East Kalimantan is one of wealthiest and widest provinces in Indonesia having strategic position, either geographically or economically. It is characterized by prosperous natural resources such as vast deposit of mining and energy, oceanic and forest resources, and so forth. As a well-off province, good and sound management is truly required to improve public prosperity as well as to guard ecological quality. One of the most probable potency is palm oil plantation. The availability of bountiful land in Kalimantan makes the efforts of building large-scale palm oil plantation more reliable. However, discourse on the operation of the one-million-hectare-palm-oil-plantation is awfully dilemmatic. There is no symmetric concordance between 'pros' and 'cons' so far. The government policy on promoting plantation sector, therefore, is still blurred. Based on such situation, this paper tries to explore and evaluate the government plan to develop large-scale oil palm plantation in East Kalimantan province, especially from the perspective of public policy.


In recent decades, working from home (WFH) method has spread their wings beyond of normal boundaries for many sectors in working organization. Work nowadays can be categorized as "unbounded activity" environment and freely conducted at anywhere and anytime. In Malaysia as a developing country, WFH approach is not being implemented widely but there are limited group who has implement WFH unofficially after having an agreement from organization. This research study will cover the important elements for implementing WFH in HEI context. The elements are not limited on HEI context but it able to be use in other field. The university itself will be an organization who involving the employees as well as the employers. To understand more about WFH requirement, current issues and required WFH approach from organization will be consider. The overview of elements consideration will be discussed and a conceptual model is derived to support WFH for HEI. At the end of the study, a framework will be developed in order to support above elements for both employees and employers in the organization itself. The aim of this study is to increase productivity, efficiency and quality of work while the organization allows a flexible working style such as WFH to the lecturers in HEI. The result of this paper is to derive a conceptual model, which are the main elements in conducting WFH for the whole research study.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the treatment effect of an optimized resuscitation strategy on prognosis of patients with septic shock.

METHODS
A systematic review of MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CBM, CNKI and other sources using a comprehensive strategy was conducted. All randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock were included. The patients were randomized into treatment group and control group. Preplanned subgroup analysis required studies to be categorized based on early (goal-directed therapy accomplished within 6-24 hours) vs. late (initiated after 24 hours or unknown time of resuscitation implementation). Two authors independently extracted data and assessed study quality using standardized methods. Consensus was reached by conference. The Cochrance Collaboration's software RevMan 5.0 was used for data analysis.

RESULTS
Eleven studies were included in the final analysis, providing a sample of 2066 patients. The combined results demonstrated a decrease in mortality [odds ratio (OR) = 0.63, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 0.48-0.84, P = 0.002]; however, there was statistically significant heterogeneity [P = 0.01, I(2) = 55%]. Among the early optimal resuscitation studies (n = 8) there was minimal heterogeneity [P = 0.44, I(2) = 0%] and a significant decrease in mortality (OR = 0.53, 95%CI 0.42-0.66, P < 0.00001) and incidence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS, OR = 0.61, 95%CI 0.43-0.85, P = 0.004). For the late resuscitation studies (n = 3), there was statistically significant difference [P = 0.05, I (2)=66%], and there was no significant effect on mortality (OR = 0.89, 95%CI 0.52-1.54, P = 0.68) and incidence of MODS (OR = 0.43, 95%CI 0.17-1.08, P = 0.07).

CONCLUSION
This meta-analysis found that the application of an early optimal resuscitation strategy to patients with septic shock imparts a significant reduction in mortality and incidence of MODS.


This research work deals with the problem formulation of control of complex organizational structures. The mechanism of functioning of such systems is described by example of a vertically integrated company (VIC). The problems of strategic and operative control of VIC are considered. The methods for solving such problems based on genetic algorithms and neural networks are suggested. A new iterative procedure for coordination of strategic and operative control goals based on the estimation of imbalance between shareholder value and net profit distributed for payment of dividends to shareholders is suggested. The considered system is a double criterion optimization problem with complex multiparameter restrictions.


Steadily energy systems are going to be linked with web technologies, information, communication, and automation technologies. The connectivity aims to employ maximum benefit of the Industrial Internet of Things in the energy sector and accelerate the transition to clean energy systems. However, the continuous integration intensifies the complexities surrounding protection of critical infrastructures against cyber-physical attackers concerning both operational and monetary issues associated with electricity market operations. The diverse nature of cyber-physical attacks attributed to the different domains in energy systems drives security researchers to pursue a robust categorization of attacks depended on the attack surface on energy systems. However, most of the attack categorization found in the literature lack the flexibility or multidimensional categorisation. In this paper, a multidimensional taxonomy of security threats in energy systems is proposed for enhanced flexibility. Moreover, other taxonomies found in the literature are also examined according to our criteria.


As the volume of data on the web continue to increase, it is getting more challenging for the search mechanism to find with a high precision rate what the users want to find. As a solution to improve these results, the development of a recommender engine, based on the content of the documents, would prove itself very useful. In this context, this research has the objective to show how the current search and indexing tools could be improved with recommendation, Machine Learning and textual analysis algorithms. The idea behind these project would be to, based on the content of the documents recovered in the search, find similar documents using most of the Open Source technology we have available right now.


Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography was attempted in eight infants with normal-size bile ducts and was successful in four. The technique described is feasible in the infant age group, and is useful in the infant with obstructive jaundice.


Abstract : The key to long-term success in the Global War on Terrorism involves maximizing the effectiveness of U.S. military aid to partner nations. The United States can not sustain long-duration deployments of thousands of troops. However, international crisis will not likely subside. The United States needs to encourage and better prepare its partner nations to take more active roles. As exemplified in Colombia, Security Assistance Organizations must build and increase the capabilities of our partner nations' militaries and be prepared to rapidly expand to support a partner nation's counter-insurgent/terrorist/narco-terrorist effort. Current world-wide SAO structures do not adequately support such robust ventures. The Government of Colombia has been fighting insurgents, international crime, and terrorism for the past five decades. Plan Colombia and post-911 expanded authorities have allowed the United States to provide substantial and increasing support to assist Colombia. U.S. support to the Republic of Colombia may be considered a model for limited Joint support to a partner nation's CT/CNT fight. The current MILGP-Colombia restructuring plan provides a base model from which a flexible model for a more robust and responsive SAO -- a Joint Security Assistance & Cooperation Command (JSACC). JSACCs will allow the United States to succeed in supporting a partner nation in an environment that is neither war nor peace.


Charlotte Raynsford, BVA media officer, gives the lowdown on a new set of graphics about the welfare needs of exotic pets.


In highly competitive business world along with product, financing or marketing innovation, good corporate governance may be practiced as a differentiators. The current business scenario seems to be very complex in terms of its operation and governance. Due to advanced technology and legal requirements, operations are comparatively transparent. Competitors and public at large can do what you have done in product (unless it is patented), financing or marketing innovation. Good corporate governance practice can be imbibed as tool to maximize wealth of stakeholders. Though theoretically it could also be copied by your competitors, practically it is difficult to change mind set and implement similar practice in the organization. Corporate governance has been seen as ethics, law, system, approach, strategy, set of principles and a concept. But in sum, it is more than that. Corporate Governance can be a differentiator, if you extend the meaning of governance to act professionally, ethically and legally but possible best business practices.


Introduction China is one of the few countries to achieve Millennium Development Goal 4 and 5. This study aimed to access the levels and trends of maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in China from 1990 to 2018. Methods Using descriptive epidemiology, we collected the data from the China Health Statistics Yearbooks and the China Statistical Yearbooks to describe changes in MMRs, hospital delivery rate, per capita GDP, policies, health expenditure indictors and per capita annual income by region from 1990 to 2018. Spearman correlation analysis was used to assess the relevance between MMR and health expenditure indicators. Results The MMR decreased by 79.4% from 1990 to 2018 in China, and the MMR was remarkably lower in the eastern China than that in the western China. In the context of the widening gap between urban and rural wealth from 1990 to 2018, the urban-rural MMR gap narrowed. The MMR in China has always been higher in rural areas than in urban areas. After the implementation of the Two-Child policy in 2015, the urban MMR continued to decline in 2015-2018, and the rural MMR rebounded in 2017. The hospital delivery rate in China has been on the rise, with almost all pregnant women giving birth in hospital by 2018. The MMR was negatively correlated with the percentage of government health expenditure in the total health expenditure. Obstetric hemorrhage has always been the leading cause of maternal death from 1990 to 2018 in urban and rural areas. Conclusions China has made remarkable progress in maternal survival, despite regional differences still exist. The implementation of the Two-Child policy slowed down the decline of MMR in rural areas. Chinese government should focus on the maternal health in western provinces, rural areas, and the floating population in urban areas.


Purpose: The purpose of the study is to explore the role of optimism and emotional intelligence in entrepreneurship intentions among students.
Procedure: This paper proposes and empirically tests a theoretical model positing relationships between dispositional optimism, emotional intelligence, and entrepreneurial intention. Model formulation is based on a random survey of students (N=227).
Principal Findings: Results indicate that students' optimism and emotional intelligence are associated with increased levels of entrepreneurial intention. Additionally, the present study argues that emotional intelligence mediates the positive relationship between optimism and entrepreneurial intention. Theoretical and practical implications of this model are discussed.


Effect of Free Lime on Disintegration of LD Slags Hideaki SUITO, Toyokazu YOKOMAKU, Yumiko HAYASHIDA, and Yoshikazu TAKAHASHI Synopsis: The determination of free lime in LD and synthetic slags was done gravimetrically by carbonating free lime under the stream of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The results obtained by this gravimetric method were discussed and compared with those of the chemical wet method, i.e. by use of the tribromophenol extraction-atomic absorption spectrum method. Disintegration by the autoclave expansion test was found to be closely related to the free lime concentration, and LD and synthetic slags containing more than 1wt% free lime were found to disintegrate. Mineralogical studies of LD, synthetic and remelted LD slags were carried out in focus of the free lime phase by means of microscopic and EPMA examinations. From these, the free lime phase containing FeO, MnO, and MgO was microscopically found to be hydrated under the atmospheric condition. Free lime grains present in LD slags were clustering, surrounded by the dicalcium silicate phase, but these were dispersed homogeneously after remelting in air. Free magnesia containing FeO, MnO, and CaO was observed in LD slags containing about 10wt% magnesia. This magnesia phase was neither hydrated in microscopic examinations nor disintegrated by the autoclave expansion test.


Introduction: The primary care environment is demanding new models of care driven by population and workforce demographics, but also by technology changing the way we live our lives and therefore our expectations of service delivery. The outcomes gained from a strong primary care system are well documented, however the sustainability of this sector, particularly in rural areas is under threat. The Pinnacle Midlands Health Network 'Health Care Home' (HCH) model of care transforms the role of general practice as the integrator within a community and health care system, whilst at the same time shifting the control of healthcare more towards the individual and their family. It shifts the primary health care eco-system from largely a reactive, provider-centric system to one that proactively plans and delivers care using the 'one assessment, one plan and one team' concept of care. Drives towards integrated care have often been hampered by concentration on one aspect of service delivery without making the necessary alignments to other elements of the system. Creating a HCH environment cracks the well-documented barriers to integrated care, building leadership and clinical capacity, changing professional custom and practice, expanding roles, establishing integrated patient information systems and aligning funding and contractual models. Pinnacle is partnering with other organisations around New Zealand to develop HCHs across the country.  However the exact nature of what constitutes a HCH in the New Zealand setting, and what might form minimum standards for such are undefined.  We sought to create a list of criteria that would define a HCH, and enable measurement of progress towards that status. Method: The literature was searched for all mentioned aspects of HCHs.  The implementation documentation for each existing HCH in New Zealand was searched to identify all changed components.  Each was mapped onto a four point scale, from no progress toward HCH to full implementation of HCH.  These were tested and refined in workshops of HCH providers and commissioners covering a variety of implementation sites and HCH styles.  The final version was then used by HCH providers to provide a historical score for their practices over time on each dimension.  Results: The HCH Implementation Tool was successfully developed and deployed.  Results from the deployment will be presented at the Congress.  It has already proved useful for practices starting on their transformation to measure their progress and how far they have to go. Conclusions: The Health Care Home model demonstrates improved outcomes for patient experience, workforce satisfaction and system efficiency. It is possible to define and measure the changes leading to a primary care practice becoming a Health Care Home and the extent of its integration with other services, allowing quantification in addition  to common qualitative measures


In this paper we presents a tool for the dynamic forecast of performance of linear algebra routine as well as communication between clusters. FAST (Fast Agent's System Timer) is a software package allowing client applications to obtain an accurate forecast of routine needs in terms of completion time, memory space, and number of communication, as well as current system availability. FAST relies on existing low-level software packages, i.e. network and host monitoring tools, and some of our developments in sequential and parallel computational routines modeling. The FAST internals and user interface are presented, as well as experimental results and validation on different applications.


A 29-year-old man developed a delayed postoperative extradural hematoma after the craniotomy to treat recurrent malignant glioma and hydrocephalus. The patient became alert on the day after the operation. Computed tomography (CT) 12 hours after the operation showed no intracranial hematoma and the subgaleal drainage catheter was removed 18 hours after the operation. The patient complained of headache and went into a coma 2 hours after removal of the drain. CT demonstrated massive acute extradural hematoma with marked midline shift. Emergency craniotomy revealed that the source of the hematoma was an injured scalp artery along the route of the drainage catheter. He died of acute brain edema 9 days later. Hemostasis should be confirmed at insertion and removal of the drainage catheter.


It is concluded that the ductus epididymidis of the echidna is divided into only two structurally distinct segments which are each homogeneous along their length. The initial segment in the echidna is structurally very similar to the initial segment proper in the epididymis of all other mammals which have been studied, whereas the terminal segment is structurally quite different from the terminal segment in other mammals. The terminal segment in the echidna is involved in considerable apocrine secretion of highly membranous material. The secretions gradually degenerate and occupy a large proportion of the lumen of the duct.


This article describes the structure of human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) gene and the regulation of its expression. TSH is a heterodimer composed of common alpha subunit and unique beta subunit encoded by genes located on different chromosomes. It is known that the expression of these subunit genes is regulated in different mechanism by several extracellular factors. The DNA sequencing data of the gene demonstrated that these genes were regulated by interaction of several potential regulatory elements with transcription factors. This transcriptional regulation was analyzed by transient expression of chimeric gene fragments and DNA-protein binding assay, in vitro. To identify the essential DNA regulatory elements of the human TSH beta gene in vivo, we introduced 1.1 kbp of the 5' flanking region of the human TSH beta gene-simian virus 40 T-antigen (SVT) fusion gene into the mouse. This region could direct pituitary-specific expression of SVT and tumorigenesis in transgenic mice.


The sculpting of germ layers during gastrulation relies on coordinated migration of progenitor cells, yet the cues controlling these long-range directed movements remain largely unknown. While directional migration often relies on a chemokine gradient generated from a localized source, we find that zebrafish ventrolateral mesoderm is guided by the uniformly expressed and secreted protein Toddler/ELABELA/Apela, acting as a self-generated gradient. We show that the Apelin receptor, which is specifically expressed in mesodermal cells, has a dual role during gastrulation, acting as a scavenger receptor to generate a Toddler gradient, and as a chemokine receptor to sense this guidance cue. Thus, we uncover a single receptor-based self-generated gradient as the enigmatic guidance cue that can robustly steer the directional migration of mesoderm through the complex and continuously changing environment of the gastrulating embryo. One sentence summary Aplnr has a dual role to self-generate and sense a Toddler gradient directing mesodermal cells during zebrafish gastrulation.


Immigrant Entrepreneurs (IE) are often portrayed as pushed into self-employment due to employment barriers in their adopted countries. But IE have human resources, like international experience, which can help them form international new ventures (INV). We question the role of IE in INV. We use randomly selected data from 561 young firms from the Comprehensive Australian Study of Entrepreneurial Emergence (CAUSEE) project. We find that IE are over-represented in INV and have many characteristics known to facilitate INV success including more founders, university degree, international connections and technical capability. These findings are relevant to policy makers, and nascent IE.


This paper deals with linear-quadratic control problem for a catalytic flow reversal reactor using an infinite dimensional Hilbert space representation of the system. A LQ-controller is developed on the basis of the catalytic reactor with unidirectional flow. The controller is formulated to keep the distribution of the temperature along the axis of the reactor at stationary state by using the fluid flow velocity. We study the application of the controller on the catalytic reactor with reverse flow operation. We take advantage of the two-time scale characteristic of catalytic tubular reactors to develop a controller that requires only the measurement of the temperature along the axis of the reactor. Using the infinite dimensional state space, a state LQ-feedback operator is computed via the solution of a Riccati differential equation. The developed controller is tested numerically for the catalytic combustion of lean methane emissions in CFRR unit and implemented for a reactor configuration at the CANMET Energy Technology Centre Varennes, Quebec, Canada, and currently experimental tests are underway.


Despite much development of the soft as well as hard laws in the field of international environmental governance, the response to environmental crimes has remained focused on non-criminal solutions. At the domestic level, laws addressing environmental crimes are traditionally seen as extension of public and administrative laws protecting the environment, rather than as a fully developed separate branch of criminal law. Various activities resulting in environmental degradation including the threat to global warming creates a sense of urgency, and also poses questions about the proper scope of international offences against the environment. Few international environmental instruments recognized environmental degradation as an offence such as illegal trade in wildlife, ozone depleting substances, dumping and illegal transport of various kinds of hazardous waste, illegal fishing, illegal logging and the associated trade in stolen timber. Recently there is a growing concern all over the world, regarding the fast growing criminal activities severely affecting the environment and the biodiversity. It poses a serious challenge to the international environmental governance which is already vulnerable mostly being soft law. The paper begins by looking at the conceptual limitations on the emergence of a mature international criminal law of the environment. It further discusses the issue by discussing the status of international environmental crime based on secondary data resource, and concludes by describing the future of the development of international criminal law to protect the environment.


We developed a methodology and tools for synthesizing monotonic networks, which consist of alternating low-skew and high-skew logic gates. By taking advantage of their reduced input capacitance, lower switching thresholds, and efficient implementation for wide complex gates, monotonic circuits can obtain greater performance compared to static CMOS. Our results show standard domino, dynamic-static domino, monotonic static CMOS, and zipper CMOS to have average speed improvements of 1.57, 1.66, 1.67, and 1.47 times over static CMOS, respectively.


Abstract The density of glacier ice containing a given amount of air can be computed if it is assumed that both ice and air are subjected to a pressure due to the weight of overlying material. In this way it is possible to deduce the form that a curve of density versus depth should have for ice of a constant air content. Reasons for the divergence of observed depth-density profiles from those predicted by this theory are discussed, in particular the effect of the plastic-viscous behaviour of ice, which results in an air pressure differing from the hydrostatic pressure of the ice above. The empirical power-law relation between depth and density is discussed in the light of this theory, and is also used to derive relations for useful parameters characterizing the densification process such as rate of subsidence and rate of densification in terms of the depth, accumulation, and the constants entering the power law.


A new species of high elevation dwarf gecko (Gekkonidae: Lygodactylus) is described from Mount Namuli, northern Mozambique. This new species is distinguished from other closely related species in the genus Lygodactylus by body size, scalation, and color, and is genetically divergent from congeners. The species is most similar genetically and morphologically to Lygodactylus rex, the King Dwarf Gecko, which is endemic to Mount Mulanje, Malawi. Mount Mulanje and Mount Namuli are two of several understudied inselbergs forming the southern limit of the Afromontane archipelago in Malawi and Mozambique. The sister taxon relationship of the dwarf gecko species on Mount Mulanje and Mount Namuli illustrates the historical biogeographic connections between these inselbergs, a pattern which is emerging with continued work in this region. The discovery of this new species adds to a growing list of species unique to Mount Namuli, and further establishes this montane region as a conservation priority.


Ground beef was prepared from electrically stimulated and nonstimulated sides of 24 U.S. Utility grade carcasses that were boned 1, 3 or 24 hr postmortem. Postmortem electrical stimulation had no negative effects or, the physical, sensory or cooking properties of ground beef patties. Time of boning had significant effects on percent height change during cooking, total cooking loss, tenderness, and juiciness. As cooning time increased, the effects on the traits were negative.


Rates of crime for Blacks in the United States in the post-slavery era have always been high relative to Whites. But explaining, or minimizing, this fact faces a major problem: individual excuses for bad acts point to deficiencies, in the agent, which are perhaps forgivable, such as mental deficiency or a deprived childhood, but at the price of treating the agent as less than a full member of the moral community. Collectivizing excuses risks implying group inferiority. The history of attempts to provide an explanation of crime that mitigates blame without undermining full participation to the moral community is long and convoluted, leading to the presently widespread claim that crime is itself a product of victimization through pervasive racism. Three basic strategies – rejection of comparison, attribution to racially invariant causes and explanation by reference to uniquely Black conditions, such as subculture or extreme stigmatization – are identified and their ethical implications distinguished.


The following article is based on a lecture held at the ESA Conference 'Innovating Qualitative Research: Challenges and Opportunities' in Bayreuth on September the 22th 2010. Opening with the relevance of the logbook for social research alongside the example of the 'My Campus' project, methodic and methodological insights in the use of logbooks are presented. Operating with paper pencil logbook to observe students' patterns of spatial use, the advantages and disadvantages of the logbook as a research instrument and the differences towards electronic logbooks are illustrated here. Further it is taken a closer look on aspects regarding the researcher as well as the user of this instrument to close with an outlook on its further development in social research.


An increase in serum uric acid levels has been observed both during treatment with diuretics and beta-blockers. The increase during treatment with beta-blockers seems in most cases to be of no clinical importance and is not a reason for serum uric acid determinations of subjects who have no symptoms indicating hyperuricaemia. During treatment with diuretics in those doses which have been commonly used previously, e.g. hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone greater than or equal to 50 mg/d, an increase on an average of about 90 mumol/l is to be expected. When low-dose diuretics are used (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide or chlorthalidone less than or equal to 25 mg/d) about half of this increase might be anticipated. It is recommended that serum uric acid levels should be studied after starting antihypertensive treatment with diuretics.


The Giemsa banding pattern of the chromosomes has been analyzed in a line of transformed golden hamster cells, revertant and re‐revertant cells and their tumors. The transformed and re‐revertant cells were malignant in vivo and had gained an additional chromosome 57. Revertants with a suppression of malignancy lost this additional chromosome 57 and gained an additional chromosome 72. The tumors produced by segregants from the revertant cells were malignant, although to a lower degree than transformed and re‐revertant cells. These tumors had lost the additional chromosome 72 found in revertants and gained one or two 512 chromosomes. The results support the hypothesis that the balance between genes for expression and suppression controls malignancy. The data indicate that chromosome 72 carries genes for suppression and that chromosomes 57 and 512 carry genes for expression of malignancy. The genes on chromosome 57 seem to result in a greater degree of expression than the genes on chromosome 512. The chromosome balance that controlled malignancy in these cells, also controlled the expression and suppression of transformed properties in vitro.


Secondary cancers of the penis are extremely uncommon with less than 300 cases reported in the past 100 years. These cancers are most frequently a result of an aggressive or poorly managed primary prostate or bladder cancer and rarely a metastasis from a primary kidney tumor. Currently, there is no published literature which describes the spread of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (SRCC) to the penis. In this report, we present a 55-year-old-man who presented with a large right-sided SRCC which metastasized to the base of his penis within 1 month of symptom onset. We also discuss the possible route of metastasis based on primary tumor size and location within the retroperitoneum.


The p110δ isoform of PI3K has attracted widespread attention for its role in allergy and inflammation and p110δ-specific inhibitors are currently being tested. Mice that express an inactivated p110δ PI3K isoform (p110δ) develop mild caecal and rectal colitis. p110δ mice were investigated for their propensity to inflammation and due to the causal link between inflammation and cancer also for their susceptibility to colorectal cancer in a colitis-associated cancer model. Here, we show that p110δ mice spontaneously develop colitis, but only in the presence of intestinal flora. Exposure to lipopolysaccharide leads to increased inflammatory cytokine secretion in p110δ colons. We show that p110δ mice have decreased numbers of peripheral CD4CD25 regulatory T cells and that these cells have a specific inability to migrate in response to the thymus exit chemokine sphingosine-1-phosphate, providing an additional explanation for the enhanced inflammatory phenotype. Finally, the absence of active p110δ PI3K results in aggravated inflammation but does not lead to more cancer in the colorectal cancer model. Also aged p110δ mice do not develop colorectal or other types of cancer. Thus our results reveal important new insight into the relation between colonic inflammation and cancer as the lack of active p110δ predisposes to colitis but does not carry increased risk of colitis-associated colon cancer, the latter probably as a consequence of a negative role for p110δ in colon tumour surveillance.


Sarcoidosis is a systemic noncaseating granulomatous disorder of unknown origin involving multiple organ systems. There has been no report so far to describe the epidemiological pattern of cutaneous involvement in sarcoidosis in South‐East Asia with diverse ethnic groups. A retrospective study examining the clinicopathological features of all patients diagnosed with sarcoidosis at a tertiary dermatology centre in Singapore from 1980 to 2003 was conducted. Cutaneous sarcoidosis was diagnosed in 25 patients: 13 were Indian, 11 were Chinese and one was Eurasian. Cutaneous manifestations included papules, nodules, plaques and scarring alopecia. Extracutaneous involvement of lymph nodes (four patients), lungs (eight patients) and eyes (two patients) was seen. Eight patients had abnormal chest radiographic findings. Histopathological examination of skin lesions revealed noncaseating, epithelioid granulomatous infiltration in the dermis without evidence of mycobacterial infection, deep fungal infection or polarizable birefringent material. Treatment modalities included corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, isotretinoin, methotrexate and surgical excision. Five patients had complete resolution of the cutaneous lesions. Cutaneous sarcoidosis is rare in Asia and indeed in Singapore. Extracutaneous involvement is not uncommon and a thorough clinical evaluation should be undertaken.


The practice of tracking geographical divergence along a phylogenetic tree has added an evolutionary perspective to biogeographic analysis within single species. In spite of the popularity of phylogeography, there is an emerging problem. Recurrent mutation and recombination both create homoplasy, multiple evolutionary occurrences of the same character that are identical in state but not identical by descent. Homoplasic molecular data are phylogenetically ambiguous. Converting homoplasic molecular data into a tree represents an extrapolation, and there can be myriad candidate trees among which to choose. Derivative biogeographic analyses of 'the tree' are analyses of that extrapolation, and the results depend on the tree chosen. I explore the informational aspects of converting a multicharacter data set into a phylogenetic tree, and then explore what happens when that tree is used for population analysis. Three conclusions follow: (i) some trees are better than others; good trees are true to the data, whereas bad trees are not; (ii) for biogeographic analysis, we should use only good trees, which yield the same biogeographic inference as the phenetic data, but little more; and (iii) the reliable biogeographic inference is inherent in the phenetic data, not the trees.


We report on current oscillations in quasi two-dimensional (2D) 1T-TaS2 charge-density-wave devices. The MHz-frequency range of the oscillations and the linear dependence of the frequency of the oscillations on the current resemble closely the "narrow band noise," which was often observed in the classical bulk quasi-one-dimensional (1D) trichalcogenide charge-density-wave materials. In bulk quasi-1D materials, the "narrow band noise" was interpreted as a direct evidence of the charge-density-wave sliding. Despite the similarities, we argue that the nature of the MHz oscillations in quasi-2D 1T-TaS2 is different from the "narrow band noise." Analysis of the biasing conditions and current indicate that the observed oscillations are related to the current instabilities due to the voltage-induced transition from the nearly commensurate to incommensurate charge-density-wave phase.


The current paper summarizes the classical ideas on synaptic links in intracortex isofunctional types of cells, based on the results of the Golgi method. In addition, it discusses data of modern research on structural-functional organization of the neocortex module of man and of animals.


This study Right to the mixed city- a case study of East Kvillebacken is a case study of the making and shaping of a mixed city model in East Kvillebacken, Gothenburg. The main purpose of the study was to examine the making and implementation of the mixed city in East Kvillebacken in aspects of social sustainability, and in what way the place is being represented by planners and residents of the area. To examine this, dialogue interviews with planners and residents of East Kvillebacken, a document analysis of central documents connected to the planning process and an additional survey with the residents were carried out. The result show that there is some discrepancy between the planners and the residents representation of the area, primarily regarding how the target group and the spatial practices that the planners stressed to promote, did not resonate to any great extent with the residents and their preferences. In East Kvillebacken, consequently, the residents different preferences, social factors, values and social barriers has been a more deciding factor of the production and shaping of space than the practices and norms that the planners tried to promote and construct. Finally, the study also demonstrates how the planning of the mixed city in East Kvillebacken in many ways has been a conflict between social values and market strategies, but also between different conflict of aims that have complicated the implementation and analysis of the area in terms of social sustainability.


Neonatal chylous ascites is an anomalous development of intra-abdominal lymphatic duct usually presents as a remedial challenge with symptomatic leaky lymphatics induced either as idiopathic or congenital or traumatic etiologies. In present case, female neonate developed abdominal distention on day 11 of life, just after introduction of enteral feeding. Chylous was diagnosed by paracenthesis and fluid examination. She was treated with TPN and followed by MCT based diet with octreotide. Baby was well tolerated with enteral feed and discharged on pregestimil on day 40 of life. On follow-up, baby had mild parenchymal liver disease with minimal ascites at right hepatic region at 4 months of age, which was completely resolved on 11 months. Discussed case suggests that octreotide with MCT oil based diet after TPN aids in repair of anomalous lymphatic vessel in presented rare instance of chylous ascites. doi:10.4021/ijcp102e


To investigate the effect of various levels of corn oil and coconut oil on ultraviolet (UV) light-induced skin tumorigenesis and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, Sencar and SKH-1 mice were fed one of three 15% (weight) fat semipurified diets containing three ratios of corn oil to coconut oil: 1.0%:14.0%, 7.9%:7.1%, and 15.0%:0.0% in Diets A, B, and C, respectively. Groups of 30 Sencar and SKH-1 mice were fed one of the diets for three weeks before UV irradiation; then both strains were UV irradiated with an initial dose of 90 mJ/cm2. The dose was given three times a week and increased 25% each week. For Sencar mice (irradiated 33 wks for a total dose of 48 J/cm2), tumor incidence reached a maximum of 60%, 60%, and 53% for Diets A, B, and C, respectively, with an overall average of one to two tumors per tumor-bearing animal. For the SKH-1 mice (irradiated 29 wks for a total dose of 18 J/cm2), all diet groups reached 100% incidence by 29 weeks, with approximately 12 tumors per tumor-bearing mouse. No significant effect of dietary corn oil/coconut oil was found for tumor latency, incidence, or yield in either strain. The effect of increasing corn oil on epidermal ODC activity in chronically UV-irradiated Sencar and SKH-1 mice was assessed. Three groups of mice from each strain were fed one of the experimental diets and UV irradiated for six weeks. Sencar mice showed no increase in ODC activity until six weeks of treatment, when the levels of ODC activity in the UV-irradiated mice fed Diet A were significantly higher than those in mice fed Diet B or Diet C: 1.27, 0.55, and 0.52 nmol/mg protein/hr, respectively. In the SKH-1 mice, ODC activity was increased by the first week of UV treatment, and by three weeks of treatment a dietary effect was observed; ODC activity was significantly higher in mice fed Diet C (0.70 nmol/mg protein/hr) than in mice fed Diet A (0.18 nmol/mg protein/hr). Although there was no significant effect of dietary corn oil/coconut oil on UV-induced tumor incidence, the data indicate that chronically UV-irradiated hairless SKH-1 mice are more susceptible to UV-induced skin carcinogenesis than Sencar mice and that this susceptibility is correlated with increased in ODC activity, a parameter of cell proliferation.


Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a high quality welding process widely used in most industries. However, the process is limited to higher welding speed and higher deposition rate. To overcome this limitation, the GTAW process is modified in such a way that filler metal is heated prior to entering into the weld pool. This heating is carried out by resistance heating. Hot wire GTAW (HW-GTAW) ensures the availability of arc energy to melt the base metal. This results in an increase in deposition rate and additionally, increases the welding speeds to a large extent. Welding is an important form of joining materials and is most significant for the application of structural components. This paper reviews the application of the hot wire technique during conventional GTA welding, thereby providing the benefits in terms of metallurgical control, energy efficiency and rate of deposition. This process has the potential to achieve high efficiency and welding faster with lower heat input. The HW-GTAW process is widely used in welding various novel materials and it is a promising alternative to the conventional GTAW process with lower heat input and narrower heat affected zones. This process not only eliminates the various defects in the weld joints but also increases productivity in industries.


Several studies have shown that life-style changes can help reduce the risk of diabetes. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of native banana starch (NBS) on glycemic control and insulin resistance in comparison with metformin (MF) in non-diabetic obese women. Forty participants 20-45 years of age, HOMA- IR \(\ge\)2.5 were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 subjects each.  During an eight-week period, one group received NBS 30g/day and the other MF 850 mg/day. Fasting glycemia was reduced by either four weeks NBS or four weeks MF treat-ment (week 0 vs week 4, p<0.05). After NBS and MF treatments, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR values decreased gradually, reaching statistical significance after eight weeks (week 0 vs week 8, p<-0.05). The 30 and 60min insulin AUCs after eight weeks NBS supplementation tended to be lower in comparison to 30 and 60min insulin AUCs at baseline. There were no differences in HOMA-IR response between treatments after four or eight weeks. Data show that NBS supplementation has beneficial effects in reducing fasting glucose and insulin resistance in a group of obese women, and it may represent a low-cost and easily accessible alternative for preventing complications in the obese population.


Background: Identification of candidate SNPs from transcription factors (TFs) is a novel concept, while systematic large-scale studies on these SNPs are scarce. Purpose: This study aimed to identify the SNPs of six TF binding sites (TFBSs) and examine the association between candidate SNPs and osteoporosis. Methods: We used the Taiwan BioBank database; University of California, Santa Cruz, reference genome; and a chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing database to detect 14 SNPs at the potential binding sites of six TFs. Moreover, we performed a case–control study and genotyped 109 patients with osteoporosis (T-score ≤ −2.5 evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and 262 healthy individuals (T-score ≥ −1) at Tri-Service General Hospital from 2015 to 2019. Furthermore, we used the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) from the Genotype-Tissue Expression database to identify downstream gene expression as a criterion for the function of candidate SNPs. Results: Bioinformatic analysis identified 14 SNPs of TFBSs influencing osteoporosis. Of these SNPs, the rs130347 CC + TC genotype had 0.57 times higher risk than the TT genotype (OR = 0.57, p = 0.031). Validation of eQTL analysis revealed that rs130347 T allele influences mRNA expression of downstream A4GALT in whole blood (p = 0.0041) and skeletal tissues (p = 0.011). Conclusions: We successfully identified the unique osteoporosis locus rs130347 in the Taiwanese and functionally validated this finding. In the future, this strategy can be expanded to other diseases to identify susceptible loci and achieve personalized precision medicine.


Objective: DT56a (Femarelle ® ) is a natural compound for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of long term treatment (two months) with DT56a on the skeletal tissues of intact and ovariectomised (OVX) adult rats. Design: Thirty rats were divided into two groups, in one of which the rats were ovariectomised. The rats in each group were then treated for two months with DT56a, oestrogen or vehicle. Setting: University and hospital laboratories. Population: Thirty rats. Methods: Histomorphometric measurements of trabecular bone volume (expressed as a percentage of total bone volume), trabecular and cortical thickness and growth plate width were recorded by a computerised system. In addition, creatine kinase (CK)-specific activity, as marker of oestrogen receptor activation, was measured in skeletal tissues and in the uterus. Main Outcome Measures: The changes in the histomorphometric measurements. Results: OVX rats developed noticeable signs of osteoporosis, namely, significant decrease in trabecular bone volume and in trabecular and cortical thickness. DT56a, like oestrogen, restored the bone structure measurements of all tested parameters in the OVX rats to the values obtained in the intact rats. In skeletal tissues, CK activity was elevated in both treatment groups. However, in the uterus DT56a did not activate oestrogen receptors while oestrogen did elevate CK activity. Conclusions: DT56a was as effective as oestrogen in reversing the bone changes caused by OVX in rats.


likely that this building was also part of the Cybele shrine. The plans and sections of the site are impeccable, and there are detailed accounts and good illustrations of the (much abraded) Hellenistic and Roman pottery, lamps, terracotas, glass, and coins. These suggest that the cult or cults flourished between the late third century and the first century B.C. and went into a decline in the Roman period, before being destroyed in the fourth century A.D.


Traditional software development captures the user needs during the requirement analysis. The Web makes this endeavour even harder due to the difficulty to determine who these users are. In an attempt to tackle the heterogeneity of the user base, Web Personalization techniques are proposed to guide the users' experience. In addition, Open Innovation allows organisations to look beyond their internal resources to develop new products or improve existing processes. This thesis sits in between by introducing Open Personalization as a means to incorporate actors other than webmasters in the personalization of web applications. The aim is to provide the technological basis that builds up a trusty environment for webmasters and companion actors to collaborate, i.e. "an architecture of participation". Such architecture very much depends on these actors' profile. This work tackles three profiles (i.e. software partners, hobby programmers and end users), and proposes three "architectures of participation" tuned for each profile. Each architecture rests on different technologies: a .NET annotation library based on Inversion of Control for software partners, a Modding Interface in JavaScript for hobby programmers, and finally, a domain specific language for end-users. Proof-of-concept implementations are available for the three cases while a quantitative evaluation is conducted for the domain specific language.


INTRODUCTION
In the era post leaded-gasoline use, the risk of exposure to environmental lead in Thai children is not well described. This is a pilot study using a risk assessment questionnaire to identify children with elevated blood lead level.

MATERIAL AND METHOD
Children from 4 communities, 2 in the Bangkok metropolitan area and 2 in Kanchanaburi province, were recruited during their well child visits. Blood lead levels were obtained in all children and parents are asked to fill out a 25-item risk assessment questionnaire.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
The relationship between the blood lead level and dependent variables were tested using linear regression and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as appropriate.

RESULTS
There were 296 children included in the study; 33 from Klong Toey and 114 from Siriraj community in Bangkok while 149 were from two different communities in Kanchanaburi province. The average blood lead level was 5.65 +/- 3.05 mcg/dL. The overall prevalence of children with blood lead level > 10 mcg/dL was 8.1%, while that of the Klong Toey community was 12.5%. The questionnaire identified 3 independent predictors of elevated blood lead levels; the presence of peeling paint in or outside the house, eating paints chips, and the geographic location of children.

CONCLUSION
Using a risk assessment questionnaire, together with obtaining blood lead level has proven effective in identifying key environmental features associated with elevated blood lead level in children from sampled Thai communities. The challenge now is to conduct a larger epidemiological study of a similar type in order to guide the screening and preventive efforts.


Every ten years, governments around the world conduct their national census: a count of the resident population. This is no easy task. The 2011 Chinese census, for instance, was a vast operation relying on six million enumerators taking census questionnaires from door to door. Knowledge of a population's composition is crucial for government planning, for example in terms of investing resources in elderly care. In some countries, it is the basis for dividing parliamentary seats over electoral districts.


Neuroethology is a branch of biology that studies the neural basis of naturally occurring animal behavior. This science, particularly a recent program called computational neuroethology, has a similar structure to the interdisciplinary endeavor of cognitive science. I argue that it would be fruitful to conceive of cognitive science as the computational neuroethology of humans. However, there are important differences between the two sciences, including the fact that neuroethology is much more comparative in its perspective. Neuroethology is a biological science and as such, evolution is a central notion. Its target organisms are studied in the context of their evolutionary history. The central goal of this paper is to argue that cognitive science can and ought to be more comparative in its approach to cognitive phenomena in humans. I show how the domain of cognitive phenomena can be divided up into four different classes, individuated by the relative phylogenetic uniqueness of the behavior. I then describe how comparative evidence can enrich our understanding in each of these different arenas.


The need for ecologically sustainable management of natural forests has assumed greater prominence in conservation and climate change discourses. However, the identification of deadwood, a critical component of natural forests, continues to receive little attention around the world. Through a review of the existing literature, this study sought to promote consciousness and awareness on the value of deadwood using the case of Kenya's natural forests in the wider context of biodiversity conservation and climate change. Results substantiate that deadwood in natural forests performs a vital function in forest biological and ecological functions. However, forest degradation through the removal of deadwood, even though widely neglected, results in considerable biodiversity loss and might alter natural forest ecosystems, thereby exacerbating the impacts of climate change. In Kenya, despite the recent sophistication of forest management tools, including the development of the Draft Forest Policy, 2020, and enactment of the Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016, to increasingly recognize the more progressive forest management paradigms such as participatory forest management in natural forest management, the current deadwood management practice is faulty and could yield outcomes contrary to the policy intentions and the wider provisions of ecologically sustainable forest management. It is because major policy documents lack robust and explicit guidelines on achieving ecologically sustainable management of deadwood despite its centrality in providing ecosystem services and as a highly dependable source of energy resources for over 70% of the Kenyan population. Moreover, deadwood management appears to be affected by many complex biological, technical, policy, and socioeconomic factors that appear to be acting together against sustainable deadwood management. Still, perhaps most importantly, the absence of research on the topic is the most outstanding challenge. Therefore, in the future, improving the sustainable management of natural forests will require the restoration of deadwood and increasing consciousness on the value of deadwood through more research studies.


In this paper we study the COllective INtelligence (COIN) framework of Wolpert et al. for dispersion games (Grenager, Powers and Shoham, 2002) and variants of the EL Farol Bar problem. These settings constitute difficult MAS problems where fine-grained coordination between the agents is required. We enhance the COIN framework to dramatically improve convergence results for MAS with a large number of agents. The increased convergence properties for the dispersion games are competitive with especially tailored strategies for solving dispersion games. The enhancements to the COIN framework proved to be essential to solve the more complex variants of the El Farol Bar-like problem.


COPD patients are at increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI),1 particularly after an exacerbation.2 COPD patients have shorter survival after MI compared to the general population. We investigated whether COPD patients with frequent exacerbations (FE) had shorter survival post MI than patients with infrequent exacerbations (IE). All COPD patients with a first MI between 1/1/03 and 31/12/08 as recorded in MINAP, who had no previous evidence of MI in GPRD or MINAP were included. Patients under 35, not registered with GPRD at the time of MI, or with less than 1 year of follow-up before their MI were excluded. Exacerbations were defined using pre-defined READ codes and prescription of pre-specified antibiotics and/or steroids. FE had ≥2 exacerbations in the year preceding MI and IE 1063 patients were identified with a first STEMI or NSTEMI. 111 (10.4%) FE and 952 (89.6%) IE. The unadjusted mortality rate in FE was 285.7 deaths (95%CI 222.3-367.2) per 1000 person years and in IE 152.4 deaths (95% CI 138.1-168.1) per 1000 person years. Adjusting for confounding by smoking and gender and stratifying by age, mortality was greater in FE compared to IE; HR 1.61(95%CI 1.23-2.11);p=0.001. Mortality was greater in patients who exacerbated in the 2 months preceding the MI; HR 3.88(2.70-5.56):p Conclusions: FE have shorter survival after a first MI than IE. There appears to be an association between timing of exacerbations, exacerbation frequency and survival after 1st MI. 1. Feary et al Thorax 2011 2. Donaldson et al Chest 2010.


Until now Eugene O'Neill's Before Breakfast was thought to have had two main sources: August Strindberg's very short play The Stronger and the autobiographical influence of O'Neill's experience during his brief marriage to Kathleen Jenkins. This essay argues for a third major inspiration, the 1912 one-act comedy by Githa Sowerby with the same title, written a few years before O'Neill's one-act tragedy. Both plays present misalliances: Sowerby's play is told from the viewpoint of a young, upper-class English gentleman who narrowly avoids a marital misalliance with a lower-class actress, and O'Neill's play flips the viewpoint to present that of a lower-class wife, who has made a tragically unhappy marriage with an American writer who is above her in social class. Extended monologue is used importantly in all three plays. How O'Neill may have become aware of Sowerby's play is carefully examined, and factors are explained that account for its heretofore unrecognized influence on O'Neill.


Shortage of cleanwater for domestic use, low levels of education, lack of jobs and welfare is a matter of general population in Indonesia. The aims of this community service is to raise the water from the Merocot's fountain to settlements with applications of Hydraulic ram. The method used is applicable existing technologies and participation of the community in improving the standard of living welfare together. The results of this activity is that Merocot's spring water, with ad is charge of 0.7liters/sec in the dry season and greater reach 2liters/sec during the rainy season, entered the shelter first and pumped with hydrant pump to higher ground by itself. Prototype hydrant pump output discharge 4.375liters/min, input pipe diameter 1inch, 3/4inch-diameter pipe output, out come pump 82 meters high, the amount of valve2 pieces, the slope of 65˚installation, operation time of 24hours. Institutional SPAM village is managed by the communities themselves with the election of members' democratic consensus. Administrators who will manage and take care of spam IbM results from the University of NTB. Society has the skills and soft skills to solve the drinking water problem in the future and another place. Preservation of the environment needs to be done in a way to make people aware of the importance of preserving the environment so that the springs are there now remain stable.


Although large number of experimental data is available for the compressive behaviour of fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) confined concrete under monotonic increasing axial loading, experimental data is rare for the case of cyclic compressive stresses. In this study, concrete cylinders tested by the authors before under cyclic and monotonic compression stresses are evaluated with particular emphasis on cyclic loading and effect of existing pre-damage on the behaviour. The FRP jacketed specimens were either pre-damaged by testing before jacketing or undamaged. The test results are evaluated mainly in terms of longitudinal and transverse stressstrain relationships, as well as damage patterns, plastic strains and energy dissipation during the loading cycles. In the analytical part, two existing models were used to predict the axial strengths and corresponding axial strains of the specimens. One of the main conclusions of the study was that the envelopes of cyclic axial stressaxial strain relationships were almost identical with the monotonic axial stress-strain relationships of equivalent specimens tested under monotonic compression, with significant degradation of stiffness due to increasing plastic damage formed with increasing deformations.


©2015 American Physical Society. Evolution of the ESR absorption in a strong-leg spin ladder magnet (C7H10N)2CuBr4 (abbreviated as DIMPY) is studied from 300 K to 400 mK. Temperature dependence of the ESR relaxation follows a staircase of crossovers between different relaxation regimes. We argue that the main mechanism of ESR line broadening in DIMPY is uniform Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (|D|=0.31 K) with an effective longitudinal component along an exchange bond of Cu ions within the legs resulting from the low crystal symmetry of DIMPY and nontrivial orbital ordering. The same Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction along with other weaker anisotropic spin-spin interactions results in the lifting of the triplet excitation degeneracy, revealed through the weak splitting of the ESR absorption at low temperatures.


To produce well-defined metal clusters stabilized in protective matrix, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNiPAAm) hydrogel with different initial concentration of polymer was used as nanoreactor. The in situ synthesis of well dispersed silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was performed by gamma irradiation. The obtained AgNPs are spherical in shape with the diameter less than 20 nm. Crystalline properties of nanoparticles such as size, texture coefficient, strain, stress, lattice parameter, d-spacing, and dislocation density have been calculated using XRD data. Results confirm that the changes of lattice parameter of crystalline AgNPs sensitively reflect their state of strain and stress depending on the formation conditions (i.e., on the concentration of PNiPAAm) and on the diameter of AgNPs. The negative lattice strain and compression stress were observed for the smaller AgNPs (lattice contraction), while for the larger AgNPs are positively strained and under tensile stress (lattice expansion). XPS spectra revealed the donor-acceptor type of interaction between carbonyl oxygen from PNiPAAm and AgNPs (positive shift of high BE component of O 1s and negative shift of Ag 3d BE). The greater dislocation density of smaller AgNPs incorporated in more concentrated PNiPAAm, resulted in more binding sites and stronger interaction with polymer. POLYM. COMPOS., 2015. © 2015 Society of Plastics Engineers


Three-dimensional entity model is the base of visualization and application of true 3D GIS. Nowadays, digital terrain model of aboveground spatial data with various scales and resolutions is much more convenient in building digital city. However, it is difficult to build efficiently 3D body model based on huge amount of underground spatial data that is unstructured and very complicated. This paper gives an efficient and quick modeling method with three layers to deal with mass underground spatial data. The related key issues include: (1) 3D underground body model considering their geometrical, topological and semantic relationship. (2) Efficient underground spatial body index to support dynamic dispatch of 3D complicated magnanimity data. (3) Technology of genetic algorithm and expert system introduced to make the processing of building 3D geological entity model more intelligently and accord with geologists' idea. (4) Parallel modeling by divisions of cities according to geological rules and regulations. To utilization of cities' underground space, the 3D body modeling method for mass underground spatial data provides a new way for great amount of 3D geological data, 3D engineering data, and so much as true 3D GIS spatial data.


This report consists of two parts. Part 1 compares the noise performance of a coherent phase demodulator when using as a carrier reference a square-wave signal versus a sinusoidal signal. Analyses for both signal references are included for the cases of allpass noise and of bandpass noise at the demodulator input. The theory indicates the demodulator operating with either the square-wave signal or the sinusoidal signal as a carrier will result in identical noise performance for the theoretical case of bandpass noise. However, experimental results demonstrate that the demodulator operating with the squarewave signal has a 0.4 dB performance advantage for digital data transmission using binary phase shift keying, when compared under similar conditions to operations with the sinusoidal reference signal. Part 2 investigates the features of a visual indicator (x-y oscilloscope display) depicting the quality of received quadrature phase shift keyed carriers. Such a display allows for visualization of the signaldegrading effects due to noise, channel bandlimiting induced ISI. and multipath propagation. The observed pattern formed by the visual indicator allows an operator to determine these channel impairments. With experience, an operator can assess the system probability of a bit error under a variety of operating conditions.


: The purpose of this research study was to Efficacy of Beneficiary Accountability on Implementation of Development Projects. A Comparative Analysis of Machakos and Embu County, Kenya. The study was guided by the main determinants of Monitoring and Evaluation which was beneficiary accountability. The moderating effects were government funding and disbursement of funds. The research adopted a Comparative research design with a mixed method centered within a wider exploratory, cross-sectional framework. The study was conducted in Machakos and Embu County. The population of this study was 132 staff mandated to monitor and evaluate projects undertaken under County government devolved functions from Machakos and Embu County. The sample distribution was 56 county government officials from Machakos and 43 from Embu since the two counties are relatively not homogeneous in terms of geographical location in Kenya. A sample of 99 respondents was determined and individual elements in different categories were also determined using a stratified random sampling technique. Questionnaires were distributed to respondents through a "drop and pick later" method and were subjected to a reliability test using Cronbach's alpha. Data were analyzed quantitatively by means of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study findings indicated beneficiary accountability (β4 = 0.432; p-value = 0.002) was found to have a significant effect respectively. The results obtained show the adjusted r square value of r2 = .514 which indicate that when all the variables were combined, the multiple linear regression model could explain for approximately 51% of the variation in the dependent variable by the variation in the independent variables on Implementation of County Projects. The study recommends that those charged with the responsibility of carrying out M&E, should be appropriately empowered with the necessary knowledge in order to have the grasp of how these tools are used in order to utilize them.


Abstract. Observations of the terrestrial ion transport and budget in the magnetosphere are reviewed, with stress on low energy ions in the high-altitude polar region and inner magnetosphere, for which Cluster significantly improved the knowledge. Outflowing ions from the ionosphere are classified into three types in terms of energy: (1) as cold ions refilling the plasmasphere faster than Jeans escape, (2) as cold supersonic ions such as the polar wind, and (3) as suprathermal ions energized by wave-particle interaction or parallel potential acceleration. Majority of the suprathermal ions are further energized at higher altitudes becoming hot with much higher velocity than the escape velocity even for heavy ions. This makes heavy ions in this category more abundant than cold refilling or cold supersonic flow. The immediate destination of these terrestrial ions varies from the plasmasphere, the inner magnetosphere including those entering to the ionosphere in the other, the magnetotail, and the solar wind (magnetosheath and cusp/plasma mantle). Due to time variable return from the magnetotail, ions with different routes and energy meet in the inner magnetosphere, making it a zoo of different types of ions in both energy and energy distribution. This zoo is not yet completely entangled, and includes many unanswered phenomena such as mass-dependent energization although the mass-independent drift theory is well justified. Nearly half of heavy ions in this zoo also finally escape to space, mainly due to magnetopause shadowing (overshooting of ion drift beyond the magnetopause) and charge exchange near the mirror altitude where the exospheric neutral density is the highest. The amount of heavy ions mixing with the solar wind is already the same or larger than that into the magnetotail, and is large enough to directly extract the solar wind kinetic energy in the cusp/plasma mantle through the mass-loading effect and drive the cusp current system. Considering the past solar and solar wind conditions, ion escape might have even influenced the evolution of the terrestrial biosphere.


The high incidence of pernicious anemia (PA) among patients presenting with tobacco amblyopia is noted. Four patients with PA, two of whom presented initially with visual loss indistinguishable from tobacco amblyopia, and two of whom developed similar symptoms while on treatment with cyanocobalamin are described. In all four cases, the hemopoietic abnormality was restored to normal on treatment with cyanocobalamin, but visual improvement did not occur until treatment was changed to hydroxocobalamin. The significance of these findings is discussed.


OBJECTIVE
This scoping review identifies and describes psychological interventions for avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) and summarizes how outcomes are measured across such interventions.

METHOD
Five databases (Cochrane, Embase, Medline, PsycInfo, Web of Science) were searched up to December 22, 2022. Studies were included if they reported on psychological interventions for ARFID. Studies were excluded if participants did not have an ARFID diagnosis and if psychological interventions were not delivered or detailed.

RESULTS
Fifty studies met inclusion criteria; almost half were single-case study designs (23 studies) and most studies reported on psychological interventions for children and adolescents with ARFID (42 studies). Behavioral interventions (16 studies), cognitive-behavioral therapy (10 studies), and family therapy (5 studies), or combinations of these therapeutic approaches (19 studies) were delivered to support patients with ARFID. Many studies lacked validated measures, with outcomes most commonly assessed via physical health metrics such as weight.

DISCUSSION
This review provides a comprehensive summary of psychological interventions for ARFID since its introduction to the DSM-5. Across a range of psychological interventions and modalities for ARFID, there were common treatment components such as food exposure, psychoeducation, anxiety management, and family involvement. Currently, studies reporting on psychological interventions for ARFID are characterized by small samples and high levels of heterogeneity, including in how outcomes are measured. Based on reviewed studies, we outline suggestions for clinical practice and future research.

PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE
Avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID) is an eating disorder characterized by avoidance or restriction of food due to fear, sensory sensitivities, and/or a lack of interest in food. We reviewed the literature on psychological interventions for ARFID and the outcomes used to measure change. Several psychological interventions have been developed and applied to patients with ARFID. Outcome measurement varies widely and requires further development and greater consensus.


Noise is unwanted sound and noise is very annoying people. In some cases it can lead to hearing loss or the occurrence of traffic accidents. PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital is a hospital that capable to handling more than 4 of the diseases, thus the hospital will serve the many patients who are suffering from various diseases. And certainly needed a comfortable and quiet for hospitalized patients. However, because the hospital is located on the edge of the highway, would be affected by the impact of the traffic flow that crossed the road in the form of noise. To determine the level of noise caused by the traffic received at the Hospital of PKU, the formula used L10 = 42.2 dB + 10 log Q (A). From the results of the study concluded that the level of noise received at the hospital and is still below the standard that is less than 75 dB (A).


Because of the importance of glycolide-based polymers in materials and medical applications, we have synthesized alternative novel thermosensitive biomaterials to be possible candidates instead of the well-known polymers. The synthesis of L-diisopropyl glycolide monomer was performed in two steps, novel PEG based poly(diisopropyl glycolide) diblock and triblock copolymers (MePEG–PDIPG, PDIPG–PEG–PDIPG) were synthesized with high conversions by ring opening polymerization. The molar mass distributions of the copolymers were very narrow, and the NMR measurements confirmed that no racemization had occurred in the polymer synthesis even at 180 °C. Gel–sol experiments were conducted after each component's length in MePEG–PDIPG and PDIPG–PEG–PDIPG was adjusted with care during the synthesis. The polymer showed a sol property at 42–45 °C, which is suitable for injection and a gel property at body temperature. After loading paclitaxel into gels effectively, the anticancer drug showed prolonged release (60 days). SEM analysis confirmed that the gels turned into a more porous structure due to drug release.


In this paper, an analytical investigation of the combined effect of throughflow and magnetic field on the convective instability in an electrically conducting fluid layer, bounded in a Hele-Shaw cell is presented within the context of linear stability theory. The Galarkin method is utilized to solve the eigenvalue problem. The outcome of the important parameters on the stability of the system is examined analytically as well as graphically. It is observed that the throughflow and magnetic field have both stabilizing effects, while the Hele-Shaw number has destabilizing effect on the stability of system. It is also found that the oscillatory mode of convection possible only when the magnetic Prandtl number takes the values less than unity.


Key words: teaching strategy, vocabulary teaching strategy, vocabulary
mastery
Vocabulary plays an important role in learning language. It is one of the
language elements that support the four skills: speaking, listening, reading, and
writing. However, vocabulary should be mastered by the students when they want
to be successful in learning. Consequently, through teaching strategy used by the
teacher, students' vocabulary mastery can be increased.
The formulations of the research problem were: 1) what are strategies
applied by the teacher in teaching vocabulary at MTs N Tulungagung? 2) How are
the strategies employed by the teacher in teaching English vocabulary to support
the students' vocabulary mastery at MTs Negeri Tulungagung ?
The purposes of this study are: 1) To describe teacher's teaching strategies
applied in teaching English Vocabulary at MTs N Tulungagung. 2) To describe
how are the strategies employed by the teacher in teaching English vocabulary to
support the students' vocabulary mastery at MTs Negeri Tulungagung.
This study is a descriptive one; it is only designed to describe the teaching
vocabulary in MTs Negeri Tulungagung. This study was also qualitative. The
subject of the study is teacher of MTs Negeri Tulungagung who has qualifications
based on the criteria that researcher has made. The data in this research are
teachers' strategies in teaching vocabulary and those teaching strategies contribution to their
students' vocabulary mastery. The method of collecting data in this research consists of
interview, observation and documentation. By employing all of the methods
above, the relevant data are collected then it is analyzed using inductive method
The research findings show that: 1) The teacher at MTsN Tulungagung use
various strategies in teaching vocabulary. She chooses the strategies based on the
principle of teaching vocabulary. The teaching strategies she used are:
(a) Presentation strategies such as translation, reading text, question and answer
technique orally. (b) Practices strategies such as the teacher asked the students to
make dialogue and practice it, word games. (c) Strategies for strategy training
such as: the teacher asked her students to look up dictionary and keeping
vocabulary notes. 2) Most of the strategies employed by the teacher of MTs N
Tulungagung integrated with other English skill or English components.
(a) Making note of vocabulary employed while the students' have writing
XI
(b) Translation, looking up dictionary employed while the students have reading
text. They do not only enrich student's vocabulary but also improve their reading
skill. (c) Practicing dialogue, retelling story, playing word game are employed
while the students have speaking class. They increase the students' speaking skill
and help students to enrich and memorize their vocabularies.
XII


HIV situation in Nigeria
The African National Congress sentinel survey in Nigeria has shown a steady decrease in HIV prevalence since 2001, with the following trend: 5.8% in 2001, 5.0% in 2003, 4.4% in 2005, 4.6% in2008, 4.1% in 2010, and 3.4% in 2013. Despite this favourable picture, Nigeria has a mixed HIV epidemic and has populations and States where the prevalence is significantly higher than the national estimates (Figure 1). Nigeria has a population of 173.6 million. It is estimated that about3.2 million people live with HIV in Nigeria and about 220 393 new HIV infections occurred in 2013, with 210 031 deaths from AIDS-related cases. Only about 42% of those who needantiretroviral therapy are covered. Only 4.1% of HIV-exposed infants and 17% of women who tested positive for HIV received their virological and serological test results at the appropriate time, respectively (Table 1). Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV coverage is about 20.2%, with only 4.6 % HIV-infected pregnant women assessed for antiretroviral therapy eligibility, through either clinical staging or immune monitoring tests during the period. Viralload coverage is only 10% (Institute of Human Virology Nigeria, unpublished data), with just 419 reported laboratory-based CD4 instruments and 27 CD4 point-of-care (POC) instruments5 (Table1). According to the 2010 Integrated Biological and Behavioural Surveillance Survey, HIV prevalence among the most at-risk populations in Nigeria is much higher than among the general population. Prevalence is estimated at 27.4% among brothel-based female sex workers and 21.7% among non-brothel-based female sex workers. Men who have sex with men had a prevalence of17.2% (Table 1).


For successful deployment of robots in multifaceted situations, an understanding of the robot for its environment is indispensable. With advancing performance of state-of-the-art object detectors, the capability of robots to detect objects within their interaction domain is also enhancing. However, it binds the robot to a few trained classes and prevents it from adapting to unfamiliar surroundings beyond predefined scenarios. In such scenarios, humans could assist robots amidst the overwhelming number of interaction entities and impart the requisite expertise by acting as teachers. We propose a novel pipeline that effectively harnesses human gaze and augmented reality in a human-robot collaboration context to teach a robot novel objects in its surrounding environment. By intertwining gaze (to guide the robot's attention to an object of interest) with augmented reality (to convey the respective class information) we enable the robot to quickly acquire a significant amount of automatically labeled training data on its own. Training in a transfer learning fashion, we demonstrate the robot's capability to detect recently learned objects and evaluate the influence of different machine learning models and learning procedures as well as the amount of training data involved. Our multimodal approach proves to be an efficient and natural way to teach the robot novel objects based on a few instances and allows it to detect classes for which no training dataset is available. In addition, we make our dataset publicly available to the research community, which consists of RGB and depth data, intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters, along with regions of interest.


OBJECT
Frontoethmoidal mengingoencephaloceles (fMECs) are frequently observed in Cambodia, especially in poor families. The authors describe issues related to the surgical treatment of fMECs in Cambodia at the end of a humanitarian program that provided surgery free of charge to patients and their families.

METHODS
The authors reviewed 257 cases of fMEC involving patients who presented to their institution, the Children's Surgical Center in Phnom Penh, between 2004 and 2009. They treated 200 of these patients surgically (108 males, 92 females; 89% younger than 18 years) using a "low-cost" management plan with no routine pre- or postoperative investigations. Initially, surgery was performed by visiting foreign surgeons who taught the procedures to resident surgeons. Patients were not charged for consultations or treatment and received at least 1 follow-up examination 6 months postoperatively.

RESULTS
The nasoethmoidal type was the most frequent fMEC encountered (69%). Many patients had associated ophthalmological issues (46% of cases). Only 1 familial case was detected. Combined neurosurgical and facial procedures were successfully standardized and learned by surgeons initially unfamiliar with fMEC management. A neurosurgical approach avoided the need for a facial incision in 42 cases, improving cosmetic results. The most common postoperative issues were a temporary CSF leak (24 cases [12%]) and/or infection (28 cases [14%]). There were 3 deaths directly related to the operations. Cosmetic results were good in 145 cases, average in 27, poor in 7, and worse than preoperative appearance in 6 patients. Fifteen patients were lost to follow-up. The parents of 87% of the children were rice farmers. Questionnaire results confirmed that fMEC has important social and educational consequences for the affected children and that these consequences can be partially improved by fMEC correction.

CONCLUSIONS
This experience in fMEC management demonstrates that local surgeons can treat these malformations with limited surgical materials and in a nonspecialized infrastructure after principles of treatment have been learned and if they are carefully respected. Surgery for fMEC can thus be more accessible to a larger number of patients in developing countries. Moreover, local treatment facilitates better postoperative and follow-up care.


An automatic injection apparatus mounted on a micromanipulator is described for mechanical insertion of needle cannula into the anterior chamber of the rabbit eye. The apparatus minimizes the trauma of entering the anterior chamber and reduces the variability in intraocular pressure. This procedure is useful for injection of compounds into the anterior chamber or for evacuation and refilling of the anterior chamber as desired in some test procedures.


Mot1 is an essential, conserved TATA-binding protein (TBP)-associated factor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a member of the Snf2/Swi2 ATPase family. Mot1 uses ATP hydrolysis to displace TBP from DNA, an activity that can be readily reconciled with its global role in gene repression. Less well understood is how Mot1 directly activates gene expression. It has been suggested that Mot1-mediated activation can occur by displacement of inactive TBP-containing complexes from promoters, thereby permitting assembly of functional transcription complexes. Mot1 may also activate transcription by other mechanisms that have not yet been defined. A gap in our understanding has been the absence of biochemical information related to the activity of Mot1 on natural target genes. Using URA1 as a model Mot1-activated promoter, we show striking differences in the way that both TBP and Mot1 interact with DNA compared with other model DNA substrates analyzed previously. These differences are due at least in part to the propensity of TBP alone to bind to the URA1 promoter in the wrong orientation to direct appropriate assembly of the URA1 preinitiation complex. The results suggest that Mot1-mediated activation of URA1 transcription involves at least two steps, one of which is the removal of TBP bound to the promoter in the opposite orientation required for URA1 transcription.


The present study aimed to analyze large volumes of tympanic temperature (TT) data to identify its use as a physiological indicator of climatic conditions and its relationship with milk production in grazing cows under tropical lowland conditions. Three dairy farms and 21 multiparous early lactation cows were included in the study. Seven animals were equipped with tympanic temperature wireless sensors within each farm, and permanent information was collected hourly for 22 days on average. Ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (PP), and THI information were obtained from meteorological stations located close to each farm. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and random coefficient regression models (P < 0.05). TT presented moderate and significant correlations with AT (0.35 to 0.49), SR (0.25 to 0.32), THI (0.35 to 0.49), and RH (-0.35 to -0.49). Climatic variables like AT, PP, SR, and WS were the most contributing factors to TT prediction (R2 =0.42 to 0.86). Grazing dairy cows in tropical scenarios accumulate heat during the day and dissipate it at nighttime, although higher producing animals deal with more problems to reach thermal homeostasis. Correlations between TT and daily milk production varied according to animal yield; however, higher TT values were related to the most productive cows. The effect of TT on milk production prediction was not conclusive among farms, possibly by animal management or others characteristics of the systems. TT determination through remote sensors allows a reliable diagnosis of the physiological temperature response to climatic conditions.


ABSTRACT Interest has been expressed in using a joint test procedure that requires that the results of both a trend test and a pairwise comparison test between the control and the high groups be statistically significant simultaneously at the levels of significance recommended in the FDA 2001 draft guidance for industry document for the separate tests in order for the drug effect on the development of an individual tumor type to be considered as statistically significant. Results of our simulation studies show that there is a serious consequence of large inflations of the false negative rate through large decreases of false positive rate in the use of the above joint test procedure in the final interpretation of the carcinogenicity potential of a new drug if the levels of significance recommended for separate tests are used. The inflation can be as high as 204.5% of the false negative rate when the trend test alone is required to test if the effect is statistically significant. To correct the problem, new sets of levels of significance have also been developed for those who want to use the joint test in reviews of carcinogenicity studies.


Normobaric hyperoxia upon breathing pure oxygen for 20 and 120 min is capable to produce in (CBA X S57B1)F1 mice a short-term (up to 1 day) cytostatic action on bone marrow tissues. Under the same conditions oxygen reduced proliferative activity in duodenal crypts by the 3rd and 6th days of the experiment. Changes in the morphological composition of the blood manifesting in the increased counts of leukocytes, neutrophiles, eosinophiles and monocytes are physiological and compensatory in nature.


We present investigations of a highly regular terraced surface and interface structure of Si/SiGe multilayers on Si (113) by x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity and atomic force microscopy. A regular array of step bunches with lateral periods of several hundred nanometres is formed during the growth of the Si/Si1-xGex multilayers. X-ray diffraction patterns are simulated using the elastic Green function approach for the evaluation of the strain fields associated with the step edges, taking into account the relaxation towards the free surface. In addition to the terrace structure, a surface waviness on the micrometre length scale is present, leading to a modulation of the terrace widths.


Nowadays, freight transport is crucial in the functioning of cities worldwide. To dig further into the understanding of urban freight transport movements, in this research, we conducted a case study in which we estimated an origin-destination matrix for the trucks traveling on Autopista Central, one of Santiago de Chile's most important urban highways. To do so, we used full real-world vehicle-by-vehicle information of freight vehicles' movements along the highway. This data was collected from several toll collection gates equipped with free-flow and automatic vehicle identification technology. However, this data did not include any vehicle information before or after using the highway. To estimate the origins and destinations of these trips, we proposed a multisource methodology that used GPS information provided by SimpliRoute, a Chilean routing company. Nevertheless, this GPS data involved only a small subset of trucks that used the highway. In order to reduce the bias, we built a decision tree model for estimating the trips' origin, whose input data was complemented by other public databases. Furthermore, we computed trip destinations using proportionality factors obtained from SimpliRoute data. Our results showed that most of the estimated origins belonged to outskirt municipalities, while the estimated destinations were mainly located in the downtown area. Our findings might help improve freight transport comprehension in the city, enabling the implementation of focused transport policies and investments to help mitigate negative externalities, such as congestion and pollution.


Background: Autonomic dysfunction in idiopathic Parkinson
disease is a frequent and disabling complication, with an estimated prevalence
of 47% and has a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to
determine the frequency of autonomic dysfunction among Sudanese Parkinson
patients and identify possible risk factors attribute to develop autonomic
dysfunction and to assess the extent to which the progression of dysautonomia
affects activities of daily living, health-related quality of life. Methods: In this descriptive perspective, cross-sectional hospital-based study,
51 patients were studied using standardized questionnaire including history and
clinical examination. Results: A total of 51 patients have been examined:
male to female ratio 1.5:1; mean age 55 ± 5 years; Parkinson disease duration,
7 ± 2 years. 47% of the patients had one or more symptoms of autonomic
dysfunction with mean age 59 ± 10. Constipation and bloating were the most
common symptoms where sweating abnormality was the least symptoms to observe.
The symptom of autonomic dysfunction has been worse with disease progression in
50% of the patients and 47% of the patients reported that both motors and
autonomic dysfunction symptoms were causing disability than autonomic
dysfunction symptoms alone. Conclusions: The study demonstrates that
autonomic dysfunction is not only common in Parkinson Disease, but it increases
in severity with increasing disease stages. Older age with long disease
duration was also considered along with advanced disease stages strong factors
determining the presence of autonomic dysfunction. The study recommends that
symptoms of autonomic dysfunction survey be a routine aspect of the evaluation
of Parkinson disease patients, especially with advanced age.


Visual dysfunction is an important nonmotor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Visual hallucinations (VHs) and visuospatial dysfunctions (VSDs) are common visual dysfunctions in PD; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate neuronal synchronization between patients with PD with and without VH or VSD using electroencephalographic (EEG) coherence analysis. Twenty-four patients with sporadic PD were evaluated for the presence of VH and VSD, and were divided into VH-negative and VH-positive groups, and these groups were further subdivided by VSD status. Coherence analysis was performed on EEG data. Whole-brain and regional coherences were calculated and compared between the groups. There was a significant difference in frontal-frontal coherence between the VH+ VSD− and VH+ VSD+ groups (p = 0.026). Our findings suggest that reduced EEG coherence in frontal regions might be involved in VSD in patients with PD. Reduced neuronal synchronization between the frontal lobes may contribute to the disruption of visual processing in PD.


The peak effects of 10 mg nisoldipine p.o. with or without 80 mg propranolol p.o. on systemic and regional haemodynamics in conscious pigs were investigated. Nisoldipine increased heart rate (70%), cardiac output (67%) and maxLVdP/dt (75%), but decreased mean arterial pressure (21%) as systemic vascular conductance increased by 120%. Left ventricular systolic and end-diastolic pressures were not affected. Vasodilatation occurred in most organs. The increase in left ventricular blood flow (150%) favoured the epicardial (195%) over the endocardial (110%) layers. As a result the endo-epi blood flow ratio decreased by 30%. When nisoldipine was administered simultaneously with propranolol, heart rate (29%), cardiac output (35%) and systemic vascular conductance (65%) increased, but maxLVdP/dt did not change. Mean arterial (18%) and left ventricular systolic (10%) pressure decreased; left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was again unaffected. In most organs vasodilatation was attenuated, but still present, compared to the changes after nisoldipine alone. The increase in epicardial blood flow (70%) again exceeded that in endocardial blood flow (35%), however, the endo-epi ratio decreased by only 15%. In the presence of propranolol, nisoldipine did not exert a negative inotropic action while the reflex-tachycardia was attenuated. In addition, no detrimental effects on perfusion of regional vascular beds were observed.


Drosophila spermatocytes have giant centrioles that display unique properties. Both the parent centrioles maintain a distinct cartwheel and nucleate a cilium-like region that persists during the meiotic divisions and organizes a structured sperm axoneme. Moreover, the parent centrioles are morphologically undistinguishable, unlike vertebrate cells in which mother and daughter centrioles have distinct structural features. However, our immunofluorescence analysis of the parent centrioles in mature primary spermatocytes revealed an asymmetric accumulation of the typical Sas4 and Sas6 proteins. Notably, the fluorescence intensity of Sas4 and Sas6 at the daughter centrioles is greater than the intensity found at the mother ones. In contrast, the centrioles of wing imaginal disc cells display an opposite condition in which the loading of Sas4 and Sas6 at the mother centrioles is greater. These data underlie a subtle asymmetry among the parent centrioles and point to a cell type diversity of the localization of the Sas4 and Sas6 proteins.


It is an undeniable fact that most of our students nowadays can enjoy having new technology either at homes or at schools. For this, it is quite possible for them to have ICT for learning. The purpose of having this kind of method is that students will have two advantages at the same time, i.e. the linguistic aspects and the content. For the linguistic aspects, firstly, they will learn the English sound system through spelling, secondly the grammar, by combining words into longer utterances, and finally the choice of words or vocabulary. While for the content, ICT let the students learn (assisted by the teacher) the variety of language used within a certain subject. Teaching technique using chalk and talk or explanation is not popular anymore. It is then suggested that the teacher uses internet within his teaching learning process and it is also compulsory for the students to learn to use it. The Internet is a must, because it can be used (1) as the source of knowledge (2) as an aid for learning (instructional aid) (3) as teaching or learning facility (4) as a standard of competency (5) as an administrative equipment (6) as a supporting equipment for the school management (7) as an educational infrastructure. Beside the aforementioned aspects, there are additional factors to consider. Among others are (a) the environmental factor which consists of school or institution holding the activity (b) students who learn, their ages, social and economical background, the language and literacy of IT, the variety of learning (c) the teacher, consists of the background of the teacher, the age, the teaching style, the experience and the personality (d) factors of technology which consists of computer, software, internet network and other application of EducateNet at schools. This research was conducted at one of the MTS in Cimahi who had applied ICT / Padlet in the learning process. The research method was CAR / Classroom Action Research, the results obtained by using one of the ICT Media, so that learning was interesting, interactive, not transportation and students became languages English is easier.