Electric mobility is assuming a central role in the new world energy scenario where Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have increased their contribution to the electricity production, mainly due to the fact they are characterized by a reduced environmental impact; in the aforesaid context, Electric Vehicles (EVs) can play a significant role to facilitate the integration of RES into the power grid, also within smart grid infrastructures. Public administration represents one of the sectors that can mostly benefit from the use of the EV technology in its fleets; in many countries, governments have introduced incentive policies to support the spread of the electric mobility and car manufacturers are developing EVs for urban transportation users. In this paper, the attention is focused on a smart microgrid project developed at the University of Genoa and based on the integration of RES, EVs and storage systems. In particular, the attention is here pointed on the use of the EVs to highlight the different habits of recharge adopted at the Genoa University. The paper describes the smart microgrid test-bed facility at the Savona Campus and reports the most significant results relative to an experimental campaign conducted on EVs.


ABSTRACT Introduction: The human respiratory system is highly prone to diseases and complications. Many lung diseases, including lung cancer (LC), tuberculosis (TB), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have been among the most common causes of death worldwide. Cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common genetic disease in Caucasians, has adverse impacts on the lungs. Bronchial proteomics plays a significant role in understanding the underlying mechanisms and pathogenicity of lung diseases and provides insights for biomarker and therapeutic target discoveries. Areas covered: We overview the recent achievements and discoveries in human bronchial proteomics by outlining how some of the different proteomic techniques/strategies are developed and applied in LC, TB, COPD, and CF. Also, the future roles of bronchial proteomics in predictive proteomics and precision medicine are discussed. Expert commentary: Much progress has been made in bronchial proteomics. Owing to the advances in proteomics, we now have better ability to isolate proteins from desired cellular compartments, greater protein separation methods, more powerful protein detection technologies, and more sophisticated bioinformatic techniques. These all contributed to our further understanding of lung diseases and for biomarker and therapeutic target discoveries.


The banded fluorspar deposits of the Cave In Rock district are attributed to replacement of limestone and the preservation of bedding and cross-bedding of the rock. The solutions contained hydrofluoric acid which reacted with CaCO 3 . The replacement was stoichiometrical, with consequent reduction of volume, but continued deposition of calcium fluoride, brought in from other points, partly or completely filled the voids. Thus, the pure bands display a comb structure, and represent replacement of pure limestone laminae. The less pure granular bands, devoid of comb structure, reflect the alternating, impure bands of the rock in which the fine-grained impurities (ferriferous carbonate, clay, et al) were disseminated. Recrystallization of clastic quartz grains in some calcareous sandstone layers resulted in the formation of bands of quartz grains. The writer dissents from the views of Bastin who believes the banding is due to rhythmic precipitation. Chemistry and controlling structural conditions are discussed.


Let p be an odd prime, and let m divide p−1. Let ζ = e 2πi/p and let ω = e 2πi/m. The field extension Q(ω) ⊂ Q(ω, ζ) is Galois with cyclic Galois group isomorphic to (Z/pZ) ×. The unique field between Q(ω) and Q(ω, ζ) having degree m over Q(ω) takes the form Q(ω, τ) where τ is a Gauss sum, to be described below. Furthermore, under some conditions we can compute τ m as an element α of Q(ω), thus expressing the degree-m intermediate field extension as a radical extension, Q(ω, τ) = Q ω, m √ α. After laying out the theory, the writeup gives several examples, all computable by hand. Everything here is drawn very closely from a vignette by Paul Garrett, Let p be an odd prime. The pth cyclotomic field, K = Q(ζ), ζ = e 2πi/p , is Galois over Q with cyclic Galois group G ≈ (Z/pZ) ×. The associated quadratic Gauss sum is (letting (·/p) be the Legendre symbol) τ = a∈(Z/pZ) × (a/p)ζ a p ∈ K. A standard calculation, reviewed in the appendix, shows that τ 2 = (−1/p)p. Thus the unique quadratic field between Q and K is Q(τ) = Q((−1/p)p). Retain the odd prime p and the field K = Q(ζ) from above, and introduce the auxiliary field F = Q(ω), ω = e 2πi/(p−1) and the composite field L = F K = Q(ω, ζ). Rather than the Legendre symbol, consider now a not-necessarily quadratic character modulo p, χ : (Z/pZ) × −→ F ×. The associated Gauss sum is τ (χ) = a∈(Z/pZ) × χ(a)ζ a ∈ L.


The existence of an effective coupling constant in QCD is discussed. A possible candidate for a renormalisation-scheme- and gauge-parameter-independent coupling constant, which was given previously at the one-loop level, turns out to be gauge-dependent at higher orders.


The issue of coopetition, the coexistence of cooperation and competition, has recently come to the fore in the strategic management field. Previous coopetition research has focused on the intra-organizational level, inter-organizational level and triad level, but less attention has been paid to coopetition at the network level. The purpose of this paper is to address the coexistence of competition and cooperation between networks, and to depict how networks with different structures interact with each other. Drawing from a detailed case study of two healthcare networks in Taiwan, we demonstrate how they first initiated competition, followed by cooperation and then coopetition. From our analysis of this example of network coopetition, we develop three propositions that address the forces driving competition and cooperation and the different structures that allow competition and cooperation to coexist. We found that two organizations will compete and cooperate simultaneously when each organization has complementary but distinctly different sets of resources and when the field of competition is distinctly separate from the field of cooperation. In addition, two networks will find it easier to balance competition and cooperation when each network has compatible but distinctly different structures. We argue that the simultaneous existence of cooperation and competition is not dependent on closeness to the customer, as previously suggested in the literature, but on the balance between the forces for cooperation and for competition. We suggest from this research that networks can maintain the balance between competition and cooperation when they act using different structures. Finally, we discuss the implications of the value of competition and then coopetition at multiple levels of analysis and the implications for future research from a practical perspective.


The purpose of the current study was to know the effect of exercise on coronary heart disease (CHD) between sports persons and sedentary persons. We performed a randomised trial to compare the CHD between sports and sedentary persons. Ten sports persons were compared with 10 sedentary persons. Subjects were assessed for serum total cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL-C) and C/H-ratio, which are indicators of CHD. Results showed lower levels of TG and VLDL-C but high level of HDL-C (good cholesterol) values (p<0.05) in sports persons as compared to sedentary persons. Results also indicated that total cholesterol mean value of sports persons was lower compared to sedentary persons. Sports persons are at lower risk of development and progression of CHD as compared to sedentary persons, indicating that exercise will help to maintain their lipid profile, which plays a key role in CHD and atherosclerosis. Studies clearly show that sports persons are less likely to develop CHD than sedentary persons. Thus routine exercise is recommended for all sedentary persons in their busy schedules for a good healthy life.


Atrial fibrillation is a relatively rare form of arrhythmia in the pediatric population. When it is seen in an infant or child, it is often associated with a structural heart abnormality, particularly after surgical repair or palliation of congenital heart disease. Other episodes may be associated with metabolic derangements. This report discusses the unique case of a toddler with newonset atrial fibrillation that was devoid of a readily identifiable etiology. It also reviews the literature and the implications of such a case for the primary care practitioner.


Abstract This study aims to investigate the relationships between the planned behavior, burnout, overall job satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behavior of nurses in three public hospitals in Iraq. The methodology included descriptive statistics, PLS-based-SEM, and mediation analysis. An assessment of data collected from a survey based on an interview with 428 nurses participating showed that the attitude of the nurses toward their behavior significantly positively affected their burnout and overall job satisfaction, while their subjective norm and perceived behavioral control significantly positively influenced burnout. The burnout experienced by the nurses significantly negatively impacted their citizenship behavior, while overall; their job satisfaction significantly positively affected their citizenship behavior. Though the nurses' burnout partially mediated the relationships between their planned behavior and citizenship behavior, their overall job satisfaction partially mediated the association between their subjective norm/perceived behavioral control and citizenship behavior.


This paper examines existing channel models used with xDSL systems and identifies a key shortcoming - namely, the implicit assumption that all impulse noise originates at the transmitter. Based on extensive data collected from the local loop, a new model is proposed which addresses this problem by combining a digital filter model of the transmission line with a distributed noise source. This better reflects the nature of a real telephone line, and thus provides a more solid basis for simulation and optimisation of xDSL systems.


A case of medical fracture dislocation of the hallucal interphalangeal joint is presented. The patient did not recall the specific mechanism that caused this injury. However, this type of injury would have to entail a substantial lateral-to-medial force at the distal phalanx. The authors' review of the literature did not reveal a similar case involving a medial dislocation of the distal phalanx. This transverse plane pathology was treated with closed reduction because of a lack of sesamoid or volar plant involvement in the joint.


In recent years, formal methods based on Symbolic Computer Algebra (SCA) have shown very good results in verification of integer multipliers. The success is based on removing redundant terms (vanishing monomials) early which allows to avoid the explosion in the number of monomials during backward rewriting. However, the SCA approaches still suffer from two major problems: (1) high dependence on the detection of Half Adders (HAs) realized as AND-XOR gates in the multiplier netlist, and (2) extremely large search space for finding the source of the vanishing monomials. As a consequence, if the multiplier consists of dirty logic, i.e. for instance using non-standard libraries or logic optimization, the existing SCA methods are completely blind on the resulting polynomials, and their techniques for effective division fail.In this paper, we present REVSCA. REVSCA brings back light into backward rewriting by identifying the atomic blocks of the arithmetic circuits using dedicated reverse engineering techniques. Our approach takes advantage of these atomic blocks to detect all sources of vanishing monomials independent of the design architecture. Furthermore, it cuts the local vanishing removal time drastically due to limiting the search space to a small part of the design only. Experimental results confirm the efficiency of our approach in verification of a wide variety of integer multipliers with up to 1024 output bits.


Abstract Tilapia is an economically important fish worldwide, but its quality is affected by storage practices. To improve the quality of tilapia fillets during frozen storage, we examined the effect of pretreatment with various combinations of different concentrations of trehalose, potassium bicarbonate, and chitosan. Following pretreatment, we analyzed the tilapia fillets using quality indicators, including soaking weight gain, coating weight gain, water‐holding capacity, thawing loss, pH, Ca2+‐ATPase activity, and texture characteristics. Water distribution was analyzed using low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance and the optimal combination of water‐retaining agents was obtained using an L8(27) orthogonal experiment. The results showed that trehalose, potassium bicarbonate, and chitosan improved fillet quality at pretreatment concentrations of 5%–8%, 1.0%, and 0.5%, respectively. The optimal combination was 4% trehalose plus 1.2% potassium bicarbonate plus 0.2% chitosan. The Ca2+‐ATPase activity and mastication property of the frozen fillets that were pretreated with the optimized formulation were 1.39 μmol Pi/mg protein·h and 8.55 mJ, respectively, which were 43.3% and 80.0% greater, respectively, than that of the control group. Using a suitable concentration and combination of water‐retaining agents cannot only lock‐in the internal water content of frozen tilapia fillets but also improve their quality during frozen storage. These results can inform practical storage practices of similar aquatic products.


Tension in actin filaments plays crucial roles in multiple cellular functions, although little is known about tension dynamics of cells during adhesion to substrates. In this study, we visualized intracellular tension in actin filaments using a newly developed Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based tension sensor (Actinin-sstFRET-GR). Tension dynamics were monitored during adhesion in MC3T3-E1 mouse osteoblastic cells after introduction of the sensor. Whole cell areas continued to increase from 10 to 180 min after plating and tension was monitored in a typical section close to the bottom, where the mean fluorescence was the largest. Tension on the bottom side was negatively correlated with cell area from 10 to 110 min. Thereafter, this correlation was positive until 180 min. We then analyzed central–peripheral differences in tension close to the bottom. In these experiments, tension in the cell periphery increased during expansion of the area and decreased during contraction. As a result, fluctuations of tension in this area were much larger than those in the central area of the cell. Finally, we analyzed upper–lower differences in tension development during initial adhesion and showed continuous decreases in the lower side of the cell from 10 to 110 min after plating, and decreases in the upper side until 70 min, followed by increases. In this study, we successfully visualized dynamic changes in intracellular tension at the sub-cellular level and found that development of tension during initial adhesion processes is time-dependent and has central–peripheral and upper–lower differences. The present FRET tension sensor may become a powerful tool in studies of cell biomechanics.


The review article presents the obstacles and the solutions towards the implementation of Evidence Based Practice among the nurses in India by merging the content and concept from a few set of related articles by the experts and those include 1. K Gitumoni and K Jyasree. The barriers and challenges of conducting nursing research and communicatoing findings into practice. 2. Daphne c duncombe. A study of perceived barriers and faciliattors to implement evidenced based practice. 3. Joan and Warren. A crosssectional study to assess the strength and challenges to implement ebp in nursing. 4. B Mauricio, Implementing evidence based practice: a challenge for the nursing practice. 5. M Neda and B naser. Nurses faculties knowledge and attitude on evidence based practice. The successful utilization of best evidence into practice depends on the knowledge of nurses, understanding the concepts, and its application. There exists various barriers and facilitators as well to the application of EBP among nurses. The practice can be a successful and routine process in an organization only if there could be support, encouragement and recognition by the administration. The health care team in India must provide an indispensible support to eliminate those barriers and facilitate the optimal care through best evidences in the health care facilities. Thus the article comprises a cross cut view on the obstacles in the application of best evidences in the clinical setting.


During storage, potato tubers are susceptible to different pathogen, which can attack the skin and flesh of the tubers. The most serious damage can be caused by rot inducing bacteria and fungi. A possible way to prevent microbial damage may be the use of ozone in the air ventilated through the stored tubers. However, the tubers can undergo qualitative changes, e.g. dehydration and loss of starch content. This article presents the results of a five-month experiment in which ozone concentration of 5 mg m was periodically introduced in some of the stored potato tubers of the cultivar 'Dali'. All potato tubers were stored in closed storage boxes with a metal frame and wood panels in the floor and walls (ground area 1.6×1.2 m, height 0.95 m) which were continuously aerated using the ambient air in a potato warehouse. There was 900 kg of tubers stored in the box. At the end of the experiment, the ozonated variant was compared with the control (not treated). The ozone-treated tubers had 2.95 times lower incidence of infection by rot and the number of microorganisms on healthy tubers was lower than the control. The ozone-treated tubers were less frequently dehydrated. The water loss was higher in control by 0.86 %. There was no significant difference in silver scurf manifestation or in the starch content between the two variants.


Inceptisols are young soils that have undergone further development are characterized by low nitrogen content, low organic matter contend, and low pH. Fertilizer application is therefore needed to improve fertility of the soils. Tea waste that is easily found at home or factories can be used as organic fertilizer to supply nutrient elements in the soil. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the influence of application of combined compost (mixture of tea waste, cow dung and goat dung) on N uptake by leek plant ( Allium fistulosum L.). Eight treatments (control, 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, 125%, and 150% compost) were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results showed that application of combined compost of tea waste, cow dung and goat dung significantly affected soil pH, soil organic carbon, soil total N, N uptake by plant, plant growth and plant yield. The highest N uptake by plant was observed for treatment 100% compost application (9.1 t ha -1 ) that yielding 114.62 mg plant -1 , while the lowest N uptake was found on the control treatment that yielding only 54.98 mg plant -1 .


This article presents technological model of the formation of the management team, including twelve serial operations, starting from defining goals of the team and selection of team's leader and concluding by training courses, aimed at strengthening the position of leader and strengthening team spirit.


Along with the unceasing expansion of colleges' library network scale, the problems of network security are obviously increased. This thesis describes the advantages of VLAN and its practical significance on library local area network, and analyses the library network application and structure in colleges and universities. Based on the design of the library network in Xinyang Agricultural College, coping with unsafe factor and the colleges' libraries individual features, the paper proposes the available solution on the security issue and the library network partitioning strategy.


Myasthenia gravis may occur in conjunction with autoimmune or malignant diseases. We examined a patient with myasthenia gravis superimposed on Cowden disease (multiple hamartoma syndrome, or MHS


Given the importance of taxes and tax revenues in the country's economic development, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive model for tax auditing quality. The primary purpose of this study is to design a comprehensive model of tax auditing quality through a mixed method. The qualitative part approach is based on data-based theory. Data collection instruments were semi-structured interviews with 20 partners of auditing firms, managers of the Iranian Association of Certified Public Accountants, and tax officials selected by snowball sampling and content analysis methods. The axial category of the tax auditing quality model was developed, and the final model was presented according to the causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, strategies and consequences. In the quantitative part, research hypotheses were developed, and a questionnaire was designed to test them. The questionnaires were filled by 335 experts who did not participate in the qualitative part, and the hypotheses were tested using the structural equation method. Auditing Quality improvement model was developed, which included two major parts, including auditing service providers and auditing services recipients by discovering and identifying strategic factors, intervening (contextual) conditions and their implications along with contextual conditions.


Aim: The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) on Coronary Flow Reserve (CFR) and incipient myocardial dysfunction in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) without risk for coronary artery disease.
Methods and results: We analyzed clinical, hematologic, echocardiographic and CFR data of 68 patients (mean age 41.5 ± 8.2years), who had no risk factor for coronary artery disease. Sixty-two healthy subjects were served as control group. NLR was significantly higher in patients with PsA versus control subjects (7.86 ± 0.6 vs. 1.39 ± 0.6, P<0 .0001). CFR was significantly lower in patients with PsA than in control subjects (1.9 ± 0.3 vs. 3.6 ± 0.2; P <0.002). The myocardial function was significantly impaired in patients than control subjects (E/E' was 12.3 + 0.7 vs. 5.3 ± 0.8; P<0.01 and Sm was 3.9 ± 0.3 vs. 8.9 ± 0.5; P<0.01). NLR was significantly negatively correlated with CFR (r=- 0.73, P<0.0001); Sm (r=0.43; P<0.03), and positively correlated with E/E' (r=0.57; P<0.001). Using multiple logistic regression analysis, NLR, and C-reactive protein levels emerged as independent predictors of impaired CFR, elevated E/E' and decreased Sm. In receiver operating characteristics curve analysis, NLR ≥ 3.2 and ≥ 3.6 were the cut-offs in predicting impaired CFR and increased E/E' in patients with PsA.
Conclusion: High NLR is a powerful and independent predictor of impaired CFR and incipient myocardial dysfunction in patients with psoriasis arthritis.


To increase the number of wireless devices, e.g., mobile or IoT terminals, cryptosystems are essential for secure communications. In this regard, random number generation is crucial because the appropriate function of cryptosystems relies on it to work properly. This paper proposes a true random number generator (TRNG) method capable of working in wireless communication systems. By embedding a TRNG in such systems, no additional analog circuits are required and working conditions can be limited as long as wireless communication systems are functioning properly, making TRNG method cost-effective. We also present some theoretical background and considerations. We next conduct experimental verification, which strongly supports the viability of the proposed method.


A large scale public health emergency such as an epidemic (occurring naturally or due to a bioterrorism attack) can result in an overwhelming number of human casualties. This can result in scarcity of healthcare resources such as beds, staffing, supplies and equipment. Regional aid in the form of central stockpiles and resource redistribution can help mitigate the resulting demand surge. However, optimizing resources across regional healthcare units requires continuous monitoring of resource usage in each unit, and coordinating the distribution of resources among them. Application of autonomic self-management concepts can greatly relieve the cognitive challenges faced by decision makers in this context. This paper discusses an autonomic resource allocation approach for optimizing regional aid during public health emergencies. We explore three different regional aid programs and show that relative program effectiveness is dependent on resource and budget availability


After COVID-19 was characterised as a pandemic in spring 2020, care and care work became very dominant topics in public discourse in Western Europe. Against this backdrop, the paper turns to the underlying social structures and conditions of caring relations and aims to go before and beyond the pandemic. The serious occasion of the COVID-19 pandemic and its unjust social effects will be taken as a starting point to engage with social theory to discuss pre-existing uneven 'geographies of caring relations' in capitalist societies, which pandemic-related measures are built on. For this, the paper draws on Joan Tronto's extended thoughts on critical feminist care ethics, emphasising her notion of caring-with as the possibility to trust in caring relations based on interdependencies and solidarity, and argues for explicitly linking caring relations to questions of social justice. This framework stresses the foundations of social injustice and shifts the perspective from individual caring subjects and places ('who and where') to unjust social structures ('how'). Moreover, it challenges dominant biopolitics and care economies by way of an insourcing of caring relationships. By conceiving care as part of social theory and not only social analyses, care ethics provide a normative framework for geography and beyond to imagine and practise social change.


For an abelian variety over a finite field, Clozel (1999) showed that l-homological equivalence coincides with numerical equivalence for infinitely many l , and the author (1999) gave a criterion for the Tate conjecture to follow from Tate's theorem on divisors. We generalize both statements to motives, and apply them to other varieties including K3 surfaces.


Although few want ads for "Chairperson of Theology Department" appear in the Chronicle of Higher Education, nonetheless, it is more than rumor that a number of colleges and universities are searching for that "ideal" leader for the theology/religious studies department. The basic difficulty faced by search committees is that they find it difficult to draw up a job description of the position. Usually a letter announcing the opening simply declares that the university desires an "administrator-theologian," dodging any details. A more lengthy ad—which did appear in The Chronicle—added: "who is willing to work in harmony with ecclesiastical authorities," which makes the post even more mysterious, if not ominous. However, in defense of search committees, it can safely be said that it is almost impossible to define the task of departmental chairpersons. Faculty consider them part of administration, administration declare that they are essentially one of the faculty; they should be leaders in their discipline, but are given little time for research; they should be better-than-average performers in the classroom, but their teaching abilities are allowed to rust as they become more and more a cog in bureaucratic machinery. Moreover, in some institutions they are expected to be no more than the "secretary" of the faculty, while in others (at least according to the 'manual') they are endowed with dictatorial powers. In any case, they are surely "responsible for the department," although realistically, their powers are so sorely limited by established procedures, bone-marrow budgeting, a freeze on hiring, that they are fortunate if they can even maintain the status quo.


When this paper was first presented to the Council in July last, I objected to its being received, inasmuch as it contained a vast amount of irrelevant matter, and personalities, which I should regret to see introduced into any discussion in this Society. Since then Mr. Grote, in the exercise of a discretion given him by the author, has cut it down to about one-half its original length, and now presents it in a form to which I personally can have no possible objection. I would only, however, like to observe, that the title now given to it is a little misleading. It would hardly be worth while, if an attempt to fix their dates were all the paper contained, to print a disquisition on the age of the Caves at Ajantá by a person who has never visited them, and who, though eminent as a Sanskrit scholar, has hitherto shown no aptitude for, or knowledge of, archaeological subjects.


The type II obligate methanotroph Methylosinus sporium 5 was shown to have the ability to produce either a soluble or particulate methane monooxygenase dependent on the copper to biomass ratio during growth. Two proteins of the soluble methane monooxygenase enzyme, proteins A (the hydroxylase) and C (the NADH-acceptor reductase) were purified and characterised, and shown to be very similar to those previously described in other organisms. Evidence is also presented for the existence of the third protein, protein B, in this enzyme complex.


FROM THE FIRST CENTURY, the Christian community has debated how to organize itself for ministry. The hierarchical model that has prevailed, this book contends, not only results in injustices for women and other "marginalized" people but also has "de-capacitated" the church in its mission and ministry (p. 9). A new model of leadership is needed, one that embraces all those at the margins, one that fits the leadership styles of increasing numbers of clergywomen. Drawing on social research, biblical models, and their own experience, the authors present the metaphor of the web as an alternative model of leadership. Web leadership is a way of thinking and acting that could effectively address important issues of spiritual unity, diversity, education, and church polity. In structure the web is circular rather than pyramidal, interconnected, with permeable and ever-changing borders. Power is shared in a community that is organized around spiritual gifts and realized in diversity. Leaders connect from the center outward rather than downward, with emphasis upon participatory relationships. The web is both a metaphor and a process, a way of leadership that is not limited to women but utilizes "the female advantage" (p. 19). In their final chapters, "The Web and Pedagogy" and "The Web: How and Why It Could Work," the authors provide practical suggestions for implementing their vision of web leadership through education and the ministry of congregational groups, clergy and laity. This book offers creative, hopeful thinking coupled with concrete ways to bring about change in the church. Willhauck and Thorpe demonstrate their considerable experience and knowledge as educators whose commitment to web leadership is exemplified by their collaborative writing and by their decision to list their website address for readers' responses. Mainline to the Future: Congregations for the 21st Century by Jackson W. Carroll


The Vienna basin is an area of middle Miocene (Karpatian-Badenian, 17.5-13.0 Ma) extension and contains up to 6 km (20,000 ft) of Miocene to Quaternary sedimentary rocks. This basin is partly superimposed on the north-vergent flysch belt of the outer West Carpathians and partly on more internal Carpathian nappes. The obvious rhombohedral shape of the Vienna basin, the left-stepping pattern of en echelon faults within the basin, and the southward migration of basin extension through time strongly suggest that this basin is a pull-apart feature formed during middle Miocene sinistral strike-slip faulting along a northeast-trending fault (or fault system). This interpretation is supported by geologic mapping in the Carpathians indicating several tens of kilometers of Tertiary sinistral displacement along a fault that trends northeast from the Vienna basin. This fault appears to have functioned mainly as a middle Miocene tear fault within the Carpathian nappes, separating the areas of active northvergent thrusting east of the Vienna basin from areas west of the basin where thrusting had already been completed. Reflection seismic lines show that the autochthonous European plate basement continues beneath the allochthonous Carpathian nappes and beneath the Vienna basin, and that the European plate is not significantly disrupted bymore » the normal faults that bound the basin. Thus both the normal faults that bound the basin and the associated strike-slip faults appear to merge into a gently southeast-dipping detachment horizon at depth. Detailed analyses of subsidence and heat-flow data indicate that little or no heating of the lithosphere occurred during extension of the Vienna basin, and support the interpretation that extension was confined to shallow crustal levels.« less


The dynamics of silence and remembrance in Australian writer Lily Brett's autobiographic fiction Things Could Be Worse reflects the crisis of memory and understanding experienced by both first and second-generation Holocaust survivors within the diasporic space of contemporary Australia. It leads to issues of handling traumatic and transgenerational memory, the latter also known as postmemory (M. Hirsch), in the long aftermath of atrocities, and problematises the role of forgetting in shielding displaced identities against total dissolution of the self. This paper explores the mechanisms of remembrance and forgetting in L. Brett's narrative by mainly focusing on two female characters, mother and daughter, whose coming to terms with (the necessary) silence, on the one hand, and articulated memories, on the other, reflects different modes of comprehending and eventually coping with individual trauma. By differentiating between several types of silence encountered in Brett's prose (that of the voiceless victims, of survivors and their offspring, respectively), I argue that silence can equally voice and hush traumatic experience, that it is never empty, but invested with individual and collective meaning. Essentially, I contend that beside the (self-)damaging effects of silence, there are also beneficial consequences of it, in that it plays a crucial role in emplacing the displaced, rebuilding their shattered self, and contributing to their reintegration, survival and even partial healing.


Launched by the United Nations in 2000, the Global Compact (GC) promotes private sector compliance with 10 basic principles covering human rights, labour standards, the environment, and anti-corruption. Its sponsors aim to establish a global corporate social responsibility (CSR) network based on a pledge to observe the 10 principles adopted by companies across the range of company size and regional origin, backed by a modest reporting system and collaborative programmes. The author analyzes the GC's progress toward building a global network from its launch through 2006 and finds that, while the GC's nominal membership base of nearly 3000 companies makes it the largest system among collective action institutions (CAIs) for corporate responsibility, the GC has not reached critical mass. Deficiencies in its nascent global network include limited market penetration among the largest corporations, a membership heavily weighted toward Western European companies, and major weaknesses in compliance with its reporting system. The author concludes that the GC must improve both penetration and compliance if it is to succeed in building a global standard for CSR.


In the course of the estimation of the impurity profile of ethynodiol diacetate, in addition to common impurities such as norethisterone acetate, ethynodiol-3-acetate and alpha-ethynodiol diacetate, two unknown impurities were detected by analytical reversed phase HPLC (C-18 silica and 80% aq. methanol as the eluent) and isolated by normal phase preparative HPLC (silica and 98:2 mixture of hexane and 2-propanol as the eluent). The 1H- and 13C-NMR spectra of the isolated impurities revealed that their structures could be characterized as the E and Z isomers of an analogue of EDDA containing "trimerised acetyl" group at the 17-hydroxy group (structures 4 and 4a). These structures were in good agreement with the extended UV spectra of the impurities and the mass spectra with the m/z 438 peak which can be derived from 4 and 4a by the loss of ketene.


The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of core internals and/or recirculation pipes of SUS316L stainless steel are, in many cases, developed at inner surface due to the tensile residual stress by the circumferential welding and at the hardening layer by the cutting work. In present work, the residual stress and hardness distributions by cutting work were calculated by the FEM method by taking strain hardening into account which was measured experimentally. We discussed the effect of residual stress introduced by both of circumferential welding and cutting work on SCC progress.Copyright © 2006 by ASME


A rehabilitation project at Yaounde Central Hospital (YCH) under way since 1990 will soon reach completion with renovation of the maternity ward. In May 1996 three surveys designed to assess recruitment were carried out in 660 patients admitted to the Outpatient Clinic (n = 241), Emergency Room (n = 183), and other departments (n = 236). The study questionnaire focused on familial, educational, and socio-economic background, home living conditions, reasons for admission, and treatment conditions. The findings of these studies indicated that the YCH is at the top-ranked treatment facility with recruitment covering the entire city and beyond. For people living in nearby areas the YCH is also the first care provider especially since income is low. Information campaigns for users, physicians, and health care workers are needed to reinforce confidence in the YCH. The YCH must do more to promote proper management, selection, and transport of patients from upstream facilities and continue its emphasis on wide access to health facilities for the population.


Is it fair to say that psychoanalysis and empirical research do not speak in different dialects, but speak different languages altogether? In fact, it has even been asserted that they descend from and belong to very different cultures. If so, then this begs the question of whether
their diverging heritage forecloses the possibility of any form of alliance. The gulf between the two is striking, with worrying consequences. What is needed is a middle way, where neither imposes its tongue on to the other, but where both can continue to hold on to their principles and values whilst gradually allowing the effects of the encounter to shape a novel way of conversing and hence gaining knowledge. As such, I argue that psychoanalysis needs research as much as research needs psychoanalysis.


In this study we analysed for peanuts in processed foods using an enzyme-linked fluorescent immunoassay (ELFA), and compared the results with labeled ingredients. Crude peanut protein (CPP) was immunized into rabbits to produce specific antibodies(Ab). A sandwich ELFA was established using anti-CPP Ab and Ab-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) conjugate. The cross-reactivities of the Ab toward CPP, peanuts, almonds, soybeans, and walnuts were 100, 9.8, 1.1 × 10?², 4.4 × 10?³, and 0%, respectively. The samples included 19 items consisting of biscuits, snacks, chocolates, and so on. The results from the sandwich ELFA showed that peanuts were contained in 7 of the processed food items, among which, 5 items were labeled as having peanuts present but 2 items were not. One of the 2 items that was peanut-detected but unlabeled was a biscuit labeled to contain almonds and assayed to contain 2.1×10?³% peanuts, which might have been due to the weak cross-reactivity of the Ab toward almonds. The other item was a snack labeled to contain soybeans and assayed to contain 0.098% peanuts, which might have been due to peanut cross-contamination during processing, since the crossreactivity of the Ab toward soybeans was very weak. These results suggest that ELFA is a good tool to detect peanuts in processed foods, and allergens in certain processed foods should be labeled correctly.


Ethanol (ETOH) inhibits the immune response to endotoxemia. The early stage of endotoxin (LPS)-induced shock is associated with an acute phase cardiovascular depression (APCD). Release of platelet activating factor (PAF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) with upregulation of nitric oxide (NO) production may initiate the APCD. Since ETOH inhibits induction of NO synthase (iNOS) mNRA by LPS, we postulate that ETOH may mask the APCD associated with endotoxemia. To test this, Sprague-Dawley rats (280-320 g, n = 5-6/group) were given LPS [0.75 mg/kg, intravenously (i.v.)] or PAF (10 to 150 micrograms/kg, i.v.) 30 min after administration of sterile saline (PBS), BN-5073 a mixed PAF antagonist (0.50 microgram/kg, i.v.), or ETOH [2.2-5.5 g/kg, intraperitoneally (i.p.)]. Cardiovascular parameters and plasma concentrations of nitrate and nitrite (RNI), ETOH, TNF alpha, and neutrophil (PMN) generation of RNI were measured. LPS and PAF both produced APCD. LPS-induced APCD was associated with tachycardia, elevated plasma TNF alpha and RNI, and ex vivo generation of RNI by PMNs. ETOH and BN-50730 prevented LPS-induced APCD and increases in RNI and TNF alpha. ETOH, however, increased the mortality associated with APCD. PAF produced only hypotension, bradycardia and elevated plasma levels of TNF alpha. ETOH and LNMMA did not affect PAF-induced APCD. BN-50730 inhibited PAF-induced APCD and plasma TNF alpha. We conclude that 1) ETOH inhibits the APCD and induction of NO characteristic of endotoxemia and 2) ETOH-induced suppression of LPS-mediated APCD may be mediated in part by suppression of release of intracellular PAF. Ethanol may increase the morbidity and mortality of endotoxemia by masking the hypotension and humoral changes characteristic of early endotoxemia thereby delaying appropriate therapy and by diminution of the protective effects of endogenous NO.


Introduction: Mars is the most Earth-like of the Solar System's planets, and the first place to look for any sign of present or past extraterrestrial life. Its surface shows many features indicative of the presence of surface and sub-surface water [1], while impact cratering and volcanism have provided temporary and local surface heat sources throughout Mars geologic history. Impact craters are widely used ubiquitous indicators for the presence of sub-surface water or ice on Mars [2]. In particular, the presence of significant amounts of ground ice or water would cause impactinduced hydrothermal alteration at Martian impact sites [3]. The realization that hydrothermal systems are possible sites for the origin and early evolution of life on Earth [4,5,6] has given rise to the hypothesis that hydrothermal systems may have had the same role on Mars [7,8,9,10]. Rough estimates of the heat generated in impact events have been based on scaling relations [11,12], or thermal data based on terrestrial impacts on crystalline basements [13]. Preliminary studies [14,15] also suggest that melt sheets and target uplift are equally important heat sources for the development of a hydrothermal system, while its lifetime depends on the volume and cooling rate of the heat source, as well as the permeability of the host rocks. We present initial results of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) simulations of impacts on Mars aimed at constraining the initial conditions for modeling the onset and evolution of a hydrothermal system on the red planet. Simulations of the early stages of impact cratering provide an estimate of the amount of shock melting and the pressure-temperature distribution in the target caused by various impacts on the Martian surface. Modeling of the late stage of crater collapse is necessary to characterize the final thermal state of the target, including crater uplift, and distribution of the heated target material (including the melt pool) and hot ejecta around the crater.


The combination of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and rare earth (RE) phosphors as color‐converting layers comprises the basis of solid‐state lighting. Indeed, most LED lamps include a photoluminescent coating made of phosphor material, i.e., crystalline matrix suitably doped with RE elements, to produce white light from a blue or ultraviolet LED chip. Transparent phosphor‐based films constitute starting materials for new refined emitters that allow different photonic designs to be implemented. Among the different photonic strategies typically employed to tune or enhance emission, surface texturing has proved its versatility and feasibility in a wide range of materials and devices. However, most of the nanofabrication techniques cannot be applied to RE phosphors directly because of their chemical stability or because of their cost. The first monolithic patterned structure of down‐shifting nanophosphors with square arrays of nanoholes with different lattice parameters is reported in this study. It is shown that a low‐cost soft‐nanolithography procedure can be applied to red‐emitting nanophosphors (GdVO4:Eu3+ nanocrystals) to tune their emission properties, attaining a twofold directional enhancement of the emitted light at predesigned emission wavelengths in specific directions.


Aims
Myocardial infarction (MI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and results from an obstruction in the blood supply to a region of the heart. In an attempt to replenish oxygen and nutrients to the deprived area, affected cells release signals to promote the development of new vessels and confer protection against MI. However, the mechanisms underlying the growth of new vessels in an ischaemic scenario remain poorly understood. Here, we show that cardiomyocytes subjected to ischaemia release exosomes that elicit an angiogenic response of endothelial cells (ECs).

Methods and results
Exosomes secreted by H9c2 myocardial cells and primary cardiomyocytes, cultured either in control or ischaemic conditions were isolated and added to ECs. We show that ischaemic exosomes, in comparison with control exosomes, confer protection against oxidative-induced lesion, promote proliferation, and sprouting of ECs, stimulate the formation of capillary-like structures and strengthen adhesion complexes and barrier properties. Moreover, ischaemic exosomes display higher levels of metalloproteases (MMP) and promote the secretion of MMP by ECs. We demonstrate that miR-222 and miR-143, the relatively most abundant miRs in ischaemic exosomes, partially recapitulate the angiogenic effect of exosomes. Additionally, we show that ischaemic exosomes stimulate the formation of new functional vessels in vivo using in ovo and Matrigel plug assays. Finally, we demonstrate that intramyocardial delivery of ischaemic exosomes improves neovascularization following MI.

Conclusions
This study establishes that exosomes secreted by cardiomyocytes under ischaemic conditions promote heart angiogenesis, which may pave the way towards the development of add-on therapies to enhance myocardial blood supply.


BACKGROUND
At present there is no consensus on which technique is more suitable for the detection of right-to-left shunt (RLS) in patients with patent foramen ovale (PFO). The aim of study was to compare the efficacy of contrast transthoracic echocardiography (cTTE) and contrast transesophageal echocardiography (cTEE) in the detection of RLS.

METHODS
A prospective study was undertaken in 29 patients with PFO. Both cTTE with harmonic imaging modality and cTEE with fundamental imaging modality were performed for all the patients. The severity of RLS were semiquantitatively assessed with a four-level grade system by scaling the numbers of microbubbles (MBs) in the left atrium after complete opacification of the right atrium within the first 3 cardiac cycles. Level 1 represents no MBs, indicating no RLS. Level 2, ≤10 MBs, indicating mild RLS. Level 3, 11-30 MBs, indicating moderate RLS and Level 4, >30 MBs, indicating severe RLS.

RESULTS
Contrast TTE demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity for detection of RLS than cTEE (86% vs. 56%, P < 0.05). For cTTE, there were 4, 1, 5, and 19 cases determined at levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, whereas for the same group of patients 13, 2, 6, and 7 cases were identified by cTEE at levels 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The severity of RLS detected by cTTE was significantly greater than that by cTEE (P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS
Contrast TTE is more efficacious in the detection of RLS than cTEE. The former can be used as an alternative to the latter in clinical practice.


Objective To analyze the adherence to antihypertensive drugs in Chinese patients with hypertension and the factors associated with the drug adherence. Methods The data for this analysis were obtained from the 2014 China Health Insurance Association (CHIRA) database. The study included 64,576 patients aged ≥18 years who were prescribed one of the seven antihypertensive drugs included in the study in their first prescription in 2014 and were observed for ≥180 days. The medicine possession ratio (MPR) was calculated and taken as the measure of treatment adherence. MPR values <0.3, 0.3 to <0.5, 0.5 to <0.8, and ≥0.8 were considered treatment adherence very low, low, intermediate, and high, respectively. Descriptive statistics were used to present baseline data and treatment adherence rate. Multiple regression models were used to determine independent factors which can affect the treatment adherence rate. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results Among the study antihypertensive drugs, amlodipine (33.98%), metoprolol (25.04%), and nifedipine (17.15%) were the frequently prescribed drugs. Nifedipine controlled release tablet had the highest MPR (0.61), followed by valsartan (0.53), valsartan/amlodipine fixed-dose combination (0.50), indapamide (0.40), and amlodipine (0.39), whereas benazepril (0.27) and metoprolol (0.19) had the lowest MPR. Higher reimbursement ratio, regular tertiary hospitals visits, lower age, and lower daily medical cost positively affected treatment adherence, whereas longer duration of illness and higher daily average cost affected treatment adherence negatively. Conclusion Our study assessed that prescribing more cost-effective, long-acting antihypertensive drugs, and raising the reimbursement ratio were associated with a better treatment adherence in Chinese patients with hypertension.


Semiconductor lasers tend to generate excess intensity noise called the optical feedback noise in addition to the quantum noise. A noise reduction method using an electric positive and negative feedback loop between an optical detector and a semiconductor laser was demonstrated in this paper. The electric positive feedback was set in a high-frequency region, reducing the optical feedback noise, while the electric negative feedback was set in a frequency range lower than the positive-feedback frequency, resulting in the suppression of the quantum noise (optical shot noise). Noise reduction over 100-MHz frequency region and a reduction ability superior to that obtained by the superposition of high-frequency current were confirmed.


REGULATED APOPTOSIS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS DEVELOPMENT. Nathan Lifton, Alison Kochersberger, and Marc Hammarlund, Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. We have used chromosome engineering in C. elegans to develop a model animal in which cells normally undergoing developmental programmed cell death (DPCD) survive and are visibly marked. This system uses three elements: The first is a mutation in the apoptosis activator, ced3, that drives developmental programmed cell death, such that cells normally killed by DPCD survive. The second is a cassette in which the gene encoding the bacterial enzyme Cre recombinase is expressed under transcriptional control of the regulatory elements of the egl-1 gene (Cre protein induces homologous recombination between specific DNA sequence elements called LoxP elements). The third element is a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene that is connected to a constitutively active promoter; however, GFP cannot be produced from this construct without the expression of Cre because two exons of GFP are inverted within the gene and flanked by inverted LoxP sites. When Cre recombinase is expressed, it will induce flipping of exons 2 and 3 of GFP, resulting in an intact GFP that is constitutively expressed, providing a permanent mark for cells in which expression at the egl-1 locus was activated even transiently. We succeeded in producing worms with the desired constructs by injecting gonads with linear extrachromosomal arrays that were integrated at random sites in the genome by induction of double strand DNA breaks with trimethylpsoralen and ultraviolet light. We developed multiple strains with independent insertions of the egl-1/Cre (4 independent insertions) and Cre-dependent GFP (3 independent insertions) cassettes, demonstrated that each had integrated into a single C. elegans chromosome, and performed crosses to produce worms that were homozygous at all three loci (ced-3, egl-1/Cre and Credependent GFP). Preliminary analysis of the resulting worms from two of these strains provides evidence of Cre-dependent GFP expression, with reproducible expression of GFP in cells of the posterior bulb of the pharynx, which includes the head ganglia.


The significance of time‐dose relationships in the use of local tumor hyperthermia (LTH) when combined with radiation (RAD) was studied in a murine fibrosarcoma. RAD, either alone or combined with LTH, was delivered in four equal fractions (total doses, 1.8 to 4.2 krad) separated by 1 to 4 days. LTH (43.1 C ± .05 C for 15 minutes, water bath) was applied immediately after RAD. In this tumor system, RAD was most effective when delivered every 2nd or 3rd day, by a factor of 1.25 over the response achieved when the four fractions were delivered every 1 or 4 days. At all levels studied, RAD + LTH produced a superior tumor response compared to RAD alone. The ratio of the RAD + LTH/RAD doses to achieve an isobiological response ranged from 1.7 to 2.5. Most significant was the finding that the RAD + LTH treatment response was independent of the fractionation scheme used and more dependent on the total RAD dose delivered. Cancer 42:2596–2599, 1978.


Regulatory networks containing enhancer to gene edges define cellular state and their rewiring is a hallmark of cancer. While efforts, such as ENCODE, have revealed these networks for reference tissues and cell-lines by integrating multi-omics data, the same methods cannot be applied for large patient cohorts due to the constraints on generating ChIP-seq and three-dimensional data from limited material in patient biopsies. We trained a supervised machine learning model using genomic 3D signatures of physical enhancer-gene connections that can predict accurate connections using data from ATAC-seq and RNA-seq assays only, which can be easily generated from patient biopsies. Our method overcomes the major limitations of correlation-based approaches that cannot distinguish between distinct target genes of given enhancers in different samples, which is a hallmark of network rewiring in cancer. Our model achieved an AUROC (area under receiver operating characteristic curve) of 0.91 and, importantly, can distinguish between active regulatory elements with connections to target genes and poised elements with no connections to target genes. Our predicted regulatory elements are validated by multi-omics data, including histone modification marks from ENCODE, with an average specificity of 0.92. Application of our model on chromatin accessibility and transcriptomic data from 400 cancer patients across 22 cancer types revealed novel cancer-type and subtype-specific enhancer-gene connections for known cancer genes. In one example, we identified two enhancers that regulate the expression of ESR1 in only ER+ breast cancer (BRCA) samples but not in ER-samples. These enhancers are predicted to contribute to the high expression of ESR1 in 93% of ER+ BRCA samples. Functional validation using CRISPRi confirms that inhibition of these enhancers decreases the expression of ESR1 in ER+ samples.


A high power and low loss band-divided single-pole three-throw (SP3T) switch is presented in this work. A reconfigurable pole-to-throw network (RPTN) is proposed to minimize insertion loss (IL). The RPTN enables the three throws to operate in different bands, with overlays to each other. Thanks to the RPTN, parasitic of off-state elements can be either bypassed or adsorbed into the filtering networks; transistor sizes in the series-shunt units can be increased to reduce resistive losses since large parasitic capacitances can be either bypassed or absorbed. Fabricated in a 0.25-µm GaN HEMT process, the SP3T shows better than 1.47 dB IL, over 14.6 dB RL, over 20 dB isolation, and 35.2-to-39.8 dBm input 0.1 dB compression point (IP0.1dB) in an ultra-wideband from DC to 18 GHz.


Cassandra's Dream Song (1970), the first flute solo piece by the British 'New Complexity' composer Brian Ferneyhough, has been a controversial and gender related composition for decades. The Western stereotypical stigmatization is still intertwined with the interpretation of this complex masterpiece. In my search for a truthful and contemporary analysis of the piece, I explore Cassandra's psychological path.


Quantitative changes in the antifungal compound, 1-acetoxy-2-hydroxy-4-oxo-heneicosa-12.15-diene, in freshly harvested avocado fruits during the initial stages of fungal development were investigated to determine the possible involvement of the compound in quiescent infections of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. The concentration of the antifungal compound in the peel decreased to subfungitoxic concentrations 16 h after harvest. Fifty-six hours later the antifungal diene had increased to c. 3800 μg/g fresh weight. At this stage, germinated appressoria had penetrated the cuticle to the epidermal cells but no fungal development was observed until 7 days later when the concentration of the diene had decreased to 100-110μg/g fresh weight. Following a dip treatment at 55°C for 5 or 10 min, the antifungal diene concentration decreased as in the controls, but it remained at subfungitoxic concentrations for a longer period enabling fungal development and early symptom expression.

The concentration of the diene in the flesh of freshly harvested fruit decreased to 120 μg/g fresh weight 24 h after harvest. Inoculation of peeled fruits with spores of C. gloeosporioides showed germination without appressoria formation and symptom expression occurred 24-48 h later. Symptom expression was delayed if fruits were inoculated after coating the flesh with epicuticular wax extracts or if the flesh was inoculated 3 days after harvest when the antifungal diene had regained a fungitoxic concentration. Disease symptoms were expressed in soft fruits containing subfungitoxic concentrations of the diene.

We conclude that the diene in unripe avocado fruits inhibits fungal development of germinated appressoria or conidia. The quiescent structure of C. gloeosporioides in unripe avocado fruit is a subcuticular hypha.


verbal suggestions indicative of an anaesthetic crisis. One month later, none of the patients could remember any of the intra-operative events explicitly but, under hypnosis, four of them accurately recalled the verbal communication used whilst they were anaesthetised. A further four patients recalled some of the communication and developed symptoms of anxiety. It seems that under hypnosis, certain patients are able to recover memories of events that happened under anaesthesia, that they are unable to recall in their normal waking state [6]. As Wang et al. point out, it is well recognised that, although patients may have no explicit recall of events under anaesthesia, emotional symptoms may persist from the experience. The therapeutic importance of using hypnosis in this way is clear – once the cause of the psychological symptoms is known, treatment strategies can be more clearly directed. The 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) [7] will, one hopes, give us a much clearer idea of the current incidence of explicit awareness but the incidence of implicit awareness will remain unknown. Hypnosis may be one of the few tools capable of discovering the presence of implicit awareness and may prove very useful in future investigations into the true incidence of anaesthetic awareness.


To take full advantage of the superb seeing available at the best sites, it is essential to control the attitude of a telescope with the utmost accuracy. Conventionally, this entails supporting the optical elements with as stiff a structure as is feasible and moving the structure with as precise and as smooth a drive system as can be afforded, using a massive pier as the datum for angular measurement and for reacting drive torques. The problems and costs in this approach increase steeply with telescope size, especially if the requirements for minimizing local seeing degradation lead to the telescope being mounted high above the ground or having minimal protection from wind. Ground transmitted vibration may also be a significant problem on some sites. A better approach is to provide the higher frequency angular corrections by supplementary drives which react against angular inertias, analogous to the reaction wheels used for pointing spacecraft. Then, attaining fast correction of errors, such as those induced by wind, does not require particularly stiff structures and drives between the optical assembly and earth. In fact these links with the earth might, with advantage, be made deliberately compliant to isolate the optics from ground vibration. If, in addition, the higher frequency angular errors are sensed relative to an inertial frame, the need for precision gearing is greatly reduced. Computer simulations indicate that the inertial drive technique is quite practical. For very large telescopes, this approach offers better performance at substantially lower overall cost than when conventional drives are used alone.


The present work is the final stage of a research to determine the causes and degree of pollution of the Zaiman creek waters, which flow through the Capital District of Misiones, Argentina. The research was focused on the presence of Salmonella serovars in samples collected from 2 stream sites equidistant from a cold storage plant and slaughterhouse, one downstream, and the other before the source of pollution. Elevated temperature technique for the isolation of Salmonella was applied. The methodology consisted in applying an enrichment procedure for waterborne pathogens, performed by incubating after a convenient exposure period, gauze swabs in Dulcitol Selenite and Tetrationate (with the addition of 0,001% brilliant green) broths. Salmonella organisms were recovered by streaking duplicate plates of E.M.B Agar (Eosin Methylene Blue), B.P.L.S Agar (Brilliant Green Agar) and Bismuth Sulphite Agar. Best results were obtained when Bulcitol Selenite broth and Bismuth Sulphite Agar were used. (Tables 1, 2, 3). Suspected colonies were classified by 10 biochemical reactions, and further verified by serological identification. So far, 716 suspected colonies have been studied. Salmonella was isolated from 76% of the samples and 22 serovars were identified (Table 3). Isolating frequency of serovars during 1981-1984 is shown (Table 4). S. saphra prevailed among the studied samples, while both S. anatum and S. newport ranked second.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)


JAPAN. Edited by HUGH BORTON. pp. viii -f320. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 25s. This book is a collection of articles reprinted from the 1951 edition of the Encyclopedia Americana, with the intention of providing in book form " a valuable basic factual survey for an introduction to the study of the civilization of Japan from the earliest times to the middle of 1950 ". The work is divided into twenty-three chapters which cover all aspects of Japan's development. The contributors are all recognized authorities in their respective fields ; but the need for compression makes the book rather like a potted version of The Japan Year Book, and some of the articles like SCAP official " hand-outs ". C. R. BOXER.


Active learning has been shown as a key technique for improving content-based image retrieval (CBIR) performance. Among various methods, support vector machine (SVM) active learning is popular for its application to relevance feedback in CBIR. However, the regular SVM active learning has two main drawbacks when used for relevance feedback. First, SVM often suffers from learning with a small number of labeled examples, which is the case in relevance feedback. Second, SVM active learning usually does not take into account the redundancy among examples, and therefore could select multiple examples in relevance feedback that are similar (or even identical) to each other. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme that exploits both semi-supervised kernel learning and batch mode active learning for relevance feedback in CBIR. In particular, a kernel function is first learned from a mixture of labeled and unlabeled examples. The kernel will then be used to effectively identify the informative and diverse examples for active learning via a min-max framework. An empirical study with relevance feedback of CBIR showed that the proposed scheme is significantly more effective than other state-of-the-art approaches.


After a historical introduction, the author summarizes the findings of biologically oriented psychiatric research on delinquency and aggression. In the field of genetics, twin and adoption studies prove that there must be a strong hereditary factor in the genesis of criminality, although so far only two chromosomal abnormalities have been found which seem to show a comparatively increased tendency to criminal behaviour. In addition, minimal cerebral dysfunction caused by early acquired brain damage, and attention deficit disorder combined with hyperactivity (two types of infantile mental disorder that seem hard to tell apart) are thought to be high risk conditions for criminality.


This paper describes a study carried out to investigate one possible approach to the development of catchment management
plans for Uganda, using the River Malaba catchment as a case study. The approach involved considering the entire
river basin as an integral planning unit, as opposed to planning for individual projects separately. A simulation model of
the catchment was established using MIKE BASIN, a modelling tool for integrated river basin planning. The model was
then used to investigate planning scenarios involving existing, proposed and hypothetical water uses in the area. Through
this process, the planning approach was evaluated with respect to the validity and significance of modelling results, data
requirements and steps involved. The approach was considered valuable in contributing to the sustainable development
of water resources for the area, as it facilitated the integrated consideration of the impacts of individual projects on the
performance of the system as a whole.


This paper introduces a new approach of fingerprint classification system based on ANN. Most automated fingerprint identification system uses prior classification of fingerprint using minutiae as feature. But in such methods the performance of minutiae extractions relies heavily on an enhancement algorithm and also it needs improvement as they are limited to the number of classable data. Thus many fingerprints are classified together, taking a long time to match and verify a given fingerprint. So instead of classification using minutiae we proposed a classification system that is based on individual features like singular point. Singular point detection is very robust and reliable, which overcomes the problem about rotation and translation. Classification efficiency is improved using Back Propagation Algorithm because we don't need to compare an input fingerprint image to all registered fingerprint images. The algorithm is tested accurately and reliably for many fingerprint images in FVC2004 database.


Fifty mice were placed in an atmosphere of 10% oxygen and sacrificed at intervals. Twenty-one of the animals were simultaneously given methyl-dopate-HCI. Hypoxic control mice developed medial hyperplasia in small pulmonary arteries and right ventricular cardiac hypertrophy. These abnormalities did not develop in the drug-treated animals.


Virginia has one of the highest rates of youth who "age out" of the foster care system and one of the lowest family reunification rates in the country. This is due to several factors, including that the termination of parental rights has an accelerated timeline in Virginia compared to the federal timeline. Children who age out of the system lack a sense of permanency that is critical to healthy psychological development. As a result, many such children tend to experience lower levels of educational attainment and income, and higher levels of substance use, criminal justice system involvement, and homelessness than average. During its 2018 session, the Virginia General Assembly sought to address some aspects of this problem through their enactment of House Bills 1219, 1333, and 106 and Senate Bills 44 and 646. House Bill 1219 allows the court, at an annual foster care review of a child who is eligible, to initiate the restoration of a parent's rights if the child so wishes and if restoration is deemed appropriate after an investigation of the parents' circumstances. Further, House Bills 1333 and 106 and Senate Bills 44 and 646, collectively, provide for the creation of the Kinship Guardian Assistance Program, which provides support to relatives of a child who take that child into their care and custody from foster care, after a determination that their biological parent is not fit to care for the child. These bills allow children to either return to their parents or to remain with extended family, creating the permanency and stability they so desperately need.


Background:  Breast milk plays a role in cognitive, sensory, and motor development and protects against infections and chronic diseases. The process of breastfeeding will protect the baby from illness, and increase cognitive intelligence and social-emotional development between mother and baby. Duration of breastfeeding was associated with acute illnesses, diarrhea, constipation, and a lower likelihood of being overweight/obese. Thus, this study aimed to the investigated correlation between pregnancy status and delivery type with successful breastfeeding in postpartum mothers at Roemani Muhammadiyah Hospital Semarang
Methods: This type of research was analytical descriptive, conducted in December 2021 with purposive sampling and a sample size of 120 respondents. The inclusion criteria of postpartum mothers who breastfeed their babies, mothers who are in good health, and baby who has no congenital abnormalities. Respondents who refused and who have babies with congenital abnormalities are excluded from the study. The data was extracted from the questionnaire and also coded into the SPSS 25 ver. Data were analyzed descriptively and analytically by using chi-square analysis.
Results: The participant with a planned pregnancy was 107 mothers (89.2%), unplanned 13 mothers (10,8%), section Caesarea type of delivery was 70 mothers (52%) and vaginal type of delivery was 50 mothers (48%). Based on LATCH score analysis planned pregnancy showed good category 38 mothers (31,7%), medium category 69 mothers (57,5%), and planned pregnancy showed good category 4 mothers (3,4%), medium category 8 mothers (6,7%), bad category 1 mother (0,8%). Based on the type of delivery, the vaginal type score was good for 25 mothers (50%), medium for 25 mothers (25%), and the section Caesarea type score was good for 17 mothers (24%), medium for 52 mothers (75%) and bad 1 mothers (1%). Either pregnancy status and type of delivery have P value scores of 0,016 and 0,012, respectively.
Conclusion: A mother that delivers a vaginal has a better level of breastfeeding than SC, and pregnancy status such as planned pregnancy also shows a better level than they are not.


In this study the author attaches a great importance to the theoretical examination of the concept of the New International Legal Order that was embodied in the last decades of the 20th century. The starting point for that reflection is the dissolution of the SFR Yugoslavia that illustrates one of the fundamental legal precedents. Reminding that the basic principle for the post-modern State behavior must be the one that includes minimal disturbance of the existing international legal relations, the author stresses that "the Yugoslav case" was customized in the way to respond to the new reality where the principle of effectiveness played an essential role in valuation of the statehood. It could also be one of the greatest catalysts for all further 'development rules' of international law.


Reports of Climate Change, decreasing ice concentration, overall thinning of the polar cap and longer periods of open water could give the designers of ships and structures, and their operators, a false sense of security about the amount of dangerous ice, and the likelihood of encountering it. And that could have serious repercussions for everyone involved, including those who live in the Arctic.
 Contrary to what one might expect, the lengthening summers may actually increase the hazard that multi-year ice poses for ships and structures. Why? Because the absence of first-year ice increases the ease with which multi-year ice moves through the Arctic, and the period during which it is mobile. Take, for example, the spring of 2007, when the ice bridge that usually forms in Nares Strait, blocking the outflow of thick multi-year ice from the Lincoln Sea, failed to form. As a result, old ice streamed out of the Lincoln Sea throughout the winter – pushing the floes in front of it further and further south (Figure 1-a). Two of those floes were instrumented in Nares Strait during the summer of 2006 (Figure 1-b). One of them, Floe 5, had spent 10 months migrating south, arriving off the coast of Newfoundland in the spring of 2007. That floe, along with many others, conspired to make ice conditions off Newfoundland the worst seen in 10 to 15 years (Figure 1-c). The absence of an ice bridge across Nares Strait was one of the factors lead to the unusual amount of old ice off the coast of Newfoundland that spring.
 Perhaps the decreased extent of first-year ice will allow multi-year ice to move more freely, you say, but surely the longer summer and extended open water season will result in a net decrease in the thickness and strength of these multi-year ice floes? The past three years of measurements on multi-year ice are used to answer that question, starting with the topic: does very thick multi-year ice still exist?. The more than 300 drill hole measurements made on 15 multi-year ice floes in Nares Strait (2006 and 2007 seasons) and the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago (2007 and 2008) show that multi-year ice in excess of 15 m thick commonly occurs in both regions. Comparison of our measurements to past thickness measurements on multi-year ice in the Beaufort Sea (Dickins, 1989; Kovacs, 1983; Wright et al., 1984) shows good agreement in the thickness distributions of multi-year ice Arcticwide.
 Given Climate Change and its effect on the polar pack, are the drill hole measurements from the 1980s still representative of ice in the Beaufort Sea? The three years of on-ice measurements are also used to describe the changes that multi-year ice undergoes during its summer melt/migration period. The temperature, salinity and strength profiles of a multi-year ice hummock visited in May, June and July reveal that rapid changes occur in the uppermost 4.5 m of ice during the summer melt period (Figure 2). Results from more than 400 borehole jack tests on multi-year ice are used to demonstrate the direct relation between the temperature of multi-year ice and its strength.
 These kinds of on-ice measurements provide insight into the dramatic changes that have been observed in the Beaufort Sea multi-year pack ice in recent years – ships operating in the Beaufort Sea continue to report back about the decayed state of the ice cover. Ship-based and satellite observations both indicate that large areas of the multi-year pack ice seem to be rapidly disappearing. Some of those observations are discussed in the guide Understanding and Identifying Old Ice in Summer, which is discussed in Johnston and Timco (2008). The results discussed here complement that work.


The aim of this study is to analyze the mechanical behavior of timber—concrete connections established through glued notches, as well as the parameters that may affect it, specifically in the experimental shear test procedure. With these objectives in mind, a database based on a literature survey was created, identifying different shear test set-ups. In addition, a numerical approach was also adopted, based on experimental results. A numerical finite element method model was developed in order to describe the behavior of this type of connection. To validate the model, three sets of experimental tests were used, differing according to the notch material, the concrete class and the set-up's geometry. Using this model, parametric studies were developed to analyze the effects of the material and geometrical parameters and support conditions. The database showed that double-shear tests were the most common experimental test set-up. The numerical modeling allowed a good approximation to a connection's linear-elastic behavior. Parametric studies showed that the parameter with the greatest effect on a connection's stiffness was the modulus of elasticity of timber, in contrast with the support conditions. The locations chosen to measure displacements on timber and concrete elements were also shown to affect the calculated connection stiffness.


The recent popularity of 3D IC technology stems from its enhanced performance capabilities and reduced wire-length. However, wire congestion and thermal issues are exacerbated due to the compact nature of these layered technologies. In this paper, we develop techniques to reduce the maximum temperature and wire congestion of 3D circuits without compromising total wirelength and via count. Our approach consists of two phases. First, we use a multi-level min-cut placement with a modified gain function for local wire congestion and dynamic power consumption reduction. Second, we perform simulated annealing together with full-length thermal analysis and global routing for global wire congestion and maximum temperature reduction. Our experimental results show smooth tradeoff among congestion, temperature, wirelength, and via.


This study aimed to investigate degree and the relationship among school organizational culture, principal ' s leadership, and emotional labor and to determine the influential factors related to emotional labor on teachers. The objects were 143 teachers who work at 15 primary and secondary schools in Seoul. The data were collected from 1, December, 2013 to 31, January, 2014. It was analyzed with descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation of SPSS and with multiple stepwise regression. There ' re significant correlations between school organizational culture and principal ' s leadership including self-awareness, relational transparency, balanced processing, and internalized moral perspective and between school organizational culture and emotional labor. There ' re significant correlations between emotional labor and principal ' s leadership including self-awareness, relational transparency and balanced processing. Regression analysis, the explanatory variable were task, other career, internalized moral perspective, fairness, and teaching career in order. Especially, task, internalized moral perspective, fairness were significant variables predicting teachers ' emotional labor. It is concluded that in order to minimize the level of teachers ' emotional labor, there should be establishing positive school organizational culture and principal ' s leadership considering teachers ' individual work characters. And there needs development of protocol to standardize it and nursing intervention for teachers to manage their emotional labor


We investigate the consequences of delay in the iodate-arsenous acid reaction under the influence of an electric field at a constant current density. Using the charge balance condition, we show how the electric field may induce an intrinsic delay in the system, which gives rise to instability. The different instability regions in the appropriate parameter space are examined. We show how the delay incites an absolute instability in a system otherwise displaying varied wave-front characteristics, viz., convective and absolute instabilities and also stationary patterns.


Abstract Objective Although once considered a defining feature of borderline personality disorder, research has found high rates of NSSI among individuals with other psychiatric disorders, particularly posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorders. A recent study from our research team found that lifetime PTSD and depressive disorders were associated with unique self-reported NSSI motives. Given well-established limitations of assessing motives via self-report measures, the present study sought to extend this line of research by using a novel laboratory measure of the implicit NSSI-relief association to examine NSSI emotional relief motives. Method A subset of participants from our previous study (N = 109) completed diagnostic interviews and the laboratory-based DSH-Relief Implicit Association Test (IAT). Results Findings indicated that individuals with lifetime PTSD evidenced stronger NSSI-relief associations than those without PTSD. Further, this main effect was qualified by a PTSD by depressive disorder interaction, such that stronger NSSI-relief associations were found among individuals with lifetime PTSD but no lifetime depressive disorder than among individuals without a history of either PTSD or a depressive disorder. Conclusions Results highlight the importance of investigating NSSI motives associated with different symptom profiles using a multi-method approach.


The University of Zambia (UNZA) Mentor Training Program is conducted annually to strengthen the mentorship capacity of postgraduate programs for the health professions. This intensive five-session course trains faculty members in the mentorship of students. Established by senior UNZA leaders and US-based collaborators, this program was designed to address gaps in mentorship identified at the institutional level. Faculty facilitators developed the course curriculum and used a train-the-trainer model to ensure program sustainability. Participants were faculty members who mentor PhD and Master of Medicine students. To assess the program's impact, mentors and their mentees completed questionnaires on the mentor's mentoring competencies at the end of the course and 1 year later. Competency scores were compared longitudinally to quantify potential changes in mentoring behaviors. Mentors and mentees alike noted mentor growth in all competency domains from postcourse to 1 year later, providing evidence of a trend toward improvement in mentorship and that the program may have sustainable and positive effects on mentoring behaviors over time. Salient areas of growth corresponded to emphasized topics and discussions, including addressing diversity, aligning expectations, assessing capacities, motivating mentees, and fostering independence. These findings suggest that mentors internalized this content and transferred it to behavior change. The behavior changes may reveal a larger change in the institutional environment around the mentoring of students. The UNZA Mentor Training Program appears to have sustained impact after a year and should bode well for future benefits to students, faculty, and the institution.


Anacardium occidentale belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. It had been scientifically proven to have antihypercholesterolemia effect in high cholesterol diet induced animal laboratory study. However there is no study regarding the mechanisms involves in cholesterol reducing effect by A. occidentale leaves extract. In this study, cytotoxic assessment and anti-cholesterol activity of A. occidentale leaves aqueous extract (AOE) were investigated. Cytotoxic study was performed by exposing hepatoma cell (Hep G2) towards AOE with concentration ranging from 0.002 to 20 mg/mL for 24 h. Anacardium occidentale extract was found to be not toxic to the cell. Then, the highest and not toxic AOE concentrations (20, 10, 5 and 2.5 mg/mL) were selected for anti-cholesterol study. The ability of AOE to reduce cholesterol in cell culture experiment was carried out by pretreating Hep G2 with selected concentrations of AOE in 6-well plate before the cell was exposed to low density lipoprotein (LDL). The concentration of farnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FDFT1), apolipoprotein A1 (Apo A1), lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL R), scavenger receptor B1 (SR-B1), ATP binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA-1) and hepatic lipase (HL) were determined from the 6-well plate media. The results showed that AOE did not significantly increase the concentration of LDLR. However, AOE significantly increased the concentration of FDFT1, APO A1, LCAT, SRB-1, ABCA1 and HL. The HMGR activity experiment showed that all selected AOE concentrations cannot significantly reduce the HMGR enzyme activity. These findings suggested that AOE may involve in reverse cholesterol transport process to reduce cholesterol metabolism in Hep G2 cell.


Purpose Osseous involvement defined by lytic bone lesions is shown by skeletal survey in multiple myeloma (MM). This technique has limitations because it detects only lesions with more than 30% trabecular bone loss. In addition, lesions persist after chemotherapy, thereby limiting its usefulness at relapsing disease. Alternative techniques to detect new bone lesions are somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (SRS) and 18F-fluordeoxyglucose (FDG) PET so far predominantly studied in patients with newly diagnosed MM. Malignant plasma cells can have a high expression of somatostatin receptors and an elevated metabolic activity. Therefore, these techniques might be useful in patients with relapsing MM because they are not hampered by preexisting skeletal defects. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate which technique is most optimal to detect skeletal lesions in patients with relapsing MM. Method In patients with relapsing MM (n = 21), 3 separate methods were used (skeletal survey, SRS, and FDG PET) for detecting new skeletal lesions. Results Of all patients, 55% had new lesions on the skeletal survey [mean (SD), 1.45 (1.76); range, 0–5], 52% had new SRS lesions [mean (SD), 1.43 (0.38); range, 0–5], and 71% demonstrated new lesions on the FDG PET-scan [mean (SD), 4.05 (0.9); range, 0–12]. The lesions on skeletal survey and SRS corresponded with FDG PET. The number of lesions was higher with the FDG PET versus that with SRS (P = 0.01) and with FDG PET versus that with skeletal survey (P = 0.01). Conclusions The results demonstrate that FDG PET is more valuable than skeletal survey and SRS to detect disease activity in relapsing MM.


Background: Most data on secondary intention healing of skin cancer defects in the head and neck are empirical and descriptive. This study statistically evaluates the prognostic value of several wound characteristics and location on the final cosmetic result of skin defects left to heal by secondary intention after tumor removal. Methods: A chart review of all facial reconstructions using secondary intention healing performed in one center between 1992 and 2001 was undertaken. Patient and wound characteristics were analyzed. For analysis of cosmetic outcome, the most recent photographs of the scars were assessed by three independent raters using a categorical judgment scale. Results: There were a total of 89 patients with 95 wounds. Forty-three percent of the wounds (41 of 95) healed with an "excellent" outcome. In the univariate analysis, the rating excellent was given more often to scars derived from wounds that were small and superficial and that were located in concave areas of the face, in particular, near the medial canthus and medial cheek. Multivariable logistic regression revealed independent associations of an excellent cosmetic outcome with wound size and contour of wound surface only. Conclusion: This is the first study presenting statistical evidence of what has been known empirically for a long time: wounds in concave areas of the face that are left to heal by secondary intention have a high chance of healing with an excellent cosmetic outcome, especially if these wounds are small, superficial, and located near the medial canthus and medial cheek.


The ChemScan system is a new method for the rapid detection and enumeration of viable microbial cells. It is based on the fluorescent labeling of viable microorganisms collected on a filter membrane and their subsequent automated detection and enumeration by a laser-scanning instrument. The new method was evaluated for the testing of pharmaceutical water by comparison with the standard plate count method. The ChemScan system appeared to be at least as sensitive as the standard method. In some cases the results were equivalent for both methods, but for most water samples the ChemScan results were higher than the standard plate count and sometimes exceeded the latter by an order of magnitude or more.


Mihbaicola sakamakii is a mesoparasitic copepod that infests the branchiostegal membranes of groupers (Perciformes: Serranidae). In this study, we observed M. sakamakii within host tissue. Histologically, copepods were found enclosed inside a pouch composed of the thickened epidermis of the host, tightly encased on all sides by the host epidermal pouch wall. There were no host blood cells or other food resources in the pouch lumen. Since the host epidermis was intact and continuous, even in the vicinity of the oral region of the parasite, the copepod would not have access to the host blood in this state. However, the stomach (ampullary part of the mid gut) was filled with granular components, the majority of which were crystalloids that likely originated from fish erythrocyte hemoglobin. We supposed that the parasite drinks blood exuded from the lesion in the fish caused by copepod entry into the host tissue. Invasion of the parasite may elicit immune responses in the host, but there were no traces on the copepod of any cellular immune reactions, such as encapsulation. The array of minute protuberances on the copepod cuticle surface may be involved in avoidance of cell adhesion. After the lesion has healed, the copepod is enclosed in a tough epidermal pouch, in which it gradually digests the contents of its stomach and continues egg production.


Three-dimensional (3D) integration is an emerging technology that enables Systems-on-Chip (3D SoCs) to achieve higher performance at lower power dissipation. In 3D SoCs, the cumulated effects of the intra-die and inter-die interconnect parametric variations lead to high fault rates. In this paper, a fault resilient scheme for inter-die and intra-die communication in 3D SoCs is proposed. Spare wire insertion and error correction codes ensure resilience against permanent and transient faults, respectively. In very-deep sub-micron (VDSM) technologies, single error correction (SEC) capabilities are not enough to ensure the desired reliability levels. In the proposed link, multi-error correction capabilities are achieved by block / interleaved SEC codes. After the interconnect tests, faulty wires are replaced by functional spares, such that the block/interleaved code-words are transmitted only on functional wires. Increasing the wire noise sensitivity and the inter-wire coupling leads to higher error rate. Thus, the codeword size increases and the link area and power overheads go up to ∼30%. For high interconnect defect rates the overheads due the configuration logic lead go up to ∼300%.


review could have been exercised more. There is a governmental agencies involved in the Geneva negovast number of spelling errors, even allowing for the tiations. The possibility that the mechanisms for hasty production. The book is designed to appeal to achieving fuller communications could be improved, a wide readership; I am not certain whether any perhaps by non-governmental organisations, is seen particular specialist, including the clinical geneticist, as an urgent subject for further study. will find this book an essential source for reference. The book is extremely lucid both in presentation I A HUGHES and logic. It does a remarkably fine job of illuminating the baffling processes which underly both the development of increasingly suicidal weapons sysChemical Warfare Arms Control: A Framework for tems and the painfully inadequate attempts to bring Considering Policy Alternatives them under rational control. It is a tribute to the By Julian Perry Robinson. (Pp 116; figures + author's balance and detachment in dealing with tables.) Stockholm: SIPRI. 1985. such an emotive subject that he avoids making his


Survival rates for patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer have not improved in the past 20 years, and new therapies are imperative. Intratumor heterogeneity can complicate molecular profiling attempts to optimize therapy for cancers harboring several actionable tumor subclones. To develop personalized treatment strategies, there is a need for assays to measure intratumor heterogeneity in bladder cancers. We conducted a pilot study of two muscle invasive high-grade transitional cell carcinoma cases. We used a comprehensive cancer panel (Thermo Fisher) covering >400 cancer genes to analyze distinct tumor loci and matched normal tissues. Based on the identified somatic mutations, we designed a bladder-specific panel to (1) validate our results with increased coverage, and (2) analyze liquid biopsy samples. Using the comprehensive cancer panel, we sequenced 6 tumor loci to an average sequencing depth of approximately 100x. We detected intratumor heterogeneity in both patients: By applying a combination of frequency-based (minor allele frequency >10%) and probabilistic (probability of difference between observed frequencies due to sampling) filters, we identified 44 credible somatic SNVs, including mutations that were not shared among all three loci. We used these SNVs to design a custom amplicon panel covering 42 SNVs across 38 genes that is suitable for highly fragmented DNA. The custom panel was used to validate the SNVs in the same tumor regions and in liquid biopsy samples from plasma and urine (approximate coverage 6,000x). In both cases, we identified private mutations reported in The Cancer Genome Atlas Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma (TCGA-BLCA) data collection, reflecting tumor evolution. Liquid biopsy samples from urine revealed all trunk mutations but only 1 out of 5 private mutations. We conclude that tumor evolution can affect distinct loci within bladder tumors, which may not be fully represented in liquid biopsy samples. These results suggest the need for analyzing multiple tumor regions to identify all actionable driver mutations. In the future, we plan to apply our assay to additional foci and patients in order to identify optimal bladder tumor sampling strategies. Citation Format: Katherin Patsch, Naim Matasci, Anjana Soundararajan, John Nicoll, Jonathan Katz, Antonio Sanchez, Erika Feierstein, Christina Van Loy, Zhao Xu, David B. Agus, Mitchell E. Gross, Daniel Ruderman. Bladder cancer tumor heterogeneity: development of a system-level mutation assay [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3934. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3934


The relationship between the Franciscan complex and Knoxville shales in the Californian Coast Ranges has been the subject of debate for a considerable period of time. Initially, gradational and unconformable relationships for the contact were proposed. This was followed by the recognition, at some localities, of a thrust fault contact. Plate tectonics has provided a framework for interpretation of the Franciscan complex as an accretionary prism related to subduction of oceanic crust and the Great Valley sequence, including the Knoxville shales, as fore-arc basin deposits. Thus, the contact between the two units was the initial site of the Benioff zone, which then migrated westward as the accretionary prism developed. In the Franciscan complex and Great Valley sequence man thrusts have been recognized recently. At different localities, the Franciscan complex can be observed juxtaposed against various units of the Great Valley sequence, suggesting a complicated thrusting history subsequent to initiation of the Benioff zone. Some of the thrusts had movement during development of the accretionary prism, but movement on others may be post-subduction in time. The term "Coast Range thrust" has been used to refer to the contact, but in recent years its meaning has become blurred by liberalization and excessive use. It is proposed that the term be used only as originally proposed, that is, as the thrust that juxtaposes the Franciscan complex and the ophiolitic base of the Great Valley sequence.