This paper gives asymptotic solutions to generalized Burgers equations governing the propagation of weakly nonlinear acoustic waves under the influence of geometrical spreading and thermoviscous diffusion. Geometrical effects are included through a general ray tube area function, A(r), and solutions are obtained up to arbitrarily large ranges for initially sinusoidal waves by the use of rational asymptotic techniques in the two cases of weak diffusivity and of high initial wave amplitude. These solutions use results obtained earlier by Nimmo & Crighton. Simpler approximate techniques to obtain similar solutions are then discussed. The two approximate methods considered, proposed by Shooter et al. and Rudnick, are based on physical considerations, rather than asymptotic theory. The validity of such methods is demonstrated for a broad, though restricted, range of physical situations.


SummaryDeveloping new therapeutics presents formidable economic, scientific, and medical challenges that are exacerbated by special factors in neurotherapeutics development, e.g., the complexity of the CNS with its attendant need to sometimes affect multiple pathways, the lack of clarity of disease etiology, inadequacy of available animal models, and difficulties in defining disease populations and quantifying treatment response. This paper reviews the economic challenges faced by therapeutics developers in general and neurotherapeutic s developers in particular. It discusses key scientific challenges, particularly those pertinent to neurotherapeutics development, as a background to proposing a different industrial strategy to drive future therapeutics development. This Biodesign strategy potentially surpasses previous paradigms by incorporating elements such as the use of disease modeling to select better targets and potential therapies, information science-based approaches to enhance small molecule chemistry, exploitation of the potential for biological technologies to rapidly generate mechanistic probes, and development of improved approaches for using animal models and studying human molecules mechanistically and biologically. Synergistic use of these elements can change the overall business model of companies engaged in neurotherapeutics development. The Biodesign paradigm has the potential to both markedly enhance the development of new therapies and to address some of the economic challenges facing healthcare systems and therapeutics developers alike.


Inulin, sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined on identical samples of serum and fluid collected from the kidney tubules of Necturus under urethan anesthesia. Inulin fluid-serum ratios obtained were as follows: highest ratios for proximal tubules approximated 2, indicating a reabsorption of about 50%, of filtered water; highest ratios for distal tubules were near 3.4; ratios for sodium remained near 1 in proximal tubules, tending to be lowest near the ends of the segments. There was an abrupt drop in sodium concentration in the early part (thin segment) of the distal tubules, which may be made possible by the better oxygen supply in this region. Chloride ratios rose to 1.12 in the proximal tubules and chloride concentrations fell over the same region, as did sodium. Potassium ratios remained close to 1 in the proximal tubules, indicating that up to one-half of the filtered potassium may be reabsorbed there. Distal tubule potassium ratios showed great variability, some being higher and some lower than 1.

With the Technical Assistance of Jane E. Cohen


Game theory is a powerful theory to model strategic decision-making, but also complex biological systems, such as cancer. In the past decades, game-theoretical models have helped to understand cancer, its response to various treatments, and to design better therapies. However, to fully utilize the potential of game-theoretical modelling in designing better anti-cancer therapies, we need more information on cancer population (ecological) and strategy (evolutionary) dynamics in response to treatment. Here we explore how transcriptomics data can be utilized as inputs of game-theoretic models for predicting evolutionary response to irradiation using patient-derived glioblastoma organoids. For that purpose, we utilize both supervised and unsupervised methods to disentangle cell mixtures from publicly available datasets and identify proportions of relevant cancer cell types in patient-derived glioblastoma organoids treated with radiotherapy. We then fit these proportions to the replicator dynamics, the most classic evolutionary game dynamics, to predict both transient evolutionary dynamics and evolutionary stable cell proportions in these organoids. Hereby we demonstrate a methodology that can be utilized to design evolutionary therapies, i.e. therapies that anticipate and prevent evolution of therapy resistance in cancer cells. Our predictions in glioblastoma suggest that hypoxia is the most important factor in identifying short-term response to irradiation, while this seems much less relevant for the long-term response. Further, we conclude that supervised methods are the best way to estimate cancer evolutionary dynamics when therapy resistance is a qualitative evolutionary trait. We provide a pipeline for designing better therapies through testing evolutionary responses in patient-derived organoids, while in parallel the ecological response can be tracked through serum biomarkers and imaging in the corresponding patients.


This study was carried out to determine the moisture, protein and ash content in moringa oleifera seed. Due to time factor and the resources available these determinations were done using the proximate analysis. The method carried out in the lab during the analysis was ghaphmatic method. Nowadays moringa oleifera is mainly found in the middle east and in African and Asian countries but due to adaptability, it is spreading to other areas especially tropical and sub-tropical lands affected by drought.Research has shown that the seed contains 36.7% of edible oil which is much healthier as compare to most oils in the market, high content of protein which can be used as a protein supplement to traditional diets. The seed also has high content of cysteine and methionine. The seed with other parts of the plant are used for medicinal purposes.


Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) has gained considerable attention in recent years as it aims to help humans better understand machine learning decisions, making complex black-box systems more trustworthy. Visual explanation algorithms have been designed to generate heatmaps highlighting image regions that a deep neural network focuses on to make decisions. While convolutional neural network (CNN) models typically follow similar processing operations for feature encoding, the emergence of vision transformer (ViT) has introduced a new approach to machine vision decision-making. Therefore, an important question is which architecture provides more human-understandable explanations. This paper examines the explain-ability of deep architectures, including CNN and ViT models under different vision tasks. To this end, we first performed a subjective experiment asking humans to highlight the key visual features in images that helped them to make decisions in two different vision tasks. Next, using the human-annotated images, ground-truth heatmaps were generated that were compared against heatmaps generated by explanation methods for the deep architectures. Moreover, perturbation tests were performed for objective evaluation of the deep models' explanation heatmaps. According to the results, the explanations generated from ViT are deemed more trustworthy than those produced by other CNNs, and as the features of the input image are more dispersed, the advantage of the model becomes more evident.


We find compelling evidence that integrating environment, social and governance (ESG) analyses into ongoing investment practices in Australia does not harm risk‐adjusted returns. High‐ESG‐rated portfolios consistently provide superior outperformance, diversification efficiencies, and lower overall risk compared to low‐ESG‐rated portfolios. In contrast to low‐rated portfolios, we find no evidence that high‐ESG‐rated portfolios underperform the market. All results remain robust to alternative time periods, market cycles, seasonality effects, ratings method and the inclusion of trading costs and management fees. Overall, our findings suggest that a simple ESG integration strategy may provide a natural hedge against the risks that arise from the evolving fiduciary responsibilities of professional investment managers relating to ESG risks.


Combination antifungal therapy is widely used but not well understood. We analyzed the spectrophotometric readings from a multicenter study conducted by the New York State Department of Health to further characterize the in vitro interactions of the major classes of antifungal agents against Candida spp. Loewe additivity-based fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi) analysis and Bliss independence-based response surface (BIRS) analysis were used to analyze two-drug inter- and intraclass combinations of triazoles (AZO) (voriconazole, posaconazole), echinocandins (ECH) (caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin), and a polyene (amphotericin B) against Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, and C. glabrata. Although mean FIC indices did not differ statistically significantly from the additivity range of 0.5–4, indicating no significant pharmacodynamic interactions for all of the strain–combinations tested, BIRS analysis showed that significant pharmacodynamic interactions with the sum of percentages of interactions determined with this analysis were strongly associated with the FIC indices (Χ2 646, p < 0.0001). Using a narrower additivity range of 1–2 FIC index analysis, statistically significant pharmacodynamic interactions were also found with FICi and were in agreement with those found with BIRS analysis. All ECH+AB combinations were found to be synergistic against all Candida strains except C. glabrata. For the AZO+AB combinations, synergy was found mostly with the POS+AB combination. All AZO+ECH combinations except POS+CAS were synergistic against all Candida strains although with variable magnitude; significant antagonism was found for the POS+MIF combination against C. albicans. The AZO+AZO combination was additive for all strains except for a C. parapsilosis strain for which antagonism was also observed. The ECH+ECH combinations were synergistic for all Candida strains except C. glabrata for which they were additive; no antagonism was found.


Flexible electronic materials have aroused significant interest due to the need for flexible electronics in a variety of applications. However, several obstacles such as low mechanical properties, interfacial adhesion problems, and nonreusability hinder their rapid development. Here, an ionogel was developed by a one-step photopolymerization of an ionic liquid (IL) with the C═C bond of 1-vinyl-3-butylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate in another ionic liquid solution of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate without a chemical cross-linker. The poly(ionic liquid) and the ionic liquid (PIL/IL) were highly compatible and resulted in an extremely uniform, stable, and optically transparent PIL/IL ionogel. In addition, this method also avoided complicated solvent replacement in the preparation processes of common ionogels. Our experimental and theoretical results showed that the reported ionogel integrated excellent mechanical properties, ultrastrong adhesive, self-healability, and recyclability. These remarkable advantages were benefited from the strong electrostatic force and other noncovalent bond interactions in the ionogel system. The unique ionogel presented in this study is therefore an ideal candidate material for self-adhesive and reusable wearable electronics.


Trametes species (L) collected fromAkure,Akoko andOre districts ofOndo State, Nigeria were assessed for their phytochemical and antioxidant properties. Three extracting solvents viz: ethanol, ethyl acetate and hexane were used in extracting of bioactive components from the fungus. Extract yield was higher in ethanol extract of Trametes species when compared to yield from other extracting solvents. Qualitative analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids; tannins, terpenoid, saponnin, steroid and cardiac glycosides in the extracts. Antioxidant property of the extracts was assessed using scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Ethanol extracts exhibited better antioxidant property with values as high as 84.88%, 80.72% and 66.91% for extract of Trametes species from Akure (TETA), extract of Trametes species. from Ore (TETO) and extract of Trametes species from Ikare Akoko (TETAKK) respectively at 2mg/ml compared to control butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) with the scavenging effect of 86.97%. The extracts displayed concentration dependent DPPH scavenging activity. The study suggests that this wild macro fungus could be source of effective antioxidant.


Background and Aims: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection causes an acute, self-limiting hepatitis that is associated with high mortality, especially in pregnant women. Our previous clinical experiences indicated that there was a high prevalence of hepatitis A virus (HAV) among school-age children in the city of Ahvaz (in the southwest of Iran). Due to the fact that HEV is transmitted generally by the same route as HAV, the present study was performed to determine the seroprevalence of HEV among school-age children in Ahvaz. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies was determined in sera from 566 children aged 6–15 years by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study population included 257 (45.4%) males and 309 (54.6%) females. Results: Anti-HEV antibodies were detected in 48 children (8.5%; 95% CI, 6.3-11.1). The seroprevalence of HEV was not statistically different between males and females or between different age groups. Conclusions: HEV is relatively prevalent in children that live in the southwest of Iran, and further studies are needed to


Some issues related to participation in certain sports by persons with Down syndrome require clarification.
 Since 1965 there have been occasional reports about a condition described at various times as instability, subluxation, or dislocation of the articulation of the first and second cervical vertebrae (atlantoaxial joint) among persons with Down syndrome.1-15 This condition has also been found in patients with rheumatoid arthritis,16,17 abnormalities of the odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra,4,5,12,13,15 and various forms of dwarfism.18 Atlantoaxial (C-1, C-2) instability has not attracted general attention because clinical manifestations are rare and the condition is limited to a small portion of the population. The incidence of atlantoaxial instability among persons with Down syndrome has been reported by various observers to be 10% to 20%.2,9,15 When atlantoaxial instability results in subluxation or dislocation of C-1 and C-2, the spinal cord also may be injured. This is a rare but serious complication.
 In March 1983, the Special Olympics, Inc, sponsors of a nationwide competitive athletic program for developmentally disabled persons, without prior announcement, mandated for participants with Down syndrome special precautions to prevent serious neurologic consequences from stress on the head and neck in sports competition.19 Although thousands of persons with Down syndrome have taken part in sports events during the 15-year history of the Special Olympics without a known occurrence of neurologic complications due to participation, the new directive requires all persons with Down syndrome who wish to participate in certain sports that might involve stress on the head and neck (gymnastics, diving, pentathlon, butterfly stroke in swimming, diving start in swimming, high jump, soccer, and warm-up exercises that place undue stress on the head and neck muscles) to have a medical examination, lateral-view roentgenograms of the upper cervical region in full flexion and extension, and certification by a physician that the examination did not reveal atlantoaxial instability or neurologic disorder.


The paper explores the factors driving Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) by Emerging multinational enterprisess (EMNEs) and the patterns of knowledge transfer in six cases of EMNEs from three BRICS' economies (India, China and South Africa). It found that there are significant differences between the OFDI from EMNEs and Developed multinational enterprise (DMNEs), which cannot be explained by using traditional FDI models. The way that EMNEs enter and operate in developed and developing countries are different. Knowledge transfers between EMNEs and developing host economies are predominantly one way and the former transfers more technology and knowledge than they gain. In the case of EMNEs and developed host economies, the knowledge and technology transfers appears to be more evenly matched, a two-way street benefitting both parties. The paper makes two major contributions: (i) it attempts to identify and distinguish the factors driving OFDI and patterns of knowledge transfer of OFDI from EMNEs and shows how they differ from DMNEs; (ii) it highlights aspects of OFDI by EMNEs such as expansion into countries outside their respective regions, and different patterns of technology and knowledge transfer in the South and North respectively.


The hybrid mesoporous materials,PW11/SBA-15,were synthesized using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and lacunary polyoxometalate Na7PW11O39 (PW11) by a co-condensation approach in the presence of triblock copolymer EO20PO70EO20 (P123) as a template. The resultant materials were characterized by infrared (IR) spectroscopy,UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis/DRS),powder X-ray diffraction (XRD),N2 adsorption-desorption,and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that the Keggin units are retained perfectly and grafted onto the pore walls of the mesoporous silica by covalent linkage,and an ordered hexagonal packing of channels with homogeneous pore diameters is obtained in the materials. The prehydrolysis time of TEOS influences the construction of the ordered mesostructure significantly. The long-range ordered mesophase increases as the prehydrolysis time increases because of the salt-out effect of PW11,which is associated with solubility of the polyoxometalate precursors.


Abstract The Yodda is a large flaked stone artefact found across Australia in rare, isolated contexts, subject to almost no archaeological study. Yoddas are rare artefacts, which to date have only been collected as isolated surface finds. In an attempt to move towards an understanding of these enigmatic objects, we present an analysis of Yoddas (n = 27) known to us from Australian collections, and review early collector observations from Australia. While their original cultural significance remains obscure, we suggest esoteric trade values are likely uses, underlying the production of these large, non-optimal, yet pan-continental, stone artefacts.


The objective of this study was to estimate the distribution of autozygosity islands represented by homozygous segments (ROHs) in the genome of the Slovak Warmblood horse. The Slovak Warmblood is a very efficient breed with the excellent characteristics of a sport horse. The study included 37 animals that were genotyped by GGP Equine70k chip (71,947 SNPs). Only animals (36) and autosomal SNPs (62,439) with call rate >90% and minor allele frequency >1% were included in subsequent analyses. The homozygous segments were defined as stretches with minimum 15 consecutive homozygous SNPs of >500 kb with minimum density 1 SNP per 100 kb and maximum gap between markers of 1,000 kb. The heterozygous or missing calls were not accepted. The analysis indicated in total of 8,501 autozygosity islands in the genome of the Slovak Warmblood horse. The majority of identified segments (85.42%) were most likely derived from the remote ancestors in the past. Only 0.15% of detected segments resulted from the recent selection events affecting the genetic structure of studied population. The proportion of segments varied across chromosomes. The major fraction of autosome residing in ROH was found on ECA1 (8.30%), while ECA31 showed the lowest ROH coverage. The scan for overlapping homozygous segments shared by more than 50 % of animals demonstrated that the ECA6 autosome may be under strong selection pressure. Inside those selection signals, several genes were identified including them associated with immunity and reproduction.


The invention relates to a date transmission and processing method and apparatus for multi-link communication systems. Embodiments disclosed herein relate to a new set of radio link protocols (RLPs) configured to provide for efficient data transmission in a multi-link communication system. In an embodiment, an upper-layer packet is segmented into link-layer packets to be transmitted over a plurality of communication links, each including a first sequence number in accordance with a predetermined order. A second sequence number is further added to each link-layer packet to be transmitted for the first time. The second sequence number is configured to be in a sequence space associated with a particular communication link, and may be used for detection of missing packets.


Syllogistic reasoning lies at the intriguing intersection of natural and formal reasoning of language and logic. Syllogisms comprise a formal system of reasoning yet make use of natural language quantifiers (e.g., all, some) and invite natural language conclusions. The conclusions people tend to draw from syllogisms, however, deviate substantially from the purely logical system. Are principles of natural language understanding to blame? We introduce a probabilistic pragmatic perspective on syllogistic reasoning: We decompose reasoning with natural language arguments into two subproblems: language comprehension and language production. We formalize models of these processes within the Rational Speech Act framework and explore the pressures that pragmatic reasoning places on the production of conclusions. We test our models on a recent, large data set of syllogistic reasoning and find that the selection process of conclusions from syllogisms are best modeled as a pragmatic speaker who has the goal of aligning the beliefs of a naive listener with those of their own. We compare our model to previously published models that implement two alternative theories-Mental Models and Probability Heuristics-finding that our model quantitatively predicts the full distributions of responses as well as or better than previous accounts, but with far fewer parameters. Our results suggest that human syllogistic reasoning may be best understood not as a poor approximation to ideal logical reasoning, but rather as rational probabilistic inference in support of natural communication.


This is the ECG of a 38 year-old woman who has been referred for the first time to the cardiac clinic for evaluation. She has a long history of effort related dyspnoea that has recently become much worse.


Since the early 1900's demand for fuel efficient vehicles has motivated the development of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Unfortunately, some components used in these vehicles are expensive and complex. Todays consumer electric vehicles use dangerously high voltage, expensive electronic controllers, complex battery management systems and AC motors. The goal of this research at BYU is to increase safety by lowering the operating voltage and decrease cost by eliminating expensive controllers and decrease the number of battery cells. This paper specifically examines the use of a Ward Leonard Motor Control system for use in a passenger vehicle. The Ward Leonard System provides an alternative control method to expensive and complex systems used today. The goal is to increase safety and decrease cost of an electric or hybrid electric vehicle. A Control Factor metric was developed as a result of this research to measure the Ward Leonard System's ability to reduce the size and cost of the electronic controller for application in an EV or HEV. A bench top model of the Ward Leonard system was tested validating the Control Factor metric. The Ward Leonard system is capable of reducing the controller size by 77% and potentially reducing its cost by this amount or more. This work also provides performance characteristics for automotive designers and offers several design alternatives for EV and HEV architectures allowing the reduction of high voltage, the use of AC inverters, AC motors, expensive controllers and high cell count battery


Selecting the correct thermal control coating for a spacecraft can be a significant challenge. From the start, the process includes balancing conflicting needs. Thermal control paints must have the ability to either absorb or emit heat as desired and this property cannot change beyond a set point over the life of the mission. When the mission involves operating in a heavy charging environment, the control coating must be static dissipative enough to bleed away absorbed energetic electrons to minimize induced electric fields and the risk of electrostatic discharges (ESDs). Finding the right balance of thermal performance and electrical performance can be difficult for spacecraft designers. In an effort to aid in spacecraft design, a number of white and black thermal control coatings were tested at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory using a two-part test campaign. These tests involved an initial screening test to determine the bulk resistivity of the material using a traditional parallel-plate test, but placed in a vacuum chamber immersed in a bath of liquid nitrogen to obtain data over a range of temperatures. The most promising materials were then exposed to a stream of energetic electrons and monitored for the production of ESDs. Results from these tests indicated that only a few of the common thermal control coatings have a resistivity below $10^{\mathbf {9}} \Omega $ cm as suggested in NASA-HDBK-4002A. Of those that meet this criterion, most will still produce ESDs when exposed to electrons with energies from 20 to 60 keV while held at cryogenic temperatures. Additional testing is required to characterize additional coatings to create a database that designers may use when selecting an appropriate coating for their application.


Fruit cracking has long been a topic of great concern for growers and researchers of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.). To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fruit cracking, high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was first used for de novo assembly and characterization of the transcriptome of cracking pericarp of litchi. Comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed on non-cracking and cracking fruits. A total of approximately 26 million and 29 million high quality reads were obtained from the two groups of samples, and were assembled into 46,641 unigenes with an average length of 993 bp. These unigenes can be useful resources for future molecular studies of the pericarp in litchi. Furthermore, four genes (LcAQP, 1; LcPIP, 1; LcNIP, 1; LcSIP, 1) involved in water transport, five genes (LcKS, 2; LcGA2ox, 2; LcGID1, 1) involved in GA metabolism, 21 genes (LcCYP707A, 2; LcGT, 9; Lcβ-Glu, 6; LcPP2C, 2; LcABI1, 1; LcABI5, 1) involved in ABA metabolism, 13 genes (LcTPC, 1; Ca2+/H+ exchanger, 3; Ca2+-ATPase, 4; LcCDPK, 2; LcCBL, 3) involved in Ca transport and 24 genes (LcPG, 5; LcEG, 1; LcPE, 3; LcEXP, 5; Lcβ-Gal, 9; LcXET, 1) involved in cell wall metabolism were identified as genes that are differentially expressed in cracked fruits compared to non-cracked fruits. Our results open new doors to further understand the molecular mechanisms behind fruit cracking in litchi and other fruits, especially Sapindaceae plants.


This research describes about analyze the packet hiding methods. These methods are efficiently hiding the data packets while transferring in the network Medias. To protect the system from the unauthorized users, unauthorized programs, threaten the confidential matters and confirm the system availability to the legal users. Our need of network security has broken into two needs. One is the need of information security and other is the need of computer security. On internet or any network of an organization, thousands of important information is exchanged daily. This information can be misused by attackers. The information security is needed for the following given reasons. In my project, a single text file is the input of the system. In this project analysis of packet hiding methods, there are three types of transferring data are performed. In this I have analysis of the result manually. I have taken different sizes of file. This file is included in packet hiding methods. I calculate encryption times of the different files and different methods. Here different outputs are obtained.


Physical mechanisms of V/sub t/ shift in NROM (micro FLASH) memory transistors microFLASH memory is the trademark of Tower Semiconductor Ltd. microFLASH is based on the NROM technology. NROM is the trademark of Saifun Semiconductor Ltd. after cycling are considered. Computer simulation is combined with analytical description of kinetics of "fast" V/sub t/ shift after cycling. The distinguishing feature of the developed model is its consistency with the positions of trapped charges obtained from charge pumping measurements and account for Coulomb correlation effects in the dynamics of injected charges in ONO. Accumulation of residual electrons and holes in the injection region and electrons trapped far from the drain is accounted in the model. Two main processes during the cycling determine the further HT V/sub t/ shift: the first one is caused by Coulomb repulsion of injected electrons, and another one is linked to the trapping and re-trapping of electrons. The dependence of "fast" V/sub t/ shift on the number of cycles is obtained and verified by experimental data. The approach can be used to predict the behavior of V/sub t/ during the long-term exploitation of memory devices that experienced up to 10 k program/erase cycles.


A new model of the erosion by water of cohesive soils is developed using physical principles. The theoretical framework which is developed recognises the changing nature of the eroding surface of a soil. Raindrop impact and overland flow are considered to act upon a soil surface so removing soil from the cohesive original (or parent) soil. Once this soil enters the overland flow, either as aggregates or primary particles, it is considered to return to the soil bed, from which it may be re-removed. The development of a deposited layer makes it necessary to distinguish between processes removing sediment from the original soil and those processes removing the deposited layer. This layer, being formed by the relatively gentle action of deposition during the current erosion event, is presumed cohesionless. The physical properties of the original soil and the deposited layer are considered to be very different. The development of two experimental apparatus, a rainfall/runoff simulator and a settling tube for the measurement of aggregate settling velocities, is first described. Experimental investigations, using these apparatus, and field observations to inform the description of the erosion and deposition processes, are then presented. The processes by which rainfall impact removes sediment from the original soil and the deposited layer are termed rainfall detachment and rainfall re-detachment respectively. Initially, descriptions of these processes in the presence of deposition, are combined in a model describing net rainfall detachment when removal of sediment from the flow bed by overland flow is not occurring. The developriient of the deposited layer is considered both quantitatively and qualitatively. The solution of the equation describing mass conservation is then given for the equilibrium situation when the mass of the deposited layer, and therefore the sediment concentration, is constant with respect to time. The processes by which overland flow removes sediment from the original soil and the deposited layer are termed entrainment and re-entrainment. The work done by the process of entrainment is considered to be done wholly against the cohesive strength of the original soil. In contrast to the process of entrainment, the work done in re-entraining sediment from the deposited layer is considered only to be done against gravity. The resulting description of these processes is then combined with the previous descriptions of rainfall detachment, rainfall re-detachment and deposition and with the equation describing the conservation of mass of sediment within any arbitary number of size (or settling velocity) classes. A plane geometry model Is developed in which the surface water flow is considered to be uniformily distributed across a plane slope on which all processes act. When the mass of the deposited layer is steady, two possible forms of equilibrium are shown to exist. When the coverage of the original soil by deposited layer is partial, the sediment concentration is limited by the removal of the cohesive original soil by entrainment and rainfall detachment, in the presence of deposition. This situation is termed 'source limiting' and is shown to provide a lower limit to sediment concentration. When the coverage of the deposited layer is complete so that entrainment and rainfall detachment of the original soil are considered not to occur, then the ability of the erosive agents to re-entrain and re-detach sediment in the presence of deposition limits sediment concentration. This situation, termed 'transport limiting', is shown to provide a practical upper limit to sediment concentration. This plane geometry flow model is followed by a revised model in which all processes are considered to occur but the flow of water on a plane surface is modified by the formation of rills. In this 'detailed geometry model' the spatial distribution of the erosive agents is shown to have a marked influence on the resulting processes and sediment concentrations. A potential description of the sediment transport across a change in land slope is also developed. Finally, a discussion of this new modelling approach is presented in which the conceptual developments of this thesis are considered and future developments are suggested. This discussion also includes a comparison of the outcomes of this new work with similar erosion models.


The paper demonstrates the applicability of several statistical methods to the analysis and interpretation of the average rapeseed yield data. It proves our hypothesis that the general trend of rapeseed yield variations in Ukraine during 1991–2017 occurred due to agro-economic and agro-technological factors, which are the determinants of the revealed general trend. The temporal trend of rapeseed yield in most administrative districts can be described by a fourth-degree polynomial, namely, its characteristic points enabled us to describe and interpret the dynamics of rapeseed yields. The absolute term of the polynomial shows the initial conditions of the process, and its mapping allows us to identify the areas with the most favorable soil-climatic conditions for the rapeseed cultivation. Indicators of the maximum rate of growth and decrease of yields are the markers of stability of agro-ecosystems to the external influences. Therefore, the mapping of the maximum rate of decline and increase of yields reveal areas in which yields respond rapidly (increasing / falling) to the changes in agro-economic and agro-technological conditions, as well as areas where yields are more stable and change gradually. Thus, the form of the yield trend is determined by the influence of agro-technological and agro-economic factors, whose contribution to the fluctuation in rapeseed yields varies from 53% to 90%.


BACKGROUND
Little evidence is available regarding the benefit of ridge preservation (RP) at molar sites. The primary objective of this three-arm cohort study was to histologically compare the healing outcome between natural healing after molar tooth extraction and two different techniques of RP using freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) and a non-resorbable dense polytetrafluoroethylene membrane (dPTFE), or an absorbable collagen sponge as a barrier.

METHODS
Seventy-nine patients requiring extraction and delayed implant placement were placed into three groups: extraction alone (Control); ridge preserved using: FDBA and either dPTFE (Test1) or collagen sponge (Test2). Bone cores were harvested from implant osteotomies at approximately 3 months after extraction for histomorphometric analysis to determine the percentage of vital bone, residual graft, and connective/other tissue. Ridge dimension changes were also evaluated radiographically (cone-beam computed tomography).

RESULTS
The percentage of vital bone was significantly greater in Control group compared to Test1 but was not statistically different between other groups. Test2 showed significantly less connective/other tissue than Control and Test1. The percentage of residual graft was significantly lower in Test1 compared to Test2. There was no significant correlation between the percentage of vital bone or residual graft and the following parameters: healing time, patient age, gender, buccal plate thickness or radiographic changes in ridge dimensions.

CONCLUSION
RP at molar sites using FDBA and an absorbable collagen sponge may be a sufficient and economical way to preserve the ridge dimension without interfering with the amount of new bone formation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.


In June 2015, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in Texas Department of Housing and Community Affairs v. The Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., upholding the use of disparate impact theory in cases brought under the Fair Housing Act. The opinion also contains language affirming the law's commitment to advance residential integration. In light of the fears about what the Court might have done, the recent ruling has been cause for relief, yet fair housing advocates should be wary, because the majority also offered guidance about how many of these cases should be reviewed on the merits – and it is not favorably. In particular, the Court cautioned against allowing disparate impact claims to interfere with the complex, multifactor decisions of housing developers and municipal officials when they seek to improve neighborhoods and housing conditions, even when such decisions exacerbate or entrench segregated patterns. In disparate impact cases the analysis almost always turns on the defendant's ability to demonstrate that the challenged practice is necessary to achieve one or more substantial, legitimate, non-discriminatory interests. The opinion thus makes clear that fostering integration is just on one of many legitimate interests, which may also include revitalizing dilapidated neighborhoods, ensuring compliance with health and safety codes, and providing affordable housing, that a local government might pursue. This may mean that so-called "Housing Improvement" cases, which by definition involve legitimate goals, will always be an uphill battle for fair housing advocates using disparate impact theory. Such cases represent a significant subset of the fair housing cases that have relied on disparate impact theory in recent years (including all three to come before the Supreme Court). The extent to which this will represent a change from the status quo, in which many disparate impact claims already founder, remains to be seen.


The study of combinatorial properties of finite point configurations is a vast area of research in geometry, whose origins go back at least to the ancient Greeks. Since it includes virtually all problems starting with "consider a set of n points in space," space limitations impose the necessity of making choices. As a result, we will restrict our attention to Euclidean spaces and will discuss problems that we find particularly important. The chapter is partitioned into incidence problems (Section 1.1), metric problems (Section 1.2), and coloring problems (Section 1.3).


As a participant in the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) program evaluating U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and ASTM solid waste extraction procedures, the Laramie Energy Technology Center of the U.S. Department of Energy has been conducting a study comparing various aspects of batch versus column extraction techniques. This study evaluates three batch extraction methods and compares these results with results obtained from column leach tests. A standard fly ash material was leached using three types of mixers, five liquid-to-solid ratios, and leach times ranging from 1 h to 96 h. The leachates were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite furnace for the following metals: selenium, chromium, arsenic, lead, and cadmium. The pH was also determined on all the leachate samples. The data show that the batch test can be improved by increasing the liquid-to-solid ratio. The data also indicate that the leaching time can be decreased. Comparison of the data from the batch and column leach tests indicates that a correlation may exist.


Researchers have adopted the use of magnetic field as a new pre-sowing, environmental friendly technique. Enhancements on plant characteristics with economic impact on producer's income could be the future of a modern, organic and sustainable agriculture. A field experiment was established at Soil Science Institute of Athens, Lycovrissi, Greece, in the winter of 2014. Two durum wheat cultivars were used. It was a pot experiment with 6 treatments (2 cultivars with 3 magnetic field time exposure). The seeds were treated using a PAPIMI electromagnetic field generator for 0, 30 and 45 minutes one day before planting. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with six treatments and 30 replications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the positive effect of magnetic field pre-sowing treatment in a wide range of plant measurements, including yield. The influence of pulsed electromagnetic field on two varieties of durum wheat seeds showed some statistically significant differences at the 0.05 level in growth measurements, physiological measurements and root growth measurements. Plant tissue analysis showed that magnetic field treatments had higher values than control in total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, copper (only MF-45), zinc (only MF-30) and boron content, although values showed statistically significant differences only in total nitrogen. The results indicate that this innovative technique can increase the yield of durum wheat, through enhanced absorption of nutrients. Pre-sowing treatment of the seeds leads to vigorous plant growth that are more productive.


Significant buffering of storm surges by vegetation canopies has been suggested by limited observations and simple numerical studies, particularly following recent Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. Here we simulate storm surge and inundation over idealized topographies using a three‐dimensional vegetation‐resolving storm surge model coupled to a shallow water wave model and show that a sufficiently wide and tall vegetation canopy reduces inundation on land by 5 to 40 percent, depending upon various storm and canopy parameters. Effectiveness of the vegetation in dissipating storm surge and inundation depends on the intensity and forward speed of the hurricane, as well as the density, height, and width of the vegetation canopy. Reducing the threat to coastal vegetation from development, sea level rise, and other anthropogenic factors would help to protect many coastal regions against storm surges.


This study investigated influences of recollective experience and self-other differences in episodic retrieval on a following recall test. In the learning phase, subjects were assigned to either self-episodic or other-episodic retrieval condition. In both conditions, subjects were asked to retrieve an episode associated with each trait word, and reported "Remember", "Know" or "No". Immediately after the phase, they performed an arithmetic problem for five minutes, and then were given the surprise recall task. "Remember"-reported words were better recalled than "Know"-reported words. And there was no difference in recall between self-episodic and other-episodic retrieval conditions. These results suggest that an existence of recollective experience in episodic retrieval during encoding, produces better recall performance.


Using the whole cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique, we have identified an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-regulated chloride conductance in pancreatic duct cells. Basal whole cell currents in single isolated cells were very low (approximately 5 pA/pF) but could be stimulated 17-fold by elevation of intracellular cAMP. The cAMP-activated currents exhibited 1) a high chloride selectivity, 2) a near linear current-voltage relationship, 3) time and voltage independence, 4) block by 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) but not by 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), and 5) an anion selectivity sequence based on permeability ratios of SCN > NO3 > Br > Cl > I > HCO3 > F > ClO4 > gluconate. Currents in single cells ran down within a few minutes; however, stable chloride currents could be recorded from duct cell clusters in which four or five cells were in electrical communication. We present evidence suggesting that these cAMP-regulated currents are carried by cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) chloride channels. Physiologically, these CFTR channels act in parallel with chloride-bicarbonate exchangers to facilitate bicarbonate secretion across the apical plasma membrane of the duct cell.


Heavy metal pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem in agricultural ecosystems. Heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd) accumulate in the food chain and may lead to detrimental effects on the physiological functions of living organisms, including herbivorous insects. One such example is the Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). However, how Cd can affect the development and reproduction of O. furnacalis is largely unknown. In this study, we exposed larvae of O. furnacalis to a diet containing Cd and investigated the effects of Cd on the development, mating behavior, and fecundity of the insect. We showed that Cd accumulates in the larvae and inhibits development by extending larval and pupal duration and decreasing the survival rate. The excretion of Cd through multiple routes during the larval and pupal stages resulted in low levels of residual Cd in the adult insects, which were not fed with Cd. However, the mating behavior and fecundity of these insects were significantly affected, compared to control insects. This suggests that the bioaccumulation of heavy metals such as Cd has long lasting and detrimental effects on O. furnacalis over the entire life cycle, affecting fecundity, even when specimens are only exposed at an early life stage.


Adult diabetics ( N = 94) completed a questionnaire containing measures of diabetesrelated self-efficacy, outcome expectancies, social support and diabetes self-care. Self-efficacy was consistently associated with self-care in the areas of diet, exercise and blood glucose testing. Outcome expectancies were correlated with exercise and blood glucose testing. The relationship between self-efficacy and blood glucose testing was moderated by outcome expectancies, such that self-efficacy had a greater effect when combined with strong beliefs in outcomes. At low levels of self-efficacy, strong outcome beliefs were associated with poorer self-care. Social support was associated with exercise self-care, and diet-specific positive family interactions were associated with better diet adherence. The relationship between social support and exercise self-care was mediated by self-efficacy. When the effects of self-efficacy were controlled, social support was no longer a significant independent predictor of self-care. The results of this study suggest that programmes designed to increase confidence in self-care abilities are likely to be effective. However, no definitive comment can be made concerning causal order from the present results. It is equally possible that a history of successful diabetes self-care builds patients' confidence in their self-care abilities. The issue of causality is a matter for future research.


The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of birch (Betula platyphylla) wood specimens with four different moisture content (MC) levels, i.e., water-saturated, green, air-dried, and oven-dried, were examined under a low temperature condition ranging from -196 °C (liquid nitrogen temperature) to +20 °C (room temperature). Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was used to evaluate the dynamic viscoelastic properties before and after the low temperature treatment, while X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to analyze the crystalline structure. The results showed that MOE with different MC increased after the low temperature treatment. Specimens with higher MCs were more affected by the treatment than specimens with lower MCs. However, the effect of low temperature treatment (within four times) on MOE was not significant (P > 0.05). Cyclic treatments of liquid nitrogen did not decrease wood MOE. As a structural material, wood has a better residence to low temperatures compared to concrete, in which mechanical properties decreased dramatically after one cycle of low to room temperature.


. Even in the new millenium, many astronomical objects cannot be resolved spatially with any available telescope. Most stars are too small and galaxies are too far away to be imaged directly or in detail in the foreseeable future. However, advances in data-analysis techniques allow us now to create detailed indirect images using tomographic methods. These images provide un precedented insights into fundamental processes that drive the evolution of stars and galaxies, such as accretion and magnetic-field generation, on length scales that are of great physical importance but which are otherwise inaccessible. Joint Discussion 09 was held on two half-days during the General Assembly. The main proceedings will be published in full in a special issue of Astronomische Nachrichten, to which the reader is referred, early in 2004. Here we give only a brief listing of subjects addressed and the titles of talks presented at the meeting.


This historical perspective outlines how advances in endocrinology are uncovering mechanisms by which environmental chemicals may interfere in the synthesis and actions of hormones. Such chemicals have been termed endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Advances in understanding of receptor-mediated genomic and non-genomic actions of hormones have demonstrated the ability of EDCs to compete with hormone for binding to receptors in target cells and thereby to either mimic or antagonise hormone action. Advances in development of a range of assays for identifying endocrine activity of environmental chemicals have led to an appreciation of the wide distribution of EDCs to which the human population are now exposed in air, water, food and consumer products. Technological advances for measuring EDC concentrations in human tissues have demonstrated their widespread presence in human urine, blood, milk, adipose tissue, placenta and breast. Advances in understanding of the wide-ranging physiological effects of hormones and underlying defects in endocrine disorders have begun to reveal how EDCs may provide a new dimension to endocrine dysfunction. Evidence is accumulating for a role of EDCs in many male and female reproductive disorders, thyroid and adrenal disorders, immune system dysfunction and metabolic disorders including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Deregulation of hormonally controlled cell growth may contribute to development of endocrine cancers. Adverse effects of EDCs on developmental processes, including neurodevelopment, have implications for child health and for appearance of disorders not only in later adult life but also into future generations.


This paper analyzes the need for harmonizing the standards for accounting reporting by fully applying the principle of Accrual Based Accounting in the public sector in the EU member states. It also examines the discrepancy between the accountancy in the public sector, based on the cash flow principle (cash basis) and the Accrual Based principle applied in the process of budgetary surveillance in the EU (ESA 95, 2011). The emphasis is laid on the strong dependency of the statistical information at the European level on the quality of the accounting and information basis of public finances and on Eurostat's willingness to create a system of harmonized accounting standards, based on the Accrual Based accounting, which are in compliance with ASA and applicable to all agents in the State Management sector. This paper further analyzes the standardization of the accounting in the public sector of the EU member states and globally and presents some trends of its development. The conclusion is reached that IPSAS are an indisputable staring point to develop harmonized reports in the EU public sector. IPSAS provide the best basic framework for the development of a set of European Public Sector Accounting Standards.


The feminist perspectives entered the field of Political Science/ International Relations during the 1980s as part of the larger critical turn in Social Sciences. The marginalization of women's role and voices in mainstream academic discourse of war and peace remained a key concern of the Political Science/IR feminist perspectives. The current study uses insights from Sandra Harding's standpoint theory to explore how the feminist perspectives are represented in the Political Science/International Relations academia of Pakistan. This paper undertakes a systematic review of leading (HEC recognized) journals of IR and Political Science in Pakistan, to examine if and how the feminist perspectives is represented in Pakistani International Relations discourse. Since local academic discourses are underrepresented in the largely Eurocentric discipline of Political Science/IR, this study will contribute towards a better understanding of representation on a key critical academic perspective ( Feminism) in Political Science/IR. The results of the study show that feminist perspectives are marginalized in local academia in terms of representation. Serious efforts are required to promote academic research and development in this field with the support of the Government, academic institutions and researchers.


An effective method for multicoherence wavelength generation is experimentally demonstrated using an integrated twin-microdisk laser as a seeding source. Dual-wavelength lasing with variable wavelength spacing is achieved by adjusting injection currents independently. Using the integrated laser as a pump seed, we obtain multicoherence wavelength in a nonlinear optical fiber, which has a tunable frequency interval from 50 to 300 GHz. Ten waves with optical signal to noise ratio from 28 to 10 dB are produced at the frequency interval of 200 GHz and a pulse width of 1.2 ps. The high extinction ratio of the pulse trace indicates the high coherence in the mode-locked multiwavelength light source.


The purpose of this study was to investigate elementary and middle school (grade 5 and 7) students' perceptions of global warming and climate change. A total of 239 students completed opened-form questionnaire consisting of cartoons regarding global warming and climate change. The results showed that are as follows. Elementary and middle school students had low level of perception of global warming and climate change. A majority of students rightly believed that the global warming is related to greenhouse gases, glacier, environmental pollution, etc. Also, Many students had scientific concepts about the cause of global warming while some of the students had misconceptions that destruction of the ozone layer will cause an global warming. We have found that some of the students of elementary and middle school had confused between the cause of global warming and ozone depletions.


This retrospective study was conducted to determine whether increased length of hospital stay (LOS) and mortality are associated with nutritional risk upon hospital admission in gastrointestinal cancer patients, using a computerized screening tool developed by a university hospital. We included adult gastrointestinal cancer patients whose hospital stays ranged from 24 hours to 90 days. The sample included 4,345 patients. The average age of the patients was 60.5 ± 11.4 years and 2,959 (68.1%) were males. The mean of LOS was 8.2 ± 8.2 days and the mortality rate was 3.4% (n = 146). The majority of the patients were at low risk (LG) (n = 3,102 [71.4%]), while 779 patients (17.9%) were at moderate risk (MG), and 464 (10.7%) were at high risk (HG). In comparing the three groups based on nutritional risk, hospital LOS was significantly longer in the HG (11.4 ± 11.4 days) than it was in the LG (7.7 ± 7.9 days) and the MG (7.9 ± 7.9 days) (p < 0.0001). Significant differences were found in the hospital mortality rate, which was the highest in the HG (13.6%) and the lowest in the LG (1.5%) (p < 0.0001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, moderate-to-severe nutritional risk, increased age, and emergency admission were selected as significant variables for increased LOS and mortality. Further research is needed to evaluate the benefits of nutritional screening and intervention and their effect on outcomes in various disease populations.


Poverty and inequality are both products and producers of the prevailing relationships ofpower in a society. By many definitions, social movements are understood as questioning thenature and exercise of power in society. As such they also play roles in challenging relation?ships of poverty and inequality. This paper explores some of these roles.The paper first discusses characteristics of social movements?their motivations, emergence andstrategies. Languages of justice and rights are far more prominent in social movements than arelanguages of poverty reduction. Movements rarely take on the mantle of ?being poor? as anidentity-based grievance, and few movement leaders think of themselves or their bases in thisway. Indeed, many movements argue that a policy focus on poverty is depoliticizing anddiverts attention from structures of inequality and exclusion.While this does not mean that movements are irrelevant to poverty, it does imply that to bringthe two themes together requires a particular framing of poverty (as more than income-based),of the causes of poverty (as rooted, ultimately, in relationships of power), and of policy (asdetermined, ultimately, by political processes in which movements are one of many actors). It isfrom this starting point that the paper argues that movements are in fact of great relevance todiscussions of poverty reduction. This is so both because they challenge dominant ways inwhich poverty is understood, and because their own actions suggest alternative pathwaystoward the reduction of poverty and inequality.As a heuristic, the paper discusses these relationships through combining livelihoodsframeworks and a simple state/market/civil society framework. Livelihoods frameworks helpto consider poverty in terms of material well-being, power and meaning/cultural identity, andapproach the causes of poverty in terms of access to, and control over, assets and theinstitutional and policy arrangements that structure people?s possibilities. Thestate/market/civil society frameworks help frame the policies and institutional components oflivelihoods frameworks as products of the interactions and power relations among actorsoperating in these three spheres. These same interactions and power relationships determinethe dominant discourses which shape livelihoods and policy in a more general sense. Thiscombined framework makes social movements and power relationships endogenous tolivelihoods and poverty. It also helps map the different points at which movements mightinteract with poverty dynamics. Indeed, one advantage of the livelihoods approach is that itcombines both production and consumption (or production and reproduction) within a singleanalytical framework. The paper therefore organizes its discussion of movements and povertyaround this distinction between production and consumption. On the production side, thepaper discusses how movements might interact with both incremental and abrupt shifts inlivelihood security, with questions of employment and with the relationships between themacroeconomy and public investment in poverty reduction. On the consumption side, thepaper focuses on the links between movements and collective consumption, with an emphasison housing, shelter, infrastructure and services. Cases are drawn from Bolivia, India, Peru andSouth Africa.In the domains of both production and consumption, movements pursue a range of strategies.At the less contentious end of the spectrum, these strategies include direct provisioning as wellas co-production with public agencies. More contentious are those strategies that involvenegotiation and lobbying, and at the most contentious end are strategies involving outrightprotest and direct action. Choice of strategy, its relative success and its influence on poverty andinequality vary depending on the context, on the capacities of the movement and on thepolitical regime. As a very general pattern, however, it appears that movement politics are morecontentious around questions of production than of consumption, and under political regimes with which movements clearly have an oppositional relationship. More generally, movementivstate interactions appear to be most contentious when movements call into question andchallenge basic rules that underlie the way that both economy and society are organized. Whilestates are more likely to renegotiate particular projects or areas of expenditure, they are far lessinclined to cede ground on basic rules and principles (for instance, principles related toproperty ownership, stability of contracts to overseas investors, taxation rates and so on).Historical analogy would suggest that sustained poverty reduction has come from system-widechanges, many of which are institutional in character. Such changes include, for instance, theestablishment of taxation systems that redistribute from profits and wages to public investmentin services; long-term increases in real wages; and a broadening of access to entitlements thatcome with participation in the formal economy. In societies of the Organisation for EconomicCo-operation and Development (OECD), there is reason to argue that many such institutionshave emerged at least partly as a result of the mobilization and negotiation conducted by broadbasedsocial organizations existing outside the state and political parties. Indeed, one of themost important effects of movements is to induce the creation of new public institutions thatcontribute to poverty reduction and that favour a certain evening out of power relationships insociety. In this sense, just as social movements are endogenous to livelihood, so they are also tostate formation. Understood this way, there is little choice but to recognize their importance forpoverty reduction.


Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. A significant proportion of patients with lung cancer are not candidates for surgery and must resort to other treatment alternatives. Rapid technological advancements in fields like interventional radiology have paved the way for valid treatment modalities like image-guided percutaneous and transarterial therapies for treatment of both primary and metastatic lung cancer. The rationale of ablative therapies relies on the fact that focused delivery of energy induces tumor destruction and pathological necrosis. Image-guided percutaneous thermal ablation therapies are established techniques in the local treatment of hepatic, renal, bone, thyroid, or uterine lesions. In the lung, the 3 main indications for lung ablation include local curative intent, a strategy to achieve a chemoholiday in oligometastatic disease, and recently, oligoprogressive disease. Transarterial therapies include a set of catheter-based treatments that involve delivering embolic and/or chemotherapeutic agents directed into the target tumor via the supplying arteries. This article provides a comprehensive review of the various techniques available and discusses their applications and associated complications in primary and metastatic lung cancer.


BACKGROUND
The anatomy of the lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABCN) in relation to volar approaches to the distal radius is not well visited. With the increasing popularity of distal radius fracture fixation with volar locking plates, it is prudent to study the innervation pattern of the LABCN to minimize the risk of nerve injury.

METHODS
Ten cadaveric distal radial forearms were dissected to study the relationship between the LABCN, flexor carpi radialis (FCR), superficial branch of radial nerve (SBRN), and scaphoid tubercle (ST).

RESULTS
The LABCN coursed closer to the FCR than the SBRN, with branches traversing the tendon in two specimens. The LABCN was also noted to be intimately related to the radial artery, with an average distance of the LABCN from the lateral border of FCR was 6.4mm distally and 9.6mm proximally.

CONCLUSIONS
There is a sparsely innervated corridor between the radial border of the FCR and terminal branches of the LABCN that provides safe access for volar approach to the distal radius.


Automatic speech recognition under conditions of a noisy environment remains a challenging problem. Traditionally, methods focused on noise structure, such as spectral subtraction, have been employed to address this problem, and thus the performance of such methods depends on the accuracy in noise estimation. In this paper, an alternative method, using a harmonic-based spectral reconstruction algorithm, is proposed for the enhancement of robust automatic speech recognition. Neither noise estimation nor noise-model training are required in the proposed approach. A spectral subtraction integrated autocorrelation function is proposed to determine the pitch for the harmonic model. Recognition results show that the harmonic-based spectral reconstruction approach outperforms spectral subtraction in the middle- and lowsignal noise ratio (SNR) ranges. The advantage of the proposed method is more manifest for non-stationary noise, as the algorithm does not require an assumption of stationary noise.


Like other species of Drosophila, Drosophila pseudoobscura has a distinct bias toward the usage of C- and G-ending codons. Previous studies have indicated that this bias is due, at least in part, to natural selection. Codon bias clearly differs among amino acids (and other codon classes) in Drosophila, which may reflect differences in the intensity of selection on codon usage. Ongoing natural selection on synonymous codon usage should be reflected in the shapes of the site frequency spectra of derived states at polymorphic positions. Specifically, regardless of other demographic effects on the spectrum, it should be shifted toward higher values for changes from less-preferred to more-preferred codons, and toward lower values for the converse. If the intensity of natural selection is increased, shifts in the site frequency spectra should be more pronounced. A total of 33,729 synonymous polymorphic sites on Chromosome 2 in D. pseudoobscura were analyzed. Shifts in the site frequency spectra are consistent with differential intensity of natural selection on codon usage, with stronger shifts associated with higher codon bias. The shifts, in general, are greater for polymorphic synonymous sites than for polymorphic intron sites, also consistent with natural selection. However, unlike observations in D. melanogaster, codon bias is not reduced in areas of low recombination in D. pseudoobscura; the site frequency spectrum signal for selection on codon usage remains strong in these regions. However, diversity is reduced, as expected. It is possible that estimates of low recombination reflect a recent change in recombination rate.


Substantial evidence links social connectedness prospectively to cognitive aging outcomes, but there is little agreement about the social processes or mechanisms that drive this relationship. This study evaluated nine measures of social connectedness, focusing on two distinct forms of social enrichment – access to an expansive and diverse set of loosely connected individuals (i.e., social bridging) and integration in a supportive network of close ties (i.e., social bonding).

 This study used egocentric social network and clinical cognitive data from 311 older adults in the first wave of the Social Networks in Alzheimer Disease (SNAD) study. Linear regressions adjusting for gender, age, education, and depression symptoms were used to estimate the association between nine measures of social connectedness and global cognitive function, verbal memory, and attention.

 Measures indicative of social bridging (larger network size, lower density, presence of weak ties, and proportion non-kin) were consistently associated with better cognitive outcomes, while measures of social bonding largely produced null effects. Discussion and Implications: These findings suggest that the protective benefits of social connectedness for cognitive function and memory may operate primarily through a cognitive reserve mechanism that is driven by irregular contact with a larger and more diverse group of peripheral others. Population-level interventions that promote the cultivation of social bridging relationships and activities may have benefits for cognition later in life.


A previously healthy 59-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital due to petechiae. Investigations showed profound thrombocytopenia (1.5×10(4)/µl) and mild elevation of transaminases. The serological examination revealed acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. We intermittently measured CMV load in her clinical course. The petechiae improved with no therapy. One month later, the platelet count was increased up to 7.6×10(4)/µl and CMV-DNA was reduced to undetectable levels. CMV-induced thrombocytopenia in an immunocompetent adult is rare. We also recognized the association of platelet counts and virus load in the natural course of this patient with CMV-induced thrombocytopenia.


IMPROVEMENT OF CASSAVA OPAK PRODUCTION PROCESS IN PANDEGLANG DISTRICT THROUGH THE IMPLEMENTATION OF FORMING MACHINES. Pasirawi Village Banjar District Pandeglang Regency is one of the poorest villages in Pandeglang District, where in this village there is productive land of cassava plantation area of approximately 50 hectares. This village is one of the producers of Cassava Prawns one of them is the largest cassava opak in Banten area. the production process of cassava opak cassava is still very conventional so that in the process of processing there are some obstacles, among others: production and technology constraints and still simple. Realizing the processed industry of Cassava in Pandeglang Regency qualified and competitive through Implementation of Cassava Printing Machine Technology. Which is manifested in the activities Designing and development of production machine Opak Cassava Chips Maker with Engine Speed 100 pcs / minute and other processed cassava printing machine which result more efficient.


Article is devoted to problems of structuring state created history taking into account variety social, political, forms, various speed of a political genesis. Problems of allocation of development stages of the political organizations (statehood) taking into account uncertainty of the general units of the analysis, terms and concepts of rather various paradigms of structuring and a periodization of history are considered. It is shown that the decisive force causing transformation of all other public sectors is growth, distribution and deduction of a dominant position of the most effective in the conditions of this period of a political regime.


ABSTRACT The use of alternative medicine, particularly herbal medicine and acupuncture, has shown a lot of potential for the treatment of diseases and disorders in various animals. In this study, the clinical and histopathologic effects of guava poultice with or without aquapuncture using coconut water on experimentally induced open wounds in the flank of nine female Philippine native sheep were investigated. The sheep were distributed into three treatment groups: 1) Penicillin-Streptomycin and Povidone Iodine (PS-PI); 2) Guava (GU); and 3) Aquapuncture-Guava (AQ-GU). Within the 21-day observation period, the animals were checked clinically and the wounds were examined grossly. Biopsies were taken at the last day of observation. During and after the study, no mortalities and abnormalities in the rectal temperature, respiratory rate, pulse rate, appetite, urine and fecal output were observed in all the sheep. The wounds in the AQ-GU group had the best healing, followed by GU group and then PS-PI group. Cosmetic appearance was most pleasant in AQ-GU group. Histopathologically, AQ-GU group closely resembles the initial skin histoarchitecture, compared to the other two groups. The results of the study suggest the potential of combining guava poultice and aquapuncture using coconut water to facilitate wound healing with acceptable cosmetic appearance in sheep.


The article explores the concept of infodemics during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on the propagation of false or inaccurate information proliferating worldwide throughout the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis. We provide an overview of disinformation, misinformation and malinformation and discuss the notion of "fake news", and highlight the threats these phenomena bear for health policies and national and international security. We discuss the mis-/disinformation as a significant challenge to the public health, intelligence, and policymaking communities and highlight the necessity to design measures enabling the prevention, interdiction, and mitigation of such threats. We then present an overview of selected opportunities for applying technology to study and combat disinformation, outlining several approaches currently being used to understand, describe, and model the phenomena of misinformation and disinformation. We focus specifically on complex networks, machine learning, data- and text-mining methods in misinformation detection, sentiment analysis, and agent-based models of misinformation spreading and the detection of misinformation sources in the network. We conclude with the set of recommendations supporting the World Health Organization's initiative on infodemiology. We support the implementation of integrated preventive procedures and internationalization of infodemic management. We also endorse the application of the cross-disciplinary methodology of Crime Science discipline, supplemented by Big Data analysis and related information technologies to prevent, disrupt, and detect mis- and disinformation efficiently.


We develop a new distributed algorithm to solve the ridge regression problem with feature partitioning of the observation matrix. The proposed algorithm, named D-Ridge, is based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and estimates the parameters when the observation matrix is distributed among different agents with feature (or vertical) partitioning. We formulate the associated ridge regression problem as a distributed convex optimization problem and utilize the ADMM to obtain an iterative solution. Numerical results demonstrate that D-Ridge converges faster than its diffusion-based contender does.


While one can characterize mental health using questionnaires, such tools do not provide direct insight into the underlying biology. By linking approaches that visualize brain activity to questionnaires in the context of individualized prediction, we can gain new insights into the biology and behavioral aspects of brain health. Resting-state fMRI (rs-fMRI) can be used to identify biomarkers of these conditions and study patterns of abnormal connectivity. In this work, we estimate mental health quality for individual participants using static functional network connectivity (sFNC) data from rs-fMRI. The deep learning model uses the sFNC data as input to predict four categories of mental health quality and visualize the neural patterns indicative of each group. We used guided gradient class activation maps (guided Grad-CAM) to identify the most discriminative sFNC patterns. The effectiveness of this model was validated using the UK Biobank dataset, in which we showed that our approach outperformed four alternative models by 4-18% accuracy. The proposed model's performance evaluation yielded a classification accuracy of 76%, 78%, 88%, and 98% for the excellent, good, fair, and poor mental health categories, with poor mental health accuracy being the highest. The findings show distinct sFNC patterns across each group. The patterns associated with excellent mental health consist of the cerebellar-subcortical regions, whereas the most prominent areas in the poor mental health category are in the sensorimotor and visual domains. Thus the combination of rs-fMRI and deep learning opens a promising path for developing a comprehensive framework to evaluate and measure mental health. Moreover, this approach had the potential to guide the development of personalized interventions and enable the monitoring of treatment response. Overall this highlights the crucial role of advanced imaging modalities and deep learning algorithms in advancing our understanding and management of mental health.


We report a facile synthesis of CuS and CdS nanoparticles using a cheap solution-processed chemical bath method forming heterogeneous nucleation. The optical, structural, photoelectrochemical (PEC), and electronic properties are studied by implementing relevant experimental techniques. The estimated optical band gap of ∼2.10 eV of CuS designates potential application in inexpensive photocatalysis and solar cells. Further, the valence band and conduction band positions of CuS and CdS are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry curves. Narrow conduction and valence band offset potentials measured at the CuS/CdS heterojunction are encouraging factors for the PEC application. The electronic properties are supported by the current density vs potential plots (J–V) with an improved short-circuit current density of 0.71 mA cm–2 for the heterojunction compared to bare CuS showing 0.15 μA cm–2. The determined PCE of the heterojunction CuS/CdS is 0.65%.


Gas giant planets play a fundamental role in shaping the orbital architecture of planetary systems and in affecting the delivery of volatile materials to terrestrial planets in the habitable zones. Current theories of gas giant planet formation rely on either of two mechanisms: the core accretion model and the disk instability model. In this chapter, we describe the essential principles upon which these models are built and discuss the successes and limitations of each model in explaining observational data of giant planets orbiting the Sun and other stars.


In the first part of the paper, Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis of the combusting flow within a high-swirl lean premixed gas turbine combustor and over the 1 st row nozzle guide vanes is presented. In this analysis, the focus of the investigation is the fluid dynamics at the combustor/turbine interface and its impact on the turbine. The predictions show the existence of a highly-rotating vortex core in the combustor, which is in strong interaction with the turbine nozzle guide vanes. This has been observed to be in agreement with the temperature indicated by thermal paint observations. The results suggest that swirling flow vortex core transition phenomena play a very important role in gas turbine combustors with modern lean-premixed dry low emissions technology. As the predictability of vortex core transition phenomena has not yet been investigated sufficiently, a fundamental validation study has been initiated, with the aim of validating the predictive capability of currently-available modelling procedures for turbulent swirling flows near the sub/supercritical vortex core transition. In the second part of the paper, results are presented which analyse such transitional turbulent swirling flows in two different laboratory water test rigs. It has been observed that turbulent swirling flows of interest are dominated by low-frequency transient motion of coherent structures, which cannot be adequately simulated within the framework of steady-state RANS turbulence modelling approaches. It has been found that useful results can be obtained only by modelling strategies which resolve the three-dimensional, transient motion of coherent structures, and do not assume a scalar turbulent viscosity at all scales. These models include RSM based URANS procedures as well as LES and DES approaches.


Web site designers have expressed concerns that formal, cleaned-up representations of early ideas cause end-users to focus on inappropriate details. It is believed that the high-fidelity of formal representations cause end-users to believe a design is more complete and therefore not amenable to high-level changes and suggestions. In this paper we present an experiment comparing end-user perceptions of formal and informal electronic representations of web site designs. We found that end-users do in fact believe formal representations are finished and unchanging, but that this does not seem to influence the level of detail in their suggestions. However, it appears that informal designs presented in an electronic medium raises user expectations such that lower-level suggestions about the visual aspects were made.


Cognitive radio systems are a promising solution to the spectrum scarcity problem but accurate modeling of both primary and secondary user activity, spectrum utilization, and system throughput are vital to achieve good performance in such systems. In this paper, we consider a set of primary users that are distributed in space based on a Poisson point process and demand for the available spectrum. We assess the effect of these demands on primary user activity, spectrum occupancy, and total system throughput under various subcarrier-request distributions and fading environments. The asymptotic mean number of active primary users and occupied subcarriers are analytically derived and evaluated further considering the primary network traffic and the average probability of miss-detection of an occupied subcarrier by a single sensing secondary user. It is seen that the average probability of miss-detection is a function of system traffic and the subcarrier-request distribution of primary users and that for extreme primary user traffic, the applied subcarrier-request distribution and total number of provided subcarriers cannot improve further the asymptotic sensing accuracy of the secondary user. Finally, the primary network and the secondary user throughputs in the presence of mutual interference due to imperfect detection of secondary users are investigated and their asymptotic values for large primary network traffic, primary user transmit power, and secondary user transmit power are analytically derived. The results are critically investigated, formulated as theorems and compared with simulations. It is observed that analytical and simulation results are in perfect agreement. It is shown that increasing the primary network transmit power benefits both the primary network and the secondary user throughputs.


Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor gene is an important signaling protein produced by cells that stimulates vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. It is part of the system that restores the oxygen supply to tissues when blood circulation is inadequate. Its normal function is to create new blood vessels during embryonic development, new blood vessels after injury, muscle following exercise, and new vessels to bypass blocked vessels. It has been implicated in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). The study included 200 female subjects. Out of them, 100 had a history of PE. Their mean age ± SD was 24.48 ± 4.19 years. Seventy-nine (79%) of cases had a history of mild PE and twenty one (21%) of cases had a history of severe PE. The other 100 subjects were clinically healthy unrelated women with a history of complete successful pregnancy and no PE. Their mean age ± SD was 23.28 ± 3.80 years. VEGF C405G, C2578A, and C936T gene polymorphisms were study by using accurate methods of molecular biology techniques such as PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLPs). We found that PE among Egyptian women was strongly associated with pre-eclamptic mutations relayed to VEGF C405G, C2578A, and C936T gene polymorphisms. There were statistically significant low frequencies of wild homozygous genotype CC and high frequencies of both heterozygous mutant genotypes CG and CA, and homozygous mutant genotype GG and AA in pre-eclamptic cases compared to controls. In addition, there were statistically significant high frequencies of mutant G and mutant A allele in pre-eclamptic cases compared to controls.


The shortages and drawbacks of traditional geotechnical engineering monitoring and controlling system(GEMCS) is reviewed and the necessity and inevitability to establish a modern GEMCS are argued and discussed sufficiently. Modern GEMCS are fundamentally divided into two subsystems, remote management subsystem and site management subsystem respectively. Each of the subsystems is introduced and described subsequently by their components, main functions and capability in solving issues. Then, the predominant characteristics and advantages of the modern GEMCS are specified with two facets: components features and unlimited time-spatial domain monitoring. Applications in deep pit constructions are illustrated to visualize the functions of the modern GEMCS, followed by three research strategies of scholars from home and abroad are analyzed and summed up. Last, based on two levels, which are completions and evolutions of monitoring and controlling system itself as well as its generalizations in applications and promotions in geomechanics, developments supposed to achieve in modern intelligent GEMCS in 21st century are prospected and forecasted.


Fluid control is one of the essential automation application area in industry. In order to fluid control effectively and precisely, valves which are crucial components, need a controlled rotating motion which leads to implement electric motors, electronic controller and gear systems altogether. In this study, an electric motor actuated valve system is designed and prototyped. The design phases are including switch mode power supply (SMPS) design, motor controller circuit design, mechanical implementation and controller design. The designed valve system is manufactured and tested using multi-disciplinary fashion. The application problems are solved by using the proper control techniques and strategies. The precise position control of butterfly disc is also achieved. According to the related industrial standard and application requirements, the experimental results show the effectiveness of the design approach.


OBJECTIVE
Shared symptoms between borderline personality disorder and depression have resulted in inherent difficulties in evaluating the relationship between these disorders. Some theorists have argued that depression in patients with borderline personality disorder is qualitatively distinct from depression in nonborderline patients. The purpose of this study was to empirically identify aspects of depression most associated with borderline personality disorder.

METHOD
Through interview and self-report measures, the authors studied depression in 50 inpatients, 21 of whom had borderline personality disorder.

RESULTS
The aspects of depression most associated with borderline personality disorder were self-condemnation, emptiness, abandonment fears, self-destructiveness, and hopelessness; boredom and somatic complaints exhibited no association.

CONCLUSIONS
Depression associated with borderline pathology appears to be in some respects unique, as well as distinct from nonborderline depression. The study's implications delineate the importance of considering the phenomenological aspects of depression in borderline personality disorder.


Voice user interfaces can offer intuitive interaction with our devices, but the usability and audio quality could be further improved if multiple devices could collaborate to provide a distributed voice user interface. To ensure that users' voices are not shared with unauthorized devices, it is however necessary to design an access management system that adapts to the users' needs. Prior work has demonstrated that a combination of audio fingerprinting and fuzzy cryptography yields a robust pairing of devices without sharing the information that they record. However, the robustness of these systems is partially based on the extensive duration of the recordings that are required to obtain the fingerprint. This paper analyzes methods for robust generation of acoustic fingerprints in short periods of time to enable the responsive pairing of devices according to changes in the acoustic scenery and can be integrated into other typical speech processing tools.


To determine dietary factors which govern water turnover in rats, water intake and output were studied during 24-hour intervals. Rats given water ad libitum and Purina laboratory chow or a synthetic diet voluntarily maintained an antidiuretic state, restricting water intake and excreting urine of nearly maximum concentration. Dietary modifications which have been studied include: addition of large amounts of NaCl or urea; a protein-free diet with or without urea added; and diets containing various levels of Na, K and Cl. Conclusions drawn from these studies are as follows: under most conditions water intake was determined by the minimum urine water for solute excretion or by changes in fecal volume; the degree of antidiuresis maintained by the rats may depend on the electrolyte content of the diet. Nitrogen turnover has an additional influence on water metabolism through the effect of urea excretion on the renal concentrating mechanism. Evidence also presented indicates that Pitressin may act to 'reset' the threshold of drinking, with a resulting concentration of body fluids.


In response to concern over the failure and poor growth of many interior and white spruce plantations in British Columbia the effect of storage duration and soil temperature on the photosynthetic ability of white spruce seedlings was explored. Seedlings of Picea glauca were dark freezer stored (-5oC) from 9.6 to 30.6 weeks, thawed and grown for 28 days in a growth chamber at three different soil temperatures (3,7,11°C). During this period gas exchange variables and chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics were followed. Seedlings stored for periods of 22 weeks or longer had significantly lower rates of photosynthesis dependent on the outplanting soil temperature. Stomatal conductance was initially low upon outplanting and showed a recovery period of 4-7 days duration. The level of stomatal conductance increased in seedlings after they were stored for 26.1 weeks or longer. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements of seedlings stored from 22 to 30.6 weeks showed a recovery period in photosynthetic efficiency (Fy/Fp) related to changes in photosynthesis. A decrease in seedling Fy/Fp with increasing periods of storage was noted at day 5 after outplanting. A disproportionate increase in new root growth with the increasing soil temperatures, measured after the 28 day growth period, suggested a soil temperature threshold for root growth exists between the 7oC and lloC. In contrast, the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis results suggest the seedling shoots were not directly affected by the cold soil temperatures. In general, the results suggest Picea glauca seedlings stored longer than 22 weeks in freezer conditions have reduced photosynthetic ability, root growth and overall vigor. Fluorescence and bud break data suggest the reduction was possibly due to freezing damage sustained in storage affecting photosynthetic electron transport through photoinhibition upon returning seedlings to the light.


Although there is no question that age-related alterations in neural function occur in the central nervous system (CNS) of mammals, these changes tend to be somewhat circumscribed rather than completely global, even in pathological conditions. Examples of this kind of specificity of functional neural change are drawn from experiments on the electrophysiology of the senescent rat hippocampus.


The (continued) success of personalist philosophy in moral theology and politics is in stark contrast with the response within the field of philosophy itself. After a period of intense flowering between 1930-1950, a deafening silence soon descended. In this article, I will use Paul Ricoeur to guide me in my search for a form in which this type of thought can still be useful in philosophy today, a form that will lead to a greater recognition of the political as a unique factor than before. During his early years, Ricoeur had close ties to personalism, but as time moved on, he became more and more critical. A fact that is usually ignored however, is that the later Ricoeur seems to have tried to translate the personalist approach into a rather more efficient form within the context of contemporary philosophy. In this article, I will try to show that Ricoeur's late, but important work Soi-meme comme un autre (1990) should be regarded as the result of this attempt. Firstly, his 'small ethics' is very close to the personalist ethics of solidarity. Ricoeur's reflections on the ethical pursuit of the good life with and for others in just institutions, offer a philosophical elaboration of the correction of personalism he wrote over thirty years earlier with regard to moral theology, using the same distinction between neighbour and fellow human being. Thus, he combined personalist intuitions with a greater recognition of the uniqueness of the political sphere in which we are connected to each other anonymously. Secondly, his hermeneutical phenomenology offers a solid anthropological base for those ethics, by connecting the three-foldedness of ethical aspiration with the implications of the analysis of language, action and narrativity in contemporary philosophy. I would suggest we interpret Ricoeur's philosophy as a personalism apres-la-lettre, not just because he elaborates on personalism in a way that is better able to resist the hostile context of contemporary philosophy, but mainly also because he succeeds better in integrating the uniqueness of the political sphere and of the personal political responsibility of citizens than the original French personalist did. Ricoeur's three-fold personalism – the personalism of the person in relation to the first, the second and the third person – offers some outlines for a contemporary personalist philosophy.


Researcher used this study to measure the effect of capital structure on Performance of Public listed companies in DSE Tanzania using a panel data of six companies during the 5 year period, from 2009 to 2013 which created 30 observations. Panel data for the selected companies were generated and analyzed using fixed effect regression statistical technique to test the relationship between capital structure variables and return on asset and random effect used to test the relationship between capital structure variables and return on equity. Variable computations were conducted with the assistance of STATA computer software and the results of the study revealed the mixed results, a negative relationship revealed between debt to equity ratios and return on equity while Debt to asset ratios indicated a positive relationship with return on equity when random effect regression used. The overall results revealed that capital structure has a positive impact on company profitability while some of capital structure variables with combination of debt to equity indicated a negative relationship with company profit and other capital structure variables with combination of debt to assets indicated a positive relationship with company profit Correlation and regression models indicated a positive relationship between debt to assets ratios and company profit. In terms of ROE and ROA while only debt to equity ratios showed a negative relationship with ROE as indicated by both methods. The study recommends that managers of manufacturing companies should increase the reliance on short term debt to asset ratios as a source of finance because they have much influence on profit generation on both return on equity and return on assets. Debt to equity ratios were the only variables which indicated a negative relationship with company profit in terms of return on equity, for that case managements should reduce the use of these ratios although other remaining ratios has to be increased because they also indicated a positive relationship with all profitability ratios


This research was based on the comptitive business condition in restaurant business that was
getting more competitive, therefore the corporates had to make a new marketing strategy to stay and
achieve he higher market. This research aimed to test the effect of customer value and customer
experience toward customer loyalty with customer satisfaction as intervening variable.
The data were gained by questionnaire method to the 110 respondent of waroeng spesial
sambal cabang purwokerto with purposive sampling. The result of the research showed that not all of
the hypotheses could not be accapted. Out of the 5 (five) hypotheses accepted hypotheses. The result
of H1, H2, H3 showed that customer value and customer experience partialy and simultane affected
significantly of the customer experience to customer loyalty. Sobel test showed that from both variables
customer value and customer experience proved that customer vaue and customer experience had
mediated effect.
Key words: customer value, customer experiece, customer satisfaction, customer loyalty