At present, many companies have many problems such as high financial costs, low financial management capabilities, and redundant frameworks; at the same time, the SASAC requires that the enterprise's financial strategy transfer from "profit-driven" to "value-driven", finance separate from accounting to improve the operational efficiency of the company. Under this background, more and more enterprise respond to the call of the SASAC; in order to achieve the goals of corporate financial cost savings and financial management efficiency improved, we began to provide services through financial sharing. The research of information fusion theory involves many basic theories, which can be roughly divided into two large categories from the algorithmic point of view: probabilistic statistical method and artificial intelligence method. The main task of artificial intelligence is to realize the computer for some learning, thinking process, and wisdom formation of simulation, and an important goal of information integration is the human brain comprehensive processing ability simulation, so artificial intelligence method will have broad application prospects in the field of information fusion; the common methods have D-S evidence reasoning, fuzzy theory, neural network, genetic algorithm, rough set, and other information fusion methods. The purpose of this paper is to proceed from the internal financial situation of the enterprise, analyze data security issues in the operation of financial shared services, and find a breakthrough in solving problems. But, with constantly expanding of enterprise group financial sharing service scale, the urgent problem to be solved is how to ensure the financial sharing services provided by enterprises in the cloud computing environment. This paper combines financial sharing service theory and information security theory and provides reference for building financial sharing information security for similar enterprises. For some enterprise that have not established a financial shared service center yet, they can learn from the establishment of the financial sharing information security system in this paper and provide a reference for enterprise to avoid the same types of risks and problems. For enterprise that has established and has begun to practice a financial shared information security system, appropriate risk aversion measures combined with actual situation of the enterprise with four dimensions related to information security system optimization was formulated and described in this paper. In summary, in the background of cloud computing, financial sharing services have highly simplified operational applications, and data storage capabilities and computational analysis capabilities have been improved greatly. Not only can it improve the quality of accounting information but also provide technical support for the financial sharing service center of the enterprise group, perform financial functions better, and enhance decision support and strategic driving force, with dual practical significance and theoretical significance.


A model has recently been developed that relates test coverage and defect coverage. It has been shown that this model can be used to estimate the residual defect density. Defect finding capability of sets of tests with different coverage values has recently been studied by Frankl and Iakounenko. They have defined measure test effectiveness , and have evaluated it for programs containing a single fault. Here we explore the applicability of Malaiya et al's model to the test data reported by Frankl and Iakounenko.


This work presents a pilot study to illustrate the potential of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging in breast cancer research. Using this technique, we have acquired infrared (IR) microspectroscopic images from healthy and cancerous breast tissue section from one patient. First of all, a Student t-test was applied, showing DNA/RNA spectral region (1400–1000 cm−1) as the most discriminant for the differentiation between healthy and tumor samples. Afterwards, a supervised pattern recognition method, Partial Least Squares (PLS) was used to develop an automated classifier to discriminate the two classes of data. Infrared spectra of independent IR measurements were used to test the classifier. The class identity was correlated with information obtained by histopathologic gold standard. The results showed that more than 95% of the training and validation spectra were correctly identified. We demonstrate that combination between IR microspectroscopic imaging and multivariate data analysis can be used as a complement to present diagnostic tools for breast cancer.


The long white-dwarf spin periods in the magnetic cataclysmic variables EX Hya and V1025 Cen imply that if the systems possess accretion discs then they cannot be in equilibrium. It has been suggested that instead they are discless accretors in which the spin-up torques resulting from accretion are balanced by the ejection of part of the accretion flow back towards the secondary. We present phase-resolved spectroscopy of V1025 Cen aimed at deducing the nature of the accretion flow, and compare this with simulations of a discless accretor. We find that both the conventional disc-fed model and the discless-accretor model have strengths and weaknesses, and that further work is needed before we can decide which applies to V1025 Cen.


Abstract : Numerical models have proven integral to the study of climate dynamics. Sea ice models are critical to the improvement of general circulation models used to study the global climate. The object of this study is to evaluate a high resolution ice-ocean coupled model by comparing it to derived measurements from SMMR and SSM/I satellite observations. Utilized for this study was the NASA Goddard Space Flight (GSFC) Sea Ice Concentration Data Set from the National Snow and Ice Data Center. Using animations of side-by-side presentations, variability comparisons and anomaly values the of similarities and differences between the model and the satellite were noted. The model shows a true representation of the seasonal cycle of ice concentration variation, with natural growth, advection, decay. Model performance is weakest in the East Siberian and Laptev Seas where excessive ice is developed. A 30 day lag in the freezing and melting of ice in Hudson Bay was noted in the model. The use of monthly mean Levitus temperatures adversely affects model performance evidenced by a tendency to grow and retain excess ice in the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean.


A methodology is described for the quantitative determination of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in live cells using the rise time of acceptor fluorescence as determined with fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). An advantage of this method is that only those molecules that are involved in the energy-transfer process are monitored. This contrasts with current methods that measure either steady-state fluorescence of donor and acceptor molecules or time-resolved fluorescence of donor molecules, and thereby probe a mixture of donor molecules that are involved in FRET and those that are fluorescent but not involved in FRET. The absence of FRET can, for instance, be due to unwanted acceptor bleaching or incomplete maturing of visible proteins that should act as acceptor molecules. In addition, parameters describing the rise of acceptor fluorescence and the decay of donor fluorescence can be determined via simultaneous global analysis of multiple FLIM images, thereby increasing the reliability of the analysis. In the present study, plant protoplasts transfected with fusions of visible fluorescent proteins are used to illustrate the new data analysis method. It is demonstrated that the distances estimated with the present method are substantially smaller than those estimated from the average donor lifetimes, due to a fraction of non-transferring donor molecules. Software to reproduce the presented results is provided in an open-source and freely available package called "TIMP" for "The R project for Statistical Computing".


Based on the variational prineiple of incomplete generalized potential energy with large deflection, the vertical nonlinear vibrational differential equation of self-anchored suspension bridge is presented by taking the effect of coupling of flexural and axial action into consideration. The linear vertical equation is obtained by omitting the nonlinear term, and the pseudo excitation method(PEM). Taking the self-anchored concrete suspension bridge over Lanqi Songhua river for an example, the expected peak responses of main beam, towers and cables are calculated. And the seismic spatial effects on vertical seismic response of self-anchored suspension bridges are discussed.


Introduction EDs are often the first line of contact with individuals infected with COVID-19 and play a key role in triage. However, there is currently little specific guidance for deciding when patients with COVID-19 require hospitalisation and when they may be safely observed as an outpatient. Methods In this retrospective study, we characterised all patients with COVID-19 discharged home from EDs in our US multisite healthcare system from March 2020 to August 2020, focusing on individuals who returned within 2 weeks and required hospital admission. We restricted analyses to first-encounter data that do not depend on laboratory or imaging diagnostics in order to inform point-of-care assessments in resource-limited environments. Vitals and comorbidities were extracted from the electronic health record. We performed ordinal logistic regression analyses to identify predictors of inpatient admission, intensive care and intubation. Results Of n=923 patients who were COVID-19 positive discharged from the ED, n=107 (11.6%) returned within 2 weeks and were admitted. In a multivariable-adjusted model including n=788 patients with complete risk factor information, history of hypertension increased odds of hospitalisation and severe illness by 1.92-fold (95% CI 1.07 to 3.41), diabetes by 2.20-fold (1.18 to 4.02), chronic lung disease by 2.21-fold (1.22 to 3.92) and fever by 2.89-fold (1.71 to 4.82). Having at least two of these risk factors increased the odds of future hospitalisation by 6.68-fold (3.54 to 12.70). Patients with hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease or fever had significantly longer hospital stays (median 5.92 days, 3.08–10.95 vs 3.21, 1.10–5.75, p<0.01) with numerically higher but not significantly different rates of intensive care unit admission (27.02% vs 14.30%, p=0.27) and intubation (12.16% vs 7.14%, p=0.71). Discussion Patients infected with COVID-19 may appear clinically safe for home convalescence. However, those with hypertension, diabetes, chronic lung disease and fever may in fact be only 'pseudo-safe' and are most at risk for subsequent hospitalisation with more severe illness and longer hospital stays.


We address knowledge-free Bag-of-Tasks non-preemptive scheduling problem on heterogeneous grids, where scheduling decisions are free from information of resources and application characteristics. We consider a scheduling with task replications to overcome possible random bad resource allocation and ensure good performance. We analyze energy consumption of job allocation strategies based on variations of the replication threshold. In order to provide QoS and minimize energy consumption, we perform a joint analysis of two metrics. A case study is given and corresponding results indicate that proposed strategies reduce energy consumption without significant degradation in performance.


Graph cuts is a popular algorithm for finding the MAP assignment of many large-scale graphical models that are common in computer vision. While graph cuts is powerful, it does not provide information about the marginal probabilities associated with the solution it finds. To assess uncertainty, we are forced to fall back on less efficient and inexact inference algorithms such as loopy belief propagation, or use less principled surrogate representations of uncertainty such as the min-marginal approach of Kohli & Torr [8]. In this work, we give new justification for using min-marginals to compute the uncertainty in conditional random fields, framing the min-marginal outputs as exact marginals under a specially-chosen generative probabilistic model. We leverage this view to learn properly calibrated marginal probabilities as the result of straightforward maximization of the training likelihood, showing that the necessary subgradients can be computed efficiently using dynamic graph cut operations. We also show how this approach can be extended to compute multi-label marginal distributions, where again dynamic graph cuts enable efficient marginal inference and maximum likelihood learning. We demonstrate empirically that - after proper training - uncertainties based on min-marginals provide better-calibrated probabilities than baselines and that these distributions can be exploited in a decision-theoretic way for improved segmentation in low-level vision.


Four strains of Rickettsia prowazekii, isolated from flying squirrels (Glaucomys volans volans) from Florida and Virginia, were compared with other strains of the typhus biotype, two previously established strains each of R. prowazekii and R. typhi and one strain of R. canada, for similarities in a number of unrelated phenotypic characteristics. R. akari served as a spotted fever biotype control. All strains produced small plaques on chicken embryo cell monolayers that were clearly recognized only after 10 days of incubation at 32°C. All strains were highly susceptible to erythromycin. The Renografin density gradient centrifugation procedure of separating rickettsiae from the infected yolk sacs of surviving chicken embryos was equally satisfactory in all cases and resulted in moderate to large yields of purified rickettsiae. There was relatively small variation in specific hemolytic activity or specific CO2 formation from glutamate. None of the strains catabolized glucose. There was some strain variation in virulence for the chicken embryo, but none of the above tests separated the three species of the typhus biotype. On the other hand, R. akari was clearly distinguished by its more rapid plaque formation and by higher resistance to erythromycin. It is concluded that by the tests conducted thus far, the biological properties of the flying squirrel strains do not differ substantially from those of other strains of the typhus biotype.


BACKGROUND
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS) is a variety of clinical variants of autoinflammatory diseases. The pathology is based on a mutation in the NLRP3 gene encoding the cryopyrin protein, which leads to the uncontrolled production of interleukin-1β. Particular attention should be paid to the rarity of this disease and the lack of clinical knowledge about it in therapeutic and rheumatological practice, which leads to an erroneous diagnosis and the appointment of ineffective treatment for a long time, leading to the progression of the disease and disability of the patient.

CASE PRESENTATION
This article describes a clinical case of this disease. The first manifestations of the disease in a woman appeared from the age of 2 years, in the form of a rash and fever. Since school age, there have been signs of arthritis. By the age of 24, sensorineural hearing loss and pain in the spine were evident. The disease occurred under the clinical manifestations of spondyloarthritis. Its treatment with anti-inflammatory therapy did not give a stable result.

CONCLUSION
From the analysis, we can conclude that patient M. from early childhood suffers from a severe Neonatal-onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease of a genetic nature. For a long time, the patient was diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis, and appropriate treatment was carried out without significant success. The correct diagnosis of CAPS was made only in 2018. This patient has conditions of both CAPS and AS together, which is a very rare association in rheumatological practice. The only treatment method that could stop the manifestations of the disease and prevent life-threatening kidney damage (amyloidosis) is the use of genetically engineered biological drugs, i.e., IL-1β inhibitors. The only drug of this group registered in Russia is canakinumab (Ilaris ®). From the moment of diagnosis to the present day, the patient is treated with the genetically engineered drug canakinumab (Ilaris ®) at a dose of 150 mg once every 8 weeks. 6 months after taking the drug, the patient went into complete clinical and laboratory remission.


A field experiment of split-plot design was conducted in 1999 and 2000 on light soil to study the effect of different levels of mineral nitrogen fertilization: 0, 25 and 50 kg N/ha on dry maer yield, N uptake and N efficiency indices of spring triticale and field beans grown in pure stands and in intercrop. The intercrop was composed using half of the seeding densities from pure stands. Intercropping increased protein content in grain and plant biomass of triticale irrespective of N input. Increasing N rate from 0 to 25 kg/ha increased plant biomass yield of triticale and intercrop. Nitrogen uptake with grain and biomass of intercrop was significantly higher than by sole crops showing partial complementarity in N use by intercropped species despite strong dominance of triticale over field beans. The higher the N fertilizer rate, the lower was the gain from intercropping mainly due to increased suppression of field beans by triticale. Agronomic efficiency was similar for triticale and intercrop but it was significantly smaller for field beans indicating there were other limited resources hampering growth of the legume.


Abstract Analysability of finite U-rank types are explored both in general and in the theory ${\rm{DC}}{{\rm{F}}_0}$. The well-known fact that the equation $\delta \left( {{\rm{log}}\,\delta x} \right) = 0$ is analysable in but not almost internal to the constants is generalized to show that $\underbrace {{\rm{log}}\,\delta \cdots {\rm{log}}\,\delta }_nx = 0$ is not analysable in the constants in $\left( {n - 1} \right)$-steps. The notion of a canonical analysis is introduced–-namely an analysis that is of minimal length and interalgebraic with every other analysis of that length. Not every analysable type admits a canonical analysis. Using properties of reductions and coreductions in theories with the canonical base property, it is constructed, for any sequence of positive integers $\left( {{n_1}, \ldots ,{n_\ell }} \right)$, a type in ${\rm{DC}}{{\rm{F}}_0}$ that admits a canonical analysis with the property that the ith step has U-rank ${n_i}$.


The quality of steel sheets is strongly affected by the surface defects that can be generated during hot rolling and are often related to scales removal operation. These defects are related to rather complex high temperature oxidation processes. In order to reduce an occurrence of the defects, it is necessary to understand better the formation of iron oxides during high temperature oxidation, the structure of the interfaces with the substrate and between different oxide phases. However, due to the lack of good experimental research tools details of iron oxide microstructures were not investigated. Conventional methods, such as backscattered electron images or fractography can only provide general characteristics of microstructures like grain morphology and grain size. In this paper the microstructure, phase distribution and texture in oxide formed during high temperature oxidation of iron and low carbon steels are investigated. The oxide microstructures are characterized by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) on the cross-sectional area of the oxide layers. It is demonstrated that OIM using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) techniques, can be used to distinguish grains having different phase composition and orientation and can become invaluable tool for visualizing the oxide microstructure, texture and also can be used to study oxide defects. The three different iron oxides phases can be distinguished and the characteristics of oxides with different oxidation histories compared The characteristics of high temperature oxidation microstructure of iron are presented with description of iron oxide defects and cracking as well as the illustration of the interfacial microstructure between the layered iron oxides.


The empirical linear correlations of Rydberg term values [S. P. McGlynn, S. Chattopadhyay, P. Hochmann, and H.-t. Wang**, are discussed in a first-order perturbation-theoretic format. In the second-order, quadratic dependencies are expected. The theoretical development assumes that the gross features of interatomic and intermolecular Rydberg term value variations can be discerned using a one-electron model; that a molecule XS, X being the Rydberg chromophore and S the substituent, can be partitioned so that the affairs of the optical electron are dominated by its interactions with the chromophoric segment; and that the charge distributions, whether of X or S, can be expanded in ways which permit evaluation of the effects of small variations in either X or S on Rydberg term values. The development is restricted to Class 1 molecules: Molecules which possess a common S and variable X, but where all X must be of similar electronic structure e.g., X = F, Cl, Br, I). A variety of correlative algorithms is discussed, and the intergroup transferability of parameters is elaborated in terms of the properties of "average chromophores"


In planning under partial observability with sensing actions (PPOS) problems, the solution progresses from one sensing action to another, until sufficient information is gathered and the goal can be reached. In between sensing actions, one can use classical planning to derive the path to the next sensing action. We suggest an online algorithm that repeatedly selects the next sensing action to execute, and plans to achieve it in a classical setting. Our algorithm avoids the difficulty in representing and updating a belief space. Our heuristic uses landmarks, and we explain how landmarks can be computed over a relaxation of the PPOS problem. We compare our Heuristic Contingent Planner (HCP) to state-of-the-art, translation-based online contingent planners, and show how it solves many problems much faster than previous approaches.


An e-vendor's website inseparably embodies an interaction with the vendor and an interaction with the IT website interface. Accordingly, research has shown two sets of unrelated usage antecedents by customers: (1) customer trust in the e-vendor and (2) customer assessments of the IT itself, specifically the perceived usefulness and perceived ease-of-use of the website as depicted in the technology acceptance model (TAM). Research suggests, however, that the degree and impact of trust, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use change with experience. Using existing, validated scales, this study describes a free-simulation experiment that compares the degree and relative importance of customer trust in an e-vendor vis-a-vis TAM constructs of the website, between potential (i.e., new) customers and repeat (i.e., experienced) ones. The study found that repeat customers trusted the e-vendor more, perceived the website to be more useful and easier to use, and were more inclined to purchase from it. The data also show that while repeat customers' purchase intentions were influenced by both their trust in the e-vendor and their perception that the website was useful, potential customers were not influenced by perceived usefulness, but only by their trust in the e-vendor. Implications of this apparent trust-barrier and guidelines for practice are discussed.


The University of Colorado has established a Department of Astro-Geophysics, the first of its kind, to be devoted to teaching and basic research on the influence of astronomical bodies on earth physics, with emphasis on solar physics and solar-terrestrial relations. The department is headed by the writer, who is also director of the University's High Altitude Observatory. Courses leading to the Ph.D. degree are being taught by members of the senior research staff of the Observatory and by visiting scientists at the University, the Observatory, and the National Bureau of Standards. The new department is a natural development from the research facilities in the field of cosmic-terrestrial relations now located in Colorado. Students will be able to take full advantage of the coronagraphs, spectrographs, and flare equipment of the High Altitude Observatory, both in Boulder and at the observing site in Climax. They will also have access to research facilities in the physics department of the University in upper air research, and to the ionospheric research facilities at the Boulder Laboratories of the National Bureau of Standards. In addition, the U.S. World Data Center for three relevant disciplines studied under the I GY program (solar activity, airglow, and ionosphere), will be located in Boulder, thereby making many new important records easily available to students and to the research staff of the new department.


Methods measuring cell-mediated cytotoxicity can be divided in two based on whether radioactive material is used or not. NK cellmediated cytotoxicity is routinely measured with a short-term assay by utilizing radioactive chromium (51Cr) marking the target cells. This method has several advantages. It is highly sensitive, easy to execute, has low spontaneous release, and utilizes a marker that is nontoxic to the cells. The drawbacks of the method include the short half-life of the label, and the necessity for handling and disposal of radioactive supplies. Many attempts have been made to adapt this cytotoxicity assay to abolish radioactivity while maintaining its high sensitivity. Consequently, various nonradioactive methods have been developed. One of these methods utilizing the release of enzymes (LDH) as a result of cytolysis or membrane dyes (PKH-26) is usually less sensitive than radioactive assays. MTT-based colorimetric/ enzymatic assays are highly sensitive and easy to use but unfortunately work well only with adherent tumor cell targets. Fluorescent dyes such as carboxy-fluorescein diacetate can easily accumulate in the cytoplasm of effector or target cells. After cytotoxicity, the release of these dyes into the supernatant or their retention in target cells is calculated. However, spontaneous release of these dyes can be quite high, causing false results resulting in decreased sensitivity and restricting their use in short-term assays. More recently, flow cytometric methods using fluorescent monoclonal antibodies such as anti-CD56 for effector and anti-CD33 for target cells have been defined.


Netilmicin, a new semisynthetic aminoglycoside derived by ethylation of the 1-N position of the deoxystreptamine ring of sisomicin, was tested in vitro with 4,070 strains of gram-negative bacilli isolated at the UCLA Medical Center during 1975 to 1976, using the agar dilution technique and an inoculum of approximately 104 organisms. Results were compared with those simultaneously obtained for amikacin, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Using Mueller-Hinton medium, inhibitory concentrations in broth correlated with those obtained by the agar dilution method except for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where a 2- to 16-fold difference in susceptibility was noted. For most clinically significant Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa, the activity of netilmicin in vitro was comparable or superior to that of gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin with respect to potency by weight and achievable blood levels. Against gentamicin-resistant strains (MIC > 16 μg/ml), the activity of netilmicin paralleled that of amikacin with the exception of Providencia stuartii, which was inhibited by amikacin but not by netilmicin.


Qualified software engineers are often in charge of system architecture design, system software design and many hardware-related issues, especially for embedded systems. Nowadays, embedded systems are equipped with fully-functional operating systems, multi-media applications, communication protocols, and so on. Since the portion of software is getting larger and larger than hardware, it is natural that software engineers are more promising in management of system-level design and integration. To supply qualified software engineers, the School of Computer Science and Engineering in Seoul National University offers a series of hardware design courses on embedded systems. They consist of FPGA design, board-level hardware design, microprocessor-based embedded system and system software design. Actual prototype implementations are mandatory in each course. The track ends up with a two-semester design project. The course track produces 20 to 30 CS-background students with intensive experience of hardware design and implementation every year. This paper introduces the outline of the course track and results.


We introduce WRP-Lite, which is a table-driven routing protocol that uses non-optimal routes, and compare its performance with the performance of the dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol, which is an on-demand routing protocol for wireless ad-hoc networks. We evaluate the performance of WRP-Lite and DSR for varying degree of mobility and traffic in a 20-node network. The performance parameters are end-to-end delay, control overhead, percentage of packets delivered, and hop distribution. We show that WRP-Lite has much better delay and hop performance while having comparable overhead to DSR.


This paper is a result of survey of contemporary accounting research topics and proposes critical issues in accounting research. This study summarizes the extant accounting research into four major areas and is among the few to recapitulate most important current accounting research topics with a synthetic framework as well as some critiques on missed pieces of the current research. As research indicated, academia closely serves the purpose of accounting practices, which prominently shows in accounting research. ABSTRACT


We investigate the role of a repulsive s-wave interaction in the two-body problem in the presence of spin orbit couplings, motivated by current interests in exploring exotic superfluid phases in spin-orbit coupled Fermi gases. For weak spin orbit coupling where the density of states is not significantly altered, we analytically show that the high-energy states become more important in determining the binding energy when the interaction strength decreases. Consequently, tuning the interaction gives rise to a rich ground state behavior, including a zigzag of the ground state momentum or inducing transitions among the meta-stable states. By exactly solving the two-body problem for a spin-orbit coupled Fermi mixture, we demonstrate that our analysis can also apply to the case when the density of states is significantly modified by the spin-orbit coupling. Our findings pave the way for understanding and controlling the paring of fermions in the presence of spin orbit couplings.


Dixon Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting (Dixon-MRF) is being increasingly used to measure multiple quantitative parameters with effective fat suppression across body tissues. Dixon-MRF processing is typically performed in two steps: water-fat separation and dictionary matching. The present work introduces a versatile formulation for chemical species separation in Dixon-MRF (CSS-MRF) which allows to process a multi-echo fingerprint in a single step obtaining a water fingerprint, a fat fingerprint, a B0 value and a R2* value as outputs. CSS-MRF allows an easy and flexible definition of the parameters to be estimated and enables the option of a varying fat spectrum across the MRF-dimension.


We propose an ARJI-Trend model—a combination of the ARJI and component models—to capture the distinguishing features of US index returns, with the results indicating that our model has a good fit for the volatility dynamics of spot, floor- traded and E-mini index futures in US markets. Although certain analogous characteristics are discernible amongst the three indices (such as the responses by the transitory components to innovations, the high persistence in the trends, and the relative importance of jump variance), the reaction to news is found to be heterogeneous amongst the S&P 500 indices. Furthermore, the out-of-sample forecasting performances of both the ARJI-Trend model and the GARCH model are found to have general equivalence for the S&P 500 indices. Our analyses further show that the mini-sized index market is the most efficient with regard to the transmission of information in both the short and long run. This suggests that, following the introduction of E-mini futures, these instruments have come to play a dominant role in price discovery. Overall, our empirical results are very encouraging, insofar as the proposed ARJI-Trend model is found to be a useful tool for helping practitioners to gain a better understanding of the differential attributes between spot, general and mini-sized products in US stock markets.


Antiproliferative, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities were determined for 14 extracts obtained with a mixture of chloroform-methanol (1:1) from the mycelial cultures of 14 wild strains of the genus Ganoderma collected in the central-south part of Veracruz Province, Mexico. Identification of the strains collected was confirmed based on rDNA internal transcribed spacer phylogenetic analysis. The strains G. tuberculosum (GVL-04 and GVL-21), G. tornatum (GVL-05), and G. weberianum (GVL-17 and GVL-26) manifested activity in at least one of the six cancer cell lines tested (HBL-100 and T-47D [breast], HeLa [cervix], A-549 and SW1573 [lung], and WiDr [colon]), with a minimum concentration necessary to cause 50% growth inhibition of cancer cells (GI50) < 50 μg/mL-1. The strains G. tuberculosum (GVL-21) and G. martinicense (GVL-35) had the best antioxidant activity, with values of 62.5 ± 3.9 and 40 ± 2.0 μM Trolox equivalents/mg according to the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrihydrazyl assay. In addition, nine extracts demonstrated antibacterial activity against Clavibacter michiganensis in a concentration range of 31.5 to 1000 μg/mL. Although these results were expected due to the bioactive potential of Ganoderma species, the antibacterial activity against C. michiganensis causing tomato canker is highlighted.


Human and murine cancers can express multiple independent antigens as targets for cytolytic T-cells (CTLs). The immune response against one such tumor was studied at the cellular and molecular level by analyzing the T-cell receptor ßchains of CTLs responding in vivo to a murine UV light-induced cancer. A 5-13-fold enhancement of V/313' CTLs above background (naive spleen. 4-5% Vßl3' among CDS' T-cells) was dem onstrated in the responses of ten individual animals to this tumor. The dominance of Vßl3usage was exclusively limited to the CDS' compart ment and correlated wUh recognition of the A but not the B and C antigens on the tumor. In addition, the amino acid sequences of the putative third complementarity determining regions of the T-cell receptor ßchains of CTLs isolated in m« were remarkably similar to each other suggesting restriction also at the donai level. Cells responding to four other syngeneic UV-induced tumors, each expressing different unique antigens, or to a variant of the same tumor that had selectively lost the A but retained the independent B and C antigens, induced a 2-fold or less enhancement of Vßl3' CDS ' cells above background. Thus, the host responds to only one of the several possible target antigens and with relatively few CTL clonotypes. INTRODUCTION TCR1 aßis a plasma membrane-bound heterodimeric glycoprotein structurally similar to the Fab fragment of immunoglobulins in having variable (V) and constant (C) domains (Ref. 1; for review see Ref. 2). As with immunoglobulin genes, functional TCR V-region genes are created by rearrangement of distinct variable (V), [diversity (D)|, and joining (J) gene segments with additional diversity generated by vari able splicing of the gene segments as well as the random addition of nucleotides between these segments. The V-(D)-J junctional site, termed the CDR3. is thought to play a major role in determining fine specificity for antigens (3-7). Dominant usage of a V-segment gene occurs in CD4 ' and CDS ' T-cell responses to numerous antigens including tumor antigens (3-5, 8-14). Previous experiments have identified common Va use by tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes from different human uveal melanomas (12). The melanoma samples from which lymphocytes were isolated for this analysis were from an unselected patient population presumably with differing class I mole cules. It has been suggested that a given TCR Va region can bind to nonpolymorphic regions of the MHC and therefore can associate with multiple different MHC-antigen complexes that would be formed if a common antigen were presented by different MHC molecules (2. 15). A gene encoding a common melanoma antigen recognized by CTL has recently been discovered (16). However, without functional and Received 9/9/92; accepted 1/4/93. The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. 'This study was supported by NIH Grants ROI-CA-37156. R37-CA-22677. and PO1-CA-I9266 and a gift by the Passis Family. Lederer Foundation Fellow. Partially supported by the Immunology Training Grant 5-T32-GM07281. To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Pathology. The University of Chicago. 5841 S. Maryland Ave.. MC1089. Chicago. IL 60637. ' The abbreviations used are: TCR. T-cell receptor; CDR3. third complementarity determining region; MHC. major histocompatibility complex; CTL, cytolytic T-cell; PEL, peritoneal exÃodate lymphocyte; FITC. fluorescein isothiocyanate; PE. phycoerythrin; cDNA. complementary DNA; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; MAb, monoclonal anti body. sequence analyses, it was not possible to ascertain the role or antigen specificity of the uveal infiltrating lymphocytes bearing the common V-region (12). Alternatively, melanomas may share the expression of a superantigen that binds the Va region (17). Another study (13) found dominant TCR ßchain rearrangements in T-cells derived from human tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes but it is well known that prolonged cell culture may favor the emergence of T-cell populations in vitro that have little functional relevance in vivo. Furthermore, neither function nor specificity of the induced T-cells was tested, nor had the target antigen(s) on the tumors been defined by CTL clones. An extensive study of 268 TCR a and 266 TCR ßchain transcripts of tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes from a s.c. melanoma metastasis (18) re vealed no a/ßrestriction. However, the host's ability to recognize specific melanoma antigens on this particular metastatic focus was not determined. Even when a particular V-region segment is predominantly used in an immune response, the CDR3s can be diverse in amino acid se quence and therefore belong to different T-cell clonotypes (14, 15). As a recent example, using sequence analysis of the CDR3s. it has been shown that the TCRs of CTLs responding to a single foreign nonapeptide can be clonotypically highly diverse, despite a dominant usage of a certain V-region segment (14). In contrast, the TCRs of CTLs responding to an antigenic peptide homologous to self were found to be very restricted in the V-region segment usage as well as in the composition of the CDR3s (10). It was suggested that the natural tolerance to self peptides presented by class I MHC molecules may substantially reduce the size of the TCR repertoire of CTLs that can respond to antigenic peptides homologous to self (10). While antigens on virally induced tumors are encoded by viral genes which may or may not be homologous to self, antigens on tumors induced by physical or chemical carcinogens probably represent antigenic pep tides homologous to self since they are encoded by cellular genes of the host. Therefore, on one hand, we might expect the TCRs of the CTLs responding to such antigens to be restricted; on the other, we might predict the response to be diverse since a single malignant cell may express multiple, independent tumor antigens (19, 20). Using an UV-induced murine tumor expressing multiple antigens, we have analyzed at the molecular level the TCRs of the CTLs responding in vivo. Our experiments are the first to show that the host responds in a remarkably restricted manner to a nonvirally induced tumor; CTLs of relatively few clonotypes recognize only one of several possible target antigens on the tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice. Five-IO-week-old germ-free-derived C3H/HeN/MTV~ mice were purchased from the National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research Fa cility (Bethesda. MD) and were maintained as described previously (19). Tumor Cell Lines. Derivation of the UV-induced and spontaneous tumors in C3H/HeN mice has been described (19, 20). The tumors used are strongly immunogenic in that these tumors when transplanted into young syngeneic mice grow during the first 10 days and then regress. These tumors grow progressively in nude mice and eventually kill by infiltrative growth without macroscopic evidence of distant métastases.All cell lines were cultured in minimal essential medium (410-1100; Gibco Laboratories, Grand Island, NY) supplemented with \()c/c heat-inactivated fetal calf serum.


A tight non-linear relation between the X-ray and the optical-ultraviolet (UV) emission has been observed in active galactic nuclei (AGN) over a wide range of redshift and several orders of magnitude in luminosity, suggesting the existence of an ubiquitous physical mechanism regulating the energy transfer between the accretion disc and the X-ray emitting corona. Recently, our group developed a method to use this relation in observational cosmology, turning quasars into standardizable candles. This work mainly seeks to investigate the potential evolution of this correction at high redshifts. We thus studied the LX − LUV relation for a sample of quasars in the redshift range 4 <  z <  7, adopting the selection criteria proposed in our previous work regarding their spectral properties. The resulting sample consists of 53 type 1 (unobscured) quasars, observed either with Chandra or XMM-Newton, for which we performed a full spectral analysis, determining the rest-frame 2 keV flux density, as well as more general X-ray properties such as the estimate of photon index, and the soft (0.5–2 keV) and hard (2–10 keV) unabsorbed luminosities. We find that the relation shows no evidence for evolution with redshift. The intrinsic dispersion of the LX–LUV for a sample free of systematics/contaminants is of the order of 0.22 dex, which is consistent with previous estimates from our group on quasars at lower redshift.


The 17 cases of sudden deafness in children and juveniles treated in the HNO-Universitäts-Klinik Erlangen between August 1977 and December 1980 are analyzed and correlations of symptoms and possible etiologies are discussed. There is no unique clinical picture. Vascular reasons do not play an important role contrary to adult patients. Unexpectedly viral infections are not of great importance. Young patients who had a sensorineural hearing loss prior to the sudden deafness seem to have a bad prognosis for therapy. Vestibular involvement seems to be of no meaning for a successful therapy in children and juveniles.


Introduction: The Ewing family of sarcomas is the fourth most common highly malignant childhood cancer. Current standard therapy is relatively ineffective for relapsed and metastatic Ewing sarcoma predominantly due to development of resistance to chemotherapeutics. Nanoparticle-formulated drugs are reported to increase uptake into tumor tissue, while reducing drug access to normal tissues, because of reduced permeability of normal vasculature. This potentially leads to lower dose exposure in normal tissues and reduced toxicity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antitumor activity of the PEGylated poly(ADP) ribose polymerase 1/2 (PARP1/2) inhibitor talazoparib combined with the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ) in Ewing sarcoma xenograft models and other pediatric cancers.
 Method:. We evaluated the preclinical efficacy of PEGylated talazoparib (PEG~TLZ), alone or in combination with TMZ, in Ewing sarcoma and glioblastoma patient derived xenograft (PDX) models. Additional solid tumor models, such as rhabdomyosarcoma, Wilms tumor, malignant rhabdoid tumor, osteosarcoma, and synovial sarcoma were evaluated using a novel single mouse testing approach. PEG~TLZ was administered as a single administration intraperitoneally to mice bearing subcutaneous tumors at a single dose of 5 - 20 µmol/kg alone, or at 10 µmol/kg on day 1 combined with TMZ administered orally at 40 mg/kg starting on day 3 or 4 for 5 consecutive days.
 Results: Mice bearing Ewing sarcoma and MGMT-deficient glioblastoma xenografts tolerated PEG~TLZ+TMZ with minimal toxicity and achieved maintained complete response (MCR). The time-separated drug administration schedule of the single dose of PEG~TLZ followed by the 5-day TMZ treatment demonstrated objective responses in Ewing sarcoma, rhabdoid tumor, rhabdomyosarcoma, and glioblastoma PDX models.
 Conclusion: We evaluated the range of PEG~TLZ+TMZ activity among pediatric solid tumor panels using conventional and single-mouse testing approaches, and demonstrated that PEG~TLZ combined with delayed TMZ administration enhances the therapeutic window of the treatment compared to free TLZ. From the clinical standpoint, the single intravenous administration of PEG~TLZ could be advantageous for treating infants and young children.
 Citation Format: Vanessa Del Pozo, Andrew J. Robles, Shaun Fontaine, Qianqian Liu, Joel E. Michalek, Peter J. Houghton, Raushan Kurmasheva. PEGylated talazoparib enhances therapeutic window of its combination with temozolomide in Ewing sarcoma [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1086.


Temperature plays a significant role in the vector competence, extrinsic incubation period, and intensity of infection of arboviruses within mosquito vectors. Most laboratory infection studies use static incubation temperatures that may not accurately reflect daily temperature ranges (DTR) to which mosquitoes are exposed. This could potentially compromise the application of results to real world scenarios. We evaluated the effect of fluctuating DTR versus static temperature treatments on the infection, dissemination, and transmission rates and viral titers of Culex tarsalis and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes for West Nile virus. Two DTR regimens were tested including an 11 and 15 °C range, both fluctuating around an average temperature of 28 °C. Overall, no significant differences were found between DTR and static treatments for infection, dissemination, or transmission rates for either species. However, significant treatment differences were identified for both Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus viral titers. These effects were species-specific and most prominent later in the infection. These results indicate that future studies on WNV infections in Culex mosquitoes should consider employing realistic DTRs to reflect interactions most accurately between the virus, vector, and environment.


We examined whether superovulation can be used to improve the efficiency of donor embryo collection in embryonic stem cell injection chimera experiments. Superovulation of prepuberal C57BL/6 mice was compared with spontaneous ovulation of mature mice with respect to production and survival of blastocysts. Our results indicate that, compared with spontaneous ovulation, superovulation results in an increased number of blastocysts per female with no difference in viability when transferred to outbred Swiss Webster foster mothers. The advantage of using superovulated females, in terms of maintaining smaller numbers of both females and stud males, is discussed.


This paper examines the implications of Girl-child to nation building in the 21st century in Nigeria. The paper began by pointing out the wrong notions that many Nigerians have particularly the rural dwellers about women being consider as properties for man and objects for their pleasure and how this notion restrains them from training their girl-children in schools. The paper further examined the concept of girl-child education to be all inclusive, some hindrances to effective girlchild education such as economic factors, sexual violence and abuse, political factors, the school environmental factors and socio-cultural and religious factors were highlighted. Included in the paper also was the implications that effective girl-child education would have on nation building such as povertyreducing effects, improves health and nutrition, reduces inequality, reduces women's fertility rates, lowers infant and mortality rates and increases women's labour force participation rates and earnings. The paper finally recommended among others that government at all levels should give more attention to girl-child education, well to do individuals can contribute to girl-child education by giving them scholarship to study in higher institution, provision of school facilities and equipment that can ease their learning effectively as it contribute to nation building and the need to create more awareness for parents on sexual violence and abuse and this can be through radio and newspaper jingles and advertisement as well as periodical seminars and conferences.


Thermochemical CO2 splitting was carried out over ceria/zirconia solid solutions prepared via a P123-added hydrothermal method in the temperature range of 1100–1400 °C. XRD, Raman and TPR characterization indicated that the introduction of Mg and Ca into ceria/zirconia could produce lattice defects in the fluorite lattice, and then strongly modify the mobility of oxygen as well as the thermal stability of the samples. As compared to Mg-doped samples, faster reaction rates and higher CO2 splitting reactivity were obtained over Ca-doped samples, because of the faster oxygen mobility in Ca–Ce–Zr–O ternary solid solutions. Moreover, the porous structure with small particle size favoured the thermal reduction and the mass diffusion. As a result, fast reaction rates and relatively high fuel productivity were obtained at the moderate thermal reduction temperature (1200 °C).


This study investigates the hypothesis that shifts in women's relative income, which affects their bargaining power in the household, have discernible effects on aggregate saving due to differing saving propensities by gender. An analytical framework for pooled and non-pooled savings households is developed to examine why women and men's saving propensities may differ and how a change in women's wage earnings relative to men's influences household savings. An empirical analysis is conducted using panel data for a set of 20 semi-industrialized economies, covering the period 1975-95. The results indicate that as some measures of women's discretionary income and bargaining power increase, aggregate saving rates rise, implying a significant effect of gender on aggregate savings. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding gender relations at the household level in planning for savings mobilization and in the formulation of financial and investment policies.


Wood heat treatment is an attractive alternative to improve decay resistance of low natural durability wood species. Nowadays, several types of thermal treatments of wood exist. These treatments differ mainly by the nature of the inert atmosphere used to avoid wood combustion which may correspond to: nitrogen, vacuum, steam or oil. Decay resistances as well as mechanical properties are strongly correlated to thermal degradation of wood cells wall components and consequently of treatment conditions from which depend chemical modifications. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of a new generation of treatment performed under vacuum on the chemical modifications occurring during treatment. For this purpose, beech wood has been treated under different inert conditions: vacuum and nitrogen. All treatments were performed at 220 °C for mass losses resulting from wood thermodegradation of approximately 12%. For each treatment condition concerning treated and untreated beech wood, extractives, Klason lignin, hemicelluloses and -celluloses content were determined as well as monosaccharide composition. Results show that extracts content were lower in the case of wood samples treated under vacuum, while lignin, hemicelluloses and a-celluloses contents were higher in the case of samples treated under steam and nitrogen, indicating lower wood degradation under vacuum treatment. Finally, effect of inert atmosphere on wood mechanical properties was evaluated. Results show that even if mechanical properties decreased after thermal treatment MOE, MOR and Brinell hardness were less affected under vacuum treatment comparatively to treatment performed under nitrogen.


Two of the most important parameters to monitor during a primary cementing job are the flow rate in and return flow rate measurements. To achieve optimum job results of a primary cementing job, measuring annular return rates and comparing them with simulated data in real time will provide a better understanding of job signatures and result in the best possible top of cement (TOC) estimation prior to running any cement evaluation log or making a decision to continue drilling the next section of the well.
 The return rate job signature along with the wellhead pressure is essential to understanding the behavior and discrepancies between simulated and acquired surface data. Therefore, to assess the risk of job issues, such as unsuspected washout and lost circulation among others, accurate measurements of the return rate are critical.
 Historically, the cement job evaluation has been limited by the fact that most drilling rigs do not have an accurate flowmeter installed on the annulus return line, and a simple verification of mud tanks volume vs. pumped volume, as reported by drillers or mud loggers, more often than not results in an unreliable assessment of the volume lost downhole, due to the unfamiliarity with the U-tubing effect and lack of data consolidation from the cement unit (flow rate in) and the rig (flow rate in and flow rate out).
 In this paper, we will review a solution developed to mitigate the lack of a direct flow-rate measurement by computing and displaying the return rate using either a paddle meter measurement or the derivative over time of the volume observed in the rig tanks.


Ni-Co bimetallic catalysts supported on commercial γ-Al2O3 modified with La2O3 were prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation for biogas reforming. The catalysts were characterized using temperature-programmed hydrogenation (TPH), temperature-programmed oxygenation (TPO), temperature-programmed surface reaction (TPSR), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and a pulse experiment. During biogas reforming the surface carbon species on Ni-Co/La2O3-γ-Al2O3 originated mainly from the cracking of CH4 and the contribution of CO2 was insignificant. Cracking of CH4 results in three carbon species of Cα, Cβ, and Cγ, which have different reaction activities. During the reaction, the amount of Cα decreased but Cβ and Cγ increased. In addition, Cγ could be changed into inactive graphite carbon. The activation of CH4 and CO2 was mutually promoted in the reforming reaction. It was revealed that the controlling step for biogas reforming over the Ni-Co/La2O3-γ-Al2O3 catalyst could be the reaction of the surface species of O with C to form CO or with CHx to give CHxO followed by the formation of CO and adsorbed H.


This paper reviews the mobile music projects that have been presented at NIME in the past ten years in order to assess whether the changes in technology have affected the activities of mobile music research. An overview of mobile music projects is presented using the categories that describe the main activities: projects that explore the influence of and make use of location; applications that share audio or promote collaborative composition; interaction using wearable devices; the use of mobile phones as performance devices; projects that explore HCI design issues. The relative activity between different of categories of mobile music is assessed in order to identify trends. The classification according to technological, social or geographic showed an overwhelming bias to the technological, followed by social investigations. An alternative classification of survey, product, or artefact reveals an increase in the number of products described with a corresponding decline in the number of surveys and artistic projects. The increase in technical papers appears to be due to an enthusiasm to make use of increased capability of mobile phones, although there are signs that the initial interest has already peaked, and researchers are again interested to explore technologies and artistic expression beyond what can be provided by existing mobile phones.


The 1891 battle of Lugalo in Tanzania is one of the many the Germans faced against the local people in their endeavour to impose colonial rule. The Hehe warriors under chief Mkwawa, mostly equipped with spears and shields, defeated the German forces with superior weaponry. The aftermath was bloody and costly based on the number of causalities sustained by both parties. Until recently, the battlefield has received no attention from archaeologists. This article presents results of the first archaeological survey. The battlefield is full of bullet cartridges linked to the fight. Over a dozen bullet cartridges were recovered. The assemblage provides an opportunity to broaden the understanding of the military engagement, and to clarify, validate, and reconcile the historical and oral accounts. The Mauser rifle, which so often gave military triumphs in Europeans' warfare against Africans, was the main firearm used by the German forces. The interpretation is supported by a large number of fired Mauser cartridges. The paper also provides recommendations and directions for future research.


Islets of Langerhans isolated from rat pancreas were incubated at 37 degrees C(95% O(2)/5% CO(2)) in buffered medium containing 1.0 mg/ml glucose and leucine (3)H for 1 hr (1st hr), washed, and incubated for an additional hr (2nd hr) in low glucose medium (0.5-1.0 mg/ml) containing unlabeled leucine. A portion of the islets was then extracted with acid-ethanol and the remainder were transferred to medium containing 3.0 mg/ml glucose and incubated for 2 hr (3rd and 4th hr) at 37 degrees C. The medium was exchanged at 30-min intervals and portions of the islets were extracted at the 3rd and 4th hr. The total amounts and specific activities of the proinsulin and insulin in the islet extracts and medium samples were determined after fractionation on Biogel P-30 columns in 3 M acetic acid. Maximal release of newly synthesized insulin occurred between the 3rd and 4th hr of incubation, confirming the results of Howell and Taylor (Biochem. J.102: 922. 1967). The high glucose medium increased the secretion of insulin approximately three to fourfold. The ratio of the specific activities of the insulin in the medium to that in the islets was about 1/1 during incubation in low glucose, but it increased to 2.5/1 during incubation with high glucose. The peak occurred at the 3rd hr, i.e., 1 hr after exposure to high glucose. The ratio of labeled proinsulin to insulin was slightly lower in the medium than in the islets. Addition of sufficient cycloheximide after the 1st hr to inhibit protein synthesis did not inhibit these responses. The specific activity of the proinsulin in the medium was about the same as that in the islets, and both were about 10-fold higher than the specific activity of the insulin. High glucose did not alter the proinsulin specific activity, which tended to decline throughout the period of observation. With cycloheximide present, the concentration of proinsulin in the islets steadily declined while the specific activity of proinsulin remained high, indicating that the proinsulin pool is small and is turning over rapidly. In terms both of amount and radioactivity proinsulin amounted to 6-7% on a molar basis of the insulin in both the medium and the islets. Addition of dibutyryl cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (DBCAMP) (0.002 M) with high glucose during the postlabeling period slightly increased the rate of insulin secretion (133% of control) but did not significantly alter the other parameters. The results suggest that while newly synthesized insulin and proinsulin may be preferentially secreted to a slight degree, about 90% of the insulin released during 3 hr in response to glucose, or to glucose and DBCAMP, is derived from pre-existing granule stores. There were no indications of the existence of independent or nongranule pathways of insulin or proinsulin secretion.


On crossing of thiophosphamide treated CBA males to untreated A/He, C57BL/6, C57BL/Mib and fidget females the lowest output of dominant lethal mutations was found in progeny of C57BL/Mib females. It is suggested that the ceparation of premutational lesions is most effective in egg cells of this strain.


Land tenure security is an important concept that helps to improve the productivity of a specified land. Whether the land is privately or publically owned, countries design various strategies to assure land tenure security. As a country, Ethiopia implement rural land registration and certification program in different regions. Therefore, the general objective of this article was to investigate the role of rural land registration and certification program for land tenure security. Assessing farmer's perception on the importance of land tenure security and identifying the role of the program for land tenure security were the specific objectives of the study. Questionnaire and interviews were used as the main data collection methods. Stratified, random and purposive sampling methods were used to select sub districts, farmer households and key informants, respectively. The data were analyzed by narration and descriptive statistical methods. As the result, shows even if most of the farmers were aware about the role of the program and the program plays positive roles for land tenure security, creating awareness about the main role of the program and land tenure security will still be vital.

 Key words: Land registration, land certification, book of land possession, land tenure security.


Low sidelobe aperture distributions are investigated for both blocked and unblocked circular apertures. Both peak sidelobe levels and wide-angle sidelobe levels are considered. For unblocked apertures, Taylor's circular aperture synthesis technique is generalized to provide control over the wide angle sidelobe decay rate. These distributions are compared to a wide variety of alternative distributions in terms of the beamwidth, aperture efficiency, and radiated power distributions achieved for a given peak sidelobe level. A comparison is also made between the sidelobe envelopes achieved by four different distributions with a fixed beamwidth. For centrally blocked apertures, it is shown that wide angle sidelobes can be reduced by employing aperture distributions with a hole in the blocked central area.


Abstract A fully time-continuous approach is taken to the problem of predicting the total liability of a non-life insurance company. Claims are assumed to be generated by a non-homogeneous marked Poisson process, the marks representing the developments of the individual claims. A first basic result is that the total claim amount follows a generalized Poisson distribution. Fixing the time of consideration, the claims are categorized into settled, reported but not settled, incurred but not reported, and covered but not incurred. It is proved that these four categories of claims can be viewed as arising from independent marked Poisson processes. By use of this decomposition result predictors are constructed for all categories of outstanding claims. The claims process may depend on observable as well as unobservable risk characteristics, which may change in the course of time, possibly in a random manner. Special attention is given to the case where the claim intensity per risk unit is a stationary stochastic process. A theory of continuous linear prediction is instrumental.


Walking is the most affordable, accessible, and environmentally friendly method of transportation. However, the risk of pedestrian injury or death from motor vehicle crashes is significant, particularly in sprawling metropolitan areas. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pedestrian crossing flags (PCFs) on driver yielding behaviors. Participants crossed a marked, midblock crosswalk on a multilane road in Las Vegas, Nevada, with and without PCFs, to determine if there were differences in driver yielding behaviors (n = 160 crossings). Trained observers recorded (1) the number of vehicles that passed in the nearest lane without yielding while the pedestrian waited at the curb and (2) the number of vehicles that passed through the crosswalk while the pedestrian was in the same half of the roadway. ANOVA revealed that drivers were significantly less likely to pass through the crosswalk with the pedestrian in the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 0.20; M = 0.06); drivers were more likely to yield to the pedestrian waiting to enter the roadway when they were carrying a PCF (M = 1.38; M = 0.95). Pedestrian crossing flags are a low-tech, low-cost intervention that may improve pedestrian safety at marked mid-block crosswalks. Future research should examine driver fade-out effects and more advanced pedestrian safety alternatives.


Given the diversity of potential objectives and production environments there are many types of research beyond grazing studies that can be used to design grazing strategies. Management perception and awareness of information are important factors in the development of creative and efficient grazing strategies. Well thought out and clearly documented goals and objectives will help to identify the kind of information that is needed. Grazing strategies should be financially and ecologically sound in respect to management objectives, but most importantly, they should be as simple and risk free as possible. The relative value of any information must be based upon how well that information can be used to efficiently achieve management objectives. Information must be critically evaluated to avoid the pitfalls of myths that often occur in discussion of grazing management.


[1] We perform a comprehensive analysis of resonant scattering of diffuse auroral electrons by oblique nightside chorus emissions present along a field line with an equatorial crossing of 6 RE at 00:00 MLT, using various nondipolar Tsyganenko magnetic field models. Bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients are evaluated for both moderately and actively disturbed geomagnetic conditions using the T89, T96, and T01s models. The results indicate that inclusion of nondipolar magnetic field leads to significant changes in bounce-averaged rates of both pitch angle and momentum diffusion for 200 eV to 10 keV plasma sheet electrons. Compared to the results using a dipole field, the rates of pitch angle diffusion obtained using the Tsyganenko models are enhanced at all resonant pitch angles for 200 eV electrons. In contrast, for 500 eV to 10 keV electrons the rates of pitch angle scattering are enhanced at intermediate and/or high pitch angles but tend to be considerably lower near the loss cone, thus reducing the precipitation loss compared to that in a dipole field. Upper band chorus acts as the dominant cause for scattering loss of 200 eV to 2 keV electrons, while lower band chorus scattering prevails for 5–10 keV electrons, consistent with the results using the dipole model. The first-order cyclotron resonance and the Landau resonance are mainly responsible for the net scattering rates of plasma sheet electrons by oblique chorus waves and also primarily account for the differences in bounce-averaged diffusion coefficients introduced by the use of Tsyganenko models. As the geomagnetic activity increases, the differences in scattering rates compared to the dipole results increase accordingly. Nonnegligible differences also occur particularly at high pitch angles for the diffusion rates between the Tsyganenko models, showing an increase with geomagnetic activity level and a dependence on the discrepancy between the Tsyganenko model fields. The strong dependence of bounce-averaged quasi-linear scattering rates on the adopted global magnetic field model and geomagnetic activity level demonstrates that realistic magnetic field models should be incorporated into future modeling efforts to accurately quantify the role of magnetospheric chorus in driving the diffuse auroral precipitation and the formation of electron pancake distributions.


The aim of this article is to examine the cultural dimensions of arabicisation, past and present. The article traces the rise and fall of arabicisation and its ramifications for science, knowledge, research and education in and through Arabic. Arabicisation has been at the heart of linguistic and cultural debate since the dawn of Islam, a debate intensified when the Arabs and their new religion came into contact with different civilizations and cultures. The rise of the Islamic empire in mediaeval times consolidated Arabic and Arab culture, attracting scholars from around the world to research different areas of science and knowledge through the medium of Arabic, which in turn became, and remained for centuries, the global donor language of knowledge and learning. With the decline of the Arab/Islamic empire, however, Arabic and Arab culture started to lose their world standing. Today, Arabic and its culture occupy a marginal position when compared to other languageslike English for instance. For different internal and external reasons, Arabic has lost its status as the major language of innovation and creative thinking. But this is not because it cannot handle the concepts of modern civilization or is unable to express them; rather the cultural position of Arabs seems to be the main reason. Instead of being the predominant language of science and technology, Arabic has been competed by other foreign languages in its own territories. The widespread use of European languages, the languages of the colonizing powers, has undermined its role. Furthermore, the lack of pan-Arab policies on language planning has contributed to the emergence of different and often disparate models of arabicisation. Transformation in the objectives and scope of the process reflects the historical developments and decline of Arab culture from medieval times to the present day.


Turbulence is a key element of the dynamics of astrophysical fluids, including those of interstellar medium, clusters of galaxies and circumste llar regions. Turbulent motions induce Doppler shifts of observable emission and absorption lines . In the review we discuss new techniques that relate the spectra of underlying velocity turbu lence and spectra of Doppler-shifted lines. In particular, the Velocity-Channel Analysis (VCA) makes u se of the channel maps, while the Velocity Coordinate Spectrum (VCS) utilizes the fluctuations measured along the velocity axis of the Position-Position Velocity (PPV) data cubes. Both techniq ues have solid foundations based on analytical calculations as well as on numerical testings. Amo ng the two the VCS, which has been developed quite recently, has two advantages. First of all, it is applicable to turbulent volumes that are not spatially resolved. Second, it can be used with absor ption lines that do not provide good spatial sampling of different lags over the image of turbulent o bject. In fact, numerical testing shows that measurements of Doppler shifted absorption lines over a f w directions is sufficient for a reliable recovering of the underlying spectrum of the turbulenc e. Our comparison of the VCA and the VCS with a more traditional technique of Velocity Centroids , shows that the former two techniques recover reliably the spectra of supersonic turbulence, whi le t e Velocity Centroids may have advantages for studying subsonic turbulence. In parallel with th eoretical and numerical work on the VCA and the VCS, the techniques have been applied to spectroscop ic observations. We discuss results on astrophysical turbulence obtained with the VCA and the VCS. WHAT CAN TURBULENT SPECTRA TELL US? As a rule astrophysical fluids are turbulent and the turbulen ce is magnetized. This ubiquitous turbulence determines the transport propertie s of interstellar medium (see Elmegreen & Falgarone 1996, Stutzki 2001, Balesteros-Pere des t al. 2006) and intracluster medium (see Sunyaev, Norman & Bryan 2003, Ensslin & V ogt 2006, Lazarian 2006), many properties of Solar and stellar winds (see Hartm an & McGregor 1980) etc. One may say that to understand heat conduction, propagation of cosmic rays and electromagnetic radiation in different astrophysical environ ments it is absolutely essential to understand the properties of underlying magnetized turb ulence. The fascinating processes of star formation (see McKee & Tan 2002, Elmegreen 200 2, Mac Low & Klessen 2004) and interstellar chemistry ( see Falgarone et al. 2006 and references therein) are also intimately related to properties of magnetized compre ssible turbulence (see reviews by Elmegreen & Scalo 2004). From the point of view of fluid mechanics astrophysical turbu lence is characterized by huge Reynolds numbers, Re, which is the inverse ratio of the eddy turnover time of a parcel of gas to the time required for viscous forces to sl ow it appreciably. For Re ≫ 100 we expect gas to be turbulent and this is exactly what we ob s rve in HI (for HI Re ∼ 108). In fact, very high astrophysical Re and its magnetic counterpart magnetic Reynolds number Rm (that can be as high as Rm ∼ 1016) present a big problem for numerical simulations that cannot possibly get even clo se to the astrophysicallymotivated numbers. The currently available 3D simulations can haveRe andRm up to ∼ 104. Both scale as the size of the box to the first power, while the c omputational effort increases as the fourth power (3 coordinates + time), so the brute force approach cannot begin to resolve the controversies related to ISM tur bulence. This caused serious concerns that while present codes can produce simulations t hat resemble observations, whether numerical simulations reproduce reality well (see McKee 1999, Shu et al. 2004). We believe that these concerns may be addressed via ob servational studies of astrophysical turbulence. Statistical description is a nearly indispensable strateg y when dealing with turbulence. The big advantage of statistical techniques is that t hey extract underlying regularities of the flow and reject incidental details. Kolmogo rov description of unmagnetized incompressible turbulence is a statistical one. Fo r instance it predicts that the difference in velocities at different points in turbulent fl uid increases on average with the separation between points as a cubic root of the separati on, i.e. |δv| ∼ l1/3. In terms of direction-averaged energy spectrum this gives the famous Kolmogorov scaling E(k) ∼ 4πk2P(k) ∼ k5/3, whereP(k) is a 3D energy spectrum defined as the Fourier transform of the correlation function of velocity fluctuati onsξ (r) = 〈δv(x)δv(x + r)〉. Note that in this paper we use 〈...〉 to denote averaging procedure. The example above shows the advantages of the statistical ap proach to turbulence. For instance, the energy spectrum E(k)dk characterizes how much energy resides at the interval of scalesk,k + dk. At large scalesl which correspond to small wavenumbers k ( i.e. l ∼ 1/k) one expects to observe features reflecting energy injectio n. At small scales one should see the scales corresponding to sinks of en ergy. In general, the shape of the spectrum is determined by a complex process of non-lin ear energy transfer and dissipation. In view of the above it is not surprising that attempts to obta in spectra of interstellar turbulence have been numerous since 1950s (see Munch 1958). However, various directions of research achieved various degree of success (see Ar mstrong, Rickett & Spangler 1995). For instance, studies of turbulence statistics of ionized media were more successful (see Spangler & Gwinn 1990) and provided the info rmation of the statistics of plasma density at scales 10 8-1015 cm. However, these sort of measurements provide only the density statistics, which is an indirect measure of turbulence. Velocity statistics is much more coveted turbulence measur e. Although, it is clear that Doppler broadened lines are affected by turbulence, re overing of velocity statistics was extremely challenging without an adequate theoretical insight. Indeed, both velocity and density contribute to fluctuations of the intensity in th e Position-Position-Velocity (PPV) space. In what follows we discuss how the observable Do ppler-shifted lines can be used to recover a spectrum of turbulent velocity using two new techniques, that, unlike other mostly empirical techniques, have solid theor etical foundations. How to obtain using spectroscopic observations other characteri stics of turbulence, e.g. higher order statistics, anisotropies has been reviewed earlier ( se Lazarian 2004). FIGURE 1. Left Panel: PPV data cube. Illustration of the concepts of the thick and thin velocity slices. the slices are thin for the PPV images of the large eddies, but thick for the images of small eddies. Right Panel: Illustration of the VCS technique. For a given instrument r esolution large eddies are in the high resolution limit, while small eddies are in the low resoluti on limit. VCA AND VCS: TWO WAYS TO ANALYZE SPECTRAL DATA Spatial spectra obtained by taking Fourier transform of cha nnel maps had been widely used to study HI before we conducted our theoretical study of what those spectra mean in Lazarian & Pogosyan (2000, henceforth LP00). The channel maps correspond to the velocity slices of PPV cubes as shown in Figure 1 and one may na turally ask a question whether anything depends on the thickness of the channel. It is intuitively clear that if medium is optically thin and the velocity is integrated ov er the whole spectral line, the fluctuations can depend only on density inhomogeneities . I is also suggestive that the contribution of the velocity fluctuations may depend on w hether the images of the eddies under study fit within a velocity slice or their veloci ty extend is larger than the slice thickness (see Figure 1). According to LP00 this resul ts in the assymptotics that correspond to "thin" and "thick" velocity channels. Note, t ha these questions were not posed by the earlier research. This resulted in channel map s pectra with different spectral indexes the relation of which to the underlying velocity fluc tuations was unclear (see Green 1990 and references therein). Some spectral data, for instance, optically thick CO data we re traditionally analyzed in differently (see Falgarone & Puget 1995), namely, spectr a of total intensities was studied. The origin of this spectrum and its relation to the u nderlying velocity and density fluctuations was established in Lazarian & Pogosyan (2004, henceforth LP04). This work also clarified the effects of absorption that were r ported for HI data. In terms of the techniques of turbulence study LP04 deals with the VCA , but in the case when absorption is present. A radically different way of analyzing spectroscopic data i s presented in Lazarian & Pogosyan (2006, henceforth LP06) and Chepurnov & Lazarian (2006a). There the spectra along the V-axis of the PPV cube are studied (see Figu re 2). The technique was termed Velocity Coordinate Spectrum (VCS) in Lazarian (200 4). The formalism can be traced to LP00 work, where the expressions that relate the sp ectrum of fluctuations along the velocity coordinate and the underlying velocity spectr um were obtained. However, it took some time to understand the advantages that the VCS pr ovides for the practical handling of the emission and absorption data. The first analy sis of the data using the VCS is performed by Chepurnov & Lazarian (in preparation). N umerical testing of the technique is provided in Chepurnov & Lazarian (2006b). BASICS OF THE FORMALISM Below we provide a brief introduction to the mathematical fo undations of the VCA and the VCS (see more in LP00, LP04 and LP06). Our goal is to relate the statistics that can be obtained through spectral line observations, for instan ce, the structure function of the intensity of emissio


In the last decades, thanks to the development of multi-stacking techniques, the Differential Interferometric Synthetic Aperture RADAR (DInSAR) became a fundamental and necessary tool for analysing and monitoring the spatial and temporal evolution of land subsidence in several coastal regions. This remote sensing technique allows to study the subsidence phenomena of large areas, with centimetric-millimetric precision. The benefit of DInSAR is also the availability of a great amount of data, acquired by different space agencies, which offers a wide coverage over the Earth surface.
The aim of this work is to show an innovative use of DInSAR, considering the possible relationship between the geological and geomorphological architecture of an Italian coastal plain and the rate of subsidence, inferred through analysis of interferometric data of the last 20 years. In this perspective the analysis of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data through Advanced Differential SAR Interferometry (A-DInSAR) could be used as a tool for geomorphological and geological mapping. Furthermore the assessment of the possible causes of the subsidence in Portogruaro and Concordia Sagittaria, which is important for the territorial management and planning, is reported and discussed.
The research is focused on a coastal sector of the venetian-friulian plain located upstream of Caorle lagoon, between Portogruaro and Concordia Sagittaria (north-eastern Italy), with an extent of about 50 km2. In the last 125 kyr this area experienced an average downlift rate of about 0.4-0.5 mm/yr, related to crustal flexuring and sediment compaction. But the on-going subsidence is strongly higher, probably related to the reclamation of the 19-20th centuries, which induced the compaction of the Holocene deposits and the oxidation of the organic component in the soil, and groundwater withdrawal. This sector of the eastern Veneto Region was formed by the interplay between the fluvial system of Tagliamento River and lagoon and marine environments. During Lateglacial and early Holocene, between about 19-8 kyr BP, Tagliamento River eroded several
incised fluvial valleys, with a maximum depth of 15-25 m and a width of 500-2000 m. These features entrenched in the alluvial sediments of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and since about 8 kyr BP the coastal and deltaic processes favoured their filling with lagoon and alluvial sediments. Downstream of Portogruaro the paleovalleys have been completely buried by younger deposits and their detection is possible only using subsoil investigations. On the contrary, these fluvial incisions are still partially visible through DEM and field observations upstream of Portogruaro.
The cities of Concordia Sagittaria and Portogruaro, developed over the buried fluvial incisions and several ancient buildings, experienced important deformations related to the compaction of the soft sediments filling the former fluvial depressions. This is the case of the tower bell of Portogruaro and some other late-Medieval and Venetian palaces. A peculiar situation characterises the cathedral of Concordia, where in the '90 of 20th century large volume of the subsoil below and near the church had been excavated to expose the archaeological remains of the Roman period. This intervention required special foundations for sustain the old building, but the on-going subsidence represents a major threat for the preservation of the ancient cathedral.
Portogruaro and Concordia Sagittaria represent a good test site to check the relationship between surface displacements obtained from interferometric data and geological information, because in this area a lot of geological and geomorphological information are available and Holocene and Pleistocene deposits are affected by an evident differential subsidence.
The study started from the analysis and comparison in GIS environment of the pre-existing data which allow to known the geological and geomorphological features of the area. In Portogruaro and Concordia Sagittaria a great amount of stratigraphic cores and geotechnical tests are available, allowing to reconstruct the stratigraphy of some sectors and to directly check in the field the position and the depth of the boundaries delimitating the ancient fluvial incisions, now filled by younger sediments.
To investigate the downlift rates and reconstruct their areal pattern, I considered ERS, Envisat, COSMO Sky-Med and Sentinel-1 SAR data referred to the periods 1995-2000, 2003-2010, 2010-2016 and 2014-2016, respectively.
Particularly I considered ERS and Envisat Persistent Scatterers (PS) acquired with ascending orbit, because these data show the best correspondence of the spatial distribution of velocity with the boundaries of buried incisions (Figures 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5). The velocity maps, obtained through interpolation of PS, show that the interferometric steady unit overlaps the outcropping LGM plain, whereas the subsidence unit (with rate of -1.5÷-3 mm/yr) is located upon the buried incisions (Figures 4.6, 4.7). This correspondence was also found in the velocity maps obtained from COSMO Sky-Med interferometric data (Figures 4.8, 4.9), but only partially in that map obtained from Sentinel data (Figure 4.10), probably because the short time interval covered by the available data.
Then, through the available stratigraphic cores, I realised a stratigraphic section (Figure 4.14) and I compared this section and the stratigraphic section (Figure 4.15) realised by Alessandro Fontana (Fontana, 2006) with the velocity sections obtained from ERS and Envisat data (Figures 4.18, 4.19, 4.20, 4.21). I observed that a greater thickness of post-LGM deposits corresponds with a greater subsidence rate. I expect that the subsidence rate is linked with the thickness of fine deposits (organic clays and silts and peat) observed in the manual boring realized in PRT1 point (Figures 4.16 and 4.17).
Another aim of this project is the assessment of the possible causes of the subsidence in Portogruaro and Concordia Sagittaria.
Starting from the velocity maps derived from of ERS, Envisat, COSMO Sky-Med and Sentinel interferometric data, I identified some critical points, call velocity anomalies in this work, interested by a strong deformation rate, greater than 3 mm/yr (Figures 4.23, 4.24, 4.25). The observed critical points correspond to recent buildings, roads and infrastructures. These localized subsiding areas can be explained as the result of ground consolidation related to urbanization and recent overloads (Figures 4.26, 4.27).
Finally through hydrogeological and bibliographic data I observed that the area of Portogruaro is affected by the extraction of groundwater resulting in depressurization of the deep thermal aquifer. I hypothesize that the depressurization of the deep thermal aquifer may caused subsidence in the study area. Another hypothesis is that lowering the water level of the shallow water table may led to the consolidation of the soil and consequently subsidence. In both cases the recognition of the limit of buried incisions through the rate of subsidence is linked to the different deformational behavior of the sediments filling the post-LGM incisions and the external LGM plain.


Abstract—One of the major global issues today is the growing requirements for high-speed data transmission, energy consumption, and the huge volume of data utilized by a variety of multimedia applications such as video streaming, monitoring systems, and gaming. In this research, an analysis is carried out to study the design and evaluation of performance underwater OWC systems (UOWC) through medium communication link ranges to overcome absorption and scattering and to meet the requirements of a wide variety of optical wireless applications. Two modulation schemes of technology have been proposed in the UOWC system which is Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) modulation with Direct Detection (DD) and the DPSK modulation with Coherent Detection (CD), both of them used Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) based on different configurations of multi-input multi-output technology (MIMO).  The mathematical model has been proposed to calculate optimal beacon period (BI) and listen to the interval (LI) for preventing overlapping time between the signals and the required power is reduced. By using different types of water the simulation results are displayed the best performance of the UOWC system from link rang and receiver sensitivity. The simulation result of BER is equal 10-5, BI equal to 85ms, and LI equal to 108ms.


Supervisory control and remote metering installations on the electrified section of the Pennsylvania Railroad are outlined herein. A brief history of the growth of electrification on this railroad, and of the supervisory control and remote metering installations which accompanied the electrification is given, together with the locations at which the different types of equipment are used. These remote metering and control systems have been of considerable assistance in load dispatching and substation operation.


The idea of basis is the present condition and developing trend of cadastral management Valcea. The paper expatiates on the construction status of the Cadastral Management Information System on Integration of Urban and Rural area of Valcea. For a long time, urban and rural area is managed separately, and their database is established respectively, so it's very hard to update data synchronously. These problems can't be solved until cadastral management information system is established, which also makes cadastral product accord with new land classification system of urban and rural integration. Several issues are discussed: the objective, idea, principle of system design, the hardware and software environment, overall framework design, cadastral database structure design and function design.


Background Deficient mismatch negativity (MMN) has been proposed as a candidate biomarker in schizophrenia and may therefore be potentially useful in early identification and intervention in early onset psychosis. In this study we explored whether deficits in the automatic orienting and reorienting responses, measured as MMN and P3a amplitude, are present in young adolescents with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and whether findings are specific to psychosis compared to young adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method MMN and P3a amplitude were assessed in young adolescents (age 12–17 years) with either FEP (N = 27) or ADHD (N = 28) and age- and gender-matched healthy controls (N = 43). The MMN paradigm consisted of a four-tone auditory oddball task with deviant stimuli based on frequency, duration and their combination. Results Significantly less MMN was found in patients with psychosis compared to healthy controls in response to frequency and duration deviants. MMN amplitudes in the group of patients with ADHD were not significantly different from patients with psychosis or healthy controls. No significant group differences were found on P3a amplitude. Conclusion Young adolescents with FEP showed impaired MMN compared to healthy controls while intermediate and overlapping levels of MMN were observed in adolescents with ADHD. The findings suggest that young FEP patients already exhibit pre-attentive deficits that are characteristic of schizophrenia albeit expressed on a continuum shared with other neuropsychiatric disorders.


In this paper, we analyze some applications of the fractional boundary conditions (FBC) in the two-dimensional problems of wave reflection and diffraction. FBC are used to simulate reflection from dielectric slab where the fractional order depends on the layer parameters. The diffraction of an E-polarized electromagnetic field by a strip with FBC is studied. Numerical results are presented showing a comparison of the physical characteristics of the strip with FBC and impedance strip.


Context. Nuclear star clusters (NSCs) are found in at least 70% of all galaxies, but their formation path is still unclear. In the most common scenarios, NSCs form in-situ from the galaxy's central gas reservoir, through the merging of globular clusters (GCs), or through a combination of both.Aims. As the scenarios pose different expectations for angular momentum and stellar population properties of the NSC in comparison to the host galaxy and the GC system, it is necessary to characterise the stellar light, NSC, and GCs simultaneously. The large NSC (reff = 66 pc) and rich GC system of the early-type Fornax cluster galaxy FCC 47 (NGC 1336) render this galaxy an ideal laboratory to constrain NSC formation.Methods. Using Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer science verification data assisted by adaptive optics, we obtained maps for the stellar kinematics and stellar-population properties of FCC 47. We extracted the spectra of the central NSC and determined line-of-sight velocities of 24 GCs and metallicities of five.Results. The galaxy shows the following kinematically decoupled components (KDCs): a disk and a NSC. Our orbit-based dynamical Schwarzschild model revealed that the NSC is a distinct kinematic feature and it constitutes the peak of metallicity and old ages in FCC 47. The main body consists of two counter-rotating populations and is dominated by a more metal-poor population. The GC system is bimodal with a dominant metal-poor population and the total GC system mass is ∼17% of the NSC mass (∼7 × 108 M⊙).Conclusions. The rotation, high metallicity, and high mass of the NSC cannot be explained by GC-inspiral alone. It most likely requires additional, quickly quenched, in-situ formation. The presence of two KDCs likely are evidence of a major merger that has significantly altered the structure of FCC 47, indicating the important role of galaxy mergers in forming the complex kinematics in the galaxy-NSC system.


The adaptation to situations of sequential choice under uncertainty of decision criteria which deviate from (subjective) expected utility raises the problem of ensuring the selection of a nondominated strategy. In particular, when following the suggestion of Machina and McClennen of giving up separability (also known as consequentialism), which requires the choice of a substrategy in a subtree to depend only on data relevant to that subtree, one must renounce to the use of dynamic programming, since Bellman's principle is no longer valid. An interpretation of McClennen's resolute choice, based on cooperation between the successive Selves of the decision maker, is proposed. Implementations of resolute choice which prevent Money Pumps negative prices of information or, more generally, choices of dominated strategies, while remaining computationally tractable, are proposed.


In this study, we used the Q methodology, which is considered an effective way to identify and assess the characterization of the human subjective consciousness, and we intended to carry out a scientific approach to classify cosmetics consumers in a department store. The purpose of this study is to identify the dimension of recognition and the characterization of Korean women who use a department store, as well as to classify cosmetics consumers in a department store. The analyzed data was divided into the top 10 questions and 10 sub-items, and it was then classified into six consumer types, depending on typicality of three factors. The three factors were `effectiveness`, `goal` and `congestion of shopping`. We named and analyzed the features of each type through in-depth Q workshops in which 22 professionals participated. This study is meaningful as it used the Q-methodology instead of statistics which had been used before to classify the consumers, so that the `subjective` estimation was analyzed into `objective` types. The results of this study are expected to be useful for creating a marketing strategy for the cosmetics industry.