We propose the desirable features or criteria to be considered when designing routing protocols for mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). From a literature review to compare currently implemented routing protocols, we have identified the important features that should be included in the routing protocol. Looking at the current implementations, each routing protocol has its own particular features or criteria of merit. The mobile ad hoc network is expected to contribute a greater mobility service that will become a high demand.


Formation and excretion of thrombogenous and athrombogenous factors by endothelial cells is a constant physiological process taking place in all vessels. Endothelium is a huge endocrine gland which generates a wide spectrum of biologically active substances. Biologically active substances of endothelium are involved in many hemostasis mechanisms and regulation of local blood flow. BAS composition is determined by status of endothelial cells. In physiological state BAS of endothelium provide adequate local blood flow by synthesizing powerful anticoagulants, vasodilators and other biologically active substances. Activity of endothelium in physiological conditions provides trophism of tissues and fulfils protective function. Disturbance of any function or structure of endothelium significantly changes the spectrum of biologically active substances. Endothelium starts to secrete aggregants, coagulants, vasoconstrictors and other factors many of which contribute to generalization of the pathological process.


The mechanism of the scoliotic curve development in healthy adolescents remains unknown in the field of orthopedic surgery. Variations in the sagittal curvature of the spine are believed to be a leading cause of scoliosis in this patient population. Here, we formulate the mechanics of S-shaped slender elastic rods as a model for pediatric spine under physiological loading. Secondarily, applying inverse mechanics to clinical data of the scoliotic spines, with characteristic 3D deformity, we determine the undeformed geometry of the spine before the induction of scoliosis. Our result successfully reproduces the clinical data of the deformed spine under varying loads confirming that the pre-scoliotic sagittal curvature of the spine impacts the 3D loading that leads to scoliosis.


BACKGROUND
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with progressive impairments in brain insulin, insulin-like growth factor (IGF), and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling through Akt pathways that regulate neuronal growth, survival, metabolism, and plasticity. The intracerebral streptozotocin (i.c. STZ) model replicates the full range of abnormalities in sporadic AD. T3D-959, an orally active PPAR-delta/gamma agonist remediates neurocognitive deficits and AD neuropathology in the i.c. STZ model.

OBJECTIVE
This study characterizes the effects of T3D-959 on AD biomarkers, insulin/IGF/IRS signaling through Akt pathways, and neuroinflammation in an i.c. STZ model.

METHODS
Long Evans rats were treated with i.c. STZ or saline, followed by daily oral doses of T3D-959 (1 mg/kg) or saline initiated 1 day (T3D-959-E) or 7 days (T3D-959-L) later through Experimental Day 28. Protein and phospho-protein expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine activation were measured in temporal lobe homogenates by duplex or multiplex bead-based ELISAs.

RESULTS
i.c. STZ treatments caused neurodegeneration with increased pTau, AβPP, Aβ42, ubiquitin, and SNAP-25, and reduced levels of synaptophysin, IGF-1 receptor (R), IRS-1, Akt, p70S6K, mTOR, and S9-GSK-3β. i.c. STZ also broadly increased neuroinflammation. T3D-959 abrogated or reduced most of the AD neuropathological and biomarker abnormalities, increased/normalized IGF-1R, IRS-1, Akt, p70S6K, and S9-GSK-3β, and decreased expression of multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines. T3D-959-E or -L effectively restored insulin/IGF signaling, whereas T3D-959-L more broadly resolved neuroinflammation.

CONCLUSION
AD remediating effects of T3D-959 are potentially due to enhanced expression of key insulin/IGF signaling proteins and inhibition of GSK-3β and neuroinflammation. These effects lead to reduced neurodegeneration, cognitive impairment, and AD biomarker levels in the brain.


In this lecture, we will cover amortized analysis, which is a method where we consider the average work done over an entire sequence of operations instead of just considering the worst-case cost/time for a single operation; by doing such an analysis, we can obtain tighter bounds in scenarios when expensive operations occur rarely enough that we can charge their cost to more frequent inexpensive operations. We cover such charging arguments as well as the potential method which is another powerful tool for doing amortized analysis. We will apply both these techniques to binary counting, and the union-find data structure (which is needed to implement Kruskal's algorithm efficiently). 1


Text categorization is the classification to assign a text document to an appropriate category in a predefined set of categories. This paper focuses on the special case when categories are organized in hierarchy. We presents a new approach on this recently emerged subfield of text categorization. The algorithm applies an iterative learning module that allow of gradually creating a classifier by trial-and-error-like method. Experimental results performed on three document corpora (including the wellknown Reuters-21578, and 20 newsgroups data sets) with several topic hierarchies show that our approach outperforms existing ones by up to 10%. We also indicate another application of the method on the field of fuzzy relational thesauri (FRT): the expansion of knowledge base can be supported in a cost-effective way.


England's comic master is in a black comic mode in this West End hit about our fascination with technology. It is sometime quite soon in a steel shuttered, slovenly flat in a no go area of North London where punks rule deserted streets. Here, a lonely composer sits surrounded by high tech equipment. His only company is a robot nanny, and she's on the blink. He desperately wants to reclaim his teenage daughter and enlists an out of work actress to implement a cunning plan he's evolved to impress his estranged wife and a wired for sound child welfare officer. When things don't work out, Jerome has to improvise... It's amazing what can be done with new micro chips and a screwdriver!


We perform ab initio molecular dynamics on experimentally relevant-sized lead sulfide (PbS) nanocrystals (NCs) constructed with thiol or Cl, Br, and I anion surfaces to determine their vibrational and dynamic electronic structure. We show that electron-phonon interactions can explain the large thermal broadening and fast carrier cooling rates experimentally observed in Pb-chalcogenide NCs. Furthermore, our simulations reveal that electron-phonon interactions are suppressed in halide-terminated NCs due to reduction of both the thermal displacement of surface atoms and the spatial overlap of the charge carriers with these large atomic vibrations. This work shows how surface engineering, guided by simulations, can be used to systematically control carrier dynamics.


Summary form only given. To confirm the feasibility of our proposed current driven photonic crystal laser diode (PC-LD) used for wavelength division multiplex (WDM) applications, finite difference time domain simulations were performed. We found that the lasing wavelength is linearly increasing when increasing the radius of the circular cavity. In the wavelength range from 1300 to 1320 nm, Q-factors of the cavities are always larger than 7000. These results meet requirements for PC-LD used in WDM applications.


The industry needed a system to support its operation when most of the processes were done by equipment or machines. Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) was a system to ensure all equipment or machines run in optimal performance for long period by fully supported by top management until the bottom level. Implementation of this system in the mining industry was still seldom due to some factors and organizational culture was one of the reasons. The purpose of this research was to analyze the influence of TPM implementation on operational performance by moderating the effect of organizational culture in the mining industry by using a two-step approach of structural equation model (SEM). The research type was under explanative research with hypothesis testing from primary data that was obtained from distributing questionnaires and direct interviews in the field which was analyzed by using Lisrel 8.7. This research showed that the construct of TPM has a significant impact to influence operation performance directly in the mining industry with a t-value of 3.54 and organization culture also increases the significance by moderating effect with t-value of interaction 5.28 was higher than 1.96 while organizational culture was not significant to influence operational performance directly that was showed by t-value 1.22. This research had a novelty for studying TPM practice in Indonesian mining by using SEM to analyze the moderating effect of organizational culture. The managerial implication of this research was a guideline for decision-makers to implement TPM by considering developing, group, hierarchical, and rationale culture to improve operational performance in the Indonesian mining industry.


To solve a class of complex job shop scheduling problem with characteristics of re-entrant and flexible, which is a NP-hard problem, an improved genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed in this paper. In order to effectively overcome the contradiction between "convergence rate" and "convergence accuracy" of GA, a comprehensive search mechanism is presented. In this search mechanism, a strategy with excluding close relative and an elitist selection have been applied into the select operator. Meanwhile, a partition crossover operator with competition between parents and children has also been used in GA. In addition, considering diversity of population, random perturbation is added into the evolution process of GA. Finally, the improved algorithm is applied into the optimization scheduling problem of automatic fluorescence analyzer which has characteristics of re-entrant and flexible. And its experimental results compared with other GA indicate the improved GA with comprehensive search mechanism can effectively overcome the contradiction between "convergence rate" and "convergence accuracy".


In this paper, a H∞ controller based on sensitivity function is designed after the system analyzing and model building on magnetic bearing of reaction flywheel which has an external rotor, a large moment and a small span. The simulation results of PID and H∞ controller are given also. The results indicate that the H∞ controller can provide more robustness, higher control accuracy and higher ability of disturbance limiting than PID controller.


A sufficient number books have been written about the German Historical School to fill entire libraries. Nevertheless, it is still difficult to determine who should be counted as a member of this school and who should not. One reason is that the traditional historical method, which dominated German legal historiography in the 20th century for quite some time, left marks that are still visible today. Eras have been interpreted through leading figures that supposedly matched the respective zeitgeist. The German Historical School has been identified with Friedrich Carl v. Savigny ever since. As a result, the research was focused on Savigny almost to the complete exclusion of his pupils. As a group phenomenon, the German Historical School remains an amazing terra incognita to this day. This work attempts to reconstruct the German Historical School for the first time as an academic school and thereby as a context of communication for a great number of legal scholars. Three fields of legal activity within which the German Historical School presented itself as a unified whole will be examined: the jurist as a teacher, as a legal scholar and as a judge.


This study extends earlier research on corporate governance by examining whether the interaction between independent directors, women directors, minority directors and corporate social responsibility practices is effective to mitigate earnings management. Using panel data from Malaysian firms for the financial years 2005-07, this study finds that only minority director has main effect on earnings management. This result suggests that firms which have board diversity tend to have lower earnings management. There is no interaction effect between corporate social responsibility and corporate governance variables on earnings management.


This typological overview compares the degree to which different languages have means to give expression to modality (possibility, necessity) without lexical and direct inflectional means. The criterial patterns derive from a variety of languages such as German, English, Chinese, French, Scandinavian, Italian, Romanian, Russian, Polish, and Gothic as well as Old High German. They encompass mainly the auxiliaries HAVE and BE, together with either an infinitival embedding of a full verb linked by the infinitival preposition TO, or other aspectual means. It is demonstrated that what appears as typical covert modal expressions in the Germanic languages, and the Indo-European ones in a wider sense, cannot be seen as a recurrent pattern in non-Indo-European languages. Yet, there are recurrent and plausible forms that allow for generalizations.


This study presents the design and manufacture of metasurface lenses optimized for focusing light with 1.55 µm wavelength. The lenses are fabricated on silicon substrates using electron beam lithography, ultraviolet-nanoimprint lithography and cryogenic deep reactive-ion etching techniques. The designed metasurface makes use of the geometrical phase principle and consists of rectangular pillars with target dimensions of height h = 1200 nm, width w = 230 nm, length l = 354 nm and periodicity p = 835 nm. The simulated efficiency of the lens is 60%, while the master lenses obtained by using electron beam lithography are found to have an efficiency of 45%. The lenses subsequently fabricated via nanoimprint are characterized by an efficiency of 6%; the low efficiency is mainly attributed to the rounding of the rectangular nanostructures during the pattern transfer processes from the resist to silicon due to the presence of a thicker residual layer.


BACKGROUND: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a noninvasive, portable lung imaging technique that provides functional distribution of ventilation. We aimed to describe the relationship between the distribution of ventilation by mode of ventilation and level of oxygenation impairment in children who are critically ill. We also aimed to describe the safety of EIT application. METHODS: A prospective observational study of EIT images obtained from subjects in the pediatric ICU. Images were categorized by whether the subjects were on intermittent mandatory ventilation (IMV), continuous spontaneous ventilation, or no positive-pressure ventilation. Images were categorized by the level of oxygenation impairment when using SpO2/FIO2. Distribution of ventilation is described by the center of ventilation. RESULTS: Sixty-four images were obtained from 25 subjects. Forty-two images obtained during IMV with a mean ± SD center of ventilation of 55 ± 6%, 14 images during continuous spontaneous ventilation with a mean ± SD center of ventilation of 48.1 ± 11%, and 8 images during no positive-pressure ventilation with a mean ± SD center of ventilation of 47.5 ± 10%. Seventeen images obtained from subjects with moderate oxygenation impairment with a mean ± SD center of ventilation of 59.3 ± 1.9%, 12 with mild oxygenation impairment with a mean ± SD center of ventilation of 52.6 ± 2.3%, and 4 without oxygenation impairment with a mean ± SD center of ventilation of 48.3 ± 4%. There was more ventral distribution of ventilation with IMV versus continuous spontaneous ventilation (P = .009), with IMV versus no positive-pressure ventilation (P = .01) cohorts, and with moderate oxygenation impairment versus cohorts without oxygenation impairment (P = .009). There were no adverse events related to the placement and use of EIT in our study. CONCLUSIONS: Children who had worse oxygen impairment or who received controlled modes of ventilation had more ventral distribution of ventilation than those without oxygen impairment or the subjects who were spontaneously breathing. The ability of EIT to detect changes in the distribution of ventilation in real time may allow for distribution-targeted mechanical ventilation strategies to be deployed proactively; however, future studies are needed to determine the effectiveness of such a strategy.


Fiber amplifiers such as Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) played a key role in developing long-haul transmission system and have been an important element for enabling the development of optical communication system. EDFA amplifies the optical signal directly, without the optical-electric-optical switch and has the advantages such as high gain, broad band, low noise figure. It is widely used in repeaterless submarine system, smart grid and community antenna television system. This article describe the application of optical-fiber amplifiers in distributed optical fiber sensing system, focusing on erbium-doped fiber preamplifiers in modern transmission optical systems. To enhance the measurement range of a spontaneous Brillouin intensity based distributed fiber optical sensor and improve the receiver sensitivity, a two cascaded EDFAs C-band preamplifier with an optical bridge structure is proposed in this paper. The first cascaded EDFA is consisted of a length of 4.3m erbium-doped fiber and pumped in a forward pump light using a laser operating at 975nm. The second one made by using a length of 16m erbium-doped fiber is pumped in a forward pump light which is the remnant pump light of the first cascaded EDFA. At the preamplifier output, DWDM, centered at the signal wavelength, is used to suppress unwanted amplified spontaneous emission. The experimental results show that the two cascade preamplifier with a bridge structure can be used to amplify for input Brillouin backscattering light greater than about -43dBm. The optical gain is characterized and more than 26dB is obtained at 1549.50nm with 300mW pump power.


Proper analysis of vibrational sum-frequency generation (VSFG) spectra requires that the nonresonant contribution be dealt with correctly. This work shows that the temporal profile of the nonresonant SFG response varies with crystal facing and sample orientation for single-crystal Si and is significantly different than what is observed with polycrystalline Au. These considerations will affect the use of time-delay methods to experimentally suppress the nonresonant signal in broadband SFG measurements. Time-resolved or phase-sensitive SFG measurements will also need to properly account for these effects in post-processing. Graphical Abstract


The plant Lippia nodiflora (Family-Verbenaceae) has medicinal properties and particularly used as an antidandruff agent. The essential oil of the plant was tested for its antibacterial activity against both gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. It showed good activity and compared with standard neomycin sulphate. However, it was inactive in the case of shigella flexneri.


Abstract The religiosity of Polish youth is an important issue that deserves special attention. This fact is confirmed by the observation of new contemporary religious behaviours. The author set herself the goal of examining the level of religiosity among young people and learning how they assess the role of the family in shaping it. To do this, young people were studied for expressed declarative indicators: attitudes towards God, faith and the religious practices they engage in. The assumed goal is achieved and the answer to the questions that were formulated is included in the process of argumentation, which consists of introducing the problem through the analysis of religiosity and its structure, and then an analysis of the author's own research indicating family determinants of the development of youth religiosity. Its results are similar to those of nationwide research indicating that it is the family, as the closest educational environment of young people, that has the greatest impact on their attitude to faith: it shapes the nature of religiosity, teaches observance of values and is responsible for the frequency of religious practices.


Study of 579 skulls, representing all 33 extant prosimian species and several anthropoids, shows that an orbital exposure of the ethmoid occurs in most Malagasy genera. A palatine-lacrimal contact is normal only in Lemur; the zygomatic-lacrimal contact occurs in most lorisiform species. Lepilemur shows possibly significant resemblances to lorisiforms. The vomer appears in the orbit of some ceboids. Cebids are distinguished by a canal running from the orbital apex through the basicranium. It is argued that skull shape and jaw musculature affect the size and shape of certain orbital-mosaic components. Frequencies of traits, rather than typologically 'normal' traits, may be taken as synpomorphies linking different species cladistically.


Affective computing is computing that relates to user emotion, feelings, moods, temperament and motivation. One of its core problems that it tries to address is the automatic detection of user affect. In this paper, attempts were made to develop models of affective and behavioral states that users exhibit and experience while using Aplusix, an intelligent tutoring system for Algebra. To this end, we gathered both user interaction log data and biometrics data from first year Information Technology students at the Mapua Institute of Technology. We synchronized both logs, cut them into time frames, and labeled them following rules that we formulated for identifying the specific states of interest. We then used two supervised learning algorithms, J48 decision tree and logistic regression, to model student affect and behavior based on log files. We focused on modeling the affective states of boredom, flow and confusion, and on-task and off-task behavior. Given our data set, logistic regression resulted as the more accurate model due to better correlation as compared to J48.


Background: Because of the delicate nature of liposomes, bioanalysis of free and liposomal-encapsulated drugs is among the most challenging assays to perform. Current regulatory guidance for bioanalysis is not sufficient to address the complexity of this particular formulation. Method & results: Three individual LC-MS/MS methods to quantify free amphotericin B (10-3000 ng/ml) and encapsulated amphotericin B (100-50,000 ng/ml) in pretreated human plasma and total amphotericin B (100-50,000 ng/ml) in human plasma were fully validated and applied to a bioequivalence study. The acceptance criteria and experimental design of additional validation tests using cross quality control were carefully deliberated a priori and included in the sample analysis as well. Discussion: Additional validation tests are necessary to demonstrate that the measured concentration of the intended component is accurate and free of interference from other coexisting components in the sample. These practices can be used as guidance for future liposomal drug method validation.


Radiologically suspected low-grade gliomas (LGG) represent a special challenge for the neurosurgeon during surgery due to their histopathological heterogeneity and indefinite tumor margin. Therefore, new techniques are required to overcome these current surgical drawbacks. Intraoperative visualization of brain tumors with assistance of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is one of the major advancements in the neurosurgical field in the last decades. Initially, this technique was exclusively applied for fluorescence-guided surgery of high-grade glioma (HGG). In the last years, the use of 5-ALA was also extended to other indications such as radiologically suspected LGG. Here, we discuss the current role of 5-ALA for intraoperative visualization of focal malignant transformation within suspected LGG. Furthermore, we discuss the current limitations of the 5-ALA technology in pure LGG which usually cannot be visualized by visible fluorescence. Finally, we introduce new approaches based on fluorescence technology for improved detection of pure LGG tissue such as spectroscopic PpIX quantification fluorescence lifetime imaging of PpIX and confocal microscopy to optimize surgery.


Bottom-up fabrication of 3D organic nanostructures on Si(100) surfaces has been achieved by a two-step procedure. Tetradentate cavitand 1 was grafted on the Si surface together with 1-octene (Oct) as a spatial spectator by photochemical hydrosilylation. Ligand exchange between grafted cavitand 1 and self-assembled homocage 2, derived from cavitand 5 bearing a fluorescence marker, led to the formation of coordination cages on Si(100). Formation, quantification, and distribution of the nanoscale molecular containers on a silicon surface was assessed by using three complementary analytical techniques (AFM, XPS, and fluorescence) and validated by control experiments on cavitand-free silicon surfaces. Interestingly, the fluorescence of pyrene at approximately 4 nm above the Si(100) surface can be clearly observed.


Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in United States. Hyperlipidemia is an independent and potentially reversible risk factor for coronary artery disease. The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, collectively known as statins, have been the mainstay of pharmacologic therapy. Their availability, ease of administration, low cost, and strong evidence behind safety and efficacy makes them one of the most widely prescribed lipid-lowering agents. However, some patients may be intolerant to statins, and few others suffer from very high serum levels of cholesterol in which statin therapy alone or in combination with other cholesterol-lowering agents is insufficient in reducing serum lipid levels to achieve desired levels. In 2015, the Food and Drug Administration approved a new family of lipid-lowering agents, collectively known as proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. PCSK9 inhibitors are biologically active molecules that decrease serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with statin therapy alone. They serve as an alternative to statins for patients who are intolerant to statin or as supplemental therapy in those patients for whom lower levels in serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol are not achieved by statins alone. This article discusses PCSK9 inhibitors, their mechanism of action, indications, efficacy, safety, costs and limitations.


Abelard's most famous spokesman for the ancient and abiding moral and religious worth of the Law of Moses is probably the character of the Jew, invented for one of two fictional dialogues in the Collationes. The equally fictive Philosopher, a rationalist theist who gets the last word in his exchange with the Jew, condemns the Law as a useless addition to the natural law, a threat to genuine morality with a highly dubious claim to divine origin. The Philosopher's condemnation, however, does not go unanswered. Abelard himself, writing in his own voice in two major treatments of the Law (the Sermon for the Feast of the Circumcision and the Commentary on the Letter of Paul to the Romans), defends the ancient worth of the Law as a revolution in moral understanding and a potential guarantor of salvation. The Law is just and rational, he argues, in every one of its precepts, even when interpreted according to the letter. As such, the letter of the Law has been and ought to be retained in Christianity: its moral precepts are binding everywhere and always; its non-moral precepts are binding, when, in the changing circumstances of the Church, they are found to be useful and not conducive to scandal.


Not only "robots need language", but sometimes a humanoperator too. To interact with complex domains, he needs a vocabulary to init the robot, let him walk and grasping objects. Natural language interfaces can support semi-autonomous and fully-autonomous systems on both sides. Instead of using neural networks, the language grounding problem can be solved with object-oriented programming. In the following paper a simulation of micro-manipulation under a microscope is given which is controlled with a C++ script. The small vocabulary consists of init, pregrasp, grasp and place.


We have determined the levels of secretoneurin (SN), a novel 33-amino acid neuropeptide belonging to the class of chromogranins, in the serum and urine of healthy subjects and patients suffering from various tumors. SN serum levels averaged 22.1+/-1.1 fmol/mL. They were 5-fold higher in younger children and then declined continuously. SN levels were positively correlated with serum creatinine, suggesting an influence of renal function on the clearance of SN from the serum. In the urine 80.0 fmol/mL SN was present. In patients with endocrine tumors like gut carcinoids, endocrine pancreatic tumors, oat cell lung carcinomas, and pheochromocytomas, SN serum levels were elevated up to 45-fold. Patients suffering from neuroblastomas, insulinomas, pituitary adenomas including acromegaly, and solid nonendocrine tumors had concentrations in the normal range. In human serum, SN-immunoreactivity was confined to the free peptide SN; neither larger intermediate-sized forms nor the precursor secretogranin II were detected. An efficient removal of the small molecule SN from the serum by the kidney explains why SN serum levels are lower when compared to chromogranin A, which is present as large molecule in serum.


Since the emergence of mobile apps, research has been conducted on the feasibility and benefits of mHealth services. However, there is no clear framework to guide development teams in best practices for building mHealth apps. In this paper we present and discuss the 55 Factors of the Perspective Process of a model that aims to support project teams in the development of mHealth apps aligned with institutional health needs and priorities. As an example of the viability of the model, the discussion is based on its application in the Regional Hospital of Cusco, Peru.


The Marnoch heat engine (MHE) is a new type of heat engine currently under development at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology. The MHE can use waste or collected heat at temperatures that are currently unusable or not economically viable to use by conventional technologies. The MHE operates by using a heat source to heat the air in one heat exchanger and cool the air in another. This creates a pressure difference. This pressure difference drives a two-way piston connected to a flywheel. A generator connected to the flywheel converts the mechanical energy of the flywheel into electricity. This thesis presents a simulation of the current MHE prototype. The simulation is designed to be easily customized to allow it to model the performance of future possible MHE installations and predict their performance. The simulation is shown to accurately model the performance of the MHE prototype by running under conditions similar to those found in the lab, and comparing its results to collected data from the prototype. Simulations were also run to show the model's ability to model possible applications with different operating conditions and physical components.


article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License EDITORIAL What is global radiology? 'GLOBAL radiology' is a new concept – a subspecialty of radiology that includes much more than diagnosticians and interventionists. It is an in-process international community of individuals, groups, and organizations that have thus far worked to improve access to and quality of medical imaging under many different types of headings, often with little or no direct communication with each other. Disparate individuals, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and other organizations have a limited reach and do not have the ability to elevate technology to the next level on a global basis on their own. Global radiology's mission is to bring these disparate resources together, to enable physicians and others to take better advantage of the knowledge afforded by medical imaging, technology, and new equipment. To achieve its broad objectives, global radiology embraces geography, public policy, cultural and economic imperatives, marketing, manufacturing, training, infrastructure, service support and much more – anything that can contribute to the availability, quality, and efficacy of radiological services in the underdeveloped world, as well as in economically advantaged environments around the globe. Through publications, seminars, conferences, and other means, global radiology will facilitate an international exchange of skills and experiences. It will thus significantly increase the visibility of radiologists, their work, their tools and their environments, and will help to stimulate communication with, among, and for the entire radiological community. With the involvement of policy makers, administrators, and opinion leaders, the global radiology community will assemble the resources needed to identify and deal effectively with universal shortages of equipment, infrastructure, trained personnel, education, and research opportunities. Helping to define the size, scope, and roots of imaging problems will stimulate the development of innovative solutions, such as new techniques and equipment most appropriate to developing environments, and new business models for equipment and consumables manufacturing, business entrepreneurship, and service delivery. Another focus of global radiology will be advocating for more and better education and training. The gaps between supply and demand for specialists – with appropriate radiological interpretive skills and an understanding of the realities of clinical practices in underdeveloped areas – will start to be closed with new medical imaging curricula and training model rules for specialists, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, and midwives. Ultimately, the global radiology subspecialty will be an international community of people and organizations working together to make differences …


Early tests of cross-country convergence found evidence only for conditional convergence. In contrast, with more recent data, Kremer, Willis, and You (2021) find evidence that since the mid-1980s there has been a trend towards unconditional convergence culminating in absolute convergence since 2000. Additionally, they find suggestive evidence that one of the major drivers of this trend is an underlying convergence towards development-favored policies. We discuss the implications of this result through the lens of individual welfare and poverty, concluding that the news is not as welcome as it may seem for the world's poor. We point out that absolute convergence has happened contemporaneously with rising within-country inequality, resulting in more of the world's poor living in middle-income countries. Next, we argue that domestic redistribution is essential to spread the benefits from industrialization, since the labor share of manufacturing isn't reaching the heights it did in industrialized countries. Finally, we argue that the democratic institutions that can facilitate this redistribution themselves face headwinds. Democratic backsliding, the Covid-19 pandemic, and a bleak climate outlook all present obstacles to transforming economic growth into economic justice for the poor.

Institutional subscribers to the NBER working paper series, and residents of developing countries may download this paper without additional charge at www.nber.org.


In this paper, a new planar magnetic levitation (maglev) positioning system is proposed, which is capable of executing dual-axis planar motions purely involving magnetic forces. Functionally, such a mechanism behaves like a planar XY table with micrometer precision. Specifically, in this system, a new structure with an adaptive sliding-mode control (ASMC) algorithm is described, which aims to achieve the following three goals: 1) a large moving range (millimeter level); 2) precise positioning (micrometer level); and 3) fast response. The system consists of a moving carrier platform, six permanent magnets (PMs) attached to the carrier, and six electromagnets mounted on a fixed base. After exploring the characteristics of the magnetic forces between PMs and electromagnets, the general 6-DOF dynamic model of this system is derived and analyzed. Then, because of the naturally unstable behavior inherent in maglev systems, the proposed ASMC guarantees satisfactory performance of the maglev system. Experiments have successfully demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of the overall system.


Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have potentially dangerous side effects, which has led to intense interest in the development of the cyclo-oxygenase (COX) inhibitors. This article reviews the science, safety and clinical evidence to date with these drugs. They appear to have fewer gastrointestinal and equivalent renal risks to NSAIDs. Reviewing the clinical evidence, particularly the complex cardiovascular effects of the COX inhibitors, the article discusses the clinical relevance of their thrombogenic and anti-atherosclerotic potential. Since many of the studies are retrospective analyses, randomised clinical trials are needed to ascertain whether these cardiovascular effects constitute a problem or an unexpected benefit, and whether there are differences between the different COX-2 inhibitors.


In this paper, we investigate the optimal caching policy in a K-tier millimeter wave (mmWave) cache-enabled heterogeneous network. In order to mitigate interferences, we incorporate base station (BS) idling into our analysis. Under the random caching framework, we derive the association probability for each tier as well as the successful transmission probability (STP) by utilizing stochastic geometry and taking the blockage effect into account. In addition, we adopt the Convex-Concave Procedure (CCP) to obtain the locally optimal caching probabilities and propose a two-stage scheme to obtain the globally optimal caching probabilities under the special case where the blockage parameters for K tiers are sufficiently small. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method over the conventional caching strategies such as Most Popular Content (MPC) and Uniform Caching (UC) and the truncated Zipf distribution-based caching schemes.


The article presents the concept of sustainable development and attempts to evaluate the assumptions of the Polish development policy based on innovation in relation to this concept. It points out the need for a more thorough discussion on this subject and moving away from the adopted primacy of economic growth, typical of mainstream economics for a more comprehensive perspective, taking into account primarily the natural environment. The theoretical achievements of heterodox economics, especially Post Keynesian Economics, could be helpful in building such a comprehensive approach. #0#


BACKGROUND
Beginning readers are typically introduced to enlarged print, and the size of this print decreases as readers become more fluent. In comparison, beginning blind readers are expected to learn standard-sized Braille from the outset because past research suggests letter knowledge cannot be transferred across different sizes of Braille.

AIMS
The study aims to investigate whether learning Braille using an oversized pegboard leads to faster, transferable, letter learning and whether performance is mediated by either tactile or visual learning.

SAMPLE
Sixty-eight children participated in the study. All children were sighted pre-readers with no previous knowledge of Braille. The children came from two nursery schools with an average age of 47.8 months.

METHODS
Children were taught specific Braille letters using either an enlarged pegboard or standard Braille. Two other groups of children were taught using visually presented Braille characters in either an enlarged or standard size and a further control group mirrored the experience of blind children in receiving non-specific tactile training prior to being introduced to Braille. In all tactile conditions it was ensured that the children did not visually experience any Braille for the duration of the study.

RESULTS
Results demonstrated that initially training children with large Braille tactually led to the best subsequent learning of standard Braille. Despite the fact that both initial visual and large tactual learning were significantly faster than learning standard Braille, when transferring letter knowledge to standard tactile Braille, previous tactile experience with the large pegboard offered the most efficient route.

CONCLUSIONS
Braille letter knowledge can be transferred across size and modality particularly effectively with large tactile Braille. This has significant implications for the education of blind children.


A two-dimensional analysis of horizontal Bridgman crystal growth is presented. Material properties are close to those of lithium calcium aluminium fluoride (LICAF), while operating parameters resemble, on average, those used during growth of fluorides via vertical techniques. Estimates of characteristic timescales, as well as a representative fully transient analysis, demonstrate the quasi-steady nature of heat transport and fluid flow in this system. Results obtained using a quasi-steady-state analysis show that both surface-tension-driven (Marangoni) and buoyancy-driven flow mechanisms have an important influence on the system's thermal field and melt/crystal interface shape. An interface whose curvature is significantly promoted by both flow mechanisms can be rendered relatively flat by modifying the furnace profile. In the uncommon case (existing in some materials, though not LICAF) where melt surface tension increases with increasing temperature Marangoni and buoyancy-driven flows may oppose each other, thus reducing melt/crystal interface deflection.


Spread spectrum audio watermarking (SSW) is one of the most secure techniques of audio watermarking. SSW hides information by spreading their spectrum which is called watermark and adding to a host signal as a watermarked signal. Spreading spectrum is done by a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence. In conventional SSW approaches, receiver must know PN sequence used at the transmitter and location of watermark in watermarked signal for detecting hidden information. It is contributed a high secure feature for this method since any unauthorized user who doesn't access this information couldn't detect hidden information. In this paper a novel approach based on genetic algorithm is proposed for recovering PN sequence and detecting location of watermark signal without any information from the transmitter. Using this approach unauthorized users could detect hidden information.


This paper aims to assess the feasibility of a meta-organizational approach to implementing and incentivizing innovations in professional sports organizations. The author adopts a case study method approach. Data collection was conducted via semi-structured interviews with representatives of Russian professional sports organizations. The results of the interviews were codified using a manual content analysis framework. This study reviews the case of creating a 'Unified supporter base' in the Kontinental Hockey League in partnership with SAP. The project was implemented in five phases. This approach helped ensure a gradual innovation adoption process within the meta-organization. Among the key success factors the author highlights the high relevance of the proposed innovative solution as well the league's role in minimizing resource barriers by implementing a financial incentive scheme. This is the first attempt in the Russian academic literature to conduct an empirical analysis on innovation in professional sports organizations. The author also proposes a novel approach to studying innovation using meta-organization theory.


During last decade an extensive research had been made on the microRNA's, their targets, their functions and their involvement in different diseases. The basic functioning of microRNA's is cell proliferation and cell death which provided the evidence for their involvement in cancers. Researchers put all of their efforts in unraveling the truths of microRNA roles in cancer prognosis and treatment but still there is a need of further investigation. In this paper we suggested an in silico approach for finding association of microRNA's with cancer. Our approach is more authentic in the sense that we chose those genes which are proved to be associated with ovarian cancer and then these genes were further analyzed for their targeting microRNA's. We predicted microRNA's that are confirm to be involved in human ovarian cancer by our method.


Background/Aims
Diastolic dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular (CV) events in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). However, conventional measurement of LA volume and E/e' using Doppler echocardiography has been limited to predict CV events in patients with ESRD on CAPD.

Methods
From September 2007 to September 2008, 30 consecutive patients with exertional dyspnea in ESRD on CAPD and normal systolic function was prospectively enrolled and underwent laboratory testing, coronary angiography, and treadmill exercise stress echocardiography (TESE). We divided the patients according to the presence of exercise-induced change of E/e' tissue Doppler and investigated whether this factor predicted CV events in ESRD on CAPD.

Results
Mean CAPD duration of all patients (70% male; mean age, 49 years) was 12 months. Patients with exercise-induced elevated E/e' (n = 12, 40%) and non-elevated E/e' (n = 18, 60%) demonstrated similar baseline characteristics. Exercise-induced elevated E/e' was predictable (cut-off value 14%, sensitivity 63%, and specificity 95%), with a hazard ratio of 1.13 (confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.24; p = 0.005), and significantly associated with CV events compared to the non-elevated E/e' group (log-rank, p = 0.007).

Conclusions
Exercise-induced elevated E/e' determined using TESE might be feasible to predict CV events in patients with ESRD on CAPD.


BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a rare cause of acute viral hepatitis but has high mortality rates and primarily affects immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of HSV hepatitis in a 20-year-old female kidney transplant recipient who had 1000-fold elevations in transaminases on post-transplant day 14, and the strategies employed for diagnoses and treatment. METHODS: Routine laboratory, serological, and molecular viral testing was completed, and she underwent a bone marrow given initial suspicion of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). HSV serologic results and high transaminases triggered a liver biopsy. RESULTS: The patient presented with elevated transaminases (ALT 1731 U/L and AST 1400) and ferritin (1431 ug/L). Transaminases and ferritin peaked with an ALT of 6609 U/L, AST of 6525 U/L, and ferritin > 50000 ug/L. Bone marrow biopsy revealed no definitive HLH. HSV-DNA PCR of blood was positive, and she was empirically started on intravenous acyclovir 10mg/kg t.i.d. Liver biopsy confirmed the histological diagnosis of HSV hepatitis. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high mortality rates associated with HSV hepatitis, it is crucial to determine pre-transplant HSV status, initiate appropriate antiviral prophylaxis, and to have a low threshold for investigating for HSV hepatitis and initiating treatment in patients with a suspected diagnosis.


A Clean Energy Standard (CES) is a flexible, market-based policy instrument that could be adopted to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the U.S. electricity system over time. This paper uses several well-known energy system and electricity models to analyze a CES that reflects broad principles outlined in President Obama's January 2011 State of the Union Address and in the Administration's subsequent Blueprint for a Secure Energy Future. 1 In particular, it examines three different design options for a CES that would each lead to approximately 80% clean electricity by 2035. These different design options provide broadly similar economic incentives for clean energy deployment and yield similar overall welfare impacts, but they exhibit different distributional outcomes. The most inclusive CES crediting approach favors producers over consumers in competitive electricity markets as well as regions with larger initial endowments of clean energy. On the other hand, the most restrictive crediting approach favors consumers over producers and reduces preferences for regions with larger initial endowments of clean energy. While specific technology outcomes vary across the four models used in this study, key insights about cost-effectiveness and economic incidence are largely robust to the underlying modeling platform. These insights may be important considerations in future CES policy design efforts.


The 3D model of ASD teaches us that: Atypicality of any degree can coexist with any degree of general intelligence; Atypicality fades over time in most children; The higher a child's IQ, the faster and more completely the atypical features fade; ASD is not just a "childhood disease". Nurses who deal primarily with adults need to be alert to the possibility that their adult patient with anxiety, depression, alcoholism or "odd behavior" may be a "grown-up who once had ASD", taking into account the lifelong history of social maladaptation that that implies, as well as the recurrence risk for ASD in their offspring.


Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the usability of live blood analysis on interior and exterior vascular laser irradiation therapy. Methods: We had analyzed the changing forms of the live blood sample with microscope before and after vascular laser irradiation therapy of Blood. The live blood analysis was operated on Rouleau of red cell, erythrocyte aggregation, thrombocyte aggregation, uric acid crystals, red crystals, protoplasts. First, we analyzed all patients on each item, then did same thing classified two groups, interior and exterior. Results: Rouleau of red cell, erythrocyte aggregation, thrombocyte aggregation, uric acid crystals, red crystals, protoplasts were decreased significantly, after interior and exterior vascular laser irradiation therapy. Exterior vascular laser irradiation therapy was more effective than interior on Rouleau of red cell, erythrocyte aggregation, thrombocyte aggregation, uric acid crystals. Interior vascular laser irradiation therapy was more effective than exterior on red crystals, protoplasts. Conclusions: This study suggests that live blood analysis has the usability on vascular laser irradiation therapy. Then according to interior and exterior vascular laser irradiation therapy, the result has some different on each item. So it is better that choose the method, interior or exterior, for more effective therapy.


This paper introduces an iterative tomogravity algorithm for the estimation of a network traffic matrix based on one snapshot observation of the link loads in the network. The proposed method does not require complete observation of the total load on individual edge links or proper tuning of a penalty parameter as existing methods do. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that the iterative tomogravity method controls the estimation error well when the link data is fully observed and produces robust results with moderate amount of missing link data.


The association between cancer and thrombosis is well recognized. What is not known, however, is the exact relationship between these two common medical conditions. Although the development of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in a patient with known cancer is the most common presentation, in some patients, VTE may precede the diagnosis of malignancy by many months. The variation in clinical presentation is likely due to the heterogeneous biology of different tumor types and also reflects the limitations of detection or available diagnostic methods. Accumulating evidence now suggests that critical oncogenic events may also trigger activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to a prothrombotic environment that not only manifests as venous thromboembolic disease but also promotes the growth and progression of the malignancy. This chapter will review the evidence for screening for occult malignancy in patients presenting with unprovoked or idiopathic thrombosis, briefly outline the known biological relationships between malignancy and thrombosis, and summarize the clinical data on the potential anticancer effects of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs).


We use small angle neutron scattering (SANS), with an original analysis method, to obtain both the characteristic sizes and the inner composition of lysozyme-pectin complexes depending on the charge density. Lysozyme is a globular protein and pectin a natural anionic semiflexible polysaccharide with a degree of methylation (DM) 0, 43, and 74. For our experimental conditions (buffer ionic strength I = 2.5 10(-2) mol/L and pH between 3 and 7), the electrostatic charge of lysozyme is always positive (from 8 to 17, depending on pH). The pectin charge per elementary chain segment is negative and can be varied from almost zero to one through the change of DM and pH. The weight molar ratio of lysozyme on pectin monomers is kept constant. The ratio of negative charge content per volume to positive charge content per volume, -/+, is varied between 10 and 0.007. On a local scale, for all charged pectins, a correlation peak appears at 0.2 A(-1) due to proteins clustering inside the complexes. On a large scale, the complexes appear as formed of spherical globules with a well-defined radius of 10 to 50 nm, containing a few thousands proteins. The volume fraction Phi of organic matter within the globules derived from SANS absolute cross sections is around 0.1. The protein stacking, which occurs inside the globules, is enhanced when pectin is more charged, due to pH or DM. The linear charge density of the pectin determines the size of the globules for pectin chains of comparable molecular weights whether it is controlled by the pH or the DM. The radius of the globules varies between 10 and 50 nm. In conclusion, the structure is driven by electrostatic interactions and not by hydrophobic interactions. The molecular weight also has a large influence on the structure of the complexes because long chains tend to form larger globules. This may be one reason why DM and pH are not completely equivalent in our system, because DM0 has a short mass, but this may not be the only one. For very low pectin charge (-/+ = 0.07), globules do not appear and the scattering signals a gel-like structure. We did not observe any beads-on-a-string structure.


This paper examines the 1405 pardon granted to a young married woman named Laurence who confessed to having had sex with another married woman in northern France. The pardon is unique in many respects. Most pardons are for men, and especially men who commit violent acts. This pardon defies all norms: it was granted to a woman, it seems to have been a pardon for consensual sex, and, finally, the sex was with another women. Given the focus of the narrative requesting royal grace, we have taken the position that this was likely a pardon for this sex, as a form of "sodomy," an umbrella term for sex "against nature", that is, non-reproductive, non-marital sex, though the pardon does not use the term (or any like it). Our inquiry, therefore, raises a number of critical questions. Most importantly is: why was there investigation, prosecution, and pardon? We seek to problematize every aspect of this problematically exceptional pardon. In so doing, we contribute to current scholarship in the field of queer medieval studies that calls for medievalists to shed their heteronormative lens when approaching complicated source documents that offer a window to us on medieval practices of and attitudes towards extra-marital sex.


Carbonic anhydrase (CA) plays an important role in many biological processes. Recent technological advances have demonstrated the feasibility of measuring CA activity in the occipital lobe of human subjects in vivo. In this work we report, for the first time, in vivo measurement of CA activity in the frontal lobe of human brain, where structural and function abnormalities are strongly associated with symptoms of major psychiatric disorders. Despite the much larger magnetic field distortion in the frontal lobe, the pseudo first‐order bicarbonate dehydration rate constant was determined with high precision using in vivo 13C magnetic resonance magnetization transfer spectroscopy following oral administration of [U‐13C6]glucose. Nuclear Overhauser effect pulses were used to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio; no proton decoupling was applied. The unidirectional dehydration rate constant of bicarbonate was found to be 0.26 ± 0.07 s−1, which is not statistically different from the dehydration rate constant in the occipital lobe determined in our previous study, indicating that CA activity in the two brain regions is essentially indistinguishable. These results demonstrate the feasibility of characterizing CA activity in the frontal lobe for future psychiatric studies.


Evidential cooperation in large worlds (ECL) refers to the idea that humans and other agents can benefit by cooperating with similar agents with differing values in causally disconnected parts of a large universe. Cooperating provides agents with evidence that other similar agents are likely to cooperate too, resulting in gains from trade for all. This could be a crucial consideration for altruists. I develop a game-theoretic model of ECL as an incomplete information bargaining problem. The model incorporates uncertainty about others' value systems and empirical situations, and addresses the problem of selecting a compromise outcome. Using the model, I investigate issues with ECL and outline open technical and philosophical questions. I show that all cooperators must maximize the same weighted sum of utility functions to reach a Pareto optimal outcome. However, I argue against selecting a compromise outcome implicitly by normalizing utility functions. I review bargaining theory and argue that the Nash bargaining solution could be a relevant Schelling point. I introduce dependency equilibria (Spohn 2007), an equilibrium concept suitable for ECL, and generalize a folk theorem showing that the Nash bargaining solution is a dependency equilibrium. I discuss gains from trade given uncertain beliefs about other agents and analyze how these gains decrease in several toy examples as the belief in another agent decreases. Finally, I discuss open issues in my model. First, the Nash bargaining solution is sometimes not coalitionally stable, meaning that a subset of cooperators can unilaterally improve payoffs by deviating from the compromise. I investigate conditions under which stable payoff vectors exist. Second, I discuss how to model agents' default actions without ECL.


The construction of a solar dryer-grain storage facilities is described. The design of a auger conveyor-distributor of grain for its loading is offered. The dependence of the width of the discharge opening in the casing of the auger conveyor-distributor on its length is obtained. The results of laboratory tests of the auger conveyor-distributor of grain are presented. It is established that the minimum initial width of the drain opening for wheat grain should be not less than 9 mm. The conditions of uniform distribution of grain by the auger conveyor-distributor are justified: the filling factor of the auger interturn space in its loading zone – 0.35; the length of the discharge opening of the charging hopper should be equal to the doubled value of the auger pitch size. In this case, the uneven distribution of grain along the discharge opening will be no more than 5%.


During the week beginning July 29, 1984, 12 children in a day camp in a suburb of Baltimore, Maryland, were noted to have skin eruptions consistent with phototoxic dermatitis. These eruptions were confined to the hands, wrists, and forearms, and appeared as discrete and confluent polymorphous patches and linear streaks. These eruptions were also macular, hyperpigmented, and nonpruritic. Clinical examination revealed that 97 (16%) of 622 children, seven (7%) of 104 counselors, and no adult staff members had a similar rash. Onsets of the rash ranged from July 19-August 11, with peak occurrence on July 25-27. All camp members were white. Sex did not vary significantly between those affected and not affected. The mean age (5.3 years) of affected children was significantly different from the mean age (6.9 years) of unaffected children (p less than 0.001). Attack rates for the eight camp units were highest in two units (57% and 74%, respectively) and ranged between 0-6% for the other six units. Activities involving work with hands by various camp units were investigated. Only exposure to making pomander balls (sachets) in arts and crafts class (when other activities were controlled for) was significantly associated with illness (p less than 0.03). In making pomander balls, children punctured the skin of limes (the principal component) with scissors, releasing oils known to contain photoreactive furocoumarin (psoralen) compounds. These compounds evidently coated the children's skin and, upon exposure to the sun, caused a phototoxic dermatitis. An environmental and botanical survey of the camp did not reveal other phototoxic agents with which campers may have had contact. This is one of the largest reported outbreaks of phototoxic dermatitis and the first in which a citrus fruit was implicated on a large scale.


Findings from national studies along with more frequent calls from those who employ college graduates suggest an urgent need for colleges and universities to increase opportunities for students to develop quantitative reasoning (QR) skills. To address this issue, the current study examines the relationship between the frequency of QR activities during college and student and institutional characteristics, as well as whether students at institutions with an emphasis on QR (at least one QR course requirement for all students) report more QR activity. Results show that gender, race-ethnicity, major, full-time status, firstgeneration status, age, institutional enrollment size, and institutional control are related to the frequency of QR activities. Findings also suggest that such activities are indeed more common among institutions


To optimize the thermal design of AlGaN-GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs), which incorporate high power densities, an accurate prediction of the underlying thermal transport mechanisms is crucial. Here, a HEMT-structure (Al0.17Ga0.83N, GaN, Al0.32Ga0.68N and AlN on a Si substrate) was investigated using a time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) setup. The different scattering contributions were investigated in the framework of phonon transport models (Callaway, Holland and Born-von-Karman). The thermal conductivities of all layers were found to decrease with a temperature between 300 K and 773 K, due to Umklapp scattering. The measurement showed that the AlN and GaN thermal conductivities were a magnitude higher than the thermal conductivity of Al0.32Ga0.68N and Al0.17Ga0.83N due to defect scattering. The layer thicknesses of the HEMT structure are in the length scale of the phonon mean free path, causing a reduction of their intrinsic thermal conductivity. The size-effect of the cross-plane thermal conductivity was investigated, which showed that the phonon transport model is a critical factor. At 300 K, we obtained a thermal conductivity of (130 ± 38) Wm−1K−1 for the (167 ± 7) nm thick AlN, (220 ± 38) Wm−1K−1 for the (1065 ± 7) nm thick GaN, (11.2 ± 0.7) Wm−1K−1 for the (423 ± 5) nm thick Al0.32Ga0.68N, and (9.7 ± 0.6) Wm−1K−1 for the (65 ± 5) nm thick Al0.17Ga0.83N. Respectively, these conductivity values were found to be 24%, 90%, 28% and 16% of the bulk values, using the Born-von-Karman model together with the Hua–Minnich suppression function approach. The thermal interface conductance as extracted from the TDTR measurements was compared to results given by the diffuse mismatch model and the phonon radiation limit, suggesting contributions from inelastic phonon-scattering processes at the interface. The knowledge of the individual thermal transport mechanisms is essential for understanding the thermal characteristics of the HEMT, and it is useful for improving the thermal management of HEMTs and their reliability.


Co-management has attracted considerable attention around the world, including in Vietnam. However, debates on the concept of community-based management (CBM), co-management (COM), and community participant management in Vietnam are increasing, and the abundance of projects in Vietnam has now become a major constraint. Although most pilot co-management projects are recorded as "successful", it is important to note that this evaluation was not made by an independent external agency, but the staff of the projects themselves! More important, there has been no consideration of how these co-management projects can be connected to traditional fishing villages in Vietnam. Since 2006, supported by the DANIDA-funded FSPS II project, a review of fisheries co-management models in Vietnam has been conducted, using a participatory approach. In this paper I provide a review of fisheries co-management in Vietnam, and highlight a comparison of present fisheries co-management with the traditional fishing village Van Chai. Initial findings demonstrate that in Vietnam these pilot comanagement models were successful in terms of protection and development of fisheries resources, and the sharing of management power between government and community has occurred at different levels. However, most co-management models are not sustainable, owing to their being donor-driven rather than based on community needs. More important, owing to a lack of a concrete foundation and cohesion, and without including the inherited values of the traditional fisheries management unity, Van Chai, it could never be reasonably expected that fisheries co-management projects in Vietnam could be completely successful.


Security management of modern collaborative systems raises challenges to supply chain and enterprise management, demanding an integrated and holistic solution framework. In this article we concentrate on two fundamental instruments to support the pursuit of a security centric management (SCM) mission. Firstly the security taxonomy within the SCM context provides a comprehensive knowledge map of relevant artifacts and issues for players to communicate and collaborate in this special field. Ultimately it supplies building blocks for qualitative modeling required by security management. Secondly security management in SCM seeks practical computation and analysis capabilities, thus requiring a migration from qualitative models to quantitative models. We utilize dependency modeling as the bridging facility and probabilistic modeling as the inference engine in our solution to deal with complexity and uncertainty dominant in SCM. In addition we explore the proposition within essential application of healthcare security management. Noticing the enormous challenge presented by the new research mission, we emphasize identifying and examining generic issues and potential solutions, rather than particular problems or algorithms with limited usage and significance.


This paper describes a bandpass sampling architecture for direct RF conversion that is reconfigurable and efficient. The receiver architecture avoids the requirement for high clock speeds and fast quantizers by using a two-stage sampling process. In the first stage, the RF signal is bandpass filtered and sampled using an impulse-like sampling device without quantizing the signal. After continuous time low-pass or bandpass filtering, the resulting analog signal is then sampled and quantized by a traditional analog-to-digital converter. This architecture also provides a high degree of reconfigurability in tuning range and bandwidth by using a tunable or selectable anti-aliasing filter before the first stage of sampling and by using a tunable sample clock in the first stage of sampling.


The objective of the paper is to study markets in which the value of the activity to any one person increases with the level with which the activity is undertaken by others. The general interpretation could be fads, mimicking behavior, or some sort of belief formation process in which the beliefs or expectations of agents about some underlying state of nature are influenced by the buying behavior of other agents. The result is to create a market that can be modeled as having an upward-sloping market demand curve. The questions posed are (i) in the fad-like environment, does the classical concept of equilibrium (as an equating of market demand and market supply) accurately predict market behavior; (ii) can both stable and unstable equilibria be observed; and (iii) which of the two classical concepts of stability best describes the conditions under which instability is observed? Under the conditions of a fad-like demand side externality in a market organized by the multiple unit double auction (MUDA), market equilibration occurs at a point where demand equals supply. The disequilibrium behavior follows the dynamics of the Marshallian model of dynamics, as opposed to the Walrasian model. These results confirm and extend the major findings of Plott and George who studied a similar environment with a downward-sloping supply.


This paper proposes a parallel architecture of a Parity Checksum Generator adopted for packet synchronization and error detection in the ITU-T Recommendation J.83 Annex B. The proposed parallel processing architecture removes a performance bottleneck occurred in a conventional serial processing architecture, leading to significant decrease in processing time for generating a Parity Checksum. The implementation results show that the proposed parallel processing architecture reduces the processing time by 83.1% at the expense of 16% area increase.


Written to commemorate the one hundredth anniversary of the first predominantly anti-capitalist revolution in the world, Mexico's Revolution Then and Now is the perfect introductory text and one that will also sharpen the understanding of seasoned observers. Cockcroft provides readers with the historical context within which the revolution occurred; explains how the revolutionary process has played out over the past ten decades; tells us how the ideals of the revolution live on in the minds of Mexico's peasants and workers; and critically examines the contours of modern Mexican society, including its ethnic and gender dimensions. Well-deserved attention is paid to the tensions between the rulers and the ruled inside the country and the connected tensions between the Mexican nation and the neighboring giant to the north. Mexico's Revolution Then and Now also explores the possibility of Mexico's revolutionary history finally bearing the fruit long hoped for by the country's disenfranchised-a prospect kept alive by the unyielding struggle of the last one hundred years. This is the definitive introduction to one of the most important events of the twentieth century.


A method classifies an object in a scene as either an ambulatory person or a wheelchair user. Images of the scene are acquired with a set of stereo cameras. Moving objects in the scene are segmented from the background using detected edges. A 3D reconstruction of the object is generated from the edges, and tests are performed on height and 3D shape of the 3D reconstruction to classify the object as the ambulatory person or the wheelchair user.


The location of the zeros of discrete systems characteristic polynomials with respect to the unit circle is investigated. A new sequence of symmetric polynomials of descending degrees is defined for the characteristic polynomial and the number of zeros inside and outside the unit circle is shown to be related to a certain sign variation pattern of the polynomials in the sequence. A stability table based on this sequence is presented to obtain the sought distribution of zeros. The new table is close in appearance, size, and number of arithmetic operations to the Routh table used for continuous-time system polynomials. By comparison with the table of Jury, based on the theory of Marden, Cohn, and Schur, the new table involves about half the number of entries and a corresponding significant saving in computations. The study includes a detailed consideration of all possible cases of singular conditions so that the complete information on the number of zeros inside, outside, and on the unit circle is always obtained (including some additional information on possible reciprocal pairs of zeros). Necessary and sufficient conditions for a polynomial to have all its zeros inside the unit circle are obtained as a special outcome. Other additional necessary conditions, that are useful to shorten procedures when the table is used only for testing the stability of the system, are also given.


In order to study the etiology of the intramural maxillary cyst, which is the origin of the choanal polyp, an antrotomy was performed on 27 patients with such cysts. The cyst-fluid was analysed with respect to protein distribution and bacterial growth. The findings indicate an inflammatory process characterized by high concentrations of immunoglobulins and by consumption of complement and antiproteases. The growth of bacteria, primarily an oral flora found in the cyst-fluids studied, and the sites of cyst attachment, may indicate an epithelial residue of the dental list as the origin of the intramural cyst. It is further suggested that bacterial substances will provoke an inflammatory response, giving rise to an expansion of the cyst. In all cases studied, the cyst-fluid was capable of gelling after a couple of minutes at room temperature. This observation seems to be a reliable diagnostic procedure at antral aspiration, distinguishing the cyst-fluid from the serous transudate of the serous sinusitis, which according to our results, does not have this capacity to form a gel.


Microphotography of electrode surfaces in an uncontaminated vacuum system has revealed that particles from 3 to 40 μm in diameter are removed from stainless steel, aluminium and phosphor-bronze electrodes on application of electric fields significantly below the breakdown stress. A few of these particles have been captured on Mylar film and subjected to x-ray microanalysis. The results showed that neither electrode material nor particles of polishing material were removed at the voltages used. The composition of the captured material suggests that only dust particles were being transferred across the gap, and it is believed that such particles may be instrumental in causing the sporadic or freak breakdowns sometimes observed at relatively low field strengths.


The article is dedicated to cult murals of Tver region from the late 18th to early 20th c. painted after European originals: illustrated Bibles with engravings, replication and allegorical engravings.
 A lot of models and some peculiarities in using these models are studied basing on several surviving monumental complexes. Th e problem has not been studied well enough; the greater part of the material is introduced in the scientific span for the first time.


ABSTRACT
 Climate change governance systems comprise a wide variety of actors. Here, we introduce "climate intermediaries" as one potentially influential yet often neglected type of actor, behaving as "go-betweens" that connect different types of actors and/or governance levels. This Special Issue analyses two under-researched forms of climate intermediaries: those that exist for reasons unconnected to climate change, and new or uncommon forms of climate intermediaries that have yet to be examined. In this Introduction article, we present the conceptual framework employed within our Special Issue. We begin by problematizing the definition of intermediaries within climate research before clarifying our own relational understanding of "climate intermediaries". A climate intermediary is thus a role, assumed by any type of actor, while potentially assuming other roles when interacting with other actors. Second, we summarize the existing research on the strategies of intermediaries, the interactions that may exist between them, and the impacts of these actors on the climate policy process. These three foci then guide our three research questions for the Special Issue. Third, we examine existing research on myriad types of intermediaries, such as interest groups, faith-based actors, and funding bodies. Finally, we provide an overview of the contributions included within the issue.


To be successful, marine predators must alter their foraging behavior in response to changes in their environment. To understand the impact and severity of environmental change on a population it is necessary to first describe typical foraging patterns and identify the underlying variability that exists in foraging behavior. Therefore, we characterized the at-sea behavior of adult female California sea lions (n = 32) over three years (2003, 2004, and 2005) using satellite transmitters and time-depth recorders and examined how foraging behavior varied among years. In all years, sea lions traveled on average 84.7 ± 11.1 km from the rookery during foraging trips that were 3.2 ± 0.3 d. Sea lions spent 42.7% ± 1.9% of their time at sea diving and displayed short (2.2 ± 0.2 min), shallow dives (58.5 ± 8.5 m). Among individuals, there was significant variation in both dive behavior and movement patterns, which was found in all years. Among years, differences were found in trip durations, distances traveled, and some dive variables (e.g., dive duration and bottom time) as sea lions faced moderate variability in their foraging habitat (increased sea-surface temperatures, decreased upwelling, and potential decreased prey abundance). The flexibility we found in the foraging behavior of California sea lions may be a mechanism to cope with environmental variability among years and could be linked to the continuing growth of sea lion populations.


This paper traces the evolution of the Grid and discusses the potential of the Grid as a future infrastructure adapted to the dynamics of global business systems – the global supply chain. Technology challenges facing global business systems are framed in volume (scale), real-time distribution, and real-time universal access to the visual state of the global business process and its associated physical and financial workflow. The future vision of the next generation grid as a an infrastructure for service oriented knowledge utilities makes the Grid a candidate infrastructure to address the challenge associated with the dynamics of global business systems – the global supply chain.


Visions and Pathways 2050 is a new research and engagement program which will explore and articulate visions and policy-technology pathways for a lowto zerocarbon built environment in Australia. The program involves three universities (University of Melbourne, UNSW and Swinburne), CSIRO and a large number of government and industry partners, and has been funded as a four year project of the newly established CRC for Low Carbon Living. Guided by the possibility that a systems-level transformation will be necessary to achieve lowto zero-carbon urban living, the research team aims to track current research, industry and policy intelligence, coordinate with other international foresight and back-casting projects, identify emerging technical and social innovations, and refine a set of visions for a future lowto zero-carbon urban Australia. Each year, two large workshops (in different cities) will deliberate on futures that are seen as desirable and feasible, as well as examine possible pathways to these futures. In this paper we outline the motivation and conceptual framework of the project, concurrent research in the area and the planned phases of the project.


Television news operations are increasingly turning to freelance workers for newsroom staffing. This article traces the economic and industry conditions that led to the rise of a non-staff workforce. It proposes that US freelancers operate under a different paradigm from European or other freelancers, and analyzes results from a survey of news workers (freelance and staff) conducted in summer 2007. The survey uses intrinsic and extrinsic factors to measure overall job satisfaction. While there is little overall difference between either group of workers, freelancers do report greater satisfaction in certain areas, especially those relating to worker autonomy and freedom. The article argues that these results demonstrate how freelancers use adaptive strategies to react to temporary or per diem labor patterns in American news. By complicating the assumptions about freelancing, this article offers a more realistic perspective about the desires of the workers and the jobs which they perform.


: 202 children suffering from scleroderma were treated by radon baths (0.75 and 1.5 kBk/l, each other day or in 2 days, 8-18 procedures). Therapeutic effect was related to the total and single dosage, regimen of procedures.


UNLABELLED
Transient ischemic dilation (TID) is both a sensitive and a specific indicator of triple-vessel coronary artery disease. This finding, obtained from ungated SPECT images, is the ratio of the average ventricular size after stress compared with rest. With gated SPECT, however, measurements of the end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volume (ESV) can be obtained, and the relative contributions of each to the TID ratio may be estimated. The objective of this study was to quantify the relative contributions of the EDV and ESV when correlating an optimized stress-induced volume ratio (SIVR) with myocardial ischemia.

METHODS
A retrospective review was made of 422 consecutive patients undergoing gated SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging. Semiquantitative summed stress and rest scores were determined using a 17-segment, 5-point model. The presence of myocardial ischemia was defined as a summed difference score of >or=3 (i.e., myocardial ischemia of >4%). Poststress-to-rest ratios of the EDV, ESV, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were correlated with myocardial ischemia. Using a brute force method, relative weights were assigned empirically to the EDV and ESV to calculate an optimized SIVR having the strongest correlation with myocardial ischemia.

RESULTS
There was a significant correlation between the presence or absence of ischemia and the ESV ratio (P<0.01), the EDV ratio (P<0.01), and the LVEF ratio (P<0.05). When controlling for age, type of stress, and sex, the strongest correlation was with the ESV ratio. The SIVR most strongly correlated with myocardial ischemia was found to be the stress-to-rest ratio of the (ESVx5.0+EDV). This SIVR was more strongly correlated with myocardial ischemia than the stress-to-rest ESV ratio, EDV ratio, or LVEF ratio.

CONCLUSION
Compared with either the ESV or the EDV stress-to-rest ratio alone, the combination of both results in a stronger correlation with myocardial ischemia. The contribution of the ESV was found to be 5 times greater than the contribution of the EDV when determining a SIVR most strongly correlated with stress-induced myocardial perfusion defects.


Coupled plasma filtration adsorption (CPFA) is an extracorporeal treatment based on plasma filtration associated with an adsorbent cartridge and hemofiltration. CPFA is able to remove inflammatory mediators and it has been used to treat severe sepsis, septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Limited experience exists on the use of CPFA after solid organ transplantation. We report our experience with CPFA in 2 kidney transplant recipients with post-nephrolithotomy septic shock and severe unexplained rhabdomyolysis. In both the cases, excellent results were observed. In selected cases, CPFA can be safely and effectively used in patients with a solid organ transplant. However, additional studies are needed in this particular setting, to further investigate the potential role of CPFA for the treatment of other conditions associated with excessive inflammation, such as in rheumatologic disorders and delayed graft function.


Oxygen homeostasis is tightly controlled by the number of red blood cells (RBCs). Hypoxia increases RBCs by enhanced erythropoiesis mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). Upon return to normoxia, the increase in RBCs is overcorrected by preferential destruction of young RBCs, a process termed neocytolysis. Neocytolysis was first described in astronauts and later in people descending from high altitude. The molecular mechanism of neocytolysis is obscure. We hypothesized that neocytolysis occurs because of rapid transient changes of HIF levels, resulting in increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) from mitochondria in reticulocytes and defective antioxidant protection of young RBCs generated in hypoxia. We developed a neocytolysis model by exposing mice to 12% oxygen (equivalent to 4500m altitude) for 10 days. This model recapitulates the RBC changes observed in humans exposed to hypoxia for ~30 days. Upon return to normoxia, ROS were markedly increased in reticulocytes and mature RBCs, but not in neutrophils, B- or T-cells, or monocytes. Reduction of ROS by antioxidant (N-acetyl-L cysteine) treatment attenuated hemolysis and decreased hematocrit. To test whether HIFs (transcription factors regulating hypoxic response) contribute to neocytolysis, we repeated these experiments using Chuvash mice (which bear a VHL R200W mutation, resulting in constitutively high HIF). These mice also showed attenuated hemolysis and decreased hematocrit; in addition, their reticulocyte half-life was higher (36.6 vs.17.8 hours in wild type). Similar findings were also observed with treatment of mice with dimethyloxallyl glycine (DMOG), an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase (another negative regulator of HIF). These experiments indicate the essential role of HIF pathways in neocytolysis. Mitochondria are a major source of ROS in cells. During terminal differentiation of RBCs, mitochondria are removed from reticulocytes by mitophagy. After hypoxia treatment, mitochondria mass increased in reticulocytes concomitant with the reduction of HIF-regulated Bnip3L (a mediator of mitophagy) transcripts. These increased ROS were of mitochondrial origin, as detected by Mito-Sox staining. To pursue the mechanism behind the preferential destruction of young RBCs, we investigated antioxidant enzymes. After hypoxia treatment, catalase decreased by 30%, but not glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase or NADH oxidase. The decreased catalase in RBCs produced during hypoxia was unexpected, as it was shown previously that catalase is regulated by HIF2 (as we also show, to a lower degree by HIF1 in our Hif1a -/- embryo) suggesting alternate negative regulator(s) of catalase in hypoxia. Several hypoxia-regulated microRNAs (miRs) are reported to control oxidative stress; we found that miR-451, miR-205 and miR-21 were expressed in erythroid progenitors and reticulocytes and induced after 10 day-hypoxia exposure. To verify whether these miRs regulate catalase expression, we overexpressed and downregulated these miRs in K562 and HEL erythroid cell lines, and found that only miR-21 regulated catalase. Further, we found increased miR-21 after 10 day-hypoxia exposure, with a concomitant decrease of catalase transcripts and activity resulting in impaired ROS scavenging. We conclude that neocytolysis is mediated by excessive generation of ROS from increased mitochondrial mass due to reduced Bnip3L in reticulocytes upon return to normoxia. The reticulocyte ROS then interact with hypoxia-produced young RBCs having miR-21-downregulated catalase, resulting in their preferential destruction. We show that increased mitochondrial ROS and miR-21-downregulated catalase provide the molecular basis of neocytolysis. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


In this study, the removal characteristics of organic components and nutrients of sewage taken from the Suwon area were investigated in a lab-scale modified DNR (Daewoo Nutrient Removal) process. The modified DNR process consisted of a sludge denitrification tank, an anaerohic tank, an anoxic tank, an aerohic tank, a secondary anoxic tank and a secondary aerobic tank. The proposed process with the average C/N ratio of 3.5 was perfomled for the sewage treatment. The results were compared with other existing DNR processes. The organic fractions in sewage were analyzed by measuring the oxygen uptake rale. The resulting removal efficiencies of SS, BOD, COD, TN and TP were 93.1 %, 95.5%, 86.1 %. 67.8% and 80.6%, respectively.


Introduction: Image interpretation by radiographer is remains unlicensed in Middle East and most of underdevelopment countries. Worth noting there is some narrowing role in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) carried out by Sudanese health practitioners. Despite many previous studies have confirmed widespread in implementation of this role in developed countries. Method: A cross-sectional and a quantitative study was undertaken to provide a deep insight into the issue of image reporting by Sudanese Diagnostic Radiologic Technology Specialists (DRTSs) who have found the opportunity in image reporting seriously and applied outside the country specifically in KSA. So the sample of this study included DRTSs working in KSA. Results: A response rates of 67.65% was male (n = 23/34) and 32.35% female (n = 11/34) were achieved. They are writing images reports in medical centers 88.6% (n = 31/34) but less in hospital. Statistical inference was noted a significant associations between qualification, work area, workplace, and the personal efforts which give the participant ability to succeed on writing images report (p-value = 0.001, 0.000, 0.000 and 0.016) respectively. 32% of the respondents wrote images reports increases than 5000. More than half of the respondents didn't wrote any wrong report and this was revealed a significant correlation with an experience p- value ˂ 0.05. Chest X-ray considered the highest reports ≥ 500 (32%). Conclusion: This study explores the significant role that DRTSs are making to image reporting in KSA, although there is a big concerns to sustain this vital role.


Survivin, as a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family, acts as a suppressor of apoptosis and plays a central role in cell division. Survivin has been considered as an important cancer drug target because it is highly expressed in many types of human cancers, while it is effectively absent from terminally differentiated normal tissues. Moreover, survivin is involved in tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. Preclinically, downregulation of survivin expression or function reduced tumor growth induced apoptosis and sensitized tumor cells to radiation and chemotherapy in different human tumor models. This review highlights the role of survivin in promoting cellular proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis and summarizes the recent advances in and challenges of developing small-molecule survivin inhibitors.


Preservation pipelines demonstrate extended value when digitized content is also computation ready. Expanding this to historical controlled vocabularies published in analog format requires additional steps if they are to be fully leveraged for research. This paper reports on work addressing this challenge. We report on a pipeline and project progress addressing three key goals: 1) transforming the 1910 Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) to the Simple Knowledge Organization System (SKOS) linked data standard, 2) implementing persistent identifiers (PIDs) and launching our prototype ARK resolver, and 3) importing the 1910 LCSH into the Helping Interdisciplinary Vocabulary Engineering (HIVE) System to support automatic metadata generation and scholarly analysis of the historical record. The discussion considers the implications of our work in the broader context of preservation, and the conclusion summarizes our work and identifies next steps.


Objective To investigate the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential and cardiomyocyte apoptosis as welll as the intervention of telmisartan, further to explore whether telmisartan can improve cardiomyocyte apoptosis through the possible pathway of mitochondria correlated in diabetic rats. Methods Diabetic rat models were established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin on adult male Wistar rats. The model diabetic rats were randomly divided into two groups of diabetic rats (DM group) and diabetic rats treated with telmisartan (T group) that was with eight in each group. There are eight normal rats as the control group. After 12 weeks, Fluorescent probe DCFH-DA was used to monitored the levels of reactive oxygen species and JC-1 was used to monitored the changes of mitochondrial membrane potential by spectrofluorophotometer. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL. Results The blood glucose were found no significant difference between those diabetic rats with and without telmisartan treatment groups at the 7th day after streptozotocin injection and the 12th week, but both higher than that of control group (p<0.01). Compared with controls, Body weight decreased remarkably in DM group and T group (410.63±11.59 vs 426.88±14.32, p<0.01). Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was seen few in control group; compared with control group, cardiomyocyte apoptotic index ascended (0.35±0.16 vs 0.15±0.08, p<0.05) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) depressed (9.66±1.70 vs 19.88±1.38, p<0.01) in DM group, but the index of cardiomyocyte apoptosis was lower (0.17±0.08 vs 0.35±0.16, p<0.05) and transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) (16.84±1.84 vs 9.66±1.70, p<0.01) in T group was higher than that of DM group. Conclusion Telmisartan can promote mitothondrial membrane potential and improve cardiomyocyte apoptosis in type 1 diabetic rats.


Histone tails play an important role in nucleosome structure and dynamics. Here we investigate the effect of truncation of histone tails H3, H4, H2A and H2B on nucleosome structure with 100 ns all-atom molecular dynamics simulations. Tail domains of H3 and H2B show propensity of -helics formation during the intact nucleosome simulation. On truncation of H4 or H2B tails no structural change occurs in histones. However, H3 or H2A tail truncation results in structural alterations in the histone core domain, and in both the cases the structural change occurs in the H2A3 domain. We also find that the contacts between the histone H2A C terminal docking domain and surrounding residues are destabilized upon H3 tail truncation. The relation between the present observations and corresponding experiments is discussed.


The present study investigated the effect of inhibiting the expression of Nav1.8 (PN3/SNS) sodium channels by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) on bladder nociceptive responses induced by intravesical acetic acid infusion in rats. Animals were injected intrathecally with either Nav1.8 antisense or mismatch ODN. Control cystometrograms under urethane anesthesia during intravesical saline infusion exhibited intercontraction intervals (ICIs) that were significantly longer in antisense-treated rats than in mismatch ODN-treated rats. Intravesical infusion of 0.1% acetic acid induced bladder hyperactivity as reflected by a 68% reduction in ICIs in mismatch ODN-treated rats but did not significantly reduce ICIs in antisense-treated rats. The number of Fos-positive cells after acetic acid administration were significantly reduced in the L6 spinal cord from antisense-treated animals, compared with mismatch ODN-treated animals. In addition, Nav1.8 immunoreactivity was reduced in L6 dorsal root ganglion neurons in the antisense-treated rat. In patch-clamp recordings, the conductance density of TTX-resistant sodium currents in dissociated bladder afferent neurons that were labeled by axonal transport of a fluorescent dye, Fast Blue, injected into the bladder wall was also smaller in antisense-treated rats than in mismatch ODN-treated rats, whereas no changes were observed in TTX-sensitive currents. These results indicate that the Nav1.8 TTX-resistant sodium channels are involved in the activation of afferent nerves after chemical irritation of the bladder. These channels represent a new target for the treatment of inflammatory pain from visceral organs such as the urinary bladder.


A light yellow colored bentonite clay mineral obtained from India is studied. X ray diffraction (XRD) studies are suggesting that Fe2O3, Al2O3, quartz and Ca bentonite phases are present in the compound. Ca-bentonite is the major constituent and its unit cell is monoclinic with a=5.16, b=8.798, c=9.347A and β=100.46°. Internal structure studied using Transimission electron microscope (TEM) suggests that the clay consists of iron oxide, aluminium oxide, quartz, Ca bentonite. Tetrahedral and octahedral layers are present. Fe3+ is present in the location of Al3+ in the unit cell of Ca-bentonite. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results indicate that the unit cell of the crystal contains Fe(III), and its g values are found to be 4.19 and 2.13. IR studies are indicating that the presence of silicate and hydroxyl anions as ligands. Nonlinear optical measurements are indicating that the compound is having good potential applications in laser safety devices.