The gibberellic acid (GA)-stimulated Arabidopsis (GASA) gene family is highly specific to plants and plays crucial roles in plant growth and development. CcGASA4 is a member of the GASA gene family in citrus plants; however, the current understanding of its function in citrus is limited. We used CcGASA4-overexpression transgenic citrus (OEGA) and control (CON) plants to study the role of CcGASA4 in Shatian pomelo. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that 3,522 genes, including 1,578 upregulated and 1,944 downregulated genes, were significantly differentially expressed in the CON versus OEGA groups. The Gene Ontology enrichment analysis showed that 178 of the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were associated with flowers. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in 134 pathways, including "plant–pathogen interaction", "MAPK signaling pathway-plant", "phenylpropane biosynthesis", "plant hormone signal transduction", "phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis", and "flavonoid and flavonol biosynthesis". The most significantly-enriched pathway was "plant–pathogen interaction", in which 203 DEGs were enriched (126 DEGs were upregulated and 78 were downregulated). The metabolome analysis showed that 644 metabolites were detected in the OEGA and CON samples, including 294 differentially-accumulated metabolites (DAMs; 83 upregulated versus 211 downregulated in OEGA compared to CON). The metabolic pathway analysis showed that these DAMs were mainly involved in the metabolic pathways of secondary metabolites, such as phenylpropanoids, phenylalanine, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis. Thirteen flavonoids and isoflavones were identified as DAMs in OEGA and CON. We also discovered 25 OEGA-specific accumulated metabolites and found 10 that were associated with disease resistance. CcGASA4 may therefore play a functional role in activating the expression of MAPK signaling transduction pathway and disease resistance genes, inhibiting the expression of auxin- and ethylene-related genes, and activating or inhibiting the expression of brassinosteroid biosynthesis- and abscisic acid-related genes. CcGASA4 may also play a role in regulating the composition and abundance of flavonoids, isoflavones, amino acids, purines, and phenolic compounds. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of action of CcGASA4 in citrus plants.


Most current CAD systems have the tools to allow users to generate models using Boolean combinations of features. While current research has explored several directions for next generation CAD systems with a wider range of applications, there has been little work in providing assistance to the user for generating the models. The present research aims at using 3D object recognition techniques to recognize incomplete CAD models and thereby determine the user's intent to facilitate model development. A system has been developed to recognize complete and incomplete models belonging to a particular category for which the system stores a construction tree that describes the sequence in which features must be added in order to generate a model of the category. The construction tree of a model is analogous to the sequence of operations that would have to be performed to manufacture the part. The input CAD model is checked against the construction tree of the object in question using certain rules to obtain a confidence level representing the similarity of the input model to the object. The rules used by the system are classified as Shape Rules, Dimension Rules, Similarity Rules and Placement and Orientation Rules. The system recognizes models belonging to the category Gear, with sub-categories as Spur Gear (internal & external), Rack Gear and Straight Bevel Gear. Test cases are provided to display the system's competence and capability.


Ganglioside GM3 is a sialylated membrane-based glycosphingolipid that regulates insulin receptor signaling via direct association with the receptor. Expression of GM3 synthase (GM3S) and GM3 is increased in the tissues of patients with diabetes and murine models of diabetes, and obesity-induced insulin resistance is attenuated in GM3S-deficient mice. Therefore, GM3S has been considered a therapeutic target for type II diabetes; however, no GM3S inhibitors have been reported to date. In this study, we established a high-throughput scintillation proximity assay that can detect GM3S activity to screen GM3S inhibitors from our original chemical library. We also established methods for detecting the activity of GM3S and another sialyltransferase, ST3Gal3, through direct measurement of the enzyme products using an automatic rapid solid-phase extraction system directly coupled to a mass spectrometer. Consequently, we successfully identified two different chemotypes of GM3S-selective inhibitors with a mixed mode of inhibition. We believe that these compounds can be further developed into drugs to treat or prevent diabetes as well as contribute to the development of the ganglioside research field.


The Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) has been characterized in such great depth that a number of its key properties are well understood and part of its behavior can even be predicted. It is therefore intriguing that the impact of small epitope modifications on immunogenicity and the elicitation of T-cell repertoires remain often unpredictable and full of surprises. Substitution of the secondary anchor residue at peptide position 3 from a serine to a proline (p3P) significantly increased the stabilization capacity and immunogenicity of the melanoma-associated H-2D (D)-restricted epitope gp100 (EGS). Despite this strong enhancement the conformation of the modified epitope (EGP) was not altered and vaccination with EGP generated T-cell responses that recognized cells expressing EGS with high functional avidity. Based on these promising results, the p3P modification was applied to the highly immunodominant Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus epitope gp33 and the associated escape variants Y4F and Y4A. As for gp100, p3P was found to increase the MHC stabilization capacity and immunogenicity of the modified epitopes V3P, PA and PF, while not altering their structures. Accordingly, T-cell responses were cross-reactive between native and p3P enhanced epitopes and, when used for vaccination of C57BL/6 mice, PF elicited a focused T-cell response against D/Y4F. In parallel, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) measurements revealed that p3P did not only enhance MHC stabilization capacity but also directly increased the affinity of the cognate T-cell receptors (TCRs). To fully characterize the molecular details underlying these two enhancing effects, the thermostability, TCR binding and molecular dynamics (MD) of D/EGP were measured in comparison with D/EGS. Furthermore, the contribution of Y159, a highly conserved tyrosine that is structurally juxtaposed to p3P, was assessed using a set of soluble D-Y159 variants. In conclusion, these measurements clearly demonstrated that specific interactions of p3P with the aromatic ring of Y159 are responsible for the significantly increased MHC stabilization capacity. Surprisingly, the enhanced TCR binding was found to be entirely independent of Y159, suggesting a direct contribution of the buried proline residue to TCR binding. These findings underscore the potential to enhance MHC-I-restricted epitopes at secondary anchor residues, while specifically indicating that proline can directly increase TCR affinity, which could not have been anticipated from our current understanding of the factors shaping TCR recognition. Not entirely different from T-cell elicitation, the induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies against the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) is to date still an elusive goal despite extensive characterization of the respective antibody-epitope interactions. One of the central challenges is that the virus is highly adapted to immune pressure and the most relevant antibody epitopes on the HIV envelope proteins (Env) are the least immunogenic. Therefore, a highly heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategy was designed in which priming of rabbits with HIV-1 env plasmids was followed by a recombinant Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) Env boost. While the SIV Env trimers were inherently favorable because of their higher stability, the approach was specifically chosen to preferentially boost antibody responses against the few sites that are conserved in HIV and SIV Env. The described approach was generally validated and warrants future investigations as it lead to the elicitation of potent neutralizing antibodies even though it remains to be fully established if the highly heterologous nature of the prime boost strategy was solely responsible. In summary, the studies presented in this thesis provide the structural and functional platform for a novel and intriguing MHC-I peptide enhancement. Additionally, heterologous immunizations of rabbits offer a promising addition to existing vaccination strategies against HIV.


In natural and agricultural ecosystems, survival and growth of plants depend substantially on microbes in the endosphere and rhizosphere. Although numerous studies have reported the presence of plant-growth promoting bacteria and fungi in below-ground biomes, it remains a major challenge to understand how sets of microbial species positively or negatively affect plants' performance. By conducting a series of single- and dual-inoculation experiments of 13 endophytic and soil fungi targeting a Brassicaceae plant species, we here evaluated how microbial effects on plants depend on presence/absence of co-occurring microbes. The comparison of single- and dual-inoculation experiments showed that combinations of the fungal isolates with the highest plant-growth promoting effects in single inoculations did not yield highly positive impacts on plant performance traits (e.g., shoot dry weight). In contrast, pairs of fungi including small/moderate contributions to plants in single-inoculation contexts showed the greatest effects on plants among the 78 fungal pairs examined. These results on the offset and synergistic effects of pairs of microbes suggest that inoculation experiments of single microbial species/isolates can result in the overestimation or underestimation of microbial functions in multi-species contexts. Because keeping single-microbe systems in outdoor conditions is impractical, designing sets of microbes that can maximize performance of crop plants is an important step for the use of microbial functions in sustainable agriculture.


Median nerve injuries in adults, repaired with nerve suture, lead to incomplete functional recovery despite improved surgical technique. This results in a reduction in quality of life, poorer working ability and a considerable expense for society. Misrouting of axons at the suture site connects regenerating axons to the wrong distal end organs. When distorted signals are conveyed to the dorsal root ganglia, spinal cord, thalamus and the somatosensory cortex, somatotopic maps at all levels become reorganised in a disorderly fashion. Children often regain full sensory function after median nerve injury and repair despite impaired conduction across the injured segment. There is growing evidence that cortical plasticity is the main mechanism behind the superior recovery seen in young patients, but the exact pattern of reorganisation and its impact on functional recovery are not fully understood. The general aim of this thesis was to investigate various aspects of cortical plasticity, in particular the response to median nerve injury. To this end we used two non-invasive brain imaging techniques, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG). In Paper I we investigated the concept of audio-tactile interaction in a healthy population. We found an increased overlap between cortical activation areas (fMRI) in patients trained with coupled tactile and auditory stimuli indicating modulation of cortical plasticity induced by cross-modal training. In Paper II we studied ageand time-dependent effects on cortical activity patterns in patients with median nerve injury by correlating age at the time of injury and time passed since injury to sensory function, and cortical activation. We found a time-dependent decline in the size of the cortical activation area during stimulation of both the median and the ulnar nerve (fMRI). Furthermore, there was greater ipsilateral activation in the patient group than in a control group from a previous study. However, the results were not conclusive on this point because the stimulation paradigms differed between the two studies (event-related in the present and block paradigm in the previous study). Paper III was performed using MEG in order to further study cortical plasticity in patients with median nerve injury. We found decreased N1 and P1 amplitudes during stimulation of the injured median nerve, and an increase in these amplitudes during ulnar nerve stimulation. Paper IV was designed to reveal any possible differences in lateralisation of cortical activation after median nerve injury and to see if this was influenced by the stimulus paradigm used. By means of a laterality index (LI) the extent of contraand ipsilateral activation was calculated. LI is decreased (more ipsilateral activation) in patients with a median nerve injury compared to controls. This means that median nerve injury causes a shift of activity from the contralateral to the ipsilateral SI. The type of stimulus paradigm (event-related or block) did not affect LI. Our findings add to the evolving knowledge of the cortical plasticity following median nerve injury. LIST OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS I. Lundborg G., Björkman A., Hansson T., Nylander L., Nyman T., Rosén B. Artificial sensibility of the hand based on cortical audiotactile interaction: a study using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Scandinavian journal of plastic and reconstructive surgery and hand surgery. 2005; 39:370-372 II. Fornander L., Nyman T., Hansson T., Ragnehed M., Brismar T. Ageand time-dependent effects on functional outcome and cortical activation pattern in patients with median nerve injury: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2010; 113, 122-128 III. Fornander L, Brismar T, Hansson T, Wikström H. Cortical plasticity in patients with median nerve lesions studied with MEG. Somatosensory and Motor Research. 2016; 20, 1-8 IV. Fornander L., Nyman T, Hansson T, Brismar T, Engström M. Interhemispheric plasticity in patients with median nerve injury. Neuroscience Letters. 2016; 15: 628:59-66


Malocclusion is one of the most common craniofacial problems observed worldwide. Affected individuals suffer not only from aesthetic concerns but also from functional problems, such as with mastication and pronunciation. The prevalence of malocclusion in East Asians is higher than in other races. Reports have shown besides environmental factors, there is association between certain types of malocclusion with specific genes. Positive association of mandibular prognathism has been implicated to genes such as Matrilin-1; while mutation in DUSP6 has also been shown to contribute to the incidence of malocclusion. This review aimed to briefly discuss the involvement of other additional genes such as MYO1H and PAX9 in the incidence of malocclusion as observed from our local


The magnetically driven motion of planar symmetrical and asymmetrical <> tilt grain boundaries in high purity (99,995%) zinc bicrystals was measured in-situ by means of a polarization microscopy probe in the temperature range between 330°C and 415°C and the corresponding migration activation parameters were obtained. The results revealed that grain boundary mobility essentially depends on the misorientation angle and the inclination of the boundary plane. The magnetic annealing of the cold rolled (90%) Zn-1.1%Al sheet specimens resulted in an asymmetry of the two major texture components. This effect is attributed to a magnetic driving force for grain growth. The grain microstructure evolution was also essentially affected by a magnetic field.


Background/Aims: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults. The defining characteristics of GBM are diffuse infiltration of tumor cells into normal brain parenchyma, rapid growth, a high degree of infiltration of microglia and macrophages, and the presence of necrosis. Microglia/macrophages are frequently found in gliomas and they extensively infiltrate GBM tissue, up to 30% of total tumor mass. However, little is known about the effect of necrotic cells (NCs) on microglia infiltration in GBM and the tumor-infiltrating microglia-induced factors in GBMs. Methods: In this study, to address whether necrosis or necrosis-exposed GBM cells affect the degree of microglia/macrophage infiltration, migration and invasion/infiltration assays were performed. Culture supernatants and nuclear extracts of CRT-MG cells treated or untreated with necrotic cells were analyzed using a chemokine array and electrophoretic mobility shift assay, respectively. Results: The presence of NCs promoted the migration/infiltration of microglia, and GBM cell line CRT-MG cells exposed to NCs further enhanced the migration and infiltration of HMO6 microglial cells. Treatment with NCs induced mRNA and protein expression of chemokines such as <unterline>M</unterline>onocyte <unterline>C</unterline>hemoattractant <unterline>P</unterline>rotein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1) and <unterline>M</unterline>acrophage <unterline>I</unterline>nflammatory <unterline>P</unterline>rotein-3α (CCL20/MIP-3α) in CRT-MG cells. In particular, CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL20/MIP-3α were significantly increased in NC-treated CRT-MG cells. NCs induced DNA binding of the transcription factors <unterline>N</unterline>uclear <unterline>F</unterline>actor (NF)-κB and <unterline>A</unterline>ctivator <unterline>P</unterline>rotein 1 (AP-1) to the CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL20/MIP-3α promoters, leading to increased CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL20/MIP-3α mRNA and protein expression in CRT-MG cells. Conclusion: These results provide evidence that NCs induce the expression of CCL2/MCP-1 and CCL20/MIP-3α in glioblastoma cells through activation of NF-κB and AP-1 and facilitate the infiltration of microglia into tumor tissues.


One of the hallmarks of the past decade in biological research has been the explosion of sequence data deposited in publically accessible databases. Such information represents a significant resource but also a formidable challenge for developing biological education. We must provide learners with the expertise with which the information contained in these data repositories can be disseminated and explored to inform key debates on the ethical and practical issues that surround the applications and exploitation of this information.


Climate change has acquired a status of a global issue in the second half of the 20th century, nowadays becoming more and more prominent. The negative effects of climate change as manifested through natural disasters are noticeable the most in forest stands and forest ecosystems. This study covers the period from 2008 to 2017, and the data included was collected from official statistical reports. The data on the following categories was collected: average annual air temperature, average annual precipitation, average annual relative air humidity, the number of disaster events, such as insect activity, plant diseases, wildfires, or climate and geological disasters, causing damage in state forests, and the scope of such damage. The aim of this paper is to analyze the said data and to use the results to determine the influence of observed climatic elements on the incidence of damage, the scope of damage, and the damage per one disaster event in Serbian state forests. This paper is significant because it represents a pioneering attempt to synthesize the influence of temperature, precipitation, and humidity on the incidence and scope of damage in state forests resulting from insect activity, plant diseases, geophysical events, and wildfires in Serbia (excluding the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija). A non-linear dependence of the influence of climate factors on damage incidence and scope has been determined.


Farming in the state of Jalisco is an important income of generation resources and employment in the Western region of MA©xico. Such economic activity provides meat to local people. However, Jalisco livestock farms face serious problems of wastewater and manure treatment generating potential and actual environmental impacts. The main cause of these problems is the lack of economic and financial resources to implement appropriate treatment, mainly in small farms. Therefore, livestock farms in Jalisco have trouble to meet the current environmental normativity. This study aims to present the main environmental problems that are characteristic of Jalisco livestock as a whole within a global context. So the amount of waste effluent generated by livestock that has registered the state authorities and compared with the weighted study from bibliographic data are also shown. The results indicate a lack of data displayed by the local authority. Weighted amounts of manure in the study are used to calculate the amount of greenhouse gas that causes the decomposition of manure. Finally, the prospects of the livestock sector in the future are presented in the responsible management of wastes.


The present paper investigates two different Solarized Combined Cycle layout configurations. In the first scheme, a solarized gas turbine is coupled to a solar tower. Pressurized air at compressor exit is sent to the solar tower receiver before entering the GT combustor. Here temperature is increased up to the nominal turbine inlet value through natural gas combustion. In the second CC layout, solar energy is collected by line focusing parabolic trough collectors and used to produce superheated steam in addition to the one generated in the heat recovery boiler. The goal of the paper is to compare the thermodynamic performance of these CSP technologies when working under realistic operating conditions. Commercial software and in-house computer codes were combined together to predict CSP plant performance both on design and off-design conditions. Plant simulations have shown the beneficial effect of introducing solar energy at high temperature in the Joule-Brayton cycle and the drawback in terms of GT performance penalization due to solarization. Results of yearly simulations on a one hour basis for the two considered plant configurations are presented and discussed. Main thermodynamic parameters such temperatures, pressure levels, air and steam flow rates are reported for two representative days.


Induction is a powerful proof technique adapted to reason on sets with an unbounded number of elements. In a first-order setting, two different methods are distinguished: the conventional induction, based on explicit induction schemas, and the implicit induction, based on reductive procedures. We propose a new cycle-based induction method that keeps their best features, i.e., performs local and non-reductive reasoning, and naturally fits for mutual and lazy induction. The heart of the method is a proof strategy that identifies in the proof script the subset of formulas contributing to validate the application of induction hypotheses. The conventional and implicit induction are particular cases of our method.


The natural history of lumbar disc herniation in conservatively treated patients is not entirely clear. This study was undertaken to clarify the relation between morphologic changes in the herniation and the clinical course. Serial magnetic resonance imaging studies were performed an average of 4.4 times in 30 patients in a 30-month-average period. The Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and straight leg raising (SLR) test were improved, with the average reduction ratio of the herniation 15 and 18% on the sagittal and axial images, respectively. The JOA score and SLR test showed the most improvement within 1 year, with little change noted thereafter. In contrast, the disc herniation continued to reduce not only within 1 year, but also thereafter. Patients with progression of disc degeneration showed more marked regression of herniation than those in whom progression was not observed.


The aim of this essay is trying to understand the ideological changing process over the last decades and the ideological meaning of the relatively new conception lifelong learning as well, and how it comes that the opportunities offered the individual pre-school child and the individual compulsory-school pupil to assimilate the so important learning, differs so dramatically all though the expressed ambition to offer each and every one equal opportunities. What are the ideological structures that are, and have been in function, that carries and have carried the perceptions of the use and value of fostering and education?In a time with the welfare ideology in a hegemonic position, it was seen important that the state took major responsibility for the education of the citizens. In our time, it appears, an economist ideology has taken the hegemonic position, and education is becoming an increasingly economic issue, and equality is decreasing along with, as in general society, the increasing of segregation within the educational system.


The objective of this research is to study the effects of organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction on organizational commitment at the Technical Implementation Unit of Education Office in Tangerang Regency. This research used the quantitative approach with survey method. The samples of this research were 121 employees selected randomly. The data were obtained by distributing questionnaires and analyzed by using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling (SEM) in inferential statistics. The results of the research show that: (1) organizational culture had a direct effect on employee job satisfaction, (2) organizational culture had a direct effect on employee organizational commitment, (3) leadership behavior had a direct effect on employee job satisfaction, (4) leadership behavior had a direct effect on employee organizational commitment, and (5) job satisfaction had a direct effect on employee organizational commitment. Therefore, to improve employee organizational commitment, organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction should be improved.


Mg–Ti alloys with up to 46 wt% Ti in solid solution were produced by physical vapour deposition (PVD) with in situ mechanical working. All the alloys exhibited compositional inhomogeneity, columnar microstructures and typical PVD defects. The thermal stability of the solid solutions decreased with increasing Ti content, with the most stable solid solution breaking up above 566 K. The in situ mechanical working reduced porosity by closing pores and flattened surface asperities. The oxide film on the surface of the Mg–8 wt% Ti alloy was Ti-free. The air formed oxide film on the alloys with a Ti content above 8 wt% was identiffied as a mixture of MgO and TiO2 covered by Mg(OH)2 and hydromagnesite at the outermost surface. Magnesium oxide and titanium oxide were also formed at the columnar boundaries that were not affected by the in situ mechanical working. The oxide chemistry was studied using Auger parameter analysis.


Recent research suggests that Zambian women face an increasing risk of contracting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within marital relationships. Married women's perceived ability to negotiate safer sex or adopt self-efficacy practices is recognized as critical in preventing new infections within marriage. Yet women's self-efficacy practices, such as requesting condom use or refusing sex within marriage, are influenced by individual and context-specific factors. Using the 2007 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey data from 4,306 married women, this article examines the association between married women's perceived ability to negotiate safer sex and a range of attitudinal, knowledge, and sociodemographic variables. Results from complementary log-log regression models reveal that married women who have factual knowledge about HIV transmission and prevention, as well as those who have been tested for their HIV serostatus, were more likely to report they can request that their husbands use a condom. Rural married women were more likely to report they can refuse their husbands sex compared to woman in urban areas. Likewise, married women who agree that a wife is justified in refusing her husband sex if he sleeps with other women were more likely to report they can negotiate safer sex compared to women who disagree. These findings suggest that married women are able to negotiate safer sex if they have correct factual knowledge about HIV transmission and are aware of their rights within marital relations.


In this paper, the piezoelectric-hydraulic pump with a piezostack actuator as a driving source has been designed, fabricated, and evaluated for its application to UAV's brake system. The performance requirements of the piezoelectric-hydraulic pump were decided based on the requirements analysis of the target aircraft brake system. The geometric design of the piezoelectric-hydraulic pump to meet the performance requirements of the pump was conducted, and all components of the pump including the spring sheet type check valves were machined with close tolerance. By constructing a test apparatus for the performance check of the piezoelectric-hydraulic pump, the performance characteristics of the pump, such as the outlet flow rate for load-free condition and the outlet oil pressure for closed loop condition, have been evaluated. It has been found by the performance test result that the developed piezoelectric-hydraulic pump satisfies the design requirements effectively.


Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause a variety of infections including oral-facial infections, genital herpes, herpes keratitis, cutaneous infection and so on. To date, FDA-approved licensed HSV vaccine is not available yet. Hence, the study was conducted to identify and characterize an effective epitope based polyvalent vaccine against both types of Herpes Simplex Virus through targeting six viral proteins. The selected proteins were retrieved from viralzone and assessed to design highly antigenic epitopes by binding analyses of the peptides with MHC class-I and class-II molecules, antigenicity screening, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach. The final vaccine was constructed by the combination of top CTL, HTL and BCL epitopes from each protein along with suitable adjuvant and linkers. Physicochemical and secondary structure analysis, disulfide engineering, molecular dynamic simulation and codon adaptation were further employed to develop a unique multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Docking analysis of the refined vaccine structure with different MHC molecules and human immune TLR-2 receptor demonstrated higher interaction. Complexed structure of the modeled vaccine and TLR-2 showed minimal deformability at molecular level. Moreover, translational potency and microbial expression of the modeled vaccine was analyzed with pET28a(+) vector for E. coli strain strain K12. The study enabled design of a novel chimeric polyvalent vaccine to confer broad range immunity against both HSV serotypes. However, further wet lab based research using model animals are highly recommended to experimentally validate our findings.


This guide is aimed at assisting researchers in making the choice to share your data, prepare for it and select the appropriate repository to do so.


Hypertension has been defined by the levels of BP above which lowering BP will reduce the cardiovascular risk associated with elevated BP. This level has been classically 140/90 mmHg on the basis of actuarial data from the insurance industry. However, we now know that cardiovascular risk rises progressively from levels as low as 115/75 mmHg upward with a doubling of the incidence of both coronary heart disease and stroke for every 20/10-mmHg increment of BP. In uncomplicated hypertension without cardiovascular risk factors or target organ damage, there is little randomized clinical trial evidence that lowering SBP of <160 mmHg reduces cardiovascular risk. The SPRINT trial published recently demonstrated that hypertensive patients at high-risk of cardiovascular disease with SBP >130 mmHg and <180 mmHg, significantly benefited from reduction of SBP to <120 mmHg. In SPRINT, BP was measured as unattended automated office BP (AOBP) after a 5-minute rest period. These data beg the question whether we should change our classical definition of hypertension to ≥130/80 mmHg, at least for high-risk hypertensive individuals. First, we should qualify BP values by the methodology used to measure BP, since unattended AOBP may be up to 15-20 mmHg lower than BP measured manually in the usual clinical practice of a busy general practitioner, which is where most hypertensive subjects will have their BP measured. It could be concluded that the definition of hypertension should remain BPs ≥140/90 mmHg, and that the goal should remain to lower BP in most hypertensive patients to <140/90 mmHg. However, in high-risk hypertensive individuals, including chronic kidney disease patients, elderly individuals and those at a Framingham Risk Score of ≥15%, and perhaps as well diabetic subjects, goal BP should be <130/80 mmHg, when BP measurement is performed manually in usual clinical practice. If BP is measured with guideline-directed unattended AOBP following a 5-minute rest period as in SPRINT, hypertension in high-risk subjects could be defined as BP ≥130/80 mmHg with a threshold for treatment of 130/80 mmHg, and a goal SBP of ≤120 mmHg.


There is a concerning lacuna in communication studies and particularly in specialist subdisciplines including political, government, corporate, and organizational communication, and public relations. Despite Craig's succinct but cogent description of communication as "talking and listening"; theorization of communication as a two-way transactional interaction rather than a one-way transmission of messages; and focus on voice, dialogue, and engagement, listening is implicit or described in sketchy terms in these disciplines. This critical analysis, based on a transdisciplinary literature review and empirical research findings, proposes that organizational listening must be made explicit and explicated in practical theory. This analysis builds on existing theory and empirical studies to examine methods and technologies that can facilitate organizational listening in a digital age to create an effective public sphere and meaningful organization–public engagement. Ethical as well as technological issues are explored, and directions for further research are proposed to inform effective two-way organization–public communication and potentially create transformative communication.


Male guinea pigs (Hartley) were castrated at 510 (450–580) gm body weight and 30 days later were implanted subcutaneously with pellets of 12 different androgens. After 21 days of treatment the temporal muscles showed an increase in aspartic-glutamic and alanine-glutamic transaminase activities in proportion to the increase in the weight of the muscles. The kidney, heart and liver showed no changes in weight or activity of the enzymes as a result of treatment with the androgens.


Proposes a test strategy for FPGAs to be applied within FPGA-based fault-tolerant systems. We propose to make some configurable logic blocks (CLBs) under test and to implement the rest of the CLBs with the normal user data. In the target fault-tolerant systems, there are two phases (the functional phase and the test phase). In the functional phase, the system achieves its normal functionality, while in the test phase, the FPGA is tested. In this phase, the configuration data of the CLBs under test are shifted on-chip in parallel to other CLBs for achieving the test in these CLBs. All the CLBs are tested in a single test phase. The shifting process control, test application and test observation are achieved by the logic managing the fault tolerance (from outside the chip). The system returns to its normal phase after all the CLBs have been scanned by the test. The application of this approach reduces the fault tolerance cost (hardware, software, time, etc). The user is then able to periodically test the chip using only the data inside the chip and without destroying the original configuration data. No particular hardware is required for saving the test data on-board. Additionally, no particular software treatment is required for the test. The testing time is reduced enormously. Unfortunately, as a consequence of implementing two types of data on-chip, a 15% decrease in the chip functionality and a 2.5% delay overhead are noticed in the case of structures similar to a 20/spl times/20 Xilinx FPGA.


Background: Succes rate of tuberculosis treatment decrease become 85%. Positive suspect proportion compare with all cases in Sukoharjo district to 2016 has not decrease significantly . Increasing case caused by treatment adherence where important in succesfull recovery of tuberculosis. According to Minister Health of Indonesia, success rate of recovery was decrease. The factors behind the adherence to treatment are numerous, but many are characterized by behaviors such as health trust behavior. The Behavior of the Health Belief Model consists of perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers. This study is to explain the relationship of Health Belief Model to tuberculosis treatment adherence Methode: Method use in this research was an observational quantitative study with cross sectional approach. 100 respondents as the sample was taken using simple random sampling method, which was taken randomly from patients who were taking tuberculosis treatment at 12 Sukoharjo Primary Health Care in 2017. Data collection was done with face to face interview. Data analysis was done with bivari- ate analysis to explain the relationship between the factors of Health Belief Model to the adherence of tuberculosis treatment. Result : Report Results show from 100 respondents, 57% were categorized as non-adherent in treatment. Based on the four behaviors of the Health Belief Model factor, there was a significant relationship between perceived susceptibility (p = 0.005), perceived severity (p = 0.013), and perceived benefit (p = 0.013) with treatment adherence. While the perceived barrier factor did not correlate significantly (p = 0.446). Conclusion : Conclusion from research is patients who treated tuberculosis in Sukoharjo had low adherence levels (43%). Non-adherence was still associated with susceptibility, severity, and perceived benefits of treatment, whereas from the side of the barrier there is no problem because tuberculosis drug is provided free of charge.


Abstract Various creams are available for superficial second-degree burns (SSDB) of the face. We evaluated provitamin pantothenic acid versus β-glucan for SSDB of the face using the O2C laser Doppler system and digital photo analysis. Out of 20 patients (January to December 2012) with facial burns, 7 with SSDB of both cheeks were included to our study. Burned cheek wounds were treated using pantothenic acid or β-glucan. Digital photos of marked regions were taken daily from predefined distances. Microcirculation was measured at marked regions for 7 days at scheduled time points using the O2C laser Doppler. Data were evaluated using the SPSS program (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). Wounds treated with β-glucan showed faster reepithelialization. O2C laser Doppler measurements showed faster increase in SO2, microvascular perfusion, hemoglobin content, and blood flow. This correlated good with clinical Vancouver Scar Scale results. Although not statistically significant, β-glucan cream therapy of SSDB results in aesthetically superior outcome and faster reepithelialization.


In resin transfer molding (RTM), the formation of air voids within fiber preform depends on the flow rate and surface tension of the resin during mold filling. The resin velocity in regions between fiber tows is mostly controlled by the induced pressure gradient whereas the resin flow within each fiber tow depends more on the capillary pressure. As these two flows compete in their advancement, the size and location of air voids vary from point to point. Capillary number, defined as the ratio of the viscous force to the capillary force, has been found through experiments to be the critical parameter controlling the type of microvoids.
 The present paper proposes a model that can account for the dependence of the size and quantity of air voids on the capillary number. At low capillary numbers, the soaking flow within individual fiber tows dominates mold filling, and hence voids are more likely to form between fiber tows. At high capillary numbers, the situation is reversed so that the inter-fiber-tow flow outruns the intra-fiber-tow flow resulting in voids within fiber tows. At an optimum capillary number, the two flows are comparable, minimizing the possibility of void formation. The proposed model can quantify the effect of capillary number on void formation. The model has been validated through experiments.


OBJECTIVES
Clinical psychology trainees (CPTs) are vulnerable to high stress, which can adversely affect their personal and professional functioning. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a group acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) informed stress management intervention for CPTs.

DESIGN
Outcome measures were work-related stress, distress, life satisfaction, counseling self-efficacy, self-compassion, and therapeutic alliance. A cohort-controlled design, where an experimental group (n = 28) was compared with a waitlist control group (n = 28), was utilized, with a 10-week follow-up.

RESULTS
Group comparisons showed statistically significant intervention effects for the main outcome measures, which were maintained at follow-up. Mediational analyses showed that changes on most outcomes were mediated by ACT mindfulness and acceptance processes.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings support the effectiveness of a group ACT program for CPTs regarding stress reduction and improving therapist qualities.


Primary health care has a unique history in South Africa, where efforts to provide holistic health care to rural communities began in the early 1940s. The racial and social inequalities brought by apartheid caused this progression in medical care to be reversed until South Africa's liberation in 1990. Since then, the nation has attempted to adopt a health care system with its main focus on primary care and prevention. However, given the numerous other economic and political issues the government faces, the establishment of a strong primary care network has proven difficult. In May and June 2013, the author traveled to Cape Town, South Africa and volunteered at a large public primary health care facility. By discussing the current challenges of the South African health care system from personal experiences in the clinic, this paper highlights the central problems that continue today and suggests areas for improvement within primary health care in the post-apartheid nation.


The ninth spectrum of cesium (Cs IX) was recorded on various spectrographs in the 100 A–1200 A region using a triggered spark source. The earlier analysis of Cs IX has been found to be mostly correct. The missing 4f2F levels have been found and the exact energy level values of the 5g2G and 6g2G levels have been determined. The spectrum has been considerably extended. Fifty lines are now classified in the Cs IX spectrum, 26 of them are newly classified lines. All levels of the ns (n = 5–9), np (n = 5–8), 5d, nf (n = 4–5) and ng (n = 5–9) configurations are now known. Eleven levels (J = 1/2, 3/2) of the 4d95s5p configuration and two levels 4d94f5s2P have also been established. Energy level values of 21 levels have been reported for the first time. Hartree-Fock and least-squares-fitting calculations were carried out to interpret the reported spectrum.


Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a fatal demyelinating disease caused by the John Cunningham virus. It causes white matter inflammation in multiple areas of the brain. Although rare, it has been known to occur in patients with immunodeficiency states and those taking chronic immunosuppressive medications for diseases such as multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. In this article, we will discuss about the drug-induced progressive multifocal encephalopathy and its diagnosis and management in patients taking natalizumab and other disease-modifying therapies among patients with multiple sclerosis.


Summary The underground or 'black economy' has been a source of considerable concern to Indian public policy analysts since the mid 1960s. In this article we argue that the black economy played a critical role in the softening of the government budget constraint in the 1980s. It, inter alia , reflects a decline in the fiscal surplus accessible to the state. The origins and disposition of black income are traceable, it is argued, to petty bourgeois groups rather than to direct 'corruption' of the type identified in the rent‐seeking literature.


Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of transperineal MR-guided prostate biopsy using a stereotactical targeting system originally designed for anorectal usage. Materials and Methods: A commercially available DynaTRIM MR targeting system (Invivo corp., Gainesville FL, USA) originally designed only for anorectal application was used on a 70 cm wide-bore, whole-body 3 Tesla MR-system (Ingenia, Philips Healthcare, Best, NL). Transperineal biopsy was performed following mulitparametric MR imaging for targeting of the lesion. Results: The anorectal device allowed for correct localization and successful MR-guided transperineal biopsy of the targeted lesion. Conclusion: MR-guided transperineal biopsy is feasible using a commercially available anorectal stereotactic biopsy device. This may lead to a broader acceptance of this approach for targeted prostate biopsies.


This paper studies the formation and the spread of crisis-driven racial animus during the coronavirus pandemic. Exploiting plausibly exogenous variation in the timing of the first COVID-19 diagnosis across US areas, we find that the first local case leads to an immediate increase in local anti-Asian animus, as measured by Google searches and Twitter posts that include a commonly used derogatory racial epithet. This rise in animus specifically targets Asians and mainly comes from users who use the epithet for the first time. These first-time ch-word users are more likely to have expressed animosity against non-Asian minorities in the past, and their interaction with other anti-Asian individuals predicts the timing of their first ch-word tweets. Moreover, online animosity and offline hate incidents against Asians both increase with the salience of the connection between China and COVID-19; while the increase in racial animus is not associated with the local economic impact of the pandemic. Finally, the pandemic-driven racial animus we documented may persist beyond the duration of the pandemic, as most racist tweets do not explicitly mention the virus.


In summary, if used in the way I recommend, the Copeland lens gives excellent visual results and freedom from irritation. These results are sufficiently good that they need not be compared with the results of cataract surgery without implantation of a pseudophakos. It can be pointed out that these cases were all chosen with the idea of having a successful result. One cannot pick and choose all cataract patients in this way, but one can choose patients for lens implantation in this manner and thereby ensure excellent results.


Use of a revised magnetic-anomaly time scale provides a more accurate chronology of sea-floor spreading events in the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. New stratigraphic data from the Meighen and Remus basins in the eastern Arctic Islands show that sedimentary and tectonic events there can be correlated with relative movements of Greenland between 80 and 36 Ma caused by Labrador Sea-Baffin Bay spreading. Within the eastern Arctic Islands these movements generated the Eurekan orogeny across the diffuse Greenland-Canada plate boundary. Three discrete phases of movement have been recognized: (1) oblique compression, culminating in late Paleocene thrust faulting and fanglomerate progradation; (2) transcurrent movement from late Paleocene to mid Eocene; (3) near-orthogonal compression during the major deformation phase of the orogeny in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. Clastic depositional systems show numerous lateral facies changes reflecting the various movement styles. From the Oligocene to mid Miocene, the Arctic Islands were affected by uplift and erosion. Extensional faulting and renewed clastic sedimentation occurred between 15 Ma and the present, and during this final phase the Arctic Islands area was fragmented into its present physiography of mainly fault-bounded islands. End_of_Article - Last_Page 508------------


According to the author of the review, this work is considered to be one of the most important books on Algeria, North Africa and the MENA region in recent years. It is relevant, as it has been published in 2022 and it uses data from primary and secondary sources that are fresh and interesting in nature. The writer is an Oxford University professor, who has written already several books on the theme. The author goes on to describe the book by first grading its quality concerning sources, materials and methods. Then the book is explored according to its eight chapters, by which the author consistently explores every aspect of the modern Algerian life from history to politics to economy and so on. The first chapter is about the early independence history of Algeria, the second comprises the terms of Bouteflika, the third chapter describes the islamist movements of the 1990s, the fourth chapter considers the politics and economy of the country, the fifth chapter turns to concentrate on the existing political opposition and its forms in Algeria, the sixth chapter examines Algerian politics and society, which is also an improtant factor, the seventh chapter focuses on restive regions (Kabylia, Mzab, Saharan South), while the eighth chapter's aim is to describe the country's position in the international community. The book uses primary sources collected on the scene (2015-2017) and an impressive list of secondary sources listed in the bibliography at the end. Its style is fluent and regardless of some minor debatable issues, his findings are to be considered new in the research area of Algeria, the North African region, and the MENA region. The author finishes his review by confirming that he could only recommend this book to every reader or researcher who is interested in the topic or want to conduct research based on it.


Long overdue, this is the first-ever biography of Thomas Barclay (1728-93), the first American consul to serve the United States abroad and the first representative to successfully negotiate for America in North Africa, then known as Barbary. It is the account of an Ulster-born immigrant earning his fortune as a Philadelphia merchant and then losing it as he gives priority to his adopted country's fight to gain and build its independence. Thomas Barclay's association with Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Adams brings new insights into the personalities of these men and the international issues they and America faced when peace returned - among them the Barbary corsairs. Challenged by the absence of Barclay letter-books and collections of private writings, the authors traveled widely and dug deeply to tap primary source material in the U.S., Great Britain, France, Holland, Spain, Portugal, and Morocco. The Roberts are independent scholars.


Background Depression, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease impose a heavy economic burden on society. Understanding economic impacts of suboptimal use of medication due to nonadherence and non-persistence (non-MAP) for these conditions is important for clinical practice and health policy-making. Objective This systematic literature review aims to assess the impact of non-MAP to antidepressants, bisphosphonates and statins on healthcare resource utilisation and healthcare cost (HRUHC), and to assess how these impacts differ across medication classes. Methods A systematic literature review and an aggregate meta-analysis were performed. Using the search protocol developed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, JSTOR and EconLit were searched for articles that explored the relationship between non-MAP and HRUHC (i.e., use of hospital, visit to healthcare service providers other than hospital, and healthcare cost components including medical cost and pharmacy cost) published from November 2004 to April 2021. Inverse-variance meta-analysis was used to assess the relationship between non-MAP and HRUHC when reported for at least two different populations. Results Screening 1,123 articles left 10, seven and 13 articles on antidepressants, bisphosphonates, and statins, respectively. Of those, 27 were rated of good quality, three fair and none poor using the Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. In general, non-MAP was positively associated with HRUHC for all three medication classes and most prominently for bisphosphonates, although the relationships differed across HRUHC components and medication classes. The meta-analysis found that non-MAP was associated with increased hospital cost (26%, p = 0.02), outpatient cost (10%, p = 0.01), and total medical cost excluding pharmacy cost (12%, p<0.00001) for antidepressants, and increased total healthcare cost (3%, p = 0.07) for bisphosphonates. Conclusions This systematic literature review is the first to compare the impact of non-MAP on HRUHC across medications for three prevalent conditions, depression, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease. Positive relationships between non-MAP and HRUHC highlight inefficiencies within the healthcare system related to non-MAP, suggesting a need to reduce non-MAP in a cost-effective way.


In this paper we study 1/k-geodesics, those closed geodesics that minimize on any subinterval of length L/k, where L is the length of the geodesic. We investigate the existence and behavior of these curves on doubled polygons and show that every doubled regular n-gon admits a 1/2n-geodesic. For the doubled regular p-gons, with p an odd prime, we conjecture that k = 2p is the minimum value for k such that the space admits a 1/k-geodesic.


This study was conducted in several catchments draining the main Fukushima Dai-ichi Power Plant contaminant plume in Fukushima prefecture, Japan. We collected soils and sediment drape deposits (n = 128) and investigated the variation in 137 Cs enrichment during five sampling campaigns, conducted every six months, which typically occurred after intense erosive events such as typhoons and snowmelt. We show that upstream contaminated soils are eroded during summer typhoons (June–October) before being exported during the spring snowmelt (March–April). However, this seasonal cycle of sediment dispersion is further complicated by the occurrence of dam releases that may discharge large amounts of contaminants to the coastal plains during the coming years.


A study of the effects of different instructions on student ratings of instructor-course evaluations was conducted using freshman- level Introductory Psychology and Introductory Sociology courses at a small mid-western state university. Each of the four participating classes was divided into three groups according to the type of directions given. The directions for Group 1 were that the ratings would be used by the chairman of the department in decisions concerning promotion, tenure and salary increments; Group 2 was informed that only the instructor would review the evaluations to improve his/her teaching: and, Group 3 was informed simply that feedback was appreciated. Then, each group was asked to complete an evaluation form that included three subscales with differences only in the directions and the order of the subscales, which were counterbalanced within each group. A 3x4x6 analysis of variance on subscale scores revealed only that participating professors differed in terms of ratings on the Instructor and Outcomes of Instruction subscales, while no difference was obtained for the Course subscale. There was a trend in the results, however, which suggested that different directions may have had an effect depending upon the instructor for several of the items. Still, no clear-cut, overall pattern could be discerned. It was suggested, therefore, that at the present time there is still no conclusive evidence as to the effect of prior directions on the results of student ratings of instruction. Further research in this area was strongly recommended.


DNA promoter methylation of tumor suppressor genes and global DNA hypomethylation are common features of head and neck cancers. Our goal was to identify early DNA methylation changes in oral premalignant lesions (OPL) that may serve as predictive markers of developing oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Using high-throughput DNA methylation profiles of 24 OPLs, we found that the top 86 genes differentially methylated between patients who did or did not develop OSCC were simultaneously hypermethylated, suggesting that a CpG island methylation phenotype may occur early during OSCC development. The vast majority of the 86 genes were nonmethylated in normal tissues and hypermethylated in OSCC versus normal mucosa. We used pyrosequencing in a validation cohort of 44 patients to evaluate the degree of methylation of AGTR1, FOXI2, and PENK promoters CpG sites that were included in the top 86 genes and of LINE1 repetitive element methylation, a surrogate of global DNA methylation. A methylation index was developed by averaging the percent methylation of AGTR1, FOXI2, and PENK promoters; patients with a high methylation index had a worse oral cancer–free survival (P = 0.0030). On the other hand, patients with low levels of LINE1 methylation had a significantly worse oral cancer–free survival (P = 0.0153). In conclusion, AGTR1, FOXI2, and PENK promoter methylation and LINE1 hypomethylation may be associated with an increased risk of OSCC development in patients with OPLs. Cancer Prev Res; 8(11); 1027–35. ©2015 AACR.


Composite Ni+Mo coatings were obtained by electrodeposition of Ni with Mo particles on a steel substrate from the nickel bath in which metallic powder was suspended by stirring. The deposition was conducted under galvanostatic conditions. Deposits were characterized by the presence of Mo microsize particles embedded into the nanocrystalline nickel matrix. The influence of the metal powder amount in the bath, as well as the deposition current density on the chemical composition of the coatings was investigated. The content of incorporated Mo increases with the increase in the amount of metal powder in the bath, and diminishes with the increase in the depo- sition current density. The mechanism of metallic particles embedding is explained on the base of Ni 2+ ions adsorption process. Incorporation of Mo particles into electrolytic nickel matrix causes an increase in the real surface area of deposits. Thermal treatment of deposited coatings leads to chemical reactions in the solid state and in a consequence exerts significant influence on their phase composition and surface morphology. As a result of the interaction between the nickel matrix and incorporated Mo particles Ni 3 Mo interme- tallic phase and Ni-Mo solid solution are arising. The obtained composite coatings were tested as electrode materials for hydrogen evolution in alkaline environment. Electrochemical characterization of the composites was carried out by steady- state polarization method. It was ascertained, that as-deposited Ni+Mo coatings are characterized by enhanced electrochemical activity for this process, which was confirmed by considerable de- crease in the hydrogen evolution overpotential, by a nearly 170-260 mV compared to nickel elec- trode. Thermal treatment decreases the electrochemical activity of the investigated materials, as the values of hydrogen evolution overpotential on heated coatings are much higher.


At the beginning of 2007, Mr. Junichi Nagumo, owner of an antiquarian bookstore in Taskasaki City, Gunma Prefecture, discovered a part of the draft of the first published English-Japanese dictionary entitled "The Pocket Dictionary of English and Japanese Language (sic.)", that was published in 1862, and a part of the proof-ready manuscript of the second edition that was done in 1866.Hitherto the first English-Japanese Dictionary was considered to be based on Picard's Pocket Dictionary of English-Dutch Languages of the second edition published in 1857, but, an examination of the recently found manuscripts makes clear that the translation works started with Picard's Dictionary - First Edition of 1843 and switched to that of the second edition of 1857 during a late stage of translation.For more than 250 years, Japan was closed to any foreign countries except Holland and China. Once the door opened, new ideas and sciences of the western world flooded into Japan. As a result, a modernization process occurred in the Japanese language. Translators needed to cope with these new ideas. The newly-found manuscripts demonstrate how Japanese words had to be laboriously corrected by several editing steps.


Given that many of the predicted effects of climate change are considered imminent and unavoidable, the need to mainstream adaptation as a viable coping measure among private households is becoming a topic of increasing importance. However, little research to date has assessed the factors influencing the motivation to autonomously adapt, nor any successful measures for instigating this behavioural change. This study investigates whether providing locally-focused vs. globally-focused information about the effects of climate change influences the personal perceived risk (PPR) of individual people. Based on a socio-psychological model, Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), it is hypothesized that a higher PPR will lead to a higher motivation to adapt. While this hypothesis has been empirically confirmed by the study, it has been found that providing information on climate change effects that is more personally relevant to the individual and is concerned with his local surroundings does not significantly increase PPR. This may be due to a trade-off between spatial-temporal distance and the comparably low severity of predicted effects in the study region. Interestingly, providing any kind of information, irrespective of having a global or local focus, also did not increase PPR as compared to receiving no information. These results suggest that the sole provision of information about expected climate change impacts, even if tailored to one's individual context, does not significantly increase PPR and consequently the motivation to adapt. Another necessary factor might be increasing the knowledge about concrete coping options to allow people to weigh up their personal options.


GT 1061 is a novel therapeutic agent that is in Phase 1 clinical studies for Alzheimer's disease. GT 1061 is one of a family of novel nitrates that have demonstrated neuroprotective properties and cognition- and memory-enhancing properties in animal models. The prototype of this family, GT 715, has been reported effectively to dissociate the neuromodulatory and the systemic hypotensive effects of nitrates, the latter seriously limiting the therapeutic use of classical nitrates. Further data on the novel nitrates, GT 715 and GT 061, are presented in (a) the malonate-lesion rat model of excitotoxic neurodegeneration, and (b) the reversal of a scopolamine-induced cognition deficit in the Morris water task which tests spatial memory. These data exemplify and reinforce the combined neuroprotective and cognition enhancing properties observed in this family of NO mimetic therapeutic agents. NO mimetics, that mimic the biological activity of NO, will bypass cholinergic receptor activation and are anticipated to provide multiple pathways of treating and circumventing dementia. NO mimetic activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and cGMP formation in the brain represents one element of an effective neuroprotective strategy. Substantial evidence suggests that NO mimetics may display cGMP-dependent and cGMP-independent activity and may operate via multiple biochemical signaling pathways, both to ensure the survival of neurons subjected to stress and also to provide cognition-enabling pathways to circumvent dementia, providing a combined neuroprotective and cognition-enabling approach to anti-neurodegenerative therapy.


Children often learn information in a context that is vastly different to the one in which they are asked to recall or use that information. Despite this, little is known about the effect of context change on children's recall of educational information. Here, 197 5- and 6-year-olds were taught the same interactive lesson in their classroom or on a field trip and were tested after a 1- to 2-day and 6-month delay. The effect of learning context was more pronounced for older children, wherein the field trip yielded more autobiographically rich memories than the classroom, but they learned a similar amount of scientific content in both contexts. Furthermore, especially for older children who learned in their classrooms, their autobiographical memory was predictive of the amount of scientific information they recalled. The opportunity to mentally reinstate the learning context generally facilitated children's recollection of autobiographical information, but older children were more adept at effectively utilizing the mental reinstatement prompt to retrieve scientific information.


Iran's appropriate geographical location (i.e., large brackish water source in the north, Caspian Sea, salt water
 source in the south, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman) and a wide range of brackish, freshwater and marine species
 (i.e., trout, carp, sturgeon, sea bass, sea bream, turbot, mackerel, sardine, tuna, sea cucumber, marine shrimp,
 crayfish) provides Iran to be a great fish producer country. The total fishery production was 947,352 tons in 2014. In
 this year, 575,512 tons (60.74% of total fishery production) of fish production were obtained from the capture
 fisheries and 371,840 tons (39.26% of total fishery production) of production was obtained from the aquaculture
 production. Fisheries in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman are the most important fishery (93% of total fishery) in
 Iran. There has been a fast increase in the aquaculture production in Iran. For example, total aquaculture production
 for 2004 and 2014 was 124,560 and 349,365 tons, respectively. Therefore, the percentage of aquaculture in total
 fish production has been rising every year. The ratio of aquaculture production to total fish production was 26.26% in
 2004, 32.65% in 2008 and 39.26% in 2014. Rainbow trout and carps are the main cultured freshwater fish species.
 In recent years, fisheries production export of Iran has been increased from US$ 85 million in 2004 to US$ 300
 million in 2014. In conclusion, despite Iran's long coastline, fishery has not been developed completely and has the
 potential to be developed more by enhancing aquaculture and fish cage culture.


Splenic infarction might be the symptom onset of an important underlying disease. The possibility of splenic infarction must be inserted into differential diagnosis in all those patients who have pain in the upper left quadrant and/or on the left flank. When faced with a case of splenic infarction in a patient who has flown or climbed to high altitudes, it is appropriate to consider the possibility of an haemoglobinopathy. The diagnosis is far from being obvious for emergency physicians. For these reasons, it is very important to proceed as a multidisciplinary team with appropriate diagnostic examinations. The European Guidelines for non-hepatic applications of contrast enhanced ultrasound suggest the usage of this tool for investigation of suspected ischaemic lesions of the spleen.


Most cases of congenital eversion of the upper eyelids resolve spontaneously within two weeks of birth. We present a case of persistent upper-eyelid eversion that did not even after two months of conservative management. A previously undescribed mechanism, consisting of a vertical elongation of the eyelid in its posterior aspect creating a relative skin deficiency, was probably responsible for this eversion. Skin grafts provided rapid resolution with a good cosmetic result.


The propagation of ultrasonic pulse waves in bovine cancellous bone has been numerically analyzed in two dimensions by using two finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) methods: the commonly used elastic FDTD method and an FDTD method extended with Biot's theory for a porous elastic solid saturated with viscous fluid. Both FDTD results were compared with the results of previous experiments by Hosokawa and Otani [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 101, 558-562 (1997)], in which the Biot's fast and slow longitudinal waves were clearly identified. It was difficult to analyze both the fast and slow waves with the elastic FDTD method because of the inadequate 2D model of cancellous bone. On the other hand, in Biot's FDTD results that consider the pore fluid motion relative to the solid frame, both waves could be clearly observed. The experimental and simulated values of the speeds of these waves were in good agreement. Using the modified Biot's FDTD equations containing the possible attenuations for the fast wave other than the viscous loss due to the pore fluid motion, the amplitude ratio of the slow wave to the fast wave largely increased with the porosity, which also agrees with the experimental results.


Projection Pursuit (PP) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) method is herein introduced and appliedto the field of meteorology for the first time. Some problems relevant to meteorological application are dis-cussed in detail and comparisons with EOF method are made with the emphasis on robustness.


Wireless communications is the fastest growing sector of the communications industry and as such, it has captured the attention of the media and the imagination of the public. Cellular phones have experienced exponential growth over the last two decades, and this growth has continued unabated worldwide, with more than a billion worldwide cell phone users projected in the nearest future. Indeed, cellular phones have become a critical business tool and part of everyday life in most developed countries, and are rapidly replacing antiquated wireline systems in many developing countries. In addition, wireless local area networks are currently poised to supplement or replace wired networks in many businesses and campuses. Many new applications, including wireless sensor networks, automated highways and factories, smart homes and appliances, and remote telemedicine, are emerging from research ideas to real systems. The explosive growth of wireless systems coupled with the proliferation of laptop and palmtop computers indicate a bright future for wireless networks, both as stand-alone systems and as part of the larger networking set-up. However, many technical challenges remain to be resolved, in designing robust wireless networks that can deliver the performance necessary to buoy emerging applications and make the wireless vision a reality. Key words : wireless communications, technical challenges,wireless networks, packet radio network, cellular telephone.


U.S. Research UniversitiesAt an intense meeting last week at the National Academies in Washington, D.C., a blue-ribbon panel asked by Congress to recommend how the country's research universities can bolster the nation's well-being spent a day and a half in public discussion with several dozen leaders in higher education, followed by a day of private deliberations aimed at producing a final report next summer. Overshadowing the discussions was growing concern that federal investment in academic research may shrink as the government struggles to reduce the federal deficit, even as states are cutting support to their flagship public research institutions in an attempt to balance their recession-battered budgets. The higher education community, which planted the seed for the congressional request, hopes the new report will address what it sees as glaring flaws in the system that governs the $32 billion a year that the federal government now spends on academic research.


AIM
The aim was to report the experience an ophthalmologist gained in a structured intraocular lens (IOL) microsurgery training program for the information and benefit of colleagues in ophthalmology training institutions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
An ophthalmologist was trained in extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)-IOL implant in Aravind Eye Hospital (AEH), Madurai, for a period of 8 weeks. Details of patients operated on, procedures observed, and conferences attended were prospectively recorded in a log book.

RESULTS
Training was available in conventional ECCE with posterior chamber IOL (ECCE-PCIOL), small incision sutureless cataract surgery, and phacoemulsification. During the period, this trainee observed a total of 1527 cataract extractions, administered 528 retrobulbar and 1047 facial blocks, and also operated on 75 patients. The trainee gained experience and confidence to perform high-quality, low-cost cataract surgery.

CONCLUSION
Hands-on experience and competence in quality ECCE-IOL implant microsurgery can be acquired in a short period of time in a high-volume cataract center. Trainees can also be exposed to other techniques of cataract surgery. Ophthalmology training centers with diminishing surgical training opportunities can also benefit from this structured training in a high-volume cataract center like Aravind Eye Hospital.


Previous documentation has proposed tectonic activity from the Neogene to Holocene as one important control on drainage development in the Amazonian lowland. However, recording tectonic structures in this region has been challenging due to environmental difficulties, including the low topography and dense vegetation cover that do not favor natural exposures. For this reason, the role of tectonics in determining river dynamics, morphology, and sediment deposition in Amazonia has been suggested with caution. Despite limitations, morphostructural lineaments have provided useful information to support fault reactivation in several areas of the Amazonian lowland. However, further documentation is required to map the faults and describe their geometry. This approach is essential to better understand the geotectonic model of this region. In this work, analyses of high-resolution optical imagery of three Amazonian shallow water lakes provided exceptional views of an abundance of linear features on the beds of these lakes. Although based on indirect evidence from remote sensing data, the quality of the images allowed the geometry of these underwater features to be characterized in detail. The most striking are sets of NE–SW lineaments that frequently intercept NW–SE trending lineaments with offsets of up to 500 m in the horizontal plane. These characteristics support dextral faults with strike–slip rates in the study areas. The faults display trends compatible with the geotectonic model proposed for the Brazilian Amazonia region. They also control the morphology of lakes and rivers, as indicated by the parallelism and/or continuity into straight lineaments that define lake margins and river courses, including the courses of large rivers, such as the Solimões and Amazonas Rivers. Available radiocarbon ages of deposits from the lake bed sediments and from related floodplain deposits are consistent with the proposal of faulting during the latest Holocene, even only a few hundred years ago.


The Miocene Kestanbol granitoid, in Ezine-Canakkale, Turkey, is one of post-collision granitoids of western Anatolia, which have been related to the the late Cretaceous collision between the Anatolide-Tauride platform and the Pontides. Magmatism began during the early Miocene, with coeval alkaline to calc-alkaline plutonism and volcanism, controlled by the regional tectonic evolution. The Kestanbol pluton intruded regionally metamorphosed basement rocks. Volcanic and volcano-clastic sedimentary rocks overlie the pluton, which is bounded in the west and east by major faults. The pluton is frequently cut by felsic and mafic dykes and includes mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs) that are mixing products of coeval felsic and mafic magmas. The Kestanbol granitoid is quartz monzonitic but the MMEs include monzonite, monzodiorite, and quartz monzodiorite. There are some special mixing textures such as antirapakivi, blade-shaped biotite, acicular apatite, spongy-cellular plagioclase and spike-zoned plagioclase in MME-host rock pairs. MME and host rock pairs display mineralogical similarities and they indicate some interactions and parallel evolution with each other. However, they have distinct major and trace element behaviour. The mineralogical and petrographical properties of the felsic and mafic dykes resemble the felsic host rocks and MMEs respectively. The results of the mineral chemistry showed that plagioclases are albite-labradorite (An8-50), amphiboles are magnesio-hornblende and biotites are Mg-biotites in MME-host rock pairs. The amphibole compositions of the Kestanbol granitoid and its MMEs are somewhat similar (Mg/Mg+Fe+2 = 0.55-0.87 and 0.55-0.74). The FeOt/MgO ratio of biotites in these rocks is between 1.01 and 1.55. These rocks are post-collisional, subalkaline, metaluminous and high-K calc-alkaline, I-type in character, and derived from hybrid magma that originated from the mixing of coeval mafic and felsic magmas in different ratios and at different depths.


Introduction: The introduction of information technology was one of the key priorities for policymakers in healthcare organisations over the last two decades, due to the potential benefits of this technology to improve healthcare services and quality. However, about 50% of those projects failed to achieve their intended aims. This was as a result of several factors and included the level of readiness to the new IT projects. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the readiness of Saudi primary health care centres (PHCCs) readiness for the implementation of an electronic health record system (EHRS) from the project team perspective. Methods: Explanatory mixed methods design was used with both qualitative and quantitative methods. Thirty-one members of project team at the ministry of health (MOH) participated in the online-based questionnaire, while 13 participants from the same population took part in the semi-structure interviews. Eight different readiness scales were quantitatively examined. These scales include resources, Knowledge, process, management structure and administrative support, end user, technology and values and goals. Result: Although, very high level of readiness has been recorded at the process, management structure and administrative support levels, readiness was average at the end user, technology and values and goals levels. Moreover, the study findings revealed that primary health care centres readiness for an electronic health record system must be considered in the early stages of implementation (pre-implementation phase), particularly readiness at a technical level, such as preparedness of the infrastructure. A positive significant correlation has been recorded between all readiness scales with centralization of management system and financial resources. Conclusion: Overall, the level of primary health care centres readiness recorded to be high, which indicates that primary health care centres are ready for implementation of the electronic health record system, and in this context, management structure, organizational process, financial recourses and administrative support play significant roles to increase the project success rate.


This analysis shows that there could be net gains to the U.S. wheat industry if all U.S. export wheat were to be cleaned to a dockage level between 0.35 to 0.40 percent. These results are based on survey results of major importers of U.S. wheat, and a model of world wheat trade. Larger benefits to the U.S. wheat industry would be possible from cleaning only wheat destined to countries that demand higher quality U.S. wheat. However, these gains in export revenue from selling cleaner wheat could be offset if other exporters, especially Canada, responded in ways that would maintain their market share.


Color is one of the most prominent features of an image and used in many skin and face detection applications. Color space transformation is widely used by researchers to improve face and skin detection performance. Despite the substantial research efforts in this area, choosing a proper color space in terms of skin and face classification performance which can address issues like illumination variations, various camera characteristics and diversity in skin color tones has remained an open issue. This research proposes a new three-dimensional hybrid color space termed SKN by employing the Genetic Algorithm heuristic and Principal Component Analysis to find the optimal representation of human skin color in over seventeen existing color spaces. Genetic Algorithm heuristic is used to find the optimal color component combination setup in terms of skin detection accuracy while the Principal Component Analysis projects the optimal Genetic Algorithm solution to a less complex dimension. Pixel wise skin detection was used to evaluate the performance of the proposed color space. We have employed four classifiers including Random Forest, Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine and Multilayer Perceptron in order to generate the human skin color predictive model. The proposed color space was compared to some existing color spaces and shows superior results in terms of pixel-wise skin detection accuracy. Experimental results show that by using Random Forest classifier, the proposed SKN color space obtained an average F-score and True Positive Rate of 0.953 and False Positive Rate of 0.0482 which outperformed the existing color spaces in terms of pixel wise skin detection accuracy. The results also indicate that among the classifiers used in this study, Random Forest is the most suitable classifier for pixel wise skin detection applications.


ROBERT EDUARD SUEK. Storage of In Vitro with Minimal Growth Technique and Regeneration After Storage of Purwoceng Culture (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.). Supervised by RITA MEGIA and IRENG DARWATI. Purwoceng is one of the rare medicinal plants of Indonesia which is categorized as endangered plant because of the exploitation without replanting and the damage of natural habitat. Roots extracts of this medicinal plant can be used as diuretics, tonics, and especially as aphrodisiacs. Preliminary research found that purwoceng can be good conserved in vitro with minimal growth technique on DKW medium with 30 grams of sucrose, 1% sorbitol without paklobutrazol (S1P0); and 3% sorbitol and 1 ppm paklobutrazol (S3P1) in the storage period of four months and eight months. However, their regeneration within three months in media DKW + BA 4 ppm + Thidiazuron (TDZ) 0,4 ppm + Glutamin 100 ppm that added with GA3 3 ppm decreased and they maintained their dwarf morphology in the regeneration stage. Effect of sorbitol and paklobutrazol treatment during storage was still brought. This research was conducted by planting of axillary buds purwoceng which was grown on the storage media within six months of storage period. The regeneration was carried out for two months on DKW medium with 30 grams of sucrose, combination of GA3 (0, 1, 3, 5 ppm) and BAP (0, 1, 2, 3 ppm). The good treatment in this storage phase was S1P0. Explants of S1P0 had tend to grow slowly and normally, produced good roots and good condition; whereas explants of S3P1 slow growth rate, dwarf and poor of root. The good combination at regeneration phase from explants of S1P0 was G1B1 (GA3 1 ppm and BAP 1 ppm) and G5B0. The treatment of G1B1 and G5B0 produced fertile and no dwarfts plants which have high growth rate, their culture vitality were normal, and they produce root. Keyword : in vitro, Pimpinella pruatjan Molk., storage, regeneration PENYIMPANAN IN VITRO DENGAN TEKNIK PERTUMBUHAN MINIMAL DAN REGENERASI PASCA PENYIMPANAN KULTUR PURWOCENG (Pimpinella pruatjan Molk.)


Radiomics is a new image processing technology developed in recent years. In this study, CT radiomic features are evaluated to differentiate pulmonary hamartomas (PHs) from pulmonary carcinoid tumors (PCTs). A total of 138 patients (78 PCTs and 60 PHs) were evaluated. The Radcloud platform (Huiying Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China) was used for managing the data, clinical data, and subsequent radiomics analysis. Two hand-crafted radiomics models are prepared in this study: the first model includes the data regarding all of the patients to differentiate between the groups; the second model includes 78 PCTs and 38 PHs without signs of fat tissue. The separation of the training and validation datasets was performed randomly using an (8:2) ratio and 620 random seeds. The results revealed that the MLP method (RF) was best for PH (AUC = 0.999) and PCT (AUC = 0.999) for the first model (AUC = 0.836), and PC (AUC = 0.836) in the test set for the second model. Radiomics tumor features derived from CT images are useful to differentiate the carcinoid tumors from hamartomas with high accuracy. Radiomics features may be used to differentiate PHs from PCTs with high levels of accuracy, even without the presence of fat on the CT. Advances in knowledge: CT-based radiomic holds great promise for a more accurate preoperative diagnosis of solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs).


Poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) is known to exhibit a thermally-induced solution-to-gel transition in water, which may be exploited for biomedical applications. This "thermoreversible gelator" has great potential for application in topical administration to the surfaces of the body such as the skin, eye, and vagina, but this has not yet been evaluated. This study evaluates PNIPAM98–PEG122–PNIPAM98 as a thermoreversible gelator for vaginal administration, for the first time evaluating the effect of polymer concentration on gelation, studying rheological parameters relevant to topicals, measuring dissolution rates, stability and the phenomenon of mucoadhesion. Two drugs relevant to vaginal administration, progesterone and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate are investigated for use in the thermoreversible gelators, studying both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drug solubilisation and release. Throughout the study, comparison is made with poloxamer 407, the most commonly studied thermoreversible gelator. PNIPAM98–PEG122–PNIPAM98 exhibits several advantages for topical administration, having low viscosity at room temperature to allow easy application, then exhibiting a gelation just below body temperature to form a viscous gel which is resistant to dissolution and relatively mucoadhesive. Drug release is highly dependent on temperature, with elevation to body temperature resulting in a dramatic retardation of progesterone release, which may be used in future medicines to provide sustained delivery of hydrophobic xenobiotics.


Fruit of two canistel selections SES#9680 and SES#9681 described in this paper as 'Oro' and Trompo', respectively, were evaluated at the Tropical Research and Edu cation Center. Sixteen to 27 fruit were harvested from grafted trees on 8 Feb. 2001 and allowed to slowly ripen at room tem perature (24-29°C). Fruit of 'Oro' and Trompo' were conicalshaped and had a deep yellow flesh and peel color. After they were harvested, Oro' fruit took 5 to 6 days and Trompo' took 4 to 18 days to ripen. The mean fruit weight for 'Oro' was 385.2g at harvest and 350.3 g at ripening, an average of 9% moisture loss. Mean fruit length was 107.2 mm, diameter was 93.6 mm, and peel weight was of 58 g, with 75.6% edible flesh, and total soluble solids content was 23.8°Brix. Oro' had an average of 2.1 seeds per fruit. In contrast, Trompo' had a mean fruit weight of 292.0 g at harvest and 255.6 g at ripening; an average of 12.6% moisture loss. Mean fruit length was 99.7 mm, diameter was 82.7 mm, and peel weight was 36.6 g, with 74.5% edible flesh, and soluble solids content of 25.3°Brix. Trompo' had an average of 2.5 seeds per fruit. The ripened flesh of both selections was slightly moist, very sweet, and had good flavor.


We propose a method of dynamically adjusting redundancy parameter, which can be applied in "Network Coding Meets TCP". It can help solve the packet losses in the TCP layer and be part of the new protocol in the future Internet. In our scheme, we mainly introduce "time-cache" and "time-classification management algorithm" to the network coding layer of the sender. By analyzing the time difference between the acknowledgements given by the sink, we can give the right value of redundancy parameter using time-classification management algorithm, for choosing a right value of redundancy parameter is very important to mask losses from TCP. Finally, we give the theoretical analyses of the algorithm and get the optimal solution of redundancy parameter. As a result, network coding can perfectly meet TCP in the lossy links.


An MP3 audio play system is designed and created under a radio frequency (RF) signal coverage environment for exhibition narration. The proposed system contains wall sets to be installed to pronounce address code by RF interrogation, and user sets to be hand-carried to activate the audio contents on MP3 by RF receiver. Both wall set and user set are controlled using microprocessors. The proposed system is termed as e-narrator system for application in different exhibition environments. Based on the proposed system configuration, program content can easily be edited, selected and download to MP3. The wall set pronounces each exhibition works on sequential number as address code; while the user set receives this address code and can correctly search for audio narration record on MP3 memory very quickly. Control program is designed to play MP3 from any previous location, instead of the beginning, by a block shift control. The e-narrator system is a very simple organization system with easy installation for implementations. Many humanization functions can also be built into the proposed system and tested with different scenarios.


Endovascular therapy is a well-established treatment modality for a variety of cerebrovascular central nervous system disorders. The past few decades have witnessed dramatic improvements in the field of neuroendovascular surgery. These techniques are now used in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, vascular malformations, carotid stenoses, intracranial vascular stenoses and acute ischemic stroke. In many cases, these techniques provide minimally invasive alternatives to traditional surgery. In addition, neuroendovascular approaches provide treatment options for conditions previously thought to be untreatable. Ongoing device developments and refinements continue to revolutionize the field. These refinements, along with a better understanding of the disease processes, will allow minimally invasive neuroendovascular techniques to be used for a wide spectrum of neurological diseases.


Abstract Analysis of reproductive parameters of birds breeding on golf courses can provide valuable insight into the biological effects of the golf-course environment on wildlife. For 6 seasons (1999–2004) we monitored initiation of breeding, inter-nest intervals, clutch size, brood size, and chick condition of eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) in North Carolina with ∼150 nestboxes in available nongolf habitat (hayfields, old fields, pastures) and up to 250 on golf courses. Bluebirds nesting on golf courses initiated their first nests an average of 1 day later and laid slightly smaller clutches (4.4 vs. 4.5) than pairs nesting in nongolf habitat. The mean time interval between spring and summer nests was 3.5 days longer for bluebirds on golf courses. Brood size did not differ significantly between golf and nongolf habitat. Nestlings (the shortest-winged chick in each brood) on golf courses were in slightly but significantly poorer condition than those in nongolf habitat. Using 2 independent measures of condition-quality (residuals from a linear regression of mass on wing3, tail symmetry), we found that adults of both sexes breeding on golf courses were similar to those nesting in non-golf habitat. While these adult data do not rule out the possibility that the poorer performance of bluebirds on golf courses was due to settlement of golf courses by inferior birds, they do suggest that a more direct effect is at least as plausible. Similarly, although we cannot rule out direct effects of chemical contamination or human disturbance, the lower abundance of arthropods on golf courses provides a likely mechanism for the slightly poorer performance of bluebirds breeding there.


Since the recent epidemic of influenza, lethargic encephalitis has appeared in this country and abroad in what is considered an epidemic form. Sporadic cases are frequently seen. Much experimental work on the cause of this disease has been done, but up to the present time, practically nothing has been established. It is significant, I believe, that the pathologic changes are chiefly about and within the small blood vessels and capillaries. Congestion and engorgement occur first, and cloudy swelling of the nerve cells appears only secondarily; later, cytolysis may occur. It is evident that the virus, whatever it be, enters the brain by way of the blood stream. This is not in harmony with the usual conception of intracranial infections, excluding the granulomas. While encephalitis is thought to be an acute, infectious, epidemic disease, certain facts argue strongly against this: First, the unusually long prodromal stage. While an acute onset is


Transformative learning, which was put forward in 1978 from Mezirow, emerged as a theoretical requirement in adult education and Mezirow intended to build an integration in the field theoretically. Transformative learning is not the only source to avail of and has great beneficiary features. Transformative learning is learning of individuals to question one selves about their assumptions, beliefs, feelings, and perspectives on purpose. It is expected that an individual having a transformative process to transform their beliefs, assumptions and experiences into new expressive perspectives. Having experience is not enough to have an effect upon transformation. The valuable one is not the experience itself but the critical reflection made upon experiences. The purpose of transformative learning is liberalization of an individual and freethinking. Transformative learning which one avail to have an autonomous mentality to discuss, instead of accepting others' opinions unconditionally, is the essence of adult education. In this perspective, it is presumed to be effective in the development of education system in the field and applications.


This paper deals with the influence of social media on the creation of news in Croatian national television news programmes. It examines how posts published in social media influence news on public and commercial televisions, primarily concerning the creation of relevant political messages in national television central news programmes (HTV, RTL, Nova TV). At the same time, the paper attempts to determine which social media news are used the most, and which televisions lead in conveying the same. The research was based on several assumptions, presented through three hypotheses. The first is that commercial televisions use social media as a source of information to a greater extent than the public television. The second is that most posts from the social media that are presented in public and commercial television news refer to political messages. The third is that journalists usually do not check the authenticity of posts and messages in social media by consulting additional sources. Taking into consideration uniqueness of television as a visual medium, this paper was trying to test in which manner presenting posts from social media impacts the changes within television as a medium. By using two empirical research methods (quantitative method based on surveys and content analysis) and by comprising a representative sample (of both the respondents and characteristic content segments). The results obtained basically refuted both the first and the third hypotheses, while the second one was supported in full. The results – along with the confirmation of the importance of social media as a source of information – displayed the structure of using the shared information, especially the information with political content, crucial to forming public opinion. At the same time, they also showed the direction of change of the television medium in the media convergence environment.