The rate at which a facetted tetragonal cavity of nonequilibrium shape approaches a cubic equilibrium (Wulff) shape via surface diffusion was modeled. The shape relaxation rate of a facetted "stretched cylinder" was also modeled. For the first geometry, only an approximate solution based on linearizing the mean potential difference between the source and sink facets was obtained. For the stretched cylinder, both an approximate and an exact solution can be obtained; the approximate solution underestimates the evolution rate by a factor of '2. To assess the applicability of the models, nonequilibrium shape pores of identical initial geometry ('20 mm 3 20 mm 3 0.5 mm) were introduced into (0001), {101 #2}, {112 #0}, and {101 #0} surfaces of sapphire single crystals using microfabrication techniques, ion-beam etching, and hot pressing. The large ('20 mm 3 20 mm) faces of the pore are low-index surfaces whose nature is dictated by the wafer orientation. A series of anneals was performed at 1900°C, and the approach of the pore shape to an equilibrium shape was monitored. The kinetics of shape evolution are highly sensitive to the crystallographic orientation and stability of the lowindex surface that dominates the initial pore shape. The measured variations of the pore aspect ratio were compared to those predicted by the kinetic model. The observations suggest that when the initial bounding surface is unstable, shape relaxation may be controlled by diffusion. However, surfaceattachment-limited kinetics (SALK) appears to play a major role in determining the pore shape evolution rate in cases where the initial bounding surfaces have orientations that are part of the Wulff shape.


ABSTRACT Excavations at the findspot of the Deskford carnyx, a major piece of Iron Age decorated metalwork found in a bog in the early nineteenth century, revealed a special location with a long history. Early Neolithic activity on the adjacent ridge consisted of massive postholes and pits, suggesting a ceremonial site. An Early Bronze Age cremation became the focus for a feasting event in the Middle Bronze Age. Around this time, peat began to form in the valley, with vessels of pot and wood smashed and deposited there; these activities on ridge and bog may be connected. Activity in the bog intensified in the later Iron Age, when offerings included quartz pebbles, the dismantled carnyx head, and two unusual animal bone deposits. The ridge was cut off at this period by a complex enclosure system. This Iron Age activity is interpreted as communal rituals at a time of increasing social tension. The site's significance in this period may stem from its unusual landscape character, with flowing water to one side and a bog to the other. The area saw occasional activity in the Early Medieval period, but its significance had waned.


Two detectors based on the GLRT (generalized maximum likelihood ratio test) are presented to detect a chirplet in coloured Gaussian noise for known and unknown covariance structures, respectively. They are applied to detect multiple chirplets by atomic decomposition, which is modified to account for the operating conditions of both detectors. Both detectors are CFAR with respect to the noise power. The second one is CFAR with respect to the covariance structure as well.


Abstract Choledochocele is a congenital abnormality of the biliary system, which characterized by a cystic dilatation of intramural segment of the distal common bile duct. Choledochocele manifests as cystic lesions in the duodenal lumen and resembles duodenal duplication cysts in imaging. We reported a patient with choledochocele. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography showed a thin-walled sac in the duodenal cavity and a fine tubular structure connecting with the end of the common bile duct. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography is a noninvasive and convenient technique in the diagnosis of choledochocele.


Background: Majority of our computed tomography-pulmonary angiography (CTPA) scans report negative findings. We hypothesized that suboptimal reliance on diagnostic algorithms contributes to apparent overuse of this test. Methods: A retrospective review was performed on 2031 CTPA cases in a large hospital system. Investigators retrospectively calculated pretest probability (PTP). Use of CTPA was considered as inappropriate when it was ordered for patients with low PTP without checking D-dimer (DD) or following negative DD. Results: Among the 2031 cases, pulmonary embolism (PE) was found in 7.4% (151 cases). About 1784 patients (88%) were considered "PE unlikely" based on Wells score. Out of those patients, 1084 cases (61%) did not have DD test prior to CTPA. In addition, 78 patients with negative DD underwent unnecessary CTPA; none of them had PE. Conclusions: The suboptimal implementation of PTP assessment tools can result in the overuse of CTPA, contributing to ineffective utilization of hospital resources, increased cost, and potential harm to patients.


The slowly-adapting type I mechanoreceptor (SA-I) exhibits variability in its steady-state firing rate both within an afferent upon repeated stimulation and between afferents. Additionally, inter-spike intervals of the SA-I are extremely variable during this steady-state firing. While variability of the SA-I response has been noted previously, the work presented herein provides a finer analysis of the impact of force and fiber on the SA-I response. Specifically, we test two hypotheses, that 1) fiber-to-fiber variation will significantly impact firing rate over the range of applied forces, and that 2) fiber-to-fiber variation will significantly impact the coefficient of variation (CV) of inter-spike intervals over the range of applied forces. Utilizing an ex vivo skin nerve preparation in the mouse, experiments were conducted with six SA-I fibers from five mice, and with compressive stimuli with force magnitudes up to 9.59 mN. We found fiber to significantly impact both firing rate and CV. These findings motivated the construction of a generalized input (force) – output (firing rate) model composed of a baseline response profile and a multiplicative fiber sensitivity factor. This work will inform future efforts to attribute variability to differences in skin, neuron, and receptor properties, and will contribute to the understanding of how much variability is acceptable in systems designed to provide tactile feedback to the nervous system.


Abstract Autoimmunity arises when highly active immune responses are developed against the tissues or substances of one's own body. It is one of the most prevalent disorders among the old-age population with prospects increasing with age. The major cause of autoimmunity and associated diseases is the dysregulation of host immune surveillance. Impaired repairment of immune system and apoptosis regulation can be seen as major landmarks in autoimmune disorders such as the mutation of p53 gene which results in rheumatoid arthritis, bowel disease which consequently lead to tissue destruction, inflammation and dysfunctioning of body organs. Cytokines mediated apoptosis and proliferation of cells plays a regulatory role in cell cycle and further in cancer development. Anti-TNF therapy, Treg therapy and stem cell therapy have been used for autoimmune diseases, however, with the increase in the use of immunomodulatory therapies and their development for autoimmune diseases and cancer, the understanding of human immune system tends to become an increasing requirement. Hence, the findings associated with the relationship between autoimmune diseases and cancer may prove to be beneficial for the improvement in the health of suffering patients. Here in, we are eliciting the underlying mechanisms which result in autoimmune disorders causing the onset of cancer, exploration of interactome to find the pathways which are mutual to both, and recognition of hotspots which might play important role in autoimmunity mediated therapeutics with different therapies such as anti-TNF therapy, Treg therapy and stem cell therapy.


This review summarizes several reports concerning the synthesis and synthetic applications of hydroxylamines derived from phosphines, phosphine oxides and phosphonates, and phosphorus substituted hydroxamic acid derivatives. The first section outlines the synthesis and reactivity of phosphorus O-substituted and N-substituted hydroxylamines as well as several transformations of phosphorus substituted hydroxylamines including: rearrangement, hydrolysis, reduction and oxidation reactions. The second part of the review covers the synthesis and reactivity of phosphorus O-, N-, and C-substituted hydroxamic acid derivatives.


Currently, there are more than 4,000 genetic disorders identified till date, of which orofacial syndromes form a considerable part. Genetic factors either in isolation or in combination with various environmental factors plays role in causation of these craniofacial anomalies. It becomes a challenge for a dental practitioner to diagnose and manage orofacial syndromes due to their complexity of multisystem involvement. To simplify it classification of orofacial syndromes based on oral manifestations have been suggested. Further, step by step approach of establishing diagnosis including various prenatal and postnatal methods in light of their advantages and disadvantages has been discussed in the present paper. Number of syndromes has been reported till date, unfortunately scientists and doctors are unable to deduce ways to treat most of these. However, the role of symptomatic multidisciplinary management, advanced gene therapy and psychological support to the family members is indispensible. Considering these important areas, attempt has been made through this paper to comprehensively review the aetiology, classification, diagnosis, and management of orofacial syndromes for their better understanding.


We propose the use of on-chip parallel forward-error correction (FEC) to improve the performance of two-dimensional (2-D) optical-data links (2-D-ODLs). Using an optical system model that describes a 2-D-ODL, we show the merits of using the Golay code as an FEC scheme to enable the reliable operation of 2-D-ODLs in the presence of erasures [e.g., a dead laser or photodetector, a dark fiber, an alignment problem, or a fault on the application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)]. In addition, we study the impact of using on-chip FEC in 2-D-ODLs and show that FEC can reduce the launched optical power requirements, reduce on-chip power consumption, and relax the throughput requirements of the optical system.


Human geography has driven substantive improvements in methodologies and applications of Geographic Information Systems (GISs), yet Indigenous groups continue to experience erasure in geographic representations. GIS ontologies comprise categorised labels that represent lived contexts, and these ontologies are determined through the shared worldviews of those labelling spatial phenomena for entry into GIS databases. Although Western ontologies and spatial representations reflect Western understandings of human experience, they are often inappropriate in Indigenous contexts. In efforts to be represented in courts and land management, Indigenous groups nevertheless need to engage Western spatial representations to 'claim space'. This paper examines what GISs are and do and shows that GIS technology comes with strings attached to the myriad social contexts that continue to shape the field of GIScience. We show that Intellectual Property Rights Agreements can sever and control these 'strings'; the agreement between the Yorta Yorta Nation Aboriginal Corporation and university researchers reframes GIS from a technology of erasure to a technology of opportunity that enables Indigenous groups to define their own engagement. The visual and narrative outputs will contribute important understandings of the environmental crisis facing the Murray‐Darling Basin and connect older and younger generations through knowledge sharing. We conclude the application of GIScience is never simply technological but always has potential to empower particular communities. Applying GIS technology to new circumstances is an engagement of new relationships in the social praxis of technology transfer, where worldviews meet and negotiations are made over what exists and how we know.


Since its unholy beginnings in pornography, deepfake technology has, understandably, been the subject of widespread criticism and outrage. At an individual level, pornographic and other harmful kinds of deepfakes can cause significant psychological and reputational harm. At the collective level, the dissemination of deepfakes affects our ability to differentiate authentic from inauthentic content, rendering us more vulnerable to misinformation. This effect, however, is not limited to deepfakes; photographs and videos have long been vulnerable to manipulation. The problem, then, is not deepfakes per se, but our uncritical and disproportionate reliance on technology-mediated sight, and our insistence that seeing is believing. The purpose of this Article is firstly to understand the historical persistence of ocularcentrism (and our vulnerability to misinformation), and secondly, to situate deepfakes within this social history – do deepfakes represent the limit of our tolerance for visual manipulation, and if so, why? Do they truly threaten visual truth in a way that earlier technologies have not? And does this cause us to abandon ocularcentrism, or to cling desperately to the credibility of visual evidence?

To date, existing scholarship on deepfakes has failed to differentiate between, and tailor solutions for, the individual and collective harms associated with their dissemination. Such tailoring is needed to preserve the substantial utility deepfakes offer. Deepfake audio has recreated the speech that John F. Kennedy was meant to deliver shortly before his assassination, using recordings of 831 speeches he delivered in his lifetime, and offering hope to patients who have lost their voices to illness. Researchers have used deepfake technology to create animated, photorealistic avatars of deceased persons, and portrait subjects. Museum visitors can interact with life-size deepfakes of long-dead artists, constructed from archival footage. Deepfake technology can be used to anonymize vulnerable sources; generate multilingual voice petitions, produce synthetic MRI images that protect patient privacy, synthesize news reports, improve video-game graphics, reverse the aging process; and elevate fanfiction. If, like most forms of technology, deepfakes are capable of both beneficial and harmful use, how should the technology be regulated to maximize its utility, and minimize its harm?

This Article will explore this question through the lens of copyright law and policy. The creation of deepfakes depends heavily on access to, and manipulation of, audiovisual content, much of which is protected by copyright law. Accordingly, copyright represents a natural lens through which to evaluate the unique social issues raised by the creation and dissemination of deepfakes. Part II will explain the technical process by which deepfakes are created, and evaluate whether a deepfake video would constitute transformative fair use. Part III will discuss both the individual and collective harms generated by the dissemination of deepfakes, including the erosion of our ability to differentiate authentic from inauthentic content. It will interrogate the historical basis for the normative claim that seeing is believing, and problematize the role of ocularcentrism in promoting both surveillance, and misinformation. Part IV will evaluate the variety of legal and regulatory measures that have been proposed to address the harms caused by deepfakes. Part VI will conclude with final thoughts.


ABSTRACT Objectives: To define the thoughts, emotions, experiences and perceptions of women with multiple sclerosis (MS) and to determine sexual, physical, and emotional effects of MS on patients. Methods: Twenty-one women were included into this qualitatively designed study. Results: Three baseline themes were defined as "uncertainty" arising from complaints due to numbness in extremities and loss of sense, balance or vision, "alterations in sexual life," and "inability" as a result of deformities in marital status and gender role. Conclusion: Healthcare providers should evaluate MS patients meticulously as to sexual life and refer such patients to appropriate health centers.


City bus routes often use joint stops on certain streets. To reduce the delay time of buses at stops where several bus routes pass, it is important to coordinate the schedules of the routes. The article proposes the use of agent-based simulation to describe the operation of bus routes at the same stop. After determining the location of frequently used bus stops, a logical diagram of the movement of buses at one of these stops in the city of Baku is displayed using the Anylogic 8.7.7 software. Options for entering bus movement parameters in different ways are considered.


Whipple's disease is a rare disease caused by infection with the newly identified organism Tropheryma whippelii. Relapses of the disease most commonly occur in the central nervous system and are often resistant to antibiotics. We present the case of a man with recurring ophthalmoplegia, myoclonus, and hypothalamic symptoms while on treatment with cotrimoxazole for a previous relapse of Whipple's disease in the central nervous system. The patient had the clinical and electromyographic features of spinal myoclonus, a movement disorder not previously described in isolation in Whipple's disease. We then discuss the clinical features and pharmacological treatment of cerebral Whipple's disease.

A 28 year old right handed man was admitted to the neurology ward of his local hospital for further investigations. The patient was Italian and worked as a bank clerk in Pisa.

He gave an 18 month history of gradually worsening involuntary movements of both arms and the upper trunk. He also had impaired eye movements and a six month history of ejaculatory and erectile difficulties, weight gain, somnolence, and depression. He also complained of poor memory and difficulty with concentration.

His medical history was that in 1986 he had presented with nausea, anorexia, abdominal pain, and weight loss. Endoscopy was performed, and duodenal mucosal biopsies showed macrophages that yielded a positive result when stained with the periodic acid Schiff reagent. Intestinal Whipple's disease was diagnosed, and he was treated for six months with oral amoxycillin.

In 1992 he had presented with increased skin pigmentation, lethargy, weight gain, and decreased libido. He had paralysed vertical ocular movements. Staining with periodic acid Schiff reagent did not yield a positive result in duodenal biopsies but did in 15 mononuclear cells from the cerebrospinal fluid.

Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain showed multiple focal lesions in the hypothalamus, striatum, and midbrain (fig 1 …


M. Zileli (N~) 9 E. Co@un 9 N. Ozdamar [ Ovtit E. Tun~bay K. Oner N. Oktar Department of Neurosurgery, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Bomova, Izmir 35100, Turkey Abstract The diagnosis and management of intramedullary spinal cord tumors have been significantly influenced by new diagnostic and surgical tools such as MRI, ultrasonic aspiration, intraoperative ultrasound, and evoked potential monitoring. In this study we compared the surgical results of our earlier cases using conventional methods with more recent cases using these new methods. We report our experience based on 44 adult cases. Histologic diagnosis revealed ependymoma (20 cases), astrocytoma (15 cases), glioblastoma multiforme (1 case), and other histologic diagnoses (8 cases). We performed 20 gross total resections, 19 partial resections, and 5 biopsies. The mean follow-up period was 25.8 months (3 months-10 years). Surgical results were improvement in 11 patients (25%), stabilization in 24 (54%), and deterioration in 9 (20%). The first 28 cases (group A) were diagnosed using conventional myelography and CT myelography. The more recent 16 cases (group B) were diagnosed with MRI and operated on using techniques such as ultrasonic aspiration, intraoperative monitoring and ultrasound imaging. Radical surgery (total excision) was performed in 36% (n = 10) of group A, while it was possible in 62% (n = 10) of group B. Deterioration after operation was noted in 28% (n = 8) of group A, but only 6.2% (n = 1) of group B. These results stress the importance of a preoperative MRI scan and the positive effects of intraoperative ultrasound imaging, ultrasonic aspiration, and evoked potential monitoring on surgical results. With the help of these tools, most intramedullary spinal cord tumors may be diagnosed and treated surgically with significantly decreased risk. Radical surgery was possible in as many as 62% of our more recent patients. Partial resection with radiotherapy should be confined to patients with high-grade astrocytomas.


Stapled peptides are gaining tremendous interest as next-generation therapeutic agents to target protein-protein interactions. Herein, we report an intramolecular peptide stapling method which links two tryptophan residues at the C2 position of the indole moieties via acid-mediated condensation with an aldehyde.

publisher-specific, author manuscript: http://rsc.li/journals-terms-of-use


PURPOSES: Cine PC-MRI has shown that CSF oscillations increase with age, while the ratio between the CSF Oscillation in the aqueduct and the spinal canal is constant. Our aim was to test whether the CSF hydrodynamic can bring complementary information to study pediatric population with an increase of the CSF volume.
Material and Method: Forty three patients, newborns and children (mean age: 31 ± 32 months; 5 days - 111 months) with an intracranial CSF volume increase (ventricular or/and subarachnoid spaces) underwent a morphological MRI along with cine PC-MRI to quantify CSF oscillations. We defined a ratio of the ventricular area to that of the intracranial subarachnoid spaces (CSFratio). We also determined an index called CSFdynamic, which equals the CSF aqueduct stroke volume (SVAq) divided by the cervical stroke volume (SVC2C3) at the level C2C3 in the spine.
RESULTS: Twenty-three patients presented only ventricular dilatation: CSFdynamic = 20 ± 25; CSFratio: 120 ± 151; with no significant correlation, (rs = 0.152, p = 0.48). Sixteen patients presented both ventricular and subarachnoid space dilations: CSFdynamic = 18 ± 17; CSFratio = 1.67 ± 0.81; with significant positive correlation (rs =
0.5911 p = 0.016).
CONCLUSIONS: In pediatric population, the absence of correlation between the dynamic of the CSF and its volume shows that the CSF oscillation does not result only of the size of the ventricles and/or the subarachnoid spaces. The CSF oscillations bring complementary information concerning the active aspect of the CSF.


Most Southeast Asian economies (namely those of Hong Kong, South Korea, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand) have been in financial crisis since the second half of 1997, resulting in ongoing slumps on local stock exchanges, banks' financial distress and in many cases severe recession. The intensity of the crisis has varied, with some countries suffering severely, while others seem able to make the sustained efforts necessary to deal with the downturn. The potential consequences of the Asian crisis on the economies of America, Japan and Europe have already received much attention. Most studies have concentrated on the financial consequences, which are evident and measurable, rather than on the non-monetary consequences, which are often laggard and hidden. This article aims at investigating the non-monetary consequences of the crisis on the economies of the European Union and, in particular, the competitive implications for European businesses: the economic slump and currency devaluation could affect European business at several different levels. First, we consider the role of Southeast Asian countries as markets, both for European products and foreign direct investments: we observe the role of these countries as market outlets for European products and services and for the absorption of European direct foreign investment. Second, we look into the competitive effects of the currency depreciation: Southeast Asian firms act as competitors in many sectors, and could represent a strong threat to European firms' market shares. We examine the question of the extent of direct competition between Southeast Asian and European businesses in certain industries, considering areas where the models of commercial specialization differ so much as to neutralize potential competitive effects. The analysis, based on Southeast Asia's recent development and crisis, predicts that there should be only a moderate impact on European firms. Southeast Asian countries were, even before the crisis, peripheral and difficult markets for Europe. In addition, there is a strong divergence between Asian and European economies in the structure of exports.


Gladiolus flower is assuming great importance in the state of Jammu and Kashmir like in other states of the country. Keeping this in view, a study has been conducted to analyse the economics of gladiolus cultivation for the years 2011–12 and 2012–2013 in Jammu district of J&K state. Primary data on costs and returns of the crop were collected by interviewing the farmers through personal visits with the help of an especially structured and pre-tested schedule. The per acre cost of cultivation (C2) of gladiolus were estimated to be 210140.00 in the first year and 70140.00 in second year on sampled farms. The 'Cost A1 ' constituted the whole direct cost were 159116.80 and 19116.80/acre, 'Cost A2' were 170316.80 and 30316.80 per acre, 'Cost B1 ' were 164815 and 24815.00 per acre, 'Cost B2 ' were 208580.00 and 68580.00 per acre and 'Cost C1 ' was 166375.00 and 26375.00 per acre for first year and second year respectively on sampled farms. The gross return was 300000.00 per acre in both years on sampled farms. The net return was highest in case of second year i.e. 229860.00 per acre compared to the net return in first year i.e. 89860.00/acre. The Cost-Benefit ratio was highest in case of second year (4.28) compared to that of first year (1.43).


Because of the differing forms that international agreements on trade in goods and trade in services take in the GATT (1994) and the GATS there is an incompatibility between measures of world trade in goods and services. Measures of goods trade reflecting GATT (1994) are restricted to trade that crosses borders. Service trade, however, under GATS mode 3 (commercial presence) includes both cross border delivery and foreign affiliate sales within borders. As a result, present comparisons of services and goods trade, as in WTO (2007), are unsatisfactory. One can further argue that our perceptions of the degree of integration in the global economy are likely ill formed, and for comparability the trade component of affiliate sales in goods should be included in goods trade or affiliate sales should be removed from service trade data. Here, we make modifications to reported goods and services trade for specific countries where this is possible by using data on affiliate sales in both goods and services to produce more consistently measured cross country estimates of trade flows. This allows us to compare combined total goods and services trade both over time and across countries, as well as growth rates of trade, trade imbalances and the relative size of trade in goods and services. We use three different statistical bases for measures. One of them is the present mixed GATT and GATS basis; another is trade including foreign affiliate sales, and a final one excludes foreign affiliate sales. Perceptions both on the combined size of country goods and services trade as well as their relative size change a lot using these three measures. We finally draw conclusions and offer policy implications.


Pseudopheochromocytoma has a clinical presentation that is similar to pheochromocytoma. It manifests itself with paroxysmal hypertension crises, associated with various symptoms such as headaches, chest pain, nausea, palpitations, and dizziness. Patients are usually asymptomatic in between the crises. Unlike pheochromocytoma, there is no catecholamines overproduction in this pathology: hypertensive peaks are caused by a hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system, which is often triggered by a psychological trauma in the past. Treatment of pseudopheochromocytoma can be challenging due to normal blood pressure values in between the hypertensive peaks; it includes alpha- and beta-blockers for moderate crises and prevention and must be combined with psychopharmacologic agents such as anxiolytics or antidepressant drugs. Psychotherapy and dietetic treatment are also crucial in pseudopheochromocytoma management.


The purpose of the research reported in this paper was the development of a learner-centered instructional model for the teaching of reading and writing skills. Specifically, the 14 APA (American Psychological Association) learner-centered principles were used as the conceptual framework for the development of the model. There are seven iterative instructional events that comprise the instructional model: (1) establish rapport with the learner; (2) engage in informal conversation; (3) make the transition from informal conversation to structured dialogue; (4) promote awareness of correct spelling and proper sentence structure; (5) facilitate the construction of symbolic knowledge; (6) promote reflection; and (7) encourage the learner to assume higher agency in his or her learning. The model was developed using qualitative methods of research. Fifty elementary school children participated in the study; Bubble Dialogue, a HyperCard application, was used by the children to write stories over a period of 7 months. The paper contains two figures illustrating Bubble Dialogue in use and a diagram of the instructional model. This study promotes a learner-centered paradigm of instruction, one that is fundamentally different from traditional practices, as it places the learner in the center of the learning process and emphasizes meeting individual learning needs at different rates. (Author/DLS) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ******************************************************************************** An Instructional Model for Teaching Literacy: Implications for Instructional "PERMISSION It.) rttreivuUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY


Using 9 pairs of exposure-period-matched shipyard and insulation workers (amphibole exposure) and chrysotile-industry workers (chrysotile exposure) with mesothelioma, and an additional 9 pairs of workers with asbestosis, we found that the chrysotile workers with mesothelioma had 400 times the median lung fibre burden of the shipyard and insulation workers with mesothelioma. Mesothelioma in the chrysotile workers was associated with a 3 times greater median fibre burden than asbestosis, whereas in the shipyard and insulation workers mesothelioma was associated with only 1/35 the median amphibole burden seen in cases of asbestosis. In the chrysotile workers, the tremolite:chrysotile ratio and the mean fibre sizes were the same for both mesothelioma and asbestosis cases. These data suggest that total fibre load is crucial to the induction of mesothelioma by chrysotile, and that this phenomenon requires, on average, as high a fibre burden as induction of asbestosis by chrysotile. By contrast, for amphibole exposure, mesothelioma appears at a much lower fibre burden than asbestosis. The fibre types appear to differ by at least two orders of magnitude in their potential for inducing mesothelioma. Estimates of risk from environmental exposure must take these differences into account.


PURPOSE
Across the lifespan, physical activity levels decrease and time spent sedentary typically increases. However, little is known about the impact that these behavioural changes have on skeletal muscle mass regulation. The primary aim of this study was to use a step reduction model to determine the impact of reduced physical activity and increased sedentary time on daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men.

METHODS
Eleven men (22±2 y) completed 7 days of habitual physical activity (HPA) followed by 7 days of step reduction (SR). Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were determined during HPA and SR using the deuterated water (H2O) method combined with the collection of skeletal muscle biopsies and daily saliva samples. Gene expression of selected proteins related to muscle mass regulation and oxidative metabolism were determined via real time RT-qPCR.

RESULTS
Daily step count was reduced by approximately 91% during SR (from 13054±2763 to 1192±330 steps·d; P<0.001) and this led to an increased contribution of sedentary time to daily activity (73±6 to 90±3%; P<0.001). Daily myofibrillar protein synthesis decreased by approximately 27% from 1.39±0.32 %·d during HPA to 1.01±0.38 %·d during SR (P<0.05). MAFbx and myostatin mRNA expression were up-regulated whereas mTOR, p53 and PDK4 mRNA expression were down-regulated following SR (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
One week of reduced physical activity and increased sedentary time substantially lowers daily myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in healthy young men.


BACKGROUND
A recent meta-analysis revealed moderate shared environmental influences (C) on most forms of child and adolescent psychopathology (Burt, 2009), including antisocial behavior. Critically, however, the research analyzed in this meta-analysis relied largely on specific informant-reports (and particularly parent and child reports), each of which is subject to various sources of rater bias. Observer-ratings of children's behaviors avoid many of these biases, and are thus well suited to verify the presence of C. Given this, we sought to buttress the evidence supporting C in two key ways. First, we sought to confirm that C contributes to observer-ratings in a sample of adoptive siblings, as similarity between adoptive siblings constitutes a 'direct' estimate of C. Second, we sought to confirm that these shared environmental influences persist across informants (i.e., the effects are not specific to the rater or the context in question).

METHODS
The current study examined the etiology of observer-ratings of acting-out behaviors, as well as sources of etiological overlap across observer-ratings, adolescent self-report and maternal-report in sample of over 600 biological and adoptive sibling pairs from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study (SIBS).

RESULTS
Results revealed moderate and significant shared environmental influences on observer-ratings (31%), as well as on the other informant-reports (20-23%). Moreover, a portion of these effects overlapped across measures (C correlations ranged from .32 to .34).

CONCLUSIONS
Such findings argue against passive gene-environment correlations (rGE) and rater bias as primary explanations for earlier findings of C on antisocial behavior, and in this way, offer a critical extension of prior work indicating that the role of shared environmental influences on child and adolescent antisocial behavior was dismissed too soon.


Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and psychopathy are 2 important syndromes with substantial utility in predicting antisocial behavior. Although prior studies have identified correlations between various factors and the presence of psychopathy or ASPD, most studies have focused on 1 syndrome or the other. Consequently, it is unclear whether the 2 syndromes reflect similar pathophysiologies, whether they are in fact 2 distinct syndromes, or whether the correlates of ASPD reflect its high comorbidity with psychopathy. The present study addressed this issue by examining the impact of ASPD with and without comorbid psychopathy (as assessed by the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised) on criminal offending and cognitive processing in 674 adult male inmates at a county jail in Illinois. Participants exhibited either ASPD and comorbid psychopathy, ASPD but not psychopathy, or neither ASPD nor psychopathy. Participants with and without comorbid psychopathy were characterized by more criminal behavior than controls, and inmates with ASPD and psychopathy exhibited more severe criminal behavior than those with ASPD only. In addition, inmates with ASPD and psychopathy exhibited a different pattern of cognitive task performance impairment than those with ASPD alone. Results replicate the findings of Kosson, Lorenz, and Newman (2006) and provide new evidence suggesting that men with ASPD and comorbid psychopathy are characterized by cognitive processing anomalies different from those seen in ASPD without comorbid psychopathy.


Do you know where you'll be on August 21, 2017? Many people already do. That's the date of the first total solar eclipse in the U.S. in 38 years. Some of the best viewing nationwide will be right here in Nebraska. Use this guide to learn more!


We discuss the powers absorbed and scattered by a receiving antenna. Most antennas scatter more than they absorb. Antennas that scatter less power than they absorb are rare, and the few examples that have been presented are all based on numerical optimization. This note presents a simple conceptual model - a partially transparent aperture antenna -which provides physical insight into the case where the scattering is less than the absorption. Finally, we comment on the far field in the forward-scatteri ng direction, noting that the total field actually is increased, although the scatterer blocks the incident field.


Purified N-acetylmuramidase (EC 18.104.22.168) produced by Streptomyces rutgersensis H-46 was used as a preservative for bean paste made of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) without addition of sugar, called raw an. The enzyme was stable during the storage of the sample. The viable cell count in the enzyme-treated sample first decreased as susceptible microorganisms were killed as a result of cell wall degradation by the enzyme and then increased as resistant microorganisms grew. The shelf life of raw an stored at 10°C can be retarded from 48 hr to 109 hr by the addition of enzyme at a concentration of ■ 0.109%. Differences in microflora between control and the enzyme-treated sample was described. Synergistic effects of glycine, EDTA, acetic acid, and lactic acid with the enzyme were also investigated.


In studying the effects of deinking newspapers using recycled water, I found that the suspended solids hampered the efficiency of the operation and lowered the quality of the paper being produced. Biological activity �n the water also plays an important role in the water quality of the system, and thereby the paper quality. Several of the water quality tests performed showed that the contaminants in the water will reach a plateau (equilibrium) region where no significant change is noticed� .This implies that a closed system should be able to tolerate a moderate build up of some contaminants and still operate efficiently and effectively; but the suspended solids and biological growth must be controled becaus.e ·: of their detrimental effect -on the system.


Thank you very much for reading future directions in infant development research. Maybe you have knowledge that, people have search numerous times for their favorite novels like this future directions in infant development research, but end up in infectious downloads. Rather than enjoying a good book with a cup of tea in the afternoon, instead they juggled with some harmful bugs inside their computer.


Fatigue cracks can be observed quite frequently on today's ocean crossing vessels. To ensure the safety of ship structures sailing in the sea, it is important to know the residual fatigue life of these damaged ship structures. In this case, the fracture mechanics theory is often employed to estimate how fast these cracks can propagate along ship structures. However, large uncertainties are always associated with the crack prediction and residual fatigue life analysis. In this study, two uncertainties sources will be investigated, i.e. the reliability of encountered wave environments connected with shipload determinations and different fracture estimation methods for crack propagation analysis. Firstly, different available codes based on fracture mechanic theory are used to compute the stress intensity factor related parameters for crack propagation analysis. The analysis is carried out for both 2D and 3D cases of some typical ship structural details. The comparison is presented to illustrate the uncertainties of crack propagation analysis related with different codes. Furthermore, it is assumed that the structural details will undertake dynamic loading from a containership operated in the North Atlantic. A statistical wave model is used to generate wave environments along recorded ship routes for different years. The uncertainties of crack growth analysis related with encountered weather environments is also investigated in the study. The comparison of these two uncertainties indicated the requirement of further development for the fracture mechanics theory and associated numerical codes, as well as the reliable life-cycle encountered weather environments.


Deep Convolutional Neural Networks have been adopted for salient object detection and achieved the state-of-the-art performance. Most of the previous works however focus on region accuracy but not on the boundary quality. In this paper, we propose a predict-refine architecture, BASNet, and a new hybrid loss for Boundary-Aware Salient object detection. Specifically, the architecture is composed of a densely supervised Encoder-Decoder network and a residual refinement module, which are respectively in charge of saliency prediction and saliency map refinement. The hybrid loss guides the network to learn the transformation between the input image and the ground truth in a three-level hierarchy -- pixel-, patch- and map- level -- by fusing Binary Cross Entropy (BCE), Structural SIMilarity (SSIM) and Intersection-over-Union (IoU) losses. Equipped with the hybrid loss, the proposed predict-refine architecture is able to effectively segment the salient object regions and accurately predict the fine structures with clear boundaries. Experimental results on six public datasets show that our method outperforms the state-of-the-art methods both in terms of regional and boundary evaluation measures. Our method runs at over 25 fps on a single GPU. The code is available at: https://github.com/NathanUA/BASNet.


. We investigate if an existing notion of weak sequential convergence in a Hadamard space can be induced by a topology. We provide an answer on what we call weakly proper Hadamard spaces. A notion of dual space is proposed and it is shown that our weak topology and dual space coincide with the standard ones in the case of a Hilbert space. Moreover we introduce the space of geodesic segments and a corresponding weak topology, and we show that this space is homeomorphic to its underlying Hadamard space. As an application of it we show the existence of a geodesic segment that acts as direction of steepest descent for a geodesically differentiable function whose geodesic derivative satisfies certain properties. Finally we extend several results from classical functional analysis to the setting of Hadamard spaces, and we compare our topology with other existing notions of weak topologies.


This paper proposed a evaluation method for individual"s subjective preferred location using EEG and emotional assessment. Visual stimulus were sequentially presented a total six points(the top and the bottom of the left, the top and the bottom of the center and the top and the bottom of the right on the screen). EEG were measured from twenty subjects according to each six points. At the same time, we were executed evaluation of subjects preferred location from emotional assessment. Alpha and beta wave were measured in Fp1, Fp2, F7 and F8 location, followed by ten to twenty electrode system. Correlations and variations of alpha and beta wave from each channel were calculated and analyzed. Because of the number of subjects population under 30, we used Speareman test for a correlation analysis between alpha and beta wave. Also, emotional assessments which compose of visual sense harmony, visual sense stability, stability of position and the visibility were performed and were analyzed by average and frequency. After visual stimulus, emotional assessments were performed. From the variance analysis of EEG, beta wave from F7 was appeared statistically significant as significance probability of 0.006. Also, between alpha wave and beta wave appeared a negative correlation(r=-0.190). From the post-hoc test of F7 beta wave, location 1, 5 and 6 appeared to difference statistically significant. Emotional assessment result according to six positions showed 0.00 significance probability. Thus, location and emotional assessment appeared to influence on each other. From the average and frequency analysis of emotional assessment, location 2 showed obtained of best emotional assessment score and appeared lower beta wave than other locations. Finally, most subjects showed a preference for location 2. Through obtained results in this paper, will be helpful to about human emotional assessment and EEG research.


A Multilingual model relies on language encodings to identify input languages because it has to distinguish between the input and output languages or among all the languages for cross-lingual tasks. Furthermore, we find that language encodings potentially refine multiple morphologies of different languages to form a better isomorphic space for multilinguality. To leverage this observation, we present a method to compute a vocabulary-informed language encoding as the language representation, for a required language, considering a local vocabulary covering an acceptable amount of the most frequent word embeddings in this language. In our experiments, our method can consistently improve the performance of multilingual models on unsupervised neural machine translation and cross-lingual embedding.


Research shows that the orthographic forms ("spellings") of second language (L2) words affect speech production in L2 speakers. This study investigated whether English orthographic forms lead L2 speakers to produce English homophonic word pairs as phonological minimal pairs. Targets were 33 orthographic minimal pairs, that is to say homophonic words that would be pronounced as phonological minimal pairs if orthography affects pronunciation. Word pairs contained the same target sound spelled with one letter or two, such as the /n/ in finish and Finnish (both /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ in Standard British English). To test for effects of length and type of L2 exposure, we compared Italian instructed learners of English, Italian-English late bilinguals with lengthy naturalistic exposure, and English natives. A reading-aloud task revealed that Italian speakers of EnglishL2 produce two English homophonic words as a minimal pair distinguished by different consonant or vowel length, for instance producing the target /ˈfɪnɪʃ/ with a short [n] or a long [nː] to reflect the number of consonant letters in the spelling of the words finish and Finnish. Similar effects were found on the pronunciation of vowels, for instance in the orthographic pair scene-seen (both /siːn/). Naturalistic exposure did not reduce orthographic effects, as effects were found both in learners and in late bilinguals living in an English-speaking environment. It appears that the orthographic form of L2 words can result in the establishment of a phonological contrast that does not exist in the target language. Results have implications for models of L2 phonological development.


This article presents a learning agent shell and methodology for building knowledge bases and agents and their innovative application to the development of a critiquing agent for military courses of action, a challenge problem set by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's High-Performance Knowledge Bases Program. The learning agent shell includes a general problem-solving engine and a general learning engine for a generic knowledge base structured into two main components: (1) an ontology that defines the concepts from an application domain and (2) a set of task-reduction rules expressed with these concepts. The development of the critiquing agent was done by importing ontological knowledge from cyc and teaching the agent how an expert performs the critiquing task. The learning agent shell, the methodology, and the developed critiquer were evaluated in several intensive studies, demonstrating good results.


To standardize dose and time of application of post-emergence herbicides in garden pea (Pisum sativum var. hortense) under mid-hills of Himalaya, eleven treatments, viz. imazethapyr 100 and 150 g/ha at 20 and 40 DAS, quizalofop 25 and 37.5 g/ha at 20 DAS, isoproturon 1.0 and 1.25 kg/ha at 40 DAS, pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha (pre-emergence), hand weeding twice (30 and 60 DAS) and unweeded check were tested during the winter (Rabi) season of 2005–06 and 2006–07 at Palampur. The major weed flora was constituted of Phalaris minor, Avena fatua and Vicia sativa in both the year. Post-emergence application of all the herbicides except quizalofop 25 g/ha at 20 DAS and hand weeding twice resulted in significantly lower dry weight of weeds over pre-emergence pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha. Higher doses of all the post-emergent herbicides were superior to their lower doses. Significantly lower dry matter accumulation of all the weed species and highest weed control efficiency was obtained with imazethapyr 150 g/ha (40 DAS). Imazethapyr 150 g/ha at 40 DAS resulted in maximum plant height, dry matter accumulation, crop growth rate, relative growth rate nodule count and weight and green pod and haulm yields. Weeds in untreated check reduced pea pod yield by 56.8% over the best post-emergent herbicidal treatment (imazethapyr 150 g/ha at 40 DAS) in 2005–06 and 60.1% in 2006–07.


1Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, People's Republic of China; 2ZhongWei Institute of Nursing Information, Beijing, Beijing 518031, People's Republic of China; 3School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, People's Republic of China Background: The incidence of pressure injury (PI) in intensive care units (ICUs) is high with a low compliance rate for PI prevention standard care. Although studies have confirmed that PIs are largely preventable, a PI care bundle based on the best evidence in Chinese ICUs is lacking. Aim: The aims of this study are to assess the effectiveness of our PI care bundle—which is based on the best evidence and designed to prevent the development of ICU PIs—and to identify the changes in nurse compliance rates during the implementation process. Methods: A quasi-experimental, preand post-intervention design was used. Implementation strategies included training, auditing during the use of the care bundle, and measuring outcome indicators in the ICU. The key elements of the care bundle were risk identification, skin assessment, patient repositioning, skin care, use of a pressurereducing device, and nutrition. The number and stage of PIs were collected at three time points by unit staff. The implementation compliance rate was measured at two time points using a compliance checklist. Results: Pressure injury rates were reduced significantly from 13.86% to 10.41%. The incidence of new hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPI) decreased by 29.5% within 6 months. The compliance rate of nurses increased significantly from 55.15% to 60.15% before and after the implementation of the care bundle (χ=16.72, P=0.00); This result may be attributable to the implementation of care bundle training for nurses and the audit. Conclusion: A standardized care bundle based on the best evidence is indicated to effectively reduce the incidence of PIs. The increase in compliance rate after the intervention may benefit from nurses training in the care bundle and the audit during the intervention.


The focus in this paper is on conditions for ICT use in SMEs expressed as formative infrastructure. Questions concern needs for infrastructure among SMEs, actors roles, and concepts constituting a formative infrastructure for ICT-adoption and use. Few – if any – studies, take the perspective of SMEs' needs for infrastructure concerning use of ICT. A formative ICT infrastructure is constituted by the identified needs among SMEs, and it contains three parts; (1) sensemaking, (2) sensegiving, and (3) service infrastructures. In SMEs there is less of infrastructure and less of overhead services and these are to be found outside the SME. The adoption processes in SMEs differ from the ones in larger enterprises. ICT adoption is the process where the formative infrastructure is maintained as well as changed by actors enacting this context. SMEs rely more on external relations in a public infrastructure. In dividing ICT infrastructure into two major areas – hard and formative infrastructure, the results indicate that, both are important, but formative ICT infrastructure in SMEs is a less known and a less elaborated concept. When analyzing the need for formative ICT infrastructure, three types, emerge – sensemaking infrastructure, sensegiving infrastructure, and service infrastructure, as three cornerstones of a formative ICT-infrastructure.


There is a growing awareness and interest in the issues of accountability and transparency in the pursuit of digital privacy. In previous work, we asserted that systems needed to be "policy aware" and able to compute the likely compliance of any digital transaction with the associated privacy policies (law, rule, or contract). This paper focuses on one critical step in respecting privacy in a digital environment, that of understanding the context associated with each digital transaction. For any individual transaction, the pivotal fact may be context information about the data, the party seeking to use it, the specific action to be taken, or the associated rules. We believe that the granularity of semantic web representation is well suited to this challenge and we support this position in the paper.


Part 1 The elements of meaning: truth - conditions, predicates and definitions - theories of truth, Ramsey's theory of truth, simple truth-definitions, predicates and satisfaction, sequences as satisfiers, the workings of satisfaction, realism and correspondence, truth-bearers, some refinements theories of truth and theories of meaning - novelty and boundlessness in language use, some possible constraints on theories of meaning - holism and monism, the elimination of "... means that ...", meaning and truth-conditions, the role of the theory of meaning, a definition of sentence-meaning shades of meaning - traditional analysis, refining traditional analysis - conversational implicatures, the role of intentions in the theory of language use. Part 2 Some structures of meaning: the logical form of quantified sentences - standard truth-theories for the universal and existential quantifiers, the problem of non-standard quantifiers, the beginnings of a solution, logical form and inference reported speech - the problems of intentionality - reported speech - the problems, Quine's proposal, the Fregean proposal, Davidson's proposal, the varieties of reported speech names and objects - the object theory of proper names - objections, the object theory - some responses, names as austere predicates, names as ambiguous predicates adjectival constructions - the predicative-attributive distinction, implicit and explicit attributes - semantical attachment, why attributives are not one-place predicates, positive, comparative, superlative, Wheeler's proposal, some other possibilities actions and causes - events - understanding action-sentences - Davidson's proposal, understanding action-sentences - some problems, some logical form of singular causal sentences, singular causal statements - logical form and epistemology, some epistemological worries. Part 3 Language and reality: understanding and reality - understanding and paradox, vagueness and rules, rules and observationality, understanding and knowledge, language, reality and verification moral reality - the nature of ethical realism, relativism and reason, morality and action talk of a kind - words and kinds, explanatory kinds, the orders of things, knowing subjects and known objects, natural-kind words - Putnam's proposal, kind words and understanding, a moralizing postscript.


BACKGROUND--Fluticasone propionate is a new inhaled corticosteroid with a 2:1 efficacy ratio compared with beclomethasone dipropionate with regard to lung function and symptom scores, without increased systemic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this was also the case for bronchial hyperresponsiveness, assessed by both a direct (histamine) and an indirect (ultrasonically nebulised distilled water (UNDW)) provocation test. METHODS--Fluticasone propionate, 750 micrograms/day, and beclomethasone dipropionate, 1500 micrograms/day, were compared in a randomised, double blind, crossover study consisting of two six week treatment periods, each preceded by a three week single blind placebo period. Twenty one non-smoking asthmatics (mean forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) 74.7% predicted, mean PC20histamine 0.36 mg/ml) completed the study. RESULTS--Fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate improved FEV1, peak flow rates, asthma symptoms, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness to the same extent. Both fluticasone propionate and beclomethasone dipropionate caused an increase in PC20histamine (mean 2.29 [95% confidence interval 1.45 to 3.13] and 1.95 [1.07 to 2.84] doubling doses, respectively) and in PD20UNDW (1.12 [0.55 to 1.70] and 1.28 [0.88 to 1.70] doubling doses, respectively). Neither treatment changed morning serum cortisol levels, but fluticasone propionate decreased the number of peripheral blood eosinophils less than beclomethasone dipropionate, indicating smaller systemic effects of fluticasone propionate. CONCLUSIONS--These findings show that fluticasone propionate is as effective as twice the dose of beclomethasone dipropionate on bronchial hyperresponsiveness, assessed by provocation with both histamine and UNDW, without increased systemic activity.


The low energy Compton scattering on spin 1/2 targets is studied without assuming C, P and T invariances. The Born term of the scattering amplitude is calculated exactly and expressed in terms of charge, electric and magnetic dipole moments. The structure dependent part of the amplitude is given to all orders in photon energy and expressed in terms of structure dependent constants. The forward dispersion relations and low energy theorems are combined to obtain sum rules for these structure dependent constants.


Capture packets from IP networks is a commonly used technique in many IT fields for monitoring and analysis the IP traffic flows exchanged over computer networks. The new infrastructures for high throughput networks, however, have made this important technique more and more complex to carry out (also in small or medium sized local networks) even if using the newest multi-core systems developed today. This paper therefore shows some limits of a recent packet capture system, implemented by using a NUMA architecture, and suggests a possible solution that could be adopted to obtain a full functional IP packet capture system on high throughput networks


Letting end users tailor business processes can result in business process management support, which is better turned to userspsila needs and organizational changes. However, such tailoring requires not only the userspsila domain expertise but also advanced skills in computer use, which business users mostly lack. The paper presents the design of the collaborative task manager (CTM) prototype which overcomes this limitation and enables end users to become informed participants in business process composition. CTM uses enterprise-wide ldquoprogramming by examplerdquo by exposing common functionalities for personal task management to the end users and tracking their activities to generate end-to-end process execution examples on a central instance. These can be adapted and reused for ad-hoc process support or exported to formal process models, which enables tailoring as collaboration between business users, end-user tailors and developers. The paper finally reports on trial usage of the tool at a partner company.


The role of individual assessment on increasing the functionality of a person with schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a chronic disease that often reduces quality of life and functionality by causing disabilities in many areas like interpersonal relationships and social communication. Solely medical treatment is inadequate to prevent symptoms and recurrences that impairs quality of life. Therefore psycho-social rehabilitation approach which is important for continuousness of recovery, reducing disability and increasing treatment compliance and quality of life should be integrated with pharmacological treatment. In this case report, we present a schizophrenia patient and her rehabilitation process who gains skills for living independently after rehabilitation program as a result of decreasing frequency of relapses and


Bilateral dissecting aneurysms presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage are rare. The treatment strategy for bilateral vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms is controversial because the contralateral vertebral artery is already dissected and can easily undergo enlargement or bleed after non-reconstructive treatment procedures such as trapping or proximal occlusion. Here, we report a case of bilateral vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage that was treated with stent-assisted coiling for the ruptured side. A 42-year-old man was admitted to our hospital with sudden headache (WFNS grade 1). Computed tomography showed a high-density region in the basal cistern and posterior fossa with more haemorrhage on the right side (Fisher group 3). Three-dimensional computed tomography and three-dimensional rotational angiography demonstrated a bilateral round protrusion on the vertebral arteries with a diameter of 5 mm just distal to the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. Stent-assisted coiling was performed for the ruptured right side and conservative therapy was selected for the contralateral side. The ruptured side was well embolised, and the contralateral side was stable over the 12-month follow-up period after treatment. The treatment strategy for bilateral vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms presenting with subarachnoid haemorrhage is different from that for unilateral vertebral artery dissecting aneurysms. Non-reconstructive treatment procedures such as trapping may cause contralateral enlargement or rupture; therefore, reconstructive treatment may be appropriate for the ruptured side.


Nonparasitic splenic pseudocysts are an uncommon late sequela of splenic trauma. These cysts presumably develop from previously unrecognized subcapsular splenic hematomas. Classical therapy for splenic pseudocysts has been splenectomy. However, the recent recognition of the postsplenectomy sepsis syndrome has led to methods of surgical management that salvage the remainder of the spleen.


Methods of preparing the following fluorine-containing aromatic amino acids are reviewed: racemic and optically active phenylalanine and tyrosine derivatives with fluorine atoms or fluoroalkyl groups in the benzene ring or in the side chain. Possible bio-medical applications of these compounds are examined. The bibliography includes 100 references.


The present work discusses the origin and forms of manifestation of the surplus population in Latina America. It is argued that (a) the relations between developed and underdeveloped countries rest on an asymmetric production integration, which, in turn, results from the different production relations in both categories of countries; and (b) this integration determines a structurally unequal exchange as well as an unequal distribution of the energy to create a surplus population, concentrating it in underdeveloped countries, and (c) consequently, Latin America produces both a relative and an absolute surplus population.The surplus population's meaning vis-a-vis the process of accumulation, of which it is a result, is spread heterogeneously throughout its ranks. In the discussion of this population's position with respect to capital and its manifestation forms, special attention is paid to pirate capital and home-based domestic labor.


The "Putin constitution" of 2020 is a watershed. It marks the end of a period that began with perestroika, included the upheaval of the communist system and the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and which in 1993 led to the approval of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to this constitution Russia was a democracy and a state governed by the rule of law that guaranteed human and basic rights. The reality was different. The Soviet legacy, and errors made during the Yeltsin era, made it harder to establish a functioning democracy. After Putin became President, the discrepancy between constitutional norms and the constitutional reality widened. Yet for two decades, the political leadership upheld the illusion of liberal constitutionalism. This has now been brought to an end. The new constitution reinforces institutional authoritarianism and presidential absolutism. The legacy of 1993 has been destroyed.


Objective To investigate the growth and development of very low birth weight infants(VLBWI). Methods The development quotients and the parameters of growth development in thirty survived infants were evaluated during the follow up of 1 4 years after birth according to the development scale made by the Capital Pediatric Institute. Results Thirty percent of VLBWI showed retardation of the body weight and height in their infancy. Moderately low and below development quotients accounted for 37% of the infants. Development quotients were related to the birth weight and family environment. Conclusion It is very important to start early education and intervention for VLBWI before 3 years of age.


BACKGROUND
Dietary determinants of hepatic steatosis, an important precursor for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, are undefined.

OBJECTIVE
We explored the roles of sugar and fat intake as determinants of hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity in overweight adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes.

DESIGN
This was a cross-sectional study of dietary patterns and adipose tissue distribution in 74 overweight adolescents (aged: 15.4 ± 1.8 y; body mass index z score: 2.2 ± 0.4). Main outcome measures were hepatic steatosis (≥5.5% fat:water) measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy and visceral obesity (visceral-to-subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio ≥0.25) measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Main exposure variables were dietary intake and habits assessed by the Harvard Youth Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire.

RESULTS
Hepatic steatosis and visceral obesity were evident in 43% and 44% of the sample, respectively. Fried food consumption was more common in adolescents with hepatic steatosis than in adolescents without hepatic steatosis (41% compared with 18%; P = 0.04). Total fat intake (β = 0.51, P = 0.03) and the consumption of >35% of daily energy intake from fat (OR: 11.8; 95% CI: 1.6, 86.6; P = 0.02) were both positively associated with hepatic steatosis. Available carbohydrate (β = 0.54, P = 0.02) and the frequent consumption of soda were positively associated with visceral obesity (OR: 6.4; 95% CI: 1.2, 34.0; P = 0.03). Daily fiber intake was associated with reduced odds of visceral obesity (OR: 0.82; 95% CI: 0.68, 0.98; P = 0.02) but not hepatic steatosis.

CONCLUSION
Hepatic steatosis is associated with a greater intake of fat and fried foods, whereas visceral obesity is associated with increased consumption of sugar and reduced consumption of fiber in overweight and obese adolescents at risk of type 2 diabetes.


OBJECTIVES
In this study, we investigate the relationship between the effects of tumor width and depth with the extracapsular nodal spread (ECS) in oral tumors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
In this study we investigate retrospectively data of 107 patients (69 males, 38 females; mean age 45 years; range 25 to 79 years) with tongue tumors, who had undergone surgery in our clinic, between 1994 and 2004. Twenty-one of them had ECS. The effects of tumor width and depth on various parameters such as nodal metastases, survival, grade and ECS are investigated.

RESULTS
It was found that tumor width and depth were the most important factors that affect ECS and logistic regression analysis point out tumor width influence more than tumor depth. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis shows us when tumor width exceeds 3.7 cm or tumor depth exceeds 2.4 cm, rate of ECS reaches the maximum sensitivity and specificity.

CONCLUSION
Tumor width and depth has affects on survival and prognosis but also they have significant relation with ECS.


The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of autonomous (i.e., autonomy support from parents and peers) and controlling (i.e., social physique anxiety) social factors on future intention to exercise, integrating the distal (i.e., basic psychological needs satisfaction and self‐determined motivation) and proximal (i.e., attitudes, perceived behavioural control and subjective norms) determinants of intention defined in self‐determination theory (SDT) and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB). Self‐report questionnaires were distributed to 390 secondary school pupils (male = 218, female = 172, Mage = 15.10, standard deviation = 1.94). The results of path analysis, controlling for past behaviour of physical activity, showed that social factors predicted future intention to exercise through the influence of the distal and proximal determinants. The main contribution of the study was to provide evidence that the proximal determinants of the TPB captured the direct influence of social factors, independent of the mediating effects of psychological needs satisfaction and self‐determined motivation towards exercise. Results supported the integration of the two theories, clarifying the processes of influence of autonomous and controlling social factors within the variables of SDT and the TPB.


Urban forests are critical element in ameliorating urban habitats and building sustainable cities. Local residents are the key players in maintaining greenery of the city as they collectively own majority of land in most cities. Therefore, they need to engage in planting and retaining trees on their properties in order to reach canopy cover in urban areas. The project surveyed 200 local residents in Bharatpur Metropolitan City to examine their attitude towards trees on their property on the basis of 'Affective', 'Behavioral' and 'Cognitive' ABC model of attitude. Results show that majority of the residents have positive attitude towards trees as they have high cognitive intention towards trees, and showed willingness to retain the existing trees and add more in future. However, very few are cognizant of the environmental values of trees. The most common positive effects of trees on their property are food, shade, and clean and fresh air. The most common negative effects are increase in bushes and weeds, wildlife hazards and risk of fall due to wind. Urban planners interested in influencing residents' decisions about urban trees need to work on public outreach. Residents need to be motivated and made aware of the long term and multifunctional benefits of trees for retaining the existing trees and planting more in their property. They should also, be made aware of the type of trees that are suitable for plantation on residential property in order to avoid the problems that can be created due to trees.


We study self-interacting massive scalar field theory in static spacetimes with a bifurcate Killing horizon and a wedge reflection. In this theory the Hartle-Hawking state is defined to have the N -point correlation functions obtained by analytically continuing those in the Euclidean theory, whereas the double KMS state is the pure state invariant under the Killing flow and the wedge reflection which is regular on the bifurcate Killing horizon and reduces to the thermal state at the Hawking temperature in each of the two static regions. We demonstrate in the Schwinger-Keldysh operator formalism of perturbation theory the equivalence between the Hartle-Hawking state and the double KMS state with the Hawking temperature, which was shown before by Jacobson in the path-integral framework.


Calls to establish public education avoid the fact that public education is provided by the capitalist state whose real purpose is the market-based model of private gain. Public against private education is a false dichotomy; rather, public and private are complementary forms of capitalist
 regulation. Radical alternatives require a more foundational critique of the structures of capitalist education, grounded in an understanding of the contradictory relationship between capital and labour on which the institutions of capitalist civilisation are based. This article suggests a
 counter project: not public education but social knowing as the basis for a solidaristic form of social life. Our model for social knowing starts with the idea of a co-operative university.


The main aim of this paper is to introduce a discussion about mobility as a climate capability and as a framing of a creative discussion of climate change justice in the context of the capabilities approach and mobility. The main question is: What does it mean to be mobile in climatic times?The paper focuses on mobility as climate capability and relays reflections presented in a special issue of the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities on mobility and development (2010). The concept of holistic mobility is introduced and placed in a climate change context drawing on capabilities research on mobility and on mobilities research with special reference to the so-called mobilities paradigm in social science and the humanities.Mobility is generally considered one of several human capabilities and it is here suggested that climate change research could benefit from embracing a complex concept of mobility rather than what is offered in the literature at present. For example, the mobility as migration concept often overemphasises the moving aspects of mobility whilst underemphasising mobility's mooring aspects. Further, it tends to focus on one of several mobilities, i.e. geographical or mobility, with the risk of leaving other, interrelated, social and existential mobilities out of sight, out of mind.The paper interrelates the fields of climate change vulnerability, capabilities and mobility thus links social justice to the ability to be moving and mooring in climatic times.


It is well known that sperm motility is the most important parameter in measuring sperm quality. Sperm motility can be measured manually by a medical veterinarian or using Computer Aided Sperm Analysis (CASA) system. Measuring bull sperm motility manually is the most popular method nevertheless it has major drawbacks which are subjective and high variability. CASA gives consistent results, hence it is an expensive system. Therefore, an alternative method is required. In this paper, a method to measure bull sperm motility was proposed, It was using ellipse detection and sperm head direction angle. The video samples were taken using a digital microscope. Compared with the manual assessment by medical veterinarians, the proposed method gave the average absolute margin of 5.16% which surpassed the previous method which gave 10.69%.


Q: Cultural studies are currently in vogue in the Atlantic academy. Although many academics would claim that their cultural criticism is itself profoundly subversive, they regard as "vulgar" any cultural work that connects theory to political commitment outside the academy. So, for example, two of the most frequently cited precursors of cultural studies—Antonio Gramsci and Raymond Williams—are turned simply into cultural thinkers, though both were politically active intellectuals. How would you respond to this conception of cultural studies?This article can also be found at the Monthly Review website, where most recent articles are published in full.Click here to purchase a PDF version of this article at the Monthly Review website.


Context. Understanding the effect of feedback from young massive stars on the star-forming ability of their parental molecular clouds is of central importance for studies of the interstellar medium and star formation. Aims. We observed the G305 star-forming complex in the J = 3−2 lines of 12CO and 13CO to investigate whether feedback from the central OB stars was triggering star formation in G305 or actually disrupting this process. Methods. The region was decomposed into clumps using dendrogram analysis. A catalog of the clump properties such as their positions, luminosities, masses, radii, velocity dispersions, volume densities, and surface mass densities was created. The surface mass densities of the clumps were plotted as a function of the incident 8μm flux. A mask of the region with 8μm flux > 100 MJy sr−1 was created and clumps were categorized into three classes based on their extent of overlap with the mask, namely mostly inside (>67% overlap), partly inside (>10 and <67% overlap), and outside (<10% overlap). The surface mass density distribution of each of these populations was separately plotted. This was followed by comparing the G305 clumps with the Galactic average taken from a distancelimited sample of ATLASGAL and CHIMPS clumps. Finally, the cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) of the clump masses in G305 and their L/M ratios were compared to that of the Galactic sample to determine which mechanism of feedback was dominant in G305. Results. The surface mass densities of clumps showed a positive correlation with the incident 8μm flux. The data did not have sufficient velocity resolution to discern the effects of feedback on the linewidths of the clumps. The subsample of clumps labeled mostly inside had the highest median surface mass densities followed by the partly inside and outside subsamples. The difference between the surface mass density distribution of the three subsamples were shown to be statistically significant using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. The mostly inside sample also showed the highest level of fragmentation compared to the other two subsamples. These prove that the clumps inside the G305 region are triggered. The G305 clump population is also statistically different from the Galactic average population, the latter approximating that of a quiescent population of clumps. This provided further evidence that redistribution was not a likely consequence of feedback on the giant molecular cloud. The CDFs of clump masses and their L/M ratios are both flatter than that of the Galactic average, indicating that clumps are heavier and more efficient at forming stars in G305 compared to the Galactic average. Conclusions. Feedback in G305 has triggered star formation. The collect and collapse method is the dominant mechanism at play in G305.


A 36-element monolithic grid amplifier has been fabricated. The active elements are pairs of heterojunction-bipolar-transistors. Measurements show a peak gain of 5 dB at 40 GHz with a 3-dB bandwidth of 1.8 GHz (4.5%). Here we also report comparisons of patterns and tuning curves between the measurements and theory. The grid includes base stabilizing capacitors which result in a highly stable grid. The maximum saturated output power is 670 mW at 40 GHz with a peak power-added efficiency of 4%. This is the first report of power measurements on the monolithic quasi-optical amplifier.


Scholars of Chronicles normally emphasise that the Chronicler used typical words and phrases in those parts that belong to his Sondergut . Amongst these are phrases like 'to humble yourself', 'to seek Yahweh', and 'not to forsake Yahweh'. The writer's typical changes to the burial notices of the royal narratives also belong in this category. Something which is often overlooked, however, is that many of these features already occur in the narrative about Huldah's oracle (2 Chr 34:19–28) which was taken over with only minor changes from the Deuteronomistic version (2 Ki 22:11–20). My paper investigates whether or not the Huldah oracle could have served as theological paradigm according to which the Chronicler developed his own unique style. If so, the investigation will prompt me to revisit the issue of how continuity and discontinuity, with the older historiographical tradition, characterise the identity negotiation process that we witness in this literature.


OBJECTIVES
To investigate the expressions of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1(ALDH1), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma(LSCC) and their relationships with clinical significance.

METHODS
In situ hybridization (ISH) method and immuohistochemical staining were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of ALDH1, HIF-1α and VEGF in 120 LSCC specimens and 60 cases of normal laryngeal tissue. Their relationships with clinical pathological parameters were analyzed.

RESULTS
The positive rates of ALDH1, HIF-1α and VEGF mRNA in LSCC were 57.5% (69/120) , 73.3% (88/120) , 56.7% (68/120) , while the positive rates of proteins were 55.8% (67/120) , 70.8% (85/120) and 55.0% (66/120) , respectively. which were significantly higher than those in controls (P<0.05) . The expression of ALDH1 and VEGF proteins were significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05) . The expression of HIF-1α protein was significantly correlated with TNM stage, the degree of differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). The positive expression of ALDH1 was positively associated with those of HIF-1α and VEGF (P<0.05). The lymph node metastasis rate increased with the positive factors. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the patients with positive expression of ALDH1, HIF-1α and VEGF had lower 5-year overall survival rate than those with negative expression (P<0.05) .

CONCLUSIONS
The expressions of ALDH1, HIF-1α and VEGF are higher in LSCC, which may be used to determine the malignancy and prognosis of LSCC.


This paper discusses about the teaching strategy in teaching grammar with board game of snake and ladder to increase the speaking and writing competence. More specifically, the paper presents how to teach use game can increase the speaking competence in learning English. Teaching grammar is one the challenging for teacher to make the students competence in speaking and writing. Teaching English by using media of board game (snake and ladder) is interesting to teaching speaking and writing. This activities make the students more understand and increasing the speaking and writing use future tense. This game is media that simple and amusing for the students. It can be found that from the observation, questioner and practicing writing and speaking in the learning English by using game of snake and ladder. From the data of questioner, it shows that all of student answer that media board game can improve the student's competence in speaking and writing in understanding the grammar of future tense. It is found that the students get enjoy, interesting, learning by playing, effective, understanding, creative thinking and remember the material. Using game of snake and ladder to teach speaking and writing competence increase the students in speaking skill. This media is good and interesting for students to make the students fluent and understand the grammar. This media is not only simple but also give many advantages and effective in teaching English.


This paper shows a products portfolio from a cooperative society of Maguey pulquero producers analysis, as an instrument of strategic planning and investment. The commercial diagnostic phases, market research and portfolio products design were considered. A productive chain analysis was made, considering their productive links, post-harvest management and commercialization. A market research was made in two important market centers in business influential regions, where we identified the knowledge and frequency of consumption of the maguey products. The Boston Consulting Matrix was used in order to integrate the portfolio's products and the Ansoff Matrix to determine the product's positioning. Finally, an investment and economic viability analysis of the portfolio products was made. Six products were gotten, being the pulque and the agave syrup the investment priority products given the profits they generate while the penca, ixtle and paper represent complementary income. The strategies for the pulque and the agave syrup were the market penetration, and the strategies for the rest of the products are the market and product development. The analyzed products were positive to Net Present Value, Investment Return Rate and cost benefit ratio.


Rats receiving intrahippocampal injections of 192 IgG-saporin (SAP-HPC), fimbria-fornix lesions (FF), or sham control surgeries were tested in a series of delayed matching (DMTP)- and nonmatching (DNMTP)-to-position tasks. The FF group was significantly impaired on a pretrained DNMTP task relative to the control and SAP-HPC groups, which did not differ. All groups then acquired a matching-to- position rule at the same rate, and only the FF group showed a delay-dependent deficit when longer retention intervals were introduced for DMTP testing. Results demonstrate the importance of the fimbria-fornix fiber system in spatial short-term memory but suggest that the cholinergic septohippocampal component of this pathway is not required for successful delayed matching (or nonmatching)-to-position performance.


Text summarization is a natural language processing application that is being researched extensively and applied further to reduce the processing time for various long-winded text-based activities. However, as NLP is still in its budding phase, the work is relatively limited to the English language, leaving regional languages rather untouched despite having an incredible following of speakers. Such is also the case with the Hindi language. In this paper, we propose to come up with an effective method of summarisation news articles in the Hindi language. Like the English variant of this application, we wish to emphasize on the important sections of a Hindi news report and summarize it within 60 to 80 words. The summarization technique will try to identify the theme of the news, named entities and numbers, title terms, etc., for constructing a keyword table. This will be further compared against a knowledge base with weighted keywords for ranking the important sentences in the relevant order and finally picking out the sentence most needed for the summary. Our goal for summarizing the Hindi news articles specifically roots from the dilemma that despite these articles being a rich source of opinionated information about various topics, they are often ignored by the readers because of their long-winded nature that makes the useful information lost in the sea of words decorated by winded introductions and linguistic ornaments like idioms. Hence, this system should enable in an effective means of summary for finding useful information along with pruning all such irrelevant details.


Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) who display aggression necessitate effective interventions for reducing highly disruptive behavior, while keeping learning environments safe and secure for all students and staff. In this chapter, we describe the merits of cognitive-behavioral interventions (CBIs) in school settings to reduce student aggression and other destructive and maladaptive behavior and to promote student success and lifelong learning. To that end, we first explore three theoretical frameworks for aggression: the general aggression model, social learning theory, and social information processing, each of which examines the role of environment, cognition, and behavior as foundational to the occurrence of aggression. Synthesizing these theories assists in the development and implementation of CBIs in classroom settings. We then describe the CBI approach to teaching students cognitive and behavioral strategies to reduce problematic behaviors and increase the use of more pro-social alternatives, and ultimately generalize learned skills to a variety of social situations. A brief history of CBIs is explored, followed by a discussion of several meta-analyses establishing CBI's effectiveness in decreasing aggression across a variety of venues and populations. We then focus on social problem solving as an example of a cognitive-behavioral approach and describe the Tools for Getting Along curriculum as an example of a school-based CBI. At the end of the chapter, we explain some limitations of CBIs in schools and delineate future research needs.


Abstract. Variations of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) during the last millennium could help enlighten the monsoonal response to future global warming. Here we present a precisely dated and highly resolved stalagmite δ18O record from the Yongxing Cave, central China. Our new record, combined with a previously published one from the same cave, indicates that the EASM has changed dramatically in association with the global temperature rising. In particular, our record shows that the EASM has intensified during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) and the Current Warm Period (CWP) but weakened during the Little Ice Age (LIA). We find that the EASM intensity is similar during the MCA and CWP periods in both northern and central China, but relatively stronger during the CWP in southern China. This discrepancy indicates a complicated regional response of the EASM to the anthropogenic forcing. The intensified and weakened EASM during the MCA and LIA matches well with the warm and cold phases of Northern Hemisphere surface air temperature, respectively. This EASM pattern also corresponds well with the rainfall over the tropical Indo-Pacific warm pool. Surprisingly, our record shows a strong association with the North Atlantic climate as well. The intensified (weakened) EASM correlates well with positive (negative) phases of North Atlantic Oscillation. In addition, our record links well with the strong (weak) Atlantic meridional overturning circulation during the MCA (LIA) period. All above-mentioned correlations indicate that the EASM tightly couples with oceanic processes in the tropical Pacific and North Atlantic oceans during the MCA and LIA.


Patent citation recommendation and prior patent search, critical for patent filing and patent examination, have become increasingly difficult due to the rapidly growing number of patents. Unlike paper citations that focus on reference comprehensiveness, patent citations tend to be more parsimonious and refer only to those prior patents bearing significant technological and/or economic value, as they define the scope of the citing patent and thus have significant legal and economic implications. Based on the insight that patent citations are important information reflecting the value of cited patents to the citing patent, we propose a heterogeneous patent citation-bibliographic network that combines patent citations (reflecting value relation) and bibliographic information (reflecting similarity relation) together. From this network, we extract various features that reflect the value of a prior patent to a query patent with regard to the context of the query patent such as its assignee, classifications, etc. We then propose a two-stage framework for patent citation recommendation. Our idea is that by exploiting those context-specific value measures of candidate patents to the query patent, the proposed framework is able to make effective patent citation recommendations. We evaluate the proposed context-guided value-driven framework using a collection of 1.8M U.S. patents. Experimental results validate our ideas and show that those value-driven features are very effective and significantly outperform two state-of-the-art methods in terms of both the precision and recall rates.


Community to provide a high appreciation of the presence of the SMS which is used as a medium for channeling aspirations. Aspirations of the community through the delivery of SMS is one way of effective, it is necessary due to time not too long or it can be said is very short, the cost of the cheap route and do not need a bureaucracy to take a long message to the aspirations of the parties desired. The government also provides a better appreciation of the utilization of SMS as a medium in managing the aspirations of the community that can be used as one of the inputs and materials for the determination of policy considerations in the implementation of regional development


Using a large sample of US IPOs between 1999 and 2020, we show that personal connections between directors and top executives of issuers and those of underwriting banks result in significantly lower levels of IPO underpricing. We estimate the average effect to be about 13 percentage points. The results hold with several alternative robustness tests including non-random choice of underwriter, endogenous presence of venture capitalists, additional controls for managerial traits, matching exercises and doubly robust estimations. Our results indicate that the effect of connections is significantly stronger for companies that are more likely to suffer from asymmetric information problems. This corroborates the idea that the lower level of underpricing for connected companies reflects better flow of information with the underwriter.


Abstract. In hydrological models, evaporation from interception is often disregarded, combined with transpiration, or taken as a fixed percentage of rainfall. In general interception is not considered to be a significant process in rainfall-runoff modelling. However, it appears that on average interception can amount to 20–50% of the precipitation. Therefore, knowledge about the process of interception is important. Traditional research on interception mainly focuses on canopy interception and almost completely denies forest floor interception, although this is an important mechanism that precedes infiltration or runoff. Forest floor interception consists partly of interception by dry soil, partly of interception by short vegetation (mosses, grasses and creeping vegetation) and partly of interception by litter. This research project concentrates on litter interception: to measure its quantities at point scale and subsequently to upscale it to that of a hydrotope. A special measuring device has been developed, which consists of a permeable upper basin filled with forest floor, and a watertight lower basin. Both are weighed continuously. The device has been tested in the Huewelerbach catchment (Luxembourg). The preliminary measuring results show that the device is working properly. For November 2004, evaporation from interception was calculated to be 14 mm of 42 mm throughfall (i.e., 34%).


The Source Code Control System (SCCS) is a software tool designed to help programming projects control changes to source code. It provides facilities for storing, updating, and retrieving all versions of modules, for controlling updating privileges for identifying load modules by version number, and for recording who made each software change, when and where it was made, and why. This paper discusses the SCCS approach to source code control, shows how it is used and explains how it is implemented.


This article is an attempt to examine the extent to which Bourdieu's concepts of field, communicative rationality and rational deliberation is useful in designing game-like activities in design participation. We attempt to advocate the idea that changing the nature of the game is crucial in our understanding of the nature of design participation. In order to do this, we should design activities which could firstly reveal the nature and rules of the design games, and sensitize participants and designers to be aware of the constraining factors that would undermine the possibility of achieving 'the interest in disinterest' -- a sentiment that would reduce the harmful effects of systematic distortion which comes from our socialization, social positions and collective learning. We also suggest that the study of body techniques to explore new domains of experience through which social inclusion is more likely to be realized. The study of the experience of two Inclusive Design workshops supports this suggestion.


Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angiogenic tumor of mixed cellularity most commonly found in homosexual men infected with HIV. Both molecular and epidemiologic evidence has linked a newly described herpesvirus to this disease. This virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), encodes a number of cellular homologues, including two genes that share remarkable similarity to the human chemokine macrophage inhibitory factor-1 alpha. Recently, studies have begun to shed light on the roles these viral chemokines (vMIP-I and vMIP-II) may play in the complex pathogenesis of KS. The vMIP peptides may contribute to the formation of new blood vessels (neovascularization), inhibit infection by certain strains of HIV-1 and modify the cellular immune response.