A 63 years old man with history of diabetes and hypertension, presented for bone pain. Pelvic X Ray showed multiple osteoconsensant lesions of the iliac wings, the sacrum and the femurs (Figure 1). CT scan objectified multiple hepatic metastases with a laterorectal mass (Figure 2). Colonoscopy showed aspect of extrinsic compression. Endoscopic ultrasound objectified a rectal mucosal lesion of 5x3,5 centimeters appearing in contact with the prostate (Figure 3) [1-5]. Histologically, hepatic biopsy confirmed a tumor proliferation that was made of two architectural aspects independent cells, and trabeculolobular classical endocrine architecture with expression of synaptophysin on immunochemistry [1-5] (Figure 4).


Fundamental questions about incumbent safety have been difficult to answer because of the absence of adequate measures of incumbent prospects and incumbent quality. If incumbents retire because they are vulnerable, high reelection rates do not necessarily mean that electoral accountability is absent. Moreover, if the electoral success of incumbents reflects their high quality, high reelection rates do not necessarily indicate pathology in the system. Using explicit measures of incumbent prospects and personal quality based on district informant ratings, we find evidence of strategic retirement by incumbents in the 1998 elections, when standard prospects measures show no evidence of strategic withdrawal by incumbents. We also find an impact of incumbent quality on vote share consistent with the idea that high quality incumbents are rewarded in the electoral process. Although many are skeptical about the implications of incumbent safety in House elections, our results suggest a more optimistic reconsideration of incumbent electoral security.


SUMMARY During their long-distance migrations, sea turtles of several species feed on jellyfish and other invertebrates that are particularly abundant in ocean regions characterized by high productivity. An ability to distinguish productive oceanic regions from other areas, and to concentrate foraging activities in locations where prey density is highest, might therefore be adaptive. The volatile compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS) accumulates in the air above productive ocean areas such as upwelling and frontal zones. In principle, DMS might therefore serve as an indicator of high prey density for turtles. To determine whether turtles perceive DMS, juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) were placed into a water-filled arena in which DMS and other odorants could be introduced to the air above the water surface. Turtles exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing 10 nmol l−1 DMS spent more time at the surface with their noses out of the water than control turtles, which were exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing distilled water. Odors that do not occur in the sea (cinnamon, jasmine and lemon) did not elicit increased surface time, implying that the response to DMS is unlikely to reflect a generalized response to any novel odor. The results demonstrate for the first time that sea turtles can detect DMS, an ability that might enable the identification of favorable foraging areas.


To determine the functional significance of the endogenous expression of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and transforming growth factor-alpha genes in T-47D, human breast cancer cells, we have examined the effects of two types of antiproliferative agents, progestins and antiestrogens, on the expression of these growth factors and the effects of exogenous EGF on the antiproliferative action of these agents. Using Northern blot analysis, the regulation of expression of these two genes by the antiproliferative agents, tamoxifen and monohydroxytamoxifen, was examined. In T-47D cells the two antiestrogens did not affect the accumulation of EGF mRNA and decreased the accumulation of TGF alpha mRNA. As we have shown before, the progestin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, increased the level of both EGF mRNA and TGF alpha mRNA in this cell line. The regulation of expression of these endogenous growth factor genes was unrelated to the proliferative behavior of T-47D cells since both antiestrogens and progestins were antiproliferative under the conditions of the experiments. The variant cell line, T-47D-5, had no detectable EGF mRNA and contained about 1/10th the level of TGF alpha mRNA expressed by "wild type" T-47D cells. T-47D-5 cells were 2.5 times more sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of both progestins and antiestrogens when compared to the growth factor expressing T-47D cells. Exogenously added murine EGF was able to decrease slightly the sensitivity of both cell lines to the antiproliferative effects of both progestins and antiestrogens as well as increase the proliferation of T-47D but not T-47D-5 cells. These data suggest that endogenous expression of growth factors may be associated with decreased sensitivity of the cells to growth inhibitory agents.


Tourism is a fast growing industry in Malaysia which contributes 17.9% tourists'
arrival in May 2014, which attract all types of tourists to increase Gross Domestic
Product (GDP). Growth in population of the People with Disabilities (PwDs) in the
tourism sector has resulted in the existence of demand in delivering accessible facilities
in the national parks in order that they can be more independent. However, early
observation showed that the existing parks' facilities are found not that disabledfriendly.
This research is important to identify the barriers faced by PwDs, the factors
contributing to inaccessible tourism environment and to seek solutions for the arise
problems. There are five (5) research objectives such as identifying the current
facilities provided in the Johor National Parks, to determine the factors contributing to
the inaccessible facilities, to evaluate the requirements of the Non-Government
Organization (NGO's) regarding accessible national parks, to determine the barriers
faced by PwDs regarding accessible tourism and to develop the good practice
accessible tourism facility management framework in the national parks. Research
techniques such as in-depth interview, observation (auditing) and visual method are
used. Fourteen (14) Malaysians and twenty (20) International experts were selected as
the respondents. The qualitative data was analysed using Nvivo 10. The results of this
research shows that the facilities in the national parks are limited and ignorance,
stereotype mind-set, lack of communication, lack of accessible equipment, lack of
information and awareness and lack of experts resulting in inaccessible national parks.
Upgrading recommendations consisting of tighten the law and regulation, organize
awareness campaign, improve infrastructure, provide travel training, offer reasonable
price and enhance pre-booking information. Accessible tourism facility management
framework which were obtained from this research can be used as the guidance in the
provision of accessible facilities and contribute in improvement of quality of life of
the disabled tourists.


Ultrasound has been widely used in medicine for both diagnosis and therapeutics. To assure its safety and efficacy, it is necessary to establish a fast and accurate method of measuring an ultrasonic field. Hydrophone scanning, which is a standard method for pressure measurement, requires a long measurement time and may disturb the field. In this study, an optical phase contrast method is combined with an acoustic holography method with nonlinear propagation simulation. The nonaxisymmetric pressure field of pulse ultrasound upstream of the focus was measured by the optical phase contrast method combined with a computed tomography (CT) algorithm, and the entire three-dimensional pressure field was reconstructed by acoustic holography. The result obtained by the proposed method agreed well with that by the hydrophone measurement without absolute pressure calibration and confirmed the markedly reduced required measurement time.


The influence of environmental temperature and relative air humidity on the development of ticks Ixodes ricinus and their infection rate with tick-borne encephalitis virus was studied. It was found that the temperature influenced significantly the development of ticks, but it did not influence their infection rate. To the contrary, the relative air humidity influenced the infection rate. It is assumed that the intrinsic factors play a primary role in the infection of ticks, while extrinsic factors have a secondary role; they are probably important at border values only.


Although cloud storage offers a number of attractive features, it also raises various security concerns. In particular, cloud storage of sensitive information, such as medical or trade records, requires measures to be taken not only for privacy protection, but also for assured deletion and verifiable version control. Even though there are methods for realizing both assured deletion and version control in cloud storage, they cannot guarantee the integrity of files and their versioning order. Therefore, we propose a system referred to as ``Assured Deletion and verifiable version Control (ADEC)'', which is implemented as a virtual file system capable of taking snapshots in cloud storage. The main ideas behind ADEC are a scheme for generating chained keys and a scheme for verifiable version control with hysteresis signatures. This method can be used not only for protection of privacy, but also for assured deletion of specific versions and all older versions in a single operation. In addition, the integrity of each file version can be verified with the hysteresis signature scheme, which makes it impossible to implement rollback and reordering attacks.


A signal format based on PWM dimming and NRZ-OOK signals has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The signal format increases slot utilization. The signaling scheme utilizes the off-state of the PWM dimming period. Thereby, the data rate is increased compared with the case without data in the off-state of the PWM period, at the cost of dimming level change. The proposed technique is simple and effective in providing the data transmission with the dimming simultaneously.


In the mammalian lung, alveolar gas and blood are separated by an extremely thin membrane, despite the fact that mechanical failure could be catastrophic for gas exchange. We raised the pulmonary capillary pressure in anesthetized rabbits until stress failure occurred. At capillary transmural pressures greater than or equal to 40 mmHg, disruption of the capillary endothelium and alveolar epithelium was seen in some locations. The three principal forces acting on the capillary wall were analyzed. 1) Circumferential wall tension caused by the transmural pressure. This is approximately 25 dyn/cm (25 mN/m) at failure where the radius of curvature of the capillary is 5 microns. This tension is small, being comparable with the tension in the alveolar wall associated with lung elastic recoil. 2) Surface tension of the alveolar lining layer. This contributes support to the capillaries that bulge into the alveolar spaces at these high pressures. When protein leakage into the alveolar spaces occurs because of stress failure, the increase in surface tension caused by surfactant inhibition could be a powerful force preventing further failure. 3) Tension of the tissue elements in the alveolar wall associated with lung inflation. This may be negligible at normal lung volumes but considerable at high volumes. Whereas circumferential wall tension is low, capillary wall stress at failure is very high at approximately 8 x 10(5) dyn/cm2 (8 x 10(4) N/m2) where the thickness is only 0.3 microns. This is approximately the same as the wall stress of the normal aorta, which is predominantly composed of collagen and elastin. The strength of the thin part of the capillary wall is probably attributable to the collagen IV of the basement membranes. The safety factor is apparently small when the capillary pressure is raised during heavy exercise. Stress failure causes increased permeability with protein leakage, or frank hemorrhage, and probably has a role in several types of lung disease.


Android faces an increasing threat of malware attacks. The few existing formal detection methods have drawbacks such as complex code modeling, incomplete and inaccurate expression of family properties, and excessive manual participation. To this end, this paper proposes a formal detection method, called DroidFDR, for Android malware classification based on communicating sequential processes (CSP). In this method, the APK file of an application is converted to an easy-to-analyze representation, namely Jimple, in order to model the code behavior with CSP. The process describing the behavior of a sample is inputted to an FDR model checker to be simplified and verified against a process that is automatically abstracted from the malware to express the property of a family. The sample is classified by detecting whether it has the typical behavior of any family property. DroidFDR can capture the behavioral characteristics of malicious code such as control flow, data flow, procedure calls, and API calls. The experimental results show that the automated method can characterize the behavior patterns of applications from the structure level, with a high family classification accuracy of 99.06% in comparison with another formal detection method.


This article analyzes the peculiarities and develop-ment of the socially responsible business and conception of the corporate social responsibility (CSR). The CSR concept and those already being as part of socially re-sponsible business, more and more often require the ade-quate behavior from the supply chain partners as well. The main purpose of this article is to initiate the peculi-arities of the content and practice of socially responsible businesses worldwide and in Lithuania, as well as to de-termine the national companies" evaluation of the socially responsible business development and its main benefits. Modern organizations are implementing mandatory as well as voluntary management systems. Management system that is based on social responsibility requirements fall to voluntary system category. Every organization chooses how it would like to implement the corporate social responsibility and accountability concept into its daily practices. One of the best known international net-works of socially responsible businesses is Global Com-pact (GC), presented by the United Nations (UN) in 1999. Global Compact seeking two main goals: firstly – to help organizations to implement the principles of GC into business strategy, secondly – to force communication and partnership between various sectors inside and outside the country while seeking universal aims of world"s de-velopment. Lithuania set the national network of GC in 2005. Today, this national network in Lithuania contains forty two organizations. Other organizations choose standardized management systems of social accountability - SA 8000. Despite the fact that there are over 1000 certified organizations over the world, Lithuania makes its first steps in the area. SC "Utenos Trikotaţas" is the first and the only company at the moment, which implemented and certified its socially responsible management system according to SA 8000 requirements in 2006. This company has other evident achievements, showing its socially responsible business – significant part of its production is certified and marked with "EU flower" and "Oeko-Tex" environmental marks. In 2001 the company implemented environmental man-agement system according to ISO 14000. The daughter Ukrainian enterprise "Mriya" is encouraged and sup-ported by "Utenos Trikotaţas" SC to implement princi-ples, best practices and requirements of standards men-tioned above But there are lack of scientific resumes about the pe-culiarities of design and implementation of social respon-sibility standards, links between other management sys-tems and resulting benefits. This paper provides the analysis of peculiarities when implementing SA 8000 system, it provides the new model of "cause-effect" cycle and continuous improvement in business organization. The paper reveals that certification of social accountabil-ity and responsibility system is not only to gain competi-tive advantage, but also it is a tool to reveal strengths and weaknesses of the company. Innovative Lithuanian companies are spreading the best business practices, in-cluding experience of social responsibility, to organiza-tions from other countries accessing into EU.


An electronic market is an interorganizational information system through which multiple buyers This first decade of business process reengineering (BPR) is blemished by sporadic success, pathological performance, and inefficiency. Reengineering inefficiency is driven in part by cost and cycle time for process redesign, a process itself that requires deep reengineering knowledge and specialized expertise. However, such knowledge and expertise are not addressed by extant, first-generation redesign tools, so these intellectual activities must be performed manually at present, or provided through expensive BPR consulting services. Knowledge-based systems (KBS) address the requirements for knowledge and expertise directly, and they can augment first-generation tools to reduce redesign cost and cycle time, and hence increase reengineering efficiency. This study employs the methods and tools of reengineering recursively, to redesign the process of process redesign itself. Using measurement-driven inference, a second-generation, KBS redesign tool called KOPeR is developed to automate three key intellectual activities required for process redesign -- process measurement, pathology diagnosis, and transformation matching. This KBS tool is used in the laboratory to redesign a commercial process from the reengineering literature and then employed in the field to redesign operational procurement processes in the context of an "industrial strength" reengineering project. The study finds that KOPeR-supported redesign enables new reengineering efficiencies in terms of direct automation effects and indirect knowledge effects. Results of this investigation highlight new opportunities available to the IS manager -- such as improving the return on investment from BPR, enhancing the capability for knowledge management and organizational memory, and achieving competitive advantage through knowledge integration -- opportunities that do not necessarily require KBS automation to seize. This research also lays a research cornerstone and foundation for development of process redesign theory and investigation of reengineering effectiveness.


Due to the massive amount of heterogeneous information on the web, insufficient and vague user queries, and use of the different query by different users for same aims, the information retrieval process deals with a huge amount of uncertainty and doubt. Under such circumstances, designing an efficient retrieval function and ranking algorithm by which the most relevant results are provided is of the greatest importance. Now a day's search engines became more vital in retrieving information about unknown entities. In the world an entity may be recognized by more than on name (alias). For example many celebrities and experts from various fields may have been referred by not only their original names but also by their aliases on web. Aliases are very important in information retrieval to retrieve complete information about a personal name from the web, as some of the web pages of the person may also be referred by his aliases. In recent years, researchers have been developing algorithms for the automatic information retrieval to meet the demands of retrieving almost all data; the web search engine automatically expands the search query on a person name by tagging his aliases for complete information retrieval thereby improving recall in relation detection task and achieving a significant Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) of search engine. For the further substantial improvement on recall and MRR from the previously proposed methods, our proposed method will order the aliases based on their associations with the name using the definition of anchor texts-based co-occurrences between name and aliases in order to help the search engine tag the aliases according to the order of associations. The association orders will automatically be discovered by creating an anchor texts-based co-occurrence graph between name and aliases. Ranking Support Vector Machine (SVM) will be used to create connections between name and aliases in the graph by performing ranking on anchor texts-based co-occurrence measures. The hop distances between nodes in the graph will lead to have the associations between name and aliases. The hop distances will be found by mining the graph. The contribution presented in this paper makes human intervention one step more down by outperform previously proposed methods, achieving substantial improvement on recall and MRR.


Introduction The Gram negative bacterium Helicobacter pylori persistently colonises the stomachs of around half the world's population. It causes chronic asymptomatic gastritis, and leads to peptic ulceration and gastric cancer in a small proportion of cases. One of the key factors influencing the development of more severe pathology and disease is the expression of virulence factors by the colonising strain. The vacuolating cytotoxin, VacA, is a major determinant of H pylori pathogenicity and is highly polymorphic. Strains producing more active forms of VacA (i1 types) are more strongly associated with gastric cancer than strains producing less toxigenic VacA (i2 types).1 The i-region polymorphism is characterised by 10 amino acid substitutions and a serine-asparagine-glutamine (SNQ) tri-peptide insertion in i2. We aimed to further characterise the structure and function of this important region. Methods The SNQ tri-peptide from i2 was engineered into H pylori strain 60190 (VacA s1/i1/m1) to make strain 60190/SNQ. The vacuolating activities of 60190/SNQ and wild type strains were compared by incubating AGS cells with broth culture supernatants, and counting vacuolated cells in random fields by microscopy. To allow further structure-function characterisation of i-region variants, we modified a recombinant VacA system2 by expressing VacA p33 and p55 subunits in Escherichia coli and purifying both under denaturing conditions by metal affinity chromatography, then refolding by stepwise dialysis. Recombinant VacA was tested for vacuolating activity and previously described effects on Jurkat T-cells.3 Results Introduction of the i2-specific SNQ insertion into i1 VacA in the H pylori 60190 strain resulted in a 1.8-fold decrease in native toxin vacuolating activity on AGS cells lines (pH pylori—they induced extensive vacuolation of gastric epithelial cell lines at concentrations down to 0.2 μg/ml. The recombinant toxin also inhibited proliferation of, and IL-2 production by Jurkat cells. Engineering the SNQ insertion into recombinant i1 VacA resulted in modest reductions in the stability of the toxin. Conclusion A naturally-occurring three amino acid insertion in the VacA i-region renders the toxin less active in vitro. We speculate that this small insertion is a major contributor to the reduced association with cancer of strains with type i2 VacA. Recombinant VacA toxin is highly active on both epithelial and T cells and can be genetically modified to explore VacA structure-function relationships. We aim to use this system to further characterise the structure and function of i-region variants. Competing interests None declared. References 1. Rhead JL, Letley DP, Mohammadi M, et al. A new Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin determinant, the intermediate region, is associated with gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2007;133:926–36. 2. González-Rivera C, Gangwer KA, McClain MS, et al. Reconstitution of Helicobacter pylori VacA toxin from purified components. Biochemistry 2010;49:5743–52. 3. Gebert B, Fischer W, Weiss E, et al. Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin inhibits T lymphocyte activation. Science 2003;301:1099–102.


The inventory routing problem (IRP) arises in vendor-managed inventory systems, which is a combination of vehicle routing and inventory management. Differing from the traditional IRPs in which the time consumption in transportation is often ignored, in this paper, we take the time consumption into consideration, which brings the lead-time to replenishment. In this situation, the lead-time for replenishment depends on the routing decisions made by the vendor. Consequently, IRPs become more interesting because decisions on the replenishment quantity and routing depend more tightly on each other. The general case of the IRP with replenishment lead-time (i.e., one vendor and  ${N}$  retailers) is modeled mathematically. To solve the problem, first a simple case (i.e., one vendor and two retailers) is analyzed to obtain the theoretical optimal policy. By proving the  ${K}$ -convexity of the objective function, we confirm that the structure of the optimal replenishment and routing policy is of switching curve type. In this policy, the state space, which is composed of the inventory positions of the two retailers, is divided into several domains; and for inventory positions in each domain, there exists an optimal order-up-to level. This structure reveals, for managerial insight, that when lead-time is considered, the current routing decision is not independent of the previous one. Second, since the optimal policy is difficult to realize in practice, a myopic policy that is easier to implement is proposed and numerical experiments are conducted to examine the near-optimal performance of the myopic policy. Finally, the myopic policy is extended to a realistic-size IRP with replenishment lead-time (i.e., the IRP for the case of one vendor and multiple retailers) and a numerical example is provided to indicate the feasibility of the policy.


ethods: 15 patients underwent SNR stimulation for CRPS of leg nd/or foot between 2002 and 2007. Etiology was surgery/trauma 6), FBSS (5) and unknown (4). All failed conventional treatments. fter a full psychological evaluation, patients underwent a 1 week rial with a Pisces quad (Medtronic) lead passed from L2-3 interaminar level to overlie L5-S1 nerve roots on the painful side. If ain decreased by 50%, a full implant was done with single Pisces uad (Medtronic) lead attached to an Itrel 3 (Medtronic). We ooked at VAS scores at rest/movement, reduction in analgesic sage, consistency of stimulation to the target area, current ampliude and complications.


Measurements of radiation efficiency for a handheld phone equipped with a patch and a helical antenna operated near the human user have been performed. Both measurements include a simple head plus hand phantom and live persons are considered. The position of the hand on the phone is found to be the main reason for the large variation in radiation efficiency among persons. The tilt angle of the phone and the distance between the head and phone only play a minor role.


The commercial poultry processing environment plays a significant role in reducing foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms from poultry products prior to being supplied to consumers. While understanding the microbiological quality of these products is essential, little is known about the microbiota of processing water tanks within the processing plant. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the microbiomes of the scalder and chiller tanks during a typical commercial processing d, and determine how bacterial populations, including foodborne pathogens and spoilage organisms, change during the processing day in relation to the bacterial communities as a whole. Additionally, considering this is the first microbiomic analysis of processing tank waters, 2 water sampling methods also were compared. Results of this study show that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes represented over half of the sequences recovered from both tanks at the phylum level, but the microbiomic profiles needed to be analyzed at the genus level to observe more dynamic population shifts. Bacteria known to predominate in the live production environment were found to increase in the scalder tank and gram negative spoilage-related bacteria were found to decrease in the chiller tank throughout the processing day. Directly sampling the scalder water, as compared to analyzing filtered samples, resulted in significantly different microbiomic profiles dominated by Anoxybacillus species. While no sequences related to major foodborne pathogens were found, further sampling collection and processing optimization should provide researchers and the poultry industry a new tool to understand the ecological role of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria within processing tank waters.


Micro-sized particles are used in modern concrete technology as a part of multi-component cementitious systems. Adding of micro-filler admixtures improves the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete. Local and commercially available micro-fillers were used in this research: dolomite powder, microsilica, calcined local (illite) clay and calcined kaolinite clay. Firstly, the basic micro-filler properties were studied, such as particle size distribution, particle morphology, specific surface and content of reactive components. The second experimental part covered production of fine-grained mixes, sample curing and testing. Compressive strength and water absorption were tested. Mineral formation processes were investigated using X-Ray analysis and IR spectroscopy. As a result, it is concluded that the main factors, which determine the effectiveness of admixture, are pozzolanic reactivity, particle grading and morphology. The most effective fillers in this research were silica fume and calcinated kaolinite clay. Results for dolomite fillers were the same as for the inert fillers. Addition of local calcined illite clay improved tested concrete properties; consequently other locally available clay materials should be investigated more specifically as potential pozzolanic materials in future.


In the world of technology, found the smell detection sensor or gas sensor would be very helpful in the industrial world. Some kind of a drink right now is mostly a mixture of chemicals that are harmful to our bodies. ALKOHOL is one such example. Detector ALKOHOL content in the beverage ALKOHOL utilizing young evaporated. The sensor used is TGS2600, TGS2620, and AF63. Where the sensor is very sensitive to the ALKOHOL. In general, the sensor will change its resistance when exposed to ALKOHOL vapors.


Groundwater resources worldwide are being depleted at alarming rates since 1960 to support agriculture, industry, and domestic water demand. Water harvesting and the implementation of reduced application or more efficient irrigation technologies were identified as two of the most efficient practices to mitigate the declining patterns on groundwater resources. However, prior to implementing these practices, understanding how groundwater interacts with surface water and responds to natural and anthropogenic stressors is crucial. Integrated modeling tools that are able to exchange fluxes in both domains are needed to assess how conservation practices will affect our water resources under different projected climate and land use scenarios. This study aimed to evaluate the most likely impacts of current land management practices under the most severe projections of future climate and quantify the potential mitigation effects of three conservation scenarios on the water resources of the Fort Cobb Reservoir Experimental Watershed (FCREW) in western Oklahoma. The semicoupled SWAT-MODFLOW (SWATmf) model was used to simulate the hydrologic responses of the FCREW to a 50% reduction in the irrigation depths and the transition of 50% and 75% of croplands to rangelands under 32 distinct climate projections. Results showed that future climate can drive a reduction in the streamflow (−18%) and an increase to the depth of the water table (99%–120%) in the western part of the FCREW by the end of the century. The Fort Cobb Reservoir was expected to reduce its release after the mid-2060s to maintain its current target level. All the scenarios, aimed at decreasing groundwater extractions or implementing conservation measures, signaled a full recovery response in the groundwater levels 7–10 years after the year the conservation practices were implemented. The 50% reduction in the irrigation depths was found to elicit faster hydrologic systemic responses than the two that implemented conservation measures, which contravene tradition and would imply cessation of agricultural activities. This study can enable stakeholders to formulate timely adaptation and mitigating strategies to adopt to land use changes.


Scholars, legislators, judges, and the bar view alternative dispute resolution (ADR) as an efficient and effective procedural solution to the management problems associated with federal court civil litigation. ADR is perceived as a panacea for much that ails the federal courts, this article evaluates the premises underlying the ADR movement. This Article performs a critical assessment of ADR as it is currently used in federal courts. Part I describes the major types of ADR routinely utilized in many federal districts and discusses the kinds of cases for which they are used or thought to be suitable. Part II comprises an empirical evaluation of ADR from 1978 to 1988 and compares ADR and non-ADR districts to measure whether ADR has been successful as a court management tool. ADR has not resulted in speedier resolution of federal civil cases, reduced backlogs, or decreased the incidence of civil trials. Part II concludes that ADR likely does not have other advantages warranting the broad-scale adoption in federal courts. Part III addresses doctrinal issues surrounding implementation of ADR and considers whether federal district courts have the authority, under existing statutes or the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, to impose mandatory ADR by local rule or judicial fiat. Part III contends that, with respect to many ADR procedures currently used in federal courts, inherent judicial authority, does not provides a sufficient basis to require litigants to engage in mandatory ADR by local rules or orders. Part IV considers the Judicial Improvements Act of 1990 (the Act), Congress' effort to cope with the perceived litigation crisis in the federal courts. Part IV evaluates if the Act can be interpreted as expanding federal district courts' authority to implement mandatory ADR programs as a form of case management and then assesses whether and how federal district courts ought to utilize ADR programs as encouraged by the Act.


Abstract The objective of this article is to examine the rhetoric of educational leadership within a Scandinavian context, as it occurs within the framework of New Public Management. The study asks questions about new demands on leadership expressed in policy documents. Local culture and distinctive aspects of national life tend to modify external influences such as those inherent in the philosophy and practice of New Public Management. Scandinavian schools reflect key elements of Scandinavian life such as a commitment to collaboration, democracy, and individual enlightenment. These are themes in the curriculum of many of these countries and key values of the teachers who lead the learning processes. The range of tensions and dilemmas that teachers and their leaders are now facing are a direct result of the clash between generic public policy and the distinctive approach to support life and democratic culture in the Scandinavian countries. School leaders, it seems, are clearly in the middle of this clash and must mediate between these two trends. To remind us of the ultimate objectives of schooling, we outline a Scandinavian vision of democratic reflective leadership.


Kronecker-based approaches have been proposed for the solution of structured GSPNs with extremely large state spaces. Representing the transition rate matrix using Kronecker sums and products of smaller matrices virtually eliminates its storage requirements, but introduces various sources of overhead. We show how, by using a new data structure which we call matrix diagrams, we are able to greatly reduce or eliminate many of these overheads, resulting in a very efficient overall solution process.


"White dot syndromes" (WDS)is a term introduced around 1995 to describe posterior uveitis syndromes that were poorly understood such as MEWDS, APMPPE, multifocal choroiditis (MFC), serpiginous choroiditis (SC), birdshot retinochoroiditis (BRC) and many others depending on the extension with which the term is used. Unfortunatelly the term is of no utility as it is purely based on the the white dots most posterior uveitis exhibit and as it emcompasses entities that look alike but have nothing in common as far as mechanism is concerned. Thanks to indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) it became possible to get away from this pot‐pourri terminology and allowed to sort out choroiditis entities according to the pathophysiological mechanism subdividing choroiditis into diseases of the choriocapillaris (primary choriocapillaritis) including MEWDS, APMPPE, MFC, SC and atypical and overlapping entities on one side and stromal choroiditis on the other side including Vogt‐Koxanangi‐Harada disease (VKH), BRC, sarcoid and tubercular choroiditis. The appraisal of these diseases and the rationale of their new classification will be explained and examples will be given to illustrate this new comprehensive approach that should make WDS obsolete.


OBJECTIVE
We investigated whether the proportion of Black very low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants treated by hospitals is associated with neonatal mortality for Black and White VLBW infants.

METHODS
We analyzed medical records linked to secondary data sources for 74050 Black and White VLBW infants (501 g to 1500 g) treated by 332 hospitals participating in the Vermont Oxford Network from 1995 to 2000. Hospitals where more than 35% of VLBW infants treated were Black were defined as "minority-serving."

RESULTS
Compared with hospitals where less than 15% of the VLBW infants were Black, minority-serving hospitals had significantly higher risk-adjusted neonatal mortality rates (White infants: odds ratio [OR]=1.30, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.09, 1.56; Black infants: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.01, 1.64; Pooled: OR = 1.28, 95% CI=1.10, 1.50). Higher neonatal mortality in minority-serving hospitals was not explained by either hospital or treatment variables.

CONCLUSIONS
Minority-serving hospitals may provide lower quality of care to VLBW infants compared with other hospitals. Because VLBW Black infants are disproportionately treated by minority-serving hospitals, higher neonatal mortality rates at these hospitals may contribute to racial disparities in infant mortality in the United States.


Undergraduate business students who participated in a study tour to India were surveyed to determine their perceptions of attainment of study tour learning outcomes. The majority of students surveyed indicated that they were better able to achieve the stated learning outcomes as a result of participating in the study tour. Their perceptions of achieving the study tour learning outcomes were corroborated by the faculty members' assessments of their assignments. The literature review reveals that business study tours tend to emphasize functional skills and practical knowledge over holistic personal development. Contrasts between the learning outcomes of our undergraduate business study tour and other short term study abroad programs are highlighted. It was evident that student learning on study abroad programs goes beyond the stated learning outcomes. More longitudinal data and comparative research is required on how undergraduate business study abroad learning outcomes differ from study abroad learning outcomes in other disciplines.


A 65 year old previously healthy farmer was brought to the emergency room 18 hours after the acute onset of symptoms. There was no family history of movement disorders, or of neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal reactions. Four days before admission, he experienced mild epigastric distress and abdominal fullness, for which 2 days later, he took one tablet, 5 mg of oral metoclopramide, dextromethorphan, and Gasgel (simethicone, aluminum magnesium hydrate and magnesium oxide). Some 30 hours after the first dose, and 2 hours after the second dose, he developed irregular, intermittent muscle jerking, most obviously in the face, mouth, and limbs (fig, a). The jerks could be initiated when the patient began to speak or to move a limb, but were not affected by external stimuli such as pinprick, touch, vibration, light, or sound. The jerks disturbed speech and swallowing. There was no change in the level of consciousness. Obvious irregular independent flapping tremors were observed in both outstretched hands when the wrists and fingers were extended (fig, b). There was involuntary hyperextension of the neck and forceful opening of the mouth. Routine laboratory studies were all normal including liver function tests. A chest radiograph was normal. EEG (awake) revealed no abnormality. The asterixis, myoclonus, and acute dystonic reactions cleared within 12 hours. On follow-up 6 months later the patient was normal. Myoclonus has been described in association with the acute hyperkinetic syndrome


We simulate the long-term emittance growth of a proton beam due to an electron cloud of moderate density. This emittance growth is sometimes characterized by a rapid blow up of the bunch tail, and it appears to be different from the strong head-tail instability, which is observed at higher electron densities. We study whether this instability can occur in the absence of transverse dipole motion along the bunch, and its sensitivity to various simulation parameters, such as the number of beam-electron interaction points (IPs) and the phase advances between them. Using a frozen-potential model, we compute tune footprints, which reveal the resonances contributing to the incoherent part of the emittance growth.


Objectives: This study aims to recommend Arthrheuma Society of Kenya (ARSK) proposed Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) management and to compose a national expert opinion management of RA under guidance of current guidelines and implantation and dissemination of these international guidelines into our clinical practice. Materials and methods: A scientific committee of nineteen experts consisting of nine rheumatologists, three rheumatology nurses and seven physicians was formed. The recommendations, systemic reviews, and meta-analysis including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment were scrutinized paying special attention with convenient key words. The draft ARSK recommendations for management of RA opinion whose roof consisted of international treatment recommendations, particularly the assessment of American College of Rheumatology (ACR)/ European League Against Rheumatism was composed. Assessment of level of agreement with opinions by task force members was established through the Delphi technique. Voting using a numerical rating scale assessed the strength of each recommendation. Results: Panel comprised of six basic principles and recommendations including pharmacological and nonpharmacological methods. All of the recommendations had adequate strength. Conclusion: ARSK expert opinion for the management of RA was developed based on scientifi c evidence. These recommendations will be updated regularly in accordance with current developments. Keywords: Arthrheuma Society of Kenya, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Management guidelines


We develop a data driven, partial differential equation-ordinary differential equation model that describes the response of the carbon dioxide (CO2) dynamics inside a conference room, due to the presence of humans, or of a user-controlled exogenous source of CO2. We conduct three controlled experiments to develop and tune a model whose output matches the measured output concentration of CO2 inside the room, when known inputs are applied to the model. In the first experiment, a controlled amount of CO2 gas is released inside the room from a regulated supply, and in the second and third experiments, a known number of humans produce a certain amount of CO2 inside the room. For the estimation of the exogenous inputs, we design an observer, based on our model, using measurements of CO2 concentrations at two locations inside the room. We perform several simulation studies for the illustration of our results.


Responses of species to environmental gradients are important and frequent determinants of geographic phenotypic variation that can drive adaptive processes. Nonetheless, random genetic processes such as drift can also result in geographic variation in phenotypes, and should be evaluated before implicating selection as the process driving phenotypic change. We examined geographic variation in wing morphology of Artibeus lituratus among 18 different sites distributed across interior Atlantic Forest of Paraguay and Argentina. Moreover, we contrasted geographic variation with environmental, spatial, and genetic variation to test hypotheses related to selection and drift and their impacts on wing morphology. For A. lituratus distributed across interior Atlantic Forest, significant differences among sites characterized variation in wing morphology. Geographic variation was significantly related to climatic variables but not spatial or genetic distances. Such a pattern suggests that phenotypic variation is related to selection for particular environmental regimes, and not genetic drift. Four significant dimensions of phenotypic variation were determined. Three dimensions were related to variation among individuals in terms of wing tips, whereas one was related to overall body size. Wing tips are important for manoeuverability during flight and differences among sites likely reflect differences in forest and vegetation structure that must be managed during foraging. Although climate provides good surrogates for environmental variation, it is probably only an indirect cue of selection regimes that determine variation in wing morphology. Future studies should evaluate more direct environmental measures such as vegetation structure when attempting to interpret geographical variation in wing morphology.


Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be established as permanent cell lines, and their potential to differentiate into adult tissues has led to widespread use for studying the mechanisms and dynamics of stem cell differentiation and exploring strategies for tissue repair. Imaging live ESCs during development is now feasible due to advances in optical imaging and engineering of genetically encoded fluorescent reporters; however, a major limitation is the low spatio-temporal resolution of long-term 3-D imaging required for generational and neighboring reconstructions. Here, we present the ESC-Track (ESC-T) workflow, which includes an automated cell and nuclear segmentation and tracking tool for 4-D (3-D + time) confocal image data sets as well as a manual editing tool for visual inspection and error correction. ESC-T automatically identifies cell divisions and membrane contacts for lineage tree and neighborhood reconstruction and computes quantitative features from individual cell entities, enabling analysis of fluorescence signal dynamics and tracking of cell morphology and motion. We use ESC-T to examine Myc intensity fluctuations in the context of mouse ESC (mESC) lineage and neighborhood relationships. ESC-T is a powerful tool for evaluation of the genealogical and microenvironmental cues that maintain ESC fitness.


The purpose of the study was the assessment of the oral health in seafarers of the shipping company and raising the level of oral hygiene in a long voyage.Materials and methods. The study examined the dental health of 106 male sailors aged 45–59 years, working in one of the country's shipping companies. The assessment of dental health among seafarers was carried out using generally accepted examination methods before going on a long voyage and immediately after returning from it.Results and discussion. It has been established that more than half of the seafarers (59,43%) of the shipping company go on long trips without full mouth debridement. On average, 1,76 carious teeth per 1 sailor, and 91,51% of sailors go swimming with chronic inflammatory periodontal pathology, which requires tightening control over the oral health of seafarers of the shipping company in the pre-navigation period.


Quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping projects have been implemented mainly in the Holstein dairy cattle breed for several traits. The aim of this study is to map QTL for milk yield (MY) and milk protein percent (PP) in the Brown Swiss cattle populations of Austria, Germany, and Italy, considered in this study as a single population. A selective DNA pooling approach using milk samples was applied to map QTL in 10 paternal half-sib daughter families with offspring spanning from 1,000 to 3,600 individuals per family. Three families were sampled in Germany, 3 in Italy, 1 in Austria and 3 jointly in Austria and Italy. The pools comprised the 200 highest and 200 lowest performing daughters, ranked by dam-corrected estimated breeding value for each sire-trait combination. For each tail, 2 independent pools, each of 100 randomly chosen daughters, were constructed. Sire marker allele frequencies were obtained by densitometry and shadow correction analyses of 172 genome-wide allocated autosomal markers. Particular emphasis was placed on Bos taurus chromosomes 3, 6, 14, and 20. Marker association for MY and PP with a 10% false discovery rate resulted in nominal P-values of 0.071 and 0.073 for MY and PP, respectively. Sire marker association tested at a 20% false discovery rate (within significant markers) yielded nominal P-values of 0.031 and 0.036 for MY and PP, respectively. There were a total of 36 significant markers for MY, 33 for PP, and 24 for both traits; 75 markers were not significant for any of the traits. Of the 43 QTL regions found in the present study, 10 affected PP only, 8 affected MY only, and 25 affected MY and PP. Remarkably, all 8 QTL regions that affected only MY in the Brown Swiss, also affected MY in research reported in 3 Web-based QTL maps used for comparison with the findings of this study (http://www.vetsci.usyd.edu.au/reprogen/QTL_Map/; http://www.animalgenome.org/QTLdb/cattle.html; http://bovineqtl.tamu.edu/). Similarly, all 10 QTL regions in the Brown Swiss that affected PP only, affected only PP in the databases. Thus, many QTL appear to be common to Brown Swiss and other breeds in the databases (mainly Holstein), and an appreciable fraction of QTL appears to affect MY or PP primarily or exclusively, with little or no effect on the other trait. Although QTL information available today in the Brown Swiss population can be utilized only in a within family marker-assisted selection approach, knowledge of QTL segregating in the whole population should boost gene identification and ultimately the implementation and efficiency of an individual genomic program.


The study's objective was to assess the impact of Mediterranean diet/lifestyle interventions for weight loss on positive airway pressure (PAP) adherence, body mass index (ΒΜΙ), sleepiness, and blood pressure measurements (BP) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). We designed a randomized, controlled trial, including overweight and obese patients with moderate to severe OSA, randomized to standard care (SCG, n = 37) or a Mediterranean diet group (MDG, n = 37). The SCG received healthy lifestyle advice, while the MDG underwent a 6-month behavioral intervention aiming to enhance weight loss and adherence to a Mediterranean diet. PAP adherence, BMI, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), and BP measurements were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Post-intervention PAP use was higher in the MDG compared to the SCG (6.1 vs. 5.4, p = 0.02). Diet/lifestyle intervention was one of the most significant predictive factors for PAP adherence (OR = 5.458, 95% CI = 1.144–26.036, p = 0.03). The SCG demonstrated a rise in BMI, while the MDG displayed a decline (0.41 vs. −0.75, p = 0.02). The MDG also demonstrated a substantial reduction in adjusted SBP (−5.5 vs. 2.8, p = 0.014) and DBP (−4.0 vs. 2.5, p = 0.01). Ultimately, incorporating a dietary/lifestyle intervention with standard care yields superior PAP adherence, BMI, and BP measurements in contrast to standard care alone, emphasizing the advantages of dedicating more time and support within the MDG.


Abstract Leucine can promote slow-twitch muscle fibers formation, and this effect may be mediated by AMPK signaling pathway. In addition, adiponectin (AdipoQ) plays an important role in regulation of muscle fiber type transformation. AdipoQ is located in the upstream of AMPK and its secretion can be regulated by leucine. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore whether leucine affects muscle fiber type transformation through AdipoQ signaling pathway. Our data showed that 4 mM leucine significantly increased protein expression levels of slow MyHC, Myoglobin, Troponin I-SS, AdipoQ, AdipoR1, phospho-AMPK (p-AMPK) and PGC-1α and mRNA expression levels of AMPKα2, PGC-1α, AdipoQ and AdipoR1, and significantly decreased fast MyHC protein expression. In addition, 4 mM leucine significantly increased the SDH activity while significantly decreased the LDH activity. However, knockdown of AdipoR1 expression by AdipoR1-siRNA abolished leucine-induced upregulation of protein expressions of slow MyHC, AdipoR1, p-AMPK, PGC-1α and NRF1, mRNA expressions of MyHC I, MyHC IIa, AdipoR1, AMPKα2 and PGC-1α, ATP5G, TFAM and NRF1, and mtDNA level, as well as downregulation of protein expression of fast MyHC and mRNA expression of MyHC IIb. Together, our data revealed that leucine promotes muscle fiber type transformation from fast-twitch to slow-twitch through AdipoQ signaling pathway.


The authentic as a category of description and value is on the one hand an element of public discourse in order to constitute authenticity and truthfulness in various everyday contexts, on the other hand represents a central object of cultural studies. The functional difference in use resulting from this diversity of the concept is included in the following contribution, which is on the one hand in the context of the research network "Historical Authenticity" of the Leibniz Scientific Association. On the other hand, the considerations are derived from a planned research project on a linguistic social history 1933 to 1945.
Newer developments in use and changes in the semantic structure of authentic and the word family are reconstructed in order to answer the question of authenticity as a social construct. On the basis of this finding on the general use of authentic/authenticity, considerations follow, concerning the handling of such language data in the context of language history writing, which are not authentic in the strict sense, i. e. genuine and original. It is about the predicate "authentic" in terms of language data. More precisely, the category "authentic" is placed as a valuation term in the context of language history with the question: What is an authentic language date?


Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare gastrointestinal tumour. It occurs in women with pre-existing cholelithiasis. These tumours pose therapeutic as well as diagnostic challenges to treating clinicians. Early suspicion and optimal surgery for suspected GBC results in the best outcome. We describe two cases of metastatic GBC initially treated by simple cholecystectomy for gallstone despite disease pointers towards a malignant pathology. Subsequent presentation was with histopathologically proven metastatic GBC. In an area of high gallsone prevalence, a high index of suspicion and correct management of patients with suspicion of GBC is mandatory.


Privacy becoming a major concern in publishing sensitive information of the individuals in the social network data. A lot of anonymization techniques are evolved to protect sensitive information of individuals. kanonymity is one of the data anonymization framework for protecting privacy that emphasizes the lemma, every tuple should be different from at least k-1 other tuples in accordance with their quasi-identifiers(QIDs). Researchers have developed privacy models similar to k-anonymity but still label-node relationship is not well protected. In this paper, we propose a novel synergized k-degree l-diversity t-closeness model to effectively anonymize graphical data at marginal information loss, thereby controlling the distribution of sensitive information in graphical structure based on the threshold value. Experimental evidences indicate the substantial reduction in information loss ratio during synergy.


We report a case of an umbilical cord hemangioma associated with extremely high alpha-fetoprotein levels in maternal serum and amniotic fluid, as well as a positive acetyl-cholinesterase band.


The mechanism of stimulation of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) formation from estrone (E1) by 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha-DHT) in placental villi was investigated by examining; (1) if dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) was stimulatory, (2) if NAD(P)H-generating, non-steroidal substrates stimulated E2 formation, (3) the subcellular localization of the effect, (4) if NAD(P) or NAD(P)H was required and (5) rates of 5 alpha-DHT oxidation by villi and microsomes. Although 5 alpha-DHT and DHA both inhibited the E2 to E1 reaction in villi and microsomes, only 5 alpha-DHT stimulated the conversion of E1 to E2. Glucose and lactate were slightly stimulatory when compared with 5 alpha-DHT. Stimulation of E2 formation was observed with microsomes but not with cytosol, and NAD or NADP was required. The results indicate that neither inhibition of the back reaction, E2 to E1, nor NADH or NADPH formation via the 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/5-ene-3-ketosteroid isomerase reaction can account for the stimulation. It is proposed that the mechanism of stimulation involves one or more forms of membrane-bound 17 beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase with NADH or NADPH formed as a product of 5 alpha-DHT oxidation being used as the cofactor for E1 reduction. This may involve a direct transfer of reduced pyridine nucleotide between enzyme molecules without equilibration with intracellular coenzyme pools.


Introduction The ideal management of variceal bleeding in the setting of acute alcoholic hepatitis is unclear. We present the outcome of this subgroup of patients in a cohort of patients treated with primary TIPS for variceal bleeding. Methods A retrospective analysis on patients who had TIPS procedure performed as a primary treatment modality within 72 h of acute variceal bleeding from December 2010 to April 2013 with a minimum of 6 months follow up was performed. Results 56 patients were included into the final analysis. In AH patients (n = 18) mean age was 48 years (30–65), mean discriminant function (DF) was 51 (24–87) and mean MELD score was 22. The 6 month mortality was 50%(9/18) with (7/9) dying within 30 days. The median HVPG (mmHg) pre-TIPS and post-TIPS were 16.5 and 6.5 respectively. In non-AH patient (n = 38) average age was 51y (25–70) mean MELD score was 14 (22–7). The mortality was 13% (5/38) at 6 months, (3/5) died by day 30. The median HVPG (mmHg) pre-TIPS and post-TIPS was 23 and 10 respectively. Conclusion In patients with variceal bleeding complicating AH there is a higher 30 day and 6 month mortality in patients managed with a primary TIPS in comparison to patients with cirrhosis. The ideal management of this complex group remains unclear. Disclosure of Interest None Declared.


This article examines the conditions for the emergence of a most unexpected movement. It traces how a small number of leaders, in the context of weak support of the institutional representative frameworks, gave collective and political meaning to the dissatisfaction of the unemployed. Sticking to the European agenda, the movement, by means of the "march" format, was able to make itself visible to the media and, more generally, to public opinion, both of which it then used as resources. I identify the strategic orientations that ran through the movement and whose articulation led to a new mode of the Europeanization of action, which I call "the externalization of protest." The article concludes by identifying some of the effects induced by the marches, and suggests the incapacity of the mobilization to survive to the global justice movement, although it was one of its first expressions.


The activity of AT III was measured by chromogenous substrates in 18 of 28 patients before, between and after liver transplantation. In half of all cases basic pathological activities could be observed. During transplantation, AT III is on an average decreased to 43% of the initial level. Examples are demonstrated for important AT III deficiencies after liver transplantation in man. Long-time examinations have shown AT III to be in the normal range or higher in 1 to 60 months after transplantation when the graft function is correct.


Disintegration of urinary stones by electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL) under transurethral flexible nephro-ureteroscopy was performed for 39 renal and ureteral stones in 38 patients. The use of a ureteral guide tube facilitated the endoscopic manipulation and allowed the endoscope to access the stones in all cases except for two with a severe ureteral stricture. Thirty-seven of the 39 stones (94.9%) were successfully disintegrated and 35 stones (89.7%) were distracted. And 33 stones were completely excreted within 6 months (average, 27.9 days). Complications including ureteral perforation in 3 cases, one of whom required open ureterolithotomy, urinary extravasation in one, failure of removing the ureteral stent in one and perirenal abscess in one who underwent surgical incision. The transurethral flexible endoscope provides a clear vision in the whole urinary tract up to the renal calyx with a minimal complication. This technique could be used as a non-invasive treatment of urolithiasis adjunct to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), and also it could be an effective measure for other urological diseases such as the upper urinary tract tumors.


This study investigated whether attributional style mediated the relationship between implicit beliefs and competition anxiety. Seventy-two soccer players completed the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire–Version 2, Sports Competition Anxiety Test, and short form Sports Attributional Style Scale. Entity beliefs were associated with heightened anxiety. Incremental beliefs were associated with lowered anxiety. Uncontrollable and global attributions mediated the relationship between entity beliefs and anxiety. Controllable and specific attributions mediated the relationship between incremental beliefs and anxiety. The social-cognitive model of achievement motivation appears to apply to the sporting domain and may facilitate anxiety and attribution research.


The ocean contains about 50 times the amount of carbon in the
atmosphere, and currently takes up about a third of the anthropogenic
carbon emissions. Primary production in the ocean is responsible for
maintaining a gradient in carbon content between the surface ocean and
the deep sea that determines atmopheric pCO2 over timescales of
thousands of years. But what determines the strength of the marine
primary production? Over the last decades it has become clear that
the micro-nutrient iron is a key determinant of biological
productivity in large areas of the worlds ocean. Unlike the
macronutrients phosphorus and nitrogen, iron is very particle-reactive
and quickly lost from the ocean; dust deposition to the ocean surface
is the main process that brings in new iron. However, both the loss of
iron and its input into the ocean are strongly influenced by the
complicated chemistry of iron in seawater. In the talk I will try to
give an overview what we currently know and what we do not understand
yet about the cycling of iron in the ocean, and its role in present
and possibly future marine productivity.


Background: Intra-articular calcaneal fracture is a challenge for surgeons, which must be understood to provide optimal treatment. The aim of this study was to define the distribution of the primary fracture line and the secondary fracture line of intra-articular calcaneal fractures. Methods: All X-rays and CT scans of intra-articular calcaneal fractures were collected from January 2014 to July 2020. According to the classification of Essex-Lopresti, these fractures were divided into tongue-fracture group and compression-fracture group. Construct 3D models of intra-articular calcaneal fractures in all patients, and record the location of all fracture lines, which were marked and integrated on the 3D model of intact calcaneus after virtual reduction. Heat mapping were created based on the occurrence frequency of fracture lines. Results: A total of 171 patients with intra-articular calcaneal fractures were included in this study, 4 of whom were bilateral. There were 87 cases in the tongue-fracture group, 37 cases (42.5%) involved 4 anterior articular surface, 16 cases (18.4%) involved middle articular surface, and 52 cases (59.8%) involved calcanecuboid articular surface. There were 88 cases in the compression-fracture group, including 43 cases (48.9%) involving anterior articular surface, 21 cases (23.9%) involving middle articular surface, and 63 cases (71.6%) involving calcanecuboid articular surface. Conclusion: The distribution of the primary fracture line and the secondary fracture line of intra-articular calcaneal fractures has a certain rule and correlation. Whether in tongue-fracture group or compression-fracture group, the fracture line is most often involves the calcanecuboid articular surface, followed by anterior articular surface, at least involves middlearticular surface. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploration of calcaneal injury mechanism, construction of biomechanical model, and choice of surgical approach.


Leprosy is a complex disease, but recent research and the Ridley-Jopling classification which emphasize its immunologic aspects have greatly aided our understanding of and approach to the problem. The diagnosis should be considered whenever skin lesions and sensory loss occur. Dapsone remains the treatment of choice, but several newer drugs show great promise, especially in those cases whose bacilli have become sulfone resistant. Immunotherapy may play an increasingly prominent role in the future. Reactive episodes continue to be a serious complication, but the availability of thalidomide to control erythema nodosum leprosum has markedly improved the prognosis. Physicians of the US Public Health Service Hospital at Carville, Louisiana, are available at all times for consultation on these and other matters related to leprosy.


What is science? How does it work? Scientists seldom consider such questions, preferring to leave these abstractions to philosophers or historians. But many scientists might ask a question only slightly less abstract: "How can I be more effective as a scientist?" No answer is possible without understanding what science is.

Enter Hugh Gauch with Scientific Method in Practice. His goals are to help scientists become better at their work and to provide a perspective on science.


In the mid-1900s the U.S. Government facilitated unfettered energy-company access to Native American lands for the extraction of natural resources such as uranium and coal. Outcomes were generally characterized by minimal financial tribal benefit, while often creating high levels of environmental degradation and exposure to toxic health risks. Since 1975, the federal government's official relationship with Native Nations shifted to one of "self-determination," which allowed tribes to assert greater sovereignty. Consistent with this policy, the DOE's Tribal Energy Program, in 2002, began providing grants to tribes pursuant of sustainable-energy projects with the goal of advancing human capacity in Native American communities. The theory of developmental justice known as the Capabilities Approach provides an ethical framework for assessing meaningful opportunities created by a federal wind power program to foster human and economic development within impoverished populations. Using the Capabilities perspective, this study views the pluralistic goals of Tribal Energy Program as wellconceived to correct past energy-sector injustices within reservations by empowering tribes to develop wind projects of their own conception; however, multiple barriers to implementation are preventing the successful development of these installations. Based on these findings, addressing extant barriers to development at the federal level is recommended through the channeling of available resources toward the development of small-scale projects. Tribal Energy Program: Wind Power and Human Development In Native American Communities 2


We consider the long wave limit for a Boussinesq equation. It is shown that for spatially localized initial conditions the dynamics are under a Korteweg--de Vries (KdV) regime on a large time interval; i.e., in this limit the solutions split up into two counterpropagating wave packets, where each of the wave packets evolve independently and approximately as a solution of a KdV equation. For the proof, exact estimates between the long wave solutions of the Boussinesq equation and the approximations obtained via the decoupled set of KdV equations are demonstrated. We expect that this result holds for the water wave problem, too.


1. To help improve our understanding of the nitrogen cycle in lakes, particularly in the context of climate change, we analysed total nitrogen (TN) and nitrate (-N) data from six mesocosm experiments (in Denmark, U.K., China and Turkey) covering different climatic regions. We assessed the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) loading, temperature, salinity and water level on N processing.
2. Water column N loss (defined as the nitrogen processed in and lost from the water column in units of net amount processed per unit area and per unit of time, or in relative terms as the percentage loss of the total pool in 2 weeks) was particularly sensitive to external nutrient loading to the mesocosms. Mean water column TN loss at high N loading varied from 111 to 250 mg m−2 day−1 and increased with N loading. High P loading resulted in increased water column N loss, possibly because of increased uptake into plants and attached algae and sedimentation of the increased algal crop. High salinity generally decreased water column TN loss; on average, 10% more TN was in the water column at 12‰ salinity than at 2‰ salinity, while no significant effect of water level was found.
3. Only weak relationships were observed between N processing and temperature, and mesocosms limited by P accumulated more nitrogen in their water columns than those with high P loadings. Our results suggest that N processing in lakes appears to be more sensitive to features of the catchment, such as hydrology and loading, than to climatic effects related to temperature, salinity and water level.


We present exact results on the exactly solvable spin chain of Bravyi et al [Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 207202 (2012)]. This model is a spin one chain and has a Hamiltonian that is local and translationally invariant in the bulk. It has a unique (frustration free) ground state with an energy gap that is polynomially small in the system's size ($2n$). The half-chain entanglement entropy of the ground state is $\frac{1}{2}\log n+const.$. Here we first write the Hamiltonian in the standard spin-basis representation. We prove that at zero temperature, the magnetization is along the $z-$direction i.e., $\langle s^{x}\rangle=\langle s^{y}\rangle=0$ (everywhere on the chain). We then analytically calculate $\langle s^{z}\rangle$ and the two-point correlation functions of $s^{z}$. By analytically diagonalizing the reduced density matrices, we calculate the Schmidt rank, von Neumann and Renyi entanglement entropies for: 1. Any partition of the chain into two pieces (not necessarily in the middle) and 2. $L$ consecutive spins centered in the middle. Further, we identify entanglement Hamiltonians (Eqs. 49 and 59). We prove a small lemma (Lemma1) on the combinatorics of lattice paths using the reflection principle to relate and calculate the Motzkin walk 'height' to spin expected values. We also calculate the, closely related, (scaled) correlation functions of Brownian excursions. The known features of this model are summarized in a table in Sec.I.


Bilateral medial medullary infarction is a rare event which clinically presents with flaccid tetraplegia sparing the face, bilateral disturbance of deep sensation, hypoglossal nerve palsy and respiratory failure. We here report a patient with such symptoms in whom magnetic resonance imaging enabled the detection of signal abnormalities in the lower brainstem as soon as 9 h after onset. Results of a control study 3 weeks later correlated well with the extent of infarction that was seen at autopsy. Early lesion detection in the lower medulla by magnetic resonance imaging and the unfavorable prognosis of patients with ischemic damage at that location may provide the rationale for aggressive therapeutic strategies in such a condition.


Visual embellishments, as a form of non-linguistic rhetorical figures, are used to help convey abstract concepts or attract readers' attention. Creating data visualizations with appropriate and visually pleasing embellishments is challenging since this process largely depends on the experience and the aesthetic taste of designers. To help facilitate designers in the ideation and creation process, we propose a design space, VizBelle, based on the analysis of 361 classified visualizations from online sources. VizBelle consists of four dimensions, namely, communication goal to fit user intention, object to select the target area, strategy and technique to offer potential approaches. We further provide a website to present detailed explanations and examples of various techniques. We conducted a within-subject study with 20 professional and amateur design enthusiasts to evaluate the effectiveness of our design space. Results show that our design space is illuminating and useful for designers to create data visualizations with embellishments.


The magnetic field in the coils of superconducting magnets induces so-called persistent currents in the filaments. Persistent currents are bipolar screening currents that do not decay due to the lack of resistivity. The NbTi-filaments are type II superconductors and can be described by the critical state model. This paper presents an analytical hysteresis model of the filament magnetization due to persistent currents which takes into account the changing magnetic induction inside the filament. This model is combined with numerical field computation methods, taking local saturation effects in the ferromagnetic yoke into consideration.


The authors describe the content, administration, reliability, construct validity, and training requirements for a semistructured diagnostic interview for borderline patients. The interview is composed of operationally defined and scored variables that assess five areas of functioning considered most characteristic of borderline patients--social adaptation, impulse/action patterns, affects, psychosis, and interpersonal relations. Their results show that the interview provides a reasonably constructed and reliable method for researchers and clinicians interested in identifying the syndrome of borderline personality disorders. Although existing research supports the clinical utility of defining borderline patients with the diagnostic interview for borderline patients, both the diagnosis and the content of the interview may require revisions.


Introduction: Social isolation increases in the over-74 population and it is a risk factor for death and Long Term Care (LTC) use. In order to prevent the negative consequences of social isolation on this population community interventions focused on strengthening the social network should be intensified. The aim of this paper is to describe the impact on health care use of a Community-based pro-Active Monitoring Program (CAMP) providing phone monitoring to all the clients and home visits according to the individual's needs. Methodology: In order to provide an evaluation of the program outcomes, the rates of clients' hospitalization and admissions to Long Term Care facilities during 2011 have been assessed. The observed rates have been compared with expected ones calculated on available information for similar population. A cost-analysis has been also carried out to analyze the program sustainability. Results: The studied sample is made up by 1408 over-74 citizens followed up during 2011 in Rome (Italy) by CAMP. The cumulative observation time was 1362 p/y; 61 individuals died during 2011 (death rate 4.3%). The hospital admission rate observed among CAMP's clients was 254‰ (357/1408; CL95% ± 91‰), lower than the 282‰ reported for the over-74 population of Rome. This translates into 39 averted hospitalization. The LTC admission rate is also reduced among CAMP's clients (9/1,408, 6.6‰ CL95% ± 0.8‰ vs. 9.7‰ reported for a comparable sample); it translates into 4 averted LTC admissions. The averted cost ranged between 47,153 �and 220,117 �according to the range of services used by the clients, which translates into a percentage of estimated cost reduction on yearly basis ranged between 3% and 12.5% of the whole cost of services used by the studied population. Discussion: The paper suggests the capacity of CAMP to reduce both the over-74 hospitalization rate and use of LTC. Cost analysis also indicates a cost reduction as a consequence of the CAMP implementation. Further studies including a control group and a detailed cost-benefit analysis are needed to check the program sustainability on larger population.


Sewage sludge is a byproduct of wastewater treatment. When processed, this residue can also be used as adsorbent. The aim of this study was to produce adsorbents from the sewage sludge, characterize its structure and evaluate the efficiency in adsorption of lipophilic wood compounds. The sewage sludge was calcinated at seven temperatures (400-1000°C) for five hours. The morphology and texture properties of the materials were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen isotherms. The presence of chemical functional groups at their surface was analyzed by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. Lipophilic compound adsorption rate was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results were compared with talc, an adsorbent traditionally used by the industry. The increase in temperature directly contributed to a decrease in the specific surface area. The adsorbents obtained between 600 and 700°C removed more than 60% of the lipophilic wood compounds, corresponding to 94.1% of the total amount of lipophilic compounds. These values are much higher than those presented by talc, being 2 and 11.8%, respectively. Therefore, the produced adsorbents can be studied as a new material in the removal of lipophilic wood compounds.


IEEE 1588 is a standard used in the synchronization of independent clocks that run on separate nodes of a distributed measurement and control system. This work presents a method that employs dual slave clocks in a slave to measure the link propagation delay, clock skew and offset. By accurately deriving these parameters, the proposed approach can reduce the deviation from the master clock to several orders of magnitude better than the required specification. The proposed technique fully conforms to the IEEE 1588, and can be used in the environments of symmetric and asymmetric communication links, such as xDSL.


The desulfurizer research is focused on transition-metal oxide.The paper had discussed in depth the desulfurization activity of nano-size ZnO doped with metallic elements.In order to improve the desulfurization activity of nano-desulfurizer,we prepared the nano-size ZnO desulfurizer doped with iron,nickel and copper ionic respectively,using homogeneous precipitation.At the same time,the effects of different doped elements on the desulfurization activity of nano-size ZnO were compared by removing the pollutant of H2S.The experimental results showed that the desulfurization activity of metallic elements-doped nano-size ZnO increased significantly.When the molar ratio of Fe/Zn is 5:100(FZ5.0) and Cu/Zn is 2:100(CuZ2.0),their sulfur contents are 5.3% and 5.6% respectively.These desulfurizers can reach better desulfurization activity than that doped with nickel.Further research showed that,for CuZ2.0,the primary desulfurization activity is better than that of FZ5.0,but the regeneration temperature is as high as 570 ℃,and after three times regeneration/sulfuration cycle tests,the desulfurization activity decreases obviously.However,FZ5.0 can be recycled 5 times continuously at 370℃ with a stable desulfurization activity.In view of the better regeneration/sulfuration performance of FZ5.0,the dynamics of the removing H2S process by FZ5.0 were further studied.The result showed that the reaction order of removing H2S by FZ5.0 is 0.96385 at 25 ℃.


Two pressure chambers, for compression experiments with liquids from zero to 2.2 GPa pressure, are described. The experimentally measured compressions are then compared to theoretical values given by an isothermal model of equation of state recently introduced for solids. The model describes the pressure and bulk modulus as a function of compression for different types of lubricants with a very high accuracy up to the pressure limit of the high pressure chamber used (2.2 GPa). In addition the influence of temperature on static solidification pressure was found to be a simple function of the thermal expansion of the fluid.


The knowledge graph can make more accurate personalized recommendations for the recommendation system, but it is also interpretative and has traces to follow. The purpose of the recommendation system is to recommend a series of unobserved items for users. At present, recommendation systems based on knowledge graphs are mainly implemented in two ways: Embedding-based and path-based. Embedding methods usually directly use information from the knowledge graph to enrich the representation of an item or user. Still, it failed to introduce multi-hop relations, and it is challenging to use semantic network information. A path-based recommendation algorithm utilizes the knowledge graph to gain multi-hop knowledge and compare the similarity between users or items to improve the recommendation effect. This paper (1) Aiming at the problem of how the recommendation algorithm effectively utilizes the semantically related information of knowledge, a self-attention-based knowledge representation learning model is designed to learn the semantic information of the entity-relationship by using the overall triplet of the entity-relationship to achieve high-quality knowledge features, Which brings more and more helpful information to the recommendation. (2) Constructing a content recommendation model with unified, embedded behavior and knowledge features, using historical user preferences combined with knowledge graphs to dynamically learn knowledge features to bring users more accurate and diverse recommendations. (3) Aiming at the problem of knowledge feature representation learning, a self-attention-based knowledge representation learning model is proposed. Focusing on the difference in the importance of triples for determining entity semantics, the self-attention mechanism is used to learn semantics from triples to improve knowledge features. The quality of the representation provides high-quality auxiliary information for the recommendation system. The model's performance is demonstrated through link prediction and triple classification experiments to prove the feasibility of the method proposed in this article.


SUMMARY: In addition to structures already known, the trichomes of Caryophanon latum are shown to contain metabolically active cytoplasmic granules which agree with the definition proposed for bacterial mitochondria. Evidence is presented for some, at least quantitative, cytochemical differentiation among these granules.


The problem of autonomously steering a vehicle to a destination point, while avoiding obstacles, is considered. The vehicle is modeled as a single-integrator in the plane and it is assumed that the obstacles are unknown a priori. The control law is an extremum seeking algorithm, which steers the vehicle to the minimum of a navigation function. In this framework, obstacle avoidance and practical uniform convergence to a destination point for almost all initial conditions is proven. The theoretic results are illustrated using numerical examples.


In the diamond-rich Kono District, 90% of all buildings were burned or looted during Sierra Leone's civil war. The physical and human resources of the primary health care (PHC) system in Kono were deeply affected. After tentative peace was declared in 1999, many of the refugees that had fled the war returned, necessitating the reconstruction of infrastructure, including the devastated PHC units. World Vision Sierra Leone (WV) assisted in the rehabilitation and post-conflict support of 35 clinics in Kono with monies from USAID's Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). In June 2005, a modified version of the MEASURE BASICS Integrated Health Facilities Assessment tool was used to test the progress of WV, the Government of Sierra Leone's Ministry of Health, and other health rehabilitation partners in bringing the clinics of Kono District to current WHO Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI) standards. The specific objectives of WV's OFDA project, "FY04 Development Relief Initiative Kono District, Sierra Leone," are measured by this survey and the results obtained show the following: (1) The drug, vaccine, and equipment supplies at the clinics in Kono District are stable. While specific, remediable deficits exist, the progress made during the rehabilitation and support of these clinics has been significant. Concrete, minimal interventions such as further provision of solar refrigeration, the combination of drug supply and supervision visits, and the testing of a referral program could help to improve the physical and material conditions for Kono District implementation of IMCI. (2) Health worker skill in vaccine administration, childhood sickness diagnosis and treatment, and record keeping is generally poor. These human-resource challenges constitute the largest impediment to successful IMCI strategies in Kono. Failures in care delivery should be addressed through concerted, long-term efforts to train health workers in the IMCI model.


Summary.  This article presents methodology for multivariate proportional hazards (PH) regression models. The methods employ flexible piecewise constant or spline specifications for baseline hazard functions in either marginal or conditional PH models, along with assumptions about the association among lifetimes. Because the models are parametric, ordinary maximum likelihood can be applied; it is able to deal easily with such data features as interval censoring or sequentially observed lifetimes, unlike existing semiparametric methods. A bivariate Clayton model (1978, Biometrika65, 141–151) is used to illustrate the approach taken. Because a parametric assumption about association is made, efficiency and robustness comparisons are made between estimation based on the bivariate Clayton model and "working independence" methods that specify only marginal distributions for each lifetime variable.


Information about bees of the genus Colletes in the Caucasus region is summarized. Two new species are described from Azerbaijan: Colletes jovel Kuhlmann & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. and C. longimala Kuhlmann & Proshchalykin, sp. nov. Nine species are newly recorded from Caucasus: C. asiaticus Kuhlmann 1999, C. brevigena Noskiewicz 1936, C. cariniger Pérez 1903, C. glaber Warncke 1978, C. idoneus Cockerell 1922, C. inexpectatus Noskiewicz 1936, C. meyeri Noskiewicz 1936, C. schwarzi Kuhlmann 2002, and C. wahrmani Noskiewicz 1959. A total of 50 species are currently known from this area.


Objective: To study the effects of tibolone versus conjugated oestrogen as short-term treatment in improving HRQOL in surgical menopausal women utilizing Menopause Rating Scale II (MRS II). Materials and Methods: Sixty four women were randomized to two groups. Women in Group A (32 women) received tibolone 2.5 mg daily and women in Group B (32 women) received conjugated oestrogen 0.625 mg daily. For baseline assessment of the severity of menopausal symptoms, each woman scored herself on the MRS II, and then again after three months and twelve months of follow up. All women returned for follow up after three months but only ten women in Group A and nine women in Group B returned for follow up after twelve months. As a very short-term therapy (first three months), women receiving tibolone were found to have slightly better overall quality of life compared to those having conjugated oestrogen (psychological symptoms were predominantly improved with tibolone). Results: "Intent to treat" method of analysis showed that "probability" of relief and improvement of HRQOL after twelve months, were higher with tibolone than with conjugated oestrogen. Discussion: In a very short-term treatment, tibolone improves psychological symptoms of menopause better than conjugated oestrogen and on further continuation of the therapy, overall chances of relief are more with tibolone.


Prostate cancer invokes major shifts in gene transcription and metabolic signaling to mediate alterations in nutrient acquisition and metabolic substrate selection when compared to normal tissues. Exploiting such metabolic reprogramming is proposed to enable the development of targeted therapies for prostate cancer, yet there are several challenges to overcome before this becomes a reality. Herein, we outline the role of several nutrients known to contribute to prostate tumorigenesis, including fatty acids, glucose, lactate and glutamine, and discuss the major factors contributing to variability in prostate cancer metabolism, including cellular heterogeneity, genetic drivers and mutations, as well as complexity in the tumor microenvironment. The review draws from original studies employing immortalized prostate cancer cells, as well as more complex experimental models, including animals and humans, that more accurately reflect the complexity of the in vivo tumor microenvironment. In synthesizing this information, we consider the feasibility and potential limitations of implementing metabolic therapies for prostate cancer management.


Uptake and subsequent phosphorylation of cytosine arabinoside by normal and leukemic human leukocytes, and by normal platelets and erythrocytes, were measured in vitro . A very rapid uptake of the drug was found, even at 10°C. A cell/medium distribution ratio of 1 was achieved over a wide range of external drug concentrations. Capacity for drug phosphorylation, which varied widely among the different cell types, was highest in mature lymphocytes and some mycloblasts and lymphoblasts, lower in granulocytes, erythrocytes and platelets, and lowest in circulating lymphoblasts and myeloblasts from patients with leukemias resistant to cytosine arabinoside.


Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during auditory and visual "oddball" tasks from a patient with a severe verbal memory deficit due to a low grade infiltrating glioma which involved the full extent of the left medial temporal lobe. In both sensory modalities, the patient's oddball-evoked P300s were symmetrical and of normal amplitude. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that the hippocampus, or any other medial temporal structure, makes a substantial contribution to the scalp P300.


One of the greatest challenges for the world today is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. As buildings contribute to almost a quarter of the greenhouse gas emissions worldwide, reducing the energy use of the existing building stock is an important measure for climate change mitigation. In order to increase the renovation pace, there is a need for a comprehensive technical documentation that describes different types of buildings in the existing building stock. The purpose of this study is to analyse and describe existing residential buildings in Sweden. The data are based on published reports from 1967 to 1994 that have not been publicly available in a database for other researchers to study until now. Data from the reports have been transferred to a database and analysed to create a reference for buildings and/or a description of building typology in Sweden. This study found that there is a rather large homogeneity in the existing residential building stock. However, it is not possible to use a single reference building or building technique to cover the majority of the existing buildings. In Sweden, common constructions for exterior walls in multi-dwelling buildings which should be used for further studies are insulated wood infill walls with clay brick façades, lightweight concrete walls with rendered façades and concrete sandwich walls. The most common constructions for one- and two-dwelling buildings are insulated wooden walls with clay brick façades or wooden façades. Furthermore, roof constructions with insulated tie beam and roof constructions where the tie beam is a part of the interior floor slab are frequently used and should be included in further studies.


A modified indoor path loss prediction model is presented, namely, effective wall loss model. The modified model is compared to other indoor path loss prediction models using simulation data and real‐time measurements. Different operating frequencies and antenna polarizations are considered to verify the observations. In the simulation part, effective wall loss model shows the best performance among other models as it outperforms 2 times the dual‐slope model, which is the second best performance. Similar observations were recorded from the experimental results. Linear attenuation and one‐slope models have similar behavior, the two models parameters show dependency on operating frequency and antenna polarization.


This chapter explores how early theorising about information behaviour and the emergence of conceptual modelling in information behaviour research had its beginnings in thinking that was taking place in the very late 1970s and early 1980s in Europe and the USA. Some of these ideas were presented in papers that are very familiar and much cited, but others in papers which may be less familiar and, consequently, may not be much cited, but which together contribute to explain why the rapid development in conceptual thinking about, as opposed to the simple empirical study of, information behaviour took place from that period to the present. Four dimensions are identified which together underpin the emergence of conceptual modelling in contemporary information behaviour research. The four dimensions are (1) the adoption of a social science perspective, (2) a qualitative as opposed to a quantitative orientation, (3) a focus on the modelling of information behaviour and (4) a concern with empirical validation and exemplification in the development of such models. These four dimensions came together to provide a tacit rather than explicit framework for subsequent theorising about information behaviour, and in particular underpinned studies involved the conceptual modelling of information behaviour. Information behaviour research then began to develop conceptual models very different from the empiricism of earlier studies, and, at the same time exhibited a strong concern for the exemplification or validation of these models in empirical studies. This combination of theoretically based conceptual modelling and empirical exemplification and validation together gave much of the character to information behaviour research from the later 1970s and early 1980s, an influence that extends to the present.


Three Schiff-base-type nickel(II) complexes (1a-3a) and the corresponding noninnocent-type complexes (1b-3b) were synthesized, and the equilibria between these valence isomers were observed in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at room temperature. The electronic state of the noninnocent-type nickel complex was also confirmed by isolation of the one-electron-reduced species. The catalytic ability for the photogeneration of hydrogen from water was examined about 1a-3a and 1b-3b in the presence of a photosensitizer and a sacrificial electron donor. Then, a Schiff-base-type complex with chlorine atoms (2a) and a noninnocent-type complex with methyl groups (3b) on the pendant phenyl rings being present as the minor species in THF exhibited high activity of over 400 turnover numbers. The dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy measurements suggested the formation of NiSx-like aggregate species under photocatalytic conditions. The electrocatalytic activities of the nickel complexes for hydrogen production were also investigated, and a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of a combined electrochemical and density functional theory study.


Abstract. A spectrum splitter can be used to spatially multiplex different solar cells that have high efficiency in mutually exclusive parts of the solar spectrum. We investigated the use of a grating, comprising an array of dielectric cylinders embedded in a dielectric slab, for specularly transmitting one part of the solar spectrum while the other part is transmitted nonspecularly and the total reflectance is very low. A combination of (1) the rigorous coupled-wave approach for computing the reflection and transmission coefficients of the grating and (2) the differential evolution algorithm for optimizing the grating geometry and the refractive indices of dielectric materials was devised as a design tool. We used this tool to optimize two candidate gratings and obtained definite improvements to the initial guesses for the structural and constitutive parameters. Significant spectrum splitting can be achieved if the angle of incidence does not exceed 15 deg.