Dear Editor,

We have read with interest the article published in your journal by Xue et al. [1] regarding a case report of bronchopulmonary infection by the multiflagellated protozoon Lophomonas blattarum (LB). After observing carefully the images showed by authors, we think that there may be a misidentification of detached ciliated bronchial cells as true LB. The figures for the fresh samples may reflect a ciliated cell as there is a clear terminal bar and short, regular unidirectional cilia inserted on the apical end (Fig. 1A). In the top right panel (Fig. 1B), a small cluster (2 or 3 elements) of ciliated bronchial cells may represent a "Creola body", as there is irregularity of the cytoplasm contours and a round nucleus. This irregular cytoplasmic contour could resemble an ameboid movement, which is different from the flagellar-related motility of LB. Moreover, short regular and unidirectional cilia can be also observed.

In the Wright-Giemsa stained images, some cells in the center (Fig. 1C) have a columnar shape with a visible short tail behind the nucleus and short, unidirectional cilia at the apical end. Finally, in Fig. 1D, which may represent a pseudoparasite, the cytoplasmic projections are irregular and very thick, resembling detached ciliary tufts which we would argue are different to those observed in LB.

Although cilia and flagella, at an ultrastructural level, are virtually indistinguishable, they differ principally in their length (cilia are much shorter than flagella), mode of beat, and function [2]. In the respiratory epithelium, cilia are responsible for the displacement of the mucus to the throat. In protozoa, flagella are responsible for its locomotion and for the capture of particles for ingestion.

LB is a Parabasalid that has been recognized under light microscopy in respiratory secretions [3,4] and considered as a bronchopulmonary pathogen [5]. Nevertheless, the possibility of misinterpretation between bronchial ciliated cells and true multiflagellated protozoa [6] is a possibility in this case.


This paper discusses recent policy trends in Canada, the changing role of the various actors in the system, international comparisons and a range of other social policy topics. The immediate purpose of the paper is to examine the reasons why social policy analysts need to look to the future and to explore ways of managing the inevitably large risks associated with such future-looking exercises. The underlying purpose, however, is pedagogical -- to introduce a range of important Canadian social policy topic to students and others who are interested in social policy, but without much previous background in the area. The first part of the paper was taken directly from a 1994 presentation that was intended to provide outside social policy experts (from Latin America in this case) with an overview of the Canadian social policy landscape, particularly of recent trends and possible future directions, mainly from a federal government perspective. At that time, major reform of social security policies was being discussed and I tried to give our visitors some flavour of the background to that reform, with particular emphasis on the challenges of undertaking reforms in a time of constrained resources. That presentation ended with a discussion of possible future directions in social policy in Canada. The timing of that conference was interesting in hindsight -- 1994 may have been the last year in which an optimistic paper could have been written about comprehensive social policy reform in Canada, using the lens of the traditional welfare state. The years since then have had a very different look and feel, with much greater emphasis on smaller marginal changes, use of different social policy instruments particularly tax instruments, new relationships between the federal and the provincial and territorial governments, a different fiscal climate, and some new thinking about the purposes of social policy. In reality, this shift had started well before 1994; the reforms that were being discussed then might be thought of as the last gasp of a faded era. The second part of the paper assesses the 1994 forecasts in light of hindsight. It describes what has happened in the intervening period and makes some observations about the newer forces that might drive social policy in the future. An assessment of the success of current policies is an important factor in determining the nature and scale of the changes that may be needed in the future. Are there big problems to be fixed, or will incremental changes be sufficient in order to assure that we remain world leaders? Many criteria can be used to assess current success. A particularly powerful approach is to compare ourselves with other countries who are recognized world leaders. That is the subject of Part Three of the paper. The final part of the paper returns to the way in which the 1994 paper discussed future directions and suggests that a more nuanced approach is needed. There are quite different reasons for looking to the future, each with its own methods and risks. We need to be clear about which purpose is being served if we are to find a better way of managing the risks of looking into a, largely unknowable future, More generally, the paper provides context for the shift that is taking place between traditional welfare state concepts to newer citizen-centric, enabling society perspectives.


Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is commonly used to treat osteoarthritis (OA) in Chinese traditional medicine (TCM). In this study, we investigated whether ginsenoside retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1), an active component of ginseng, could regulate NO production in chondrocytes and its potential mechanisms of action. SW1353 cells were stimulated with IL-1β in the presence of different concentrations of ginsenoside Rb1. NO concentration was assessed by the Griess reaction. Expression of iNOS, degradation of IBα and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 were determined by Western blot. DNA binding activity of NF-κB complex was evaluated with Trans AM™ kit for p65. We found that ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased the NO production and iNOS protein expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Ginsenoside Rb1 markedly decreased the IκBα degradation and nuclear p65 levels, as well as inhibited the DNA binding activity of NF-κB complex. These results suggest that ginsenoside Rb1 inhibits IL-1β-induced NO production through downregulation of NF-κB-dependent iNOS expression in chondrocytes, and reveals potential mechanisms explaining the benefits of ginseng for OA treatment in TCM.

 Key words: Ginsenoside, retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1), NO, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), chondrocyte, osteoarthritis.


We explore a new panel data set on bilateral gross cross-border equity flows between 14 countries, 1989-96. We show that a "gravity" model explains international transactions in financial assets at least as well as goods trade transactions. Gross transaction flows depend on market size in both source and destination country as well as trading costs, in which both information and the transaction technology play a role. Distance proxies some information costs, and other variables explicitly represent information transmission, an information asymmetry between domestic and foreign investors, and the efficiency of transactions. The remarkably good results have strong implications for theories of asset trade. We find that the geography of information is the main determinant of the pattern of international transactions, while there is weak support in our data for the diversification motive, once we control for the informational friction. We broaden the scope of our results by presenting some evidence linking the results on equity transactions to equity holdings.


High numbers of spam emails have led to an increase in email triage, causing losses amounting to USD 355 million per year. One way to reduce this loss is to classify spam email into categories including fraud or promotions made by unwanted parties. The initial development of spam email classification was based on simple methods such as word filters. Now, more complex methods have emerged such as sentence modeling using machine learning. Some of the most well-known methods for dealing with the problem of text classification are networks with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU). This study focuses on the classification of spam emails, so both the LTSM and GRU methods were used. The results of this study show that, under the scenario without dropout, the LSTM and GRU obtained the same accuracy value of 0.990183, superior to XGBoost, the base model. Meanwhile, in the dropout scenario, LSTM outperformed GRU and XGboost with each obtaining an accuracy of 98.60%, 98.58% and 98.52%, respectively. The GRU recall score was better than that of LSTM and XGBoost in the scenario with dropouts, each obtaining values of 98.98%, 98.92% and 98.15% respectively. In the scenario without dropouts, LSTM was superior to GRU and XGBoost, with each obtaining values of 98.39%, 98.39% and 98.15% respectively.


Abstract Recently, the need for user data rate traffic has increased for running high-bandwidth applications. Therefore, the way forward lies in 5G heterogeneous cellular networks. The 5G network is comprised of two network hierarchies. As the first hierarchy, there are MBSs with large macro cells for macro users. As the second hierarchy, there are FBSs referred to as small cells for femto users. The 5G networks encourage the use of large macro and small cells for efficient utilisation and distribution of channel resources. In this study, the authors have proposed an efficient RF channel distribution mechanism on the basis of the current SINR levels of FUEs and MUEs. On the basis of the users' present SINR levels, the channels will be allocated by the central MBS to MUEs and FUEs via FBSs. The major obstacle in RF channel allocation to FUEs and MUEs is cross-tier interference at the downlink channel at the MUEs and FUEs from the transmitted signals of MBSs and FBSs. In this study, an efficient RF channel allocation scheme is proposed on the basis of channel modelling constraints, which will minimise the cross-tier interference at the downlink channel at the MUEs and FUEs during RF channel allocation to FUEs and MUEs present in the same coverage area


hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms 1 everardo hernández-Quintela 1 1 Cornea and external Diseases service, asociación Para evitar la Ceguera en Mexico (association to prevent blindness in Mexico), Purpose: The purpose of this study was to ascertain the frequency and risk factors of dry eye (DE) among patients attending a tertiary care ophthalmology center in Mexico. Methods: Approximately 338 consecutive new patients attending a tertiary care ophthalmol-ogy center in Mexico City underwent an ocular surface examination, which included tear film break-up time, fluorescein corneal staining, Schirmer's test, and evaluation of meibum quality. Symptoms of DE were evaluated by the Ocular Surface Disease Index and Dry Eye Questionnaire-5. Information on demographics, exposures, past medical and ocular history, and medications was also collected. Results: The frequency of severe DE symptoms was found to be 43% based on the Ocular Surface Disease Index and 30% based on Dry Eye Questionnaire-5. Risk factors significantly associated with increased DE symptoms included dry mouth and gastrointestinal ulcer medications. With regard to signs, aqueous tear deficiency was a less-frequent finding (22%) in our population than evaporative deficiency (94%). Risk factors associated with aqueous tear deficiency were dry mouth and diuretic use. No risk factors were associated with evaporative deficiency. Risk factors associated with meibomian gland dysfunction included old age, male sex, arthritis, and use of an antihypertensive. The only risk factor associated with corneal staining was dry mouth. Conclusion: This is the first study to demonstrate the frequency of symptomatic and clinical DE in a tertiary care ophthalmology center in Mexico. The frequency of DE ranged from 30% using a symptomatic definition to 94% using objective measures. Different risk factors were found for different aspects of DE, suggesting differing underlying pathophysiologies behind different DE subtypes.


Leadership plays a very important role on the direction, goals, and the success level in reaching the goals that have been set. Education is one form of organization where success is largely determined by the level of management and leadership factors. This fact shows just how big a role of leadership in education. Therefore, improvement of management systems and leadership in education is a compuilsory.


This guide is designed to assist students studying HRM with finding information required to complete assessment tasks in courses. It lists key resources which provide a starting point for research.


The intelligent mobile phone has become the most widely used communications device in the world and the access device of choice in the developing world. The International Telecommunications Union's report "The World in 2015: ICT Facts and Figures" estimates that there were some 7.1 billion mobile service subscriptions by the end of 2015, corresponding to a global population of some 7.4 billion. Mobile cellular penetration rates stand at 97% globally, 121% in developed and 92% in developing countries. Mobile broadband is the most dynamic market segment. There are now three times as many mobile broadband subscriptions as fixed ones.Spectrum is the lifeblood of mobile communications services. As high-speed mobile Internet access becomes more readily available and affordable, mobile devices are being used widely for a variety of bandwidth-hungry applications. Therefore the demand for additional spectrum bandwidth is likely to increase rapidly and outstrip the supply for the next few years. Issues related to spectrum allocation and management have become an important component of any national wireless broadband strategy.Mobile Internet access and use is becoming the new norm. Policy makers in developing countries, in addition to dealing with the conventional issues related to facilitating the growth of mobile communications (e.g. spectrum availability and re-allocation, infrastructure sharing and interconnection, service pricing and availability), will need to formulate policies, and regulations where required, to address the new challenges related to the large scale migration of mobile users from 2G to 3G/4G broadband communications networks. Many governments have instituted a range of supply side policies to accelerate broadband deployment, increase availability and reduce costs. However, the most effective design of complementary demand side policies remains uncertain. This international panel will focus on the impact of the widespread penetration and use of intelligent mobile devices, in both developing and developed countries. The panel will discuss issues such as:• What role does mobile broadband play in different national broadband strategies, and how is it integrated with the wireline component?• Other than efficiently allocating and managing the use of the spectrum, what other roles can governments and regulators play in enabling the continued growth of mobile telecommunications services? • Last but not least, what conceptual frameworks do researchers and policy-makers use when shaping communications policy? What is the role of "evidence" in shaping current approaches? The Panelists, whose expertise covers various countries and regions, will discuss and compare strategies being used in developed countries like the US, Australia and the EU, and developing countries like Mexico, Brazil and India, among others. We wish to find out what has worked, what did not, the problems encountered and whether there are lessons to be learned that are of general applicability, as well as for particular countries. We wish to explore the possibilities and limitations of learning from other nations' and regions' experiences, identifying common policy challenges and medium term research requirements of interest to the TPRC community.


A joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. investigation of high charge and energy (HZE) particle radiation was carried out on the Kosmos 782 biosatellite using plastic nuclear track detectors. HZE particle radiation inside the satellite was found to be strongly anisotropic, with flux values ranging from 0.13 to 5.15/crn2.day. The integral LET spectrum of HZE particles inside Kosmos 782 was similar to Skylab, both exhibiting a sharp decrease toward high LET values. Surprisingly few cosmic-ray Fe nuclei were measured inside Kosmos 782. possibly due to fragmentation in spacecraft materials.


Introduction/Background*Same-day discharge (SDD) has been found to be safe and attainable following minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for gynaecological cancer.1 We audited the compliance to SDD, opposed to 24 hours discharge, at the Royal London Hospital.MethodologyWe performed a retrospective audit of all minimally invasive hysterectomies performed at the Royal London Hospital in 2019 and 2020. All patients were identified for SDD at pre-op clinic and were followed up until 30 days post discharge.Data was collected from electronic patient to record demographic, operating time & outcome, postoperative recovery (+/- complication and readmission) and time of discharge.Following the first audit cycle in 2019, interventions were performed comprising of staff education to highlight the human factors that led to failed SDD (including delayed prescriptions, discharge summaries and removal of catheters).Result(s)*A total of 12 patients were selected for SDD in 2020 compared to 22 in 2019 with 30 day follow up for all patients. Numbers of patient in 2020 was reduced due to covid. Successful SDD was achieved in 42% of cases in 2020 compared to 56% in 2019. Of those planned for SDD, 50% of those that failed were due to unavoidable intraoperative complications. No SDD discharges in 2020 failed due to pharmacy, transport or discharge documentation delays (7 failed SDD in 2019 due to these factors). No re-admissions or complications were recorded.Conclusion*Same day discharge continues to be safe and achievable following minimally invasive surgery for gynecological cancer, despite disruption from the Covid-19 pandemic. Auditing and implementation of interventions helps improve this pathway.ReferenceKorsholm M, Mogensen O, Jeppesen MM, Lysdal VK, Traen K, Jensen PT. Systematic review of same-day discharge after minimally invasive hysterectomy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2017 Feb;136(2):128–137. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.12023. Epub 2016 Nov 11. PMID: 28099736.


ABSTRACT Background: Dysphagia is characterized by difficulty in the swallowing pattern at any stage of this neuromuscular process. It is a frequent symptom after stroke. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the most commonly used phonoaudiological interventions as therapy for the treatment of swallowing disorders in patients with dysphagia after stroke. Methods: We performed a review of studies indexed in MEDLINE-PubMed, LILACS, Cochrane, and Clinical trials.gov focusing on speech-language interventions for adult dysphagic patients after stroke between January 2008 and January 2021. Results: Thirty-six articles of clinical trials were selected. Eleven different types of therapies have been studied. Studies on the efficacy of therapeutic interventions for the rehabilitation of adult patients with dysphagia after stroke are still scarce. Most techniques are combined with conventional therapy, so the effectiveness of the other techniques alone cannot be assessed. Conclusions: Therapeutic interventions should be selected in accordance with the possibilities and limitations of the patients, and especially with the findings of the clinical evaluation and with its objective.


Members from different generations create challenges for marketing specialists due to their unique behaviour specifics and in the context of constant technology development, these challenges become only harder. In the current marketing situation, there is a new challenge – outreach and interest for generation Y consumers. A question arises – which means to apply and which of them would be effective. It is a new field of research both for scientists and marketing practitioners. The article analyses the members of generation Y because in their case there are most prominent scientific discovery inquiries on their behaviour and marketing management decisions. By evaluating that, the aim of the article is to create a model of the influence of social media for generation Y consumer purchase decisions. The need to offer a new model has appeared due to the changes in the current world that are changing the habits and features of the society, constantly improving technologies are changing the lifestyle, values and needs of people. The marketing decisions that were applied before are not presenting the desired results in the current market. Previous research allows identifying the specifics of generation Y, however, due to constantly changing technology environment it is not clearly known how this generation makes the decisions to purchase something. When wishing to find the right way to sell products and services to this generation, it is necessary to understand it and to find ways to communicate with it. When creating social media content and creating added value to the customers, it is vital to understand the complexity of the external and internal factors that determine their choice to buy. To achieve the goal of this article, the theoretical part presents a complex analysis of factors that determine consumer behaviour in social media, applications of generation theory for making marketing decisions; characteristics of generation Y were identified. In this research, marketing factors that influence the consumer's decision to buy were analysed, their effects and application in the purchase process of generation Y consumers were evaluated.
Keywords: electronic marketing, e-marketing, marketing, model, social media, technologies.


Objective Dissemination of vaccines among the maximum number of recipients is becoming an uphill task in many low and middle-income countries (LMIC). This study was conducted to ease the vaccination load and to reach the highest number of immunities in a population about the neutralizing antibody response.Methods We followed the vaccination status of 134 healthcare workers (HCWs) among which 59 were previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive by RT-PCR test and 75 naive participants. All of them took two dosages of either BBV-152 or AZD1222 vaccine. Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins were measured in two CLIA-based platforms Cobas e411 and ARCHITECT i1000SR.Results From prior COVID-19 recovered HCWs, 96% were found to be seropositive and developed a median concentration of 588.0 U/mL (interquartile range [IQR], 250.0-2500.0 AU/mL) IgG antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S- protein after a single dose of vaccine whereas only 61.3% of previously non-infected HCWs developed antibody against SARS-CoV-2 S- protein after single dose with a median concentration of 7.27 U/mL (IQR, 0.4-116.5 AU/mL). A total of 82.7% HCWs having no earlier COVID-19 infection history became seropositive after the second dose of vaccine irrespective of gender and age.Conclusion We found that a single dose of BBV-152 and AZD1222 induced a high concentration of neutralizing IgG antibody in HCWs having a recovery history from COVID-19.


Yearly machine scrubbing has been applied in the SPS since 2002 in order to reduce the amount of electron cloud in the machine and permit smooth operation with 25 ns beams. While a quick scrubbing is usually necessary to recover performance after any extended technical stop due to in vacuum deconditioning, a longer period needs to be envisaged when the machine stop is long and a large fraction of the machine is exposed to air. Therefore, the restart of the SPS after LS1 will offer a unique opportunity to qualify the machine degradation due to a long stop as well as quantify length and efficiency of a scrubbing run to recover the previous performance and possibly extend it to higher intensity beams. This information will be the key input to decide on the upgrade strategy for the SPS, as it will show whether the SPS can be operated with scrubbing also for future intensities or electron cloud needs to be actively suppressed through a-C coating. Goals, requirements (in terms of beam and instrumentation) and a possible planning of the SPS scrubbing run in 2014 will be covered by this presentation. In this context, we will also describe the doublet beam, which can be potentially used for enhancing the scrubbing efficiency.


PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Heart contusion is a severe injury for the diagnosis of which there still doesn't exist a uniform procedure. The aim of the work was to compare individual methods and provide opinion on the justification of their use.

MATERIAL
In the period of 1998-2000 at the authors' departments 103 patient were hospitalised with a severe contusion of the chest. These patients were admitted at the department within 24 hours after the injury.

METHODS
The diagnosis was based on the examination of the ratio of CKMB/CK serum levels, cTnl serum level, ECG examination and echocardiography.

RESULTS
Heart contusion was diagnosed in 18 patients of the group of 103. The most precise diagnostic method proved to be the determination of the serum level of troponin I (success rate 86%) and echocardiographic examination (succes rate 67%).

CONCLUSIONS
Examination of cTnl serum level and echocardiography are the best methods for the determination of the diagnosis of heart contusion. Simultaneous application of these two methods is the most reliable diagnostic procedure. Examination of CK and CKMB serum levels produces often falsely positive results and it is not a contribution to the determination of the diagnosis of heat contusion.


This study explored different types of intimate partner violence (ipv) perpetra- tors (and victims) in Mexican clinical and non-clinical samples and the differential mental effects among ipv types through Johnson's typological framework. A total of 365 partic- ipants (court-mandated men to intervention programs, victims of domestic violence seeking psychological support and male and female high school students) provided information about their ipv perpetration/victimization experiences and data on several mental health indicators. Less-controlling violence prevails in non-clinical samples, and more high-controlling ipv prevails in clinical samples, the latter more frequently reported to be mutually-perpetrated. More adverse mental health effects were associ- ated to more coercive ipv. Implications indicate the need to acknowledge the heterogeneity of ipv in practice and research in clinical and non-clinical samples in Mexico.


Proteins labeled with nanoparticles can be studied in their native context of the plasma membrane in intact cells in liquid using scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) [1,2]. One approach is the usage of a microfluidic chamber enclosing the cell entirely in liquid and imaging at 200 keV beam energy [1]. An alternative approach is to study the cell maintained under a thin liquid layer using environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) at 30 keV [2]. An important question is to which extent the effect of electron beam induced radiation damage changes the structure of cells in liquid.


In this study, a modified salting-out-assisted liquid-liquid extraction (SALLE) combined with low density dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (LD-DLLME) has been developed for quantitative determination of multiclass pesticide residues (atrazine, diazinon, ametryn, terbutryn, chlorpyrifos, dimethametryn, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (4,4'-DDE), 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (4,4'-DDD) and 4,4'-dichloro- diphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT)) levels in sugar and soil samples coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) detection. The extract was enriched after combining SALLE to LD-DLLME and enrichment factor obtained ranged 30-121. Under the optimum conditions, the linearity of the method was in the range of 6.25–100 ng g-1 for atrazine, ametryn, terbutryn, dimethametryn and 4,4'-DDT, and in the range of 2.5–100 ng g-1 for diazinon, chlorpyrifos and 4,4'-DDD, and in the range of  1–100 for 4,4'-DDE with correlation coefficient of  0.992 or better. The limits of detection (LODs) ranged from 0.01–0.25 ng g-1. The precisions as %RSD, were below 10% for both matrices. The recoveries obtained from spiked sugar and soil samples at 5 and 50 ng g-1 ranged from 79 to 111%. The method was subsequently applied to real sugar and soil samples. All the pesticides investigated were not detected in the sugar sample. The soil sample was contaminated by atrazine and ametryn at concentration level of 0.3 and 0.2 ng g-1, respectively.

KEY WORDS: SALLE, LD-DLLME, Extraction, Pesticide residues, Sugar, Soil

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2021, 35(1), 1-16.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v35i1.1


This study aims to describe terrorism through figurative language styles, both comparisons and linkages. This studyuses a stylistic approach that focuses its study on forms of linguistic formation, especially those contained in literarytexts. Stylistics is intended to explain the function of beauty in the use of certain linguistic forms, from aspects of sound, structure, lexical, figurative language, rhetorical means, to graphology. Based on the results of the above research on the poem ? ??????? by Nizar Taufik Qabbani, it was found that the types of figurative language styles in the lines of the poem, among others, are simile ( ?? ? ? ? ?? ), metaphor (???? ? ? ??? ), allegory ( ?? ? ?? ?? ), metonymy ( ? ??? ? ?? ). ), and synecdoche ( ?? ?? ?? ) in the type of pars pro toto and in the type of totum properte, but dominates in the description of the term terrorism in this poem.


Ahmadi is an Islamic group based in India. The group stressed the aspects of ideological-eschatological because this group is mahdiistik with the belief that the al-Mahdi viewed as "Judge Peng-Islah" or as a "peacemaker". Al-Mahdi in the Ahmadiyya faith was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, who has the task to reunite the split Muslims, both in the field of faith and the Shari'a. Of belief, jema'at this very rapidly growing in Indonesia. As this church already exists in various regions in Indonesia, such as the Ahmadiyah in Gondrong Tangerang, Banten (JAG). This study examines the understanding of the concept of the caliphate in members of Ahmadiyah. This research is a field, namely the phenomenon of living Quran. which will lead to a study that examines the living Quran verses of the Koran understanding of the concept of the caliphate held by JAG, and also internalization in their daily lives are realized in a variety of receptions, both hermeneutic, aesthetic, and cultural. Sociological approach to the theory of Pierre Bourdieu's habitus become a foothold in this paper. Understanding the concept of the caliphate is the basis of understanding and JAG members have internalized that manifested itself in several ways, namely solidarity, unity, sacrifice, and social.


The [FeFe]-hydrogenases are enzymes that catalyze the reversible activation of H2 coupled to the reduction–oxidation of electron carriers. Members of the different taxonomic groups of [FeFe]-hydrogenases display a wide range of preference, or bias, for H2 oxidation or H2 production reactions, despite sharing a common catalytic cofactor, or H-cluster. Identifying the properties that control reactivity remains an active area of investigation, and models have emerged that include diversity in the catalytic site coordination environments and compositions of electron transfer chains. The kinetics of proton-coupled electron transfer at the H-cluster might be expected to be a point of control of reactivity. To test this hypothesis, systematic changes were made to the conserved cysteine residue that functions in proton exchange with the H-cluster in the three model enzymes: CaI, CpII, and CrHydA1. CaI and CpII both employ electron transfer accessory clusters but differ in bias, whereas CrHydA1 lacks accessory clusters having only the H-cluster. Changing from cysteine to either serine (more basic) or aspartate (more acidic) modifies the sidechain pKa and thus the barrier for the proton exchange step. The reaction rates for H2 oxidation or H2 evolution were surveyed and measured for model [FeFe]-hydrogenases, and the results show that the initial proton-transfer step in [FeFe]-hydrogenase is tightly coupled to the control of reactivity; a change from cysteine to more basic serine favored H2 oxidation in all enzymes, whereas a change to more acidic aspartate caused a shift in preference toward H2 evolution. Overall, the changes in reactivity profiles were profound, spanning 105 in ratio of the H2 oxidation-to-H2 evolution rates. The fact that the change in reactivity follows a common trend implies that the effect of changing the proton-transfer residue pKa may also be framed as an effect on the scaling relationship between the H-cluster di(thiolmethyl)amine (DTMA) ligand pKa and Em values of the H-cluster. Experimental observations that support this relationship, and how it relates to catalytic function in [FeFe]-hydrogenases, are discussed.


QoS routing is the process of routing a connection based on the connection's resource requirements. The overhead involved in QoS routing increases with the network size. State aggregation is an important technique that makes QoS routing scalable. We propose a new domain state aggregation technique based on "network-flows", for stochastic networks. We propose a new fast heuristic algorithm to estimate the PMF of "maximum-flow" through a probabilistic flow network. Using this algorithm, we aggregate the bandwidth information in a domain and use it along with the path aggregate for routing. Through simulations, we show that stochastic estimation of traffic capacity is better than deterministic estimation and gives a better bandwidth admission ratio when compared with existing state aggregation techniques.


Laying hens were treated with a wettable powder formulation of stirofos [Rabon, 2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethylphosphate] by dipping in a .5 or 1.0% actual ingredient (AI) water suspension of a 50% wettable powder (WP) stirfos formulation. Stirofos residues were detected in eggs within 1 day after treatment and reached maximum levels 3 days after dipping (.021 and .035 ppm in the low- and high-dose birds, respectively). After that time, levels of residues in eggs declined rapidly and no sample contained detectable quantities (less than .004 ppm) of stirofos after 21 days. Dipping may be a practical control method for the northern fowl mite on chickens, because stirofos dips effectively control this mite on laying hens for at least 6 weeks and because resulting residues in eggs are well below established tolerances.


This paper focuses on the development and application of a threedimensional gas-kinetic Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK) method for the viscous flows in rotating machinery. For such flows, a rotating frame of reference is usually used in formulating the Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations, and there are two major concerns in constructing the corresponding BGK model. One is the change of the convective velocities in the N-S equations, which can be reflected through modification of the gas streaming velocity. The other one is the necessity to account for the effect of the additional Coriolis and centrifugal forces. Here, a specifically-designed acceleration term is added into the modified Boltzmann equation so that the source effects can be naturally included into the gas evolution process and the resulted fluxes. Under the finitevolume framework, the constructed BGK model is locally solved at each cell interface and then the numerical fluxes can be evaluated. When employing the BGK scheme, it is sometimes found that the calculated spatial derivatives of the initial and equilibrium distribution functions are sensitive to the mesh quality especially in complex rotating flow applications, which may significantly influence flux evaluation. Therefore, an improved approach for computing these slopes is adopted, through which the modeling capability for viscous flows is enhanced. For validation, several numerical examples are presented. The computed results show that the present method can be well applied to a wide range of flows in rotating machinery with favorable accuracy. AMS subject classifications: 76U05


This paper analyzes trends in poverty, income inequality and social policies in Peru in the last twenty years. Our objective is to explain what lies behind the generalized perception and complain by Peruvians that welfare and living standards have not got any better in at least two generations. We find problems in several fronts: lower expenditure than the average in the region, which could explain restrictions in coverage and quality of services, but also problems related to targeting, delivery of services, and overlapping, and deficient design and choice of effective programs. We also discuss why is that social policies have failed to deliver crucial assets for short, and specially, long term poverty and inequality alleviation in Peru, and present some guidelines to improve social policy design and implementation in Peru given past lessons, with special emphasis on the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) framework as a tool for policy planning, design, and costing.


ABSTRACT Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a global concern. Fourteen antineoplastics are approved for metastatic CRC (mCRC); however, the 5-year overall survival remains poor for the overwhelming majority of patients. Poor outcomes continue to highlight the critical need for therapeutic advancement. Areas covered: mCRC represents a clinical and molecular complex malignancy with several treatment barriers. Prognostic and predictive factors have and continue to emerge anatomically, molecularly, and via patient-related factors. Herein, the authors review the current understanding and promising future directions amongst these different subtypes. Expert opinion: CRC is largely considered a common cancer. Consequently, treatment approaches have been rather homogenous with systemic chemotherapy combinations. Of significance is the recent identification of targetable rare subsets of mCRC, notably for microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) patients and for BRAF mutated patients. As a result, we are at the forefront of interpreting biological differences that provide targetable approaches and/or additional insight. To continue to do so, future clinical trial developments must focus on diverse subtypes of mCRC rather than all-encompassing mCRC proposals. Yet of greatest need is identifying options for RAS-mutated and microsatellite-stable mCRC patients. For the majority of these patients, we continue to seek novel innovative approaches to improve the overall survival of these patients.


Marine observation and research activities require a suitable transportation means that has an ability to bring necessary equipment for data collection and observation into the sea. One of the means that has the ability is AUV (Autonomous Underwater Vehicle), an electric powered underwater vehicle. The vehicle does not require cable connection from the surface and has an ability to move to global positions according to programmable trajectory installed in a microcontroller and other navigation equipment. The control system of the AUV trajectory is programmed in the microcontroller. The navigation equipment consists of integrated sensor. The main sensor used is global positioning sensor, digital compass, pressure sensor, and 3-axys gyroscopes. The main focus of this paper is the design and application of the control system for an underwater survey vehicle that has an ability to bring necessary equipment for observation of coastal area. The vehicle moves from an observation point to another according to GPS assisted programmed data. The control system consists of the thruster system, the depth control system, the positioning system and compass system. The design and algorithm for the control system is proposed.


Abstract. KM3NeT is an international consortium involving more than 300 scientists from 10 EU countries. Its main objective is the construction of a multi-km3 high-energy neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean Sea that will also host an interdisciplinary observatory for marine sciences. KM3NeT has been included in the roadmap of the European Strategy Forum of Research Infrastructures (ESFRI). Very high energy neutrinos are important messengers to study non-thermal phenomena in the Universe. The pioneering ANTARES, NEMO and NESTOR underwater neutrino telescope projects include the extensive R&D knowledge base behind the KM3NeT project. A Technical Design Report has been published that describes the technological solutions chosen for the detector. The present status of the project is presented.


The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of trade show organizer's marketing mix strategy and relation marketing on exhibitor's satisfaction and make trust. Data collected from Daegu-Gyeungbuk international tourism exhibition. The questionaries were distributed from April 23th to 26th in 2015, of the 120 distributed questionnaires 115 copies were used in the analysis. The current study used four traditional marketing-mix components(product, price, place, and promotion), and relation marketing factors(interactive communication, relational benefits, customized service). As a result, marketing mix had a positive effect on relation marketing. Also product and promotion to the marketing mix factors giving a significant impact on satisfaction and trust. Relationship marketing, such as interactive communication, relational benefit, customized services represent a significant influence on the relationship between satisfaction and trust. Therefore, the basic product mix of marketing strategies and relationship marketing for communication and personalized service system are the elements needed to form a commonly long-term solidarity, satisfaction and confidence of the exhibitors. Based on the results, exhibition organizers to be secure the participating companies a long-term loyal customer-oriented and can effectively expand the marketing strategy. In addition, the referred to a useful study to demonstrate a relationship between the two concepts by reviewing the causal relationship between marketing mix strategy and relationship marketing.


The British Cotton Industry and the Domestic Market: Trade and Fashion in an Early Industrial Society, 1750-1800 by Beverly Leraire Balliol College Submitted in fulfillment of requirements for the degree of D.Phil., Trinity Term, 1984 The British market has until now received little of the credit due it as the chief support of the cotton industry during the final fifty years of the eighteenth century. The manner in which this support was extended involved a restructuring of the economy, as illustrated by a qualitative change in the consumer habits of the population; the advent of a mass consumer society. The demand for cotton textiles was a distillation of many amorphous desires and aspirations that flourished in eighteenth century Britain. This was not a frivolous whim on the part of a small host of women, but a powerful economic force which might be tapped through the female section of the society, but which involved the entire society on a fundamental level. When the fashionable urge was translated into a demand for inexpensive, attractive cottons the industry was tied to one of the most potent commercial forces of that period. As a result of recent research, historians are coming to recognize a feature of economic development in the last half of the eighteenth century never before sufficiently acknowledged. This quality in the economic life of the nation set it off from all previous eras. During that time an economy developed and prospered that was geared to the profits of popular fashions, produced cheaply and in quantity for the mass market. Never before had a trade developed so quickly, exclusively on popular demand for mass-produced fashionable textiles. The provision of news on current fashions throughout the nation sparked generalized interest in British manufacturers among the middle and working classes. These classes were the basis of the market on which the cotton. industry depended for its vitality; it was among these sections of society that the creations of the cotton industry found the great new markets of the eighteenth century. Institutionalized dessimination of fashion information in print; a homogeneity of demand throughout the nation and the ranks of the nation; and the diversification and development of cotton products in response to this demand were the principal characteristics of this economic and social phenomenon.


The current cloud landscape is getting populated with many applications that are being migrated to the cloud due to its convenience and ease of use. However, there are still a subset of applications that are infrequently seen in the cloud. These are data-intensive and time critical applications. Data intensive applications, in the best case, experience bad performance in the cloud, as the current database infrastructure in the cloud fails to satisfy high loads and does not provide predictable performance. Many critical applications today still run on mainframes due to their high resilience and high performance. Unfortunately, there is no equivalent in the cloud till today. The CloudDBAppliance project addresses this problem by introducing a cloud appliance for providing a database-as-a-service able to match the predictable performance, robustness and trustworthiness of on-premise architectures such as those based on mainframes. The project introduces innovations across the following areas: New Efficient Hardware Enabling In-Memory Databases: The new Bullion hardware will provide a high modular server technology with blade and density-optimized servers with a many-core architecture that will provide over 1000 cores and reach 32 TB of memory. In-Memory Data Management Solutions that Scale up efficiently on many-core architectures: (1) An ultra-scalable database with fast analytical queries for data-intensive cloud applications both on the operational and the analytical side, an offering non-existing today. (2) A real-time analytics framework for providing data mining and machine learning functions, implemented in an efficient scale-up streaming solution over the operational data. (3) An operational data lake for enterprises relying on Hadoop data lake technologies. CloudDBAppliance provides an innovative solution for providing real-time analytics combining the ultra-scalable operational database with an online analytics solution that accesses directly the operational data. The online analytics is based on a highly efficient streaming solution able to scale vertically and linearly data streaming in many-core architectures to 1000+ CPU cores. The data streaming provides algebraic operators and also allows for custom-operators to incorporate data mining and machine learning algorithms. To provide robust big data analytics on data streams for CloudDBAppliance, data analytics algorithms will be exploited with the focus on boosting their efficiency in the context of massive parallelism on many-core architectures. For this purpose, the algorithms are being implemented on top of the scalable streaming engine. A typical example analytical technique we focus further on is time series correlation mining. The time series correlation discovery algorithm is based on a recent work on fast window correlations over time series of numerical data, and concentrates on adapting the approach for the context of a big number of parallel data streams, thus making it highly scalable. The analysis is done incrementally on sliding windows of time series data, so that recent correlations are being continuously discovered in nearly real-time. The algorithm takes full advantage of the new efficient hardware architecture that enables a large in-memory storage model with low access times, which allows intermediate data to be efficiently shared across different streaming operators and across different instances of the same operator.


The main purpose of this article is to analyze the conspiracy theories that emerged to explain migrant caravans en route to the U.S. in October 2018. Through the doctrinal and documentary review of the main approaches to such theories, a political theological definition of conspiracy theory is proposed. Subsequently, the main newspaper sources that include conspiracy explanations about the caravan phenomenon are examined, comparing them with the characteristics studied, and the proposed definition. It is concluded that some states and non-state actors reacted with a political discourse that had conspiracy theories at its core. It was their way of making sense and exploiting in the media, a novel way of migrating because of its swarming features.


BACKGROUND
Psychological issues are common presentations in general practice. The COVID-19 pandemic has created a 'perfect storm' for the deterioration of mental health. General practitioners (GPs) are ideally placed to provide supports for people with mental health issues.

OBJECTIVE
The objective of this article is to provide an overview of management approaches for mental health issues, paying attention to fostering resilience and lifestyle factors, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic period.

DISCUSSION
While feelings of fear and anxiety are expected in these uncertain times, some people may experience an exacerbation of a mental illness or develop a mental health issue for the first time during the COVID-19 pandemic. A list of resources available to GPs is provided, and case studies are used to demonstrate how these resources can be used to support assessment and management during the COVID-19 pandemic.


Mobile devices and wireless data connectivity are getting more and more common nowadays. In this networked world there are going to be dozens of new applications. Location Based Services will play a major role in this area. Especially, with the current and upcoming UMTS enabled mobile phones these applications are going to be available to a larger number of customers. The most promising approach to get accurate position data on a phone is to use GPS or the enhanced Assisted GPS which is part of the UMTS standard. We developed a mobile game especially designed to demonstrate the possibilities of an Assisted GPS empowered mobile phone.


The heart has epicardial adipose tissue that produces adipokines and mesenchymal stem cells. Systemic adipose tissue is involved in the pathophysiology of obesity-related heart diseases. However, the method for analyzing the direct interaction between adipose tissue and cardiomyocytes has not been established. Here we show the novel model, using collagen gel coculture of adipose tissue fragments (ATFs) and HL-1 cardiomyocytes, and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, real-time RT-PCR, and ELISA. HL-1 cells formed a stratified layer on ATF-nonembedded gel, whereas they formed almost a monolayer on ATF-embedded gel. ATFs promoted the apoptosis, lipid accumulation, and fatty acid transport protein (FATP) expression of FATP4 and CD36 in HL-1 cells, whereas ATFs inhibited the growth and mRNA expression of myosin, troponin T, and atrial natriuretic peptide. Treatment of leptin (100 ng/ml) and adiponectin (10 μg/ml) neither replicated nor abolished the ATF-induced morphology of HL-1 cells, whereas that of FATP4 and CD36 antibodies (25 μg/ml) never abolished it. HL-1 cells prohibited the development of CD44+/CD105+ mesenchymal stem cell-like cells and lipid-laden preadipocytes from ATFs. HL-1 cells increased the production of adiponectin in ATFs, whereas they decreased that of leptin. The data indicate that our model actively creates adipose tissue-HL-1 cardiomyocyte interaction, suggesting first that ATFs may be related to the lipotoxiciy of HL-1 cells via unknown factors plus FATP4 and CD36 and second that HL-1 cells may help to retain the static state of ATFs, affecting adipokine secretion. Our model will serve to study adipose tissue-cardiomyocyte interaction and mechanisms of obesity-related lipotoxicity and heart diseases.


p185neu is the protein product of the HER2/neu protooncogene. This protein has characteristics of a tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor and is postulated to be important in human carcinogenesis. To define the significance of the expression of this protein in human non-small cell lung cancer, 55 tumors from patients with squamous cell carcinoma (16), adenocarcinoma (29), or large cell carcinoma (10) of the lung were examined for p185neu using immunohistological methods. Five of 16 squamous cell carcinomas and 10 of 29 adenocarcinomas were found to overexpress p185neu relative to levels of expression seen in uninvolved bronchiolar epithelium. For the adenocarcinomas, p185neu expression was associated with older age (66.6 +/- 10.1 versus 57.5 +/- 10.8 years) (P = 0.04) and shortened survival (83.7 +/- 94.1 versus 188.5 +/- 120 weeks) (P = 0.01). In this group, using Cox's multivariate survival analysis, p185neu expression was found to be a significant determinant of survival (P = 0.04) even after accounting for the effect of tumor stage. For the squamous cell carcinomas, p185neu expression was not correlated with any of our clinicopathological parameters. Our findings indicate that non-small cell lung cancers which express p185neu do so at levels higher than that found in normal bronchiolar epithelium, and expression in adenocarcinomas of the lung is independently associated with diminished survival intervals.


There are many facets of feminist creolisation within Zadie Smith's novel On Beauty (2005). This article locates and analyses the novel's feminist subtext by assessing the characterisations of black women and Smith's use of Vodou symbolism in the form of the goddess Erzulie. The argument is made that Smith's black women, imbued with aspects of Erzulie's diverse personae, defy their marginal positions in the narrative and become its driving force. After outlining the principles of creolisation and the attributes of the goddess Erzulie, this work identifies where and how Smith has incorporated both creolisation and feminist creolisation into the structure of her text. Glissant's notion of creolisation as, in part, being 'open to change' provides a rubric for understanding and analysing the relationships and the key differences between and amongst black women in On Beauty, in addition to their alignment with Erzulie. These overlapping threads are taken up in an analysis of Carlene Kipps, one of the text's most marginalised characters. In discerning the attributes of Erzulie (a syncretic, creolist figure) in Kipps, and to a lesser extent in Kiki Belsey, these women are revealed as multi-dimensional rather than simplistic, powerful rather than passive. An analysis of Smith's alignment of her black women characters with Erzulie causes the surfacing of a subtle erotics of friendship between Kipps and Belsey. As complex New World subjects, Smith's black women are not just shaped by creolisation, they also operate as its agents. In conclusion, the article maintains that Smith's feminist and creolist aesthetic not only structures the novel through form and characterisation, but also crucially shapes its standpoint and perspective.


The aim of this paper is to shed light on how the social relationships between individuals influence their opinions in the case of structurally balanced social networks. If we represent a social network as a signed graph in which individuals are the nodes and the signs of the edges represent friendly or hostile relationships, then the property of structural balance corresponds to the social community being splittable into two antagonistic factions, each containing only friends. A classical example of this situation is a two-party political system. The paper studies the process of opinion forming on such a social community, starting from the observation that the property of structural balance is formally analogous to the monotonicity property of dynamical systems. The paper shows that under the assumption that individuals are positively influenced by their friends and negatively influenced by their enemies, monotone dynamical systems, due to their order-preserving solutions, are natural candidates to describe the highly predictable process of opinion forming on structurally balanced networks.


As considerable inconsistencies are found in the literature regarding the influence of roasting and subsequent operations on the ochratoxin A (OTA) content of green coffee, experiments were undertaken to assess the evolution of OTA along an industrial soluble coffee manufacturing line. Both the variability and the amount of OTA naturally present in a lot of Thai Robusta green coffee were drastically reduced during soluble coffee manufacture. A small proportion of OTA was eliminated during green coffee cleaning, but the most significant reduction took place during roasting. The roast and ground coffee contained only 16% of the OTA originally present in the green coffee. Two phenomena are responsible for the elimination of OTA during roasting: a thermal degradation and a removal with chaff. Thermal degradation is the most important route of elimination, with <20% accounted for by the chaff. A further 20% reduction was observed during soluble coffee manufacture, so that the powder contained only 13% of the OTA initially present in the green beans.


An increasing body of evidence has shown that hematologic malignancies, alike normal hematopoiesis, has a hierarchical structure including a stem cell compartment with self renewal capability, endowed in a neoplastic niche bearing resemblance to its normal hematopoietic counterpart. According to experimental data on NOD-SCID mice, leukemic stem cells are characterized by a CD34+/CD38- surface profile and account for 1 in 10(3) to 1 in 10(6) of the total amount of leukemic cells. The available knowledge about leukemic stem cells (LSC) has arisen the question as to whether some targeting of LSC is achieved by current treatments; the answer is dubitative at best, with the possible exception of arsenic trioxide in promyelocytic leukemia. On the other side, the unsatisfactory results in the treatment of many hematological neoplasms has prompted many research groups to find out whether direct targeting of LSC, possibly in its niche, would result in an improvement in cure rates. This approach implies the identification of LSC specific markers, clearly distinct from their normal counterpart in order to spare normal hematopoietic stem cells. Adhesion/surface antigens, metabolic pathways involved in LSC survival and renewal, telomerase, commonly mutated genes and epigenetic phenomena have been investigated as candidate targets for newer therapeutic strategies. So far, most of the possibly effective agents have been studied in experimental models only. FLT-3 inhibitors account for a notable exception since they have resulted effective in vivo in AML with mutated, but not over expressed, FLT-3. A main task for the future is to find out whether some common LSC specific markers would be identifiable in a substantial proportion of AML cases, or whether each AML case shows a unique fingerprint of markers. In the latter event, targeting of LSC could result in an arduous task.


The occurrence of discrete gray areas, often called plaques, in the sclera just in front of the medial and lateral recti is a common finding in old age. If these areas are excised together with a rim of normal sclera and held before a light, they show increased translucency. They are not pigmented and are not plaques in the usual sense of the word. Their gray color is due to enhanced visibility of the uveal pigment, but occasionally they do contain calcific plaques. Since these focal spots are not known to have clinical significance, they have not attracted much attention and are poorly described in current textbooks and most reviews. The scanty literature up to 1945 was collected by Roper 1 in an article which incidentally presents the best clinical illustrations of the entity in the literature. That article emphasizes the association of the spots with age and points up


Hyland's aim is to introduce psychologists to Theoretical Psychology. He wishes to show them how they should construct their theories and to do this in such a way that they are able to integrate the different areas of the discipline. It is not a text in the philosophy of psychology but is an application of the philosophy of science to psychology. The book is well written and is directed towards senior students who will benefit most from its reading. It is also a useful guide to the production and use of theories by research psychologists. His approach to psychology generally is a well-balanced one. Hyland provides immediate evidence of this in his first chapter entitled 'Why use Theories?' when he examines Skinner's anti-theoretical stance. While showing an appreciation of this, he is nevertheless able to demonstrate that Skinner is wrong to persuade psychologists to avoid theory because their introduction introduces 'fictions' into an explanation. Hyland agrees that this is very often the case but he argues convincingly that radical behaviourism runs into trouble when it wishes to explain inter-individual variation using only observables and the consequent historical account of behaviour. Theoretical psychologists need not limit themselves to such demands. After justifying the use of theories he proceeds in the next six chapters to deal with such matters as predictive power, hypothetical constructs and intervening variables, causal relations, operators, a general theoretical framework, and exploratory concepts. In his final chapter he looks at experimental and non-experimental paradigms, predictions about causality and difficulties in extrapolating from data. In tackling this last problem, he recognizes it as one that seems peculiar to the science of psychology because of the very many processes involved and which cannot be easily isolated. 'One cannot divide up a person into little bits and be sure that one is studying a single bit in isolation' (p.134). He illustrates this by using a hypothetical theory of prejudice where a correlation is found between prejudice and anxiety. Clearly some causal factor may contribute to both, and this is particularly true when using non-experimental procedures. In interpreting the data two theories may be contributing to the processes detected. Evidence may also favour one process over another, but this does not necessarily detract from the importance of or negate the weaker. Because of this difficulty in testing psychological theories Hyland advocates the 'multiple testing' of theories.


The authors present the results of an evaluation for the CSMA/CD (carrier sense multiple access with collision detection) protocol and a deterministic protocol under workloads anticipated in an industrial environment. Stochastic activity networks are used as the model type, and simulation is used as the solution method. The results show that the preferred resolution scheme depends on the level of workload anticipated and whether transient faults occur. It is seen that stochastic activity networks permit the representation of a relatively complex fault model as well as normal protocol operations. It is shown that, when transient faults are considered, the deterministic collision resolution scheme performs better than the nondeterministic scheme.<<ETX>>


Contents: Introduction, Peter Hall, Robert J. McCalla, Claude Comtois and Brian Slack Part I Global Economic Change: Implications for Ports, Corridors and Value Chains: Economic cycles in maritime shipping and ports: the path to the crisis of 2008, Gustaaf De Monie, Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Theo Notteboom Organizational and geographical ramifications of the 2008a "2009 financial crisis on the maritime shipping and port industries, Theo Notteboom, Jean-Paul Rodrigue and Gustaaf De Monie Carriers' role in opening gateways: experiences from major port regions, Antoine FrA(c)mont and Francesco Parola Transport and logistics hubs: separating fact from fiction, Elisabeth Gouvernal, ValA(c)rie Lavaud-Letilleul and Brian Slack Port, corridor, gateway and chain: exploring the geography of advanced maritime producer services, Peter. Hall, Wouter Jacobs and Hans Koster. Part II Measuring and Improving Gateway and Corridor Performance: Measuring port performance: lessons from the waterfront, Claude Comtois and Brian Slack Key interactions and value drivers towards port users' satisfaction, Athanasios A. Pallis and Thomas K. Vitsounis Improving port performance: from serving ships to adding value in supply chains, Anthony Beresford, Su-Han Woo and Stephen Pettit Coordination in multi-actor logistics operations: challenges at the port interface, Trevor D. Heaver. Part III International Case Studies: Benchmarking the integration of corridors in international value networks: the study of African cases, Jean-FranA ois Pelletier and Yann Alix Building value into transport chains: the challenges of multi-goal policies, Emmanuel Guy and FrA(c)dA(c)ric Lapointe Perspectives on integrated container transport: the Canadian example, Robert J. McCalla Trade corridors and gateways: an evolving national transportation plan, Michael C. Ircha Hinterlands, port regionalisation and extended gateways: the case of Belgium and Northern France, Jacques J. Charlier Entrepreneurial region and gateway-making in China: a case study of Guangxi, James J. Wang Bibliography Index.


A new edge detector based on alternating sequential filters (ASF) is presented and analyzed. The performance of ASF edge detector in the presence of noise is evaluated and is compared to the performance of well established morphological edge detectors. Experimental results show that ASF edge detector performs better than blurminimization edge detector and ATM edge detector.<<ETX>>


Today, knowledge plays a major role in creating, developing and maintaining sustainable competitive advantage developed countries and developing and the most important variable in the full development organizations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of KM initiatives on Development of know Technical College staff of Sistan and Baluchistan. The used research method was descriptive of "correlation". In this study, we investigate the distribution characteristics of a community. The study population includes all employees Technical Institute in Sistan and Baluchestan 2015, the sample size of this study through a sample of 205 people, 75 women and 130 men, according to sex as the sample. Randomly selected employees and questionnaires were delivered to them. In this study, questionnaire and Takeshi Nonaka are an option that has a five point Likert scale that is used after completing the questionnaires. They were collected and distributed among teachers and staff. In this study, we use inferential statistics, and the values to calculate the sample statistics and then with the help of statistical estimation and hypothesis testing, statistics on the parameters of the extended community are used. To analyze the data and test hypotheses, statistical methods have been used. Findings from the research showed that all four components of knowledge management (internalization, externalization, combination and socialization of knowledge) impact on the development of technical knowledge Technical College staff Zahedan.


For refugees, arriving in a new place is inherently emotional – fraught with experiences of disorientation and fear of the unknown – but it can also be liberating and result in new connections. This article explores a series of questions around how forced displacement is experienced and turned into local emplacement. It is argued that it is important to recognize that global migration is grounded through attention to the ways in which such processes are locally lived and produced. I acknowledge that, on arrival, forced migrants become entangled in an infrastructure – laid out for them as a special category of migrants – that is directing them towards certain institutions and places; however, at the same time, I argue that this is not the only infrastructure which they use and explore. Starting from the issue of how refugees themselves try to build connections and find their way in a new city enables the exploration of potential overlaps, gaps and tensions between the official response to arrival and the everyday lived experiences of refugees. The city as a whole is explicitly taken as the unit of analysis in this article, without limitations to specific places dedicated to refugees or specific neighbourhoods where it is known that refugees arrive and/or are housed. It is argued that a focus on public and semi-public spaces is important as it allows an exploration of spaces that are meaningful to refugees and might result in new insights on connections or disconnections with already existing infrastructures. This approach offers more room for the unexpected – but also the mundane and the everyday – which all play an important part in the production of a counter-narrative against the formal and institutionalized way of framing the arrival of refugees in which refugees' own experiences are the more central focus.


Guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ticagrelor following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) regardless of management strategy. Despite this, prescription practices lag and appropriate DAPT is not utilized.

 We aimed to trend differences in P2Y12 inhibitor prescriptions between ACS patients managed with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). As well, we wanted to analyze the impact practice-changing trial publications, national guideline updates, and publicly funded drug coverage plans may have on prescription patterns.

 From national databases, we obtained data for ACS patients in the province of Ontario, Canada between 2008 and 2018. Using an interrupted-time series with data aggregated monthly, we evaluated types of P2Y12 inhibitor prescribed at hospital discharge and changes to antiplatelet prescription patterns following publication of Ticagrelor versus Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome (PLATO), Canadian Cardiovascular Society (CCS) antiplatelet therapy guidelines, and ticagrelor coverage by a publicly funded medication plan.

 We included 114,142 ACS patients; 49% underwent PCI and 8% required CABG. Between October 2008 and March 2018, the proportion of patients discharged on P2Y12 inhibitors increased from 73.4% to 87% (p<0.0001) for PCI patients and 11.4% to 31.4% (p<0.0001) for CABG patients. PLATO publication was associated with a 1.3% (p=0.002) monthly decline in clopidogrel prescriptions amongst PCI patients. The 2010 CCS antiplatelet therapy guidelines were associated with a 0.7% (p<0.0001) monthly decline in clopidogrel prescriptions amongst PCI patients. The approval of ticagrelor by publicly funded medication plan was associated with an increase in ticagrelor prescriptions within the first month (24.5%; p<0.0001) and a continued monthly increase (0.4%; p<0.0001) in PCI patients. The approval was also associated with an increase in monthly ticagrelor prescriptions (0.2%; p<0.0001) amongst CABG patients. The 2012 CCS antiplatelet therapy guidelines were associated with a decline in clopidogrel prescriptions within the first month (6.1%; p=0.003) and a monthly increase in ticagrelor prescriptions (0.3%; p=0.05) amongst PCI patients.

 Drug coverage by a publicly funded medication plan and guideline updates had significant impact on P2Y12 inhibitor prescription practices. Despite improvements, P2Y12 inhibitor prescriptions for CABG patients are far behind PCI patients. Further research is necessary to address barriers to appropriate antiplatelet therapy in the ACS population.
 Antiplatelet Prescription Patterns

 Type of funding source: Public hospital(s). Main funding source(s): New Investigator Fund - Hamilton Health Sciences Foundation, Hamilton, Canada


Performance on automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems for users with physical disabilities varies widely between individuals. The goal of this study was to discover some key factors that account for that variation. Using data from 23 experienced ASR users with physical disabilities, the effect of 20 different independent variables on recognition accuracy and text entry rate with ASR was measured using bivariate and multivariate analyses. The results show that use of appropriate correction strategies had the strongest influence on user performance with ASR. The amount of time the user spent on his or her computer, the user's manual typing speed, and the speed with which the ASR system recognized speech were all positively associated with better performance. The amount or perceived adequacy of ASR training did not have a significant impact on performance for this user group.


AIM
This paper is a report of a study to explore the self-management behaviours of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

BACKGROUND
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a major cause of chronic morbidity and mortality throughout the world. A patient-centred perspective calls for the investigation of self-management behaviours as means to develop self-management programmes and enhance quality of life for patients with COPD.

METHOD
The participants were a convenience sample of 18 patients with COPD of various severities. Interview data were collected in the thoracic ward, outpatient department and pulmonary rehabilitation unit of a medical centre in Taiwan from November 2006 to April 2007.

FINDINGS
Participants demonstrated the ability to choose suitable disease management behaviours to prevent symptoms and complications. Five themes of disease management behaviours were identified: symptom management, activity and exercise implementation, environmental control, emotional adaptation and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

CONCLUSION
Participants are experts on their lives and, as such, they adopt appropriate disease control behaviours, based on their experience and knowledge, as well as integrate the illness and its symptoms into their lives. With the worldwide increase in migration, an understanding of the cultural factors that influence patients' perspectives on self-management behaviours is necessary and can contribute to the development of an evidence-based programme for disease self-management with COPD.


Classical path analysis is a statistical technique used to test causal hypotheses involving multiple variables without latent variables, assuming linearity, multivariate normality, and a sufficient sample size. The d-separation (d-sep) test is a generalization of path analysis that relaxes these assumptions. Although model selection using Akaike's information criterion (AIC) is well established for classical path analysis, this model selection technique has not yet been developed for d-sep tests. In this paper, I explain how to use the AIC statistic for d-sep tests, give a worked example, and include instructions (supplemental material) to implement the analysis in the R computing language.


We have functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes using a CF4 microwave discharge and characterized the samples through in situ FTIR spectroscopy, UV–VIS–NIR spectroscopy, FT-Raman spectroscopy, SEM and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A high degree of functionalization is achieved in a very short time frame, demonstrating that a microwave plasma scheme is an efficient technique for surface modification of carbon nanotubes. The analysis indicates a fractional surface coverage of 2/3 with fluorination.


Present investigation aimed to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles using methanol leaf extract of Andrographis paniculata and screen those for anticancer activity. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed through color transformation and surface plasmon resonance. Size and morphology of the nanoparticles were characterized using scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray. Stability of silver nanoparticles was detected using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. Reddish-brown appearance and ultraviolet absorption at 468 nm confirmed the presence of silver nanoparticles. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the silver nanoparticles were spherical with a size ranging from 18-70 nm. Fourier-transform infrared spectra of silver nanoparticles showed peaks corresponding to the functional groups C=O, -C=C, C-H, which indicated that the synthesized silver nanoparticles were stable. Anticancer activity of Andrographis paniculata methanol leaf extract silver nanoparticles was tested against neuroblastoma cells and normal Vero cells using the MTT assay. Andrographis paniculata methanol leaf extract and its nanoparticles showed anticancer activity against neuroblastoma cells with IC50 value of 32 and 60 µg/ml, respectively. The nanoparticles and leaf extract were not cytotoxic to Vero cell lines (CC50 value of 329.29 and 368 µg/ml). The silver nanoparticles of methanol extract of Andrographis paniculata leaves could be a potential anticancer agent against neuroblastoma cells.


Background: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is able to detect variations in regional lung electrical impedance associated with changes in both air and blood content and potentially capable of assessing regional ventilation-perfusion relationships. However, regional lung perfusion is difficult to determine because the impedance changes synchronous with the heart rate are of very small amplitude. Objectives: The aim of our study was to determine the redistribution of lung perfusion elicited by one-lung ventilation using EIT with a novel region-of-interest analysis. Methods: Ten patients (65 ± 9 years, mean age ± SD) scheduled for elective chest surgery were studied after intubation with a double-lumen endotracheal tube during bilateral and unilateral ventilation of the right and left lungs. EIT data were acquired at a rate of 25 scans/s. Relative impedance changes synchronous with the heart rate were evaluated in the right and left lung regions. Results: During bilateral ventilation, the mean right-to-left lung ratio of the sum of heart rate-related impedance changes was 1.12 ± 0.20, but the ratio significantly changed (0.81 ± 0.16 and 1.48 ± 0.37) during unilateral left- and right-lung ventilation with reduced perfusion of the non-ventilated lung. Increased perfusion most likely occurred in the ventilated lung because the impedance values summed over both regions did not change (0.62 ± 0.23 vs. 0.58 ± 0.22) compared with bilateral ventilation. Conclusions: Our results indicate that redistribution of regional lung perfusion can be assessed by EIT during one-lung ventilation. The performance of EIT in detecting changes in lung perfusion in even smaller lung regions remains to be established.


The incidence of urologic cancers, including kidney, upper tract urothelial, and bladder malignancies, is increasing globally, with a high percentage of cases showing metastasis upon diagnosis and low five-year survival rates. MicroRNA (miRNA), a small non-coding RNA, was found to regulate the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in several tumors, including cancers of the urinary system. In the current review, we comprehensively discuss the recently reported up-or down-regulated miRNAs as well as their possible targets and regulated pathways involved in the development, progression, and metastasis of urinary tract cancers. These miRNAs represent potential therapeutic targets and diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers that may help in efficient and early diagnosis in addition to better treatment outcomes.


: Clinical studies of the effectiveness of ceftezole (Falomesin 'Chugai') were performed on 50 cases of infants and children with infectious disease during November 1978 and February 1979. Effective results were obtained in 86% of subjects with remarkable effect especially in the group of acute upper respiratory disease. No side effect was detected in our study while elevated mean value of platelet count was observed after medication.


Follicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma is a neoplastic proliferation of FDCs. Because its cytologic findings can vary widely, both the cytomorphology and histopathology of FDC sarcoma can impose a significant diagnostic dilemma. We present cytologic features of FDC sarcoma assessed by intraoperative touch imprint. Intra-abdominal lymphadenopathies were noted in 54-year-old male with hepatitis B-virus associated liver cirrhosis. In contrast to cytologic features of classical FDC sarcoma, the tumor cells featured a large epithelioid or Reed-Sternberg cell-like shape scattered in a background with abundant inflammatory cells, which led to a mistaken diagnosis of malignant lymphoma. However, in accordance with cytologic features previously described in the literature, the tumor cells were characterized by a fragile cytoplasm with cytoplasmic processes in dendritic or reticulated patterns reminiscent of the ultrastructural features of FDC. Cytoplasmic features rendering nuclei with a tendency to form clusters or syncytial aggregates associated with reactive lymphocytes appear to be the most valuable finding in diagnosis of FDC sarcoma.


Background and Purpose: Low-profile flow diverter stents (FDS) quite recently amended peripheral segments as targets for hemodynamic aneurysm treatment; however, reports on outcomes, especially later than 3 months, are scarce. This study therefore reports our experience with the novel silk vista baby (SVB) FDS and respective outcomes after 8 and 11 months with special respect to specific adverse events. Materials and Methods: Forty-four patients (mean age, 53 years) harboring 47 aneurysms treated with the SVB between June 2018 and December 2019 were included in our study. Clinical, procedural, and angiographic data were collected. Follow-ups were performed on average after 3, 8, and 11 months, respectively. Treatment effect was assessed using the O'Kelly Marotta (OKM) grading system. Results: Overall, angiographic follow-ups were available for 41 patients/45 aneurysms. Occlusion or significant reduction in aneurysmal perfusion (OKM: D1, B1–B3 and A2–A3) was observed in 98% of all aneurysms after 8 months. Only 2% of the treated aneurysms remained morphologically unaltered and without an apparent change in perfusion (OKM A1). Adverse events in the early post-interventional course occurred in seven patients; out of them, mRS-relevant morbidity at 90 days related to FDS treatment was observable in two patients. One death occurred in the context of severe SAH related to an acutely ruptured dissecting aneurysm of the vertebral artery. Conclusion: The SVB achieves sufficient occlusion rates of intracranial aneurysms originating from peripheral segments, which are comparable to prior established conventional FDS with acceptably low complication rates. However, alteration of a hemodynamic equilibrium in distal localizations requires special attention to prevent ischemic events.


I use longitudinal earnings data from Social Security records to study the effect of selective emigration on the measured progress of immigrants to the United States. The immigrant‐native earnings gap closes by 10–15 percent during immigrants' first 20 years in the United States, or about half as fast as typical estimates from repeated cross sections of the decennial census. The divergent results indicate that emigration by low‐wage immigrants has systematically led past researchers to overestimate the wage progress of immigrants who remain in the United States. Selective back‐and‐forth migration also leads typical estimates to overstate the measured decline in earnings among successive immigrant arrival cohorts between 1960 and 1980.


Oxisols are the dominant soils of the continental shields in the tropics under permanently moist and alternately wet and dry climates. Oxisols have a low cation exchange capacity, high permeability, but low available waterholding capacity. Some have a low pH, which can cause Al³* toxicity to many crops. Together with erratic rainfall patterns, special management methods of soil-water and plant nutrients for Oxisols are yet to be carefully studied. The relatively recent development of combined high frequency irrigation and fertilizer techniques, "drip fertilization," may be one of the solutions for intensive production of food crops on Oxisols. A drip irrigation system using porous plastic tubing was designed for a field experiment to study the feasibility and operational techniques of drip irrigation and fertilization management in a highly weathered, acid Oxisol (Coto clay). Green pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), 'Blanco del Pais' was the test crop. A randomized, completeblock design was chosen to compare different fertilization techniques. In addition to the check plot, the three other treatments were: fertigation (drip irrigation and drip application of N and K, banded P); drip irrigation with banded N, P, and K; and drip irrigation with broadcast N, P, and K. All treatments, except the control plot, received a total amount of fertilizer equal to 56.8 g of 10-10-10 commercially available fertilizer per plant and all treatments were uniformly drip irrigated according to pan evaporation data. Different moisture profiles during the wet (June-November) and dry (December-May) seasons were observed. Nutrient movement profiles suggested that the distribution of fertilizer under drip irrigation depended on the method of fertilizer placement. Root development patterns indicated that more than half of the root system (dry weight) was developed in the 5 to 15 cm layer. More fibrous roots were developed toward the porous drip tubing which supplied moisture and nutrients. Yield were significantly different among all treatments during the dry season and the fertigation, broadcast, and control during the wet season. Yields from broadcast fertilizer treatments were 15.8% lower than from fertigation, and 12.3% lower than from banded fertilizer. The results of this research indicates drip fertigation can be a promising alternative to currently used water-nutrient management methods for Oxisols in the wet-dry tropics.


The complexity and severity of contact stresses at the rail-wheel interface coupled with operational conditions of acceleration and braking can lead to the formation of discrete defects such as squats and wheel burns even in the best maintained railway networks. Modern track inspection technologies are deployed for the early detection of such defects to manage the required remedial action to prevent transverse rail breaks. The remedial actions involve either in-situ repair or the replacement of a short length of rail containing the defect. This paper examines the technical and financial imperatives for rail defect repair and details a novel, cost effective, and largely automated low preheat weld restoration technology for the in-situ repair of discrete rail head defects. The paper provides explanation of the science behind the use of low preheat process through instrumented trials to establish the thermal history, metallographic examinations to establish internal integrity, and controlled tests to demonstrate fatigue resistance under cyclic loading. Key findings of the independently audited trial are also summarised.


Distributed data mining (DDM) performs partial analysis of data at distributed locations and sends a summarized version to the peer sites or a central location for further analysis. Meta-learning is a technique that generates local classifiers (concepts or models) from distributed data sets to use in producing a global classifier. This inherently distributed nature of meta-learning provides much advantage in implementing practical DDM systems. Currently machine learning techniques such as supervised neural networks, decision trees, rules and genetic algorithms are used in the meta-learning process. Inspired by the cognitive representation of human memory, this paper presents a novel mechanism known as concept-episodic associative memory with a neighborhood effect (C-EAMwNE) to compute meta-classifiers. C-EAMwNE is an enhanced version of EAMwNE model previously developed by the authors which overcomes practical limitations of other existing cognitive representations. C-EAMwNE is applied to a multi-agent DDM system with learning agents and a central administrator agent. Learning agents use C-EAMwNE to generate meta-classifiers at distributed data sites and communicate them to the central administrator agent (CAA). CAA produces a final concept description from the distributed classifiers to be used in classification tasks.


Metal-organic frameworks are promising materials in diverse analytical applications especially in sample pretreatment by virtue of their diverse structure topology, tunable pore size, permanent nanoscale porosity, high surface area, and good thermostability. According to hydrostability, metal-organic frameworks are divided into moisture-sensitive and water-stable types. In the actual applications, both kinds of metal-organic frameworks are usually engineered into hybrid composites containing magnetite, silicon dioxide, graphene, or directly carbonized to metal-organic frameworks derived carbon. These metal-organic frameworks based materials show good extraction performance to environmental pollutants. This review provides a critical overview of the applications of metal-organic frameworks and their composites in sample pretreatment modes, that is, solid-phase extraction, magnetic solid-phase extraction, micro-solid-phase extraction, solid-phase microextraction, and stir bar solid extraction.


ABSTRACT Since January 1996, and over a 3-year time span, a significant spread of serotype 6B multidrug-resistant (MDR) pneumococci, susceptible to penicillin and resistant to erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, was noted in young carriers living in central and southern Greece. Using restriction fragment end labeling and penicillin binding protein (PBP) genotyping, we studied 41 serotype 6B penicillin-susceptible MDR pneumococci isolated during two independent studies in Greece. Forty (98%) of these 41 isolates were strongly related, representing a single lineage (genetic relatedness, ≥91%). The Greek isolates were closely related (genetic relatedness, ∼91%) to the penicillin-resistant MDR clone of serotype 6B that spread from Spain to Iceland in the late 1980s. Moreover, the Greek group of isolates was genetically distinct (genetic relatedness, ≤83%) from other penicillin-susceptible or -resistant serotype 6B strains from various parts of the world. All serotype 6B penicillin-susceptible MDR isolates displayed a penicillin-susceptible PBP 1A-2B-2X genotype. Our findings suggest that the penicillin-susceptible MDR 6B clone that was found in Greece between the years 1996 and 1999 represents the ancestor of the pandemic penicillin-resistant MDR clone 6B.


We retrospectively studied the prevalence, histologic features, clinical correlations, and long-term outcome of the intrarenal vascular lesions of lupus nephritis (LN) in a series of 169 renal biopsies performed between 1980 and 1994 in 132 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The most common vascular lesions were nonspecific sclerotic changes, found in 37% of the biopsies (24% if only the cases with moderate to severe changes are considered). The other common vascular lesions were "immunoglobulin microvascular casts," found in 24% of the biopsies. Vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy were rare lesions and were seen in only 4 (2.4%) and 1 (0.6%) cases, respectively. Isolated sclerotic vascular changes were present in biopsies from older patients with a longer duration of LN, compared with the group with no vascular lesions, and were associated with a significantly higher prevalence of hypertension. Overall, however, the long-term renal and patient survival of this group did not differ significantly from that of the patients without vascular changes. Immunoglobulin microvascular casts (IMCs) ("lupus vasculopathy") were characterized by the presence of immunoglobulin deposition within the glomerular capillaries and small arterioles. In the present study we extensively investigated the morphologic and immunologic features of this lesion. The lesions were notable for the absence of endothelial or parietal vascular lesions and of fibrin, platelets, and leukocytes, which indicates that thrombosis is not involved in the vascular obstruction. According to our data immunoglobulin precipitation in the microvasculature seems to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this lesion, which is why we propose the term "immunoglobulin microvascular casts." In general, IMCs were associated with the most severe and active forms of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (World Health Organization [WHO] class IV). However our data show that, in contrast to previous studies, the long-term outcome of patients with IMCs is not worse than that of other patients with class IV LN. It may even be somewhat better, suggesting that this type of lesion may reverse with immunosuppressive therapy. In addition, we did not find any association between the presence of IMCs and the lupus anticoagulant, IgG anticardiolipin antibodies, or extrarenal vascular manifestations. Concerning vasculitis and thrombotic microangiopathy, our results confirm that their occurrence is quite rare in-lupus nephritis. The outcome of our 4 patients with vasculitis was not particularly poor, which could be related to early and/or aggressive treatment. Taken as a whole, our data confirm that the presence of active and severe forms of diffuse proliferative LN (WHO class IV) carries a worse prognosis compared with the other forms of LN. In our study, and in agreement with previous reports (23), the long-term renal survival of patients with class IV LN was significantly worse than that of patients with other forms of LN, with a 10-year renal survival of 70% compared with 85%, respectively. However our data do not support the conclusions of some previous studies that the presence of intrarenal vascular lesions is a marker of poor renal prognosis in lupus nephritis. More precisely, our data show that the somewhat poorer renal outcome observed in patients with IMCs is related to the fact that in most cases these lesions are associated with class IV lupus nephritis, and not related to the presence of the vascular lesion per se.


The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of meniran extract (Phyllanthus niruri Linn.) to decrease the levels of SGOT and SGPT in Wistar rats induced alcohol. The research has ben done on February, 24th 2014-April, 8th 2014 at Faculty of Medicine, University of Airlangga was continued at BBLK Surabaya, East Java. Twenty five male rats (Rattus norvegicus strain Wistar) aged 2-3 months with an average weight of 150-200 g. These animals were divided into five groups (P0, P1, P2, P3, and P4). P0 were treated with CMC Na 1% 1 ml/rats/day, P1 were treated with alcohol 25% 1 ml/rats/day, P2 were treated with extract of meniran 0,63 mg/rats/day and alcohol 25% 1 ml/rats/day and , P3 were treated with extract of meniran 2,7 mg/rats/day and alcohol 25% 1 ml/rats/day, and P4 were treated with extract of meniran 6,26 mg/rats/day.This research has been conducted for 21 days to determine the decrease in SGOT and SGPT levels. The data were compared using ANOVA test and Tukey s test. From the statistical test showed that the extract meniran not show significant differences (p> 0.05) towards decreased levels of SGOT and SGPT. In this study the variation in each treatment group were high and exposure to alcohol is too short. The results showed that the meniran extract  did not show significant differences in the decrease in the levels of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by alcohol.


As the dependency on the non-renewable energy sources is increased and the environmental concerns are illuminated, research on zero emission energy sources such as PEM fuel cell has been intensified. One of the main hurdle to commercialize PEM Fuel cell as a main energy source in automobile application is the degradation (Aging) of the fuel cell. In order to reduce fuel consumption and fuel cell degradation in Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles, effective distribution of power demand between Fuel Cell and Battery is required. The energy management strategies can improve fuel economy and or fuel cell aging by meeting power demand efficiently. Concerning development and or evaluation of energy management strategies, ultimate limits of improvement of the fuel cell stack aging for the given drive cycle needs to be known. There are several methods researched to calculate ultimate limit of fuel cell stack aging reduction for given drive cycle.[1] Here in this paper `Dynamic Programming' approach for calculating ultimate limit for improvement of fuel cell stack aging has been applied. The influence of maximum power of the battery on fuel cell stack aging and battery aging, using dynamic programming as optimizer has been evaluated. The Economic advantage while using different size of battery and fuel cell stack has been calculated in this paper.


We study approximation properties of a new operator DM,1 n (f, x) introduced by Acu et al. in [Results Math 74:90, (2019)] for Lebesgue integrable functions in [0,1]. An error estimate by the Bezier variant of the operators DM,1 n (f, x)is also obtained for the functions of bounded variation. By relevant numerical examples, the orders of approximation by the operator DM,1 n (f, x) and the modified-Bernstein-Durrmeyer operator are also compared.