Animation has become a popular medium for exploring complex and culturally sensitive subjects. One such topic that has been the subject of much controversy both historically and in recent years is Chinese ghost marriage. This ancient traditional practice, which involves marrying deceased individuals, is steeped in history and customs, but has been criticized for perpetuating patriarchal norms and gender discrimination. This paper examines whether animation can be a powerful vehicle for exploring and critiquing the Chinese phenomenon of ghost marriage. It explores the benefits of using animation to raise awareness about the issue, and how the medium can be used to tell the stories of women affected by ghost marriage in a powerful and emotive way. It also considers the importance of approaching the topic with sensitivity and empathy, and the best practices for creating animation that can educate the public and inspire social change. Ultimately, this paper aims to demonstrate how the conventions and idiosyncrasies of animation can be effectively utilised to examine and challenge such a complex issue.


This study uses a water model experiment to investigate the effects of gas bottom blowing conditions on fluid flow phenomena and the mixing time of molten iron within an ironmaking smelter. Our experimental setup adopted four tuyeres in a square-corner placement. The parameters for trials include bottom-blowing tuyere size (7:5� 15:0 mm) and the bottom blowing gas flow rate (320� 480 NL/min). Experimental results show that the bubble size decreased and the invading depth became deeper as the tuyere size decreased and the total gas flow rate increased. Consequently, the spout height of the liquid surface became higher. The results of the mixing experiment indicate that under any bottom blowing gas flow rates, the 10.0 mm tuyere has the shortest mixing time. Except for the 7.5 mm tuyere, the 10.0 mm, 12.5 mm, and 15.0 mm tuyeres had shorter mixing times and better mixing effects as the gas flow rate increased. Therefore, the best combination for mixing iron phase in a smelter is to use a 10.0 mm tuyere and a gas flow rate of 480 NL/min, which has the appropriate intensity of the total blown energy and the degree of stirred liquid bath. [doi:10.2320/matertrans.M2010104]


A total pattern analysis suite of programs has been developed and incorporated into the ICDD® PDF-4 database. While the suite of programs is intended for the analysis of any diffraction pattern, particular attention was focused on the analysis of common amorphous, non-crystalline, or partially crystalline materials found in minerals, polymers, and pharmaceuticals. The suite of programs directly interfaces to the ICDD database and libraries of non-crystalline references.


Synchrotrons can provide almost perfectly unidirectional and monochromatic x-rays. Such x-rays reflect from ideal crystals only over a minute part of the angular range that must be searched for the reflection. Spoiling the incoming x-rays' directionality with sandpaper makes it easier to find the reflection.


A- and B-modes ultrasonographic changes in the thickness of various structures of the eyeball in male and female English Cocker Spaniel dogs with and without nondiabetic cataracts were evaluated. Sixteen dogs with cataracts (32 eyes) and seven normal dogs (14 eyes) older than eight years were selected. A- and B-modes ultrasonography was performed with a 10MHz transducer. Data was statistically evaluated by one way ANOVA. Mean and standard deviations of various ocular structures for dogs with and without cataracts were, respectively, anterior chamber: 3.041±0.828mm, 3.373±1.040mm; lens: 6.817±1.117mm, 7.062±0.477mm; vitreous: 10.056±0.754mm, 9.523±0.705mm; and axial length: 19.909±1.103mm, 19.958±1.050mm. Ocular measurements between right and left eyes, males and females, as well as in eyes with and without cataract were not different (P>0.05).


My active collaboration with Ray Guillery started in 1968, when he was a Full Professor at the University of Wisconsin and I was a graduate student at the University of Pennsylvania. The collaboration lasted almost 50 years with virtually no breaks. Among the ideas we proposed are that glutamatergic pathways in thalamus and cortex can be classified into drivers and modulators; that many thalamic nuclei could be classified as higher order, meaning that they receive driving input from layer 5 of cortex and participate in cortico‐thalamocortical circuits; and that much of the information relayed by thalamus serves as an efference copy for motor commands initiated by cortex.


Female aging is a process that involves hypoestrogenism time, the individual impact on each woman, and what we can do as experts to reduce morbidity and provide quality of life. This natural process in the female life cycle has been of concern to women after menopause. Changes in different biophysical and psychosocial aspects, and their individual experiences, have repercussions on the lives of patients seeking specialized and multidisciplinary support to reduce the harmful effects of prolonged hypoestrogenism. Overweight and obesity, inadequate living habits and the presence of multi-morbidities cause damage to the quality of life and impact the functional capacity. Behavioral prescription and hormone therapy are among the treatments given to ease symptoms and reduce morbidity. A better understanding of these factors can help identify groups that require more care after menopause.


Summary

Armillaria root disease is a contributing factor to oak decline in the Ozark Mountains of central USA. We have identified Armillaria gallica, Armillaria mellea, and Armillaria tabescens in Quercus-Carya-Pinus forests of the region. Presence/absence patterns of each Armillaria species as well as all possible Armillaria species combinations were analysed by contingency tables and/or stepwise logistic multiple regressions with principal characteristics of the studied sites and forest stands, both quantitative and qualitative: geographic land-type association, bedrock type, landform position, slope direction (aspect), soil type and soil surface stone cover, down woody debris, abundance and basal area of woody vegetation and decline mortality by species. Most decline mortality consisted of two red oak species (section Erythrobalanus, Quercus coccinea and Quercus velutina), which also were most sensitive to Armillaria infection. Site characteristics related to the distributions of Armillaria species and decline mortality were also related to the preponderance of Q. coccinea and Q. velutina, regional vegetation history (i.e. conversion of Pinus echinata stands to hardwoods), and the different strategies of territory acquisition and spread of the Armillaria species involved. The presence of A. gallica may reduce the activity of more virulent Armillaria species.


Abstract. The purpose of the present paper is to study the globally and locally φ-T -symmetric (ε)-para Sasakian manifold in dimension 3. The globally φ-T -symmetric 3-dimensional (ε)-para Sasakian manifold is either Einstein manifold or has a constant scalar curvature. The necessary and sufficient condition for Einstein manifold to be globally φ-T -symmetric is given. A 3-dimensional (ε) -para Sasakian manifold is locally φ-T -symmetric if and only if the scalar curvature r is constant. A 3-dimensional (ε)-para Sasakian manifold with η-parallel Ricci tensor is locally φ-T -symmetric. In the last, an example of 3-dimensional locally φ-T -symmetric (ε)-para Sasakian manifold is given.


Due to its attributes, characteristics, and technological resources, the mobile phone (MP) has become one of the most commonly used communication devices. Historically, ample evidence has ruled out the substantial short‐term impact of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF‐EMF) emitted by MP on human cognitive performance. However, more recent evidence suggests potential harmful effects associated with MP EMF exposure. The aim of this review is to readdress the question of whether the effect of MP EMF exposure on brain function should be reopened. We strengthen our argument focusing on recent neuroimaging and electroencephalography studies, in order to present a more specific analysis of effects of MP EMF exposure on neurocognitive function. Several studies indicate an increase in cortical excitability and/or efficiency with EMF exposure, which appears to be more prominent in fronto‐temporal regions and has been associated with faster reaction time. Cortical excitability might also underpin disruption to sleep. However, several inconsistent findings exist, and conclusions regarding adverse effects of EMF exposure are currently limited. It also should be noted that the crucial scientific question of the effect of longer‐term MP EMF exposure on brain function remains unanswered and essentially unaddressed. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:329–338, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Spectra of galaxies contain an enormous amount of information about the relative mixture of ages and metallicities of constituent stars. We present a comprehensive study designed to extract the maximum information from spectra of data quality typical in large galaxy surveys. These techniques are not intended for detailed stellar population studies that use high-quality spectra. We test techniques on a sample of globular clusters, which should consist of single stellar populations and provide good test cases, using the Bruzual-Charlot high-resolution stellar population synthesis models to simultaneously estimate the ages and metallicities of 101 globular clusters in M31 and the Magellanic Clouds. The clusters cover a wide range of ages and metallicities, 4 Myr < tage < 20 Gyr and -1.6 < [Fe/H] < +0.3, estimated by other methods in the literature. We compare results from model fits to both the spectra and photometry and find that fits to continuum-normalized spectra over the entire range available, typically 3500 Å to 1 μm for this sample, provide the best results. For clusters older than 1 Gyr we agree with literature ages to 0.16 dex (35%) and [Fe/H] to 0.12 dex. For younger clusters we agree with literature ages to 0.3 dex (63%) but cannot constrain the metallicity. It is particularly important to use the entire continuum-normalized spectrum to avoid problems with model continua for young objects and to break age-metallicity degeneracies of broadband photometry. Our required S/N is 15-30 Å-1 for 20% age uncertainties and 30-55 Å-1 for 10% uncertainties over spectral resolutions of Δλ = 5-25 Å. This technique should work well for the age-metallicity parameter space expected for early-type galaxies at z ~ 1, although individual galaxy spectral S/N may require the co-addition of a few like objects.


Growth of quail chondrocytes in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) results in the suppression of the differentiated phenotype. RA-treated chondrocytes recover their differentiated phenotype if they are cultured for an additional 15 days in the absence of RA. A few days after removal from RA, treated chondrocytes acquire the polygonal morphology characteristic of chondrocytes growing as attached cells; they also gradually resume collagen II expression and synthesize cultures. The levels of collagen X mRNA decrease during the second week of culture in the absence of RA. Finally, at the end of 15 days, the absolute levels of collagen II and collagen X mRNAs are very similar in control and recovering chondrocytes.


Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1beta are formed simultaneously under inflammatory conditions such as asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Here we investigated the effects of TNF-alpha (10 ng/ml) and/or IL-1beta (10 ng/ml) in isolated blood-free perfused rat lungs. In lungs precontracted with methacholine, IL-1beta alone and IL-1beta/TNF-alpha decreased airway resistance 10 min after administration, whereas TNF-alpha alone had no effect. In untreated lungs, airway resistance was unaltered by either cytokine alone but started to increase 40 min after treatment with both cytokines together, indicating bronchoconstriction. The bronchoconstriction was accompanied by a steroid-sensitive increase in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 mRNA expression and thromboxane formation. The cytokine-induced bronchoconstriction was blocked by the thromboxane receptor antagonist SQ-29548, indomethacin, the selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398, and the steroid dexamethasone. We conclude that IL-1beta has an early bronchodilatory effect (after 10 min) that is unchanged by TNF-alpha. However, at later time points (after 40 min), IL-1beta and TNF-alpha in concert cause a COX-2- and thromboxane-dependent bronchoconstriction. Our findings show that TNF-alpha and IL-1beta exert complex and time-dependent effects on lung functions that cannot be predicted by studying each cytokine alone.


An original structure with undoped amorphous silicon (a-Si)/heavily-doped polysilicon stacked layers is reported. This structure can help to prevent the deterioration of gate oxide caused by fluorine ions in conventional tungsten-polycide (W-polycide) gated MOS devices. The relationship between the thickness of the stacked a-Si layer and the quality of the gate oxide is also investigated. With this W-silicide/a-Si/polysilicon stack structure, a lower sheet resistance of the W-polycide can also be obtained.


Formation of chemical synapses in the central nervous system is a highly regulated, multistep process that requires bidirectional communication across the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter receptors, scaffolding proteins, and signaling molecules need to be concentrated in the postsynaptic density, a specialized membrane microdomain apposed to the active zone of presynaptic terminals, where transmitter release occurs. This precise, synapse-specific matching implicates that sorting and targeting mechanisms exist for the molecular constituents of different types of synapses to ensure correct formation of neuronal circuits in the brain. There is considerable evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies that neurotransmitter signaling is not required for proper sorting during synapse formation, whereas active neurotransmission is essential for long-term synapse maintenance. Here, the authors review recent studies on the role of cell adhesion molecules in synaptogenesis and on possible mechanisms ensuring correct matching of pre- and postsynaptic sites. They discuss the role of neurotransmitter receptors and scaffolding proteins in these processes, focusing on fundamental differences between synapse formation during development and synapse maintenance and plasticity in adulthood. NEUROSCIENTIST 13(2): formation during 115—126, 2007. D


Multimedia applications accessing large amounts of data require efficient browsing and searching mechanisms to extract relevant information. The system has to preselect items of interest from the database. Additionally, it has to support continuous presentation of time-dependent media. Browsing system components for multimedia data management are proposed that are developed within the HERMES project. They offer conceptual, content based access to videos. Our retrieval engine calculates relevance values for the results of a conceptual query by feature aggregation on video shot granularity. An intelligent client buffer strategy uses the relevance values from retrieval as presentation support. It prefers to keep those shots in the cache which have a high relevance value.


This paper presents a hybrid three phase rectifier for high power factor application. This rectifier is composed by zero voltage transition (ZVT) and zero current transition (ZCT) boost converter with three phase diode bridge rectifier, in parallel with a six pulse three phase pulse width modulation (PWM) controlled rectifier. The proposed topology is capable of high power factor with DC output voltage regulation by providing sinusoidal input. Also, it increases the overall efficiency of the new hybrid rectifier to 94.56% and the total harmonic distortion of the hybrid structure varies from 0% to 16% at nominal output power. This topology was simulated in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment and the output waveforms presented with experimental result. Keywords—Hybrid Rectifier, Total Harmonic Distortion, Power Quality, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Unidirectional Rectifier.


Based on the results of an ISAAC questionnaire, an asthma case group (33) and a control group (40) were selected in an elementary school in Seongbuk, Seoul. To determine the VOCs and formaldehyde levels of exposure, we performed personal, indoor, and outdoor sampling using passive samplers for 3 days. In comparing the results of the levels of VOCs and formaldehyde exposure between the case and control groups, it was shown that toluene and o-xylene were higher in the case group in personal sampling and the benzene concentration was higher in the case group in indoor measurements (p < 0.1). In outdoor measurements, benzene and methylcyclohexane were higher in the case group (p < 0.05). The VOCs concentration was the highest in the personal sampling. However, the concentration of formaldehyde was the highest in indoor sampling (p < 0.05). In the multiple logistic regression, after adjusting residential and socioeconomic factors, there was no signficant factors. In conclusion, it was shown that the childhood asthma case group was exposed to higher VOCs than the control group, and it was found by measurement methods that VOCs in personal sampling were higher than the values obtained in indoor and outdoor measurements, and the formaldehyde value was the highest in indoor measurements.


Online radon and thoron monitors have been developed using ZnS(Ag) detector for continuous monitoring of concentrations in occupational and general environments. Their performance has been tested successfully both in laboratory and field conditions. Special features of these monitors include low cost, high sensitivity and non-interference of humidity and trace gases. The capability of these radon monitors for networked radon monitoring in U mines and in the U-tailings pond has been demonstrated. The thoron monitor is designed for stack monitoring of thoron release in a thorium processing facility. Being highly sensitive, these monitors can also be used for radon/thoron monitoring in dwellings, radon exhalation measurements, radon concentration in water samples and thoron emission measurements from monazite sands in High Background Radiation


This essay will look at how spatial relationships are constructed in the film Nostalgia (Andrei Tarkovsky, IT/SU, 1983). As the name suggests, Nostalgia instills in the viewer an immense sense of longing or desire. Its heavily laden atmospheric structure transports us through the dreams and memories of Andrei, a Russian poet living in Italy, back to his homeland. Through the analysis of one scene or still, similarities are found between the cinematic image and the architectural construct and our perception of both.The film still that this essay examines (Figure 1) is a key transition scene for the film, the place where relationships are set up and events past, present, and future are played out. The still presents us with the basic information of a room. It contains a bed and bedside table, on which stands a phone and lamp, but is otherwise bare. Its undefined placeless-ness, when observed over time, allows us to see and know every subtle detail intimately. Its very emptiness creates an opening into which we insert our unconscious imagination and associated memories. "Capturing the reflection of life, the dream of life"1 within its emptiness.The three main elements that delineate the scene are the back wall, light, and the frame itself (Figure 2). They structure the space, limiting, focusing, and revealing what we can and cannot see. The wall runs parallel to the frame, cutting offthe background and compressing our perception of depth. It has two apertures, a window and a door. As the window is initially closed, we see little through either except the light that falls into the darkened room, outlining the third object in the room, a bed (Figure 3). The frame edges physically cut the space, preventing the outer reaches of the foreground to be seen. Limiting again what we can see, although we know the space continues through what appears to be another window on the leftand a wall that extends beyond the frame to the right (Figure 2). The immobility of this frame, with the extremely slow panning or zooming of the camera, and the shallow depth created by the wall and small details that all make us acutely aware of the limits, restricting what we can and cannot see.The frame edge, along with the wall and the window shutters interior to the frame, all act to mask out areas from view, giving us only partials. From this, we can easily deduce that there is more we cannot see or know; this invites us to imagine the rest. For example, the bathroom must have a window that looks to the courtyard, as the doorway is lit from the leftand the circular mirror over the sink holds the moon. In activating our imagination, tension is created in/for the viewer. We must await the slow pan or zoom of the camera, or Andrei himself, to activate the room's depths for us, turning on lights, opening windows, and moving from object to object around the room. A wardrobe, a fireplace with a mirror, and a few personal mementos such as glass bottles, a comb wound with hair, and a bible come to light on the right. How they arrive in the room is unclear, but they are focused upon individually, as small still lifes, each giving us clues as to aspects of Andrei's character and his connections to others in the film, both in Italy and in his home country.In this way, the room and the character of Andrei are slowly built in our minds and throughout the film. Similarly, we, in engaging with our surroundings, in walking, touching, and picking things up, come to understand and know each part. This activation of the line that divides knowing from looking and seeing is how Tarkovsky holds us within the frame, making us, as architect John Hejduk describes it, "captive in this moment of knowing, though it refuses our attempts to resolve it into the thing seen."2 Roland Barthes defines the denial of view or complete understanding that is created by blind fields as something distinct-it is "what distinguishes the erotic image from the pornographic. …


The study of the distribution ρ(f) of contact forces F in a homogeneous isotropic disordered granular sample subject to uniform triaxial stress field is undertaken using a model where forces propagate and collide. Collisions occur at grain and obey given rules which allow satisfying local static equilibrium. Analogy with Boltzmann's equation of density evolution is drawn and used to derive the parameters that control the distribution ρs(f) of contact forces F in the stationary state in case of a packing of mono-disperse spheres. Using symmetry argument and mean field approximation, it is found that stationarity is achieved when the density ρs(f) of force can be written as the product of exponentials of quantities whose sums are preserved during collisions. This introduces 3 parameters in 2d and 6 in 3d which are the mean force components {Fxo, Fyo , Fzo }, and the mean torques of the force on a grain {Mxo, Myo , Mzo} . Astonishingly, it seems that the theory cannot include distribution of contact orientation implicitly. Extension of the model is possible with some care to case of anisotropic packing.


Takayasu's arteritis or pulseless disease is a chornic large vessel vasculities the cause of which is largely unknown. Takayasu's arterities is seldom reported, because it is a rare disease affecting about only 3 (three) people of every million indivisuals throughout the world, most commonly among Asian female of childbearing age. It rarely causes happertension in children. We present an 11 years old girl without typical symptomatic manifestation and with a unique presentation of headache & swelling of the body for one year. She also complainted of examinational dyspnoea for same duration and abdominal pain for six months. Her clinical examination revealed very feeble left upper limb pulse with no radio-femoral delay, different blood pressure of both arms and limbs, systolic bruits audible in left 2nd intercostal space and grade-1 apical pansystolic murmur. Her coronary angiogram report showed diffuse narrowing of a long segment of abdominal aorta, severe stenosis of proximal left subclavian artery and stenosed right renal artery. In this article we will describe a Takayasu's arteritis (TA), a rare cause of childhood hypertension. Keywords: Takayasu's arteritis (TA);Vasculitis; Hypertension. DOI: 10.3329/uhj.v5i2.4565 University Heart Journal Vol.5(2) July 2009 pp.94-96


Introduction............................................................... 205 Description of the experiments and their results................................ 209 Method for the bacteriologic study of dental infections...................... 210 Localization of bacteria from dental foci of infection......................... 213 Localization of bacteria in pus expressed from tonsils and in emulsions of extirpated tonsils directly injected into animals............................... 214 Illustrative cases and experiments........................................ 218 Summary and discussion ..................................................... 233 Experimental findings.................................................... 233 Clinical findings............................. . .................. 242 Therapeutic suggestions........................... 243 Bibliography................................................................. 247


Particulate matter was collected at Rio Vista, California, in two study periods; the first, January 3 April 29, 1983; the second October 31, 1983 November 29, 1984. Concentrations of suspended particulate matter were measured gravimetrically on silver membrane filters. The pooled standard deviation on replicated samples was 1.4 milligrams per liter, giving a coefficient of variation of 5.7 percent. Concentrations of particulate carbon and nitrogen were measured using a Perkin-Elmer model 240C elemental analyzer to combust material collected on glass fiber filters. Refrigeration of samples prior to filtration was shown to have no discernable effects. Volume of sample filtered was shown to be a likely influence on precision of duplicate analyses. Median deviations between duplicates for carbon were 5.4 percent during the first study period and 8.9 percent during the second. For nitrogen, median deviations were 4.9 percent and 7.2 percent respectively. This report presents the data for concentrations of suspended particulate material, the duplicate analyses for particulate carbon and nitrogen, and the volumes of sample filtered for the particulate carbon and nitrogen analyses for both studies. Not all samples collected during the second study have been analyzed for particulate carbon


The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors which cause stress among secondary school teachers in Georgetown, Penang and factors that they perceived as
most stressful. This study also investigated the degree or levels of stress and the manifestations of stress. A sample size of 80% was taken from nine secondary schools in Georgetown, Penang. A total of 348 questionnaires were distributed and a response rate of about 75% (260 questionnaires) was obtained. However, out of the 260 questionnaires returned, 249 were usable. Of the 249 respondents, 65 were males and 184 were females. About 55% of the respondents were below 40 years old and about 61% of
the respondents have been in the teaching profession for more than 10 years. A self-constructed 51-items questionnaire was used to investigate the correlates of
stress among secondary school teachers. Descriptive analysis was used to analyze the respondents demographic factors, Inferential statistics technique such as the t-
Test, Anova (One Way Analysis Of Variance), Pearson Correlation Analysis and Stepwise Regression Analysis were used to analyze the correlation of the independent and the dependent variables. This analysis showed the strength and
direction of the relation. The major findings of the study showed that stress was significantly and positively
related to teacher evaluation system, salary and benefits, workload, colleagues, student misbehavior and time management. The results showed that stress level tends to increase with poor teacher evaluation system, lower salary and benefits as perceived by the teachers, increased workload, lesser collegial support, increased student misbehavior and poor time management. However, stress among secondary school teachers was not related to demographic factors along age, gender and lengths of service. From the data generated, it was found that there were no
significant differences in stress level among teachers of various age groups and lengths of service. Stress level did not differ between male and female teachers. Four variables, namely time management, student misbehavior, workload and colleagues, jointly explained 34.64% of the variance in stress level. However, the variance in stress level was not significantly explained by teacher evaluation system and salary and benefits. This implied that 65.36% of the variance in stress level has yet to be explained. This indicated that there are other factors that need to be
considered in future studies of stress among secondary school teachers. The best predictor for stress level was found to be time management. Teachers who face time management problem found themselves having too little time to relax and insufficient time to complete their work. The three most common symptoms of stress experienced by secondary school teachers were exhaustion, tension and
headache.


ATP, when leaked from damaged cells, is capable of eliciting responses in neighboring cells. A better understanding of the mechanism of this response is essential for designing therapeutic strategies for disease, there have been only a limited number of studies on the effect of ATP on the human cornea. We examined ATP-induced intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) changes in the human corneal epithelia, cultured to near confluence. Cells were loaded with the Ca2+ indicators, Indo-1 or Fluo-4, and [Ca2+]i was monitored. ATP was found to induce an increase in [Ca2+]i, which was initiated from the perinuclear region and the nuclear envelope per se, and then propagated gradually towards the periphery. Intranuclear Ca2+ was momentarily increased. UTP elicited an identical response, but adenosine and alpha, beta-methylene ATP had no effect. Pretreatment with U73122 or thapsigargin inhibited the ATP-induced increase in [Ca2+]i. When a cell was topically stimulated with ATP, the [Ca2+]i increase spread beyond the cell boundary. The intercellular communications that accompanied the [Ca2+]i changes were inhibited by octanol. We conclude that extracellular ATP in the human cornea caused the mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g. the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope) via P2Y purinoceptors of the epithelial cell. The response to ATP appears to spread to neighboring regions through gap junctions in the epithelium.


BACKGROUND
Yoghurt is a fermented milk of unique sensory, nutritive and dietetic value offered in a variety of types and in different flavours. Vegetables belong to the group of food products rich in antioxidant substances (e.g., vitamin C, carotenoids, tocopherols, polyphenols) which regular consumption lowers the risk of many diseases including cancers and cardiovascular disorders. The aim of the present work was to manufacture and assess the acidity, sensory quality and antioxidant capacity of yoghurts with addition of selected vegetables during 2-week refrigerated storage.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The vegetable preparations (carrot, pumpkin, broccoli and red sweet pepper) were added to the cow's milk fermented using DVS type yoghurt culture after initial cooling to 15-20°C in the amount of 10% (w/w). The following analyses were performed: determination of pH, titratable acidity, antioxidant activity by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method as well as sensory evaluation and were conducted after 1, 7 and 14 days of cold storage.

RESULTS
The yoghurt supplementation with selected vegetables had no significant effect on the pH and titratable acidity level. The highest ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was stated for yoghurts with broccoli and red sweet pepper. The latter treatment gained the highest notes in sensory evaluation. All vegetable yoghurts were characterised by higher than the natural yoghurt FRAP values measured directly after production. However, the level of this parameter significantly decreased after storage.

CONCLUSIONS
The red sweet pepper additive was the most beneficial regarding antioxidant properties and organoleptic acceptance of the studied yoghurts.


The sinusoidal model is a key component in many speech and audio coding applications, however its reconstruction quality is severely limited by its poor time resolution, and is unable to capture the onset of sinusoidal partials in a signal accurately. This paper proposes two algorithms which improve the onset localisation of sinusoidal tracks. While significant improvement can be achieved by using multiresolution sinusoidal analysis to manage the time/frequency resolution tradeoff in individual frequency-subbands, multiresolution sinusoidal analysis cannot improve upon the inherent time/frequency resolution of the Discrete Fourier Transform. The proposed algorithms work in collaboration with multiresolution sinusoidal analysis to improve the time resolution of the sinusoidal model. This paper will show that these algorithms drastically reduce the average onset error, without adjusting the frequency resolution of the sinusoidal model.


The trend of the processor performance and heat dissipation increased significant every year. In the year 2000, the clock speed of processor used in notebook is marginal 1GHz and heat dissipation marginal 20 W, but in the current year 2003 the processor's clock speed is higher than 2 GHz and heat dissipation higher than 50 W and approaching 100 W by year 2004. Heat dissipation increased but in contrary the size of the processor reduced and thus the heat flux is critically high. The heat flux is about 10-15 W/cm/sup 2/ in the year 2000 and could reach over 100 W/cm/sup 2/ by year 2004. The purpose of this paper is to provide overview of various cooling solutions using heat pipe and vapor chamber for cooling high power processors in a confined space of the notebook.


The on-line coupling of vesicle-mediated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to low-power argon microwave-induced plasma (MIP) detection is described. The analytical potential of such a hybrid technique is illustrated for the speciation of mercury and arsenic compounds. Continuous cold vapour (CV) or hydride generation (HG) techniques were used as interfaces between the exit of the HPLC column and the MIP, held in a surfatron at reduced pressure. Detection was by atomic emission spectrometry (AES). The effect of different surfactants on mercury CV generation was evaluated using SnCl2 as the reducing solution instead of sodium tetrahydroborate(III). Emission signals increased by about 75% by adding the vesicle-forming surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (employed as the HPLC mobile phase for speciation). Enhancements of around 100% of signals were found in micelles of cetyltrimethylammmonium bromide. The detection limits by vesicular HPLC–HG-MIP-AES for the more toxic arsenic species investigated (namely, arseneous, arsenic, monomethylarsonic and dimethylarsinic acids) were in the range 1–6 ng ml–1. The detection limits for mercury speciation by vesicular HPLC–CV-MIP-AES were 0.15 ng ml–1 Hg for inorganic mercury and 0.35 ng ml–1 Hg for methylmercury. Both methods have been successfully applied to the speciation of mercury and arsenic in natural waters (sea-water and tap water) and in human urine.


The aims of this research are to study the patogenecity of M. anisopliae fungus to
O. rhinoceros pest on various application techniques. The research conducted at Green
House of Estate Crop Protection Board Central Java Province in Mangunsari Village,
Sidomukti, Salatiga for four (4) months from August to December 2007.
The research used Completely Random Design (CRD) Factorial three (3) factors.
First factor: M. anisopliae fungus comes from, that consisted of two (2) levels, which is
1) M. anisopliae fungus come from exploration (new), 2) M. anisopliae from fungus
from inoculation in Estate Crop Protection Board which storage in refrigerator during
two months. Second factor: Type of nest media consisted of two (2) levels that is 1) Nest
media from stable manure, 2) Nest media from wood dust. Third factor: Giving time of
O. rhinoceros larva consisted of four (4) levels that is 1) Giving time zero (0) month:
giving larva of O. rhinoceros at that moment of application M. anisopliae, 2) Giving
time one (1) month: giving larva of O. rhinoceros after one (1) month aplication M.
anisopliae, 3) Giving time two (2) months, giving larva of O. rhinoceros after two (2)
months of application M. anisopliae, 4) Giving time three (3) monts: giving larva of O.
rhinoceros after three (3) month: giving larva of O. rhinoceros after three (3) months
application of M. anisopliae. Each consisted of three (3) replications. Data observation
was analyzed by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), if there are differences among
treatment continued with Test of Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 5 % level.
Result of research showed that patogenecity of M. anisopliae fungus from
exploratin (new) to larva of O. rhinoceros was equal to 81,61 % more higher compared
to M. anisopliae fungus which have storage during two (2) months in the refrigerator
was equal to 72,51 %. The patogenecity of M. anisopliae fungus to larva of O.
rhinoceros at wood dust nest media was equal to 86,24 % more higher compared to
stable manure nest media was equal to 68,27 %. Three was degradation patogenecity of
M. anisopliae fungus to larva of O. rhinoceros at three (3) months application.


The low use of improved rice seed by farmers in west Africa is not well understood. This study assessed how institutional settings and stakeholder perceptions in the formal rice seed sector inhibit small-scale farmers' access to improved seed. Data were collected in s Guinea, west Africa, in 2007 and 2008. To understand the dynamics of seed interventions in Guinea since the 1980s, key persons were interviewed and relevant literature was reviewed. The results show that, although local seed dealers play a central role in providing seed of local and improved varieties to farmers, seed interventions have mainly relied on the national extension system, NGOs and a new class of contract seed producers that abide by rules and regulations set by the formal seed system. Within a linear model of seed sector development, governmental organizations, the most influential stakeholders of the formal seed system, have been unaware of the central role of local seed dealers in the informal seed system. We argue that in the context of weak extension service due to lack of financial and human resources, farmer-to-farmer dissemination approach centered on the local seed producers and dealers is an option that could be explored to enhance small-scale farmers' access to improved seed. The local seed producers and dealers have shown their willingness to participate in such seed development activities.


Abstract:
 Jabłońska, A. 2010. The lichen genus Porpidia in Poland III. — Herzogia 23: 217–228. The taxonomy, chemistry, morphology, habitat requirements and distribution of Porpidia flavocruenta, P. grisea, P. macrocarpa, P. P. nigrocruenta, P. speirea and P. zeoroides from Poland are detailed. Porpidia flavocruenta is recorded for the first time for Poland and P. nigrocruenta is new to Ukraine. Porpidia nigrocruenta is considered to be a distinct species. The occurrence of P. flavicunda, P. hydrophila and P. trullisata has not been confirmed during the study in Poland and the status of these taxa remains unknown. A key for taxa in Poland, including those with unconfirmed occurrence in the country, is provided.


The sewage, septage and faecal sludge management profile in Tamale Municipality have been studied in relation to the different handling facilities used and the technologies adopted for their treatment and disposal. The human excreta facilities available include pan latrines, public latrines, and water closet systems. The sewage treatment facilities found were the Trickling Filter and Waste Stabilization Ponds, which were found to be in deplorable states. The suspended solids of the final effluent were 140 mg/l compared to the Environmental Protection Agency guideline value of 50 mg/l. The faecal coliform in the effluent from the Trickling Filter Plant was found to be as high as 6,600,000-counts/100 ml compared to the recommended guideline value of 5000 counts per 100 ml for hot climates. The sewage treatment facilities must therefore be rehabilitated to meet acceptable standards of environ-ment and health requirement. Journal of Applied Science and Technology (JAST) , Vol. 4, Nos. 1 & 2, 1999, pp. 67 – 71


Baculoviruses are arthropod‐specific, enveloped viruses with circular, supercoiled double‐ stranded DNA genomes [1]. They infect Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Hymenoptera (sawflies) and Diptera (mosquitoes) [2]. While many viruses are studied because of their damaging effects, the study of baculoviruses was stimulated by their potential utility to control insect pests [3]. Later, the utility of baculovirus as gene expression vectors was evidenced and a new research area emerged [4]. A major step forward was the development of bacmid technology [5] (the construction of bacterial artificial chromosomes containing the genome of the baculovirus) which allows the manipulation of the baculovirus genome in bacteria. With this technology, foreign genes can be introduced into the bacmid by site‐ directed recombina‐ tion or by transposition. Baculoviruses have been used to explore fundamental questions in molecular biology such as the nature of programmed cell‐death [6]. Moreover, the ability of baculoviruses to transduce mammalian cells led to the consideration of their use as gene therapy and vaccine vectors. Strategies for genetic engineering of baculoviruses have been developed to meet the requirements of new application areas, and the establishment of new genetic modification systems is still necessary when an unexplored experimental system is to be addressed. The aim of this chapter is to detail the areas of application of the baculovirus in basic molecular biology and applied biotechnology and the strategies used to generate genetically modified baculoviruses according to each area of study.


The electrical power system (EPS) of an electric vehicle consisting of batteries, the motor and driving subsystem, has been modeled. A battery is modeled with an electrical circuit representing the features of a real battery. The driving subsystem is modeled as three different levels, that is, exact, average and functional models. The load profile includes road information, speed profile and EV mechanical parameters, which are incorporated into a reference torque in the driving subsystem model. A system model simulates the performance of the electric vehicle, incorporating the energy balance, battery status and electrical stresses of each subsystem.


Abstract Background Conflicting evidence exists regarding the optimal waiting time for stable analgesic and vasoconstrictive effects after local infiltration of lidocaine with epinephrine. An objective review is needed to dispel surgical dogma. Methods This systematic review (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022362414) included RCTs and prospective cohort studies. Primary outcomes were (1) onset of analgesia and (2) onset of stable hypoperfusion, assessed directly, or measured indirectly using perfusion imaging. Other data extracted include waiting strategies, means of outcome assessment, anaesthetic concentrations, volume/endpoint of infiltration, and injection sites. Methodological quality was evaluated using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials. Articles describing waiting strategies were critically appraised by the Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Results Twenty-four articles were analysed, comprising 1013 participants. Ten investigated analgesia onset. Their pooled mean was 2.1 min (range 0.4–9.0 min). This varied with anatomic site and targeted nerve diameter. Fourteen articles investigated onset of stable hypoperfusion. Four observed bleeding intraoperatively, finding the minimum time to hypoperfusion at 7.0 min in the eyelid skin and 25.0 min in the upper limb. The ten remaining studies used perfusion imaging, reporting a wide range of results (0.0–30.0 min) due to differences in anatomic sites and depth, resolution and artefacts. Studies using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging correlated with clinical observations. Thirteen articles discussed waiting strategies, seven relating to large-volume tumescent local infiltration anaesthesia. Different waiting strategies exist for emergency, arthroscopic and cosmetic surgeries, according to the degree of hypoperfusion required. In tumescent liposuction, waiting 10.0–60.0 min is the norm. Conclusion Current literature suggests that around 2 min are required for most patients to achieve complete analgesia in all sites and with all anaesthesia concentrations. Waiting around 7 min in eyelids and at least 25 min in other regions results in optimal hypoperfusion. The strategies discussed inform decisions of when and how long to wait.


Ruxolitinib (Rux), a potent JAK1/2 inhibitor, is the only FDA-approved drug for treatment of primary and secondary myelofibrosis (MF). Rux has been recently approved for treatment of steroid refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), a major cause of non-relapse mortality (NRM) after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). In MF patients proceeding with transplant, Rux is typically discontinued pre-HCT. Given the therapeutic, immunologic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Rux, we hypothesized that continuous peri-HCT administration of the drug is safe and can result in better transplant outcomes in MF patients. Here, we are reporting outcomes of our single arm, single center pilot study (NCT02917096) investigating the safety and efficacy of Rux administration in patients with primary or secondary MF undergoing HCT with fludarabine (125 mg/m2) and melphalan (140 mg/m2) as reduced intensity conditioning and sirolimus/tacrolimus (target levels: 5-10ng/ml for both) as GVHD prophylaxis. This pilot study is being conducted in MF patients with the goal of extending the therapy to other hematologic malignancies.
 The primary objective was to identify the maximum tolerated dose and recommended phase II dose. Rux was given at 2 dose levels (DL) of 5 and 10 mg BID, starting from day -3 pre-HCT until day +30 post-HCT, then tapered off by day +33. DLs were chosen based on previous retrospective studies identifying the drug dose for treatment of GVHD. Primary endpoint was safety. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was defined as grade 4 neutropenia associated with fever, infection, or engraftment failure or any grade ≥3 non-hematologic toxicities over 45 days. Key secondary endpoints were grade 2-4 acute GVHD, engraftment, infection, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), NRM, relapse and chronic GVHD.
 So far, we have enrolled 12 patients: 6 for DL1 arm and 6 for DL2. Median age at the time of HCT was 53 years (range: 25-66) for DL1 and 68 years (range: 56-72) for the DL2 arm. Detailed patient/transplant characteristics are listed in table 1. One-year OS, PFS and NRM for all patients were 80% (95%CI: 39-95), 68% (95%CI: 30-89) and 21% (95%CI: 3-50), respectively. All patients engrafted (n=12), with the median time to neutrophils engraftment of 19 days (range: 13-23) for DL1 and 16 days (range: 12-22) for the DL2 arm.
 Hematologic DLTs were not observed in patients at either dose level. At DL1, by day +60, grade ≥3 toxicities were cardiac (n=1), pulmonary (n=1) and gastrointestinal (n=1). Only one case of grade ≥3 pulmonary toxicity was observed in patients at DL2. After median follow-up time of 373 days (range: 365-744) in DL1 and 98 days (range: 30-379) for DL2, there were two deaths; one due to respiratory failure in DL1, and another due to acute GVHD at DL2. Median time of acute GVHD onset was 20 days (range: 19-35) in DL1 and 51 days (range: 26-76) in DL2. Grade III-IV acute GVHD was seen in only 1 out of 12 patients and grade 1 acute GVHD was seen in 4 patients. One patient in DL1 relapsed at 9 months and re-entered remission with post-HCT treatment. CMV infection was seen in only 1 patient at DL2.
 Pharmacokinetics (PK) studies were done for five patients at DL1 and all patients at DL2. PK was dose-proportional, in which doubling of the dose corresponded to the twice greater Cmax and AUC. The half-lives and oral clearances were not different between the two DLs. The Cmax and AUC were lower in our patients compared to a previously published report in healthy volunteers. Furthermore, the elimination half-life was similar to the published data, indicating that the lower drug exposures measured on the current trial is most likely due to decreased oral absorption. Lastly, GVHD biomarkers and inflammatory cytokines levels were not different between patients receiving Rux at DL1 and DL2.
 In conclusion, early results of this pilot study indicate that Rux administration at 10 mg BID in MF patients undergoing HCT is safe and feasible, with 100% engraftment and low rate of acute GVHD. We are currently accruing an expansion cohort of 6 patients at DL2. Results of our PK studies indicated a direct correlation between Cmax and AUC and that higher oral clearance compared to previous study is most likely due to poor GI absorption of the drug in HCT patients. More follow up is needed to see the impact of this combination on incidence of chronic GVHD. This regimen may also be useful for patients undergoing HCT for other hematologic malignancies.

 Palmer: Gilead Sciences: Consultancy. Salhotra:Celgene: Other: Research Support; Kadmon Corporation: Other: Non paid consultant. Mei:Seattle Genetics, Inc.: Research Funding. Nakamura:Celgene: Other: support for an academic seminar in a university in Japan; Alexion: Other: support to a lecture at a Japan Society of Transfusion/Cellular Therapy meeting ; Merck: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Kirin Kyowa: Other: support for an academic seminar in a university in Japan.


Traditionally negative binomial was used where Poisson distribution in analysis existing overdis- persion. Like Poisson distribution,negative bino- mial is also widely used in medical, epidemiologi- cal studies, aquaculture and accident analysis and any related. When there is an excess number of zero count useful approach to use a mixture model with a proportion ! of subjects not at risk, and a proportion of 1 􀀀 ! at risk subject who take on outcome values following negative binomial dis- tribution. Explanatory variables eects can be incorporated into both components in the mod- els. In AIDS assessment, mortality rate is highly recorded and full consideration is needed in this problem.This study analyzes the death rate of age by operationalized factor analysis. It shows that several factor are associated with death rate in AIDS assessment during period between 2000- 2008 for Kelantan state, Malaysia.


The introduction of nitrogen fixing bacteria (NFB) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) into the soil is an advisable agricultural practice for the crop, since it enhances nutrient and water uptake and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The aim of this work was to study plant nutrition, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) and crop yield and quality, after inoculating seeds with NFBs ((Rhizobium leguminosarum, Burkholderia cenocepacia, Burkholderia vietnamiensis)) and/or AMFs (Rhizophagus irregularis, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Claroideoglomus claroideum and Funneliformis mosseae) in a fava bean crop in two seasons. The composition of the nodule bacterial community was evaluated by the high-throughput sequencing analysis of bacterial 16 S rRNA genes. It was found that microbial inoculation accompanied by a 20% decrease in mineral fertilization had no significant effect on crop yield or the nutritional characteristics compared with a non-inoculated crop, except for an increase in the grain protein content in inoculated plants. None of the inoculation treatments increased biological nitrogen fixation over a non-inoculated level. The bacterial rRNA analysis demonstrated that the genus Rhizobium predominated in all nodules, both in inoculated and non-inoculated treatments, suggesting the previous presence of these bacteria in the soil. In our study, inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum was the most effective treatment for increasing protein content in seeds, while Burkholderia sp. was not able to colonise the plant nodules. Inoculation techniques used in fava beans can be considered an environmentally friendly alternative, reducing the input of fertilizers, while maintaining crop yield and quality, with the additional benefit of increasing the grain protein content. However, further research is required on the selection and detection of efficient rhizobial strains under local field conditions, above all those related to pH and soil type, in order to achieve superior nitrogen-fixing bacteria.


This paper introduces a wavelength multiplexer (MUX) using the extraneous self-imaging (Ex_SI) phenomenon, which is not mentioned in multimode-interference theory. The Ex_SI phenomenon in silica-based multimode waveguides was experimentally studied. Then, using data for the Ex_SI phenomenon, the wavelength MUX for the wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm was developed. The optimum length of the multimode waveguide, with a width of 18 mum, was confirmed as a 3670- mum wavelength MUX. For the wavelengths of 1310 and 1550 nm, the excess losses were determined to be -0.4 and -0.45 dB, respectively, while the extinction ratios were 16.9 and 19.7 dB, respectively


The characteristics of flow on two parallel plane jets was experimentally investigated. The two nozzles each with an aspect ratio of 20 were separated by 6 nozzle widths. Reynolds number based on nozzle width was set to 5,000 by nozzle exit velocity. The particle image velocimetry and pressure transducer were employed to measure turbulent velocity components and mean static pressure, respectively. In case of unventilated parallel plane jets, it was shown that a recirculation zone with sub-atmospheric static pressure was bounded by the inner shear layers of the individual jets and the nozzles plated. There was no recirculation zone in the ventilated parallel plane jets. It was found that the spanwise turbulent intensities of unventilated jets were higher than those of ventilated jets because of the interaction of jets, and the streamwise turbulent intensities of ventilated jets were higher than those of unventilated jets because of the effect of entrainment.


Today we have several preventive economic policies that are designed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG). The existing literature usually defines these policies as cost-efficient for they can achieve a significant reduction in emissions without having to incur in a very high cost. Likewise, these policies are also cost effective provided that they not only achieve significant cuts in emissions of the most released gas in the atmosphere, but also other greenhouse gases. For example, increasing energy efficiency not only reduces carbon dioxide emissions but also other gases that highly contribute to global warming. In addition, greater efficiency can make industries and countries become more competitive in international markets. In the current context of economic crisis the level of efficiency becomes even more important. We need to be efficient to save on costs and to produce with more sustainably but this goal cannot be achieved without changing the current production model. The carbon tax is an incentive that has a double advantage. First, it is an efficient option to palliate climate change as it is able to achieve emission reductions without incurring in excessive costs. Second, is in itself, an incentive to achieve a gradual change towards a more sustainable production system, which is no doubt a claim for the current crisis. The purpose of this paper is, therefore, to analyze the case of the carbon tax, for being the incentive that implements greater efficiency in the market and for constituting an effective option for palliation the current global crisis negative effects.


This paper presents S4P, a declarative language for specifying both users' privacy preferences and services' privacy policies. Preferences and policies are uniformly expressed as assertions and queries written in SecPAL extended with two modal verbs, may and will, and can express both permissions and obligations. Checking if a user's preference is satisfied by a service's policy is simple as it only involves evaluating the queries against the assertions. Expressiveness and applicability are maximized by keeping the vocabulary and semantics of service behaviours abstract. The language's model-theoretic semantics is given in terms of abstract service traces, and formalizes the notion of service compliance with respect to a policy or a preference.


1. Lipids exist in the blood serum as emulsions ("chylomicrons") and as solutions of lipoprotein containing proteins, cholesterol, and other lipids. Interest in relation to atherosclerosis is centered on the cholesterol and the beta lipoproteins which contain most of the cholesterol.

2. The diet influences the blood lipids in man and animals but great quantitative differences between species makes it essential to study man himself to discover the effects of the diet on the blood lipids in man.

3. The amount of lipid in the chylomicron form in the serum is practically independent of the concentration of cholesterol and lipoproteins in the serum. The correlation between the concentrations of alpha and beta lipoproteins is very low.

4. Experiments on man show that dietary cholesterol per Se, even in large amount, has no important influence on the serum cholesterol concentration but that the latter is markedly affected by the total fat content of the diet.

5. Calorie intake per se has little influence on the blood lipids. Such effect as it has may be secondary to fat metabolism differences commonly associated with differences in calorie intakes.

6. Studies on population samples of healthy men show a marked direct relationship between the content or proportion of fat in the diet on the one hand and the concentration of total cholesterol and of beta lipoproteins in the serum on the other. The effect of the diet tends to be greater in middle-aged men than in younger men.

7. The average concentration of cholesterol in the serum of men in areas where the diets are very high in fats (of the order of 40 per cent of calories), is 25 to 50 per cent greater than the average in areas where the diets are low in fats (of the order of 20 per cent, or less, of calories).

8. A significant effect of dietary fat level on the serum cholesterol concentration is evident in man in a few weeks on a changed diet. The effect tends to increase very slowly with time thereafter and it is most pronounced when comparison is made between populations habitually subsisting on different diets.

9. It is not known how the dietary fat intake exerts its controlling influence on the blood lipids of man but the mechanisms must be complex.


This study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of varietal and species diversity of faba bean and spring wheat on N2 fixation and N cycling in an organic system. The field experiment was carried out at SLU Alnarp to quantify biological N2 fixation using 15N natural abundance method. The measurements were taken at two physiological stages of faba bean, at pod filling and at full maturity. In general N2 fixation, shoot N yield and soil N uptake increased at maturity while the proportion of N derived from fixation, %Ndfa and biomass yield decreased. No significant effect of diversity was found on N2 fixation but significant effect of diversity on %Ndfa was recorded at full maturity. Significantly positive correlation was found between the amount of N2 fixed and biomass yield, %Ndfa and N concentration. Soil N uptake positively correlated with shoot N yield but negatively with N2 fixation. The calculated biomass yield and N2 fixation per sown faba bean plant showed the increased advantage of varietal mixture and intercropping. The advantages also occurred in residual Nitrogen, Crop Harvest Index, Nitrogen Harvest Index, Nitrogen Balance and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency. Significantly higher Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency was found in mixture of Alexia, Gloria and Wheat. Highest N balance was found in mixture of Alexia and Gloria. Crop Harvest Index was highest in mixture of faba bean varieties with spring wheat but the growth and development of wheat was highly suppressed in the mixture.
The potential application of the study outcomes in practical farming situations was estimated by a questionnaire study with structural and semi structural questions. The questionnaire was sent to advisors working within the organization "Greppa Naringen" (Focus on Nutrients) program to increase farmers" awareness about agricultures" potential impact on climate change. The interest among responding advisors (13 out of 35 who received the questionnaire) on crop diversification was high. The diversity in cropping system including faba bean was perceived important by a majority of the advisors mainly for developing crop rotation that decrease the need to buy animal feed and industrial N. Marketing, harvesting and susceptibility to drought were the main concerns associated with diversification of faba bean crops. Based on the results from the empirical study and questionnaires I can conclude that diversification of cropping systems is a very important strategy from both environmental and agronomic aspects.


In this study, a ceramic membrane with a pore size of 80 nm was incorporated into an anaerobic membrane bioreactor for excellent stability and integrity. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiencies by biodegradation reached 78.6 ± 6.0% with mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of 12.8 ± 1.2 g/L. Even though the total methane generated was 0.3 ± 0.03 L/g CODutilized, around 67.4% of it dissolved in permeate and was lost beyond collection. As a result, dissolved methane was 2.7 times of the theoretical saturating concentration calculated from Henry's law. When transmembrane pressure (TMP) of the ceramic membrane reached 30 kPa after 25.3 d, 95.2% of the total resistance was attributed to the cake layer, which made it the major contributor to membrane fouling. Compared to the mixed liquor, cake layer was rich in colloids and soluble products that could bind the solids to form a dense cake layer. The Methanosarcinaceae family preferred to attach to the ceramic membranes.


Background: HIV incidence in Central Asia is rising rapidly. People who inject drugs (PWIDs) contribute greatest to the epidemic, with more than a quarter of all HIV cases being in the criminal justice system (CJS). This review assembled and aggregated recent data on drug-related health problems and respective healthcare services in the CJS of Central Asia and the Republic of Azerbaijan. Methods: Online databases and published literature (peer-reviewed and gray) were reviewed. Additionally, prison officials in the 6 countries were invited to participate in a survey and prison administrators from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan completed it. Results: The data on conditions and healthcare in Central Asian prisons are inconsistent and lack unbiased details. Reporting is primarily based on "official" disease registries, which markedly underestimate prevalence. Even these limited data, however, indicate that HIV prevalence and drug-related health problems are high, concentrated and, in some countries, rising rapidly in CJS. Only some of the range of HIV prevention interventions recommended by international organizations have been implemented in the region with two of the crucial interventions, needle and syringe exchange programs (NSP) and opioid epublic of Azerbaijan substitution therapy (OST), only available in prisons in Kyrgyzstan, with Tajikistan implementing a pilot NSP and contemplating introduction of prison-based OST. Conclusions: Despite deficiencies in routine health reporting and insufficient HIV sentinel surveillance undertaken in prisons, the data available on the concentration of HIV within at-risk populations in prisons indicate a necessity to broaden the range and increase the scale the scale of HIV prevention and treatment services. © 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.


Many managers fear that the Internet will increase customer price sensitivity and intensify price competition. There is, however, very little conceptual or empirical research on this topic. In this paper, we use the information search literature to develop a conceptual framework and a set of hypotheses, comprising factors characterizing the online medium, customers, and intermediaries, to explain the main and moderating effects of the online medium on customer price sensitivity. We test the hypotheses using two sets of data from the hospitality industry: (1) separate samples (demographically matched) of both online and offline customers and (2) the same sample of customers, who purchased from both the online and the offline media. We examine two important aspects of price sensitivity: the weight a customer attaches to price relative to other attributes (price importance), and customer's proclivity to undertake a search for better prices (price search). Our results from both sets of data indicate that the online medium does not have a main effect on price importance, but it increases price search. However, some aspects of the online medium and the web site can actually dampen price sensitivity. Specifically, web sites can reduce price sensitivity by providing in-depth information (both price and non-price) that is available through a highly interactive interface. Interestingly, the perceived content of the site (in terms of price versus non-price orientation) does not influence price sensitivity. In addition to these main effects, the online medium also moderates the effects of several other factors, helping to dampen price sensitivity. These moderating effects are different for the two aspects of price sensitivity. Compared to the offline medium, the online medium: (1) accentuates the effects of the range of products and prices offered, and product/price bundling by an intermediary in reducing price importance, and (2) accentuates the effects of brand loyalty in decreasing price search and dampens the effects that intermediaries have in increasing price search by facilitating price comparisons. We outline the implications of our results for developing web site design, targeting, distribution and alliance strategies.


ECAP was conducted using route Bc with an angle of 120° between the die channels and a stepwise decrease of temperature from the initial 425 °C to 300 °C at the final, 12th pass. The cumulative equivalent strain the ECAP billets underwent was about 7.8. The structure examination showed that ultrafine-grained structure with the grain size of 0.69 – 1 μm was formed during ECAP process. In addition, particles of the phase Mg12Nd with an average size of 0.45 μm were formed. The refinement of the microstructure resulted in an improvement of the mechanical properties of the alloy. After ECAP, the strength characteristics of the alloy increased to the levels of ultimate tensile strength of 300 and yield strength of 260 MPa to be compared to those for the initial state (220 MPa and150 MPa, respectively). At the same time, the ductility increased to 13.2 %, which compares favourably with the initial value of 10.5 %. The ECAP process does not affect the resistance to electrochemical corrosion. The rate of chemical corrosion was found to be reduced owing to the ECAP processing.


Precursor-accumulating (PAC) vesicles were previously shown to mediate the transport of the precursor of a major storage protein (pro2S albumin) to protein-storage vacuoles in developing pumpkin cotyledons. In this study, we characterized two homologous proteins from PAC vesicles, a 72 kDa protein (PV72) and an 82 kDa protein (PV82). PV72 and PV82 showed an ability to bind to peptides derived from both an internal propeptide and a C-terminal peptide of pro2S albumin. PV72 was predicted to be a type I integral membrane protein with epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like motifs. These results suggest that PV72 and PV82 are potential sorting receptors for 2S albumin to protein-storage vacuoles.


Map shows city boundaries, highways and roads, railroads, oil fields, and structures. Includes legend, key to counties, and population statistics. Scale not given.


DAVID HIGGS, ed., Queer Sites: Gay Urban Histories Since 1600. London: Routledge, 1999, 214 pp., illustrations, bibliography, index, £14.99 paper. PHILIP HUBBARD, Sex and the City: Geographies of Prostitution in the Urban West. Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999, 264 pp., bibliography, index, £40.00 cloth. FRANK MORT and LYNDA NEAD, eds., Sexual Geographies, New Formations Number 37. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1999, 144 pp., illustrations, £14.99 paper.


OBJECTIVES
In academia, harassment may often occur and remain unrevealed in Japan, which discourages young researchers from pursuing their career. It is necessary to estimate and improve the perception of "academic harassment" among university faculties. Therefore, in this study, we aim to develop a scale of perception of academic harassment.

METHODS
Prior to a quantitative survey, a task team consisting of medical doctors, researchers, nurses, hospital workers, and managers in general affairs division identified 36 items related to academic harassment. In February 2016, we sent a self-administered questionnaire to 1,126 academic faculty members who worked in a medical university located in Tokyo, Japan. We instructed them to score the extent to which they consider each item as related to academic harassment based on a Likert scale. We carried out maximum likelihood factor analyses with promax rotation and computed Cronbach's alpha to develop a scale and investigate the reliability of the scale.

RESULTS
In total, 377 returned the questionnaires (response rate, 33.5%; male, 73.8%). In factor analyses, we removed 17 items owing to low factor loadings, and four factors were eventually extracted. The first factor was termed "Harassment in organization (7 items)" because it included conditions of forcing a particular person to work on chores or lectures for students that may prevent one's academic research outputs. The second factor was termed "Violence and denying personal character (4 items)". The third factor was termed "Research misconduct (5 items)" including conditions of excluding a particular person from the coauthor list of research outputs or pressuring a person to fabricate, falsify, or plagiarize research outputs. The fourth factor was termed "Research interference (3 items)" including a condition of interference with conference attendance. Cronbach's alpha values of these four factors ranged from 0.83 to 0.91, suggesting that the scale had high reliability. The means of these factors did not differ according to gender but were higher in participants aged 50 or older than in younger participants.

CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the scale of perception on academic harassment consisting of four factors with 19 items is valid and reliable to some extent.


DAVID N. KATZ, MD REFERENCES Gregg I: The measurement of peak expiratory flow rate and its application in general practice. J Coll Gen Pract 1964 Mar; 7: 199-214 Henderson WR, Shelhamer JH, Reingold DB, et al: Alphaadrenergic hyper-responsiveness in asthma. N Engl J Med 1979 Mar 22; 300(12):642-647 Turner-Warwick M: On observing patterns of airflow obstruction in chronic asthma. Br J Dis Chest 1977 Apr; 71(2):73-86


premature as there have been no studies comparing anti depressant drug treatment with cognitive behavioural psychotherapy, which is the standard treatment of bulimia nervosa. Moreover, all the antidepressant studies have been ofa shorter duration, so the long-term outcome is not known and it is not clear how long patients should be maintained on the antidepressant. This is a well-written critical monograph that draws together recent work in the area of the psychopharma cology ofeating disorders. One omission is that there is no discussion of the role of appetite suppressants in bulimia nervosa, possibly because the research has been conducted in the UK and not North America.


A 2D physical model of the human head was used to investigate how the irregular skull base structure affects brain kinematics during sagittal plane head dynamics. The model consisted of a rigid skull vessel with interchangeable skull base structures. One version of the model used a skull base mimicking the irregular geometry of the human. A second version used a skull base structure approximating the anterior and middle fossae as a flat surface. Silicone gel simulated the brain and was separated from the vessel by a paraffin layer which provided a slip condition at the interface between the gel and vessel. The model was exposed to 7600 rad/s2 peak rotational acceleration with 6 ms pulse duration and 5° forced rotation. After 90° free rotation, the model was decelerated during 30 ms. Five repeated tests were conducted with each version. Rigid body displacement, shear strain and principal strains were determined from high-speed video recorded trajectories of grid markers located at different positions in the surrogate brain. The humanlike skull base reduced peak displacements of the inferior surfaces of the temporal and frontal lobes up to 87% and 48%, respectively. Up to 48% and 36% higher peak strains were obtained in the frontal and superior regions of the surrogate brain in the version containing the humanlike skull base. In contrast, the humanlike skull base decreased peak strain up to 28% in the central region of the surrogate brain. The results indicate that the irregular skull base offers natural protection of nerves and vessels passing through fissures and foramina in the cranial floor but also that it affects kinematics in different regions throughout the cerebrum. Implications of these results are discussed with respect to brain injury and modeling of head impact.


The goal of this paper concerns the evaluation of the efficiency of novel three-component systems for initiating the photopolymerization process of 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol triacrylate (TMPTA). Combinations of 1,3-bis(phenylamino)squaraine (SQG1) with different types of co-initiators are proposed as effective UV-Vis light photoinitiators. The co-initiators used in the experiments, such as silane (TTMSS), borate salt (B2), carbazole (NVC) and a set of iodonium salts (I1, I2, I77, I81), are active radical sources for initiation of the polymerization of TMPTA. The effect of the composition of the system on the photopolymerization kinetics was analyzed. The optimal photoinitiator concentration that gives high monomer conversions and high values of the rate of polymerization is indicated and presented in this article.


The paper introduces network-on-chip (NoC) design methodology and low cost mechanisms for supporting efficient cache access and cache coherency in future high-performance chip multi processors (CMPs). We address previously proposed CMP architectures based on non uniform cache architecture (NUCA) over NoC, analyze basic memory transactions and translate them into a set of network transactions. We first show how a simple, generic NoC which is equipped with needed module interface functionalities can provide infrastructure for the coherent access of both static and dynamic NUCA. Then we show how several low cost mechanisms incorporated into such a vanilla NoC can facilitate CMP and boost performance of a cache coherent NUCA CMP. The basic mechanism is based on priority support embedded in the NoC, which differentiates between short control signals and long data messages to achieve a major reduction in cache access delay. The low cost priority-based NoC is extremely useful for increasing performance of almost any other CMP transaction. Priority-based NoC along with the discussed NoC interfaces are evaluated in detail using CMP-NoC simulations across several SPLASH-2 benchmarks and static Web content serving benchmarks showing substantial L2 cache access delay reduction and overall program speedup


Of all the myosin filaments in muscle, the most important in terms of human health, and so far the least studied, are those in the human heart. Here we report a 3D single-particle analysis of electron micrograph images of negatively stained myosin filaments isolated from human cardiac muscle in the normal (undiseased) relaxed state. The resulting 28-Å resolution 3D reconstruction shows axial and azimuthal (no radial) myosin head perturbations within the 429-Å axial repeat, with rotations between successive 132 Å-, 148 Å-, and 149 Å-spaced crowns of heads close to 60°, 35°, and 25° (all would be 40° in an unperturbed three-stranded helix). We have defined the myosin head atomic arrangements within the three crown levels and have modeled the organization of myosin subfragment 2 and the possible locations of the 39 Å-spaced domains of titin and the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein-C on the surface of the myosin filament backbone. Best fits were obtained with head conformations on all crowns close to the structure of the two-headed myosin molecule of vertebrate chicken smooth muscle in the dephosphorylated relaxed state. Individual crowns show differences in head-pair tilts and subfragment 2 orientations, which, together with the observed perturbations, result in different intercrown head interactions, including one not reported before. Analysis of the interactions between the myosin heads, the cardiac isoform of myosin-binding protein-C, and titin will aid in understanding of the structural effects of mutations in these proteins known to be associated with human cardiomyopathies.


Antibubbles are unusual fluid objects consisting of a thin spherical air shell surrounding a liquid globule. Here we study and analyze the aging of these inverted bubbles. The lifetime is found to be distributed along an exponential law. Moreover, the breakdown of the air film is observed to be the analogue of dewetting by spinodal decomposition. We interpret the long lifetime of the antibubbles as resulting from the slow drainage of the air until the film reaches a critical thickness. Then, van der Waals forces act, leading to the collapse of the film.


Oxidative DNA damage can generate a variety of cytotoxic DNA lesions such as 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), which is one of the most mutagenic bases formed from oxidation of genomic DNA because 8-oxoG can readily mispair with either cytosine or adenine. If unrepaired, further replication of A·8-oxoG mispairs results in C:G to A:T transversions, a form of genomic instability. We reported previously that repair of A·8-oxoG mispairs was defective and that 8-oxoG levels were elevated in several microsatellite stable human colorectal cancer cell lines lacking MutY mutations (human MutY homolog gene, hmyh, MYH MutY homolog protein). In this report, we provide biochemical evidence that the defective repair of A·8-oxoG may be due, at least in part, to defective phosphorylation of the MutY protein in these cell lines. In MutY-defective cell extracts, but not extracts with functional MutY, A·8-oxoG repair was increased by incubation with protein kinases A and C (PKA and PKC) and caesin kinase II. Treatment of these defective cells, but not cells with functional MutY, with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate also increased the cellular A·8-oxoG repair activity and decreased the elevated 8-oxoG levels. We show that MutY is serine-phosphorylated in vitro by the action of PKC and in the MutY-defective cells by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate but that MutY is already phosphorylated at baseline in proficient cell lines. Finally, using antibody-isolated MutY protein, we show that MutY can be directly phosphorylated by PKC that directly increases the level of MutY catalyzed A·8-oxoG repair.


The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of sagittal plane head-neck posture on initial tooth contacts (muscle contact position) using the T-Scan system of occlusal analysis. Thirty-five subjects from 14 to 72 years old were selected. Computerized T-Scan occlusal printouts were obtained on each subject with the head-neck in 45 degrees dorsiflexion and 30 degrees ventroflexion. To quantify the location of the contacts on the upper arch, the dotted lines appearing on the printout were assigned numerical values. Low numbers represent distal contacts and the higher the number, the more mesial the contact. Wilcoxon's Rank Sum Test was used to analyze the data. Results indicated that below the age of 30 years no significant relationship was demonstrated between head posture and muscle contact position. However, over the age of 30 there was an increasingly significant relationship between sagittal plane head-neck posture and initial occlusal contacts. Based on these findings, the authors recommend that management of occlusally related problems, i.e., temporomandibular disorders include an assessment of the craniovertebral region especially in patients over the age of 30 years.


Purpose To analyze the level of sex hormone in relation to keratoconus (KC). Methods Sixty-two eyes of 62 patients (12 females, 50 males) classified as KC and 120 eyes of 120 patients (21 females, 99 males) with mild to moderate myopia and astigmatism were analyzed. Plasma samples were collected and analyzed using a chemiluminescence immunoassay to determine the concentrations of estriol (E3), estradiol (E2), progesterone (P), and testosterone (T). Corneal morphological parameters, such as the central corneal thickness (CCT), thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), and maximum simulated keratometry (Kmax), were measured using Pentacam and Sirius. Results The mean age was 23.73 ± 5.16 years for patients with KC and 23.68 ± 6.10 years for patients treated with laser vision correction (LVC). Among the patients with KC, 12 were female (19.35%) and 50 were male (80.65%). The majority of patients with KC were between 20 and 30 years old. In female patients, the concentration of T in the KC group was significantly lower than that in the LVC group (0.86 ± 0.33 vs. 1.18 ± 0.58 nmol/L; P = 0.044). There were positive correlations between T, CCT (r = 0.395, P = 0.023) and TCT (r = 0.378, P = 0.030) in female patients. In male patients, E2 was higher in the KC group than the LVC group (143.75 ± 34.82 vs. 124.80 ± 43.56 pmol/L; P = 0.013), while T was significantly lower (11.59 ± 2.85 vs. 13.58 ± 4.77 nmol/L; P = 0.026). A positive correlation was found between E2 and Kmax (r = 0.222, P = 0.007) in male patients. Conclusions Conclusively, our results showed that T level was reduced in both female and male KC plasma, while E2 was increased in male KC plasma. Different levels of sex hormones are correlated with KC, which, may provide the basis of a new technique for screening and diagnosing KC with or without the assistance of current imaging techniques. Moreover, the correlations between sex hormone alterations and KC provide compelling insight into KC etiopathogenesis.


This thesis is concerned with the problem of interference rejection in wireless communication systems. Different solutions are proposed, depending on the type of system under study and the amount of knowledge available about the signal and the propagation environment.
 When different users share the same frequency band and also transmit signals concurrently in time, it is necessary to separate these at the receiver. This can be accomplished by using an antenna array, or assigning different code sequences to the users (DS-CDMA). The mathematical model for the received signal is structurally similar in both cases. An algorithm is proposed which iterates between estimating the vector channel and the transmitted symbols. By exploiting structure inherent in the digitally modulated signals, the method is able to demodulate each user's symbol stream reliably. The performance of the method is evaluated analytically as well as by numerical simulations, and is shown to compare favorably to other alternative methods in terms of performance as well as complexity.
 Further, by relaxing the important assumption of time-and phase synchronization in the DS-CDMA case, the problem becomes one of channel parameter estimation and symbol detection. A method for solving this in a joint fashion is suggested, based on maximum-likelihood principles and a large sample size. It is shown how imperfect knowledge about the transmitted symbols significantly improves the quality of the parameter estimates, which can further be used to reduce the probability of symbol errors.
 The performance in a multipath scenario is largely dependent upon properly combining the different scaled and delayed signal copies in the receiver. A method is proposed that estimates the number of multipath components from a specific user, based on the statistics of a criterion function, and using a simple hypothesis test.
 In cases where the interference is narrow-band in relation to the signal-of-interest, a method employing a filter bank is proposed to accomplish time-and frequency localization of the interference, followed by thresholding. It is shown that the rejection of this interference prior to conventional matched filter reception, significantly improves system performance.


Visual and audio signals often coexist in natural environments, forming audio-visual events (AVEs). Given a video, we aim to localize video segments containing an AVE and identify its category. In order to learn discriminative features for a classifier, it is pivotal to identify the helpful (or positive) audio-visual segment pairs while filtering out the irrelevant ones, regardless whether they are synchronized or not. To this end, we propose a new positive sample propagation (PSP) module to discover and exploit the closely related audio-visual pairs by evaluating the relationship within every possible pair. It can be done by constructing an all-pair similarity map between each audio and visual segment, and only aggregating the features from the pairs with high similarity scores. To encourage the network to extract high correlated features for positive samples, a new audio-visual pair similarity loss is proposed. We also propose a new weighting branch to better exploit the temporal correlations in weakly supervised setting. We perform extensive experiments on the public AVE dataset and achieve new state-of-the-art accuracy in both fully and weakly supervised settings, thus verifying the effectiveness of our method.


Analysis of two adaptive controller parameter adjustment laws for a model reference adaptive controller has been discussed in this paper. The comparison has been done about applying Lyapunov stability rule and using adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) to adjust parameter for model reference adaptive control. Discussion of the nature of system, adaptive controller, basic block diagram and control law has been presented. For intense analysis two case studies have been considered. Simulation of two bench-mark process control applications, level control in coupled tank and concentration control in biochemical reactor (BCR) has been discussed. Comparative results have been plotted and discussed for each proposed algorithm. Considered systems have mutual parameter interaction and nonlinear parameter dynamics. Introduction part discusses literature survey, development of the topic and importance of the work. Initially Lyapunov rule-based technique has been applied for control in both cases. With ANFIS-based algorithm, new values of adjustment parameter have been generated. Results shows that performance of ANFIS-based model reference adaptive control (MRAC) gives improved results in presence of system uncertainties.


The transition from education to employment often presents challenges for the youth in many countries, culminating in rates of youth unemployment that are habitually higher than the unemployment rate for adults. High youth unemployment is likely to have adverse social and economic consequences for an economy, with a large proportion of the young population unable to engage in productive activities.


DEVELOPMENT OF DNA ANALYSIS FOR FORENSIC ANIMAL INVESTIGATIONS Kristen Thoms, M.S. George Mason University, 2012 Research Project Director: Professor Amandeep Gill DNA Analysis has been an important tool for forensic investigations, used to scientifically link an individual to a crime, and provide statistical relevance to the possibility that any other person could have contributed that biological evidence. This analysis has predominantly focused on human biological evidence, but animal-sourced evidence can provide equally compelling information to an investigation. Such analysis could be useful in cases that involve trace transfer of animal hairs (such as from a pet of the perpetrator onto a victim), cases that involve an animal directly (such as a animal cruelty cases), or cases that involve wildlife (such as the trade of endangered animal parts). Studies show that ~50% of US households contain a dog or cat, and that wildlife trade is estimated at $20 billion a year. However, animal DNA evidence has been used in only a small number of courtroom cases. This research seeks to outline the potential, limitations, and necessary development in research and technology to apply DNA analysis to animal evidence.


Introduction: Mothers in the rural community of Ethiopia prefer to give birth at home because most TBAs do not charge anything for deliveries and are willing to make house visits, which allow the mother privacy that many prefer. The shift toward training TBAs in developing countries, specifically those in Sub-Saharan Africa, is an important intervention that health care workers can utilize to increase the health of both mothers and children, so Assessing the role of traditional birth attendance in Feto-maternal care during pregnancy, childbirth, postnatal period and integration with health professionals in West Omo Zone will a great role for bringing out the endogenous experience to the scientific standards. Objective: To explore the role of traditional birth attendance in Feto-maternal care during pregnancy, childbirth, postnatal period, and integration with health professionals in West Omo Zone. Methods: A qualitative study will be employed by using individual in-depth interviews, focus group discussion, and key informant interviews. The individual in-depth interview and focus group discussion will be tape-recorded after verbal consent will be granted and finally translated and transcribed by the data collectors. Thematic analysis will be used to analyze the qualitative data based on emerging themes and sub-themes in line with the study objectives. Result: A total of 34 individuals such as 2 FGD (9 each group),6 in-depth interviews,10 key informants were used. The role of TBAs in remote areas of Ethiopia is very vital to save the life of women and the Childs. TBAs take care of the women during pregnancy labor and delivery as well in the post-partum period but with no formal integration with health facility and training.Conclusion: Locally demotion and punishment of the TBA, lack of formal relationship between TBAs and the health facility resulted in increasing Fetomaternal morbidity and mortality especially in remote areas of the country. Even if the traditional birth attendants always on the side of the women in the previous year currently they forced to stop their activity because of prohibited by the local judge and no motivation and training to improve the performance of TBA to trained traditional birth attendance.


For a general class of infinite data structures including streams, binary trees, and the combination of finite and infinite lists, we investigate the notion of productivity. This generalizes stream productivity. We develop a general technique to prove productivity based on proving context-sensitive termination, by which the power of present termination tools can be exploited. In order to treat cases where the approach does not apply directly, we develop transformations extending the power of the basic approach. We present a tool combining these ingredients that can prove productivity of a wide range of examples fully automatically.


In many cases, Middle East Studies and International Relations (IR) fail to provide an appropriate account of governance and power and the underlying dynamics of global political order. In order to overcome these shortcomings, I will highlight the conceptual compatibility between Foucauldian post-structuralist governmentality studies and world society theorization from the perspective of the Stanford School's sociological neo-institutionalism. On this basis, I will conceptualize governmentality as a globally diffused pattern of political ordering in world society. This global diffusion of governmentality, however, cannot be equated with global homogenization, because decoupling dynamics can lead to significant differences between a global norm and how it is translated into a local context. Hence, governmentality denotes a specific, universalistic configuration of governmental rationalities and technologies but also takes into account localizations of diversity. I will identify biopower, surveillance, and technologies of the self as core dimensions of modern governmentality and analyze their contribution to the establishment of political order in Palestine. In this sense, the examples of modern statistics, good governance, and refugee camp governance not only serve as empirical illustrations for the materialization of modern governmentality in Palestine. They also underline the embeddedness of Palestine into the structural horizon of world society. As a result, political order that comes into existence in Palestine needs to be understood as world-societal order.


The abundance of cold molecular gas plays a crucial role in models of galaxy evolution. While deep spectroscopic surveys of CO emission lines have been a primary tool for measuring this abundance, the difficulty of these observations has motivated alternative approaches to studying molecular gas content. One technique, line intensity mapping, seeks to constrain the average molecular gas properties of large samples of individually undetectable galaxies through the CO brightness power spectrum. Here we present constraints on the cross-power spectrum between CO intensity maps and optical galaxy catalogs. This cross-measurement allows us to check for systematic problems in CO intensity mapping data, and validate the data analysis used for the auto-power spectrum measurement of the CO Power Spectrum Survey. We place a 2σ upper limit on the band-averaged CO-galaxy cross-power of P × < 540 μK h−3 Mpc3. Our measurement favors a nonzero 〈T CO〉 at around 90% confidence and gives an upper limit on the mean molecular gas density at z ∼ 2.6 of 7.7 × 108 M ⊙ Mpc−3. We forecast the expected cross-power spectrum by applying a number of literature prescriptions for the CO luminosity–halo mass relation to a suite of mock light cones. Under the most optimistic forecasts, the cross-spectrum could be detected with only moderate extensions of the data used here, while more conservative models could be detected with a factor of 10 increase in sensitivity. Ongoing CO intensity mapping experiments will target fields allowing for extensive cross-correlation analysis and should reach the sensitivity required to detect the cross-spectrum signal.


UNLABELLED
Soft goat cheese was fortified with four levels of purified fish oil (0, 60, 80, and 100 g fish oil per 3600 g goat milk) prior to curd formation to deliver high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) per serving. The cheese was evaluated for proximate composition, EPA+DHA content, oxidative stability, color, pH, and consumer acceptability. The cheese was partially vacuum packed and stored at 2 °C for four weeks. The fat content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the fortified treatments compared to the control, but was not significantly different among fortified treatments. Likewise, EPA+DHA contents were not significantly different among fortified samples, averaging 127 mg EPA+DHA per 28 g serving. No significant lipid oxidation was detected by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) or hexanal and propanal headspace analyses over the four week refrigerated shelf-life study for any treatments. The fortified cheeses were all liked 'moderately' by consumers (n = 105) for overall acceptability, although the 60 g fortification level did rate significantly higher. The control cheese and the 60 g fortification level had no significant differences in consumer purchase intent. These results demonstrate that fortification levels of up to 127 mg EPA+DHA per serving may be added to soft cheese without negatively affecting shelf-life or consumer purchase intent.

PRACTICAL APPLICATION
Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to have strong associations with health and well-being, and fish oil is a rich source of these fatty acids. In this study, goat cheese was successfully fortified to deliver 127 mg omega-3 fatty acids per 28 g serving without affecting shelf life or consumer purchase intent.