Tirzepatide (TZP) promotes significant and clinically meaningful weight loss. In a randomized blinded clinical trial in people with obesity undergoing caloric restriction, we investigated the effect of TZP vs Placebo (PBO) on food intake during ad libitum lunch and dinner, appetite, food preference and craving. In this 18wk phase 1 study, 55 people with obesity, with baseline body weight of 102.8 kg were randomized (1:1) to TZP 15 mg or PBO. Food intake was measured during ad libitum lunch (664 kcal, PBO and 682 kcal, TZP) and dinner (1178 kcal, PBO and 1190 kcal, TZP) at baseline and after 18wk of treatment. We measured appetite during fasting and standardized mixed meal tolerance test (sMMTT) with visual analogue scale (VAS) and retrospective VAS (average ratings over the previous week). Food cravings and preferences were measured with the Food Craving Inventory (FCI) and Food Preference Questionnaire (FPQ) at baseline, 8wk and 18wk. At 18wk, mean body weight loss was 16.7 kg with TZP and 8.3 kg with PBO (p<0.001). TZP significantly decreased food intake from baseline during lunch (-285±42 kcal) and dinner (-631±58 kcal) compared to PBO (60± 42, and -116±58 kcal, respectively). TZP significantly lowered appetite at fasting and at each time point during the sMMTT, resulting in decreased hunger and prospective food consumption and increased fullness. Based on retrospective VAS, appetite changes started at 1wk. TZP significantly decreased food preference scores in 10 of 12 FPQ metrics at 8wk and 18wk compared to PBO. TZP significantly decreased the overall FCI score and the sweets, carbohydrates and starches, and fast-food fats sub scores, but not the high fat and fruit and vegetable sub scores, at 8wk and 18wk, compared to PBO. In conclusion, TZP decreased food intake, appetite and food craving and preference. TZP appears to reduce body weight via reductions in food intake and the drive to eat.

 C.K.Martin: Board Member; EHE Health, Wondr Health, Other Relationship; ABGIL, Research Support; Pack Health, Evidation Health, Lilly, WW International, Inc. T.Coskun: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. E.Ravussin: Advisory Panel; Novartis, Research Support; Eli Lilly and Company, Novartis AG. G.Sanchez-delgado: Research Support; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Abbott, Maastricht instruments, Vyaire Medical, ParvoMedics, Cosmed, Speaker's Bureau; Eli Lilly and Company. H.Nishiyama: None. J.Li: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. S.Urva: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company. E.J.Pratt: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. Z.Milicevic: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. A.Haupt: Employee; Lilly, Stock/Shareholder; Lilly.

 Eli Lilly and Company


In order to investigate the possible stimulating effect of danazol on fertility, a randomized clinical trial was performed on 40 women with unexplained infertility. Of these 40 women, 21 received 200 mg of danazol daily for 100 days and 19 received a placebo treatment during the same period. Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, estrone, estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were followed before, during, and after treatment. Danazol administration induced anovulation in all women, with prompt resumption of normal ovulatory function after discontinuation of the drug. No influence was seen on serum LH, FSH, and testosterone levels, but serum estrone, estradiol, and progesterone levels decreased significantly during treatment. Serum prolactin levels also decreased, but not significantly. No pregnancies occurred in the placebo group during a 6-month follow-up period. In the danazol group, five pregnancies occurred, of which two were ectopic and three went to term. The difference in pregnancy rate between both groups was statistically significant (P less than 0.05).


Abstract This interview with Matthew Cockerill, publisher of BioMed Central, describes universal access to peer-reviewed scientific content available through BioMed Central, and discusses the use of resource description framework (RDF) to describe scientific content, typical article processing costs, article corrections and retractions, and future directions such as the mining of scientific datasets.


Comprehensive light manipulation is highly desired in modem optics applications, such as LiDAR, augmented imaging system, and quantum technology. To tailor the light wavefront, the conventional optical components rely on the phase accumulation via the propagation length. It leads to the fact that the conventional optical components are physically bulky, but cannot simultaneously manage electromagnetic waves in different degrees of freedom either. Nanophotonic metasurfaces composed of artificial structures, enabling abrupt changes to the electromagnetic phase as well as amplitude within a subwavelength spatial region. Thus, they are very promising for the development of flat optics systems [1-3]. In this presentation, I will talk about unprecedented schemes with nanophotonic metasurfaces for optical modulation and related applications [4, 5], including broadband achromatic metalens (metasurface lens) for full-color imaging [6, 7] and active control of light properties in demand [8, 9].


Thermal stability of mutant proteins has been investigated using temperature dependent molecular dynamics (MD) simulations in vacuo. The numerical modeling was aimed at mimicking protein expansion upon heating. After the conditions for an expanding protein accessible surface area were established for T4 lysozyme and barnase wild‐type proteins, MD simulations were carried out under the same conditions using the crystal structures of several mutant proteins. The computed thermal expansion of the accessible surface area of mutant proteins was found to be strongly correlated with their experimentally measured stabilities. A similar, albeit weaker, correlation was observed for model mutant proteins. This opens the possibility of obtaining stability information directly from protein structure.


In recent years alternative renewable energies including that obtained by solar cells have attracted much attention due to exhaustion of other conventional energy resources especially fossil-based fuels. Photovoltaic energy is one of the cleanest, most applicable and promising alternative energy using limitless sun light as raw material. Even though, inorganic solar cells dominate in the world photovoltaic market, organic solar cells as the new emerging photovoltaics has explored new possibilities for different smart applications with their advanced properties including flexibility, light-weight, and graded transparency. Low cost production and easy processing of organic solar cells comparing to conventional silicon-based solar cells make them interesting and worth employing for personal use and large scale applications . Today, the smart textiles as the part of technical textiles using smart materials including photoactive materials, conductive polymers, shape memory materials, etc. are developed to mimic the nature in order to form novel materials with a variety of functionalities. The solar cell-based textiles have found its application in various novel field and promising development obtaining new features. These photovoltaic textiles have found its application in military applications, where the soldiers need electricity for the portable devices in very remote areas. The photovoltaic textile materials can be used to manufacture power wearable, mobile and stationary electronic devices to communicate, lighten, cool and heat, etc. by converting sun light into electrical energy. The photovoltaic materials can be integrated onto the textile structures especially on clothes, however, the best promising results from an efficient photovoltaic fiber has to be come which can constitute a variety of smart textile structures and related products1. Fossil fuels lead to the emission of CO2 and other pollutants and consequently human health is under pressure due to adverse environmental conditions. In consequence of that renewable energy options have been explored widely in last decades2-3. Unprecedented characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) cells attract maximum attention in comparision of other renewable energy options which has been proved by remarkable growth in global photovoltaic market4. Organic solar cells made of organic electronic materials based on liquid crystals, polymers, dyes, pigment etc. attracted maximum attention of scientific and industrial community due to low weight, graded transparency, low cost, low bending rigidity and environmental friendly processing potential5-6. Various photovoltaic materials and devices similar to solar


In the present letter we give a new method to handle the sign problem. In fact we apply the central-limit theorem on the phase, which appears in the expression of the Monte Carlo after certain manipulations. Then we can use standard methods to calculate the two expressions that appear. In fact we manage to reduce real-time integration to a case similar to imaginary-time integration. The present method can be combined with other methods such as the stationary-phase Monte Carlo methods are. We apply the present theory to the path integral representation of the time displacement amplitude.


Beekeeping, which can be established with little capital and can provide strong economic returns, is one of the important branches of animal husbandry. Beekeeping has an important place in Yozgat's agricultural sector with 411 enterprises. At the end of 2019, there are a total of 29,370 beehives in Yozgat. Honey production has been less than the general of Turkey according to the presence of hive. Achieving more efficient production is possible by identifying the problems in the current production. With this study, it was determined the technical and socio-cultural structures of the existing beekeeping enterprises in Yozgat city center and its districts through a survey study. For this purpose, information about the enterprises was obtained from the Yozgat Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry and the Yozgat Beekeepers' Association. A sample of 135 beekeepers was created by examining the data of a total of 411 beekeepers. The survey was conducted with these selected beekeepers. According to the findings, a statistically significant difference was found between beekeeper groups in terms of experience of breeders, ownership of land and honey yield. Therefore, it can be said that the scale of the enterprise has grown in parallel with the increase in the experience of the breeders. Similarly, property land assets increase according to the scale of the enterprise. On the other hand, it is observed that honey yield decreases with the increase in scale in beekeeping enterprises. This means that the efficiency of the enterprises in Yozgat province decreases with the scale growth.


The results of an analysis of operations data from the 1996 run-cycle of the LANSCE accelerator complex will be presented. Frequency and history of operational events including system and component failures which affect beam availability have been tracked. Some of the significant downtime incidents will be described and analyzed in detail. These results will be used to improve future operations and beam availability.


Abstracts Objective: The detection of the auditory steady-state responses is usually performed by an appropriate objective response detector applied to stimulus-related epochs of the raw electroencephalogram (EEG). In order to improve the detection time, sequential detection strategies are usually used. These multiple tests strategies increase the probability of mistakenly detecting a response. The aim of this study was to develop strategies to determine the critical values for the sequential detection strategies based on constant significance level tests. Design: Extensive Monte Carlo simulations were used to test these strategies for the magnitude-squared coherence (MSC) detector. The performances of these strategies were compared with previous works found in the literature. Study sample: All strategies were applied to synthetic and real EEG datasets. Results: The strategies ensure the desired significance level at the end of the sequential detection strategy. The simulated results are in accordance with the real data results. Conclusions: For the MSC detector, where the critical value depends on the number of epochs, the proposed sequential detection strategies obtain better performance regarding test time and detection rate, but worse overall detection rate compared to applying a test only once.


Agri-environment management (AEM) started in the 1980s in Europe to mitigate biodiversity decline, but the effectiveness of AEM has been questioned. We hypothesize that this is caused by a lack of a large enough ecological contrast between AEM and non-treated control sites. The effectiveness of AEM may be moderated by landscape structure and land-use intensity. Here, we examined the influence of local ecological contrast, landscape structure and regional land-use intensity on AEM effectiveness in a meta-analysis of 62 European pollinator studies. We found that ecological contrast was most important in determining the effectiveness of AEM, but landscape structure and regional land-use intensity played also a role. In conclusion, the most successful way to enhance AEM effectiveness for pollinators is to implement measures that result in a large ecological improvement at a local scale, which exhibit a strong contrast to conventional practices in simple landscapes of intensive land-use regions.


A method is presented for searching for a hypertorus symmetry axis by means of the alignment of distant objects. This offers greater sensitivity than previously proposed object-based methods that rely on accurate true distances. When it is applied to the catalogue of objects with z > 1, we find no evidence for a compact dimension. We deduce a lower limit on the compact dimension size, D > 0.9 of the distance to the cosmic horizon. This is consistent with independent constraints from the recent analysis of the WMAP microwave background data.


The vacancy solution model of adsorption which uses an activity coefficient equation of the Wilson form has been improved (1) by incorporating temperature dependency into the model, and (2) by development of a functional relationship between the adsorbate-adsorbate binary interaction parameters. This reduces the number of regression parameters and improves the predictive capabilities of the model. Comparisons of this improved model with the Flory-Huggins activity coefficient form of the vacancy solution model are presented for binary and ternary systems. For a priori predictions from pure-component data, the Flory-Huggins form is recommended. If experimental binary data are available for all pairs, the form that most accurately correlates the binary data should be used to predict higher-order systems.


To compare discomfort caused by ioxaglate and iopamidol, 25 patients scheduled for coronary angiography including internal mammary arteriography were studied. Each patient received both agents. Data were available on 22 randomly selected patients who completed the protocol. Two patients were withdrawn because of unsuccessful internal mammary artery cannulation and one because of idiosyncratic reaction to diazepam. After the internal mammary artery injections, the short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ) was completed to evaluate the patient response. Ioxaglate caused significantly less discomfort than iopamidol. Word scale (WS) p less than .05; visual analog scale (VAS) p less than .05. We conclude that ioxaglate is much better tolerated than iopamidol in internal mammary arteriography.


The pandemic of coronavirus is a rapidly growing concern around the world. Through educational programs, policymakers are trying to change farmers' attitudes toward adaptation to the pandemic. The effectiveness of these educational activities depends on designing and conducting research related to factors that change behaviour in order to adapt to corona. While the technological, infrastructure, and educational focus has been usually paid to farmers' behaviour, much less attention has been given to psycho-social factors which may also influence farmers' behaviour. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the psychological and socioeconomic factors influencing the behaviour of adaptation to COVID-19. To achieve this goal, psychosocial structures (perceived happiness, perceived well-being, and perceived stress) and demographic characteristics (age, number of family members, agricultural and non-crop income, reserve rate, land size, and number of livestock) were identified as predictors. The statistical population of this study are farmers in southern Iran. The data was collected by means of a questionnaire based survey that it's validity and reliability were confirmed. The results of the regression show that socioeconomic and psychological variables can explain 35 % of the changes in behaviour related to COVID-19. The results of the study also show that well-being is the most important predictor of adaptive behaviour. The results of the present study can help planners and policymakers to identify ways to improve adaptive behaviour and thereby to increase the effectiveness of educational activities in coping with severe shocks, such as the current corona pandemic. The results of this study also highlight the importance of considering social psychological measures and demographic characteristics in the development and evaluation of educational programs to stimulate adaptive behaviour.


After Islamist terrorists killed 17 people in and around Paris in January, the trend was to drone on about how the attacks pointed to France's failure to integrate Muslims.


The charge radius of the proton has been measured in scattering and spectroscopy experiments using both electronic and muonic probes. The electronic and muonic measurements are discrepant at $5\sigma$, giving rise to what is known as the proton radius puzzle.
With the goal of resolving this, we introduce a novel method of using lattice QCD to determine the isovector charge radius -- defined as the slope of the electric form factor at zero four-momentum transfer -- by introducing a mass splitting between the up and down quarks. This allows us to access timelike four-momentum transfers as well as spacelike ones, leading to potentially higher accuracy in determining the form factor slope at $Q^2 = 0$ by interpolation. In this preliminary study, we find a Dirac isovector radius squared of $0.320 \pm 0.074$ fm$^2$ at quark masses corresponding to $m_\pi = 450$ MeV. We compare the feasibility of this method with other approaches of determining the proton charge radius from lattice QCD.


The objective of the Environmental Impact Assess- ment (EIA) Directive is to select proper project alternatives with the view of minimizing and compen- sating for impacts, to ensure the best achievable state for the environment. Legalization of projects imple- mented without conducting an EIA at the relevant stage of the investment process is permissible on an exceptional basis. This paper discusses the conditions set out in this scope by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and presents a possible system for executing these conditions in administrative practice.


Background: The possible gender impact on asthma arouses current and outstanding interest, but few studies addressed this issue in the real-world setting. Objective: This cross-sectional study tested the hypothesis of a potential difference between asthmatic males and females in a real-life setting, such as a third-level asthma clinic. Methods: A total of 499 asthmatic outpatients (301 females and 198 males, mean age 58.25 years) were consecutively visited. The visit included history, asthma control, and severity grade, physical examination, lung function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide assessment, and blood sample for biomarkers. Results: There were more females than males (about 3 of 5). Asthmatic females smoked less (p < 0.0001) than males and had higher FEV1 (p = 0.0022) and FVC (p = 0.0004) values than asthmatic males. Conclusions: Gender difference was associated with smoking and lung function impairment; thus, this issue should be carefully considered in asthmatic patients in daily clinical practice.


Outlet point positions taken from hydrometric stations commonly do not coincide with stream locations extracted from digital elevation models (DEMs). This is a serious problem for accurate watershed delineation of data sets containing numerous outlets, which is critical in regional‐scale studies that relate catchment characteristics to basin responses. The advanced outlet repositioning approach (AORA), presented here, replicates the processes involved in manual outlet placement while reducing inefficiency and potential for blunders. The technique uses water body names to identify locations for outlet repositioning that are consistent with nearby outlets. The AORA performance was compared against two existing automated techniques using 993 stations in seven basins in northwest England. The AORA had the fewest repositioning errors in each basin and nearly halved the overall number of errors in the data set, compared with the second‐best method. This work highlights the potential errors that may be present in studies that have employed existing automated watershed mapping methods.


This study brings together insights from the research literatures on organisational capabilities and learning by doing to examine the response of Irish manufacturers to tightened environmental regulation in the 1990s. Using a fine-grained data set on firms' technology and management practices, we test whether those practices over time resulted in the creation of learned 'static' capabilities, the ability to do certain kinds of things well in a given context. We also examine whether firms that were more successful in developing new static capabilities were distinguished by strong 'dynamic' capabilities: the capacity to change and adapt through integration of new information internally and from external sources.


This paper proposes a hybrid approach for co-channel speech segregation. HMM (hidden Markov model) is used to track the pitches of 2 talkers. The resulting pitch tracks are then enriched with the prominent pitch. The enriched tracks are correctly grouped using pitch continuity. Medium frame harmonics are used to extract the second pitch for frames with only one pitch deduced using the previous steps. Finally, the pitch tracks are input to CASA (computational auditory scene analysis) to segregate the mixed speech. The center frequency range of the gamma tone filter banks is maximized to reduce the overlap between the channels filtered for better segregation. Experiments were conducted using this hybrid approach on the speech separation challenge database and compared to the single (non-hybrid) approaches, i.e. signal processing and CASA. Results show that using the hybrid approach outperforms the single approaches.


Abstract Centred on figures like Herbert McCabe, David Burrell, and Brian Davies the loose tradition known as grammatical thomism is undervalued within analytic philosophy of religion. This is particularly unfortunate, since a grammatical thomist approach offers the prospect of both a reorientation towards a more apophatic conception of God, consonant with the theology and practice of many religious traditions, and of moving beyond certain debates in the philosophy of religion. In this article, a grammatical thomist approach to the word 'God' is laid out: the conditions for introducing the word constrain its grammar, such that it cannot be understood as designating anything within our world. Accordingly inferential moves which we might otherwise find tempting are blocked. The result is an apophatic theology grounded in linguistic considerations. Objections against linguistic approaches to philosophy and theology, owing to Williamson and Murphy respectively, are considered and counter-arguments presented. The potential for therapeutic approaches to both the problem of evil and questions around theology and politics is then flagged.


Amaranthus hybridus was grown as a leafy vegetable in Dar‐Es‐Salaam, Tanzania. Freshly harvested leaves were analyzed for moisture content, beta‐carotene and reduced ascorbic acid. The leaves from the four sites were bulked, blanched and sundried with shade provision drier. The dried samples were stored in polythene bags at 22°C, 28°C and room temperature (30°C to 32°C). At the beginning and thereafter every month during storage, the vegetables were analyzed for beta‐carotene and ascorbic acid and subjected to sensory evaluation in comparison with fresh cooked leaves. Sundrying of the amaranth leaves resulted in significant reductions (P < 0.05) in the levels of ascorbic acid and beta‐carotene, of 87.4% and 16.3% respectively. After storage of the dried vegetables for three months, the retention at 22 ° C, 28 ° C and room temperature of ascorbic acid and beta‐carotene were 42, 40 and 36 mg/100g and 32.4, 29.5 and 27.4 mg/100 g dwb respectively. Sensoric quality evaluation of amaranth leaves showed that significant differences (P < 0.05) existed in appearance and colour, flavour, texture and overall acceptability, although the dried vegetables were still acceptable in all the sensory characteristics tested. The study established that the vegetables could be dried to produce an acceptable product which maintained its eating quality for up to three months in storage.


As a response to the COVID-19 crisis, governments have turned to various discretionary measures such as cash transfers to consumers and businesses with mixed results. Universal Basic Income (UBI) is back on the agenda as well. One of the main advantages of UBI, as scholars like F.A. Hayek, Milton Friedman, and James M. Buchanan have argued, is that it does not depend upon competent and benevolent government discretion—which is often in short supply—but upon pre-established rules. This paper argues that the UBI scheme holds tentative promise from the point of view of improving the institutional crisis preparedness of a complex socioeconomic order. The pre-established rules of UBI buttress the rule of law framework that improves the ability of economic agents to spontaneously coordinate their actions in times of crisis characterized by radical uncertainty, disequilibrium shocks, and institutional instability. Furthermore, UBI combines the distribution of fungible resources with the delegation of independent decision-making power to millions of crisis-struck individuals and communities. Compared to discretionary tax-and-transfer schemes, the rules of UBI therefore appear more compatible with the polycentric discovery of novel solutions from the bottom-up. In times of crisis, UBI may be relied upon as one cornerstone of what I shall call the permanent crisis management framework. Having such a permanent scheme may minimize although it does not altogether eliminate the need for discretionary transfers, targeted intervention, and technocratic management in times of crisis. However, this theoretical model of UBI as a facilitator of polycentric crisis preparedness faces several practical challenges that need to be addressed in further research.


A group of 14 intensive care unit (ICU) patients were studied to determine if manual ventilation bags (MVB) could serve as a source of bacterial or fungal pathogens that could colonize the respiratory tract of intubated patients. A total of 51 cultures were simultaneously obtained of patient's sputum, the exterior MVB surface, MVB port, and MVB interior (postexhalation valve). Pathogens colonizing or infecting the respiratory tract of intubated ICU patients were frequently simultaneously present on the exterior surface of the MVB and inside the MVB port used to connect the MVB with the endotracheal tube. In addition, coagulase-negative staphylococci and yeast were frequently present on the exterior surface of the MVB. The interior of the MVB was usually sterile. In three instances pathogens were isolated from the MVB before isolation from the patient's sputum. MVB may serve as a source for colonizing the respiratory tract of intubated ICU patients and/or the hands of medical personnel. The exterior surface and port of MVB should be cleaned of visible debris and disinfected at least once a day.


Physicists9 best chance of spotting an effect of "quantum gravity"—the melding of quantum mechanics and Einstein9s theory of gravity—may have evaporated. According to some quantum-gravity theories, the speed of light may change very slightly with the light9s wavelength, and experimenters are searching for the effect in radiation from distant stellar explosions. Those searches may be in vain, however. If light9s speed varied in this way, then untenable paradoxes would arise, one theorist argues. The speed variations must be at least 23 orders of magnitude smaller than experimental limits set last year, she says.


SrxBa3-x(B3O6)2 where x = 1.16, M(r) = 611.2, trigonal, R3BARc, a = 7.162 (1), c = 37.235 (7) angstrom, V = 1653.9 angstrom 3, Z = 6, D(x) = 3.68, D(m) = 3.67 g cm-3 (using specific gravity bottle and toluene), Mo K-alpha, lambda = 0.71073 angstrom, mu = 119.9 cm-1, F(000) = 1639, T = 296 K, R = 0.031 for 311 unique reflections with I > 3-sigma(I). The structure is isostructural with the high-temperature phase of alpha-Ba3(B3O6)2. Sr2+ ions are located at the 6(a) positions with full occupancy and also share, statistically, the 12(c) positions with Ba2+ ions. The solid solution is stable down to room temperature without a phase transition.


The interaction of thermal radiation with conduction and laminar natural convection in a vertical circular pin, situated at participating gas, is numerically investigated. An absorbing and emitting gas is considered, and treated to be a gray participating media. Under the idealizing of gray gas, the Rosselan4 approximation is employed to describe the radiative heat flux in the energy equation. The modified box method with unequal grid spacing is used to perform the numerical computation of the coupled boundary layer conservation equations and pin conduction equation. The effects of buoyancy and radiation on the temperature, velocity, heat flux, and Nusselt number are examined in detail. The Nusselt number variation shows that heat transfer is enhanced by thermal radiation. Also, the local Nusselt number is found to be strongly dependent on the temperature ratio YT, radiation-conduction parameter YR, and conventional Gr and Pr numbers. Furthermore, the results are comparable with the available data in the literature for pure natural convection.


Routine measurement of pressure-volume curves of the lungs and thorax in seven patients treated with continuous mechanical ventilation provided supportive evidence for the presence or absence of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, pneumonia, bronchospasm, mucous plugging, intubation of mainstem bronchus, atelectasis, and results of subsequent therapy. Those conditions associated with predominantly airway disease altered dynamic more than static pressure-volume measurements. Those conditions associated with parenchymal lung disease or loss of lung volume generally altered both dynamic and static pressure-volume measurements. The effectiveness of treatment of these diseases could be monitored by their effect on the pressure-volume curve. The determination of pressure-volume measurements are simple, noninvasive, and can be accomplished within minutes. The routine use of these measurements should be one of the monitoring procedures performed in patients treated with mechanical ventilation.


The motive of undertaking this project of structural analysis of piston head is to study and evaluate the performance in real working conditions of the piston in internal combustion engine. In this paper, the work is carried out to measure the stress distribution on the top surface of the piston made up of aluminium alloy. In IC engine piston experiences uneven temperature distribution and from piston head to skirt. The analysis predicts that due to stress generated the top surface of the piston may be damage or break during the operating conditions, since the damaged or broken parts are so expensive to replace and generally are not easily available, the 3D model of piston is created using Creo. 3D model is imported to the Abaqus and FEA is performed. By identifying the true design features, the extended service life and long term stability is assured.


Relationships in communication by sight, by sound, and by sound-plus-sight as a complex are presented in a three-part tree which specifies how technology is used in processes of imparting information. Applications of technology in making direct communication are indicated; the re-presentation of direct communications is shown as a set of technological processes (e.g., storage and play-back, or transmission and reception) with ideological reinforcement, and so is the reproduction of communications thus transformed or reconstituted (e.g. production of photographic, electronic, typeset, or coded copies). Storage and retrieval of reproduced copies are shown together, without methodological detail, as a separate, major aspect of communication, although they are considered to be part of the technological and ideological applications of re-presentation and reproduction. The tree was prepared for a technology forecasting project.


I practiced seven years as the Physician Consultant at the School Health Center in San Francisco, performing comprehensive assessments on children, ages 4-12, who were having learning and behavioral difficulties in school. I saw hundreds of children who were having difficulties paying attention, focusing on their work, and performing fine and gross motor tasks. Many of these children had a poor self-image and problems relating to adults and peers. As a pediatrician, I had always discouraged television viewing, because of the often-violent nature of its content (especially cartoons) and because of all the commercials aimed at children. However, it wasn't until the birth of my own child, 6 years ago, that I came face to face with the real impact of television. It wasn't just the content, for I had carefully screened the programs my child watched. It was the change in my child's behavior (his mood, his motor movements, his play) before, during and after watching TV that truly frightened me.


The author gives his "top-10" list of free medical software applications that family physicians can use on their personal digital assistants (PDAs).


A discrete choice model is used to analyze the decision to feed or sell calves at weaning. After accounting for regional factors, results show that operator perceptions toward profitability, risk, and facilities as well as control over production and attention to marketing impacted retained ownership of calves. Farm size had a minimal impact.


A straightforward and scalable eight-step synthesis of new N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has been developed from inexpensive and readily available 2-nitro-m-xylene. This process allows for the preparation of a novel class of NHCs coined ITent ("Tent" for "tentacular") of which the well-known IMes (N,N'-bis(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), IPr (N,N'-bis(2,6-di(2-propyl)phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and IPent (N,N'-bis(2,6-di(3-pentyl)phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) NHCs are the simplest and already known congeners. The synthetic route was successfully used for the preparation of three members of the ITent family: IPent (N,N'-bis(2,6-di(3-pentyl)phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene), IHept (N,N'-bis(2,6-di(4-heptyl)phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) and INon (N,N'-bis(2,6-di(5-nonyl)phenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene). The electronic and steric properties of each NHC were studied through the preparation of both nickel and palladium complexes. Finally the effect of these new ITent ligands in Pd-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura and Buchwald-Hartwig cross-couplings was investigated.


Two hundred and thirty-four persons were surveyed to assess personality aspects (action versus state orientation, need for cognition, faith in intuition) and emotional aspects of their attitudes towards the NATO military intervention in the Kosovo war in the spring of 1999. Additionally, in an imagined scenario they were asked to decide whether they would sign a petition addressed to the German government protesting against military intervention. Three ways of dealing with this decision were differentiated: (1) decisive action, (2) avoiding the decision conflict, and (3) elaborating the decision problem with the goal of building up feelings to guide action (amplification). Correlations between the variables were evaluated using path analysis in order to predict the decision strategy from personality dimensions and attitude variables (ambivalence, involvement). High action orientation caused low attitude ambivalence and high personal involvement in the topic. Strong ambivalence prevented swift action and supported a tendency towards elaboration and amplification of feelings. Involvement had a favorable effect on action readiness and a negative effect on conflict-avoiding strategies. Moreover, it moderated the effects of ambivalence on the preference for conflict management strategies. The results confirm theoretical approaches that stress the importance of affect for acting and deciding. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Extensive new data on the even-parity autoionized spectrum of Ba has been provided by two-step optogalvanic spectroscopy. The spectral range below the 5d3/2 ionization limit presents a complicated scheme of interacting levels, which is analyzed using the multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT). The analysis concerns the 5d3/2nd and 5d3/2ns series converging on the 5d3/2 limit and their perturbers belonging to 5d5/2nd and 5d5/2ns series converging on the higher 5d5/2 limit. This is a favourable case for MQDT since the number of perturbing levels is very large: for each 5d5/2nl perturbing series, nine levels are located below the 5d3/2 limit. A J by J treatment of the energies of the spectra with J value ranging from 0 to 5 was carried out taking into account the 5dnd-5dns mixing. The analyses only concern the position of autoionized levels. In fact the 5dnl autoionized lines observed in this range are relatively narrow and we can neglect the coupling of 5dnl levels with 6sl continua. The MQDT treatments presented here allow us to improve the identification of levels and to describe accurately the behaviour of perturbed series. The lower 5dnl levels are bound, i.e. below the 6s limit and the MQDT treatment of their mixing with the 6snl principal Rydberg series has been previously published. The comparison of the MQDT parameters fitted to the bound or autoionized spectra confirms the large energy dependence of the parameters. This point is discussed and shows the difficulties of extrapolation procedures. For the first time the MQDT parameters are closely related to semi-empirical values of Slater integrals.


Urban density is not new, but rather one side of the continous processes of change underway in the city. During the urbanizing boom of the industrialization, when the cities grew bigger, the first spaces to be built on were vacant and planted areas in the interior of the district. The gardens that once were there were replaced by yardhouses. The idea of urban density is that a dense city means less distance between residential areas and workplaces, resulting in fewer shipments and travelers, which ultimately leads to lower energy consumption and lower emissions. Urban density may lead to shorter
distances, but not necessarily.

In the wake of urban density the greenstructures of the city is shattered.
The possibilities for green areas to contribute to the health of the city and its inhabitants is dramatically reduced. Green structures are of multifunctional importance to the city and its inhabitants and it is relevant to regard green architecture as a key component of sustainable urban development. Green structure often has weak, or none, protection against exploitation, which means that they are regarded as reserve land for new settlements.

Areas for recreational use outside the city have great values, but is not fully available for groups who may need them the most; elderly, children and people without a car at hand.

A city can not grow too dense, the outdoor environments are of great necessity, making it possible to live a good, exciting and sustainable urban life. A higher urban density will only be attractive if good environmental conditions are preserved. The sustainable city of the future just may be a moderately dense city with green landreserves. The city needs to be both gray and green!


Background Motor impairments in the upper extremity (UE) is one of the most common deficits after stroke. Even though understanding of UE coordination deficits in persons with strokes is critical for better identification of motor impairment and planning for rehabilitation, it is still not clear how stroke affects coordination patterns of multi-joint movements in the UE. Here, we investigated kinematic and kinetic coordination patterns of UE after stroke during controlled passive arm movement. Methods An exoskeleton multi-joint robot moved the participant's arm in the horizontal plane back and forth in 8 repetitions, in inward movement (i.e. toward the body) and outward movement (i.e. away from the body). The uncontrolled manifold analysis (UCM) was used to quantify kinematic and kinetic coordination patterns of the UE. Variability of joint angles and torques were decomposed into task-relevant variability (TRV) and task-irrelevant variability (TIV). An index of coordination (IC) was defined based on TRV and TIV. Results We found that the IC of joint torques in the stroke group significantly decreased during outward movement in comparison to that during inward movement, while IC of the control group showed no difference between the two movement directions. The decreased IC in the stroke group during outward movement was mainly due to the increased TRV of joint torques. In the further analysis of individual joint level, during outward movement, stroke group had a greater TRV of joint torques at all joints while during inward movement, stroke group had a lower TRV of joint torques at elbow joint. Conclusions Our results indicate that the stroke can cause the kinetic coordination deficits induced during a passive movement especially in outward movement. Our findings suggest that it is important to consider the passive kinetic coordination deficits to enhance post-stroke rehabilitation interventions. Trial registration clinicaltrials.gov, ID: NCT02359812. Registered 23 January 2015; Last Updated 06 August 2020.


In 1935 the emigre scholar G. P. Fedotov published an analysis of the ethical values of popular Russian Orthodoxy, basing his conclusions on the genre of dukhovnye stikhi (lit. spiritual verses). These religious songs were performed before the Revolution by the blind itinerant singers known as the kaleki or kaliki perekhozhie [Fedotov 1935/1991].(2) For Fedotov the key features of folk Orthodoxy (narodnoe pravoslavie) were the emphasis on life as suffering, the profound sinfulness of man, the belief in the power of Christian love and the attachment to Mother Earth (Mat' syra zemlia) and maternal values in general, with their supreme embodiment in the Mother of God. His view has proved highly influential outside Russia, largely through its distillation in the opening chapter of volume one of The Russian Religious Mind [Fedotov 1946]. Fedotov's influence has perhaps been reinforced by the coincidences between his own concept of folk Orthodoxy and key aspects of Dostoevskii's view of the people (narod), itself based to a considerable extent on the writer's reading of the dukhovnye stikhi [Ivanits 2002; Wigzell 2002b:28-31].(3) In Russia where Fedotov's work began to appear only in 1989, his views have had less impact, while, among folklorists, there is a new interest in and awareness of the complexities of folk ethics [Belova 2002]. In this essay I question the validity of Fedotov's analysis for popular Orthodoxy as a whole by examinng another of the genres of religious folklore, the type of vision known as the obmiranie. So unfamiliar is the obmiranie, except to some folklorists and traditional Orthodox believers, that a definition would seem in order. The term obmirat', self-evidently linked to umirat' (to die), refers both to the state of falling into/being in a coma as well as to the narrative account of what is seen during a coma, that is, essentially a near-death experience. To this day among traditional believers (official Orthodox or Old Believers) in rural Russia as in other Orthodox Slavic countries, the near-death experience is generally believed to consist of a journey to the world beyond the grave.(4) Here the subject most commonly meets relatives, sees the torments of hell and learns the date of his or her own death. Obviously these narratives represent a continuation of early and medieval Christian tradition (Dante's Divine Comedy is the supreme literary example.) Visits to the world beyond the grave were traditionally experienced not only during coma but also as dreams, or, when awake, as visions, but in Orthodox Slavic countries in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries such visions are linked primarily with a coma or unusually prolonged and deep sleep. Indeed, it is traditionally assumed that anyone in this state will visit the afterlife, and in particular hell. During the vision, even when heaven is mentioned, the specific virtues of the blessed are not. Consequently, the ethical emphases of the obmiranie have to be judged largely from the sins mentioned, whether those of categories of sinners, or specific people known to the visionary, including his or her own moral failings. Within the Byzantino-Slavic Orthodox tradition considerable differences exist between accounts of visits to heaven and hell, allowing the visionary to select


The potential for discontinuities in turbine and generator rotors must be dealt with in the manufacture of these components. In recent years it has become practical to acquire and analyze large quantities of ultrasonic data obtained from testing solid rotor forgings. This paper describes an ultrasonic system for testing solid rotors, and discusses the detection, characterization, and imaging capability developed for evaluating rotor indications. For detection of rotor indications, the ultrasonic signal path is divided into range windows. The signals within each window are compressed and stored for detection and characterization algorithms. Detection is performed by associating echoes from one ultrasonic path with the data from neighboring paths. These associations are constructed with respect to the cylindrical coordinate system used during the process. Characterization is performed using the indication data sets constructed during the detection process. The final results determined by these automatic data processing algorithms are presented to the user as potential indication lists which can be correlated to images constructed from the original data.


OBJECTIVE
In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a smoking cessation initiative for workers who are smokers in a textile factory located in Denizli, Turkey.

MATERIAL AND METHODS
This retrospective cohort was conducted by using the occupational health and safety unit records of 821 workers who are smokers. All participants underwent cognitive behavioral therapy, and in case of need, a suitable pharmacological treatment was initiated. The status of smoking cessation was checked at the end of the third month with a carbon monoxide breath monitor. A chi-square test was performed to make comparisons between categorical variables. Logistic regression analysis (backward) was used to evaluate the factors related to the smoking cessation status.

RESULTS
The ratio of participants who gave up smoking was 74.3%, and 63% of them used a pharmaceutical aid to quit smoking. Working in the department of finishing and using a pharmaceutical aid to quit smoking were related to increased success in smoking cessation.

CONCLUSION
Outcomes of our study emphasize that workplace-based smoking cessation programs may create a huge impact on smoking cessation among workers. Pharmacological aid and cognitive behavioral therapy have been associated with success in quitting smoking.


Abstract            The objective of this research is to determine the effects of turmeric (Curcuma domestica Val) extract administration toward heart histopathologic lesions of male albino Wistar rats + 3 months old exposed by cigarette smoke. Twenty male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four groups of five each: Group I was given neither cigarette smoke exposure nor turmeric extract administration (control) (KI), Group II was given cigarette smoke exposure of 9 cigarettes/ day (KII), Group III was given 1 ml turmeric extract 0.25% (KIII) and Group IV was given cigarette smoke exposure of 9 cigarettes/ day and 1 ml turmeric extract 0.25% (KIV). After 2 months of treatment, necropsy was conducted to all rats and the heart samples were collected to be processed histopatologically and stained routinely with hematoxylin-eosin. The results of the present study indicated that the cigarette smoke caused cardiomyopathy in KII marked by the histopathologic lesions such as vacuolation, homogeneous eosinophilic cytoplasms, edema and necrosis of myocardia, also congestion and mild hemorrhages (KII). Whereas, rats in Groups KI, KIII and KIV had normal histologic structures of myocardia. It is concluded, that turmeric extract could be a preventive herbs toward cardiotoxic effects of cigarette smoke. Further research has to be conducted to determine the anti cardiomyopathy mechanism of turmeric rhizome due to cigarette smoke exposure.


Water-table levels in the Kamienna River drainage basin, SE Poland, are presently measured at 14 observation points within the groundwater observation-research network of the Polish Geological Institute – National Research Institute, included in the monitoring programme during the period 1979–2007. They exhibit multi-year changes in groundwater storage near the observation points. The best documented cycle is that for the period 1982–2002, observed in the wells monitoring water in fractured-karstic formations, where the amplitude of the water-table level was 45 m at that time. The retention balance in the cycle was negative. At the beginning of the cycle, the water table in the fractured-karstic aquifers was 1.40 to 1.94 m higher than at the end. Further observations of the multi-year changes in retention will be the basis for possible corrections to calculations of groundwater resources in this drainage basin, as well as for model predictions of resources, performed for water management in connection with potential climate change.


It is always a pleasure to see that a new publication has come from Professor Kiserud and his co-workers. I feel I always have something new to learn about the fetal circulation, from the ductus venosus to the foramen ovale. This meticulous work in assessing the foramen ovale in growth-restricted fetuses1 is no exception. The authors compared Z-scores for dimensions of the right atrium and foramen ovale, and the foramen ovale to right atrium ratio in growth-restricted fetuses and normally grown fetuses. From the published data, it appears that Z-scores were normalized for gestational age rather than for fetal size. With this analysis, the authors concluded that the foramen ovale and the right atrium to foramen ovale ratio appear to be smaller in growth-restricted compared with normal fetuses. Given that the two groups being compared differ fundamentally according to their growth, it would be important to compare Z-scores normalized for a parameter that takes into account fetal growth (for example, femur length or biparietal diameter). It is possible that if normalization of Z-scores for fetal size is carried out, a different conclusion may be reached. In other words, a certain sized foramen ovale in a growthrestricted fetus may have a small Z-score compared with that in a normally grown fetus of the same gestational age, but the same measurement may have a similar or larger Z-score when compared with other fetuses of similar size/weight. It would be interesting to see if the authors have or could perform such an analysis.


The general framework of interactions between technology and individual human beings, and between technology and society, is discussed. The principles underlying the process of technology assessment are presented, and the existing methodologies are described. An introduction of new technology or a modification of an extant technology leads to impacts in both technological and nontechnological areas. This paper examines several of the major techniques in use for societal impact assessment. The choice of a specific method depends upon the environment in which the assessment is conducted and upon the goals of the assessment effort. Such assessments form the inputs for generating optimal policies for complex societal multivariate systems.


Social hierarchy is a potent modulator of behavior in many species, including humans, that is typically established through overt agonistic interactions between individuals in the group. Once established, social ranks are maintained through subtler interactions allowing the redirection of energy away from agonistic interactions towards other needs. Most of the available tasks for assessing social rank in rodents allow the study of the mechanisms by which social hierarches are formed but fail to assess the maintenance of established hierarchies between stable pairs of animals, which might rely on distinct neurobiological mechanisms. Here we present and validate a novel trial-based dominancy assay, the modified Food Competition test, where established social hierarchies can be identified in the home cage of non-food deprived pairs of male rats. In this task, we introduce a small conflict in the home cage, where access to a new feeder containing palatable pellets can only be gained by one animal at a time. We found that this subtle conflict triggered asymmetric social interactions and resulted in higher consumption of food by one of the animals in the pair. To assess the reliability of the observed asymmetries as reflecting dominance relationships we investigated the behavior of same rat dyads in multiple social tasks adapted from social hierarchy studies. We found a positive correlation in dominance indices across most tests used. Our findings reveal stable dominance status in pair housed rats and provide a novel tool for the evaluation of established social hierarchies, the modified Food Competition test, that is robust and easy to implement, thus expanding the set of tasks available to study dominance in the lab.


Abstract Sensitivity training (ST), which originated in the USA during the late 1940s, has been used as part of training seminars in Japanese corporations since the late 1950s. The possibility of negative psychiatric effects of ST, and especially its role in inducing psychiatric symptoms, is yet to be clarified. A case of a 41‐year‐old male company worker whose brief psychosis was induced by a sensitivity training seminar held by the company he worked for is presented. In reviewing the psychopathology of the case with records from the ST seminar, we found similarities between the patient's ST seminar and brainwashing situations. Specifically, the patient experienced severe conflict (of thought process) between his Christian beliefs and being labeled a coward at the seminar. We conclude that monitoring of the ST programs is crucial in order to ensure the psychological safety of ST participants in Japan.


Social knowledge management is a framework that allows its users to create and modify content collaboratively using social media and web 2.0 technologies. Social knowledge management can also be defined as the management of social knowledge where it is aimed towards social development. India today is facing a huge rural-urban divide with regard to poor learning achievement at the elementary level in remote rural areas. Remote rural schools are engulfed with problems such as the unavailability of good quality teachers and a poor learning environment. In this context, the chapter seeks to utilize a robust social knowledge management framework to impart universal education in the form of both formal and informal knowledge to the masses in remote rural areas by mobilising free online knowledge resources and the dormant knowledge capital of educated senior citizens. It further illustrates the design and development of a social media based knowledge management platform named OwlishOracle that addresses issues of exclusion and unequal educational attainment through "connecting generations".


Soil health deteriorates through the contamination and remediation processes, resulting in the limitation of the reuse and recycling of the remediated soils. Therefore, soil health should be recovered for the intended purposes of reuse and recycling. This study aimed to evaluate the applicability and effectiveness of several amendments to revitalize total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated soils remediated by the landfarming process. Ten inorganic, organic, and biological amendments were investigated for their dosage and duration, and nine physicochemical, four fertility, and seven microbial (soil enzyme activity) factors were compared before and after the treatment of amendments. Finally, the extent of recovery was quantitatively estimated, and the significance of results was confirmed with statistical methods, such as simple regression and correlation analyses assisted by principal component analysis. The landfarming process is considered a somewhat environmentally friendly remediation technology to minimize the adverse effect on soil quality, but four soil properties—such as water holding capacity (WHC), exchangeable potassium (Ex. K), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N), available phosphorus (Av. P), and urease—were confirmed to deteriorate through the landfarming process. The WHC was better improved by organic agents, such as peat moss, biochar, and compost. Zeolite was evaluated as the most effective material for improving Ex. K content. The vermicompost showed the highest efficacy in recovering the NO3-N content of the remediated soil. Chlorella, vermicompost, and compost were investigated for their ability to enhance urease activity effectively. Although each additive showed different effectiveness according to different soil properties, their effect on overall soil properties should be considered for cost-effectiveness and practical implementation. Their overall effect was evaluated using statistical methods, and the results showed that compost, chlorella, and vermicompost were the most relevant amendments for rehabilitating the overall health of the remediated soil for the reuse and/or recycling of agricultural purposes. This study highlighted how to practically improve the health of remediated soils for the reuse and recycling of agricultural purposes.


The purpose of this study was to compare the personality traits of basketball players of different universities of Rajasthan the subject were male basketball players selected from different universities of Rajasthan that is, MDS University, Ajmer, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, JNV University, Jodhpur, MLS University, Udaipur, University of Bikaner and University of Kota. The subjects were ranging from 18 to 24 year of age. Selected psychological variables were personality traits to test the personality of basketball players of different university of Rajasthan. HJ Eysenck's personality inventory test was used. To compare the basketball players of different universities on the variables viz. personality traits one way analysis of variances was employed to check the variability of selected basketball teams at 0.05 level of significance. To tests the significance difference LSD post hoc test was used to find out the significance difference between the means of selected basketball teams. Within the limitation of study following conclusions were drawn: significant difference was found between basketball players of MDS University, Ajmer and University of Kota; Rajasthan, Jaipur and MLS. University, Udaipur; University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and University of Bikaner; University of Rajasthan, Jaipur and University of Kota; JNV University, Jodhpur and MLS University, Udaipur; JNV University, Jodhpur and University of Bikaner; JNV University, Jodhpur and University of Kota; University of Bikaner and University of Kota.


Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) cv. GB 8735 was compared with local cultivars in 9 villages in Kano, Jigawa and Katsina states, N. Nigeria, in the 1996 rainy season. Yield averaged 1.22 t/ha in the improved cultivar and 0.90 t in the local cultivar. The improved cultivar was also desirable for its earliness.


1. Applied anatomy - regional Upper Cervical Cervical Temporomandibular joint Cervicotheracic Thoracic spine and ribs Lumbar Pelvic joitns Surface anatomy 2. Applied anatomy - general Articular cartilage Synovial joint lubrication Fibrous connective tissues Muscle Vertebral movement The lumbar mechanism Intervertebral foramen Biomechanics of spinal cord and meninges Venous drainage Autonomic nervous system Patterns of somatic nerve root supply 3. Aetiology in general terms 4. Incidence General Segmental 5. Pathological changes - general Synovial joitns Vertebral body joints Nerve root involvement Soft tissues Neoplasms 6. Pathological changes - combined regional Upper cervical Cervical Cervicothoracic Thoracic Lumbar Sphincter disturbance Pelvis Serious pathology simulating musculoskeletal pain 7. Clinical features Neurological changes Pain and tenderness Autonomic nervous system in vertebral pain syndromes Referred pain Abnormalities of feeling Changes in muscle and soft tissue Deformity Functional disablement Psychological aspects 8. Common patterns of clinical presentation Arthrosis and spondylosis Upper cervical Temporomandibular joint Cervical Cervicothoracic Clavicular joints Thoracic and rib joints Lumbar spine and pelvis Pelvic arthropathy Drug-induced joint and muscle pains Neoplasms 9. Examination Introduction History Observation Physical tests Special tests Palpation Regional examination procedures Temporomandibular joint Neck and forequarter Shoulder Shoulder girdle Thoracic region Back and hindquarter Sacroiliac joint Hip joint Passive physiological-movement tests Structural and neural interdependence 10. Investigation procedures 11. Principles of treatment Aims Manipulation in general terms Passive movement - definitions Techniques 1. Massage 2. Maintenance movements 3. Mobilisation - regional, localised, limb girdles 4. Manipulation - regional, localised 5. Correction of listing 6. Stretching 7. Traction - manual and mechanical 8. Recording passive movement treatment: clinical method Manually assisted or manually resisted movements 1. Self-correction of listing 2.Post-isometric relaxation 3. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation Active Movements 1.Exercises for strength and mobility 2. Autrotraction 3. Soft-tissue stretching 12. Indications 13. Contraindications 14. Supports and appliances and adjunct physical treatments 15. Medication and alternative methods of pain relief 16. Prophylaxis 17. Invasive procedures Minor Major Index


Hemorrhagic shock leads to hypoxia and is associated with bone marrow (BM) failure. Hemorrhagic shock is also a predisposing factor in immune dysregulation. Since the BM is the major organ of immune cells in the adult, its failure following hemorrhagic shock may explain the increased susceptibility to infection. The in vitro evidence indicates that hypoxia mediates altered functions in BM stroma. Since similar hematopoietic alterations are reported in hypoxia and hemorrhagic shock, hypoxia alone could be a representative model to study BM responses during hemorrhagic shock. In this study, we use an animal model to dissect the hematopoietic effects of hypoxia. We subjected rats to hypoxia, and at days 1 and 5 post-hypoxia we determined the numbers of granulocytic-monocytic progenitors (CFU-GM) in the BM. We found significant increase (P < 0.05) in CFU-GM at day 1 and a downward trend by day 5. Enhanced BM cellularity could not explain the increase in CFU-GM by day 1. BM stromal cells mediated most of the stimulatory effects by hypoxia. CFU-GM was inversely proportional to bioactive TGF-beta and directly proportional to IL-1. Compared to normoxic rats, IL-6 production was suppressed in BM cells from hypoxic rats. The results show that hypoxia alone initiate a stimulatory response in CFU-GM progenitors. These effects are at least partially mediated through the BM stroma. In the absence of a second insult, CFU-GM reverts to baseline. The data also suggest that hypoxia mediates complex responses that include cytokine production. These results add to the current understanding of hematopoietic responses by hypoxia and adds to the mechanisms of immune dysfunctions following hemorrhagic shock.


A first-generation design, called Rainbow, for optical wavelength division multiaccess (WDMA) computer networks is described. The Rainbow research prototype takes the form of a direct detection, circuit-switched metropolitan-area-network (MAN) backbone consisting of 32 IBM PD/2's as gateway stations, communicating with each other at 200-Mb/s data rates and submillisecond switching times. The prototype architectural options for realizing WDMA networks are discussed, along with reasons for choosing this design point. Experimental measurements on the prototype are presented. Ways of extending this prototype to more stations, higher bit rates, and faster setup times are given. >


A high-resolution ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radar has been developed in order to realise high-resolution object imaging in a ground-penetrating radar (GPR) for landmine detection. The UWB impulse radar is based on an electrical-optical hybrid pulse generation scheme such that a clean, short pulse train with small, short ringing can be generated. The generated UWB impulse train has a pulse duration of approximately 200-ps and a repetition rate of less than 1-GHz. Its estimated equivalent isotropically radiated power was well matched with a spectral mask for GPRs, as defined by the Federal Communications Commission of the USA. From an experimental demonstration, it was observed that the developed high-resolution UWB impulse radar was able to resolve a relative positional change of an object with a resolution of less than 10-mm, resulting in accurate imaging of a complex three-dimensional object.


Neoteric "Z-pins like" vanadium0.9-silicon0.1 rods (V0.9-Si0.1 rods) as polybasic multiphase oxide compensators were prepared to improve the anti-ablation of C/C-ZrC-SiC over 2500 °C. The microstructure and improvement effect on the anti-ablation of different C/C-ZrC-SiC surface were investigated. Results show that the density of "Z-pins like" V0.9-Si0.1 rod was effectively improved after adding Si. When ablation time was less than 180 s, "Z-pins like" V0.9-Si0.1 rods perpendicular to non-woven cloth layer presented the best improvement of the anti-ablation performance by liquid/gaseous multicomponent oxide compensation. However, when ablation time was greater than 180 s, "Z-pins like" V0.9-Si0.1 rods perpendicular to non-woven cloth layer increased another harm that weaken the anti-ablative performance of C/C-ZrC-SiC, namely, the corrosion damage of oxide layer on the matrix surface caused by excessive oxide melt. Therefore, there is a best improvement of the anti-ablation performance of "Z-pins like" V0.9-Si0.1 rods parallel to non-woven cloth layer.


The aim of this research is to analyze the reactualization of Javanese language and literature learning in multicultural era, especially in finding the its alternative teaching model. This qualitative research used interview for collecting the data, and source of the data cover content analysis, open- ended question, in-depth interview, and participant observation. The collected data were analyzed by interactive model. The results of the research show that Javanese language and literature learning should be (1) reactualized based on the need and the demand, (2) followed by the students needs in the future not by an obligatory subject, (3) coordinated with many counterparts such as, family, school, bureaucrat, mass media, culture experts, and society.


Many investigators have examined urbanization gradients in cancer rates. The authors used incidence data for 1986 through 1990 from the Illinois State Cancer Registry, a large, population-based incidence registry, to identify race-specific, urban-rural trends in cancer rates. Using population density, they categorized an urbanization gradient into four groups. Five-year, average annual age-adjusted, site-specific incidence rates were calculated for all sex-race strata within each population density group. Monotonic and statistically significant cancer incidence trends across all race-sex groups were found for cancers of the esophagus, liver, lung, female breast and cervix, male prostate, nervous system, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and all cancers combined. No trend was observed for blacks that was not also seen for whites; however, significant trends for cancer of the pancreas and Hodgkin's disease were seen for whites but not for blacks. Colon cancer in males was the only sex-specific trend in cancer that can occur in both sexes. Analytic studies for sites with consistent urban-rural trends across all race-sex groups may be fruitful in identifying the aspect of population density, or other unmeasured factor, that contribute to these trends.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
intimal hyperplasia (IH) and constrictive remodelling are important causes of restenosis following endovascular interventions, such as percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with 5-aminolaevulinic (ALA) may prevent restenosis by cellular depletion and the elimination of cholinergic innervation.

STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS
rats (n=90) were subdivided into 4 main groups. In the experimental group (n=36: 3 replications x 4 doses x 3 examination time-points), ALA was administered (200mg/kg i.v.) 2-3h before balloon injury (BI) of the common iliac artery followed by endovascular illumination with 633nm at either 12.5, 25, 50 or 100J/cm diffuser length (dl BI+PDT group). As control groups served the BI+Light only (LO) group (n=36) that received no ALA, the BI only group (n=9) (BI), and a group (n=9) that received a Sham procedure (Sham group).

RESULTS
planimetric analysis showed IH of 0.28+/-0.12mm(2) (BI), 0.27+/-0.12mm(2) (BI+LO at 100J/cmdl) in contrast to 0.02+/-0.02mm(2) after BI+PDT at 100J/cmdl at 16 weeks (p<0.05). In the BI+PDT groups, a light-dose increase of a factor 2 led to an IH decrease of 17% (p<0.05). In the BI and BI+LO groups constrictive remodelling was found, in contrast to BI+PDT treated groups at 16 weeks. The staining of cholinergic innervation of the tunic media of the blood vessel wall in BI+PDT showed no damage at the highest fluence.

CONCLUSION
endovascular ALA-PDT prevents IH and constrictive remodelling after BI without damage of cholinergic innervation of the tunica media. The effective light fluence rate in the rat is 50-100J/cmdl.


A correlation between "chills" and specific tempos might partially account for the notion of the "right tempo" in Western art-music performance. Thus, as a call for empirical research, I hypothesize that, for a given passage of music, there is a set of specific optimal tempos (related by transposition and/or proportion) for which the character, coherence, and vitality of the music can be significantly more well marked than for all other tempos.


Introduction/purpose Flow diversion technology has dramatically changed the spectrum of vascular lesions treatable via endovascular means. Despite this, there are still many lesions that are not straightforward to treat with the pipeline embolization device, the only flow diversion device FDA-approved and readily available within the United States. Other flow diversion devices are on the horizon for the U. S. or already available in Europe, and now the second generation of pipeline is available, the pipeline flex. While the pipeline device has not changed, the delivery system no longer has a distal capture coil and the device is resheathable until almost completely deployed. The authors here chronicle the early pipeline flex experience in the United States, treating aneurysms that would otherwise have been difficult with the first generation device. Materials and methods Patients at two North American centers, Washington University in St. Louis, MO and Semmes-Murphey Clinic in Memphis, TN, with aneurysms treated with the pipeline flex device were retrospectively identified for inclusion in this study. Patients were selected for treatment with pipeline flex due to tortuous anatomy in proximity to the aneurysm requiring treatment, or because it was felt that there was a high likelihood the device would need to be resheathed and repositioned in the course of deployment. Aneurysm size and location, device size and number used, and procedural complications and follow up were recorded. Due to reports of early aneurysm rupture after flow diversion in certain aneurysms, patients with large or dysmorphic-appearing aneurysms or enlarging aneurysms were treated in our series with coil embolization in the same setting as flow diversion. Results Nine patients in total had aneurysms treated with the pipeline flex embolization device. Age ranged from 12 to 75 years. Each patient had one aneurysm treated and each aneurysm was treated with a single device, with the exception of one patient who required two devices. The patient requiring two devices had a fusiform aneurysm of the A2 segment of the ACA, which required placing the flow diverters into a full 360-degree loop of the vessel. Three aneurysms were treated with coils in addition to flow diversion. In multiple cases, the device was resheathed and repositioned prior to full deployment. In at least one case, a device needed to be resheathed and removed without deployment, which was done without difficulty - this was also the patient with the fusiform ACA aneurysm. All nine aneurysm treatments were technical successes without procedural complication. To date, no aneurysms have ruptured following treatment. Conclusion The pipeline flex device has an improved delivery system, allowing easier treatment of aneurysms in tortuous anatomy and allowing the device to be resheathed and repositioned if needed during the course of deployment. This allowed uncomplicated treatment of aneurysms that the authors felt would be difficult to treat with the first generation device. These aneurysms will need to be followed with formal angiogram, but as the implant itself has not changed from the first generation pipeline embolization device, one would expect follow up results to be similar. Disclosures C. Nickele: None. C. Moran: 2; C; EV3 Covidien. 3; C; EV3 Covidien. A. Arthur: 1; C; Sequent, Siemens. 2; C; Codman, Microvention, Stryker, Medtronic, Penumbra, Sequent.


Cyberloafing is a routine workplace deviant behavior that may impose potential security threats. Prior studies have investigated the effect of conscious and unconscious deliberation, such as affect and automaticity, on employees' cyberloafing. However, the current literature offers very little insight into how to mitigate the effect of the antecedents to cyberloafing. This paper posits that mindfulness is an underexplored yet paramount concept in organizational information security research. Motivated thus, we draw on pertaining literature of mindfulness and selfregulation to propose that mindfulness influences employees' cyberloafing through attention regulation and emotional regulation. In essence, this paper sheds new light on the interplay between mindfulness and cyberloafing through the mediating effects of behavioral automaticity and affect. Our proposed model will be empirically estimated using data collected from a field experiment and an online survey. Our findings are expected to greatly contribute to the information security literature by unveiling the importance of mindfulness.


Purpose: The Informing the Pathway of COPD Treatment (IMPACT) study demonstrated that single-inhaler triple therapy fl uticasone furoate/umeclidinium/vilanterol (FF/UMEC/VI) reduces moderate/severe exacerbation rates and improves lung function and health status versus FF/VI or UMEC/VI dual therapy in patients with symptomatic COPD and a history of exacerbations. This analysis evaluated the ef fi cacy and safety of FF/UMEC/VI in patients enrolled in Japan. Patients and methods: IMPACT was a 52-week, randomized, double-blind, multicenter study comparing FF/UMEC/VI 100/62.5/25 µg with FF/VI 100/25 µg or UMEC/VI 62.5/25 µg in patients ≥ 40 years with symptomatic COPD and ≥ 1 moderate/severe exacerbation in the previous year. Endpoints included annual rate of on-treatment moderate/severe exacerbations (primary endpoint), time-to- fi rst on-treatment moderate/severe exacerbation and change from baseline at Week 52 in trough FEV 1 , post-bronchodilator FEV 1 , St. George ' s Respiratory Questionnaire, and COPD Assessment Test score. Safety was also assessed. Results: The Japan subgroup accounted for only 4% (378/10,355) of the overall IMPACT intent-to-treat (ITT) population. In the Japan subgroup, FF/UMEC/VI reduced the annual rate of on-treatment moderate/severe exacerbations by 15% (95% CI: − 20, 40) versus FF/VI (compared with 15% [10, 20] in the ITT) and 36% (95% CI: 6, 57) versus UMEC/VI (compared with 25% [19, 30] in the ITT). FF/UMEC/VI reduced moderate/severe exacerbation risk (time-to- fi rst), improved lung function and health status at Week 52 versus both dual therapies. These results were in the same direction and of a generally similar magnitude to those seen in the overall ITT population. No new safety signals were identi fi ed in the Japan subgroup compared with the ITT population. Pneumonia incidence was higher with FF/UMEC/VI and FF/VI versus UMEC/VI. Conclusion: These results highlight the favorable bene fi t – risk pro fi le of FF/UMEC/VI single-inhaler triple therapy compared with FF/VI or UMEC/VI dual therapy in patients in Japan with symptomatic COPD and ≥ 1 exacerbation in the prior year.


Active parental consent is a requirement that may threaten the validity of including minors in research. This study investigated possible sources of bias between the responses of children whose parents actively consented to their participation in a school-based survey and those of children whose parents were nonresponders. Due to a serious administrative error in a study to examine health-related quality of life (HRQoL), all 514 eligible schoolchildren were tested, although only 177 parents signed consent. After deliberation, the relevant human research ethics committee gave permission to include all results in the analysis. The HRQoL was not different between the groups. Male children returned significantly fewer consent forms (p=.026). More of the nonresponding group reported that their parents "Never had enough time for them" (p=.023). The high nonresponse rate and associations between response and parental interest and gender indicate that some bias may be introduced through the need for active consent, but overall there were no differences in responses to the quality of life questionnaire.


Research on the interference influence of Intentional EMI (IEMI) in an electrical network is important to assure its working reliability. In this paper, a propagation model of disturbances in an electrical network, which consists of both galvanically connected systems and wireless systems, is established based on the Transmission Line Theory and the Baum-Liu-Tesche (BLT) equation approach. The propagation model is a straight forward analytical approach and is applied on a certain network, and the responses (voltages and electrical fields) are obtained for each load (galvanic or wireless) located in the network. The response proportions for galvanic and wireless parts are presented.


The female-produced sex pheromone for many aphid species comprises a mixture of the iridoids (4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactone (I) and (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (II). Plant-derived biosynthesis of I and II, in plant species such as Nepeta spp. (Lamiaceae) and Catharanthus spp. (Apocynaceae), respectively, has received considerable attention due to their role as precursors to many pharmacologically active compounds, including the indole alkaloids. To test the hypothesis that aphids biosynthesize I and II de novo similarly to that elucidated for plants, isotopic labelling techniques have been deployed with oviparous pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae).

A range of unlabelled and deuterium-labelled putative sex pheromone precursors were synthesised and applied to aphids via one of two methods; dietary incorporation or topical application. For feeding experiments, A. pisum oviparae were artificially fed using diet sachets. Under autumnal conditions, a simple aqueous 200 g/L D-sucrose solution, into which the compounds were dissolved, was found to sufficiently maintain oviparae. Topically-treated aphids were exposed to methanolic solutions of each compound by application of 0.2 µL onto their dorsal surface. Following treatment, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by oviparae were collected by dynamic headspace collection and analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to confirm the presence and position of labelling.

Using unlabelled derivatives to establish optimal VOC collection parameters, dietary incorporation of all deuterated putative precursors evaluated failed to achieve deuterium incorporation into lactol I and lactone II. Successful deuterium incorporation, as evidenced by the presence of molecular ions at m/z 172 and 170 (corresponding to 2H4-lactol I and 2H4-lactone II, respectively), was demonstrated following the topical application of [C-8,C-10]-deuterated C-8-oxidised geranyl and neryl derivatives. Conversely, deuterium incorporation was not evident using the citronellyl derivatives, highlighting the importance of 2,3-unsaturation during biosynthesis. Through the synthesis and application of [C-4,C-9-2H5]-labelled monoterpenyl derivatives, it was demonstrated that a kinetic isotope effect was not responsible for the lack of deuterium incorporation following application of deuterated monoterpenols and monoterpenals. To address unclarified aspects of lactol I and lactone II biosynthesis in aphids, such as precursor identity and cyclisation mechanism, the synthesis and purification of 8 hydroxymonoterpenol-8-β-D-glucoside and NADP2H probes was attempted but was unsuccessful.

These results suggest that aphids follow a route to lactol I and lactone II that is also utilised by plants such as Catharanthus roseus (Apocynaceae). This work is expected to support future research into fully elucidating aphid sex pheromone biosynthesis, including identifying the genes, and therefore enzymes, involved. Future implications in the field of biotechnology-based iridoid synthesis and pest management are anticipated.


Abstract Rationale: Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumonia (CRKP) infections have been a concerning threat, especially in organ transplant patients with very high mortality. Allograft hemorrhage associated with CRKP infection has never been described. Patient concerns: A total of 6 recipients tested positive for CRKP were identified in 297 adult kidney transplant recipients who received kidney from donors according to Chinese type donation after cardiac death (DCD) at our center between January 2006 and December 2017. Diagnoses: CRKP identification was performed via Vitek 2 system, and the susceptibility was tested by broth microdilution and disk diffusion. Based on the signs of infection and the positive culture, the diagnosis of CRKP infection was established. Interventions: Therapy with antibiotic such as including ceftazidime-avibactam or tigecycline and surgical control of primary infection source including allograft nephrectomy and/or thorough debridement was administrated. Outcomes: The most striking aspect was that spontaneous recurrent hemorrhage occurred in all the 6 patients. The mortality of CRKP infection in our study was 50%. Lessons: CRKP infection possibly due to donor-to-recipient transmission in DCD kidney transplants was essentially a necrotic hemorrhagic inflammation and characterized by recurrent hemorrhage and high mortality. The pre-donation screening for CRKP colonization should be mandatory and, if positive, donation should be contraindicated. And, the effective infection source control such as allograft nephrectomy and/or thorough debridement was important to improve outcomes. Further investigation will be required to further characterize the clinical efficacy of new pharmacotherapeutic schemes including ceftazidime-avibactam.


Abstract Building on the extensive work conceptualizing, developing, and validating foreign language aptitude for successful second language acquisition (e.g., Skehan, 2015, in Applied Linguistics), the current project expounded the cognitive abilities relevant and instrumental to adult Japanese classroom learners' pronunciation attainment of English /ɹ/. The speech production of 50 Japanese participants was elicited, acoustically analyzed, and linked to different aspects of their aptitude profiles (phonemic coding, associative memory, and sequence recognition). Whereas those with higher phonemic coding demonstrated better performance in a relatively easy dimension of English /ɹ/ pronunciation (lower F2 for tongue retraction), those with greater associative memory demonstrated more advanced performance in the relatively difficult dimensions of English /ɹ/ pronunciation (longer transition duration for phonemic length; lower F3 for labial/alveolar/pharyngeal constrictions). The role of incidental learning aptitude (i.e., sequence recognition) remained unclear. The findings here indicate that explicit aptitude related to phonological analysis and memory may play a key role in predicting the incidence of advanced second language segmental proficiency attainment in classroom settings.


This highly accessible book explains the theoretical, historical and political background of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), its impact and the debates surrounding its existence. In addition the authors provide a brief introduction to the theory of economic integration as well as a succinct overview of the evolution of the global economy, and the institutions that manage it, in the post World War II period.


In order to meet the requirements of flight parameters high-speed, accurate data acquisition and reliable transmission of micro-UAV control and navigation system, this paper designed a data acquisition and transmission system based on the TMS320F2812 DSP. This system can conduct the digital signals acquisition, computation, and filtering, which are output from the GPS receiver and micro inertial measurement unit, and the data is sent to the ground station in the form of messages periodically. Using the model of a tightly coupled combination of navigation, an improved UKF algorithm, which introduce a square root filter into UKF(unscented kalman filter), was proposed to solve the problem of filter divergence under high dynamic conditions. Experiments show that the system hardware and software coordinate well and improved UKF tightly coupled navigation system has a better accuracy and stability under high dynamic.


Objective To analyze the health status of thyroid function in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer cured with PD-1 antibody and to explore the risk factors of thyroid dysfunction. Methods 100 patients from Hunan Provincial People's Hospital with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer hospitalized from January 2021 to March 2022 were selected. All patients were treated with a PD-1 antibody. The differences in sex, age, operation history, chemotherapy history, radiotherapy history, and thyroid nodules between patients with abnormal thyroid function and normal thyroid function after treatment were compared. Moreover, the risk factors of thyroid dysfunction were analyzed. Results The proportion of women in the normal thyroid function group was lower compared to the abnormal thyroid function group. And the proportion of patients with the course of the disease within 1 year in the normal thyroid function group was higher compared to the abnormal thyroid function group. The incidence of thyroid color ultrasound nodules in the normal thyroid function group was remarkably higher compared to the abnormal thyroid function group (P < 0.05). The proportion of patients with nodules in the abnormal thyroid function group was remarkably higher compared to the normal thyroid function group. Among the 36 patients who developed abnormal thyroid function, the incidence of hyperthyroidism (hyperthyroidism) and subclinical hyperthyroidism (subclinical hyperthyroidism) was 33.33%. The incidence of hypothyroidism (hypothyroidism) and hypothyroidism (subclinical hypothyroidism) was 66.66%. The cumulative incidence rates after 3 cycles, 6 cycles, and 12 cycles were 63.88%, 83.33%, and 94.44%, respectively. T4 and FT3 levels decreased more than the normal group following therapy. The results showed that females, course of disease more than one year, and thyroid nodule were independent risk factors of thyroid dysfunction. Conclusion Female gender, disease duration of more than 1 year, and thyroid nodules were independent risk factors for thyroid dysfunction after PD-1 antibody therapy. Therefore, clinical treatment should focus on patients with the above factors, and early intervention should be implemented to avoid the occurrence of thyroid dysfunction after PD-1 antibody treatment.


The polymerized complex method was utilized to synthesize n=3 Aurivillius compounds based on the parent phase Bi2Sr2Nb2TiO12. Results show that this is a viable option to replace solid-state synthesis of these materials because of the good homogeneity of powders and the substantially shorter processing times. The Aurivillius materials studied cannot be prepared to high density without the assistance of hot pressing. Compounds substituting transition metals (Fe, Cr, Co) for titanium remained phase pure up to 50 atom% (dependent on the valance and cation size as expected). Samples prepared substituting lead for bismuth were clearly phase pure up to 15 atom%, and in the 15-50 atom% substitution range XRD patterns indicate that a lead oxide or bismuth oxide impurity phase may be present; however, these impurity phases were not visible in the SEM. Transition metal substitutions did not increase the electrical conductivity of the material, and lead substitutions in high concentration decreased the conductivity. The substitutions did not affect the shape of Cole-Cole impedance plots. An anomalous diffraction behavior was observed in the lead substituted series. Peaks mixed indices peaks having c-axis character broadened as the lead concentration increased. This could correspond to a crystallite size or stain effect; however, attempts to separate the two using XRD analysis were unsuccessful. The charge carrier was studied under four different atmospheres, ranging from pure oxygen to 500ppm of oxygen. The data indicated that the parent phase Bi2Sr2Nb2TiO12 is an electronic conductor. Results for the transition metal substituted sample Bi2Sr2Nb2Ti0.8Fe0.2O12 indicate the sample is an ionic conductor. The stability of the Aurivillius phase under reducing conditions at 1050°C was determined: at a PO2 of 10 atm a bismuth oxide impurity phase (if present) decomposes and the Aurivillius phase is stable for 30 hours. At a PO2 of 10atm the Aurivillius phase starts to break down after just 10hrs. At a PO2 of 10atm the Aurivillius phase completely breaks down after 10 hours.


The thermodynamic parameters of the interaction between hen egg white lysozyme and Fab D1.3 were determined by measuring the temperature dependence of the ratio of its kinetic association and dissociation rate constants. Biosensor technology (BIAcore 2000) was used to measure the rate constants at temperatures ranging from 5 to 40 degrees C. The value of DeltaG degrees at 25 degrees C (-49 kJ M-1) calculated by this method was very close to that obtained previously from fluorescence quenching measurements (-48.5 kJ M-1). However, the value of DeltaH degrees measured at 25 degrees C by biosensor technology (-35 kJ M-1) was smaller than that determined previously by microcalorimetry (-90 kJ M-1). Another difference was the limited variation of ln K and DeltaG with temperature observed with BIAcore compared to the steady decrease of ln K with temperature found by calorimetry. Our data showed that the binding reaction was driven only by enthalpy below 23 degrees C, by enthalpy and entropy between 23 and 35 degrees C, and only by entropy above 35 degrees C. This suggests, inter alia, that the contribution from the enthalpy of hydration due to the water molecules present at the interface in the lysozyme-antibody complex is progressively eliminated as the temperature increases. Whereas calorimetric data pertain to all the components present in the sample, including solvent molecules, BIAcore measurements monitor only the physical association and dissociation of the two macromolecular species. The difference between the two sets of data may also reflect the complexity of the binding mechanism between lysozyme and Fab D1.3.


The subject of this case study is the role of intellectual property rights in the benefit-sharing arrangements surrounding the gene Xa21 of Oryza longistaminata, a wild rice from Mali, which was isolated, cloned and patented at the University of California at Davis. A specimen of Oryza longistaminata was originally accessed in Mali and transferred to a rice research program in India, where its resistance to bacterial rice blight, one of the most serious rice diseases, was identified. The blight resistant specimen was transferred to the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines, which determined that the resistance was coded by a single locus called Xa21 and bred the resistance into cultivated rice varieties by conventional breeding methods. One such variety was then acquired by the University of California at Davis, where gene Xa21 was mapped, sequenced and cloned. After a patent application was filed and granted for the cloned gene, a Genetic Resource Recognition Fund (GRRF) was established at UC Davis to share with the stakeholders in Mali and other developing countries the benefits arising from the commercial utilization of the patented gene. This intellectual property-based benefit-sharing mechanism provides that the licensee of the patent over Xa21 shall annually pay a certain percentage of sales of products and derivatives of Xa21 into the GRRF for a specified number of years following the first year of commercialization. The Fund shall be used to provide fellowships to agriculture students and researchers from Mali, the Philippines and other countries where the wild rice is found, so as to build capacity in the donor country. At the time of conclusion of this study, however, no funds had yet been received by the GRRF. There are presently no plans at UC Davis to mainstream this model for accessing biodiversity and sharing benefits with gene donor countries. Within the overall policy of UC Davis and its own claims on such benefits, it remains at the discretion of individual researchers to decide how he or she wants to share the benefits and with whom. Patent US5859339, which forms the subject of this case study, is attached as Annex 3.2.1 of this case study. This is a part of WIPO sponsored study on the role of intellectual property rights in the sharing of benefits arising from the use of biological resources and associated traditional knowledge.


This article represents a critical reflection of a Black African American female associate professor who, while teaching a diversity course, unknowingly enabled systems of power and privilege to undermine her faculty role in the course and in the academy. The author revisits a story of this experience and its vestiges using Critical Race Theory (CRT) and an autoethnographic approach. In doing so, she comes to terms with her complicity in supporting White supremacy and patriarchy and reclaims a voice previously suppressed yet still vulnerable in the matrix of institutional power. Two significant shifts are captured in this account--a narrative shift from the individual to one that includes the institutional and a political shift from a position of naivete to critical consciousness. These shifts, illustrated by the metaphor of safety, reflect the dissonance experienced by the author in seeking to negotiate a balance between the personal, professional, and socialized traditions of academia.


in 1997 the women-run nonprofit organization dress for success opened its first location with the aim of empowering low-income women by providing gently used suits for job interviews. drawing on eight months of fieldwork in an affiliate office, we analyze crossrace and cross-class interactions between privileged volunteers and low-income clients to demonstrate the emergence of what we term "neoliberal maternalism." Historical forms of maternalism—the mother-centric voluntarism aimed at assisting indigent families a century ago—emphasized women's domesticity and promoted the earliest welfare provisions. We suggest that neoliberal maternalism, instead, works alongside welfare retrenchment by insisting that single mothers become self-sufficient workers. similar to earlier maternalisms, the benevolence of affluent volunteers serves to reinforce class and race superiority while producing moments of genuine care and connection. We argue that while all forms of maternalism come with a related body politics aimed at disciplining the bodies of othered women, neoliberal maternalism carries a distinct body politics that, rather than regulating the home and reproduction, intrusively enforces ideals of aesthetic labor required for the postindustrial service economy. Finally, we suggest that retaining mater nalism as an analytic framework is particularly important for investigating the influence of neoliberalism and the eroding social safety net on interactions between women.