Using data collected by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) through its literacy assessment of young adults, this study addressed the question, Do adult patterns of reading activity relate to demonstrated proficiencies? Five reading patterns were developed that represent various combinations of high and low activity with newspapers, magazines, books, and brief documents. These patterns were found to be related to performance on the three NAEP literacy scales — prose, document, and quantitative — for the total population and for major subgroups as well. Through regression analyses, these patterns were shown to have importance in explaining the literacy performance levels of America's 21- to 25- year olds. These findings are discussed in the context of recent cognitive research that emphasizes the importance of graded contextual practice in the transition from novice to expert status.


This research aimed at improving the grade VIII students' ability in writing narrative texts through the use of Picture Word Inductive Model (PWIM) at SMP N 3 Mlati in the academic year of 2014/ 2015. The type of the research was action research. It was conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consisted of two meetings. The steps of this research were reconnaissance, planning, conducting action, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the research were 32 students of VIII D class, the English teacher, and the researcher. There were two kinds of data in this research. They were qualitative and quantitative data. The qualitative data were gained through observation and interview. The quantitative data were collected from writing tests. The validity of the data was obtained by applying democratic validity, outcome validity, process validity, catalytic validity, and dialogic validity. In reference to the actions conducted in two cycles, the use of the PWIM improved the students' writing ability as justified in the following result.  First, PWIM helps students to generate and organize ideas in the step of identifying and labelling pictures. Second, it enriches the students' vocabulary in the step of reading and reviewing the picture word charts. Third, it improves the students' grammar mastery by practicing the steps of generating words and put them into sentences and paragraphs. Fourth, reading and reviewing the sentences and paragraph step allow the students to pay more attention on mechanics such as spelling and punctuation. In reference to the students' writing scores, the gain scores of the content aspect was 3.17, the organization aspect was 3.3, the language use aspect was 5.13, the vocabulary aspect was 4.62, and the mechanic aspect was 0.57.


The Kootenai River white sturgeon currently spawn (2005) in an 18-kilometer reach of the Kootenai River, Idaho. Since completion of Libby Dam upstream from the spawning reach, there has been only one successful year of recruitment of juvenile fish. Where successful in other rivers, white sturgeon spawn over clean coarse material of gravel size or larger. The channel substrate in the current spawning reach is composed primarily of sand and some buried gravel; within a few kilometers upstream there is clean gravel. We used a 2-dimensional flow and sediment-transport model and the measured locations of sturgeon spawning from 1994-2002 to gain insight into the paradox between the current spawning location and the absence of suitable substrate. Spatial correlations between spawning locations and the model simulations of velocity and depth indicate the white sturgeon tend to select regions of highest velocity and depth within any river cross-section to spawn. These regions of high velocity and depth are independent of preor post-dam flow conditions. A simple sediment-transport simulation suggests that high discharge and relatively long duration flow associated with pre-dam flow events might be sufficient to scour the sandy substrate and expose existing lenses of gravel and cobble as lag deposits in the current spawning reach.


Tourism Development is a tourist attraction that will determine the level of income in an area, and all this is shown to give satisfaction to tourists. This research was conducted to determine the development of tourism to visitor satisfaction on Pabangbon Panorama tours. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the development of tourism with visitor satisfaction of Pabangbon Panorama Tourism. the research used in this study is visitors who visit Panorama Pabangbon Tourism this research form uses qualitative research. This type of research is qualitative research. Respondents used in this study were visitors who came to Bogor Pabangbon Leuwiliang Panorama tour as many as 60 visitors who came to the tourist attractions. Collecting data in the form of questionnaires in the form of interviews used to see the influence of the development of Pabangbon Tourism. Data analysis used in this study is a graph of the results of interviews that have been obtained and Microsoft Excel computer programs. The results of this study conclude that tourism development chart data at Pabangbon Panorama.


Green and sustainable power supply for sensors in pavement monitoring system has attracted attentions of civil engineers recently. In this paper, the piezoelectric energy harvesting technology is used to provide the power for the acceleration sensor and Radio Frequency (RF) communication. The developed piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam is used for collecting the vibrational energy. The energy collection circuit is used to charge the battery, where the power can achieve 1.68 mW and can meet the power need of acceleration sensor for data collection and transmission in one operation cycle, that is, 32.8 seconds. Based on the piezoelectric-cantilever-beam powered sensor, the preliminary study on the IoT-based pavement monitoring platform is suggested, which provides a new applicable approach for civil infrastructure health monitoring.


Producing parts using metal additive manufacturing
(AM) allows for creativity and flexibility while minimizing waste
material that comes with traditional subtracting manufacturing
techniques. However, in order utilize these AM capabilities,
designers need to be aware of how the AM process impacts design and
feasibility of manufacturing. These AM capabilities include
different build materials, where each material has different
capabilities for producing part features. Some metal AM
capabilities also include being able to build a part with multiple
materials, and complex geometries such as lattices and interior
structures. Designing for these technologies requires all of this
knowledge of metal AM capabilities and limitations. Since there are
different types of metal AM processes, each with different
capabilities, it can be a challenge to sort through all of this
information and determine how to design a part and select a
process. This thesis introduces a method to help designers learn
how to design for metal AM processes and select which machine(s) to
use to produce parts. In order to generate a series of design
guidelines for metal AM, multiple AM machines are analyzed for
their capabilities. These capabilities are captured as different
geometric features and their limitations. Rules for how to design
for metal AM are then built upon those features by assigning values
to the features for different metal AM machines and organizing them
into descriptive categories. An AM process selection tool is then
created, with Exsys Corvid expert system software, by using the
design guidelines to develop questions to ask a design about their
part, which in turn feeds back any changes that need to be made.
The input, outputs, and logic of the tool are addressed. Example
parts are analyzed by the program to ensure the success in the
creation of design feedback to assist in successfully designing a
part for a metal AM process.


This application report presents a solution to control multiple permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM, BLDC, and so forth ) simultaneously using the TMS320F2803x microcontrollers. Although the motors included in the "Multi Axis +PFC Kit" are brushless dc (BLDC), the same experimental procedure can be applied to various permanent magnet motors. TMS320F2803x devices are part of the family of C2000 microcontrollers, which enables the cost-effective design of intelligent controllers for three phase motors by reducing the system components and increasing efficiency. With these devices, it is possible to realize far more precise digital vector control algorithms like the field orientated control (FOC). The algorithm's implementation is discussed in this document. The FOC algorithm maintains efficiency in a wide range of speeds and takes into consideration torque changes with transient phases by processing a dynamic model of the motor. Among the solutions proposed are ways to eliminate the phase current sensors and use an observer for speed sensorless control. This application report covers the following: • A theoretical background on field oriented motor control principle • Incremental build levels based on modular software blocks • Experimental results


1.1. Community antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infections in Malta: one-year trend and associated influencing factors, Erika AnneMarie Saliba Gustafsson 1.2. Evaluation of the English Enhanced Surveillance System for carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacteria, Daiga Jermacane 1.3. Prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in asylum-seekers in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, 20162017, Lutz Ehlkes 1.4. Antimicrobial resistance of toxigenic and nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans in Germany 2011-2016, Durdica Marosevic 1.5. Outpatient antibiotic usage in Austria – a comparison of sales and insurance reimbursement data, 2012-15, Ying-shih Su 1.6. Late breaker: First outbreak in France of multi-drug-resistant Shigella sonnei infections in primary school, Southwestern France, March–May 2017, Anne Bernadou


OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of known diabetes in a Swedish county (Skaraborg) and to evaluate capture-recapture methods for validation of the diabetes prevalence. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Four sources were used to find known diabetic patients: 1) the Skaraborg Diabetes Registry (SDR), a case-finding inventory 2) an administrative hospital registry 3) a registry for the retinopathy screening program, and 4) a pharmacy prescription inventory. The capture-recapture method was applied to various combinations of sources to determine the prevalence of diabetes. RESULTS The completeness of the SDR was 88.4 ± 1.3%, indicating a diabetes prevalence of 3.20 ± 0.08%. When the SDR was not used as one of the sources, the estimated prevalence varied between 2.2 and 4.5%. CONCLUSIONS A case-finding registry is important in reliably estimating the prevalence of diabetes.


1 One vas deferens of a rat was denervated by stripping away the serous coat; the other vas was left intact as a control. One week later the sensitivity in vitro of both vasa deferentia to noradrenaline, adrenaline, dopamine, oxymetazoline or acetylcholine was measured. 2 Log concentration response curves for the mean responses of both vasa from a group of four rats for each drug were plotted. Denervated vasa were more sensitive than control vasa to noradrenaline (16‐fold), to adrenaline (8‐fold), to dopamine (2‐fold) and to oxymetazoline (2‐fold). Denervated vasa were more sensitive to acetylcholine over the lower half of the concentration range only. 3 It is concluded that these results support the theory that at least part of the increased sensitivity of denervated smooth muscle to catecholamines is due to an abolition or reduction of the neuronal uptake process. There is also a small non‐specific increase in sensitivity.


Floodlight quantum key distribution (FL-QKD) is a radically different QKD paradigm that can achieve Gbit/s secret-key rates over metropolitan area distances without multiplexing [Phys. Rev. A 94, 012322 (2016)]. It is a two-way protocol that transmits many photons per bit duration and employs a high-gain optical amplifier, neither of which can be utilized by existing QKD protocols to mitigate channel loss. FL-QKD uses an optical bandwidth that is substantially larger than the modulation rate and performs decoding with a unique broadband homodyne receiver. Essential to FL-QKD is Alice's injection of photons from a photon-pair source--in addition to the light used for key generation--into the light she sends to Bob. This injection enables Alice and Bob to quantify Eve's intrusion and thus secure FL-QKD against collective attacks. Our proof-of-concept experiment included 10 dB propagation loss--equivalent to 50 km of low-loss fiber--and achieved a 55 Mbit/s secret-key rate (SKR) for a 100 Mbit/s modulation rate, as compared to the state-of-the-art system's 1 Mbit/s SKR for a 1 Gbit/s modulation rate [Opt. Express 21, 24550-24565 (2013)], representing ~500-fold and ~50-fold improvements in secret-key efficiency (SKE) (bits per channel use) and SKR (bits per second), respectively.


The first direct C-3 alkenylation of N-substituted-4-hydroxy-2-pyridones with unactivated alkenes has been achieved under conventional palladium acetate catalysis. The presented protocol enables the efficient production of functionalized furo[3,2-c]-pyridones-2 when terminal alkenes are utilized and 3-alkenyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyridones when more substituted reaction partners are involved. The mild reaction conditions allow easy, scalable access to pyridone derivatives that resemble core structures isolated from natural alkaloids.


Integrating multi-dimensional genomic and epigenetic data from the TCGA, ENCODE and CCLE projects, we comprehensively characterized the epigenetic landscape for lncRNA genes in 9837 tumor samples across 33 cancer types. This analysis revealed that lncRNAs can be both epigenetically silenced and activated by DNA methylation alteration in the promoter region, which is in striking contrast to the well-documented hypermethylation of protein-coding gene promoters in tumor. To determine the corresponding transcriptional changes of lncRNAs with epigenetic alterations in tumors, we applied a heuristic strategy to identify the epigenetic silenced and activated lncRNA by integrating the transcriptome of 58,648 lncRNAs from 6475 TCGA RNA-seq files. This analysis characterized a patient-centric matrix with DNA methylation status of 3380 epigenetically regulated lncRNAs across 6475 tumor samples. Some epigenetically-activated lncRNAs exhibited an "on or off" pattern with completely no expression in normal tissues, which potentiated them as promising diagnostic biomarkers. To rule out the interference of tumor associated stromal and immune cells in lncRNA analysis, we investigated the RNA-seq and DNA methylation profiles of 784 cell lines from breast, lung, and bladder cancer. Most of epigenetically regulated lncRNAs identified in tumor samples showed prominently negative correlation between their expression and promoter methylation in cancer cell lines. We then validated the epigenetically activated lncRNAs by performing decitabine treatment on cell lines. The decitabine treatment led to a dosage and time-dependent induction of lncRNA expression and loss of DNA methylation at lncRNA promoter. Further survival analysis indicated that epigenetically activated lncRNAs were generally correlated with poor survival while the epigenetically silenced lncRNAs were generally correlated with good survival. Among the epigenetically silenced lncRNAs are well-documented tumor suppressor lncRNAs such as MEG3. And lncRNA oncogenes, such as MINCR, are epigenetically activated in multiple cancer types. To delineate the relationship between lncRNAs and known cancer pathways, we performed mutual exclusive analysis by combining the lncRNA epigenetic landscape with known protein-coding tumor genes alterations in same tumors. This analysis nominated several lncRNAs as novel members in cancer pathways, including TP53, PI3K, and EGFR cascades. Indeed, functional experiment validation focus on the top epigenetically activated lncRNA (EPIC1) demonstrated that EPIC1 is a potential oncogene. In breast and ovarian cancer cell lines, EPIC1 promotes cancer cell colony formation and increases cell viability by promoting cell cycle pathway. Collectively, our integrative study provides a resource for investigating lncRNAs in cancer and lays the groundwork for the development of novel diagnostics biomarkers and treatments. Citation Format: Da Yang, Zehua Wang, Bo Yang, Min Zhang, Zhiyuan Wu. The DNA methylation landscape of long noncoding RNAs in human cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3495. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3495


We explored the role of cell type in the early steps of replication of Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) by comparing viral entry and reverse transcription in physiologically quiescent peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes. Virus entry was identical in both cell types. In contrast to previous results, full-length viral DNA was synthesized in resting B lymphocytes, but in agreement with earlier reports, reverse transcription was abortive in resting T lymphocytes. The addition of exogenous nucleosides in the culture medium of resting T lymphocytes allowed reverse transcription to proceed in these cells, without inducing cell cycling. These data suggest that the difference in the ability of quiescent T and B lymphocytes to sustain reverse transcription of Mo-MLV can be explained by a difference in the dNTP pool sizes of these two populations of quiescent cells.


HAEMATOLOGICAL testing is used both for routine health monitoring and as an aid to diagnosis. An erythrogram provides information about the oxygen‐carrying capacity of the blood, the health of the bone marrow and many other disease processes. A leukogram, meanwhile, provides information about immune system function, the presence of inflammation and infection, and can even raise the suspicion of endocrinopathy or neoplasia. Haematology analysers have replaced manual methods of evaluation in many veterinary clinics, but it should be remembered that, in some instances, the results produced may not provide all the answers to a diagnostic problem. This article reviews a number of haematology analysers commonly used in practice and discusses their limitations to help clinicians critically assess the output from such systems.


The quest for adornment is a global passion and Indians are no exception to it. Indian Cosmetic market is a multi Billion Market (Lifestyle, 2012) and reportedly growing at 15-20% annually. Though it was observed that demand for skin whitening products by both the genders is the main drive of the bullish trend in the cosmetic market, the same can't undermine the substantial contribution of the other beauty products. This growing vanity of Indians widens the scope for global cosmetic marketers and not much scholarly light has been thrown upon this area. Hence, this present study concentrates on the influence of Gender and Social status on Physical and Achievement variables and how a latent variable Vanity explains Physical and Achievement, finally the effect of Vanity on Cosmetic Product Advertisement Effectiveness. A sample of 350 was collected from Tamil Nadu Pondicherry, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar by adopting non-probability convenience sampling method. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the complex relationship between variables and test the Hypotheses. Results indicate irrespective of Gender and Social status people are concerned about their appearance and success in life and vanity has a significant role to play towards the likelihood of remembering cosmetic advertisements. The findings of this research may have implications for marketers, Advertising professionals and researchers. Keywords: Vanity, Cosmetic Advertisements, Gender, Social Status, SEM.


Four conformationally defined analogs of amphetamine were synthesized and studied for their ability to potentiate the action of levarterenol on the isolated vas deferens from reserpine-treated rats. The compunds also were studied for indirect adrenergic agonist activity in the same test system. A definite stereochemical correlation was demonstrated in each case, the exo-isomers being considerably more active than their endo-counterparts both in potentiation and in indirect activity. The more active isomers of each pair correspond to an anti-periplanar conformation of amphetamine. The compounds are probably acting by inhibition of the neuronal amine uptake mechanism, since none of the compounds was a direct-acting agonist itself. These results are discussed in relationship to other previously reported, conformationally defined, amphetamine analogs.


One of the most promising scieniifc of East century was the Computers. Computers of initial days were of very large size consisting vacuum tubes ond valves. This has taken over by sernicor-,ductor and transistors which were 0' smaller size and more efficient. The rapid growth in the semiconductor industry hos led to the present form computer on our desktop. This hos initiated the questions about the ultimate limit of this development. AS size Of computer chip is decreasing, if has been predicted by Moor's law that within next twenty year, the size Of a sing bit will be of the order of a single atom. Physical laws governing the atomic phenomena, such cs quantum mechanics, are very different from macroscopic laws. so the computers operating on atomic level will not be Same cs paesent days computers. This possibility has openee c completely new field of Quantum Computation.


The proposed technique is capable of segmenting the lung's air and its soft tissues followed by estimating the lung's air volume and its variations throughout the image sequence. The work presents a methodology that consists of three steps. In the first step, CT image sequence are to be given as input where histograms of all images within the sequence are calculated and they are overlaid in order to form the sequence's combined histogram to extract lung air area. In the second step, segment t he lung air area by using optimum threshold based method. In the third step, voxels in the rendered volume will be counted and the percentage of air consumption will be estimated. The result will indicate a very good ability of the proposed method for estimating the lung's air volume and its variations in a respiratory image sequence.


Although engineering software product lines have proven to be an efficient way to develop similar products with high quality and increased time-to-market, companies must determine if they are willing to do the business and technical changes that this strategy requires. To support decision making, we are proposing APPLIES, a framework for evaluating the motivation and preparation for adopting product lines in an organization. We reviewed drivers, success factors and barriers described in the literature and proposed a comprehensive framework where these aspects can be prioritized and inter-related by diverse stakeholders in a company. Decision makers can use the resulting information to advise or not the implementation of product lines. This paper reports an initial evaluation of our proposal: a quasi-experiment where a group of 14 practitioners discussed motivators and barriers for adopting product lines, applied the framework and answered a set of questions about it. Our results show that reviewing the proposed factors contribute to evaluate if product line engineering could be adopted. However, we noted some problems with the used descriptions and visualizations that we must tackle to improve the framework and prepare further evaluations. This paper presents lessons learned in the process and gives some advice to researchers proposing similar techniques.


the assumption that under certain conditions the rate of deposition of molecules on the growing crystal is controlled by the rate at which any one of three things can occur: (1) the arrival of solute molecules to the various points on the surface (or the departure of solvent from the surface), (2) the escape of heat of crystallization from the surface, or (3) the escape of electric charges from the surface. The last of these processes is markedly exhibited by the needles formed in the fast electrodeposition of silver. It has been shown (ibid.) that all these processes can be expressed by a conformal mapping of the lines of flow and the equiconcentration contours about bodies of various shapes, and that protru-sions on the crystal are favorably shaped to enhance any of the three processes and consequently develop spines.


The all solid-state combination of a saturable Bragg mirror for amplitude modulation and a cascaded chi((2)):chi((2)) nonlinearity (phase-mismatched second harmonic crystal) as an axial-mode phase locker for continuous-wave mode locking of large mode area lasers is investigated. The dual-passive mode-locking technique generates extremely stable sub-10ps sech(2) pulses at 76MHz from a ~6W, TEM(00)-mode, diode-pumped, thermal-lens-shaped, Brewster Nd:GdVO(4) laser.


Free-space channels provide the possibility of establishing continuous-variable quantum key distribution in global communication networks. However, the fluctuating nature of transmissivity in these channels introduces an extra noise which reduces the achievable secret key rate. We consider two classical postprocessing strategies, postselection of high-transmissivity data and data clusterization, to reduce the fluctuation-induced noise of the channel. We undertake the investigation of such strategies utilizing a composable security proof in a realistic finite-size regime against both collective and individual attacks. We also present an efficient parameter estimation approach to estimate the effective Gaussian parameters over the postselected data or the clustered data. Although the composable finite-size effects become more significant with the postselection and clusterization both reducing the size of the data, our results show that these strategies are still able to enhance the finite-size key rate against both individual and collective attacks with a remarkable improvement against collective attacks, even moving the protocol from an insecure regime to a secure regime under certain conditions.


Electric power losses have a significant impact on the total costs of distribution networks. The use of renewable energy sources is a major alternative to improve power losses and costs, although other important issues are also enhanced such as voltage magnitudes and network congestion. However, determining the best location and size of renewable energy generators can be sometimes a challenging task due to a large number of possible combinations in the search space. Furthermore, the multiobjective functions increase the complexity of the problem and metaheuristics are preferred to find solutions in a relatively short time. This paper evaluates the performance of the cuckoo search (CS), harmony search (HS), and bat-inspired (BA) algorithms for the location and size of renewable distributed generation (RDG) in radial distribution networks using a multiobjective function defined as minimizing the energy losses and the RDG costs. The metaheuristic algorithms were programmed in Matlab and tested using the 33-node radial distribution network. The three algorithms obtained similar results for the two objectives evaluated, finding points close to the best solutions in the Pareto front. Comparisons showed that the CS obtained the minimum results for most points evaluated, but the BA and the HS were close to the best solution.


In February 2012 the Rondegat River, in the Cape Floristic Region, was the first river in South Africa where the piscicide rotenone was used to remove an alien invasive fish, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu. In preparation for this treatment, the sensitivity of smallmouth bass to various concentrations of the rotenone formulation CFT Legumine (5% active rotenone) was evaluated a week prior to treatment using standard toxicity tests to determine the minimum effective dose (MED) that would result in 100% mortality after exposure for 4 h. The MED was 0.0125 mg l-1 rotenone. Adverse effects, including erratic swimming, loss of equilibrium and death, occurred in a dose-dependent manner with smaller fish responding faster than larger ones. Standard operating procedures for the use of rotenone recommend treatment at a minimum of twice the calculated MED. Given the uncertainty associated with rotenone losses through hydrolysis and photolysis under field conditions, and the possible occurrence of smallmouth bass more tolerant than those tested, a concentration of twice the recommended treatment dose (0.050 mg l-1 rotenone) was finally used to treat the Rondegat River for a duration of 6 h.


Abstract Surface charge and surface adsorption on an alpha-alumina powder were investigated in a 99.5/0.5 wt% ethanol/water suspension. A model is proposed in which ethanol molecules are dissociatively adsorbed as ethoxide ions and protons to Lewis acid and base sites on the surface. These ions can then desorb separately from the surface. The surface, therefore, acts as a catalyst for the autoprotolysis of the solvent and creates its own ionic atmosphere which cannot be predicted directly from chemistry in the bulk of the solvent. 3.5μmol/m 2 of HCl is reversibly adsorbed to the surface by replacement of ethoxide ions adsorbed to surface acid sites by chloride ions. 2.4μmol/m 2 of KOH is adsorbed to the surface by replacement of surface adsorbed protons with potassium ions. More rapid desorption of negative ions from the surface leaves the particles with a net positive surface charge except when the concentration of negative ions in solution is sufficient to supress this desorption and net surface charge goes to zero. Surface charge is found to be a function only of the activity of the negative ions in solution at the surface. No significant negative surface charge was measured under any conditions here. Equilibrium constants for surface adsorption and charge density as a function of surface activity of ethoxide and chloride ions are calculated. No effect of adsorbed potassium ions on the surface potential was found.


In general, forage for cattle in Indonesia comes fr om the domestic availability of grass, only efforts to improve the culture is still very limited. And also research related to domestic grass. Therefore, bas ic research is needed to feed the domestic grasses to determine its potential as a plant cultivation. The purpose of this study is to identify potential type s of grass as a source of forages for cattle. Resea rch conducted by survey method, direct observation, sampling plants, shooting, ex-situ preservation, creation and identification of herbarium. In genera l, there are cattle in the desa Ujung Genteng is Peranakan Ongole (PO). Cattle released for 24 hours in open areas along the coast. In addition to cattle, there are also sheep and goats. Performance of livestock in general either do not seem thinnes s indicated. Depends entirely forage available, parti cularly domestic grasses. There are 16 types of gra ss found along the coast, divided into 3 belt: Belt-1 (directly adjacent to the sea) consists of: Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L) wild, Cynodon dactylon (L) Pers., Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Srop, Ischaemum muticum (L.) dan Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv.Gaertn,, Belt-2 (sand-dominated soil ) consists of: Chrysopogon aciculatus (Retz.) Trin., Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) A. Hitchc., Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf., Chloris barbata Swartz., Themeda triandra Forssk., Paspalum cartilagineum Presl. , Digitaria nuda Schumacher, Paspalidium flavidum A. Camus , Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arnott ex Nees and Eleusine indica (L.) and Belt-3 (predominantly clay soil ) consists of: Eulalia leschenaultiana (Decne.) Ohwi. Based of observation on field and e x-situ there are 5 types of grass that is cultivated potential for Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Srop, Ischaemum muticum (L.), Brachiaria subquadripara (Trin.) A. Hitchc., Brachiaria distachya (L.) Stapf.dan Paspalum cartilagineum Presl .


The construction of a LIDAR system for vertical profiling of tropospheric ozone is described. An overview of the first measurements of the system is given and the status of the system is discussed. The main conclusion are: - The construction of a laboratory version of the system is succesfully completed. - Since the beginning of April 1991 the system has been in use for routine measurements of ozone profiles from an altitude of about 600 m up to 5 km under clear weather conditions. The measurement range is limited to 5 km with analog detection. To achieve greater ranges photon couting is necessary. - It is expected that the system can be made operational in the Dutch TOR measurement network station Kollumerwaard. - Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), used for generation of the measurement wavelengths, has been investigated and shifting quantum efficiencies of up tp 77% in hydrogen and 45% for deuterium have been achieved. - The errors in the ozone profiles can be split in statistical errors (precision) and systematic errors. The error sources include differential aerosol backscattering and differential extinction by oxygen, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, water vapour, molecules and aerosols. In the table below the present error situation is summarized for an averaging time of 100 seconds (1000 laser shots) and two measurement conditions: a clear, clean day, and a hazy, polluted day with enhanced loading of aerosols, SO2 and NO2. Water vapour is disregarded in the calculation in view of the very uncertain cross sections.- By applying corrective algorithms to the measurements and using longer averaging times the errors can be reduced. The table below gives the estimated situation after correction for systematic errors and 400 seconds averaging (4000 laser shots). - Further improvement of the statistical errors above circa 5 km altitude (i.e. the free troposphere) is possible with installation of photon counting.


Citrus fruits processing results in the generation of huge amounts of citrus by-products, mainly peels, pulp, membranes, and seeds. Although they represent a major concern from both economical and environmental aspects, it is very important to emphasize that these by-products contain a rich source of value-added bioactive compounds with a wide spectrum of applications in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. The primary aim of this review is to highlight the great potential of isolated phytochemicals and extracts of individual citrus by-products with bioactive properties (e.g., antitumor, antimicrobial, antiviral, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and other beneficial activities with health-promoting abilities) and their potential in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and biological applications. This review on citrus by-products contains the following parts: structural and chemical characteristics; the utilization of citrus by-products; bioactivities of the present waxes and carotenoids, essential oils, pectins, and phenolic compounds; and citrus by-product formulations with enhanced biocactivities. A summary of the recent developments in applying citrus by-products for the treatment of different diseases and the protection of human health is also provided, emphasizing innovative methods for bioaccessibility enhancements (e.g., extract/component encapsulation, synthesis of biomass-derived nanoparticles, nanocarriers, or biofilm preparation). Based on the representative phytochemical groups, an evaluation of the recent studies of the past six years (from 2018 to 2023) reporting specific biological and health-promoting activities of citrus-based by-products is also provided. Finally, this review discusses advanced and modern approaches in pharmaceutical/biological formulations and drug delivery (e.g., carbon precursors for the preparation of nanoparticles with promising antimicrobial activity, the production of fluorescent nanoparticles with potential application as antitumor agents, and in cellular imaging). The recent studies implementing nanotechnology in food science and biotechnology could bring about new insights into providing innovative solutions for new pharmaceutical and medical discoveries.


Introduction HVPG is an established marker of portal hypertension, while transient elastography (TE) has been proposed as a non-invasive marker of portal hypertension/disease progression. Collagen proportionate area (CPA),1 a histological quantitation of liver collagen, was recently shown to be a better correlate with HVPG than Ishak stage. The aim of this study is to evaluate relationships between liver collagen, TE, APRI score, HVPG and Ishak stage. Methods Consecutive HCV transplanted patients had transjugular liver biopsies combined with HVPG, TE and CPA. Linear regression analysis was used to assess correlation: CPA and TE, and CPA, TE and HVPG. ROC curves to assess sensitivities/specificities of each factor. Results 58 HCV transplanted patients: 47 males, mean age 53 years, mean time 50±39 (9–169) months from LT. Median liver stiffness (LSM) 11.3 kPa (3.1–50.3), mean HVPG 5 mm Hg (0–32), mean CPA 7.9% (1–45), mean APRI score 0.06 (0.01–0.7). Correlation between LSM and CPA r2=0.58, (p<0.000), between LSM and HVPG r2=0.16; (p=0.002) and CPA and HVPG r2=0.28(p<0.000). Univariately CPA, Ishak stage, TE (all p<0.0001), APRI score (p=0.04) were associated with HVPG≥6 mm Hg; multivariately CPA was the only independent factor (OR 1.336, 95% CI 1.136 to 1.571, p=0.000). Univariately CPA, Ishak stage, TE and APRI score were also associated with HVPG≥10 mm Hg but multivariately only CPA (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.2, p=0.020). For HVPG≥6 mm Hg, AUROC for CPA was 0.91(95% CI 0.83 to 0.99). The best cut-off was 8.7% (78% sensitivity and 87% specificity); AUROC for stiffness was 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 to 0.96), cut-off of 10.9 kPa had 78% sensitivity and 87% specificity. For CPA >8%, the AUROC for stiffness was 0.98(95% CI 0.96 to 1.011). A cut-off of 9.6 kpa could predict CPA>8% (93% sensitivity and 99% specificity). For stiffness>11 kPa, AUROC for CPA was 0.96(95% CI 0.89 to 1.018) with a cut-off of 8.4% (87% sensitivity and 99% specificity). Conclusion CPA as a quantitative measure of liver collagen had a better correlation with TE than HVPG. Thus it may represent a better histological index for TE rather than stages which are descriptive categories and not quantitative assessments. CPA was better than Ishak stage or TE in predicting portal hypertension. CPA should be evaluated to subclassify cirrhosis.


Mangrove forest is one of unique forest ecosystem form which brings land and sea territory. Mangrove forest has specific characters in tidal areas, coastal marine zone and Small Islands in Bolobungkang village, Luwuk-Banggai of Central Sulawesi Province. The study aimed to edetermine Mangrove forest characteristic. Plot is used as the methodology which is placed into a  strip with size 10m x 10m for tree level, 5m x 5m for stake level and 2m x 2m for seedling level which set into 20 strip plots along 2 strips. The sampling used is soil sampling which is conducted in aqueous (forward) and in near land area (back). The characteristics of Mangrove forest habitat in Bolobungkang village are loam, sandy loam and dusty loam. The PH ranges 3. 9 – 3. 0 and salinity ranges 2, 73 – 2, 69 per mile. The highest INP for the tree and the stake level is Rhizophora mucronatawith with the value of 116, 86 % and 125, 22 % while the highest of SDR is Rhizophora apiculata with a value of 93, 94 %. Keywords: Mangrove, Forest, Characteristic


In Nigeria organic fertilizers are being developed from organic and farm wastes and these can be fortified with inorganic fertilizer. Therefore eight fertilizer treatments namely:(1) control (no fertilizer), (2) Pacesetter Grade B organic fertilizer (PGB) at 3 t/ha 100 %, (3) 300 kg/ha NPK fertilizer, (4) PGB + NPK fertilizer (75 : 25), (5) PGB + NPK (50: 50), (6)' Kola pod husk (KPH) at 3t /ha 1 00%, (7) KPH +NPK (75: 25) and (8) KPH + NPK (50:50) were applied to amaranthus (Amaranthus cruentus). Residual effect on second and third crops was also studied. Proximate analysis was done to'determine crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), ash and ether extract (EE). The PGB and KPH alone or combined with reduced level. of NPK generally increased CP , ash and EE significantly on immediate and residual basis, the organic fertilizers had more residual effect than NPK . Organic materials alone or combined with NPK reduced CF especially on residual basis. Compared with organic materials, NPK gave least values of CP, ash, CF and EE. Application of KPH + NPK (50:50) , KPH and PGB gave highest values of CP and ash respectively. Integrated application of organic fertilizers and NPK gave highest values of EE in order: PGB + NPK (50:50), KPH (50:50), and PGB + NPK (75:25). Organic fertilizers and OMF maintain adequate CP and EE in first and second crops whereas NPK did not maintain adequate CP in second crop.


The koro syndrome is a triad of deep-seated fear of penile shrinkage, its disappearance into the abdomen and consequent death. The disorder, which is considered culture related, is endemic in South-East Asia and China, where it occurs in both epidemic and sporadic form. In the western hemisphere single cases are occasionally encountered. The association with psychiatric pathology in sporadic cases of koro has been well described, but lately attention has been drawn to systemic or neurologic involvement in these patients. The clinical, historical and cultural features of koro, as well as therapeutic strategies, are discussed.


The strain-induced crystallization of natural rubber (NR) was investigated by the measurement of the tear energy of a crosslinked blend consisting of NR and noncrystalline styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR). When NR was dispersed into the SBR matrix, the tear energy of SBR increased at various temperatures and tear rates. After the application of the principle of time–temperature superposition to the tear energy according to the Williams–Landel–Ferry equation, two distinct curves were found for the NR/SBR blend with respect to the reduced tear rate, despite the fact that the tear energy of SBR or the SBR/SBR blend gave its own single composite curve. When the fatty acid in the NR/SBR blend was removed by acetone extraction, the tear energy of the blend drew a single composite curve. The conversion of the two curves into the single composite curve for the NR/SBR blend suggested that the tear energy depended on the strain-induced crystallization of NR dispersed in the SBR matrix, which was suppressed by the removal of the fatty acid. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 613–619, 2005


Background Overweight and obesity are considered to be a global pandemic. Its associations with hypertension, diabetes and hyperlipidemia are important risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Methods This was a retrospective, observational chart review of obese patients who were seen in our outpatient clinic for cardiovascular clearance prior to an intended bariatric surgery between 2004 and 2020. Data from patient's demographics, risk factors, presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) and other cardiovascular diseases were collected from medical charts. They underwent clinical evaluation, non-invasive workup including electrocardiograms, echocardiograms, treadmill exercise tests and some of them myocardial perfusion studies and coronary angiograms when indicated, based on their symptoms and/or risk factors for CAD. Results From 761 patients studied, 7.6% (58 patients) underwent coronary angiograms, based on their non-invasive workup and their history. Among them, we found that 17 patients had significant CAD. It should be mentioned that this is a selected group of patients with the intention to undergo a bariatric surgical procedure, which this makes them somewhat different from the general population, and this could be considered among the limitations of our study. Conclusions Data from our selected population chart review showed that in this specific population, there was no high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, specifically coronary atherosclerosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, stroke, venous thrombosis and obstructive sleep apnea.


Patients with neurological comorbidities are more likely to develop severe COVID-19. We aimed to detect the outcomes of COVID-19 patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage comorbidity and the role of enoxaparin in decreasing the mortality rate in these cases, even though enoxaparin is a potential cause of intracerebral hemorrhage. The patients were checked on to detect surveillance outcomes, the relationship between mortality and patient characteristics, and the relationship between enoxaparin and study outcomes. Chest condition and GCS improved in 67.9% of participants. Hematoma course increased in 49.1%. Midline-shift, brain-edema, and COVID symptoms improved in 67.9%. There was a non-significant difference in mortality regarding age and gender. There was a significant difference in mortality regarding treatment with enoxaparin; 75% of the patients who did not receive enoxaparin died. 92.6% of the patients who showed decreases in hematoma course were administered enoxaparin. 76.9% of the patients who showed increases in hematoma-course were administered enoxaparin. Most of the patients who were admitted to the neurosurgical unit with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage acquired the COVID-19 infection. Most of the cases included in this study did not progress to severe cases. The dying patients showed deterioration in both neurological and COVID-19 symptoms. The anticoagulant properties of enoxaparin given earlier before and throughout the infection can considerably reduce mortality in COVID-19 individuals with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. It is recommended to use enoxaparin for cases with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage and COVID-19 regardless of hematoma size because the rate of improvement was greater than the mortality rate after using enoxaparin in this study.


The objectives of this systematic review were to find out whether gender differences exist in the domain of access to type 2 diabetes care and to identify the barriers faced by women in accessing type 2 diabetes care. A PubMed search was conducted for English articles published between January 01, 2005, and April 30, 2017, that looked into the above-mentioned topics. The search showed 219 articles, which were scrutinized and 21 articles were chosen for final review. Five articles dealt with gender differences, 14 articles dealt with barriers faced by women in accessing type 2 diabetes care and two articles dealt with both aspects. To accomplish the first objective, major areas studied by articles dealing with gender differences in accessing type 2 diabetes care were identified. In each of those areas, articles which reported gender differences were noted. Six out of these seven articles which dealt with gender differences (87%) reported that gender differences were present in the areas of type 2 diabetes care they studied. These articles also reported that women faced more difficulty in accessing type 2 diabetes care. To accomplish the second objective, data from articles dealing with barriers faced by women in accessing type 2 diabetes care were carefully analyzed and potential themes and theme categories were identified. Results showed that women faced personal, sociocultural, health system, economic, psychological, and geographical barriers in accessing type 2 diabetes care. Since this systematic review could identify only limited studies, evidence from more studies would help to confirm and generalize our findings.


This paper summarizes the findings of the maximum flood prone area mapping at Kelantan river basin, Malaysia, using multiple logistic regression model with the aid of GIS tools and remote sensing data. To map the maximum flood prone areas, at first the flood extent areas were extracted from RADARSAT 1 images and supported with ground data, existing reports and field notes. To evaluate the factors associated with flood prone areas, a spatial database was constructed from a topographical map, geological map, hydrological map, Global Positioning System (GPS) data, land cover map, SPOT 5 satellite image, digital elevation model (DEM), and precipitation data. Nine major parameters were extracted for the logistic regression analysis to determine each factor's rating, and the ratings were computed for flood prone area mapping analysis. Results indicate that flood prone area mapping which can be termed as susceptibility map can be performed at 1:25,000 which is comparable to some conventional medium scaled flood hazard map. The flood prone areas delineated on these map correspond to areas that would be inundated by significant flooding (approximately the 100 year flood). Qualitatively, the model seems to give reasonable results with accuracy observed was 84%.


The first laboratory confirmed case in Kerala was reported in Thiruvananthapuram, on 8th July 2021. Since then, 83 ZIKV positive cases have been reported from Kerala, with majority of cases from Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation (TMC) area. Entomological surveillance was carried out in 19 wards of TMC including 9 micro containment wards. Three species of Aedes (Stegomyia) mosquitoes-Ae.aegypti, Ae.albopictus and Ae.vittatus could be collected from the survey areas and among this, Ae.albopictus was the predominant species. The Aedes larval indices such as House index, Container index and Breteau index were found above the critical level in all the surveyed areas. Analysis on immature Aedes output in different container types indicated flooded cement floors/water stagnated areas in newly constructing sites had the highest container productivity (43.08) followed by discarded tires (15.68) and plastic containers (11.62). The highest container/breeding site efficiency was noted in the same flooded cement floors (4.0) followed by grinding stones/cement tanks/cement pits (2.97) and in discarded tires (1.92). ZIKV could be detected from Ae.aegypti, Ae.albopictus and Ae.vittatus mosquitoes. The detection of ZIKV from Ae.albopictus and Ae.vittatus in the present study is the first report from India. Transovarial transmission could be noted in this outbreak investigation. The outbreak of ZIKV in the state capital causes a serious public health concern all over the state. The right approach will certainly rely on intensive source reduction activities and implementation of both traditional and newer vector control interventions with the active participation of the community.

https://www.ijcmas.com/10-12-2021/M. S. Sasi, et al.pdf


This study explores the experience of fathers in dual-earner families following the births of their first infants. The grounded theory method was used to collect, code, compare and contrast data gathered in interviews with 10 men. The fathers indicated that they viewed their return to a dual-earner lifestyle as a process of redefining roles. Redefining roles was influenced by four basic life resources and two sets of value systems and occurred in the context of needs which were either met or unmet. The basic life resources and value systems not only influenced family members' needs, but also the two basic strategies which the men used in redefining their roles. First, the men monitored role strain and, second, they limited role strain. Each of these strategies evolved from the central concept of redefining roles. The consequences of redefining roles included effects on marital intactness, family members' health and family members' satisfaction. Redefining roles has implications for nurses who work with men in dual-earner families. As first-time fathers assume multiple roles and struggle with redefining their roles, nurses can offer anticipative and concurrent guidance.


Notch family plays vital role in carcinogenesis and progression of various cancer, however, its clinical significance and prognostic value in colorectal cancer isn't fully investigated. In present study, we first investigated the NOTCH4 expression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) (n=361) and GSE39582 (n=474) database and then validated with our own database (n=248). The transcriptional and protein levels of NOTCH4 were evaluated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry study, respectively. Univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed to explore the relationship between various prognostic factors and survival outcomes. In the univariate analysis, NOTCH3 and NOTCH4 were significantly correlated with prognosis in TCGA and GSE39582 database, respectively (P<0.05). For NOTCH3 has been studied in CRC, we chosen NOTCH4 for further study. NOTCH4 mRNA was higher in liver metastases than their primary colorectal cancer or normal mucosa. Increased NOTCH4 levels significantly correlated with advanced N stage (P= 0.002), M stage (P= 0.002), lymphovascular invasion (P= 0.026), and CEA status (P= 0.030). Patients with high NOTCH4 expression had shorter 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) (HR 6.809; 95% CI 3.334-13.904; P< 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (HR 6.476; 95% CI 3.307-12.689; P<0.001) than those with low NOTCH4 expression. Multivariate survival analysis demonstrated that NOTCH4 was an independent prognostic biomarker for both DFS (HR 7.848; 95% CI 3.777-16.308; P<0.001) and OS (HR 5.323; 95% CI 2.668-10.623; P<0.001).Collectively, NOTCH4 may play critical role in colorectal cancer progression and could serve as a novel biomarker to predict survival after colectomy.


Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020 introduced many new meanings and concepts into the constitutional matter. Most of them have great ideological potential. The paper analyzes the worldview aspect of the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the political message of their adoption, methodological approaches to identifying their content. The paper highlights amendments with the greatest spiritual and moral content, such as succession, historical truth, patriotism. The author elucidates the prerequisites for their adoption, including the historical inevitability of changing the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 1993 and the defeat of imitative constitutionalism in the majority of post-socialist countries. It is shown that the ideological content of the amendments was used to adjust the liberal-democratic model from the standpoint of strengthening the state sovereignty. Particular attention is paid to the expansion of national identity in constitutional norms as a natural process of protection from global constitutionalism, universal democratic values, including the case study of Eastern European states. There is a worldwide crisis tendency for the market-type democracy, the search for more modern approaches to its renewal. As a conclusion, it is noted that the worldview turn towards a reassessment of the liberal democratic doctrine is contradictory and not completely clear. It can be assumed that the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation are the first step not only towards the modification of constitutional institutions, but also towards a qualitative renewal of the philosophical and legal meanings of the Russian constitutional identity. As methodological tools of scientific research, it is proposed to use the potential of the integrative function of philosophy of law and the concept of system-wide contradictions of the society. This concept allows us to critically assess the universality of the traditional values of democracy, to form their own competitive models of the constitutional structure. It aims at finding a balance between the opposites in the society, the state, at the mechanism of dialogue and proportionality in decision-making.


Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of orthognathic surgery with intended manual condylar positioning on condyle by examining a change in its position. Method: About 18 patients with mandibular prognathism who underwent orthognathic surgery with intentional manual condyle positioning were included. Condyle displacement was analyzed through 3D cone-beam computed tomography before and after operation. The patients were categorized into 2 experimental groups: group A (1-jaw) and group B (2-jaw). The experimental groups were examined before surgery (T0), 3 days (T1), and 6 months (T2) after surgery. Condylar displacement direction was investigated in terms of bodily shift and rotational movement. Results: Downward bodily shift of condyle after surgery was significantly apparent from all of the patients. Condylar bodily shift in other directions was statistically insignificant. Gross bodily shift of condyle right after surgery was anterolateral-inferior direction. In perspective of rotational movement, condyle rotated in infero-medial direction right after operation, but no significant change was presented afterwards. In addition, no significant difference in the amounts of condylar shift and pattern existed between groups A and B. Conclusion: Intended manual condylar positioning may minimize postoperative displacement of condyle while accomplishing skeletal stability.


The question of the behaviour of effective coupling constants in one-loop 'finite' grand unification theories in curved spacetime is investigated. It is shown that in strong gravitational fields the effective coupling constant, corresponding to the parameter of non-minimal interaction of scalar and gravitational fields, tends to the conformal value or increases in an exponential fashion. The one-loop effective potential is obtained with accuracy to linear curvature terms. It is shown that, in external supergravity, supersymmetric finite theories admit asymptotic conformal invariance.


A teleologic model, based upon currently available knowledge of the glucoregulatory hormones, insulin, glucagon and growth hormone, has been presented in an effort to simplify understanding of their physiologic importance. The approach employed in this conceptual "repackaging" stresses in evolutionary terms the contribution of these hormones to the solution of critical problems of energy storage and supply, which, in their absence, would block phylogenetic progress. Clinical disorders of glucoregulatory hormone secretion, both real and theoretical, are classified and briefly discussed.


This chapter presents Thomas Aquinas's Quodlibet V, which dates from his second Parisian regency (the second time Aquinas functioned as a master in Paris). It contains Aquinas's answers to questions about God, angels, and human beings. Specifically, the questions deal with: God's knowledge; God's power; God's assumed nature; angels: Is Lucifer the subject of the aevum?; human nature; the sacrament of the Eucharist: Is the form of bread annihilated? Should a priest give an unconsecrated host to an unexposed sinner who asks him to do so?; the sacrament of penance; the sacrament of marriage; relating to the virtues; relating to the commandments; relating to prelates; relating to teachers; relating to religious; and relating to clerics.


This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of 3.5 g Humic acid (HA), 3.5gesterifiedglucomannan (EGM) and 5gHydrated Sodium Calcium Aluminosilicate (HSCAS) to counteract the toxic effects of 1 ppm aflatoxin in the broiler chicken7-35days of age.Three hundred 7-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups of 4 replicates (each contained 15 chicks). While chicks in group 1 were fed a basal diet free of toxin (control), group 2 chicks were fed a basal diet contaminated with 1ppm AF, the other three groups 3, 4 and 5 were fed contaminatedbasal diet supplemented with 3.5 g HA, 3.5 g GEM and 5 g HSCAS, respectively. All groups were kept under observation from 7-35 days of age. Results obtained can be summarized as follows:Feeding contaminated diets significantly decreased final body weight, BW gains and feed intake. Feed conversion rate (FCR) was lowest in the group consuming the aflatoxin diet (P < 0.05). Further, contaminated diet caused significant decreases in serum total protein, albumin, globulin, total lipids, calcium and phosphorus. Compared with the control, the contaminated diet with 1ppm AF significantly increased the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), uric acid and creatinine. Also, there was impairment in liver and Serum antioxidant enzyme activities,antibodies titer against Newcastle Disease (ND) and aflatoxin B1 residual in the liver associated with aflatoxin toxicity. Increased relative weights of liver and decreased dressing % were observed in chicks fed the AF- diet.The results cleared that treatment of aflatoxicated birds with 3.5g HA, 3.5 g GEM and 5 g HSCAS induced protection from the development of signs and lesions with significant (p


Introduction: Good nutrition during school-age is critical to cov er the deficits suffered during childhood. Dietary intake with respect to adequate availability of foo d in terms of quantity and quality, ability to dige st, absorb and utilize food and the social discrimination against girls can greatly affect the adequate nutrition of these children. The present is an attempt to determine the dietary patt ern of energy and protein consumption among rural s chool-age children in Aligarh district and the study will als o highlight the causes of inadequacy in terms of en ergy and protein consumption. Material and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken in the rural field practice areas of Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, A.M.U. Aligarh under Rural Health Training Centre. A sample of 350 school-age childre n was selected for the purpose of present study. A self prepared structured interview schedule was used as a tool fo r data collection. 24 hr dietary recall method was adopted to get the information about the dietary pattern of childr en. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the statistical package for social sciences for windows SPSS (Version 16.0). To test the significance of association between dependent and independent variables, chi-sq uare test was used. Results and Discussion: In regard of energy and protein consumption pattern of school-going children, majority of them were having the inadequate energy (62%) and protein (72%) consumption pattern. Various determinants like gender of the child, social class, family type, mot hers' education level and working status of mothers ' were found significantly associated with energy and protein co nsumption pattern of rural school age children. Conclusion: In the present study low socio-economic status of the family, illiteracy of mothers, large family s ize and non working status of mothers were found to be the contributory factors for inadequate consumption of energy and protein consumption pattern of rural school age children.


The development of a space-based solar pumped laser system has been the focus of NASA research for several years. This laser would have application in power transmission to space vehicles and bases on the moon or Mars, where it could provide a means of electric power generation, propulsion, and communication[l]. An evaluation of prospective laser materials over the past decade has resulted in the identification of the iodine photodissociation laser as that system best suited to solar-pumped high energy operation[2]. The active medium for the solar-pumped iodine photodissociation laser is from the family of perfluoroalkyl iodides. These lasants have the general form CnF2n÷lI, o_en abbreviated as RI. These iodides are known to exhibit photodissociation of their CI bond when irradiated by near UV photons. Though many isomers have been tested with regard to their solar pumping properties, the iodide t-C4F9I has been identified as the most promising material for high-power application. C4FgI is an attractive candidate for a lasant in that: 1) its absorption curve is shifted toward longer wavelengths in comparison to other iodides, allowing a greater absorption of the available solar radiation, and 2) the formation of R2 dimers appears to be greatly limited. This subsequently results in greater recombination to the original RI molecule and a decreased production of the iodine molecule I2, which is known to inhibit lasing action. The excited state lifetime of the active medium is a very important parameter in a laser system. It governs the ability of a laser amplifier to store energy. The excited iodine atom has a long natural radiative lifetime ( 130 msec), giving the potential for high gain in the laser system[3]. However, non-radiative processes such as quenching by the parent RI molecule can shorten the lifetime considerably. If the lifetime is reduced too severely, the material ceases to be an effective lasant. Therefore, when attempting to develop theoretical models to


This book is a first cultural legal history of advertising in Britain, tracing the rise of mass advertising circa 1840–1914 and its legal shaping. The emergence of this new system disrupted the perceived foundations of modernity. The idea that culture was organized by identifiable fields of knowledge, experience, and authority came under strain as advertisers claimed to share values with the era's most prominent fields, including news, art, science, and religiously inflected morality. While cultural boundaries grew blurry, the assumption that the world was becoming progressively disenchanted, itself closely related to concepts of boundaries, was undermined as enchanted experiences multiplied with the transformation of everyday environments by advertising. Non-rational ontologies and a play of mystery became apparent, involving possibilities for metamorphoses, magical efficacy, animated environments, affective connections between humans and things, imaginary worlds and fantasies that informed mundane lifed. These disrupted assumptions that the capitalist economy was a victory of reason. The Rise of Mass Advertising examines how contemporaries came to terms with the disruptive impact by mobilizing legal processes, powers, and concepts. Law was implicated in performing boundary work that preserved the modern sense of field distinctions. Advertising's cultural meanings and its organization were shaped dialectically vis-à-vis other fields in a process that mainstreamed and legitimized it with legal means, but also construed it as an inferior simulation of the values of a progressive modernity, exhibiting epistemological shortfalls and aesthetic compromises that marked it apart from adjacent fields. The dual treatment meanwhile disavowed the central role of enchantment, in what amounted to a normative enterprise of disenchantment. One of the ironies of this enterprise was that it ultimately drove professional advertisers to embrace enchantment as their peculiar expertise.


Laboratory Manualfor the Art ofElectronics: PAUL HOROWITZ and IAN ROBINSON (Cambridge University Press, 1981, 141 pp., £12.00 hardback, £4.95 paperback) This handbook has been produced as a companion to 'The Art of Electronics', see above, and is closely keyed to that work. A total of 23 laboratory exercises are documented in its pages with each one carefully cross-referenced to the main text. The experiments are intended to require two to three hours each to carry out, and progress from the very elementary (Ohm's law, diode properties) to the fairly sophisticated (construction of a microprocessor-based digital voltmeter, carried out in five stages). In between, a comprehensive range of exercises investigate the properties of transistors (both bipolar and FET), op. amp. applications, oscillators, power supplies and logic functions. On average, the write-up for each laboratory activity occupies five or six pages and includes plenty of clearly-labelled hand-drawn circuit diagrams and figures. (Perhaps the idea here was to show students hbw neatly diagrams can be drawn if one tries!).The same pragmatic approach and informal style of writing is used that was so refreshing to find in the main text, and numerous questions are posed throughout each experiment to stimulate students into thinking about what they are doing. Overall, the choice of experiments is well-balanced and should function admirably in familiarising students with the handling of modem electronic devices in basic circuit configurations. This, therefore, fulfils the need that exists for formal laboratory instruction before any proper design work can be undertaken. As mentioned before, the manual will be most effective when used alongside the parent text, although it could be used in isolation. For anyone planning to devise a new series of electronics laboratory exercises, I would suggest that this spiral-bound book is well worth considering. Even if it isn't adopted in its entirety it could prove to be a valuable source of ideas. P.1. HICKS, Department ofElectrical Engineering and Electronics. UMIST


Diabetes is a lifestyle disease that requires the person living with the disease to make many daily decisions about diet, activity level, and medications, as well as adequate support to manage the disease successfully. Research has shown that a team-based approach to diabetes care is an effective way to help people with diabetes manage the disease, prevent and treat complications, provide behavior-change strategies, and cope with the emotional challenges this chronic disease brings [1]. Although the team may look different for each patient, it usually represents a variety of disciplines and may include a physician, registered dietitian, diabetes educator, nurse, pharmacist, psychologist, podiatrist, dentist, other professionals and resources within the community.


A competitive indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ciELISA) using monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) having broad specificity for fluoroquinolone (FQ) antibiotics is described. Four FQs, ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), norfloxacin (NOR), and ofloxacin (OFL), were conjugated to bovine serum albumin for immunogens and to ovalbumin for coating antigens. A Mab C4A9H1 raised against the CIP hapten exhibited high cross-reactivity (35-100%) with 12 of 14 FQs and detected these FQs in a ciELISA below their maximum residue levels (MRLs) with good sensitivity at 50% binding inhibition (IC50). The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) between Mab C4A9H1 and various FQs by comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) showed a high predictive ability with a cross-validation q2 value of 0.866. Using a simple purification process and the broad-specificity ciELISA adapted for analysis of FQs in chicken muscle, chicken liver, honey, shrimp, and whole egg samples demonstrated recoveries of 60-93% for CIP, ENR, NOR, OFL, flumequine, and danofloxacin.


This study is designed to examine the effect of multiple large shareholders on dividend payouts.  We employed the data of seventy-five non-financial firms of the KSE-100 index from 2006 to 2018. Results report that the multiple large shareholders have a significant negative effect on dividend payouts. It implies that a weak legal structure supports large shareholders to expropriate wealth from the minorities. Moreover, we find that firms pay more dividends when they have a high level of profitability, larger assets, lower debt in the capital mix, and greater cash holding. Thus, our study contributes to the scant literature of block-holders and dividend payouts policy.


In the present study, efficacy of the toltrazuril treatment for prevention of coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis was tested. Ninety-six 14-day-old commercial broiler chickens were caged and divided into eight groups (n=12), designated groups 1 to 8. Chickens of groups 1 to 6 were inoculated orally at 18 days of age with 25,000 oocysts of Eimeria tenella and 75,000 oocysts of Eimeria brunetti. At 22 days of age, chickens of groups 1 to 6 were infected with 109 colony-forming unit Clostridium perfringens. Chickens of group 1 were treated with 75 parts/106 toltrazuril in drinking water for 8 h on two consecutive days up to 12 h before Eimeria infection, while chickens of groups 2 to 5 were treated with the same dose of toltrazuril at 12 h, 36 h, 60 h and 84 h after Eimeria infection, respectively. The non-treated group 6 served as a positive control. Chickens in group 7 were treated with toltrazuril at 17 and 18 days of age, and those of group 8 remained uninfected and non-treated as a negative control. The feed conversion ratio was higher in the positive control compared with other groups. The mortality rates were 16.8% and 41.7% in the late toltrazuril-treated (at 84 h) and infected non-treated chickens, respectively. Lesions scores of necrotic enteritis or coccidiosis in infected, non-treated chickens were significantly more severe compared with negative controls (P<0.01) and late toltrazuril-treated (at 84 h) chickens (P<0.05). In conclusion, application of toltrazuril before Eimeria challenge protected chickens from coccidiosis and indirectly from successive necrotic enteritis caused by C. perfringens infection.


Elevated extracellular potassium chloride is widely used to achieve membrane depolarization of cultured neurons. This technique has illuminated mechanisms of calcium influx through L-type voltage sensitive calcium channels, activity-regulated signaling, downstream transcriptional events, and many other intracellular responses to depolarization. However, there is enormous variability in these treatments, including durations from seconds to days and concentrations from 3mM to 150 mM KCl. Differential effects of these variable protocols on neuronal activity and transcriptional programs are underexplored. Furthermore, potassium chloride treatments in vitro are criticized for being poor representatives of in vivo phenomena and are questioned for their effects on cell viability. In this review, we discuss the intracellular consequences of elevated extracellular potassium chloride treatment in vitro, the variability of such treatments in the literature, the strengths and limitations of this tool, and relevance of these studies to brain functions and dysfunctions.


A themed project based on the control of a quadruple tank rig using PLCs has been successfully carried out as part of the MSc in Advanced Control and Systems Engineering at the University of Manchester. The themed project involves ten students who address a single multivariable control challenge under the supervision of two academics and four PhD students. As every student is required to write their own MSc dissertation, the key point is the possibility of using different control techniques to be implemented on different hardware platforms.


In order to assess the relationship between the profiling pressure of a copy milling machine for dental use and the accuracy of the dimensions of the objects produced, a Celay System was used to profile a metal-cylinder model, and its dimensions were compared with the workpieces. The results showed that, when a cylindrical model with a diameter of 6 mm was subjected to freehand profiling, the mean processing error of the object produced was -0.026 mm, and the profiling pressure was 4.6 gf to 131.7 gf (mean: 76.6 gf). However, the fluctuations in profiling pressure decreased by 1/5 during profiling operations when accessories that fixed the profiling pressure and the profiling loci were used. Moreover, while the processing error when the model was profiled at a profiling pressure of 76 gf or less was a mere 0.005 mm, at 110 gf it rose to 0.022 mm. Based on the above, the processing error that occurred as a result of profiling pressure appeared to affect processing accuracy. On the basis of these findings, profiling as light weight must be performed with as possible in order to obtain accurate products using the copy milling machine for dental use, and the results suggested the necessity of attaching control devices to the copy milling machine to make accurate restorations.


Judaism considers the duty of preserving life as a paramount injunction. Specific injunctions against suicide appear in the Bible, Talmud, and thereafter. Nevertheless, Jewish tradition emphasizes that one should let himself be killed rather than violate cardinal rules of Jewish law. Mitigating circumstances are found for the six deaths by suicide mentioned in the Bible, for example to account for one's sins, or avoid shameful death. Heroic suicide is praised throughout the Jewish history, from the suicide of Samson and the collective suicide in Masada, to the collective readiness of Jews in Medieval times and during the Holocaust to kill themselves rather than succumb to their enemies. Suicide rates for Jews are lower than those of Protestants and Catholics. Similarly, suicide rates in Israel are lower in comparison to Europe and North America, although being higher than those in most Moslem Asian and North African countries. This low rate of suicide is found in Jewish Israelis of all ages, including in adolescents. Elevated suicidal risk may be found in specific sub-populations, including male Israeli soldiers, immigrants from the former USSR and Ethiopia, in particular adolescent immigrants from the former USSR, elderly Holocaust survivors, and young Israel-Arab women. The meaning of these findings is discussed according to different socio-cultural perspectives.


The implications of economic globalization for economic policy, social policy, and party government have been well researched. But until recently one important topic has been relatively neglected: the e ects of the process on mass political behavior, political parties, and electoral competition. As in the broader literature, two opposed theoretical approaches stand out: one inferring that globalization imposes "constraint" on actors, and the other that it generates incentives for e orts to "compensate" those disadvantaged by the process. Work on economic voting has established that economic globalization reduces the apparent e ect of economic performance on vote for or against incumbents, although the explanations and implications remain a matter of debate. Testing expectations that economic globalization produces neoliberal party policy convergence within countries produces mixed results, some con rming and others refuting the claims of constraint theory. While there is an association between high levels of economic globalization and lower electoral turnout, an expected microlevel linkage by way of external e cacy has not been established. While economic globalization produces winners and losers, its e ects on social and political cleavages vary between countries, although there is some evidence that economic globalization helps to promote the salience of a universalist/particularist or open/closed cultural cleavage. The ability to generalize from the research so far is somewhat limited by much of the literature's European focus. Theoretically, there is a need to move beyond the constraint/compensation debate, particularly in the wake of the global nancial crisis (GFC), as a result of which globalization stalled and in some respects, began to retreat. The COVID-19 pandemic has thrown even more doubt on the future: the 'high years' of globalization may now be behind us, but the research questions thrown up by the process should remain alive and well.


For many years, Lesotho has urgently needed to replace its main public hospital, Queen Elizabeth two. In 2006, to maximize the use of limited resources and ensure long-term improvement in facilities and services, the government adopted the public-private partnership (PPP) approach for a new hospital. International Finance Corporation (IFC's) infrastructure advisory services department advised the government in structuring a PPP for the design and construction of a new 425-bed hospital and adjacent gateway clinic, the renovation of three strategic filter clinics, and the management of facilities, equipment, and delivery of all clinical care services for 18 years. The project has a capital value of over $100 million, and the private operator, the Tsepong consortium headed by Netcare, a leading South African health care provider, has significant local ownership: 40 percent of shares held by Lesotho-owned businesses, increasing to 55 percent during the project term. This smart lesson describes this pioneering PPP project, and shares some lessons learned from it.


Background Application of research evidence in policies and programmes in order to improve service delivery is equally as important as its generation. An important determinant of research application in health policies and programmes is the technical and institutional capacity of ministries of health (MoH) in applying research evidence. Objectives This paper highlights important barriers to research use within the MoH in Kenya and Malawi. Methods Data collection involved document review, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and consultations with senior MoH officials. Result The emergent barriers to research use were categorized as access, institutional and individual barriers. Access barriers included: lack of a national health research repository that would consolidate all health research; lack of journal subscriptions, poor packaging and dissemination of research; limited availability of operational research and research in highly specialized fields; and weak links with researchers. Institutional barriers included: limited funding to health research; inadequate staffing; lack of research use guidelines, supportive infrastructure, incentives for research use, institutional forums for deliberating new research, and research use culture; weak institutional leadership for evidence use; weak institutional linkages between the MoH and research institutions; senior policymakers' suspicion of using research funded by donor agencies; and political interests. Individual barriers included lack of technical skills required to enable research use, competing demands on staff-time, lack of knowledge of free journal databases, and limited appreciation of the importance of research use among senior MoH officials. Conclusion Findings suggest that efforts to enable increased use of research evidence in health policymaking and programming should also address demand-side barriers to research application, i.e. factors that hinder MoH policymakers and technical staff from searching, appraising, synthesizing and applying research evidence.


Trial Design. This analysis compared the outcome of fresh-frozen versus autologous bone block grafts for horizontal ridge augmentation in patients with Cawood and Howell class IV atrophies. Methods. Seventeen patients received autologous grafts and 21 patients received fresh-frozen bone grafts. Patients underwent CT scans 1 week and 6 months after surgery for graft volume and density analysis. Results. Two autologous and 3 fresh-frozen grafts failed. Autologous and fresh-frozen grafts lost, respectively, 28% and 46% of their initial volume (P = 0.028). It is noteworthy that less dense fresh-frozen blocks lost more volume than denser grafts (61% versus 16%). Conclusions. According to these 6-month results, only denser fresh-frozen bone graft may be an acceptable alternative to autologous bone for horizontal ridge augmentation. Further studies are needed to investigate its behaviour at longer time points.


The study of molecular markers to improve crops largely depends on the availability of rapid and of efficient DNA extraction methods. Here we developed a cheap and convenient method to isolate genomic DNA from rice grains suitable for large-scale microsatellite analysis. We confirmed that the isolated rice DNA is suitable for PCR analysis with STS marker and SNP marker, as well as microsatellite marker. Further, we established high-throughput DNA extraction system in a 96-well plate format which make it possible high-throughput analysis of microsatellite markers with rice grains. This implies that the new method could be a useful tool for other types of marker analysis in large scale.


The Northern Soul scene is a dance-based music culture that originated in the English North and Midlands in the early 1970s. It still thrives today with a mix of forty-year-olds and new converts, and its celebration of 1960s' soul has an international following. Centred on the detail of the dance techniques, and musical and cultural context, the analysis presented here is developed from an ethnographic study. It uses a concept of competence and the example of a classic record to explore the meanings of dance for the scene's participants. The importance of solidarity, senses of identity through gender, place and ethnicity, and the relationship of the scene with African–American culture are explored. The study draws conclusions about the way that dance can be theorised and analysed, and argues that a full analysis requires an exploration of the relationship of physical movement to space, music and senses of identity.


In Defense of Property focuses on the importance of private property and its protection throughout history. Emphasizing the connection between property and propriety, Gottfried Dietze shows how the universal appreciation of property functions as an ethical institution, securing happiness under law and order. Dietze examines property rights within the general, civil rights complex and concludes that property rights, as the oldest officially recognized human right, must be considered on par with rights that came later. Following comments on the strong position of property rights in antiquity and the Enlightenment, In Defense of Property concentrates on developments in France, Germany, and the United States since the eighteenth century. Dietze describes the high degree of protection given to private property during the nineteenth century and the decline of that protection later. Dietze points out the risks of the decline of property rights and suggests ways to stop it. Originally published in 1963 by Henry Regnery Co.


Children with normal-variant short stature can be classified into four subgroups by measuring their anabolic and growth reactions to a 10-day course of human growth hormone. In Subgroup 1 there is no anabolic or growth reaction; in Subgroup 2 there is a weak anabolic reaction but no growth; Subgroups 3 and 4 have both reactions but Subgroup 4 is more responsive than Subgroup 3. We monitored growth rate and plasma immunoreactive somatomedin C concentrations in four to six children from each subgroup (age range, eight to 11 years) before, during, and after six months of injections of growth hormone (0.08 unit per kilogram of body weight per day). In children in Subgroups 3 and 4, the average somatomedin C level, which was subnormal before treatment, was restored to normal. Simultaneously, the average growth rate accelerated fivefold. In children in Subgroups 1 and 2, whose average pretreatment somatomedin C was normal, growth hormone had little effect on somatomedin level of growth rate. The somatomedin response in Subgroups 3 and 4 was apparent by the 10th day of treatment. This response provides a rapid method for identifying affected children who will benefit from longterm administration of human growth hormone.


In this paper we reflect on the curriculum implications of some recent initiatives undertaken by The Open University in Scotland (OUiS). The University has traditionally delivered a flexible curriculum aimed at a part-time student population who are predominantly in work. More recently there has been a development of work-based learning (WBL) qualifications across a range of different discipline areas. We consider examples of workplace learning initiatives that have made use of both more traditional curriculum and curriculum designed specifically as WBL. We also consider examples of the impact of the growth of the curriculum through the development of non-accredited Open Educational Resources. In reflecting on some representative examples we look at how a Higher Education (HE) curriculum, whether conventional or work-based, can intersect and interact with work experience. In the course of this we share a "rich picture" developed to help us conceptualise work and learning.


The current research focuses on Jordanian tourism brochures, particularly those concerned with the city of Petra, as one of the most important marketing tools that can provide tourism perception images and show the best attractions of tourism sites, products and services. In Jordan, tourism brochures are officially issued by: The Ministry of Tourism (public administration), The Office of Tourism (Tourism Association), tourist agencies and tourism institutions (Museums, Hotels). Since 2005 until present time, a huge amount of brochures have been published and edited by the three sectors mentioned above in order to market Jordanian tourist sites, products and services. It was noted that many deficiencies exist in the above-mentioned brochures from a marketing point of view. Therefore, this research seeks to make a contribution to the understanding of the proper knowledge required to produce brochures that are comprehensive and informative, and highlight existing deficiencies. In addition, this research seeks to show the necessity of continuous renovation and modernization of tourism brochures. Therefore the aim of this paper is based on an empirical approach by examining and analyzing tourist brochures of the city of Petra to find existing weaknesses and suggest how these weaknesses and deficiencies can be adjusted.


Objective
To study the current status of nursery services for children under 3 in Sichuan Province, to analyze the problems and causes, and to provide policy recommendations for the high-quality development of nursery services in Sichuan Province for children under the age of 3.

Methods
Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we analyzed the current status of nursery services in Sichuan Province and the problems encountered in the development of nursery services in Sichuan Province by collecting information on relevant government policies of Sichuan and the status quo of nursery services for children under 3 in the 21 cities/prefectures of Sichuan through policy research, interviews conducted at nursery service institutions, questionnaire surveys, and expert panel discussions.

Results
The supply of nursery services, or nursery enrollment capacity, in Sichuan Province reached 3 nursery enrollment opportunities per thousand people, with the enrollment utilization rate reaching 48.2%. Among all the nursery service institutions in the province, 55.4% were concentrated in the Chengdu, Mianyang, and Meishan regions. There were 1667 pilot nursery service institutions providing government-subsidized affordable nursery services and supplying 72971 subsidized affordable enrollment opportunities, accounting for 28.7% of the total number of all nursery service institutions and 29.1% of their total enrollment. There were a total of 37995 nursery service professionals, including 28468 caregivers (including teachers), with an average of 6 employees per institution and 5 caregivers per institution. 49.6% of the nursery service institutions hired healthcare workers on a part-time basis and 11.3% of them did not have healthcare workers on their staffs.

Conclusion
Nursery services for children under 3 years old have developed rapidly in Sichuan Province, but there are a number of problems, including uneven distribution of resources in different regions, inadequate supply of government-subsidized affordable nursery services, mismatch between supply and demand, insufficient utilization of services, lack of professionals, and insufficient driving force for sustainable development in the industry. We have suggested that actions be taken to improve the policy and regulatory system for nursery services, actively develop care facilites that are government-subsidized affordable services, integrated daycare service for all preschool children, and integrated medical and education facilites, provide support for home care, establish an information system for nursery services, optimize the professional training and development system, strengthen scientific research and international exchanges on nursery services, and comprehensively promote the high-quality development of nursery services and the construction of a childrearing-friendly environment in Sichuan Province.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate causes and course off all-related hip fractures in elderly individuals admitted to a hospital.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
The authors collected data from older patients admitted with fall-related hip fractures. The cause and the clinical course of falls were evaluated by consultants in geriatric medicine. All patients were followed-up until discharge from the hospital.

RESULTS
Falls usually occurred indoors (78.6%) during the daytime (67.5%). Only 27.5% of the falls were attributable to purely extrinsic causes. Neurological, musculoskeletal, and visual problems along with orthostatic hypotension were the leading causes of falls in the present study. Women demonstrated more intrinsic causes (41.9% vs. 28.9%), such as musculoskeletal (33.9% vs. 11.1%), and visual impairment (21.0% vs. 11.1%), whereas falls involving men were more likely to be caused by orthostatic hypotension (21.8% vs. 8.1%). Most patients received surgical treatment (92.5%). The most common complications during the hospital stay were delirium (45%). The modified Rankin Scale of 2-5 at discharge was noted in 46.3% ofpatients, and mortality was 3.8%. The median length of hospital stay was 15 days (7-75 days). The direct costs of in-hospital care were 2,427.2 (761.9-8,348.6) US dollars for general wards, and 3,739.1 (1,333.6-11,871.7) US dollars for special wards.

CONCLUSION
Intrinsic causes (pure and combined with extrinsic) lead to falls with hip fractures more often than purely extrinsic causes. Women and men had different etiologies for falls. Hip fracture leads to a number of in-hospital complications and significantfunctional impairment. Preventive strategies following the present study would likely lead to more accurate and beneficial outcomes.


This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. ABSTRACT The fungi are an enormously successful eukaryotic lineage that has colonized every aerobic habitat on Earth. This spectacular expansion is reflected in the dynamism and diversity of the fungal cell wall, a matrix of polysaccharides and glycoproteins pivotal to fungal life history strategies and a major target in the development of antifungal compounds. Cell wall polysaccharides are typically synthesized by Leloir glycosyltransferases, enzymes that are notoriously difficult to characterize, but their nucleotide-sugar substrates are well known and provide the opportunity to inspect the monosaccharides available for incorporation into cell wall polysaccharides and glycoproteins. In this work, we have used phylogenomic analyses of the enzymatic pathways that synthesize and interconvert nucleotide-sugars to predict potential cell wall monosaccharide composition across 491 fungal taxa. The results show a complex evolutionary history of these cell wall enzyme pathways and, by association, of the fungal cell wall. In particular, we see a significant reduction in monosaccharide diversity during fungal evolution, most notably in the colonization of terrestrial habitats. However, monosaccharide distribution is also shown to be varied across later-diverging fungal lineages. IMPORTANCE This study provides new insights into the complex evolutionary history of the fungal cell wall. We analyzed fungal enzymes that convert sugars acquired from the environment into the diverse sugars that make up the fundamental building blocks of the cell wall. Species-specific profiles of these nucleotide-sugar interconverting (NSI) enzymes for 491 fungi demonstrated multiple losses and gains of NSI proteins, revealing the rich diversity of cell wall architecture across the kingdom. Pragmatically, because cell walls are essential to fungi, our observations of variation in sugar diversity have important implications for the development of antifungal compounds that target the sugar profiles of specific pathogens.


The behaviours of the wall relaxation and the diffusant relaxation of a high purity polycrystalline YIG, slightly deficient, are investigated from 77K to Tc (550K) by measuring the complex initial permeability over a broad frequency range (up to 1000 MHz). A critical temperature Tcr ( approximately 310K) is defined when the two relaxation processes merge together. Below Tcr one finds a large effect of the 'relaxed' diffusants upon the wall mobility (or damping); above Tcr, where the diffusants can follow the wall motion, no appreciable effect is observed. This later fact is in contradiction with the existing theories of the 'diffusion damping' of the domain walls.


The shared risk link group (SRLG) has been widely recognized as a fundamental concept in layered network design by the industry. However, several issues related to SRLG protections that are of both theoretical interest and practical importance have not been explored fully. Two major issues are avoiding failures caused by "traps" in finding backup paths, and minimizing the total network capacity requested by active and backup paths. In this article, we highlight the significance of the trap problem in layered networks with SRLG and evaluate the performance of several existing SRLG protection schemes in terms of trap avoidance and bandwidth efficiency, as well as their complexities. We also demonstrate that a simple yet intelligent heuristic algorithm can achieve good performance.