A robust estimation scheme to locate accurately the position of the sun is proposed using a sun sensor equipped to produce four output signals: each signal is proportional to the square of the distance of the focused light from one of the four corners of the sensor plane. Intermediate measurements, termed pseudomeasurements, are derived by computing the difference between outputs taken two at a time so that the sun position is linearly related to the pseudomeasurements. Both random noise and bias in the measurements are considered. A Kalman filter-based algorithm is used to compute an optimal estimate of the position of the focused light with respect to a reference frame. A model for the signal and for the noise are incorporated into the Kalman filter so that the signal is enhanced and the noise attenuated. The redundancy in the measurement is exploited to detect and isolate erroneous sensor measurements, which are then removed. The proposed scheme is evaluated on the simulated data as well as on the actual data obtained from the sun.


Acute symptomatic epileptic seizures occur within 7 days after the stroke onset. Acute symptomatic epileptic seizures occur in 6.3% of stroke cases: ischemic stroke — 4.2%, cerebral infarction with hemorrhagic transformation — 12.5%, intracerebral hemorrhage — 16.2%. Cumulative risk of subsequent unprovoked epileptic seizure after the first acute symptomatic seizure at follow-up for 10 years is 18.7 %. In acute symptomatic epileptic seizure secondary prevention with antiepileptic drugs usually is not indicated. If antiepileptic drug treatment is initiated after a single acute symptomatic seizure, it should be discontinued after the acute period of the disease. The 10-years risk of subsequent unprovoked epileptic seizures after the single unprovoked epileptic seizure in stroke patients is 71.5%. In this situation the epilepsy diagnosis is reasonable and antiepileptic drug treatment should be initiated. The incidence of epilepsy after acute ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke is identical — 10–12%. The choice of the group of antiepileptic drugs should be based on clinical guidelines for patients with focal forms of epilepsy. Pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and oral anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents, antihypertensive drugs, and other xenobiotics should be minimized. Thus antiepileptic drugs that induce or inhibit microsomal liver enzymes should also be avoided.


UNLABELLED
BACKGROUND⁄

OBJECTIVES
Knowledge of the effects of domestic endotoxin on children's lung function is limited. The association between domestic endotoxin and asthma or wheeze and lung function among school-age children (six to 18 years of age) was examined. The interaction between endotoxin and other personal and environmental characteristics and lung function was also assessed.

METHODS
A case-control study was conducted in and around the rural community of Humboldt, Saskatchewan, between 2005 and 2007. Parents of cases reported either doctor-diagnosed asthma or wheeze in the previous year. Controls were randomly selected from those not reporting these conditions. Data were collected by questionnaire to ascertain symptoms and conditions, while spirometry was used to measure lung function including forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1 s. Dust collected from the child's play area floor and the child's mattress was used to quantify endotoxin, and saliva was collected to quantify cotinine levels and assess tobacco smoke exposure.

RESULTS
There were 102 cases and 207 controls included in the present study. Lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s was associated with higher mattress endotoxin load among female cases (beta=-0.25, SE=0.07 [P<0.01]). There was a trend toward lower forced vital capacity, which was associated with higher play area endotoxin load among cases with high tobacco smoke exposure (beta=-0.17, SE=0.09 [P<0.10]).

CONCLUSIONS
Findings indicated that high endotoxin levels present in common household areas of rural children with asthma or wheeze may also affect their lung function. These associations may be potentiated by tobacco smoke exposure and female sex.


Flow patterns and mixing properties of micromixing devices described in Part I are investigated by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and semianalytical methods. The CFD results provide qualitative information on mixing, but, due to numerical artifacts, no quantitative information can be derived in most cases. The geometrical arrangement of liquid lamellae predicted by the CFD simulations explain transmitted-light experiments reported in Part I. In contrast, the semianalytical method provides a simple model for the mixing devices presented and allows to assess their mixing properties. For two of the four micromixers, mixing times were in the range of milliseconds, thus lending themselves to fast, mass-transfer-limited reactions. Experimental data obtained for a specific micromixer support the semianalytical model. Both the model and experiments suggest that geometric focusing of a large number of liquid streams is a powerful micromixing principle.


The everyday use of new media technology has inevitably resulted in a shift in students' learning and literacy practices. When tracked into the classroom, these new literacies have consequences for scholarly practice, such as when students complete assignments that draw on source material of dubious academic credibility, which leads to conflict with their teacher's expectations about academic integrity. For instance, when students build on their new media literacy skills by creating mashup videos for YouTube, they will probably exercise different ideas about fair use of source material and acknowledgement practices than those upheld in academe. However, educators can bridge the gap between these everyday media practices and more academic expectations about integrity and appropriate discourse by explicitly discussing the different protocols at play in student use of new media technologies and activities. Allowing for usage of 'home-based' literacy practices gives educators the room to explore alternative academic literacies, which fit new classroom dynamics, while also meeting the needs of more discipline specific academic discourse. This paper will discuss some ways to begin conversations about literacy that will lead to students engaging with issues of academic integrity, arguing that decontextualised moralising about plagiarism, for example, serves little purpose. Approaching academic integrity as itself a form of literacy practice allows educators to build on existing literacies by contextualising these in relation to academic norms.


This thesis is based on four studies where the overall aim was to explore and describe experiences of being diagnosed with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA), and if experiences of care and treatment, affect quality of life and health. Two of the studies were qualitative, where a phenomenological hermeneutic and a hermeneutic method of interpretation and analysis were used. In another two studies a quantitative method including two health related quality of life instruments, and an instrument measuring sense of coherence and sexual function were applied. Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms do not usually give any symptoms before rupture. It is usually discovered in connection with a medical examination for other physical conditions. Three treatment regimens are available; Open Repair (OR), EndoVascular Aneurysm Repair (EVAR) and conservative treatment. An aneurysm >55mm is usually excluded with an intervention since the risk for rupture increases at this size. When the aneurysm is less than 55 mm, the patients visit the clinic for annual follow-ups. In paper I, ten patients were invited to participate in an interview. They were all living at home but had been diagnosed with an AAA and were attending follow-ups at a university hospital in Sweden. A phenomenological – hermeneutic approach inspired by Ricoeur and developed for nursing science by Lindseth & Norberg was used for interpreting and analysing the interview text. In paper II twenty patients were consecutive invited to participate in the study. Ten of these patients underwent OR and ten underwent EVAR. Gadamer s philosophical hermeneutics was chosen as an appropriate methodology in relation to the aim. In paper III and IV, 76 patients were consecutive included from two University hospitals between February 2003 and December 2004. The mean age was 72.5 with a range between 52 to 85 years. Data were statistically analyzed to investigate HRQoL and sexual function. The results of the studies showed that the meaning of living with an AAA is to live with the awareness of having an invisible and threatening disease, and a feeling of being subject to suffering. The discovery of the aneurysm meant conviction of being blessed and saved. This was connected to feelings of gratitude. In the short perspective quality of life was worse for patients in the OR group than for patients in the EVAR group, but in the long term perspective (one and two years) improvements beyond preoperative status could only be seen for patients in the OR group. Patients in the EVAR group reported a significant impairment in their sexual functions such as quality of erection and ability to achieve ejaculation from their preoperative state to one year after the treatment. No significant differences were found for patients in the OR group. The knowledge from this research can form the basis for development of a long-term caring program including annual follow ups, preand postoperative nursing care including the recovery period for patients with Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm.


Abstract:This article reflects on the varied and complex dynamics faced by humanitarian agencies working in the Goma area during a six-week period from mid-July 1994, shortly after the exodus of an estimated 850,000 refugees fleeing Rwanda who settled in the vicinity of Goma town in eastern Zaire, until the end of August 1994, which marked the period when the emergency phase of the humanitarian action in support of this refugee population began to stabilize. It considers three main dynamics, which were salient at the time: (1) the speed and size of the emergency; (2) the political environment inside the camps; (3) the traumas affecting the humanitarian environment. It covers the period when the author was assigned to support the emergency response to the crisis, and so combines personal reflections with reviews of some of the academic critique of the response by the international community. The article identifies the action as being critical to the evolution of international humanitarian response over the following two decades and concludes with a reflection on some of the lessons learned.


Background Conversion from intravenous (IV) to oral treatment has many advantages, such as avoiding the adverse events attributed to IV treatment and using less costly drugs. It is also more comfortable, requires fewer human resources and it potentially shortens the length of hospital stay. However it is very important not to have any contraindication for oral treatment. The drugs involved must have excellent bioavailability following oral administration. Purpose To evaluate the results of a pharmaceutical intervention on switching sequentially from IV to oral antibiotics. Materials and methods Prospective and comparative study, carried out over 3 months (between March and May 2012); consisted of a phase of observation and another phase of intervention. We collected demographic data, diagnosis, antibiotic dosage and treatment duration, signs and symptoms related to the infection improving and oral tolerance to medicines and nutrition. We selected all the patients on IV treatment with levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and clindamycin. Over the intervention phase and after 48–72 h of the intravenous treatment, we consulted the physician for approval to switch to the oral drug. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 19.0 Results 140 patients were involved. 44 in the observation phase and 96 in the intervention phase. Mean age was 72.8 (95% CI 66.0–79.6) and 71.8 years old (95% CI 68.5–75.7) respectively. Main diagnoses were divided into these infections: respiratory, gastrointestinal, urinary tract and other. During observation phase these were as follows: respiratory 24 (54.5%), gastrointestinal 10 (22.7%), urinary tract 2 (4.5%) and other 8 (18.1%). During intervention phase the numbers were: 45 (46.8%), 21 (21.8%), 6 (6.25%) and 24 (25%) respectively. In the observation phase, IV treatment duration was 6.5 days (interquartile range, 3–11) and it reduced to 4 days (interquartile range, 3–9) in the intervention phase (p = 0.068). A tendency was seen in the number of days of IV administration to decrease. Conclusions Pharmaceutical intervention reduces length of IV treatment. Therefore, a pharmacist-managed intravenous to oral step down system may be a good tool to reduce costs and potential adverse events attributed to IV treatment. This could be an example of the importance of pharmaceutical care in hospitalised patients. No conflict of interest.


We present a new set of observations of Martian aurorae obtained by Spectroscopy for the Investigation of the Characteristics of the Atmosphere of Mars (SPICAM) on board Mars Express (MEX). Using nadir viewing, several auroral events have been identified on the Martian nightside, all near regions of crustal magnetic fields. For most of these events, two to three consecutive events with variable intensities and separated by a few seconds to several tens of seconds have been observed, whereas simultaneous observations with Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) and Analyzer of Space Plasma and Energetic Atoms (ASPERA-3) have been possible. In this paper, we present the data set for these events and discuss the possible correlation between the measured UV emission by SPICAM, the measured downward and/or upward flux of electrons by ASPERA-3 and the total electron content recorded by MARSIS. Despite the limited coverage of SPICAM ultraviolet spectrograph (UVS) on the Martian nightside (essentially in regions of high crustal magnetic fields), there is however a very good correlation between the regions with the locally smallest probability to be on closed crustal magnetic field lines, as derived from Mars Global Surveyor/Electron Reflectometer (MGS/MAG-ER), and the position of an aurora event. This suggests that the crustal magnetic fields, when organized into cusp-like structure, can trigger the few aurorae identified by SPICAM UVS. It confirms also the good probability, in the cases where SPICAM UVS measured UV emissions, that the increase in the measured total electron content by MARSIS and the simultaneous measured precipitating electron flux by the ASPERA-3/Electron Spectrometer may be related to each other.


Coal mining activities change the environment physically, chemically and biologically that affect post-mining vegetation.
 Reclamation and revegetation of post-coal mining land to restore the potential Kalimantan land as important production factor for crop cultivation.
 The pioneer plant function was to helps micro and macro ecosystems of post-coal mining environmental to be more stable. Kalimantan Island has many pioneering species, the most dominant is Macaranga gigantea, Trema tomentosa, Alstonia scholaris, Croton argyratus and Homalanthus populneus.
 Indicator of canopy growth to find out land cover creates a micro climate, fertility, input of forest plants and wild animal feed. Homalanthus populneus, Trema tomentosa, Alstonia scholaris show optimal canopy growth.
 Three of the five pioneer species studied, Alstonia scholaris, Homalanthus populneus, Croton argyratus has optimal growth. Homalanthus populneus is a pioneer that can adapts well in open areas, especially post-mining land.


During the current COVID-19 pandemic, various forms of lockdown have been adopted, globally. This study evaluated the contamination changes (pre, post and during the lockdown) in the Yamuna River following the nationwide COVID-19 lockdown from 25 March–30 May (India). Samples of the surface water were taken from 9 sampling points to determine the physico-chemical, and biological concentration changes in surface water. The investigation showed the fluctuating results of the parameters. The peak saturation of physico-chemical parameters were observed prior to lockdown, followed by the post and during lockdown phases. The BOD and COD concentrations declined by 66% and 39.25%, respectively, compared to the pre-lockdown phase, while Faecal Coliform declined by over 40%. The improvement shown in this period indicates that it is possible for the Yamuna River to be cleaned up easily if people and the government come together.


Textual complexity is widely used to assess the difficulty of reading materials and writing quality in student essays. At a lexical level, word complexity can represent a building block for creating a comprehensive model of lexical networks that adequately estimates learners' understanding. In order to best capture how lexical associations are created between related concepts, we propose automated indices of word complexity based on Age of Exposure (AoE). AOE indices computationally model the lexical learning process as a function of a learner's experience with language. This study describes a proof of concept based on the on a large-scale learning corpus (i.e., TASA). The results indicate that AoE indices yield strong associations with human ratings of age of acquisition, word frequency, entropy, and human lexical response latencies providing evidence of convergent validity.


Background: Previous studies have shown that adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MeDi) has a positive impact on lung function in subjects with lung disease. In subjects free of respiratory diseases, but at risk, this association is not yet well established. Methods: Based on the reference data from the MEDISTAR clinical trial (Mediterranean Diet and Smoking in Tarragona and Reus; ISRCTN 03.362.372), an observational study was conducted with 403 middle-aged smokers without lung disease, treated at 20 centres of primary care in Tarragona (Catalonia, Spain). The degree of MeDi adherence was evaluated according to a 14-item questionnaire, and adherence was defined in three groups (low, medium, and high). Lung function were assessed by forced spirometry. Logistic regression and linear regression models were used to analyse the association between adherence to the MeDi and the presence of ventilatory defects. Results: Globally, the pulmonary alteration prevalence (impaired FEV1 and/or FVC) was 28.8%, although it was lower in participants with medium and high adherence to the MeDi, compared to those with a low score (24.2% and 27.4% vs. 38.5%, p = 0.004). Logistic regression models showed a significant and independent association between medium and high adherence to the MeDi and the presence of altered lung patterns (OR 0.467 [95%CI 0.266, 0.820] and 0.552 [95%CI 0.313, 0.973], respectively). Conclusions: MeDi adherence is inversely associated with the risk impaired lung function. These results indicate that healthy diet behaviours can be modifiable risk factors to protect lung function and reinforce the possibility of a nutritional intervention to increase adherence to MeDi, in addition to promoting smoking cessation.


According to the accident statistics of 2006, it can be recognized that drivers' characteristics and driving behaviors are the most causational factors on the traffic accidents. At present, many recording tools such as digital speedometer or black box are distributed in the market to meet social requests of decreasing traffic accidents and increasing safe driving behaviors. However, it is also true that the system preventing any possible vehicle accidents in advance has not been developed. In this study, we developed critical value for deciding dangerous driving behaviors. The developed critical value could be used to contribute to safety driving management systematization and safety driving behaviors.


Clustering is widely used in data analysis, and density-based methods are developed rapidly in the recent 10 years. Although the state-of-art density peak clustering algorithms are efficient and can detect arbitrary shape clusters, they are nonsphere type of centroid-based methods essentially. In this paper, a novel local density hierarchical clustering algorithm based on reverse nearest neighbors, RNN-LDH, is proposed. By constructing and using a reverse nearest neighbor graph, the extended core regions are found out as initial clusters. Then, a new local density metric is defined to calculate the density of each object; meanwhile, the density hierarchical relationships among the objects are built according to their densities and neighbor relations. Finally, each unclustered object is classified to one of the initial clusters or noise. Results of experiments on synthetic and real data sets show that RNN-LDH outperforms the current clustering methods based on density peak or reverse nearest neighbors.


In recent years, astronomers have begun to discover an increasing number of planets orbiting stars outside our solar system. The characteristics and origins of these planetary bodies are the subject of intense interest and debate. In their Perspective, Russell and Boss discuss the latest results on extrasolar planetary systems presented at a recent conference in Santa Barbara.


Abstract Visual depictions of politicians play an essential role in the impression formation of the audience because they convey visual cues and attributes related to, for example, likeability or competence. This study examines the subjective audience evaluations based on the visual portrayals of a politician by using Q methodology, a qualitative–quantitative approach of audience research. Q-sorts of 33 different pictures showing a high-ranking European politician, along with personal interviews, were used to probe the audience's perception of a favorable or unfavorable picture. Q factor analysis yielded four groups of participants. The audience groups differ regarding their expectation toward favorably depicted political behavior and the involved balance of professional political leadership competences, social competences, and personality. In addition, technical and formal representation strategies were identified as important visual cues, but not for all audience groups.


We investigated the influence of Fe impurity on spin Hall effect in Au using multi-terminal devices consisting of an FePt perpendicular spin polarizer and a Au Hall cross with different Fe impurity concentrations. As the Fe impurity concentration was increased in the range of 0-0.95 at.%, the resistivity of Au doped with Fe increased and the spin diffusion length decreased from 35 nm to 27 nm. On the other hand, the spin Hall angle for Au doped with Fe, evaluated from the spin injector-Hall cross distance dependence of spin Hall signals, was approximately 0.07, independent of the Fe concentration. The experimental results provide important information for understanding the mechanism of the large spin Hall effect.


A novel model-based method for odometry calculation of all-terrain mobile robots is proposed in this paper. Using an all-terrain mobile robot with passively compliant mechanism as an instance, this paper grasps the wheel slip as a key factor affecting the accuracy of odometry calculation by investigating the physical contact relationship between the wheel and the terrain. Firstly, the wheel slip model involving rolling slip, side slip and turning slip is investigated. Then, the whole kinematics model of the robot is built considering the above wheel slips. Finally, the odometry information is achieved based on solving the kinematics model of the robot and the dead-reckon operation. Both theoretical analyses and experimental results testify the correctness and validity of this method. Moreover, the odometry calculation method proposed in this paper can be easily performed based on on-board sensors without taking extra hardware cost.


Over the last decennium, composites of polymers reinforced with natural fibers have attracted field both from the academic world and from various industries. The most important of the natural fibers used in composite materials are flax, hemp, kenaf and sisal due to their properties and availability. Natural fibers based on cellulose have a low density, high stiffness and strong compared to those of glass fibers. For the automotive industry, where weight reduction always is an issue, this was said to be the original reason for the development of interior parts with natural fibers as fillers. The works evaluate study of mechanical behavior and develop a polymer matrix composite using hemp fiber by varying percentage weight fraction of hemp fibers by using hand lay-up method. The fabricated composite samples were trimmed according to the ASTM standards for different experiments and its characterization is performed.


The growth of cystic fibrosis newborn screening (CF NBS) has led to an increased number of infants with a positive NBS test but inconclusive CF diagnostic testing. In the USA this condition is called CFTR related metabolic syndrome (CRMS), while in Europe the term CF screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID) is used. Recent advances in CF genetics and epidemiologic studies of CRMS/CFSPID have provided new insights into the prevalence and outcomes associated with this condition. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:S45–S48. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


The study of brain network connectivity as a time-varying property began relatively recently and to date has remained primarily concerned with capturing a handful of discrete static states that characterize connectivity as measured on a timescale shorter than that of the full scan. Capturing group-level representations of temporally evolving patterns of connectivity is a challenging and important next step in fully leveraging the information available in large resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) studies. We introduce a flexible, extensible data-driven framework for the stable identification of group-level multiframe (movie-style) dynamic functional network connectivity (dFNC) states. Our approach employs uniform manifold approximation and embedding (UMAP) to produce a continuity-preserving planar embedding of high-dimensional time-varying measurements of whole-brain functional network connectivity. Planar linear exemplars summarizing dominant dynamic trends across the population are computed from local linear approximations to the 2D embedded trajectories. A high-dimensional representation of each 2D exemplar segment is obtained by averaging the dFNC observations corresponding to the n planar nearest neighbors of τ evenly spaced points along the 2D line segment representation (where n is the UMAP number-of-neighbors parameter and τ is the temporal duration of trajectory segments being approximated). Each of the 2D exemplars thus "lifts" to a multiframe high-dimensional dFNC trajectory of length τ. The collection of high-dimensional temporally evolving dFNC representations (EVOdFNCs) derived in this manner are employed as dynamic basis objects with which to characterize observed high-dimensional dFNC trajectories, which are then expressed as weighted combination of these basis objects. Our approach yields new insights into anomalous patterns of fluidly varying whole brain connectivity that are significantly associated with schizophrenia as a broad diagnosis as well as with certain symptoms of this serious disorder. Importantly, we show that relative to conventional hidden Markov modeling with single-frame unvarying dFNC summary states, EVOdFNCs are more sensitive to positive symptoms of schizophrenia including hallucinations and delusions, suggesting a more dynamic characterization is needed to help illuminate such a complex brain disorder.


The histology of caudal regeneration in Nereis diversicolor is described with special reference to the role of the cerebral 'regeneration' hormone. Wound healing is complete after 8 days; the regenerated stump of tissue then consists of the pygidium, associated anal cirri and a prepygidial region between the pygidium and the posterior margin of the last intact segment. The term segment blastema is used to refer to the cells from which all segmental structures are derived. The segment blastema is situated in the ventral posterior margin of the prepygidial region, and consists of transverse bands of cells with large nuclei (12 µm diameter) and prominent nucleoli. Segment anlagen are formed immediately in front of the segment blastema; the development of the anlagen is described, and six stages of development are defined. The extent of caudal regeneration in different animals is best compared with reference to the total number and stage of development reached by the segment anlagen. Duringnormal regeneration at 18 °C, segment anlagen are first formed after 8 days, and they continue to be formed at the same rate until at least the 21st day after caudal ablation. The oldest segments reach stage 6 after about 15 days of regeneration. Wound healing, pygidium formation, and cirrus development and establishment of the segment blastema all occur in decerebrate animals following the loss of caudal segments, but segment anlagen formation is almost completely inhibited. Implantation of ganglia taken from intact donor animals into the coelom of decerebrate animals which have lost caudal segments initiates segment anlagen formation. The segment blastema of decerebrate animals remains competent to respond in this way for at least 15 days. The regeneration hormone produced by the cerebral ganglion is essential for continued segment anlagen production throughout the 2nd and 3rd weeks of regeneration at 18 °C. Delayed decerebration leads to an arrest of anlagen production, and anlagen younger than stage 3 fail to develop further. Older anlagen (stages 4 and 5) are independent of the regeneration hormone and can continue to differentiate in its absence.


Objective Antenatal and postnatal cares are crucial for the survival and well-being of both the mother and the child. WHO recommends a minimum of four antenatal care (ANC) visits during a pregnancy. In Ethiopia, only 38% of women in the reproductive age make a minimum of first ANC visits. This value is far below the typical rates of least developed countries. This study aimed to calculate the magnitude and identify associated factors of ANC service utilisation among pregnant women in Ethiopia. Design Cross-sectional study design. Setting Ethiopia. Participants A total of 7913 pregnant women participated in the study. Primary outcome measures Antenatal care service uptake among pregnant women. Result Only 35.5% of the pregnant mothers have used ANC services at least four times and 64.5% of the pregnant mothers have used less than three times during their periods of pregnancy. The study showed that rich women (PR=1.077, 95% CI: 1.029 to 1.127), having access to mass media (PR=1.086, 95% CI: 1.045 to 1.128), having pregnancy complications (PR=1.203, 95% CI: 1.165 to 1.242), secondary education and above (PR=1.112, 95% CI:1.052 to 1.176), husbands' having secondary education and above (PR=1.085, 95% CI: 1.031 to 1.142) and married (PR=1.187; 95% CI: 1.087 to 1.296), rural women (PR=0.884, 95% CI: 0.846 to 0.924) and women>30 years of age (PR=1.067, 95% CI: 1.024 to 1.111) significantly associated with the ANC service uptake. Conclusion The magnitude of ANC service uptake was low. This low magnitude of ANC service utilisation calls for a need to improve community awareness about maternal health. More importantly, intensive health education is required for pregnant women to have better ANC service uptake and follow-up adherence.


Author(s): Tsuei, Torie | Advisor(s): Valcour, Victor | Abstract: Cognitive impairment persists in the form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) among chronically infected individuals despite successful viral suppression. Widespread access to combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has allowed infected individuals to initiate treatment at an earlier time point and effectively reduce the risk of HIV-related mortality and morbidity. The current study examines whether cART, when initiated within days to weeks following infection, can longitudinally preserve brain health. Quantitative magnetic resonance image (MRI) methodologies were used to analyze T1-weighted structural images and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics. Specifically, region of interest and voxel-wise volume and tensor-based spatial statistics (TBSS) approaches were performed to evaluate differences in brain volumes and white matter microstructure. We examined 31 acute HIV (AHI) participants who had paired month 0 (baseline) and month 24 (two-year follow-up) scans. Participants were comparatively analyzed in both a longitudinal manner to themselves, and a cross-sectional manner against 25 healthy control (CO) participants. As an indication of inflammation, CD8 t-lymphocyte counts was examined as a clinical covariate. The 31 AHI participants had a median (IQR) age of 26 (23-30) years at the time of enrollment and a median (IQR) baseline CD4 count of 576 (370-868) cells/μL. All immediately initiated cART. The 25 healthy controls had a median (IQR) age of 31 (26-37) years. Differences of brain integrity in the AHI group followed longitudinally were observed. Baseline CD8 count was significantly associated with increased mean diffusivity (MD) in the longitudinally infected, present in the genu and the splenium of the corpus callosum, the corona radiata, and the superior longitudinal fasciculus (all pl0.05). Structural analysis revealed enlarged corpus callosum (pl0.01) volumes, as well as enlarged caudate and thalamus subcortical gray matter volumes in the longitudinally infected AHI participants (both pl0.05). Differences of brain integrity in the AHI group after 24 months of treatment were observed compared to healthy controls. Specifically, fractional anisotropy (FA) was reduced in AHI at 24 months compared to controls in models adjusting for age in the corpus callosum, the corona radiata, and the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (all pl0.05). Structural analyses revealed enlarged putamen and the caudate volumes (both pl0.05). We conclude that differences in both brain integrity and structural volumes can be seen in AHI with successful viral suppression when compared to healthy controls. Future work will include longitudinal imaging data from healthy controls who are followed over two-year follow-up to ensure that observed changes are disease specific. We will also comparatively investigate longitudinally treated chronic HIV-infected participants ('positive controls') to examine if the differences are similar to those seen when therapy is initiated in the chronic stage of infection. We will examine inflammatory plasma and CSF biomarkers to inform potential mechanisms and, separately, cognitive testing to inform clinical significance.


Introduction Osteoarthritis is a chronic musculoskeletal disease with a major impact on the individual and the healthcare system. As there is no cure, therapy aims for symptom release and reduction of disease progression. Physical exercises have been defined as a core treatment for osteoarthritis. However, research questions related to dose response, sustainability of effects, economic efficiency and safety are still open and will be evaluated in this trial, investigating a progressive weight machine-based strength training. Methods and analysis This is a quasi-experimental controlled trial in the context of health services research. The intervention group (n=300) is recruited from participants of an offer for insurants of a health insurance company suffering from hip or knee osteoarthritis. Potential participants of the control group are selected and written to from the insurance database according to predefined matching criteria. The final statistical twins from the control responders will be determined via propensity score matching (n=300). The training intervention comprises 24 supervised mandatory sessions (2/week) and another 12 facultative sessions (1/week). Exercises include resistance training for the lower extremity and core muscles by use of weight machines and small training devices. The training offer is available at two sites. They differ with respect to the weight machines in use resulting in different dosage parameters. Primary outcomes are self-reported pain and function immediately after the 12-week intervention period. Health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, cost utility and safety will be evaluated as secondary outcomes. Secondary analysis will be undertaken with two strata related to study site. Participants will be followed up 6, 12 and 24 months after baseline. Trial registration number German Clinical Trial Register DRKS00009257. Pre-results.


The paper investigates stereotypes concerning two of the most well-known English-speaking cultures — Scotland and Ireland — and to what extent these stereotypes are known and felt to be real among Hungarian students of English. The essay includes a short introduction about the definition of stereotypes and clichés, their significance in intercultural communication, and then makes an attempt at drawing up a list of the commonest stereotypes of the two countries and nations, a list of 20 stereotypes altogether. This list was sent to a large number of Hungarian students in a questionnaire, whose replies clearly indicate which the best and least known stereotypes are among Hungarians about these English-speaking cultures. The conclusion offers an analysis of the results and an interesting summary of how the respondents commented on the different stereotypes mentioned in the questionnaire.


During development, cortical neurons are produced in a temporally regulated sequence from apical progenitors, directly, or indirectly through the production of intermediate basal progenitors. The balance between these major progenitors' types is determinant for the production of the proper number and types of neurons and it is thus important to decipher the cellular and molecular cues controlling this equilibrium. Here we address the role of a cell cycle regulator, the CDC25B phosphatase, in this process. We show that deleting CDC25B in apical progenitors leads to a transient increase of the production of TBR1+ neurons at the expense of TBR2+ basal progenitors in mouse neocortex. This phenotype is associated with lengthening of the G2 phase of the cell cycle, the total cell cycle length being unaffected. Using in utero electroporation and cortical slice cultures, we demonstrate that the defect in TBR2+ basal progenitor production requires interaction with CDK1 and is due to the G2 phase lengthening in CDC25B mutants. Altogether, this study identifies a new role for CDC25B and the length of the G2 phase in direct versus indirect neurogenesis at early stages of the cortical development.


Temporary work : an enabler for boundaryless careers ? The aim of the present paper is to examinate the notion of career applied to the temporary help service (THS) workers. During the recent period, leader firms in the temporary help service industry in France are trying to build real "careers" for their temporary employees, by using various methods, such as enabling long-term employment relationships, or making efforts to extend some benefits of the "permanents" employees to the temporary workers (mutual funds, occupational training...). Our ambition is to study the impacts of these evolutions on the temporary employees, by using the framework of the boundaryless careers [ex: Arthur and Rousseau – on 1996; Cadin and al – on 2003]. We formulate the hypothesis that the professional course of some specific temporary workers (mobile and qualified) can now be viewed as real careers, regarding the framework proposed by the boundaryless careers theorists. To validate this hypothesis, we led a qualitative empirical study (31 interviews conducted with temporary work agency managers), completed by a questionnaire administered to a sample of 208 temporary employees. We then built a typology drawing from the results, based on two criteria (employability and preference for temporary work), which allowed us to isolate a class of "boundaryless temporary workers". These employees demonstrate four important characteristics: – High level of preference for temporary work; – Strong perceived employability; – Limited perceived job insecurity; – Positive opinion towards the notion of "temporary career". These results must be considered with caution, because they raised complex institutional and psychological issues concerning the notion of "temporary career". Institutionally, we can demonstrate that the temporary work legal frame in France is not adapted for workers willing to pursuit a long term career under temporary status. Under a psychological point of view, we notice that the social image of the temporary work remains strongly associated with uncertainty and job insecurity. This social image generates a stigmatization for the long-term temporary workers in their everyday life (ex : discriminations). All these obstacles contribute to explain that the percentage of "boundaryless temporary employees" on our sample is low (15% of the respondents).


Research purpose: Basel Committee (2004) sets the Basel 2 with three pillars as Pillar 1 (Capital Adequacy Requirements) and Pillar 2 (Supervisory review) in order to improve bank efficiency. More specifically, the Pillar 1 with information disclosure requirement to support bank-related parties in financial market in assessing important information related to applying regulations of minimum capital adequacy ratio calculation involves risks, risk assessment process and banks' level of capital adequacy. The application of Basel II requires complicated data and analytical models, which might be challenging for banks in Vietnam where there are no consensus and common standards on operations as well as on statistical data. To improve banks' transparency and integration to the international standard, the Circular 41 has been issued to stipulate the minimum disclosure of information to be made by banks and foreign bank branches in Vietnam. This paper studies current risk information disclosure of Vietnam listed banks right under the stipulation of the Circular 41/TT-NHNN. Research motivation: The research has been done not only to evaluate the current risk disclosure of Vietnam banks but also to provide the foundations for proposing policy recommendations regarding the risk information disclosure of commercial banks in Vietnam. Research design, approach and method: Circular 41 stipulates the content of information published by banks and foreign bank branches in Vietnam. The current risk disclosure of Vietnam listed banks is evaluated basing on scoring method. Except for the information of the bank's name, which gets 1 point; for all other information item, the score is 2 for fully disclosing according to regulations, the score is 1 if non-detail disclosing and 0 for non-disclosing. The number of studied banks is 15 out of 19 listed banks in Vietnam Stock Exchange. Main findings: The study results indicate that the disclosure compliance of listed banks is good when the Circular 41 is implemented. The detailed information disclosure group (over 45 points) includes 9 banks, the medium disclosure group (18-22 points) includes 4 banks, and the last group includes 2 banks with no information. The average disclosure banks tend to have less detail on market risk and operational risk than the detailed information disclosure group Practical/managerial implications: The banks should put disclosure information that meets Circular 41 in a separate section on the website to make it easier for investors to find and access. In addition, Circular 41 and Circular 13/2018/TT-NHNN have given full guidelines for commercial banks to apply Basel II and this is still a challenge for many banks while the Basel Committee introduced the Basel III version. Some domestic banks have also taken steps to prepare for the application of this Basel III standard. Thus, in order to support banks in Vietnam to continue implementing Basel III, the State Bank of Vietnam needs to provide guidance and support for commercial banks to implement this activity.


There are four Czech horse breeds: Silesian Noriker, Czech-Moravian Belgian, Old Kladruber (grey and black colour variety) and Hutsul included among the endangered breeds (Genetic Resources). These populations are currently closed to outside breeding. Effective population size is an important parameter used to assess genetic diversity for conservation program in these endangered breeds. Pedigree records for reference population, which included animals born in a 14-year period (from 1996 to 2010) were used for calculation. Realized effective population size was estimated from the individual rate in coancestry, from the individual increase in inbreeding and as effective population size based on population sex ratio. The values of effective population sizes were found low for all four analysed breeds. The results shown, that calculation based on population sex ratio gives overestimated values of effective population size. The approaches using either individual increase in inbreeding or individual increase in coancestry are more accurate and useful.


Dutch agriculture faces an increasing problem with soil-borne pathogens (including nematodes) due to intensive cultivation of a Iimited number of crops in short rotations. The government's plan to reduce the use of soil disinfectants by 50 % by the next century may weil aggravate the situation. A possible solution to the problem is the introduction of new crops into the rotation scheme. The root-Iesion nematode, Pratylenchus penetrans Cobb is one of the plant pathogenic nematodes that is studied in our laboratory in respect to crop rotation effects. This nematode species has an extremely wide host range. It can cause severe growth reduction and yield loss in potato production (Mai et al. 1977; Santo, 1989). Furthermore, P. penetrans increases the effect of Verticillium dahliae in the early dying syndrome of potato (Kotcon et a!.) 1985; Rowe et al.) 1985). The effect of four alternative crops on population dynamics of P. penetrans was deterrnined in greenhouse studies, using three different types of inoculum. The host suitability of the alternative crops was compared to that of conventional crops of known host status. The alternative crops investigated were the oil seed plants Crambe abyssinica Hochst ex Fries, Dimorphotheca pluvialis (L.) Mnch. and Euphorbia lagascae Sprengel, and the fiber crop Cannabis sativa L. Plants of known host status were included in the experiment for comparison. Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) cv. Univers was used as poor host reference species. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) and fiddleneck (Phacelia tanacetlfolia Benth.) were included as susceptible hosts. The reproduction of P. penetrans on the plant species was studied in a greenhouse at 20°e. The plants were inoculated with either a nematode suspension or nematode-infested root pieces of oats, or planted in naturally infested soil. Two sources of inoculum of P. penetrans were used in two separate experiments. For experiment 1, infested root pieces from oats on which a greenhouse culture of P. penetrans was kept, and a suspension of P. penetrans extracted from oats roots were used. Roots of oats were cut into 1 cm pieces and used as inoculum. P. penetrans was extracted from weighted portions of cut roots in a


Researchers primarily dedicate their time to teaching in Latin American universities. For this reason, it is essential to determine how teaching time affects (or contributes to) the scientific productivity of researchers working under these conditions. We analyzed the incidence of gender, groups taught at undergraduate and graduate levels, the researcher proficiency level, and the number of thesis students advised, among others, for the impact on the scientific productivity (annual publications) of a group of professors. We analyzed the data using both statistical and regression methods. Contrary to our initial hypothesis, the number of groups taught does not significantly influence research productivity; it is affected by other factors such as belonging to the Mexican Researcher System (SNI) or having a researcher or administrative position at the institution. Our results can help guide the formulation of academic and research policies that contribute to the scientific productivity of Latin American universities.


Little tuna or Kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis) or tongkol banyar (Indonesian) are one species of neritic tuna landed in Bangko-Bangko (Lombok Barat District) and Labangka (Sumbawa District). This study aims to determine the feasibility status of kawakawa catch with fisheries biology parameter approach, namely growth pattern (b), condition factor (K), length captured (Lc), and length maturity (Lm). Survey methods and sampling, documentation, interview, and observation techniques were chosen to collect data that were processed quantitatively. Comparative data analysis to obtain justification, relevance and/or contradiction between results and status with theory and policy. Kawakawa are caught by fishermen in Lombok Strait and Indian Ocean in south Sumbawa using surface longlines and gillnets, which are selective fishing gear. Based on the parameters of the condition factor, many of kawakawa have flesh (K>1.0) so that their status is worth catching and worth selling.  The growth pattern parameter is hyper allometric (b>3.0), so that the status is worth catching and worth selling. The technology performance of catching kawakawa in the study location has a dangerous status (Lc/Lm<1.0), which means that the kawakawa captured have never maturity have never matured. That fishing technology of kawakawa is not environmentally friendly in terms of fish resources conservation, especially in preservation and protection. Thus the kawakawa in Lombok Strait and Indian Ocean in south Sumbawa were not eligible to be captured during February-July.


Abstract The rise in crime wave in Nigerian urban centres in the wake of the 2015 general elections and 2016 economic recession, undoubtedly accentuated the need for improved security. This study examines the role of the police in controlling crime in urban Jigawa State, Nigeria, from 2014 to 2016. Most previous studies that appraised the role of the police in crime control in Nigeria relied on data from public respondents/participants. However, this study used primary data collected from public and police samples drawn from three purposively selected urban areas of the state. Results indicate that residents are not in the habit of reporting crime to the police. It also reveals that the perception of the effectiveness of the police in crime control in the study area is relatively high as majority of the respondents rated the effectiveness as either good or average. It also found that the crime control capabilities of the police were hampered by inadequate manpower and modern equipment. The study underscores the need for the police as well as the National Orientation Agency to educate the public more on the need to regularly and promptly report criminal activities to the police. It also recommends the prompt charging of cases not resolved in-house at the police level to court, improved police intelligence gathering mechanism and more periodic meetings with different segments of the public to help improve public perception of the police in the study area.


Interior designers are quite cognizant of the colour significance as a basic element of design, in order to achieve aesthetic and functional demands. This paper aims to present an empirical model for interpreting the relationship between the colour' contrast and highlighting the foreground objects, by measuring the values of the deformation via using Adobe Photoshop software. The experiment contained practical steps of calculation and analysing the amount of the chromatic deformation of the foreground objects, which is represented by 6 samples model. These samples of coloured spots are tested within two phases; with coloured background based on Itten colour wheel, and with a neutral background "greyscale wheel"; and comparing the results by calculating the amount of distortion, through measuring angle's values. The findings showed that using of contrast application is useful as an empirical method for scaling the chromatic interaction between the foreground and the background. By using T-Test analysis the findings emphasized that the colour contrast had a significant impact on highlighting or distorting the foreground shapes.


Introduction Percutaneous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) has been known as an effective therapeutic modality for moderate to severe mitral stenosis. However, long-term results and factors influencing late outcome after PTMC remain to be elucidated. Methods Retrospective study of symptomatic severe MS patients who underwent PTMC from 1994 to 1999 in our cardiology unit to evaluate the immediate and long term echocardiographic results of PTMC in 158 patients was conducted. We did transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardio- graphic study of all symptomatic severe mitral stenosis patients. Those patients who underwent PTMC were selected for the study. Results Males constituted 31% and Females were 68% of total patient population. The mean age of patients was 31.09±9.7 years. Peak mitral valve gradients increased from 8.9 mm Hg±4.3 at day one to 14.6 mm Hg±9.8 and 18.5±8.2 at 5 years and 10 years respectively. Mean MVG was 4.7±2.4 mm Hg on day one and 9.18±5.62 and 11.8±6.66 at 5 and 10 years respectively. All patients in AF were above 40Yrs. Successful PTMC was done in 94.89%. Acute complications were anterior leaflet tear, cardiac tamponade. Mortality immediately after PTMC (1- during MVR), at 10 yrs (3 - one case secondary to severe MR, one patient stroke related, one patient no cardiac cause). Emergency MVR was done in two patients. Failed PTMC was present in five cases; CMV was done in those cases. Conclusion Restenosis after 10-year follow-up after successful PTMC, was influenced more by Pre PTMC LA size, mitral valve area, subvalvular fusion than on immediate post PTMC parameters.


The subject of drug interactions is a broad one which, if covered in depth, would approach the size of a good pharmacology textbook. When one considers the vast proliferation of drugs which are available to and are being ingested by patients for one or several reasons, one acquires a great deal of respect for the possibilities and consequences of an interaction between the components of the mixture. Consider, for example, this patient: A 57-year-old, white female diabetic, mother of four, whose past history includes a hysterectomy, hemorrhoidectomy, bilateral carotid endarterectomies, right femero-popliteal by-pass graft, angina, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia, and hypertension. Her present drug regimen consists of digoxin, Apresoline®, Esidrix®, propranolol, Valium®, insulin, and occasionally, acetaminophen or aspirin for headache. Suppose you are called upon to anesthetize this patient for a left-lumbar sympathectomy. What possible interactions exist between the drugs she now requires and your proposed anesthetic regimen? (1) Which drugs should be stopped and for how long? (2) When should they be restarted? (3) Which should be continued? If the answers to these routine questions are obvious, you may stop reading right here. If you are unsure about some of them, or would like a refresher on common drug interactions, then please read on. The receptor theory, protein binding, microsomal enzyme, and sympathetic neuronal physiology have been reviewed by Mellema, et al., 1 and a list summarizing common drug interactions with an excellent reference summary was compiled by Drain and Campman 2 in previous publications to which the reader is referred. The objective of this article is to present the more common drug interactions which the anesthetist is likely to encounter, and to discuss what can or should be done to minimize, prevent, or treat a potential problem. Not all drug interactions are undesirable, and many are used by us therapeutically. A good example of this is the reversal of non-depolarizing skeletal muscle relaxants by the use of enzyme inhibitors. To achieve the reversal of the relaxant effect involves a most interesting series of events. To begin with, the relaxation which results is attributed to an ionic bond which forms between the ionized species of the relaxant drug and an oppositely charged portion of the end plate receptor. This electrostatic attraction allows the drug to block the cholinergic receptor of the end plate so that the effects of acetylcholine (ACH) are inhibited. ACH


For this study, 188 bone marrow core biopsy specimens and aspirates analyzed morphologically and by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) in patients with a previous or new diagnosis of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or mature B-cell leukemia were retrospectively reviewed to evaluate patterns of involvement and the usefulness of FCI. The morphologic and FCI results were categorized as follows: positive by morphologic examination and by FCI (39.9%); negative by morphologic examination and by FCI (41.5%); positive by morphologic examination and negative by FCI (11.7%); negative by morphologic examination and positive by FCI (2.6%); suggestive of malignant neoplasm by morphologic examination and positive by FCI (2.1%); and suggestive of malignant neoplasm by morphologic examination and negative by FCI (2.1%). Thus, in 81.4% of cases the morphologic and FCI findings were completely concordant. In 11.7% of cases, the morphologic examination alone detected involvement, and in 4.7% of cases, the FCI data detected involvement in a morphologically negative or "suggestive" bone marrow core. Combining these modalities is essential to evaluate bone marrow specimens for involvement by B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or B-cell leukemia.


Objective - A study has been conducted to scrutinize the vehicle production and sales by segment in ASEAN.
Methodology/Technique - The study is prepared grounded on primary evidence and secondary material. The primary evidences have composed through oral interview from stalwarts of automotive industry. The secondary information has collected from the reports of international Insight of automotive industry and all existing literature has obtained from internet automotive websites, auto business magazines, and e-auto journals.
Findings - Outcome of the research divulges that, in vehicle production and sales by segment i.e. Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV), Large Size and also Compact Vehicles in ASEAN expected to increase further in future years, so the Automotive Industries of ASEAN should uninterruptedly participate in Research and Development in order to keep up with their Global competitors in terms of technological advance.
Novelty - ASEAN countries would implement the thoughtful and achievement policies in Automotive Industry in agreement to the auto information and world-wide automotive industry competition tendency, to enhance the development of automotive industry.


Except for villous hypertrophy of the choroid plexus that may not be true tumors, multiple choroid plexus papillomas are extremely rare. The authors report a case involving multiple choroid plexus papillomas that were distinct from villous hypertrophy. These lesions were localized, one in the atrium of the right lateral ventricle and the other in the inferior horn of the left lateral ventricle. A review of the literature revealed that this case represented the first reported case of true multiple choroid plexus papillomas documented by findings on magnetic resonance imaging.


Some aspects of medical education in Russia are discussed in this report. After the 6-year undergraduate education, a 2-year postgraduate program without a preceding internship is the usual way to become a medical specialist. Besides, the specialist certificates can be obtained after a 1-year internship. Shortages of education, limited availability of foreign professional literature and partial isolation of Russian medicine from the rest of the world contributed to persistence of outdated methods. At the same time, limited access to the international literature has been compensated by domestic editions, which often are scarcely illustrated, contain outdated information, while borrowings from foreign sources sometimes harbor mistranslations leading to a loss or distortion of the original meaning. For elimination of the shortages, more international cooperation is needed, which necessitates more mutual trust. Without profound restructuring, the current system of postgraduate training in Russia can be adapted to the international standards if its components (internship, 2-and 3-year postgraduate programs), would be transformed into consecutive steps. Curricula should be modernized and include more rotation. With time, the above-named components of the postgraduate training can be amalgamated in a unified system.


Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which infects almost all mammals and birds. Felids are de nitive hosts that shed oocysts of T. gondii with their feces, which is then transmitted by oral ingestion. e study analyzed the prevalence of T. gondii infection in free-ranging cats on Tokunoshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture from 2017 to 2018, and found a seropositivity rate of 47.2% (59/125). is result indicated the importance of understanding and managing the behavioral patterns of felids, including the free-ranging cats. Toxoplasmosis is also an important food-borne parasitic disease due to its ability to be transmitted by consuming undercooked meat of infected animals. Considering that all developmental stages of T. gondii, including oocyst, tachyzoite, and cysts, are capable of infection, a One Health approach that considers the health maintenance of humans, animals, and the environment is important for the control of toxoplasmosis.


Marketing and sales departments carry out two separate functions (Kotler et al. 2007, 1144); nevertheless, they must interact closely with each other, as both are essential parts for the marketing activities in each company. Each company has the goal to fulfill customer needs and also to match the company's sales target followed by financial success. The focus of this paper lies on defining the necessary terminology to analyze the subject matter, identifying the role of marketing and sales along the corporate value chain, understanding and modeling marketing and sales interfaces, identifying potential marketing-sales conflicts and suggesting resolution strategies taking a process-oriented approach. The topic is investigated from a theoretical perspective. Based on an in-depth review of the available body of literature a meta-analysis is conducted. First, an introduction to the theoretical foundations of marketing and sales in general is given. The terms marketing and sales are defined and it is outlined in which context they are used. Following, a literature review is given on the status of marketing and sales interaction in companies and an evaluation of the actual research status. Marketing and sales interaction is classified in two conceptual models to identify methods of addressing the status and characteristics. In a next step potential areas of conflicts between the two functions are identified and then proposals for solutions of potential conflicts are given. The last step includes also identification of key marketing and sales processes.


As more mobile devices are becoming connected everyday, we face an unprecedented demand and growth for bandwidth in wireless networks. The gradual shift from personal computers (PCs) to tablets and mobile phones brings new opportunities as well as challenges. Users tend to be mobile and demand instant access to their contents. Bandwidth usage ranges from simple browsing of web pages to audio and video streaming. Due to the limited and scarce resources, care must be taken in order to utilize the spectrum more efficiently, to mediate access to a shared common medium, and, especially, to disseminate information. This dissertation focuses on designing a new channel access scheme as well as using its channel access time more efficiently through multiple channels and dynamic rate adaptation for high-throughput wireless networks.First, it provides a new multi-channel medium access control (MAC) for bandwidth exploitation. Current IEEE 802.11 uses one common channel for both control and data packets because it is simple even though many other adjacent channels are available and left intact. We can improve the throughput significantly by simply allowing other channels to be used. The added complexity includes channel switching and additional control packets to ensure that the neighbors are aware of the channel selection. Collision freedom is difficult in wireless environment, but I show that it can be achieved for a single transceiver without requiring temporal synchronization among nodes through an asynchronous split phase together with an observation phase as well as a unique handshake.Second, it provides an in-depth study and analysis of rate adaptation for single and multiple antenna systems, together with a new throughput enabled approach. Throughput-based approach eliminates complexity of sender-initiated rate adaptation by incorporating errors and multiple access interference (MAI) implicitly. Its main job is to simply find the best attainable throughput at the sender and keep using it. My contributions include providing a collision-free multiple channels access MAC with no temporal synchronization and an efficient, robust, yet simple, throughput enabled rate adaptation for wireless networks. Each proposed approach to multi-channel MAC and multi-rate adaptation is validated through analysis and extensive simulations and prototype implementations. My work provides a better understanding on the current limitation of the wireless systems and new insights for further improvements, from the time node accessing the medium through multi-channel MAC to making the best use of its access time through an efficient and robust rate adaptation.


The standard LSTM recurrent neural networks while very powerful in long-range dependency sequence applications have highly complex structure and relatively large (adaptive) parameters. In this work, we present empirical comparison between the standard LSTM recurrent neural network architecture and three new parameter-reduced variants obtained by eliminating combinations of the input signal, bias, and hidden unit signals from individual gating signals. The experiments on three sequence datasets show that the three new variants, called simply as LSTM1, LSTM2, and LSTM3, can achieve comparable performance to the standard LSTM model with less (adaptive) parameters.


This thesis is the fundamental study on the adaptation of escape device for reducing small fishes in set-net. The escape devices for experiments were made the mesh-type devices with three different mesh sizes (60.6, 75.8 and 120.0mm). The experiments of size selectivity on escape devices were conducted by using two kinds of species as black rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) and sea perch (Lateolabrax maculatusi) in the experimental tank. The size selectivity curve was fitted by using a logistic function and the parameters of selectivity curve were estimated by a maximum likelihood method. In the results; 50% selection ranges for the mesh-type escape devices with three different mesh sizes were; a black rockfish was 18.99 in mesh size 60.6mm and 21.96 in mesh size 75.8mm (120mm could not estimate). A sea perch was 22.02 in mesh 60.6mm and 24.46 in mesh size 75.8mm (120mm could not estimate). The 50% selection range of a black rockfish was wilder than a sea perch about 1.1~.2 time. Therefore, the small fishes are able to reduce by using the mesh type escape device. However, the optimum mesh size should be decided to consider the size of target species and economics of catches.


We present an investigation of the atomic structure of Ni40Ti60 glass by computer simulation, using a tight-binding Hamiltonian to describe effective pair interactions. In addition to a good agreement with the various experimental structural data, the results establish a connection between the microscopic description of the chemical bond and the chemical short-range order.


Abstract Mantle cell lymphoma is a relatively rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that accounts for approximately 6000 new cases per year in the USA. The median age of patients at presentation is around 65 years, and almost all patients present with stage IV disease. Over the past decade, our understanding of the molecular pathology of the disease has substantially improved. Furthermore, intensive chemotherapy treatment options were developed to improve the complete remission rates and to prolong the remission duration. More recently, several targeted agents have shown promising clinical results with good safety profiles. Future directions should focus on incorporating these novel agents in new less toxic regimens, and should also identify biomarkers that can better match patients with effective treatment strategies.


This paper describes an applied research project where the aim was to investigate the culture of trotting spectators and to explore how mobile information technology could be used to support these spectators at the trotting track. The research project was conducted in three phases. The first phase was an ethnographically inspired field study at a Swedish trotting track. The second phase applied the knowledge from phase one to inform the design of an overall architecture for a system supporting trotting spectators. The prototype system TrottingPal was developed. The third phase was a preliminary evaluation of TrottingPal involving a group of experienced spectators. The results of the research include three main characteristics of spectators. First, the study clearly indicates extensive mobility among the spectators, which stems from the process of gathering relevant trotting information from various sources located at different places at the track. Second, personalization of trotting information has been found to be important, since there is a great diversity in what spectators consider to be relevant and valid information. Third, the trotting track offers a rich environment of event information, in terms of other spectators that possess valuable knowledge about competitors, conditions, etc. Groups of spectators collaborate through exchanging information to create a shared knowledge base in order to place their bets. The preliminary evaluation of the prototype TrottingPal indicated that it is likely to be accepted as a tool for spectators at the trotting track.


The RNA of each ribosomal subunit is folded in a specific and precise conformation. We have induced antibodies that are directed against individual naturally methylated nucIeosides, against reagents used in the chemical modification of unique sites in the RNA, and against antigenic determinants on synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that complement specific ribosomal RNA sequences. All of these antibodies serve as probes of the RNA conformation in the ribosome. Immunoelectron microscopy--the visualization in electron micrographs of antibody-submit complexes-has been used to localize several nucleotides or short RNA sequences at specific sites on the surface of the small ribosomal submit. These results are used to generate an increasingly detailed map of the conformation of the RNA within the three-dimensional structure of the Escherichia coli ribosome.


The width of the largest gas-filled bowel loop was measured and numerically divided by measurements of vertebral spine elements as seen on supine abdominal radiographs of 375 infants without suspected abdominal disease. This technique adjusts the bowel diameter for patient size, and permits numerical description of varying degrees of distension. Normal standards are presented, as are the larger values seen with suspected and proved necrotizing enterocolitis and congenital obstructions. The width of the first lumbar vertebral body provides a useful approximation of the upper limit of normal bowel diameter.


The concept of frontier market is still ambiguous and subjective, but utilizes to define a group of emergent markets characterized by to be few liquids and with a little capitalization, but with certain access to the international capitals. In the work that we develop next will study the concept of frontier market, characteristics, weakness, threat, advantages and opportunities that the markets represent for a potential investor, the main vehicles available for that, and, finally, the benefits of the inclusion of the frontier market in a portfolio with different compositions of frontier, emergent and developed markets. Between other conclusions that will exposed in detail, we can indicate that in the period of study 2003-2015, the main profits are obtained in the portfolios with participation of frontier and emergent markets, more great in first with values of final period of 250 and 247, respectively, in front of values of 225 for the index of portfolios with participation of the developed markets.


BACKGROUND
The aim of the study is to analyze the epidemiological situation regarding the occurrence of occupational diseases in Poland in 2020 and to define possible directions for recommendations regarding preventive actions.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
The cases of occupational diseases identified in accordance with the Polish judicial system and reported to the Central Register of Occupational Diseases in 2020 were analyzed. The analysis took into account disease entities, causal factors, gender, age of patients, exposure period, NACE section and territorial differentiation. Data are presented in absolute numbers and incidence rates per 100 000 employed and 100 000 employed persons.

RESULTS
In 2020, 1850 cases of occupational diseases were diagnosed in Poland (11.5 cases per 100 000 employees). The disease entities with the highest incidence were infectious or parasitic diseases, pneumoconiosis, chronic diseases of the voice organ, diseases of the peripheral nervous system, diseases of the locomotor system and hearing loss. Over 90% of the statements concerned people >45 years of age. Most of the identified occupational diseases arose after at least 10 years of work in exposure to a harmful factor, and 73.9% of cases concerned people with over 20 years of work experience in exposure.

CONCLUSIONS
The epidemiological situation in the field of occupational diseases in our country indicates a disturbing phenomenon, which is the persistence of a high level of pneumoconiosis of hard coal miners. The reflection of the effects of the pandemic in the COVID-19 incidence statistics as an occupational disease in 2020 is small. It is expected that the number of these cases will increase sharply in the coming years. Med Pr. 2022;73(5):427-33.


To effectively balance bleeding and clotting in surgical patients, the surgeon needs a fundamental knowledge of coagulation biology. The endothelium and activated platelets play crucial roles in coagulation. Activated platelets and damaged endothelial cells provide a platform of negatively charged phospholipids that not only bind coagulation factors and their complexes but also accelerate the conversion of inactive zymogens to active serine proteases. Endothelial shear stress also plays a pivotal role in coagulation and thrombosis by stimulating release of nitric oxide (NO) at the vascular interface, upregulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and further mediating eNOS activation through direct phosphorylation. The effects of low shear stress result in a prothrombotic state and have been implicated in the etiopathology of atherosclerosis. Correctly diagnosing and appropriately treating perioperative bleeding in surgical patients require a basic understanding of the most common bleeding and clotting disorders. This article provides an overview of the characteristic features of common coagulopathic conditions and their treatment options. Given the challenge of balancing bleeding and clotting in surgical patients, hemostatic management must be tailored to each patient and should take into account the patient's genetic and acquired risk factors and the acute disturbances in bleeding and clotting caused by surgical intervention.


Cultural heritage is constantly threatened by several factors, such as anthropic activities (e.g. urbanization, pollution) and natural events (e.g. landslides, subsidence) that compromise cultural assets conservation and integrity over time. Italy is the country with the highest number of UNESCO cultural and natural World Heritage sites (51) containing both monuments and archaeological assets of global significance that need to be preserved for future generations, as declared and requested both by UNESCO and the European Commission. VIDEOR, the first web-service completely dedicated to cultural heritage, arises as support tool to institutions and organisations responsible of CH safeguard, with the goal to guarantee a constant and continuous monitoring of cultural assets considered to be at risk. Thanks to its services, VIDEOR allows a periodic situation evaluation, performed with the use of satellite remote sensing data (both optical and SAR) and aerial platform remote sensing data (UAVs), these last used when satellites identify a critical situation that requires deeper analyses. This constant and periodic monitoring will allow not only always updated information about the asset health status, but also early warnings launched by the operative center (NAIS) directly to experts of the responsible institutions (ISCR) after risk identification. The launch of early warnings will be essential for triggering promptly activities of preventive restoration, a less expensive way of intervention if compared to the post-event restoration, both in economic terms and in terms of historical preservation of a country.


This paper describes and evaluates the four approaches to nuclear threat assessment that are most commonly employed by U.S. national security analysts: (1) comparisons of U.S. and Soviet expenditures on nuclear forces; (2) comparisons of static indicators of nuclear capability, such as number of weapons or measures of the destructive power of these weapons; (3) using deterrence theory and battle simulations to predict nuclear war outcomes and evaluate the deterrent capability of U.S. nuclear forces; and (4) analyzing official Soviet military doctrine to make inferences about Soviet goals, images, and plans for nuclear war. The analysis of each approach begins with a brief description of how the approach is implemented. Next the conceptual bases of the approach—both theoretical and empirical—are examined. Then applications of the method are evaluated in terms of how well they deal with the uncertainties inherent in any attempt to assess nuclear capability or threat. Finally, applications of each method are evaluated in terms of how they incorporate subjective judgment, how well they document critical assumptions, and the extent to which they use sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of varying critical assumptions.


Remarriage has been prevalent in Korea since the mid-1990s. Remarried families have reported that they face many challenges and difficulties. Life for those who remarry can worsen when the children from a previous marriage live together with new family members. It is interesting that some remarried families adjust well while others do not. This study focuses on developing a practice model for strengthening the resilience of remarried families with children based on a literature review. To understand and support remarried families, the resilience perspective was chosen, focusing on a strengths perspective with developmental, ecological, and preventative perspectives. In terms of resilience, the proposed practice model was developed on the basis of three concepts: belief systems, organizational patterns, and communication. The model can be used to help remarried families accomplish adequate integration by growing as a new family and can prevent another divorce. Moreover, it can assist practitioners and policy-makers develop programs and policies with a strengths perspective rather than a deficit or problem-oriented perspective. Based on the model, various programs need to be developed to strengthen the resilience of remarried families. The development of supportive programs is suggested. These can include remarriage preparation programs, remarriage life education programs, interactive web-based programs, and family camps. For a long time, remarried families have been labeled as abnormal and atypical owing to the normal family myth. This negative perception of remarried families must be altered so that they are accepted with a positive outlook in a society. For further studies, the development of diverse supportive adaptation programs for various types of remarried families and active research on them are recommended. The practice model can assist with the adaptation and growth of remarried families by strengthening their resilience.


Many people believe that innovation is unmanageable, given the uncertainties involved, the tendency toward unduly optimistic forecasts and the difficulty of predicting consumers' responses. The solution they often propose, however, is to foster many "entrepreneurial flowers" and let markets select the best products. This romantic view of innovation is flawed because it allows too many resources to be allocated to "hot sectors," thereby creating "bubbles." The research we conducted, and which is explained in this article, has led us to a contrary view; namely, that innovation is manageable and is not totally a gamble. Our study was carried out with senior R&D leaders from around the world, as part of an Industrial Research Institute subcommittee investigation on Managing R&D for Growth. Its original purpose was to identify: 1) the effective R&D strategies to manage for growth and (2) the best practices to achieve superior performance. Our central finding is that firms achieve high levels of performance in terms of profitability and growth not so much by adopting best practices but by adapting their capabilities and practices to the requirements of value creation and capture in the particular innovation "game," or "games," in which they have elected to compete. The competitive and technological contexts orient and structure each game differently. In the first section of this paper, we outline the research methods, data sources and data analysis. Next, we describe the eight "games of innovation" that were identified by understanding value creation. Then, in the third section, the generic practices for managing innovation are shown to vary with value creation activities in each game of innovation. In the fourth section, the specific capabilities and practices that are significantly associated with high levels of sales growth are presented for four games. We conclude by summarizing our key findings and their strategic implications. How the Study Was Conducted As this research began, the context created by the "New Economy" challenged many received practices and theories related to the management of innovation. Novel ways of managing R&D were identified that included cross-functional teamwork, speed in bringing products to markets, technology outsourcing, and so forth (1,2). For our part, instead of relying on the management literature to identify best practices, we decided to build from reality and ask CTOs and R&D vice presidents in the United States, Canada and Europe which strategies and practices they had developed to face the new situation. From our extensive discussions, a theoretical model was elaborated and a survey instrument was designed to quantify value creation and capture best practices for managing innovation. Then, the same executives as well as a broader group were invited to respond to the instrument in personal or virtual meetings. Seventy-three CTOs and R&D VPs in Europe (25), Canada (20) and the United States (28) agreed. From the data they provided, we identified 125 best practices for managing innovation in such areas as exploration, portfolio and project management, transfer to business units, and market shaping. We then asked our respondents to rate the extent to which these practices were actually used within their firms. Ratings were obtained on each of the 125 dimensions. Our sample was not random but designed for learning by including a substantial number of firms in fast-moving, R&D-intensive, sectors. The industries covered are both capital- and knowledge-intensive, but only 20 percent of our sample is from the IRI membership. Data on the financial performance of firms were gathered independently from public databanks and corporate websites. The wealth of information we gathered made it possible to undertake statistical analyses. First, factor analyses were made to identify the underlying vectors that characterize the responses of the CTOs and VPs to their use of management practices. …


Here we present a coherent pulse stacking approach for upscaling the energy of a solid-state femtosecond chirped pulse amplifier. We demonstrate pulse splitting into four replicas, amplification in a burst-mode regenerative Yb:CaF2 amplifier, designed to overcome intracavity optical damage by colliding pulse replicas, and coherent combining into a single millijoule level pulse. The thresholds of pulse-burst-induced damage of optical elements are experimentally investigated. The scheme allows achieving an enhancement factor of 2.62 using a single-stage stacker cavity and, potentially, much higher enhancement factors using cascaded stacking.


Introduction The cause of this mortality is either being premature or low birth weight of newborns and congenital diseases. Provision of health for this most precious generation is the main duty of each nation and government. Health promotion and the right of newborn's for living, Pregnancy development, delivery prognosis and newborn's survival all come true just by maternal health. Materials and Methods This is a descriptive comparative, one step, three group study, The population studied comprised 380 term, premature and low birth weight newborn's in hospitals, post (maternity delivery), newborn and NICU wards selected target basedly from selected university hospitals in Isfahan. Results Term, premature and low weight newborn's status was questioned from the mother, investigated in the infants' files and then was recorded. The findings showed that 57.1% of the infants were boys and 46.6% girls. Mothers mean age based on new borns' birth weight through spearman correlation test shows a non significant association between birth weight and mothers' age, (r=%2 P =0.698). (Analyzing) Mothers' mean age pre pregnancy based on infants' weight status through speasrman correlation test shows a non significant association between infants' birth weight and pre pregnancy mothres' weight (p=0.883). Discussion The role of mothers' care in maternal care get more remarkable. Meanwhile, the health providing team maternal care.


Abstract An analogy was borrowed from the law to develop a legal model of the attribution of responsibility for rape. According to the model, judgments of physical and psychological causality of an alleged rapist are combined into overall evaluations of attacker responsibility. An experimental test of the model was conducted with college students. Results showed that witness identification information influenced judgments of physical causality (i.e., extent to which the situation was perceived as rape), and information about the relationship between the alleged attacker and victim influenced judgments of psychological causality (i.e., intention to rape). Judgments of physical and psychological causality interacted significantly with overall attributions of attacker responsibility.


Murine models have provided valuable insights into the pathogenesis of both diabetes and chronic wounds. However, only a few published reports to date have investigated wound healing differences among the differing diabetic mouse models. The goal of the present study was to further define the wound healing deficiency phenotypes of streptozotocin‐induced (STZ‐induced), Akita, and db/db diabetic mice in comparison with a promising new polygenic strain of Type 2 diabetes (NONcNZO10) by using three specific wound models that targeted different critical processes in the pathogenesis of chronic wounds. Incisional, excisional, and ischemia/reperfusion wound models were established on mice of each strain. Wound healing parameters including tensile strength, epithelial gap, and wound necrosis were evaluated. In contrast to the other diabetic mice, the NONcNZO10 strain was found to have significant wound healing impairments in all wound healing models. Not only do the NONcNZO10 mice appear to better model human Type 2 diabetes, these provocative findings suggest that the mice may show more clinically relevant wound healing deficiencies than previous diabetic mouse models.


We provide a summary of the fifth edition of the CASE workshop that is held in the scope of EMNLP 2022. The workshop consists of regular papers, two keynotes, working papers of shared task participants, and task overview papers. This workshop has been bringing together all aspects of event information collection across technical and social science fields. In addition to the progress in depth, the submission and acceptance of multimodal approaches show the widening of this interdisciplinary research topic.


The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine and valine, are essential amino acids that play a critical role in cellular signalling and metabolism. They acutely stimulate insulin secretion and activate the regulatory serine/threonine kinase mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a kinase that promotes increased β-cell mass and function. The effects of BCAA on cellular function are dependent on their active transport into the mammalian cells via amino acid transporters and thus the expression and activity of these transporters likely influence β-cell signalling and function. In this report, we show that the System-L transporters are required for BCAA uptake into clonal β-cell lines and pancreatic islets, and that these are essential for signalling to mTORC1. Further investigation revealed that the System-L amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is abundantly expressed in the islets, and that knockdown of LAT1 using siRNA inhibits mTORC1 signalling, leucine-stimulated insulin secretion and islet cell proliferation. In summary, we show that the LAT1 is required for regulating β-cell signalling and function in islets and thus may be a novel pharmacological/nutritional target for the treatment and prevention of type 2 diabetes.


Ultrasound is reflected from a liquid layer between two solid bodies. This reflection depends on the ultrasonic frequency, the acoustic properties of the liquid and solid, and the layer thickness. If the wavelength is much greater than the liquid–layer thickness, then the response is governed by the stiffness of the layer. If the wavelength and layer thickness are similar, then the interaction of ultrasound with the layer is controlled by its resonant behaviour. This stiffness governed response and resonant response can be used to determine the thickness of the liquid layer, if the other parameters are known. In this paper, ultrasound has been developed as a method to determine the thickness of lubricating films in bearing systems. An ultrasonic transducer is positioned on the outside of a bearing shell such that the wave is focused on the lubricant–film layer. The transducer is used to both emit and receive wide–band ultrasonic pulses. For a particular lubricant film, the reflected pulse is processed to give a reflection–coefficient spectrum. The lubricant–film thickness is then obtained from either the layer stiffness or the resonant frequency. The method has been validated using fluid wedges at ambient pressure between flat and curved surfaces. Experiments on the elastohydrodynamic film formed between a sliding ball and a flat surface were performed. Film–thickness values in the range 50–500 nm were recorded, which agreed well with theoretical film–formation predictions. Similar measurements have been made on the oil film between the balls and outer raceway of a deep–groove ball bearing.


The development of the creative abilities of a child must begin in childhood. Visual activity in this matter is multifaceted. It allows us to develop, modify, test various methods for the formation of creative thinking in the educational process, including preschool. In recent years, there has been a significant reappraisal of the role of the subject "foreign language" in the content of education, including preschool. For preschoolers, of particular importance is not only the process of mastering a foreign language but also, to a large extent, their development and education as subjects of educational activity. The selection of content is made taking into account the communicative and sociocultural approaches to teaching a foreign language. It is based on the principles of early learning a foreign language and is determined by the humanistic nature of the training. It assumes an orientation towards the development of the child's personality and his work. Scientists, teachers, and psychologists consider creativity as the creation by a person of an objectively and subjectively new one. Subjective novelty is the result of the creative activity of preschool children. With its help, creative abilities are formed; morality is brought up, the habit of work is instilled, the work of mental functions improves. Therefore, visual activity as a means of developing creative skills is considered one of the most effective. Functional aspects of intercultural communication. Translation and interpreting issues. Proceedings. 2019. Volume 6 114 The article reveals the meaning of children's visual activity, describing its impact on the development of a child's personality. The advantages, types of fine art are described, the research of scientists is described (L. S. Vygotsky, L. A. Wenger, E. A. Flerina, Y. A. Bashilov, N. I. Tkachenko, K. M. Lepilov, E. V Razgraev, and others, psychologists K. N. Kornilov, I. L. Ermakov.) Claiming that drawing and other forms of art in childhood positively affect the development of intellectual, emotional, motor, and other abilities of the child. They contribute to increasing motivation for learning and contributes to the gradual development of the foundations of foreign language communicative competence. The methods and techniques of aesthetic education are given, as well as examples of working with various materials and in various art techniques.


Purpose – The aim of the paper is to consider to what extent a compensatory subsidy transferred to the budgets of voivodeship self-governments can help level fiscal imbalances among voivodeships. The article also aims to determine if and (if it is so) to what extent the rules and procedures related to a compensatory subsidy are coordinated with other instruments of regional policy. Method research – The paper uses the descriptive method with the elements of legal analysis and examines statistical data relating to the budgets of voivodeship self-governments in Poland during the years 2009-2017. Description of research – The paper studies the issues connected with construction together with the rules associated with the transfer of compensatory subsidy to voivodeship self-governments in the context of aims and instruments of a regional policy. In individual sections, the author presents the theoretical aspects of regional policy under the conditions of globalization, characterizes the functions and significance of compensatory subsidy for voivodeships in the context of good-governance and attempts to assess the scope of the coordination of the procedures referring to a compensatory subsidy with other instruments of a regional policy.Results – It has been stated that a compensatory subsidy transferred to the budgets of voivodeships should be considered not only as the source of budget revenues, but also as an instrument of a regional policy. The allocation of public funds to voivodeships takes place by means of numerous autonomous public institutions that use different (and uncoordinated – from the point of view of regional policy) criteria and procedures. This in turn has a negative consequence in the form of excessive dispersion of public funding among voivodeships and in the duplicated realization of public tasks by numerous institutions. Subsequently, it increases the costs of the functioning of the public administration. During the analysis of the rules, procedures and construction of a compensatory subsidy it was shown that this particular financial instrument is neither connected nor coordinated with different instruments of regional policy.


Socioscientific issues (SSI) education provides a framework for students to learn about controversial scientific topics such as climate change, vaccines, and genetic engineering, but rarely measures specific personal factors in student decision-making. SSI educators might benefit from building on behavior theories such as the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) and Value-Belief-Norm Theory of Environmentalism (VBN) in examining how students make decisions about different types of environmental issues. Undergraduate students (n=132) were surveyed to investigate for which types of behavior TPB, VBN, or both theories are most effective, and to explore whether climate change knowledge was a significant predictor of behavior. Behaviors were divided into indirect behaviors with recycling as a direct behavior comparison. The combined theories of behavior best predicted behavioral intentions in regression models over either theory individually. Recycling, a direct environmental behavior, was predicted by different determinants than three indirect environmental behaviors. Climate change knowledge was not a significant predictor in any of the models. These results support the use of different behavior models for different behaviors and exploration of subjective and personal norms around environmental behavior in the SSI classroom.