential of novel implant materials, it is important to examine their effect on osteoblastic differentiation. Characterizing the tissue response at the bone-biomaterial interface in vivo at a molecular level would contribute significantly to enhancing our understanding of tissue integration of endosseous implant materials. We describe here a new technique that overcomes difficulties commonly associated with performing immunohistochemistry on undecalcified sawed sections of bone. Sheep mandible specimens were fixed in an ethanol based fixative to maintain adequate antigenicity of the tissue. As a result, it was possible to omit antigen retrieval at high temperature for recovery of antigenicity, and detachment of sections from the slides was avoided. Following dehydration and infiltration, the specimens were embedded in a resin composed of polymethylmethacrylate and polybutylmethacrylate. Polymerization was achieved by adding benzoylperoxide and N,N-dimethyl-toluidine. This resin was selected because it maintained the antigenicity of the tissue, provided adequate properties for cutting 50 µm thick sections, and it facilitated deacrylizing the sawed sections. Acid-resistant acrylic slides were glued to the blocks using an epoxy resin based two-component adhesive to avoid detachment of the slides during the deacrylation procedure. Samples were stained for alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein. The EnVision + ™ dextran polymer conjugate two-step visualization system was applied for immunohistochemical detection of these bone matrix proteins. This procedure yielded positive staining for the osteogenic markers in cells and matrix components. The protocol described here facilitates the use of immunohistochemistry on resin embedded sawed sections of bone and provides a convenient and reliable method that can be used routinely for immunohistochemical analysis of hard tissue specimens containing implant materials.


Adverse skin reactions to anti-tumor agents, can be classified either as general symptoms or as local symptoms. The former type of symptom can manifest as intoxication dermatosis; however, while its occurrence is rare, the symptom that requires the closest attention is toxic epidermal necrolysis, the outcome of which is death in most patients. The latter type of symptom includes extravasation of anti-tumor agents and alopecia. Treatment of extravasation induced skin disorders includes prompt and repeated local injections of steroids, while treatment of alopecia includes scalp cooling and external therapies.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the role of the 25 kD hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) precursor that only exist inside hepatocytes and study its effect on the pathopoiesis of hepatitis B and QIAGEN expression and purification system.

METHODS
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) preC/C gene for the 25 kD HBeAg precursor was cloned into the expression vector pQE30 and the 25 kD HBeAg precursor was expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and purified. Its antigenicity for 21 kD mature HBeAg was tested by western blot analysis.

RESULTS
Cloned fragments in the expression vector were sequenced and verified to be homogeneous with that of HBV (ayw subtype). Expression of the HBeAg precursor in E. coli under the transcriptional regulation of T5 promoter yielded a soluble cytosolic protein with an apparent molecular mass of 25 kD. Recombinant HBeAg precursor exhibited identical potencies with 21 kD mature HBeAg that reacted with anti-HBeAg antibodies. The purification rate of the expressed HBeAg precursor was up to 89.6% and the yield of purified HBeAg precursor from this procedure was 2.4 mg/L.

CONCLUSION
25 kD HBeAg precursor exhibited biological activity and might play an important role in pathopoiesis of hepatitis B.


We present the design and implementation of Symbooglix, a symbolic execution engine for the Boogie intermediate verification language. Symbooglix aims to find bugs in Boogie programs efficiently, providing bug-finding capabilities for any program analysis framework that uses Boogie as a target language. We discuss the technical challenges associated with handling Boogie, and describe how we optimised Symbooglix using a small training set of benchmarks. This empirically-driven optimisation approach avoids over-fitting Symbooglix to ourbenchmarks, enabling a fair comparison with other tools. We present an evaluation across 3749 Boogie programs generated from the SV-COMP suite of C programs using the SMACK front-end, and 579 Boogie programs originating from several OpenCL and CUDA GPU benchmark suites, translated by the GPU Verify front-end. Our results show that Symbooglix significantly out-performs Boogaloo, an existing symbolic execution tool for Boogie, and is competitivewith GPUVerify on benchmarks for which GPUVerify is highly optimised. While generally less effective than the Corral and Duality tools on the SV-COMP suite, Symbooglix is complementary to them in terms of bug-finding ability.


Through rapid deforestation, forest fires, degrading peatlands, and diminishing carbon 'sinks' Indonesia is one of the main contributors to the phenomenon of Global Climate Change. On the other hand, Indonesia will also be a major victim of Climate Change. The combination of high population density on some islands and high levels of biodiversity, together with 80,000 kilometres of coastline and 17,500 islands, makes Indonesia one of the most vulnerable countries to the impacts of Climate Change. Experts expect a warming from 0.2 to 0.3°C per decade in Indonesia during this century, together with an increase in annual precipitation across the majority of the Indonesian islands. Additionally there will be a change in the seasonality of precipitation; Borneo may become 10 to 30% wetter by the 2080's during December-February. As rainfall decreases during critical times of the year this translates into higher drought risk, consequently a decrease in crop yields, economic instability and drastically more undernourished people. On the other hand, increased rainfall during already wet times of the year will lead to high flood risk. Rising sea levels and many more extreme weather events will contribute to the many problems caused by Global Climate Change. Indonesia, and Kalimantan in the first instance, has to take up the challenge of climate change in taking actions at all levels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, including promoting sustainable use of land and water resources, and putting adaptation into the development agenda.


The once celebrated stocks of companies with bitcoin or blockchain exposure are falling alongside the top coins today. Corporate America has been looking to the blockchain and cryptocurrencies as a way to resonate with investors, a strategy that while profitable during the best of blockchain times has proven to backfire when cryptocurrency prices suffer declines.
Meanwhile, the bitcoin price suffered declines as steep as 20%, with the price recovering slightly to a 16% drop most recently. Ripple, meanwhile, lost as much as one-third of its market cap. The declines appear to be tied to chatter of tighter cryptocurrency controls in China that would place a wider ban on the trading of bitcoin and altcoins. US equities that investors previously celebrated for their blockchain presence are now being punished, as a more highly regulated cryptocurrency market threatens to take shape.


The importance that Ghanaians, leaders and people alike attribute to the learning of French is surprisingly high when one considers the apparent difficulty most people express vis-a-vis their experience of learning French as a Foreign language in school coupled with the poor results that pupils produce at all levels in the educational system. This paper takes an analytical look at three popular teaching manuals of French as a Foreign Language in Ghana – Arc-en-Ciel, Latitudes and Panorama following the observation that these manuals are used in a multilingual environment whose impact on the teaching and learning of French is often neglected. Besides, most of the teaching methodologies applied in these manuals are frequently judged inappropriate for a better French teaching experience and it is therefore often the case that changes are instituted: direct method, active method, communicative method, etc. Despite this however the problems persist. In this paper we therefore seek to go beyond the methodological issue in the FFL classes which as noted are beset with a worsening situation of failure, to examine the relationship between the content of the FFL manuals and the multilingual context in which they are used. Our study suggests that the typical manuals found in the Ghanaian school system are not at all adapted to the socio-cultural realities of the country, and worse, neither are they suited to the multilingual nature of Ghana. At best, these manuals are only suited for use in places where FFL is taught in a context with a Franco-European culture.


This study aims to investigate the effect of Web‐Based Intelligence Tutoring
System on Students' Achievement and Motivation in the computer introduction
course. For this purpose, an intelligent tutoring system called Office Master was
designed and developed that can be reached on the internet. With this software,
subjects are taught to students, are presented in audio, visual, and written form.
A specific sequence of subjects was determined in the system. The system
includes intelligence features for intelligent tutoring systems. Thanks to these
features, when students start the lesson, their preliminary information about the
subject is checked, and they can follow the subject from the required unit. In
addition, students' logs are recorded in the system. A quasi‐experimental design
with the pretest‐posttest control group was used as a quantitative research design
to evaluate the effectiveness of the system. It was observed that the achievement
of the students was significantly increased as a result of the application, and it was
also concluded that the students were very motivated with the system when the
results of the motivation survey were examined. It is recommended that similar
systems should be applied in other courses so that the courses taught in
universities will be more effective and efficient.


A technique for controlling the voltage and current pulse duration of a gigawatt relativistic electron beam (REB) was investigated. The pulse duration of a beam of 250 keV and 10 kA was controlled from 60 ns to 10 ns by injecting gases (air,, argon, and hydrogen) into the diode gap at a pressure ranging from 10/sup -5/ torr to 10/sup -1/. The observed dependence of the pulse duration on the nature and pressure of the gas is explained in terms of volume ionization of the gas by beam electrons. It is concluded that the pulse duration is governed by the time at which the plasma density created by the beam reaches a critical value of the order of beam electron number density. >


Edible film is a thin layer (biodegradable) used to coat food and can be eaten. In addition edible film serves as a vapor transfer inhibitor, inhibits gas exchange, prevents aroma loss, prevents fat transfer, improves physical characteristics, and as an additive carrier. Edible film made of cassava starch, glycerol and chitosan. Cassava starch is used as raw material because it contains 80% starch. Glycerol serves as a plasticizer and chitosan serves to form films and membranes well. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristic test of edible film by using ANOVA analysis, where the variable of drying of the oven is temperature (70°C, 80°C, 90°C) and time for 3 hours and variables change chitosan (2 gr, 3 gr, 4 gr). The result of this research was obtained the most optimum for water content and water resistance in temperature variable 80 °C and chitosan 4 gr. The best edible films and bubbles on temperature variables are 80 °C and chitosan 4 gr.


This paper presents an empirical evaluation of the economic effects of the Structural Funds received by the Spain's Objective 1 regions through the Community Support Framework (CSF). The empirical results suggest that the funds have significantly contributed to economic growth, as well as to wealth and employment creation. Compared to a scenario without CSFs, the successive investment programmes from 1989 to 2006 would represent an average increase of 0.56 percentage points in the growth rates of the Spanish recipient regions. This increase would translate to an average increase in per capita income of 425 euros at 1999 prices. In terms of the labour market, the CSF has maintained or generated an increase of 1.46 per cent in employment compared to an alternative scenario without CSF. This in turn would represent an average reduction of 0.74 percentage points in the unemployment rate during the aforementioned period.


This paper describes intra-annual and inter-annual patterns in soil nutrient availability (inorganic and organic N) as well as microbial biomass and community structure in alpine tundra. The investigators sampled soils monthly over a 3 year period, including both the frozen and unfrozen periods. This is an impressive data set and I'm not aware of another published data set that is nearly as comprehensive. For this reason alone I encourage the authors to continue to work towards the publication of this data set. There are some aspects of both the methods and the interpretation of the results which I question and these aspects in particular require more attention by the authors before publication of this paper. See more specific comments below.


This book serves as a general introduction to food science and technology, based on the academic courses presented by the authors as well as their personal research experiences.

The authors' main focus is on the biological and physical-chemical stabilization of food, and the quality assessment control methods and normative aspects of the subsequent processes.

Presented across three parts, the authors offer a detailed account of the scientific basis and technological knowledge needed to understand agro-food transformation. From biological analyses and process engineering, through to the development of food products and biochemical and microbiological changes, the different parts cover all aspects of the control of food quality.


The evolution of current networks to Next Generation Networks (NGNs) constitutes arguably the most significant transformation in the Telecommunication sector in recent decades. Quality of Service (QoS) is one of the key aspects in this evolution. In the NGN environment, networks are designed to be multi-service, supporting a wide range of premium services. Each of these services may have different QoS requirements which should be established based on the overall end users' perception. In this emerging context, novel QoS policies are required to adapt the traditional QoS regulatory model to the new scenario. This paper presents a user-centric approach to identify key factors that contributes to the development of quality of service regulation in future networks. A case study on the application of our user-centric QoS model to the Internet QoS regulation in Spain is described. The results of the study demonstrate the need for adapting current regulatory frameworks in order to ensure competition, pluralism and diversity in the new network environment.


The rapid identification of patients at risk for massive blood transfusion is of paramount importance as uncontrolled exsanguination may lead to death within 2 to 6 h. The aim of this study was to analyze a cohort of severe trauma patients to identify risk factors associated with massive transfusion requirements and hypocalcemia. All major trauma (ISS > 16) presented directly from the scene to the Niguarda hospital between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2021 were analyzed. A total of 798 patients were eligible out of 1586 screened. Demographic data showed no significant difference between hypocalcemic (HC) and normocalcemic (NC) patients except for the presence of crush trauma, alcohol intake (27% vs. 15%, p < 0.01), and injury severity score (odds ratio 1.03, p = 0.03). ISS was higher in the HC group and was an independent, even if weak, predictor of hypocalcemia (odds ratio 1.03, p = 0.03). Prehospital data showed a lower mean systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and a higher heart rate (HR) in the HC group (105 vs. 127, p < 0.01; 100 vs. 92, p < 0.001, respectively), resulting in a higher shock index (SI) (1.1 vs. 0.8, p < 0.001). Only retrospective studies such as ours are available, and while hypocalcemia seems to be an independent predictor of mortality and massive transfusion, there is not enough evidence to support causation. Therefore, randomized prospective studies are suggested.


This dissertation examines the political prospects of rural subaltern groups in the era of neoliberal globalisation by engaging with the 'death of the peasantry' debates. To achieve this, it concentrates on rural resistance in the northern highlands of Peru, Cajamarca, against 'new mineral extraction' by multinational capital in the form of Minera Yanacocha S.A. (MYSA), with a theoretical framework of critical geography on transnational activism. In particular, the dissertation devotes attention to the massive mobilisations against MYSA's Conga mining project between 2011 and 2013.
The dispossession and disempowerment of the peasantry have been highlighted as the accumulation of global capital has intensified alongside the implementation of market-led development models around the globe. In the 1990s, the extraction and export of abundant natural resources was promoted as a 'new development alternative'. In tandem with the unprecedented width and depth of resource extraction, the continent has become witness to increasing incidences of struggles led by local communities, particularly in the countryside. Recent Peruvian economic growth has been boosted by a 'new mining boom'. Simultaneously, many Peruvians are protesting against mining activities, particularly due to their negative social and environmental impact. Cajamarca is one obvious example where neoliberal mineral extraction has generated a series of local struggles since the arrival of MYSA in 1993. The asymmetrical power of multinational capital vis-a-vis campesinos stands out in the context of the emphasis of the central government on 'national development' based on natural resource extraction.
Against this backdrop, this dissertation examines the re-articulation of rural subjectivities and the political possibilities in their 'networked form of resistance', instead of focusing on the fragmentation, powerlessness and passivity of subaltern groups in the face of global capital power. Economic reductionism restricts our understanding of neoliberal globalisation to the exploitation of global capital vs. dispossession of local communities. Following Doreen Massey's relational geographical approach, the dissertation maintains that it is relevant to understand the 'relational content' of global capital mobility and complex dynamics of resistance. In addition, the dualistic framework of geography and power which is based on an essentialist geographical understanding of the spatial (i.e. space/place; powerful global and powerless local) tends to regard local resistance as 'reactionary' place-based struggle. Instead, the dissertation focuses on the 'interconnectedness' of subaltern groups. It argues that diverse social groups shape what Featherstone terms 'prefigurative solidarity' around 'maps of grievance', via political resistance. In this process, a political identity is constructed in order to bring neoliberal globalisation into contestation.


PURPOSE
Visual analysis of three-dimensional (3D) coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) remains challenging due to large number of image slices and tortuous character of the vessels. The authors aimed to develop a robust, automated algorithm for unsupervised computer detection of coronary artery lesions.

METHODS
The authors' knowledge-based algorithm consists of centerline extraction, vessel classification, vessel linearization, lumen segmentation with scan-specific lumen attenuation ranges, and lesion location detection. Presence and location of lesions are identified using a multi-pass algorithm which considers expected or "normal" vessel tapering and luminal stenosis from the segmented vessel. Expected luminal diameter is derived from the scan by automated piecewise least squares line fitting over proximal and mid segments (67%) of the coronary artery considering the locations of the small branches attached to the main coronary arteries.

RESULTS
The authors applied this algorithm to 42 CCTA patient datasets, acquired with dual-source CT, where 21 datasets had 45 lesions with stenosis ≥ 25%. The reference standard was provided by visual and quantitative identification of lesions with any stenosis ≥ 25% by three expert readers using consensus reading. The authors algorithm identified 42 lesions (93%) confirmed by the expert readers. There were 46 additional lesions detected; 23 out of 39 (59%) of these were less-stenosed lesions. When the artery was divided into 15 coronary segments according to standard cardiology reporting guidelines, per-segment basis, sensitivity was 93% and per-segment specificity was 81% using 10-fold cross-validation.

CONCLUSIONS
The authors' algorithm shows promising results in the detection of both obstructive and nonobstructive CCTA lesions.


This thesis comprises studies on murine and human models of bladder carcinoma with the aim to develop novel immunogene therapies. On the basis of the results presented in this thesis, a clinical trial is underway. The potential of activating the immune system to combat cancer has long intrigued immunologists. Research has now been intensified and clinically effective treatments are beginning to materialize. We evaluated the induction of anti-tumor responses by inserting immunomodulating genes into tumor cells with adenovectors. Human biopsies and cell lines were positive for adenovirus attachment receptors, and cell lines were easily transduced. CD40L modified cells efficiently induced maturation of dendritic cell (DC). Phenotypical changes of AdCD40L transduced cells, such as increased apoptotic rate, upregulated MHC-I, Fas and TNFR may further strengthen the anti-tumor response. CD40L modified murine bladder cancer cells activated systemic immunity upon vaccination and in situ injections of AdCD40L inhibited tumor progression. Cytotoxic assays revealed the presence of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in vaccinated mice. Many tumors have developed ways to evade the immune system. Bladder carcinoma is associated with immune escape mechanisms like IL10 production. We demonstrated that immunosuppression by IL10 inhibited CTL function and that IL10 suppression may be reverted by AdCD40L therapy. In conclusion, AdCD40L therapy induces systemic immunity and inhibits tumor progression in murine models. The immunological mechanisms involve maturation of nearby DCs and CTL induction. AdCD40L therapy is effective despite immune escape mechanisms, e.g. IL10 secretion. The thesis argues for using AdCD40L immunogene therapy as a treatment of bladder carcinoma.


The peculiarities and characteristics of a cage induction motor supplying from limited power source (mobile electric power station, diesel power plant, wind power station and etc.) change virtually in comparison with the case when motor is supplied from unlimited voltage source. The critical slip expression of the cage induction motor operating from the limited power-supply source taking into account the inner complex impedance of power-supply source and other cable parameters has been derived. It is shown that critical slip formula, when motor is supplied from a high-capacity power-supply source (the inner complex impedance is not taken into account) and through short cable (the cable impedance is not taken into account) absolutely coincides with well-known formula. The algorithm for calculations of the induction motor characteristics taking into account the parameters of the supply circuit and the suitable length and cross-section of the supply cable has been created. Ill.1, bibl. 6 (in English; summaries in English, Russian and Lithuanian).


Marine geophysical studies of the South Orkney microcontinent show two intersecting tectonic fabrics of different age. The older fabric is oriented E-W, and represents the magmatic arc and fore-arc created by subduction-related processes at the Pacific margin during the Mesozoic. The younger, oriented NNW to SSE, comprises half-graben related to E-W rifting at both the eastern and western margins of the microcontinent. Both fabrics provide constraints on a 40 Ma reconstruction, which shows a highly systematic distribution of arc and fore-arc provinces and points to the importance of E-W strike-slip in regional tectonic evolution. The rifting, apparently of Oligocene age, is associated with back-arc extension which created the oceanic basins to either side of the microcontinent. This strongly supports the existence of subduction with the same orientation as the present South Sandwich arc as far back as 35 or 40 Ma.


The strategies used by translators will have impact on transferring meaning of idioms. The strategies chosen may also have relatioship with the type of idioms.The theory of four strategies of translation has been used by a number researhers in their study about idiom translation. However, these four strategies cannot accomodate to identify all the strategies applied by the translators of the subtitle of Iron Man film. This study aims to identify the types of idioms in the Iron Man film and investigate the strategies applied by two translators, in the Indonesian subtitle in the film of the original CD by Marvel and that is from a website subscene.com. The identification of idioms  in the film is based on the theory by Makkai (1972). While the categorization of the idioms is based on the theory by Fernando (1996). The theories proposed by Baker (1992) and Molina & Albir (2002) are used in analyzing the translation strategies of the idioms. The results shows there are 130 idioms classified into pure idioms (25%), semi idioms (23%) and literal idioms (51%).  The most frequent strategy applied is paraphrasing both in the subtitle from the original CD by Marvel (77.6%) and from a website subscene.com (82.2%). Literal translations are also applied, showing the lack of translation competencies of the translators which potentially causes poor translation quality which resulted from the subtitling demand.


The domain-based local pair natural orbital (PNO) coupled-cluster DLPNO-CCSD(T) method has been proven to provide accurate single-point energies at a fraction of the cost of canonical CCSD(T) calculations. However, the desired "chemical accuracy" can only be obtained with a large PNO space and extended basis set. We present a simple yet accurate and efficient correction scheme based on a perturbative approach. Here, in addition to DLPNO-CCSD(T) energy, one calculates DLPNO-MP2 correlation energy with the same settings as in the preceding coupled-cluster calculation. In the next step, the canonical MP2 correlation energy is obtained in the same orbital basis. This can be efficiently performed for essentially all molecule sizes accessible with the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method. By taking the difference between the canonical MP2 and DLPNO-MP2 energies, we obtain a correction term that can be added to the DLPNO-CCSD(T) correlation energy. This way, one can obtain the total correlation energy close to the limit of the complete PNO space (cPNO). The presented approach allows us to significantly increase the accuracy of the DLPNO-CCSD(T) method for both closed- and open-shell systems. The latter are known to be especially challenging for locally correlated methods. Unlike the previously developed PNO extrapolation procedure by Altun, Neese, and Bistoni (J. Chem. Theory Comput.2020, 16, 6142−614932897712), this strategy allows us to get the DLPNO-CCSD(T) correlation energy at the cPNO limit in a cost-efficient way, resulting in a minimal overall increase in calculation time as compared to the uncorrected method.


Many websites nowadays allow social networking between their users in an explicit or implicit way. In this work, we show how the theory of argumentation schemes can provide a valuable help to formalize and structure on-line discussions and user opinions in decision support and business oriented websites that hold social networks among their users. A real study case is considered and analysed. Then, guidelines for website and system design are provided to enhance social decision support and recommendations with argumentation.


This article traces the biography of a particular scientific image in early modern natural history, that of an unusual, two-legged centaur. It begins by examining the preconditions for the emergence of this image in the work of the eminent Bolognese natural historian Ulisse Aldrovandi. I then analyse its various shifts in content and function as it re-emerged in different publications and, finally, the reasons for its eclipse around 1700. An examination of this trajectory yields valuable insights into the way in which Aldrovandi and other naturalists of the late Renaissance dealt with visualisations. It is reminiscent of their practices of excerpting and reusing textually represented bits of knowledge. The fact that authors like Aldrovandi borrowed and reproduced images from earlier printed sources on a variety of subjects - many aimed not only at naturalists - led to their wide circulation and contributed to the endurance of an older visual style. As a result, one notes a certain amount of inconsistency between the then dominant "epistemic virtue" and the visualisations used during this period: While natural historians heeded "natural particulars" much more than the usual productions of nature, their depictions of them, much like their descriptions, were often highly generalised. Particular phenomena did not have to be individualised ones.


AIM
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a widespread disease which leads to various degrees of disability and profound impact on overall life quality of the patient with regard to social, economic, psychological and sexual aspects. It may be assumed that RA can affect sexual function. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sexual function in female subjects with RA.

METHODS
A total of 186 married women (age range 30-60 years) were included in this study. Of the total participants, 104 were RA patients and 82 were healthy women. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and Disease Activity Score (DAS) were used to evaluate the differences between the controls and patient group. Sexual functions were evaluated using the validated Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI).

RESULTS
The mean age of the RA patients and controls was 46.71 ± 7.65 and 43.98 ± 7.97, respectively. According to the total sexual function score evaluation, 97 out of 104 women with RA (93.7 %) and in 53 out of 82 women in control group (64.6 %) were regarded as having sexual dysfunction (SD). There was significant difference between these two subgroups with regard to only depression factor.

CONCLUSION
Current results have demonstrated that patients with RA have had a higher sexual dysfunction rate, when compared with the control group. SD may be related to perceived depression, which are frequently encountered conditions in patients with RA.


Abstract. In recent years, the development of massive data capture techniques such as Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) have made it possible to develop new procedures to evaluate architectural heritage with a high level of accuracy. The study proposes a workflow to identify formal anomalies in the main elements that form a structural bay of the apse of the Cathedral of Girona, studying arches, vaults, buttresses and pillars. The methodology is based on different two-dimensional and three-dimensional procedures, and the database obtained that could help in future research to relate the results with the different construction phases and being applicable to other constructions of similar typology.


Repetitive dysfluencies of speech were elicited by mechanical perturbation of the thalamus in a patient, preparatory to therapeutic lesion placement for chronic pain. Perturbation consisted of a 2 mm advancement of a 1 mm diameter electrode in the posteroventromedial thalamus. A thalamogram revealed electropathologic discharges at the site of perturbation. These findings are of special interest anatomically because in other patients, electrical stimulation at the same site was found to alleviate stuttering (Andy, 1987; Andy, 1989; Andy & Jurko, 1985; Bhatnagar & Andy, 1989). It is suggested that dysfluencies in this patient may have resulted from an electrophysiologic disturbance of the mesothalamic component of a speech-regulating corticomesothalamic feedback circuit.


Mammalian sleep is characterized by dramatic changes in neuronal activity, and waking neuronal activity is thought to increase sleep need. Changes in other brain cells (glia) across the natural sleep-wake cycle and their role in sleep regulation are comparatively unexplored. We show that sleep is also accompanied by large changes in astroglial activity as measured by intracellular calcium concentrations in unanesthetized mice. These changes in calcium vary across different vigilance states and are most pronounced in distal astroglial processes. We find that reducing intracellular calcium in astrocytes impaired the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation. Thus, astroglial calcium changes dynamically across vigilance states and is a component of the sleep homeostat. One Sentence Summary Astroglial calcium concentrations vary with sleep and wake, change after sleep deprivation, and mediate sleep need.


Enhancement of the pulsed terahertz radiation generated from a lens-coupled InAs thin film excited by a femtosecond laser is reported. A Si hemispherical lens was used as a lens coupler and attached to the substrate-side of a 520-nm-thick InAs film, grown on a Si substrate. An enhancement factor of 7.5 times in the THz wave amplitude from the InAs film with the lens coupler was observed as compared with the bare InAs film. This enhancement is attributed to the improvement in the collimation condition of the radiated THz wave as it propagates through the index-matched lens coupler into free space.


Menopause and premature gonadal steroid deficiency are associated with increases in fat mass and body weight. Ovariectomized (OVX) mice also show reduced locomotor activity. Glucose-dependent-insulinotropic-polypeptide (GIP) is known to play an important role both in fat metabolism and locomotor activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that the effects of estrogen on the regulation of body weight, fat mass, and spontaneous physical activity could be mediated in part by GIP signaling. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice and GIP-receptor knockout mice (Gipr(-/-)) were exposed to OVX or sham operation (n = 10 per group). The effects on body composition, markers of insulin resistance, energy expenditure, locomotor activity, and expression of hypothalamic anorexigenic and orexigenic factors were investigated over 26 wk in all four groups of mice. OVX wild-type mice developed obesity, increased fat mass, and elevated markers of insulin resistance as expected. This was completely prevented in OVX Gipr(-/-) animals, even though their energy expenditure and spontaneous locomotor activity levels did not significantly differ from those of OVX wild-type mice. Cumulative food intake in OVX Gipr(-/-) animals was significantly reduced and associated with significantly lower hypothalamic mRNA expression of the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) but not of cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART), melanocortin receptors (MCR-3 and MCR-4), or thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). GIP receptors thus interact with estrogens in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake in mice, and their blockade may carry promising potential for the prevention of obesity in gonadal steroid deficiency.


This paper presents a practical adaptive strategy for live substation feeder protections with new implementations using state-of-the-art digital signal processing (DSP) technology and modern computer networking technology. This network- integrated DSP-based feeder protection adapts its trip settings to provide improved selectivity and speed of fault detections for varying power system configurations and loadings. This protection accurately senses and de-energizes downed conductors that often could not be detected by conventional non-adaptive feeder protections. Several people are killed every year by contacting with live downed conductors. This adaptive protection can significantly reduce this potentially fatal condition. This paper presents the design of this adaptive feeder protection. Several power system faults were studied under varying load and system conditions. Results were analyzed to verify the design, to determine improvement over conventional static protections, and to verify correct protection operations. Field tests were conducted in a substation in Canada to validate this adaptive feeder protection.


To explore common aspects discussed by literature studies on gender equality in the workplace. A meta-analysis was conducted by reviewing various resources such as journals and articles. This research was using secondary data as their primary source, which is around 25 articles regarding gender equality in the workplace. Women are the most affected group of the community regarding this gender equality in the workplace as women were distinguished as the group of people who lacks the technical and managerial skills which prevent them from achieving success in their work. The government should take more measurements in order to motivate the employer to recruit more female workers into their workplace and practice gender equality habits in the management.


Clinical intervention with adolescent substance abusers is a complex issue. Disputes remain regarding the precise nature of the disorder. Treatment of the adolescent is complicated by the normal development tasks of this age, particularly denial of possible consequences and adoption of attendant risk-taking behaviors. Treatment begins with a complete drug history and must not neglect the adolescent's family and other support system. The mental health professional, especially the psychiatrist, can make a unique contribution in this area, despite the "bad press" he has so often received by the rest of the (treatment) community.


An accurate determination of moisture content in hydrated or partially hydrated seeds is fundamental to understanding early physiological processes in seeds, and the associated environmental interactions that affect seedling vigor, establishment, and survival. One difficulty encountered while measuring the moisture content of imbibed seeds is that water evaporates from the seed during weighing. This is particularly significant for small seeds because they have a large surface area to volume ratio. We developed a procedure using a standard tin capsule and microbalance which was simple, inexpensive, facilitated precise measurement of moisture in hydrated seeds, and provided reliable results with a minimal amount of seeds. The method is recommended as a means for increasing the accuracy of seed weight and seed moisture measurements.


The social and economic activity in the 2nd Region of Chile is copper mining, generating subproducts which are eliminated in the environment. It has been reported that in industrialized centers, there is a transference of heavy metals from the mother to the fetus by placental transfer. It's proposed to know the bioaccumulation of copper in organs and fluids of pregnant rats and its effects on the primary ossification centers (POC). Three month female albine rats (Sprague Dowley), are cycled and mated in estrous. On the 8th gestation day, they are injected intraperitoneally with 1 ml of CuSO4 in concentrations 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64 ppm and physiological serum. After 18 days, the female are sacrificed and the fetus evaluated and processing with alizarin red stainig skeleton and histologic technique, 5 mm tissue sections are stained with alcian blue and/or toluidine blue. Maternal blood is obtained, as well as, fetal liver, and fetus, placenta, amniochorion membrane, and amniotic fluid for determining copper levels by means spectrophotometry of atomic absorption. In addition, fetus are checked for external visible malformation. The statistical study was carried out through variance analysis ANOVA, multiple comparison test (LSD), bilateral Fisher test, Kruskal Wallis test. The results show a high and statistically significant levels of copper in fetal liver of the intoxicated groups and control (p<0.01). There are no differences of the chemical in maternal blood, amniotic fluid, amniochorion membrane and placenta between intoxicated and control groups. A significant difference in POC formation in cervical and dorsal vertebras was found with the treatment of 256 ppm compared to the control group (p<0.05). It wasn't observed external abnormalities. It is inferred that copper ion is it's placental transferred to the fetus via placenta bioaccumulating in the liver inducing alterations in the POC formation , specially in cervical and dorsal vertebra level, which microscopically shows absence of characteristic hyaline cartilage tissue


Leased line and business trunk are basic enterprise communication infrastructures, which can facilitate reliable, secure and yet cost effective communication methods between office locations. With the expension of mobile industry, scale of the fixed line business has been declining in developed countries. This is a good business opportunity for mobile operators to provide mobile enterprise services to replace the fixed line services. This paper analyzes the opportunities and challenges operators facing in this new field. To maximize the opportunities and to deal with the challenges, mobile network architecture needs to evolve to accommodate business requirements for mobile leased lines and business trunks. A telecommunication network architecture i.e. I-Net, is proposed. Future work for implementing the I-Net architecture is also discussed.


Solanapyrone A and C were isolated from a Pakistani isolate of Ascochyta rabiei, Pk-1. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the phytotoxic effects of the most potent toxin, solanapyrone A on chickpea cultivars and its subsequent detoxification through glutathion/glutathion-s-transferase(GST) system. When the shoots of cultivars were fed solanapyrone A, symptoms mimicking to Ascochyta blight appeared and extent of manifestation of symptoms varied with the cultivar. In the first experiment, the effect of three different plant ages of 2 cultivars with different levels of resistance to toxin was determined in terms of GST activity unit. GST activity in Balkasar-2000 (a resistant cultivar) increased 1.92 times, 1.72 and 1.65 times in two-week-old seedling, eight-week-old and adult plants (all treated) respectively as compared to their respective controls. In the highly susceptible cultivar, AUG-424, a slight increase (1.14 times) over control was noticed in GST activity at all the three ages. In the second experiment, where shoots of three cultivars were tested against 2 doses of the toxin, an increase in GST activity in Noor-91 (a moderately susceptible cultivar) and AUG-424 was significantly less than resistant cultivar, Balkasar-2000 showing direct relationship between resistance and activity of the enzyme. It may be concluded that it is a reason for difference in response of cultivars to the disease.


Application features like port numbers are used by Network-based Intrusion Detection Systems NIDSs to detect attacks coming from networks. System calls and the operating system related information are used by Host-based Intrusion Detection Systems HIDSs to detect intrusions toward a host. However, the relationship between hardware architecture events and Denial-of-Service DoS attacks has not been well revealed. When increasingly sophisticated intrusions emerge, some attacks are able to bypass both the application and the operating system level feature monitors. Therefore, a more effective solution is required to enhance existing HIDSs. In this article, the authors identify the following hardware architecture features: Instruction Count, Cache Miss, Bus Traffic and integrate them into a HIDS framework based on a modern statistical Gradient Boosting Trees model. Through the integration of application, operating system and architecture level features, the proposed HIDS demonstrates a significant improvement of the detection rate in terms of sophisticated DoS intrusions.


OBJECTIVE
A common method of illegal methamphetamine production uses lead acetate as a reagent. Production errors may result in methamphetamine grossly contaminated with lead. Three reports have documented outbreaks of acute lead poisoning in intravenous methamphetamine users.

METHODS
This study measured blood lead concentrations in intravenous drug users of methamphetamine, cocaine or heroin presenting to the emergency department to determine the prevalence of subclinical lead poisoning in intravenous methamphetamine users.

RESULTS
Mean blood leads for methamphetamine users (n = 92) were 6.22 micrograms/dL or 0.30 mumol/L (range 0.10-1.15, SD 0.20) and 7.25 micrograms/dL or 0.35 mumol/L (0.10-0.80, SD 0.15) for the nonmethamphetamine users (n = 53) with no significant difference between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The data suggest that previous outbreaks of acute intravenous lead poisoning among methamphetamine users were probably related to episodic contamination of methamphetamine. Subclinical lead poisoning was not found among the methamphetamine users presenting to the emergency department.


In this study, the authors examine the governance system of industrial policy in the era of economic growth in Korea from the perspective of statesociety relations. Specifically, we consider the public and private actors who engaged in governance processes related to industrial policy and their interactions, as well as the formal and informal institutions that constrained the actors. As a principal actor, the government established the effective and efficient institutions in each stage of the governance process. These institutions not only enhanced the industrial policy capacity of the government but also created an environment that permitted various stakeholders in private sector to be involved in the governance system. The private actors in the governance process, in turn, became major sources of information and driving forces of industrial promotion.