Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) facilitates local tumor control via thermal ablation, however, the anti-tumor immune effects induced are weak and unable to consistently generate robust objective responses in distant lesions. Here, we set out to optimize a therapeutic approach for employing immunotherapy with thermal ablation for systemic cancer treatment. We assessed the efficacy of implementing MRgFUS ablation with blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis (anti-PD-1) and activation of TLR9 (CpG oligonucleotide) under various protocols and in multiple models of murine cancer. Anti-PD-1 (200 µg, i.p., days 21 & 28) and CpG (100 µg, i.t., days 21, 24 and 28) were administered coincidentally with MRgFUS ablation (3 MHz central frequency, circular pattern with R=2 mm, 1 revolution per second, 65oC for 1 min, days 21 and 28) over the course of a week in bilateral syngeneic neu deletion line (NDL), 4T-1 and B16 tumor bearing mice. Additionally, we evaluated the administration of immunotherapy prior to a course of thermal ablation (i.e., "primed ablation"), where anti-PD-1 (as above on days 21, 28 & 35), CpG (as above on days 21, 24, 28, 31, 38 and 45) and MRgFUS ablation (as above on days 31, 38 and 45) were administered in bilateral NDL tumor-bearing mice. Primed ablation generated a robust anti-tumor immune response in distant lesions two weeks after the start of treatment, where a threefold increase in tumor infiltrating leukocytes (reaching 40% CD8+ and 20% CD4+ T-cells) was observed. This led to a complete response in 80% of treated mice within 70 days after treatment commenced. This effect was also observed in animals with high tumor burden and when thermal ablation was performed sequentially at multiple independent sites; 80% of untreated lesions were eradicated at 50 days after the start of treatment. However, therapeutic efficacy was limited when thermal ablation was performed coincident with the first dose of immunotherapy; this protocol was not curative in any murine model. To elucidate the mechanism for this effect, we employed tumor histology and positron emission tomography immediately after MRgFUS ablation. We found that thermal ablation induced stromal inflammation, and the loss of cell-cell adhesion and local vascular integrity, which impacted the intratumoral transport of small molecules and proteins for 48 hours post treatment. These data suggest that tumor debulking using image-guided thermal therapy can be successfully incorporated within a curative protocol in which immunotherapy is initiated before ablation. Citation Format: Matthew T. Silvestrini, Elizabeth S. Ingham, Lisa M. Mahakian, Azadeh Kheirolomoom, Yu Liu, Brett Z. Fite, Sarah M. Tam, Samantha Tucci, Katherine D. Watson, Andrew W. Wong, Arta M. Monjazeb, Neil E. Hubbard, William J. Murphy, Alexander D. Borowsky, Katherine W. Ferrara. Neoadjuvant immunotherapy improves efficacy of image-guided thermal ablation to generate curative responses in a murine breast cancer model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 576. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-576


War and neutrality — Warfare on land — Occupation of enemy territory — Legislative, judicial and administrative functions of Occupant — Geneva Convention relative to Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, 1949 (Article 64) — Repeal or suspension of penal laws in occupied territory — Discretion of Occupying Power regarding investigations, rules of procedure and evidence before military courts-Operation of dual legal system in occupied territory — Position of new Government as new sovereign — Function of military courts — Nature of military legislation — Defence (Emergency) Regulations — The law of Israel


Abstract Background In May 2018, an outbreak of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) neurologic disease was detected at Children's Hospital Colorado (CHCO) prompting a public health investigation. We characterized clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings during this outbreak. Methods A case was defined as meningitis, encephalitis, or acute flaccid myelitis with EV-A71 identified from a biologic specimen in a child examined at CHCO after March 1, 2018. Biologic specimens from children with neurologic disease and EV identified by clinical reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were typed by VP1 sequencing at CDC. Results As of July 20, 2018, 28 cases of EV-A71 neurologic disease were identified. This report describes the clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings for the first 13 children identified with EV-A71 neurologic disease, for whom complete information is available. The median age was 13 months (range = 10 days–35 months) and 11 (85%) were male. Neurologic presentations included 12 (92%) with meningitis, 9 (69%) with encephalitis, and 3 (23%) with acute flaccid myelitis (AFM). All 13 children had fever and irritability; 3 (23%) had hand, foot, and mouth disease. Neurologic signs included encephalopathy (n = 7, 54%), ataxia (n = 7, 54%), myoclonus (n = 6, 46%), limb weakness (n = 4, 31%), cranial nerve deficits (n = 2, 15%), and seizures (n = 1, 8%). Nine (90%) of 10 children with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen analyzed had a pleocytosis (>5 white blood cells/uL); 6 of 8 (75%) children who had brain imaging showed abnormalities, with 5 (63%) in the brainstem, 3 (38%) in the cerebellum, and 3 (38%) in the spinal cord. All 13 children had EV-A71 identified in nasopharyngeal, pharyngeal, or fecal specimens; only 2 of 11 (18%) tested had EV identified in CSF. All 13 children were hospitalized and 4 (31%) required intensive care. The 3 (23%) children with AFM had residual limb weakness at time of discharge. All children survived. Conclusion EV-A71 should be considered when children present with myoclonus, ataxia, or limb weakness in the setting of a febrile illness. Testing of nonsterile sites (respiratory, pharyngeal, or fecal) should be considered when CNS disease associated with EV is suspected and initial CSF testing is negative. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.


We have investigated the mechanisms underlying resistance to the drug diazaborine in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We used UV mutagenesis to generate resistant mutants, which were divided into three different complementation groups. The resistant phenotype in these groups was found to be caused by allelic forms of the genes AFG2, PDR1, andPDR3. The AFG2 gene encodes an AAA (ATPases associated to a variety of cellularactivities) protein of unknown function, whilePDR1 and PDR3 encode two transcriptional regulatory proteins involved in pleiotropic drug resistance development. The isolated PDR1–12 and PDR3–33alleles carry mutations that lead to a L1044Q and a Y276H exchange, respectively. In addition, we report that overexpression of Yap1p, the yeast homologue of the transcription factor AP1, results in a diazaborine-resistant phenotype. The YAP1-mediated diazaborine resistance is dependent on the presence of functionalPDR1 and PDR3 genes, although PDR3had a more pronounced effect. These results provide the first evidence for a functional link between the Yap1p-dependent stress response pathway and Pdr1p/Pdr3p-dependent development of pleiotropic drug resistance.


Scrape-off-layer (SOL) convection in fusion experiments appears to be a universal phenomenon that can "short-circuit" the divertor in some cases. The theory of "blob" transport provides a simple and robust physical paradigm for studying convective transport. This paper summarizes recent advances in the theory of blob transport and its comparison with 2D and 3D computer simulations. We also discuss the common physical basis relating radial transport of blobs, pellets, and ELMs and a new blob regime that may lead to a connection between blob transport and the density limit.


The Blume-Emery-Griffiths model is simulated using the cooling algorithm which is improved from the Creutz cellular automaton (CCA) under periodic boundary conditions. The simulations are carried out on a simple cubic lattice at K/J = −1.5 in the range of −3.5 < D/J < 0.5, with J and K representing the nearestneighbour bilinear and biquadratic interactions, D being the single-ion anisotropy parameter. The phase diagram characterizing phase transition of the model is obtained. We found different kinds of phase transitions between the ferromagnetic, quadrupolar, staggered quadrupolar and ferrimagnetic phases for K/J = −1.5. In particular, the region of the phase diagram containing a ferrimagnetic phase is explored and compared to those obtained by other methods. The simulations confirm that the ferrimagnetic phase occurs in the narrow interval −3.006 ≤ D/J < −3. This result is in a good agreement with Monte Carlo renormalization group and closer to the cluster variation method result than the mean field approximation result.


Tissue factor (TF) exists in an encrypted, inactive form and an active, procoagulant form. The extracellular domain of TF contains two disulfide bonds. The crystal structure of the active form of TF reveals Cys186 and Cys209 in an unusual solvent-exposed disulfide bond. It was recently proposed that encrypted TF contains two free thiols at Cys186 and Cys209, and formation of a disulfide bond between Cys186 and Cys209 is associated with the decryption of TF (Chen et al, Biochemistry 2006). To characterize the structural differences between the putative encrypted TF and active TF, containing one and two disulfide bonds respectively, we developed an assay to quantitate the free thiols and disulfide bonds in recombinant TF and examined the solvent accessibility of the two disulfide bonds under native and denatured conditions. The perturbations of chromophores of TF by UV difference spectroscopy during specific reduction of Cys186–Cys209 were then examined. In order to quantitate the free thiols and disulfide bonds, TF was subjected to Alexa 488-maleimide (green) labeling to identify any free thiols and, after reduction with TCEP, a second labeling with Alexa 647-maleimide (red) to identify newly exposed free thiols formerly involved in disulfide bonds. Alexa-labeled TF was subjected to SDS gel electrophoresis and the gel was developed on a fluorescence imager to provide quantitative analysis of the integrated fluorescence intensity for each Alexa dye separately. The molar concentrations of free thiol in TF before TCEP treatment and thiols exposed after reduction were determined by comparison to calibration curves that were generated using Alexa maleimide-albumin conjugates. Recombinant TF in solution contains 0.2 moles of free thiol. Upon treatment with 10 mM TCEP under native conditions, TF is partially reduced and contains 1.97 moles of half cystine thiols. TF is fully reduced by 10 mM TCEP under denaturing conditions in the presence of 4 M urea (4.29 moles of thiols, theoretical=4.0 moles). This is consistent with the observation that only one disulfide bond is solvent-exposed in native TF and is accessible for reduction. We then performed ultraviolet absorption difference spectroscopy using the partitioned cell technique to monitor any structural transition during partial reduction of TF. The UV difference spectrum comparing the TCEP-treated TF and unreduced TF showed three peaks, one at 278 nm, a major peak at 285 nm and a small shoulder at 292 nm, that is characteristic of red-shifts in absorption of both tyrosine and tryptophan. Under the conditions employed, this conformational transition was completed in 60 minutes. These results comparing fully oxidized, active TF and partially reduced, encrypted TF indicate that tyrosine and tryptophan residues in TF become protected from solvent upon reduction of the Cys186–Cys209 disulfide bond. In conclusion, we have demonstrated by a new assay that only one disulfide bond within active TF is solvent-exposed and accessible for reduction. The partial reduction of TF at this disulfide bond results in a conformational transition that is associated with the protection of tyrosine and tryptophan residues, indicating structural difference between active TF and encrypted, inactive TF.


In BIM environments for infrastructures, civil structures such as road, bridge and tunnel etc., created into 3D objects, integrated with their properties, securing BIM design productivity is very critical during 3D modeling. To solve this issue, configuring BIM libraries so that the users can utilize prefabricating in advance 3D objects that have been applying repeatedly during BIM design is essential so much. Current BIM libraries have made focused on Ready-Made for architectural facilities. However, establishing environment for delivering BIM library for civil facilities is very sparse. Accordingly, this study developed a web-based sharing system for delivering BIM library contents based on standardized drawing for civil area. To do this, we have analyzed core features and operation system of BIM library sharing system in domestic and overseas. Besides, functional requirements that are necessary for developing BIM library sharing system was derived, and through operation scenario configuration, the web-based system was developed according to the detailed mechanism. It is expected that this system can enhance BIM design productivity during library based modeling, and can be utilized as construction supporting tools that can help construction managers to make a design change.


Multiple peaks, recently observed in the low temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of GaAs/AlGaAs single quantum wells fabricated by momentarily interrupting the molecular beam epitaxial growth between adjacent but different semiconductor layers, have been interpreted as originating within smooth regions in the quantum well layer differing in width by exactly one monolayer. We have observed similar structure in similarly grown samples but find that low temperature PL can be misleading. However, higher temperature PL or PL excitation spectroscopy do provide unambiguous evidence for the model of interface smoothing due to growth interruption. Further, time-resolved spectra yield decay times of the individual peaks which are consistent with this interpretation.


For many people, living with tinnitus is a highly distressing experience. Theoretical models have identified a number of factors to explain why some individuals experience distress while others do not. However, there is no agreement on the psychological processes involved. This study has introduced emotional processing as an explanatory concept for the experience of persistent tinnitus distress. Emotional processing involves active engagement with and expression of emotions in order to cope successfully with life events. The Emotional Processing Model (EPM) identifies a range of emotional behaviours or emotional processing styles which promote or inhibit emotional processing. The survey study measured emotional processing using the Emotional Processing Scale (EPS-25) with 47 adult participants referred to an NHS Trust's Audiology Outpatient Clinics for tinnitus assessment. The data collected were analysed to assess the extent of the relationship between specific emotional processing deficits and tinnitus distress and to determine if the age and gender of participants and the duration of their tinnitus were contributory factors to tinnitus distress. The results indicated that individuals who are distressed by their tinnitus process their emotions less effectively than those who are not distressed and that, of the contributory variables examined, poor emotional processing was found to be the single significant explanatory factor for their tinnitus distress. Interviews were subsequently held with a small sample of other people who experienced tinnitus distress to explore their experiences and the relationship between emotional processing and tinnitus distress. The findings supported the results of the survey study. Taken together, the study has contributed to the understanding of tinnitus distress with the introduction of the EPM and the EPS-25 and has generated new knowledge to inform future therapeutic interventions and the research agenda.


Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in females, and the majority of patients succumb to metastasis. The present study aimed to investigate the association between tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 (A20), NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) and tumor-associated macrophage polarization, and their effects on the proliferation and metastasis of breast cancer cells. The expression of A20 in breast cancer cells was analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and western blotting. RT-qPCR and western blotting were also used to confirm the transfection efficiency. The viability, clone formation, migration, invasion and angiogenesis of transfected breast cancer cells were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8, colony formation, wound healing, Transwell and tube formation assays, respectively. Activated macrophages, namely M1 and M2 type macrophages, were observed by double staining immunofluorescence. The levels of M1 and M2 macrophage markers were analyzed by qPCR. The expression of angiogenesis-related proteins and NLRP3 inflammasome activation-associated proteins was detected by western blotting. The results revealed that A20 was highly expressed in breast cancer cells. Interference with A20 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, migration and angiogenesis of breast cancer cells, and inhibited the M2-like polarization of macrophages. Interference with A20 promoted the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. The NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 alleviated the effect of interference with A20 to promote macrophage proliferation and recruitment, as well as M2-like polarization. In conclusion, interference with A20 inhibited macrophage proliferation and M2-like polarization through the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway to inhibit breast cancer progression.


This article presents a detailed description of the single event test methods used to evaluate two different component sets conforming to the Fiber Channel (FC) commercial highspeed serial bus standard. The devices tested perform the hierarchically low-level functions such as transmission coding and actual electrical or optical linking. Pertinent portions of the FC specification, and details of the test setup and methods are presented prior to description of the observed error types, correlation of error types to source circuitry, and radiation test results. The authors conclude that one of these COTS device sets may be suitable for space use with the use of additional circuit hardening, and that the other (also a COTS device set) is not suitable for space use. The test methods and descriptions of error types should prove useful in preparation for future FC component SEE testing.


Purposes: The purpose of this study was to determine the pattern of mortality in children's Federal District. Knowledge of the epidemiology of injuries is essential for planning, implementation and evaluation of preventive measures. Methods: We analyzed the forensic examination documents of all children under 12 years sent to the IML-DF, during 2010. The data analyzed included age, gender, cause of death (i.e.natural or external), mechanism of death (traffic accident, asphyxia, firearm injuries, poisoning, heat injuries) and the medical cause of death. Results: A large number of children (n = 123 total; n = 71 males, n = 52 females) were examined in the IML-DF, Brasilia, Brazil. Mean age was 37.96 months, with a median of 12 months, and 21% of children were younger than 1 month. There were 62 cases (33 males and 29 female) classified as natural deaths. The average age for natural deaths was 18.72 months. Most cases of natural death occurred in the first year of life (n = 50), being prevalent in the first month of life (n = 24). Among the 62 cases analyzed, six were stillborns, 13 suffered intrauterine fetal distress (e.g. placental insufficiency, prematurity and meconium aspiration), 36 had lung problems (e.g. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), bronchopneumonia, pulmonary hemorrhage, interstitial pneumonitis and infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS)), five had neurologicalproblems (e.g. hydrocephalus, hydranencephaly,convulsive seizures and meningitis) and two had undetermined cause of death. There were also isolated cases of heart disease, leukemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, peritonitis causedby acute appendicitisand amniotic bandsyndrome. There were 61 cases of deaths from external causes, as a consequence of the following: blunt instrument, firearm, physical agent (i.e.heat), physicochemical agent (i.e.asphyxia) and chemical agent (i.e.poisoning). Conclusions: The profile of deaths from external causesin this developing country follows a trend similar to trends reported in the literature for other developing countries. The majority of deaths are accidental, with traffic accidents being the most frequent cause, followed by asphyxia (i.e.aspiration of gastric contents and drownings). Sporadic cases of poisoning, injuries from firearms, accidents and fires also occur.


In this paper, we present a direct method to solve optimal control problems based on the least square formulation of the state dynamics. In this approach, we approximate the state and control variables in a finite dimensional Hilbert space. We impose the state dynamics as a weighted integral formulation based on the least square method to solve initial value problems. We analyze the resulting nonlinear programming problem to derive a set of conditions under which the costates of the optimal control problem can be estimated from the associated Karush-Kuhn-Tucker multipliers. We present numerical examples to demonstrate the applicability of the present method.


This paper discusses the importance of going beyond the classroom to provide EFL learners with out-of-class opportunities to use their language skills in real-world situations with same-age peers. It introduces the Asian Youth Forum (AYF), a unique series of international youth conferences designed by English language educators in Asia that aims at promoting cross-cultural awareness, communication skills, leadership and international understanding through the medium of English-as-a-global-language. The Asian Youth Forum is an annual 1-week event that brings together college-aged EFL students from across the Asian region. Participants typically comprise 30 - 80 young people from 10 - 15 countries such as Japan, Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia and the Philippines. During this all-English event, students take part in a rich program of academic seminars, presentations and social events built around the themes of language, culture, global issues, and leadership. This paper outlines the aims and history of the Asian Youth Forum , describes its design and special features and reports on the program's outcomes in terms of student attitudes, language development, learner identity and international understanding. The author concludes by calling for further EFL youth exchanges of this type in other regions of the world.


Recordings of single-unit responses in the auditory nerve of normal and kanamycin-treated Mongolian gerbils indicate that inner and outer hair cells of the cochlea interact in phase opposition. After kanamycin treatment, the firing rate in some fibers is increased during the basilar membrane motion toward scala vestibuli, in others, during its motion towards scala tympani. Because of statistical correlation with anatomical changes and characteristic time patterns, the first response polarity is associated with inner hair cells, the second, with outer hair cells. It is shown that normal responses can be reconstructed from the two kinds of responses seen after kanamycin treatment. The phase opposition between inner and outer hair cells, in connection with the expected effect of spiral fibers, provides an explanation for neural sharpening of mechanical filter action in the cochlea.


ABSTRACT Limited data on harvest and population parameters are impediments to assessing shorebird harvest sustainability. Because of sharp declines in shorebird populations, timely conservation efforts require approaches that account for uncertainty in harvest sustainability. We combined harvest assessment and ethnographic research to better understand shorebird conservation concerns related to subsistence harvest in Alaska and to support culturally sensible conservation actions. Our objectives were to (1) estimate the Alaska-wide shorebird subsistence harvest and (2) document shorebird indigenous knowledge on the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta. Harvest estimates were based on surveys conducted in 1990–2015 (n = 775 community-years). Key respondent interviews conducted in 2017 (n = 72) documented shorebird ethnotaxonomy and ethnography. The Alaska-wide shorebird harvest was 2,783 birds per year, including 1,115 godwits per year—mostly Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica baueri), whose population has low harvest potential. The egg harvest was 4,678 eggs per year, mostly small shorebird eggs. We documented 24 Yup'ik shorebird names and 10 main ethnotaxonomic categories. Children learning harvesting skills focused on small birds and adults also occasionally harvested shorebirds, but shorebirds were not primary food or cultural resources. Older generations associated shorebirds with a time when people were closer to nature and their cultural roots. Shorebirds connected people with the environment as well as with Yup'ik traditions and language. Our results can inform improvements to harvest assessment and management, as well as outreach and communication efforts to engage subsistence users in shorebird conservation.


Present study was conducted in the hilly district of Bandipora of Jammu and Kashmir. The district was divided into low-lying (Sonawari), medium altitude (Bandipora) and High altitude (Gurez) regions. A total of 477 respondents were considered for the survey. Information on varied aspects of sheep economics was sought from the respondents (sheep rearers) based on a pre-tested questionnaire. The total annual expenditure for 19 ewes and followers under prevailing production system was Rs 75083.63 while it was Rs 153032.24, Rs 291480.5 for a sheep unit of 34 ewes and 1 ram, 63 ewes and 2 rams, respectively. Cost of feeding was the major cost component representing more than 70% of total expenditure. Profitability increased with increase in flock size. Under prevailing production system, a sheep unit consisting of 63 ewes and 2 rams was more profitable than sheep units with lower flock size. Net income/year and net income/animal/year was highest in Sonawari followed by Bandipora and least in Gurez region. Present study showed that annual returns on sheep production increase with increase in flock size and feeding expenses represent the single largest component of expenditure on sheep rearing. Further, a sheep unit of 60 above flock size is more or less sufficient to sustain a medium sized family under prevailing production system.


The 101 MHz rf amplifiers for a RFQ, an IH-structure and two bunchers for the CERN Lead Injector were provided by GSI Darmstadt. The accelerating structures required amplifiers up to 400 kW while the bunchers needed about 2 kW, both with a pulse length of 1 ms at a repetition rate of 10 Hz. The special properties of the amplifiers, technical difficulties and their cure in respect of rf-circuits, output coupling, parasitic oscillations of the final stage and fulfillment of the new CE-Standards are reported. A second part of the report describes the low level rf-circuits which were built by CERN.


Gene frequencies for nine genetic marker systems are presented for the following Chilean coastal populations: Paposo, Carelmapu, Laitec and Ukika. Historical and anthropological data suggest the presence of descendants of the Amerindian populations, specifically of Changos, Cuncos, Chonos and Yamanas in these populations. Results indicate that the studied groups maintain an important aboriginal genetic composition. According to Amerindian admixture estimates, the genetic isolation of coastal populations is lower than that of inland populations, suggesting that proximity to the sea facilitated gene flow. Genetic distances and dendrograms were obtained for these populations and another four Chilean Indian populations. Results agree with expectations, taking geographic isolation and non-aboriginal admixture into account.


In asthmatic children, clenbuterol causes bronchodilatation for 12h. Ipratropium bromide plus fenoterol is effective in stopping dry irritable cough related to bronchial obstruction. Sustained-release theophylline is effective with therapeutic serum and saliva concentrations for 16h. Ambroxol hydrochloride provides an additional therapy for bronchial obstructure since it reduces cough and sputum output. Cromoglycate and ketotifen are appropriate for long term treatment, and a combination of bronchodilators may offer better control of nocturnal asthma.


The interaction of nanoparticles with cells and organisms are often the focus of biomedical, material, and environmental research. This article highlights a paper by Yuliang Zhao, Chunying Chen, Ruhong Zhou, and co-workers (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011, 108, 16968), which brings a new aspect to the discussion about purpose and mechanisms underlying the reaction of an organism with nanoparticles. The interactions of carbon nanotubes with cells were investigated with regard to the defense mechanisms of the body against foreign materials developed during evolution. Such mechanisms are not only important for nanotoxicity research, but also for targeting nanoparticles in medical applications. The cited article thus gives a new focus to an important aspect of nanotechnology, which will determine the application aspects of this technology in future: the approach of biological systems to nanosized particles.


This research study uses Genre Pedagogy (GP) grounded on Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) and the Teaching Learning Cycle to develop heritage Spanish students persuasive writing skills with a focus on the subjunctive mood and modality. Heritage Spanish (HS) students acquire the heritage language in informal settings through the interactions with their family members, friends, and members of their communities. However, once HS speakers start their schooling years, their instruction is in English, and the use and input of their heritage language diminishes, resulting in the erosion of many linguistic features (Scontras et al., 2015). According to many studies, the Spanish subjunctive is one the first linguistic features that suffers erosion or is incompletely acquired (Blake, 1983; Montrul, 2020). This statement is supported by the Regression Hypothesis, which states that the last linguistic feature the speaker learned is the first one to suffer erosion, simplification, or omission (Bardovi-Harliga & Stringer, 2010). The genre of persuasion was chosen because it triggers the use of subjunctive mood and  modality. At the same time, this study fills the gap of using a genre approach to develop knowledge on a challenging linguistic feature of the heritage language like the subjunctive.


The aim of this research is to know the influence of profit and cash flow toward share price. The researcher uses double regression linear method, because it suitable with the aim of this research which is to analyze the influence of independent variable toward dependent variable. Independent variable is net profit whereas the dependent variable is net profit whereas the dependent variable is share price. This research had done in manufacture company which is listed in Indonesia stock exchange. The selection of company's criteria using purpose method sampling and the result showed that there were 30 companies in five periods (2008-2009). The result of this research shows that the net profit has negative influence to share price whereas cash flow has positive influence. The whole result shows that profit and cash flow influence share price for the next researcher is better to use the length of research's period more than five years and add other research's variables to make a research in different company.


A 22kW, 360RPM, 8-pole high temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous motor with Holmium (Ho)-123 field coils at liquid nitrogen temperature was designed, manufactured and tested. This motor employs an axial gap rotating-armature construction and consists of one field assembly and two armature assemblies. The field employs eight single pancake coils which are wound with the world's first developed Ho-123 HTS wire. Ho-123 wire has potential high critical current density, which is expected to be as large as 100 times of BSCCO wire. Each coil is wound with 15m wire and the field can carry 75A current at liquid nitrogen temperature. We investigated coils AC behaviour and proposed a new way to minimize AC loss. A new method to suppress field current ripple is employed in this motor. A large variety of motor experiments were carried out and compared to the 3D model analysis that was conducted by Finite Element Method (FEM) showing the results met all its design goals. This paper provides the key designs of the motor, the analysis, tests of field coils and the motor.


Today's knowledge on oesophageal adenocarcinoma and its rising incidence has encouraged researcher to illustrate relationship between Barrett's disease and progression to adenocarcinoma. The incidence of this disease has been accelerated sharply in current decades since people life has changed. Studies have been demonstrated that several potential factors including genetical  and environmental factors are involved on Barrett's transformation. Using different detectable biomarkers and techniques have supported early recognition of adenocarcinoma but still have not clarified pathogenesis of Barrett's oesophagus to oesophageal adenocarcinoma. This review summarizes as much as information in relationship with those evidences that have been finalised in different aspects of cellular and molecular pathogenesis of OA. However, current data shows that bacteria might play new role in the pathogenesis of adenocarcinoma.


Many students assume that writing is the most difficult subject among the other language skills because the process of writing not only writes what they feel but also convey a message to the readers. Therefore, the students have problems to make good writing. In addition, there are two categories of problems; linguistic problems and non linguistic problems. Moreover, this research focuses on the non linguistic problems.
The purpose of this study is to know the problems faced by students in writing essay both in individual work and in group work.
The research design in this research is descriptive qualitative because in this research the data of the study were analyzed qualitatively in the form of narration. The subject of this research was class F students of the fifth semester of English Department at University of Muhammadiyah Malang who were taking writing III subject because the lecturer applied both individual work and group work as the techniques in teaching writing. To collect the data, the writer used questionnaire as the instrument. The researcher used unstructured or open questionnaire.
The finding of this research was there were six problems faced by students in individual work, (1) the limited ideas (70%), (2) the students' difficulty to choose appropriate ideas (7%), (3) no one to check the students' writing (4%), (4) the students' low motivation to write (2%), (5) inability to share ideas with the others (2%), (6) the students' difficulty to understand the materials (2%).
In addition, there were nine problems in writing essay when they worked in group, (1) the students' difficulty to combine the different ideas (67%), (2) the dependence to other students (28%), (3) inconfidence to express the ideas in front of their friends (7%), (4) the students' difficulty to unify the members of the group (7%), (5) the students' low motivation (4%), (6) the students' difficulty to focus on the writing (2%), (7) the students' difficulty to understand their friends' opinions(2%), (8) the students' difficulty to do the assignment punctually (2%), (9) the limited ideas (2%).
The result of the study showed that the problems in group work were more significant than the problems in the individual work. There were several factors. First, doing assignment in group work consumed a lot of time. Second, in group work, the students tended to depend on their friends' job while they were busy with their own activities without doing the assignment. Third, in group work, the lecturer was more difficult to control the class during the teaching and learning process.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Exercise testing (ET) is the preferred initial strategy for risk stratification in patients who are able to exercise and have an interpretable electrocardiogram. However, although it is often suggested and widely applied, its usefulness years after myocardial infarction (MI) is questionable. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the value of exercise testing in predicting the risk of fatal or non-fatal reinfarction in patients with chronic stable coronary artery disease (CAD) due to old myocardial infarction.

METHODS
Our study involved 766 consecutive stable subjects [mean (SD) age 57 (8.6) years; male: 89%] with stable CAD due to old MI [mean time from MI: 2.8 (0.75) years], who underwent a Bruce treadmill test and whose data were prospectively entered into our institutional database. Patients were followed up for an average of 7 (0.6) years.

RESULTS
Reinfarction was observed in 62 patients; 54 non-fatal and 8 (13%) fatal. Relative risk (RR) of cardiac death for subjects with reinfarction was 4.02 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.46 to 6.55]. Univariate predictors of fatal or non-fatal reinfarction were: multivessel disease (RR 7.99, CI 1.12 to 56.82), EF < 40% (RR 2.91, CI 1.64 to 7.17), ST depression on rest ECG (RR 2.4, CI 1.30 to 4.45), BP increase with exercise < 10 mmHg (RR 2.36, CI 1.41 to 3.93), BP/HR interaction < 10 mmHg + < 85% max (RR 2.16, CI 1.24 to 3.76). Markers of reduced risk of recurrence included low-risk Duke Treadmill Score (RR 0.55, CI 0.33 to 0.91) and EF > or = 40% (RR 0.34, CI 0.19 to 0.60). A Cox regression model with clinical and exercise parameters detected ST depression on rest ECG (RR 1.47, CI 1.07 to 2.02), BP increase with exercise < 10 mmHg (RR 1.41, CI 1.07 to 1.87), low-risk Duke Treadmill Score (RR 0.79, CI 0.60 to 1.02). A model with coronary anatomy and ejection fraction was also able to identify multivessel disease (RR 2.95, CI 1.43 to 6.09), EF < 40% (RR 1.62, CI 1.17 to 2.25) and BP increase with exercise < 10 mmHg (RR 2.53, CI 1.35 to 4.71).

CONCLUSIONS
Stable patients with a history of MI represent a very low-risk population in whom reinfarction continues to have a severe prognosis. ET is unable to identify subjects in whom there is a risk of recurrence, especially if only ischemic parameters are evaluated (in this setting, a clinical or anatomic risk stratification may be better). The application of the Duke Treadmill Score could help to identify a very low-risk group in which no additional testing is required. Therefore, routine ET in stable patients with a history of MI is better at identifying a very low-risk group than in predicting recurrence.


The invention relates to a method for producing one-component sealing and coating compounds with a polyurethane base. The inventive method provides a simpler means of production as well as guaranteeing improved storage stability of the compounds produced, and comprises the following steps: agitating a mixture of polyol components and one diisocyanate component to obtain an isocyanate prepolymer with a residual content of monomeric diisocyanate of > 2 wt per ct; dispersing pigments and inorganic fillers in the mixture and adding a solvent whilst agitating, the residual content of monomeric diisocyanate reacting with the moisture provided by the fillers so as to obtain an H2O content of < 0.01 wt per ct in the reaction mixture; adding an H2O-reactive latent hardener and optionally, at least one catalyst, and airtight packing of the resulting sealing and coating compound.


The author recalls the notion of the domain derivative of a functional. The existence and a characterization of the domain derivative of the far-field pattern for a scattering problem with Dirichlet boundary condition is proved. The second part uses this characterization for an efficient implementation of a Gauss-Newton method for solving the inverse obstacle scattering problem. The author deals with the sensitivity of the linearized obstacle problem.


Cell death, including autophagy, necroptosis, and apoptosis, is a physiological process critical for normal development and function of multicellular organisms. Many of the signals that elicit cell death converge on mitochondria, which regulate cell death by a pivotal process called mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). In apoptosis, MOMP is tightly regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins, composed of both proapoptotic (Bax, Bak, Bid, Bim) and antiapoptotic (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-W) members, which act in part by governing mitochondrial death signaling through cytochrome C release and subsequent activation of caspases. Irrespective of caspase activity, MOMP can lead to cell death by causing a progressive decline in mitochondrial function. Under certain circumstances, however, a cell can survive cell death; its survival may have pathophysiological consequences leading to cancer, autoimmunity, neurodegeneration, and resistance to cancer therapies. This webinar will examine how identification of dysregulated cell-death mechanisms underpinning various pathologies can be exploited to develop novel treatments for cancer and neurodegenerative diseases that directly activate the cell-death machinery.
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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Our group has previously demonstrated that men with Sertoli Cell Only Syndrome (SCO) demonstrate a 17x downregulation of miR-202-5p compared to testis biopsies from normal controls. We subsequently demonstrated that using an inducible model of SCO in mice does not deplete miR-202-5p levels. In this study, we sought to computationally evaluate mRNA targets for miR-202-5p, test for miR-202-5p to 3UTR interactions, and evaluate the impact of in vivo delivery of a miR-202-5p inhibitor on spermatogenesis. METHODS: Computationally predicted mRNA targets of miR-202-5p were created using RNAseq and miRNAseq biological data from 44 testis biopsies. A custom multi-parametric, multi-dimensional association of vectors was used to capture both linear and non-linear algorithms via neural network machine learning. To validate miR-202-5p interactions with the 3UTR of CHEK1 gene, a luciferase reporter assay was used. These reporter plasmids were transfected and later transduced in Human Embryonal Kidney (HEK293) cells prior to measuring luciferase activity in the presence of miR-202-5p. To test the in-vivo impact, 50nM FITC-labelled miR-202-5p inhibitor was injected into murine efferent ducts along with a scrambled control miRNA on the contralateral side. Testes were subsequently evaluated via histology and immunofluorescence. RESULTS: MiR-202-5p was found to be heavily implicated in epidermal growth factor (EGF) pathway regulation and cell cycle control. The computationally derived results were validated in vitro with using miRNA-3UTR luciferase reporters where miR-202-5p reduced the luciferase activity of cells transduced with CHEK1 3UTRs but not when the 3UTR was designed with a mutated seed region. We further confirmed the critical role miR-202-5p exerts during spermatogenesis by observing a knockdown of spermatogenesis in murine testis tubules in the presence of a miR-202-5p inhibitor, and maintenance of spermatogenesis in the presence of a scrambled control miRNA. CONCLUSIONS: In follow-up to our previous studies investigating the role of miR-202-5p, we demonstrated that miR-202-5p is largely implicated in EGF pathway regulation in Sertoli cells maintaining an end-differentiated state. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-202-5p is critical to spermatogenesis as in vivo inhibition results in spermatogenic knockdown and SCO histopathology. Further research is prudent to determine the role of miR-202-5p therapy to potentially restore spermatogenesis in men with non-obstructive azoospermia. Source of Funding: This work was supported by: P50 HD076210, U1 1U01HD074542-01, Frederick J. and Theresa Dow Wallace Fund of the New York Community Trust, the Mr. Robert S. Dow Foundation, Irena and Howard Laks Foundation; Urology Care Foundation Research Scholar Award Program and AUA New York Section E. Darracott Vaughan MD, Research Scholar Award.


For a family of sets we consider elements that belong to the same sets within the family as companions. The global dynamics of a reactions system (as introduced by Ehrenfeucht and Rozenberg) can be represented by a directed graph, called a transition graph, which is uniquely determined by a one-out subgraph, called the 0-context graph. We consider the companion classes of the outsets of a transition graph and introduce a directed multigraph, called an essential motion, whose vertices are such companion classes. We show that all one-out graphs obtained from an essential motion represent 0-context graphs of reactions systems with isomorphic transition graphs. All such 0-context graphs are obtained from one another by swapping the outgoing edges of companion vertices.


Long term cultures of rat granulosa cells were grown in serum-free medium, consisting of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium mixed 1:1 with Ham's nutrient F-12 medium and supplemented with insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone, and fibronectin (4F medium). In sparse cultures (10(4) cells/cm2), the granulosa cells were steroidogenically responsive to ovine FSH (NIADDK-oFSH-15) during days 1-2 and 10-14 (responsive periods). The major steroids produced were 20 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone (20 alpha-OH-P) and 5 alpha-pregnane, 3 alpha,20 alpha-diol (pregnanediol). However, as of day 3, the cells gradually lost their steroidogenic responsiveness which was inhibited by 88% at day 7 (refractory period). Nevertheless, from day 8 onward, the cells regained their responsiveness which was fully restored at day 12. The transient loss of responsiveness was uniquely associated with progestin biosynthesis, since FSH-induced aromatase activity declined to background levels within 12 days and was never restored again. The loss of progestin responsiveness was not due to lack of cAMP because FSH induced increasing levels of cAMP accumulation, reaching maximal values on day 7 in culture. On the other hand, the onset of the refractory period occurred concomitantly with the entry of the cultured cells into a synchronous proliferation phase, during which the cell population doubled. Thereafter, as DNA synthesis ceased, the cells regained their steroidogenic responsiveness. A deliberate arrest of cell replication, in the presence of excess thymidine or in high density cultures, prevented the temporal loss of activity. The data presented favor the notion that cell proliferation and expression of differentiated functions are inversely related. It is suggested that growth-related processes suppress steroidogenesis by an as yet unknown mechanism.


Among substances which may prove useful in preventing or reducing the progression of glycooxidative modifications of proteins, heparin plays a unique role. To elucidate the mechanism whereby heparin may favourably influence the protein structure during glycation, human serum albumin (HSA) was glycated with both 25 and 50 mM glucose in the absence and presence of 12 microg.mL(-1) low-molecular-mass heparin. Glycation caused: (a) modifications of fluorescence emission and excitation spectra consistent with the covalent attachment of glucose to protein; (b) a significant increase in the esterase activity of HSA on p-nitrophenyl acetate; (c) a reduced susceptibility to tryptic digestion and (d) enhanced formation of high-molecular mass aggregates of HSA. These alterations were accompanied by oxidative reactions, as the EPR spectra showed a clear-cut radical signal, dependent on glucose concentration, further confirmed by measurement of the carbonyl content of HSA, as an indirect proof of oxidative damage. In the presence of heparin all the above alterations, especially at 25 mM glucose, turned out to be antagonized. The effects of heparin were dependent on its specific binding to HSA, which triggered an oxidative mechanism strikingly different from that caused by glucose. In the presence of heparin, only the radical species catalyzed by heparin was detected across all samples of glycated HSA, irrespective of glucose concentration. In addition, at 25 mM glucose, enhancement of the oxidative capacity of heparin was also observed. The results demonstrate that the oxidative mechanism sustained by heparin mediates biological effects that may be beneficial in reducing the extent of glycooxidative damage on HSA.


Due to the need of increasing thermal efficiency, supercritical pressure and temperature have been utilized in power plants. It is well known that 9Cr1Mo steel is suitable for use in power plants operating at supercritical conditions. Therefore, to ensure the safety and the soundness of the power plant, creep characterization of the steel is important. In this study, the creep characterization of the 9Cr1Mo steel using small punch creep(SP-Creep) test has been described. The applied load and the central displacement of the specimen in SP-Creep test have been converted to bearing stress and strain of arc, respectively. The converted SP-Creep curves clearly showed the typical three-stage behavior of creep. The steady-state creep rate and the rupture time of the steel logarithmically changed with the bearing stress and satisfied the power law relationship. Furthermore, the Larson-Miller parameter of the SP-Creep test agreed with that of the tensile creep test. From the comparison with low Cr-Mo steels, the creep characteristics of 9Cr1Mo steel proved to be superior. Thus, it can be confirmed that the 9Cr1Mo steel is suitable for supercritical power plant.


Using seed based FC analysis, we investigated alterations in functional connectivity of amygdala subregional networks in a relatively large sample of adolescent MDD. Our findings identified adolescent MDD patients, compared to HC, have anomalous amygdala subregional functional network connections to several brain regions that play a pivotal role in emotional and cognitive processing, which may contribute to revealing the pathophysiology underlying MDD. These findings were not detected when using the whole amygdala as seeds, further verify the significance of analyses at the subregion level.


We derive the correction due to noncommutativity of space on Born approximation, then the correction for the case of Yukawa potential is explicitly calculated. The correction depends on the angle of scattering. Using partial wave method it is shown that the conservation of the number of particles in elastic scattering is also valid in noncommutative spaces which means that the unitarity relation is held in noncommutative spaces. We also show that the noncommutativity of space has no effect on the optical theorem.


Background Beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-3 (B4GALT3) belongs to the family of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases (B4GALTs) and is responsible for the transfer of UDP-galactose to terminal N-acetylglucosamine. B4GALT3 is differentially expressed in tumors and adjacent normal tissues, and is correlated with clinical prognosis in several cancers, including neuroblastoma, cervical cancer, and bladder cancer. However, the exact role of B4GALT3 in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) remains unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate the function of B4GALT3 in the TIME. Methods To study the functions of B4GALT3 in cancer immunity, either weakly or strongly immunogenic tumor cells were subcutaneously transplanted into wild-type (WT) and B4galt3 knockout (KO) mice. Bone marrow transplantation and CD8+ T cell depletion experiments were conducted to elucidate the role of immune cells in suppressing tumor growth in B4galt3 KO mice. The cell types and gene expression in the tumor region and infiltrating CD8+ T cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and RNA sequencing. N-glycosylated proteins from WT and B4galt3 KO mice were compared using the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)-based glycoproteomic approach. Results B4galt3 KO mice exhibited suppressed growth of strongly immunogenic tumors with a notable increase in CD8+ T cell infiltration within tumors. Notably, B4galt3 deficiency led to changes in N-glycan modification of several proteins, including integrin alpha L (ITGAL), involved in T cell activity and proliferation. In vitro experiments suggested that B4galt3 KO CD8+ T cells were more susceptible to activation and displayed increased downstream phosphorylation of FAK linked to ITGAL. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that B4galt3 deficiency can potentially boost anti-tumor immune responses, largely through enhancing the influx of CD8+ T cells. B4GALT3 might be suppressing cancer immunity by synthesizing the glycan structure of molecules on the CD8+ T cell surface, as evidenced by the changes in the glycan structure of ITGAL in immune cells. Importantly, B4galt3 KO mice showed no adverse effects on growth, development, or reproduction, underscoring the potential of B4GALT3 as a promising and safe therapeutic target for cancer treatment.


This working paper elaborates on a series of written advising email exchanges conducted with an AYBU-SFL student who volunteered to become an advisee and receive online written advising from one of the researcher-LAs in this study. The study spans a period of seven months, final three months overlapping the pandemic-related lockdown during which instruction at the university was delivered online. The purpose was to exploit the strategies and tools of advising asynchronously via email utilizing Intentional Reflective Dialogue (IRD) to promote deeper reflection, while at the same time facilitating advisee engagement and encouraging advisee ownership by considering certain motivational processes, including emphasizing effort, creating hope, respecting power, building relationships, expressing enthusiasm, challenging and prompting. In the paper, the context and background, and the purpose are introduced briefly. Then the motivational processes used are presented with reference to the written advising data pointing out and illustrating how motivation-boosting elements were incorporated in this series of IRD email exchanges. Finally, the impact of exploiting motivational resources is further discussed so as to bring insights to how advisors' focus on motivational elements while conducting advising sessions influence the overall flow with respect to advisee engagement and ownership of the process.


Flow is an effective mental state in which an individual is so involved in an activity that time or space seem not to matter. This article investigates the "flow state" of illegal transborder Mon labours (ITMLs) from their home town in Mon State, Myanmar to Thailand during 2015-2017. The author employed qualitative research including interview in-depth and observations with thirty ITMLs. Then, the Boredom Proneness Checklist (BPC) were adopted to describe a negative experience of ITMLs. The flow state of optimal experience during their illegal transportations on AH1, Thailand revealed four motivational drivers of ITMLs. These were 1) cultural diffusion of passive, acceptance and boredom about their origin; 2) depression and inability to control their lives based on their own individual effort and creativity; 3) their personal skills of coverture equal required challenges; and 4) the holistic and joyful experience with total involvement during their journeys. For the ITMLs, the time of transportation was a motivating experience, especially for achieving their goal. The "flow" during transportation not only created self-satisfaction but also increased ability to 1) confront more challenging tasks; 2) learn to set clearer and higher goals for quality living; 3) control over individual actions; 4) forget about difficulties in time and space; and 5) establish a stronger sense of self-reliance.
Keywords: Flow Theory, ITMLs


Alicia Borinsky argues that the contemporary Latin American novel does not just ingeniously dismantle the referential claims of the more traditional novel; it offers a postmodern version of the lessons taught by fiction. Latin American fiction, perhaps the most inventive literature of recent decades, seems marked by its self-reflexivity, by its playful relationship to history and the everyday, and by its concerns with the ways in which language works. But is it, Borinsky asks, really a literature whose primary goal is to raise metafictional questions about writing and reading? While the effects of this literature include dismantling the illusions of realism, naturalism, and historicism, the haunting and disturbing energy of its major works lies in their capacity of invoke a region beyond literature through literature. Theoretical Fables progresses by way of close readings of the works of eight canonical-and not quite canonical-Latin American Authors. Borinsky argues that the Latin American "theoretical fable" has its origins in the work of the early twentieth-century Argentinean writer Macedonio Fernandez. In this light she studies the works of Jorge Luis Borges, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Julio Cortazar, Jose Donoso, Adolfo Bioy Cesares, Manuel Puig, and Maria Luisa Bombal.


We report a measurement of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) on 7-22 arcminute scales. Observations of 36 fields near the North Celestial Pole (NCP) were made at 31.7 and 14.5 GHz, using the 5.5-meter and 40-meter telescopes at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory (OVRO) from 1993 to 1996.
Multi-epoch VLA observations at 8.5 and 15 GHz allow removal of discrete source contamination. After point-source subtraction, we detect significant structure, which we identify with emission from a combination of a steep-spectrum foreground and the CMBR. The foreground component is found to correlate with IRAS 100 micron dust emission. Lack of H-alpha emission near the NCP suggests that this foreground is either high-temperature thermal bremsstrahlung (T_e ~ 10^6 K), flat-spectrum synchrotron or an exotic component of dust emission. On the basis of low-frequency maps of the NCP, we can restrict the spectral index of the foreground to beta >= -2.2.
Although the foreground signal dominates at 14.5 GHz, the extracted CMBR component contributes 88\% of the variance at 31.7 GHz, yielding an rms fluctuation amplitude of 82^{+12.1}_{-9.1} microKelvin, including 4.3% calibration uncertainty and 12% sample variance (68% confidence). The equivalent broadband amplitude is dT_{l_e} = 59^{+8.6}_{-6.5} microKelvin at l_e = 589. This measurement, when combined with small angular-scale upper limits obtained at the OVRO, indicates that the CMBR angular power spectrum decreases between l ~ 600 and l ~ 2000 and is consistent with flat cosmological models.


The degenerate Blume-Emery-Griffiths model for martensitic transformations is extended by including both structural and magnetic degrees of freedom in order to elucidate premartensitic effects. Special attention is paid to the effect of the magnetoelastic coupling in ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}\mathrm{MnGa}.$ The microscopic model is constructed and justified based on the analysis of the experimentally observed strain variables and precursor phenomena. The description includes the (local) tetragonal distortion, the amplitude of the plane-modulating strain, and the magnetization. The model is solved by means of mean-field theory and Monte Carlo simulations. This last technique reveals the crucial importance of fluctuations in pretransitional effects. The results show that a variety of premartensitic effects may appear due to the magnetoelastic coupling. In the mean-field formulation this coupling is quadratic in both the modulation amplitude and the magnetization. For large values of the magnetoelastic coupling parameter we find a premartensitic first-order transition line ending in a critical point. This critical point is responsible for the existence of large premartensitic fluctuations which manifest as broad peaks in the specific heat, not always associated with a true phase transition. The main conclusion is that premartensitic effects result from the interplay between the softness of the anomalous phonon driving the modulation and the magnetoelastic coupling. In particular, the premartensitic transition occurs when such coupling is strong enough to freeze the involved mode phonon. The implication of the results in relation to the available experimental data is discussed.


Outgassing remains a pertinent issue in high-power systems as it can lead to effects such as breakdown, surface flashover, and pulse shortening and is typically the first stage of deleterious plasma formation. In this context, experimental reports suggest that carbon fibers (CFs) may likely be a superior cathode material for low outgassing. Here, model-based assessments of outgassing from CFs are performed based on molecular dynamics simulations. Carbon fibers were generated based on interconnection of an array of graphene sheets resembling ladder-like structures. Our results of temperature-dependent diffusion coefficients for hydrogen in CFs are shown to exhibit Arrhenius behavior and have values smaller than copper by factors of 15.5 and 86.8 at 400 K and 1000 K, respectively. This points to even stronger improvements for operation at high temperatures, with the asymptotic diffusion constant ratio predicted to be ∼187. With reduced outgassing, higher temperature operation, and durability, our results support CF cathodes as an excellent choice for cathode material in high-power microwave and pulsed power systems.


Hand gesture recognition system received great attention in the recent few years because of its manifoldness applications and the ability to interact with machine efficiently through human computer interaction. In this paper a survey of recent hand gesture r ecognition systems is presented. Key issues of hand gesture recognition system are presented with challenges of gesture system. Review methods of recent postures and gestures recognition system presented as well. Summary of research results of hand gesture methods, databases, and comparison between main gesture recognition phases are also given. Advantages and drawbacks of the discussed systems are explained finally.


This poster will describe several issues as well as the work undertaken in relation to the effective curation and preservation of crystallography data within the context of the eCrystals Federation Project. The aim of the Project is to enhance the management of crystallography data at the institution level, incorporating data generated in departments, laboratories and by individual researchers or practitioners; consequently, the work described is concerned with the development of approaches to the preservation and curation of crystallography data in open repositories. For the crystallography community, the long-term provision of data is particularly important since structure determination can only be truly repeated or verified when the raw data is available. In addition, the availability of raw and derived data is very useful for reanalysis and reprocessing as improved methods for performing these tasks emerge.


Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is reshaping the landscape of modern genetic diagnostic laboratories and their operational standards. NGS is gradually replacing the single-gene Sanger sequencing with targeted multigene panel-based resequencing for genes with variants implicated in any number of common diseases, from cardiovascular or neurological disorders to cancers or drug treatment response. Further advances in technology are positioning whole exome and ultimately whole genome sequencing (WES and WGS) for common diagnostic use. In a rapidly changing environment, quality control considerations are crucial. In this issue, StephanWhite et al. (HumMutat 38: 912–921, 2017) discuss the critical steps that are required to properly perform WGS. They emphasize the key differences betweenWGSandWES, the important variables that need to be taken into serious consideration when performingNGS for both germline and somatic variants, the necessary quality control measures to monitor the entire process, and the standardoperationprocedures to ensure thatNGS serviceswill always be provided in a standardizedmanner. It is obvious that further technological advances in massively parallel DNA sequencing technology, accompanied by concomitant price reductions, will makeWES andWGS more affordable and hence easier to become the ultimate genetic test in molecular diagnosis. Such advances must undoubtedly be accompanied with the necessary health technology assessment and economic evaluation analyses, demonstrating that such approaches are indeed cost-effective so that they can be adopted sooner and, most importantly, are covered by national healthcare systems. The points discussed in White et al., combined with those from recently published guidelines for variant calling, genomic databases, genomic data sharing and translational tools, should facilitate implementation of NGS services into the molecular diagnostic setting for routine clinical care.


Depiction of everyday estate life is the commonplace in the works of fiction, but it also occurs in the broader context of Russian non-fiction. The article analyzes forms of poeticization of the "estate culture" encountered in a memoir essay by B.N. Chicherin, not a writer but a jurist, scholar, historian, publicist, mayor of Moscow in 1882–1883 years and the founder of Russian liberalism. The contents of the journal publication discussed in the article were not reproduced in Chicherin's memoirs published in 1929, what suggests that the author had a different purpose in 1890. His essay was intended as a foreword to the diary of N.I. Krivtsov, a distinguished Russian officer and statesman. Forms of poeticization of the estate routine in Chicherin's memoir essay of 1890 include: descriptions of heroic, selfless and highly spiritual experiences of the earlier generations; their contrast with the dull and fruitless modern age; depiction of everyday estate life in an existential aspect; historical and literary observations and conclusion about the development of Russian literature. The reason for Chicherin's idealization of Russian estate routine in his essay on N.I. Krivtsov was the author's concern over the condition of Russian society and state in 1880s.


Recent developments in both applied dermal physiology and in pharmaceutical technology are paving the way toward the introduction of novel routes of drug administration into anesthetic practice. Among these approaches, transdermal and transmucosal applications have shown particular promise in clinical trials all over the world. The emergence of new drug administration techniques that help to improve drug compliance, enhance safety and diminish both physical and psychological trauma will prove to be desirable additions to the anesthetist's armamentarium. This installment of the AANA Journal course will explore the latest developments in these areas destined to have a significant impact on the nurse anesthetist's clinical practice.


AIM
To evaluate the difference in angle parameters and clinical outcome following phacoemulsification and combined phacotrabeculectomy in patients with acute primary angle closure (APAC) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM).

METHODS
Patients (n=23, 31 eyes) were randomized to receive phacoemulsification or combined phacotrabeculectomy (n=24, 31 eyes). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), intraocular pressure (IOP), the main complications following surgery, and indentation gonioscopy and angle parameters measured using UBM were documented preoperatively and postoperatively.

RESULTS
The improvement in BCVA in the phacoemulsification group was significantly greater than in the combined group (P<0.05). IOP in the phacoemulsification group was slightly higher than in the combined group following 1wk of follow-up (P<0.05), whereas there was no significant difference between the two groups at the latter follow-up (P>0.05). Phacoemulsification alone resulted in a slight increase in the trabecular ciliary processes distance compared with the combined surgery (P<0.05), whereas the other angle parameters showed no significant difference between the groups. Complications in combined group were greater than phacoemulsification only group.

CONCLUSION
Both surgeries effectively opened the drainage angle and deepened the anterior chamber, and IOP was well controlled postoperatively. However, phacoemulsification showed better efficacy in improving visual function and showed reduced complications following surgery.


A procedure for identifying the dynamic characteristics of a structural system using the multivariate AR (ARV) model is presented in the paper. A least-squares approach to determine the coefficient matrices of the ARV model is proposed, which is a modification of the traditional one. The modification is based on the equivalence between the correlation function matrix for the responses of a linear system subjected to white-noise input and the deterministic free vibration responses of the system. Then, the dynamic characteristics of the system are evaluated directly from the coefficient matrices of the ARV model by adopting the concept behind Ibrahim's system identification technique. The superiority of the proposed procedure over the traditional one is demonstrated through numerical studies on a six-story shear building. Finally, the present identification procedure is applied to identify the dynamic characteristics of a three-span highway bridge from its ambient vibration responses subjected to traffic flow. The validity of the present procedure is confirmed by the excellent agreement between the identified results obtained in the present study and those obtained from an impulse test.


Murine and human cell lines overexpressing the multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) showed a marked decreased accumulation of the fluorescent dye 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). In contrast, less altered accumulation was seen in the P-glycoprotein(P-gp)-overexpressing cell lines. The decreased drug accumulation was reversed by the energy inhibitors sodium azide/2-deoxyglucose and by the vinca alkaloid, vincristine, but not by the chemotherapeutic agents, etoposide and adriamycin. Decreased accumulation was linked to active efflux of the hydrophilic free acid form of BCECF from the MRP-overexpressing cell lines, indicating that dye extrusion occurs after the dye ester has been converted to the free acid form in the cytoplasm. The finding suggests that MRP mediates removal of substrates from a cytoplasmic location. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, decreased the vincristine and etoposide resistance displayed by the MRP-expressing murine cell lines, but did not affect the accumulation of BCECF. Thus, while glutathione may be involved in MRP-mediated resistance to some chemotherapeutic agents, it is not necessary for effiux of substrates such as BCECF.


India is home to the largest under-25 demographic profile in the world, but lacks a job-ready educational system. It requires a wide-spread, skill-oriented educational model, equipping youth to thrive in highly dynamic job markets. As a response to the huge demand for technical education, a large private skill-tutoring ecosystem has sprung up in In-dia but remains geographically limited. This paper, drawn from a three-month ethnographic research conducted in Ameerpet (arguably India's largest IT skilling hub), probes the pedagogic style and characteristics of tutoring, and of-fers reasons why learners prefer to enroll into a physical model of classroom teaching over online courses. We make design suggestions for online learning platforms to attract students who are marginalized in the more formal and com-petitive education system, and opt for Ameerpet-like skill-hubs. Our primary offering is to suggest a shift in perspec-tive of online education platforms to include job readiness and accompanying changes in course content and delivery.


The arrangement of the body-wall musculature and supporting mesenchyme of the bipinnaria larva of Disaster ochraceus is described, based on an EM analysis of Pisaster ochraceus larvae. There are four main cell types: (i) a generalized mesenchyme that links the ectoderm with internal structures, e.g. coelom and gut; (ii) dorsal longitudinal muscles, which flex the body; (iii) oral-field muscles, which flex the larval lobes individually; and (iv) cords of subtrochal cells, a distinctive type of mesenchyme located beneath the ciliary band. Processes from the subtrochal cells insert into the band and associate closely with the ciliary nerve. The function the subtrochal cells perform is not obvious, but a role in body support is proposed, with the cells acting as tensile elements to increase the structural stability of the band. The insertions formed by the subtrochal cells could be attachm ent structures or, assuming the cells are contractile, they could be innervation sites. The larval lobes in the bipinnaria are arranged in series along the body, and the muscles that supply them are also arranged in series. Similar patterns of repeating elements occur in other echinoderm larvae, in the hemichordate tornaria larva, and also in chordates. In particular, there are marked similarities between (i) the arrangem ent of the oral-field muscles in the bipinnaria and the muscle bands of pelagic tunicates, and (ii) the subtrochal cells in the bipinnaria and the myotomes in Amphioxus . These similarities are suggestive; whether they are due to homology is an open question. On the assumption that they may, a hypothesis is proposed to explain the differences between anterior and posterior mesodermal repeats in vertebrates (somitomeres and somites) based on differences between anterior and posterior lobes in the bipinnaria.


Many proteins act as molecular machines that are fuelled by a nonthermal energy source. Examples include transmembrane pumps and stator-rotor complexes. These systems undergo cyclic motions (CMs) that are being driven along a well-defined conformational trajectory. Superimposed on these CMs are thermal fluctuations (TFs) that are coupled to stochastic motions of the solvent. Here we explore whether the TFs of a molecular machine are affected by the occurrence of CMs. Bacteriorhodopsin (BR) is a light-driven proton pump that serves as a model system in this study. The function of BR is based on a photocycle that involves trans/cis isomerization of a retinal chromophore, as well as motions of transmembrane helices. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry was used to monitor the TFs of BR, focusing on the monomeric form of the protein. Comparative HDX studies were conducted under illumination and in the dark. The HDX kinetics of BR are dramatically accelerated in the presence of light. The isotope exchange rates and the number of backbone amides involved in EX2 opening transitions increase roughly 2-fold upon illumination. In contrast, light/dark control experiments on retinal-free protein produced no discernible differences. It can be concluded that the extent of TFs in BR strongly depends on photon-driven CMs. The light-induced differences in HDX behavior are ascribed to protein destabilization. Specifically, the thermodynamic stability of the dark-adapted protein is estimated to be 5.5 kJ mol(-1) under the conditions of our work. This value represents the free energy difference between the folded state F and a significantly unfolded conformer U. Illumination reduces the stability of F by 2.2 kJ mol(-1). Mechanical agitation caused by isomerization of the chromophore is transferred to the surrounding protein scaffold, and subsequently, the energy dissipates into the solvent. Light-induced retinal motions therefore act analogously to an internal heat source that promotes the occurrence of TFs. Overall, our data highlight the potential of HDX methods for probing the structural dynamics of molecular machines under "engine on" and "engine off" conditions.


While Canadian historians have studied socialism in the 1930s, and although there have been many studies of American and British literary leftists from this period, Comrades and Critics is the first full-length study of Canada's 1930s literary left. Challenging dominant perceptions that this decade was a lull between the more celebrated modernist enterprises of the 1920s and 1940s, Candida Rifkind argues that the events of the 1930s - from mass unemployment, to the dustbowl, to the Spanish Civil War - galvanized a generation of writers, leading them to unite artistic practice and political action in provocative and influential ways. Analyzing and recovering much-neglected poems, plays, manifestoes, and documentaries, Rifkind demonstrates how leftist cultural production came to dominate English-Canadian literature by the end of the decade. She pays particular attention to the significant role that women writers played in this period and examines a diverse group of writers that included Dorothy Livesay, Anne Marriott, Irene Baird, and Toby Gordon Ryan. These writers negotiated the struggle to revolutionize both literature and politics, while being subject to the gender hierarchies of socialism and literary modernism that continued long after the thirties came to an end. A groundbreaking study in Canadian history and literature, Comrades and Critics is a much-needed examination of an important and still influential literary period.


A system for monitoring movement of the free-living second stage juveniles of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) using digital image analysis is described. The method is based on the analysis of video sequences of movement of individual nematodes encumbered with or without Pasteuria penetrans endospores. Software packages were used to grab video images, to process images and to monitor the movement of selected body part positions over time. The nematode centroid point and the nematode rectangular shape area were useful tools to estimate the locomotion. Data showed that a) the normal sinusoidal movement of nematodes is changed when individuals are encumbered with endospores of P. penetrans and b) in all cases a significant greater motility was observed by nematodes without P. penetrans endospores attached. Further, we modelled P. penetrans 'over-dispersion' in vitro and in vivo using the Poisson and the Negative Binomial distributions. The negative binomial distribution proved the most appropriate model to fit the observed data sets considering that P. penetrans spores are clumped.


This Special issue deals with two types of supply chains, the agrifood supply chain ('farm-to-fork') and the biomass supply chain ('farm-to-energy'), both originating on the farm and directed towards different end-usages. Regardless of the different end-usages, both chains involve inherent high complexity due to the interactions between the consisting entities, many of which are characterized by significant dynamism. The sources of the complexity and dynamism are mainly attributed to the beginning and end of these chains. On one hand, the unpredictable environment of the demand (both in food market and energy market) is affected by social, political, and economic drivers, and on the other hand, the supply is affected by the uncertain bio-production environment (weather dependency, short workability windows, limited and disperse crop availability, etc.). On top of that, growing environmental, social, and ethical concerns put pressures on employing sustainable practices in the supply chains, as a measure to reduce the impacts of the bio-production sector. Although that advances in engineering technologies and information and communication technologies have been introduced into the supply chain processes, there is still much inefficiency in the decision making and management of the agrifood and biomass supply chains, making it difficult to fulfill the aforementioned requirements.


The article deals with forecasting the dependability indicators of state-of-the-art spacecraft onboard equipment. The authors demonstrate the applicability of the results of equipment and components testing for resistance to ionizing radiation in forecasting dependability indicators. They prove the applicability of Alfa distribution of time to failure in forecasting CMOS IC reliability and longevity. The paper presents design ratios for probability evaluation of fail-safe operation, mean time to failure and minimum operation time. Ways are shown to improve the resistance of state-of-the-art spacecraft onboard equipment through the use of specialized means of protection against the effects of ionizing radiation of the outer space. This research (No. 14-05-0038) was conducted with the support of the Higher School of Economics Academic Fund Program in 2014.


This research entitled "Religious Pluralism According to Nurcholish Madjid in Indonesian Context '. Based on the phenomenon that occurred in the field many Muslims who more emphasize the symbol of religion than the application in menjlankan religion so that underlie thinking Nurcholis Madjid in overcoming msalah.dilakukan three stages of work that is Inventory, Evaluation, and Synthesis. The writings that have been obtained will be reviewed, an analysis of the thoughts of Nurcholish Madjid. The research approach is historical approach, while in historical research using heuristic technique, verification, intervention, and historicistography. The results of this study can be summarized as follows, First, the basis of religious pluralism is that the universal religion of Islam encompasses all aspects of life, Pancasila is the foundation of the state of Indonesia so that we must do tolerance and compete in the good. Secondly, that the implications of religious pluralism recognize religious freedom, live with the risks that will be borne by each believer. The will of God is above the will of man in setting anything. Thirdly, the principle of religious pluralism is the open, dialogical, tolerant and upholding of human values which at the same time embodies a peaceful and open Islam.


The study discusses an optimal method for building moderate society through the higher objective of Shariah, by employing the five essentials of goals of Islamic law based on the God Almighty command to His servants on righteousness, moderation and forbade them from excesses and corruptions. Islamic law prohibits extremism, intolerance, and extremism while it promotes respect among different cultural, religious, and civilization pluralism, and on the other hand, it renounces racism. The permissive people describe adherents of religion and moderation as hardliners, fanatics, and extremists against modern developments because of the permissive view that pornography contents should be permissible in religion as means of moral and civilization progress. They also claim that strict adherence to religious obligations leads to a lack of freedoms and compliance with global civilization. To this effect, Shariah law presents the ideal and best model for social organization and best human behavior practices, so that they may live a good and contented life, in harmony with the nature that God created people with. The study employs analytical induction methods with a basis for addressing contemporary issues and Islamic thought. It also discusses the higher objectives of Shariah from several angles and at the forefront explicates the criterion and judgment. Despite the setbacks and challenges confronting the Islamic nation, Allah has destined goodness and empowerment for its sustainability and never seizes to exist. The study concluded that achieving this requires: First: adherence to the highest revelation and most trusted bond of religion and strengthening loyalty to the Islamic faith and law. Second: The necessity of gathering the efforts of the Muslim community members and mobilizing the scholarly, intellectual, youth, and women forces. Third: Knowing the deficiency and resolving to address them through the higher objectives of Shariah, then hopefully Allah destines triumph after refraction, and victory after defeat.


The synthesis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) determines adequate amounts of metabolites for the tetrapyrrole biosynthetic pathway. Glutamyl-tRNA reductase (GluTR) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of ALA synthesis and was previously considered to be exclusively localized in the chloroplast stroma of light-exposed plants. To assess the intraplastidic localization of GluTR, we developed a fast separation protocol of soluble and membrane-bound proteins and reassessed the subplastidal allocation of GluTR in stroma and membrane fractions of Arabidopsis plants grown under different light regimes as well as during de-etiolation and dark incubations. Under the examined conditions, the amount of stroma-localized GluTR correlated with the ALA synthesis rate. The transfer to dark repression of ALA synthesis resulted in a loss of soluble GluTR. Arabidopsis mutants lacking one of the GluTR-interacting factors FLUORESCENT (FLU), the GluTR-binding protein (GBP) or ClpC, a chaperone of the Clp protease system, were applied to examine the amount of GluTR and its distribution to the stroma or membrane in darkness and light. Taking into consideration the different compartmental allocation of GluTR, its stability and ALA synthesis rates, the post-translational impact of these regulatory factors on GluTR activity and plastidic sublocalization is discussed.


An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of incorporating Jerusalem artichoke (JA) as a prebiotic in the diet of Indian leopards (n = 11 adults) fed a meat-on-bone diet. The trial consisted of three periods (A1 , B, and A2 ). Each period comprised 17 days of adaptation and four days of collection. During the control periods (A1 and A2 ), the leopards were fed their normal zoo diets of 2.5-3 kg of buffalo meat-on-bone six days a week without any supplement. During trial B, meat-on-bone diets of the leopards were supplemented with JA at 2% of dietary dry matter (DM). Meat consumption was similar among the treatments. Supplementation of JA decreased the digestibility of crude protein (P < 0.01). Digestibilities of organic matter and ether extract were similar among the treatments. Serum concentrations of urea and triglycerides were lower (P < 0.05) when JA was added to the diet. Incorporation of JA to the basal diet increased fecal concentrations of acetate (P < 0.01), butyrate (P < 0.01), lactate (P < 0.01), Lactobacillus spp., and Bifidobacterium spp. (P < 0.01) with a simultaneous decrease in the concentration of ammonia (P < 0.01), Clostridia spp. (P < 0.01), and fecal pH (P < 0.01). Fecal microbial profiles and hind gut fermentation were improved, without any adverse effects on feed consumption, nutrient utilization, and serum metabolite profiles. Results of this experiment showed that feeding JA at 2% DM in the whole diet could be potentially beneficial for captive Indian leopards fed meat-on-bone diets.


Recent progress of our understanding of the novel magnetoresistance oscillations observed on two-dimensional electron gases with a weak lateral superlattice is reviewed. The discussion is based on a quantum mechanical single-electron picture, taking consistently into account the effect of the superlattice on the energy spectrum and the effect of randomly distributed impurities on collision broadening and transport scattering rate. This, first, allows to explain the original results of Weiss et al. on high-mobility AlxGa1-xAsGaAs heterostructures with an unidirectional modulation potential produced by holographic illumination: the large-amplitude oscillations of ρxx, measured when the current flows in the direction of the modulation, are atributed to a bandconductivity σyy, and the weaker antiphase oscillations of ρyy (∝ σxx, Current parallel to equipotentials) are shown to result from quantum oscillations of the scattering rate. Second, for the case of a modulation with square symmetry, where the energy spectrum is given by Hofstadter's famous "butterfly", it explains the dramatic suppression of the bandconductivity, which has recently been observed on high-mobility samples, as a consequence of the splitting of Landau levels into the Hofstadter-type subbands.


Objective: Videonystagmography (VNG) is a commonly ordered test to evaluate patients with vestibular complaints. To date, there are no evidence-based guidelines for evaluating patients presenting with vestibular symptoms. This study evaluates the cost effectiveness of VNG and the impact of VNG findings on patient management. Methods: Patient charts were reviewed from 3 institutions to collect the pre- and post-VNG ICD-9/10 diagnosis and treatment plan. VNG findings were recorded to calculate the incidence of abnormal findings and the incidence of change in diagnosis and/or treatment plan. The cost effectiveness of VNG was estimated based on these calculations. Results: A total of 120 patient charts were reviewed. 69/120 (57.5%; 95% CI: 48.2%-66.5%) patients had abnormal findings on their VNG. A change in diagnosis was noted in 24/120 (20.0%; 95% CI: 13.3%-28.3%) patients. A change in treatment plan was noted in 62/120 (51.7%; 95% CI: 42.4%-60.9%) patients, and 11/120 (9.2%; 95% CI: 4.7%-15.8%) had a change in diagnosis that led to change in treatment plan. Using the average Medicare reimbursement for VNG, the cost effectiveness analysis showed a cost of $869.57 per VNG with abnormal findings and a cost of $5454.55 per VNG that lead to a change in diagnosis and treatment plan. Conclusions: VNG findings may not result in changes in clinical diagnosis. However, VNG is impactful at influencing treatment plan changes. VNG results are beneficial for counseling patients, guiding treatment plans, and managing patient expectations. When there is a clear indication, VNG testing can be cost effective in managing patients presenting with vestibular symptoms.


OBJECTIVE
To compare clinical effect of cortical bone trajectory (CBT) screw and pedicle screw (PS) internal fixation in treating senile patients with lumbar tuberculosis.

METHODS
From January 2014 to January 2017, 42 senile patients with lumbar tuberculosis were divided into CBT group and PS group, 21 patients in each group. In CBT group, there were 12 males and 9 females, aged from 64 to 81 years old with an average of (72.52±9.25) years old, T value of bone mineral density was (-2.69±0.17) g / cm3, posterior CBT screw internal fixation and anterior debridement, interbody fusion with bone grafting was performed. In PS group, there were 11 males and 10 females, aged from 63 to 85 years old with an average of (71.42±9.81) years old, T value of bone mineral density was (-2.70±0.21) g / cm3, PS internal fixation and anterior debridement, interbody fusion with bone grafting were performed. Length of posterior incision, intraoperative bleeding volume, operation time, time of bone graft fusion and complications between two groups were compared. Level of erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), segment kyphotic Cobb angle before and after operation were compared, VAS score was used to evaluate pain releasing, JOA score was applied to evaluate clinical effect.

RESULTS
All patients were followed up from 12 to 21 months with an average of (15.00±3.57) months. No reoccurrence of lumbar tuberculosis and screw loosing occurred. There were statistical difference in length of incision, intraoperative bleeding volume, operation time between two groups (P<0.05). Level ofESR and CRP between two groups at 2 weeks, 1 month and 6 months after operation were improved after operation, while there were no differences between two groups (P>0.05). There were no statistical differences in complications, time of bone graft fusion and segment kyphotic Cobb angle at 1 week after operation between two groups (P>0.05). There was difference in Cobb angle at 12 months after operation (P<0.05). For VAS score, there were no difference between two groups before operation and 3 months after operation(P>0.05), but VAS score at 3 months after operation were improved after operation between two groups (P<0.05).For JOA score, there were no difference between two groups before operation, 3 and 12 months after operation, and JOA score at 3 and 12 months after operation were improved than that of before operation between two groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION
Both of CBT screw internal fixation and PS screw internal fixation could achieve satisfying results for the treatment of elderly patients with lumbar tuberculosis. PSinternal fixation has a long fixation but great trauma. However, CBT screw internal fixation only needs to fix adjacent segments of the lesion to reduce the fixation range, which has advantages of less trauma and strong screw holding force.


The Information Technology Infrastructure Library – ITIL - provides a framework of best practices for managing IT services. The study of this framework, as regards the definition of the IT Service Strategy, allows us to see that it does not have space in its body for Information Architecture. As one of the objectives of the Information Architecture is to enable the integration of organizational processes allowing efficient use of the organization resources, it has much to contribute to the design of the IT service when making the identification of service information needs, designs and builds structures of information spaces and define the interrelationship between them. The use of the Information Architecture in the Design of IT Service that this paper presents evidence the perception that the concepts of Information Architecture are present in the construction of IT services. This use contributes to the union of the bodies of knowledge, facilitating the design of services more aligned with business needs.


Prevention of the onset and the increase in severity of lifestyle-related diseases extends healthy life spans. It is important to start educating younger generations on basic life knowledge, disease and health literacy. This class was offered in both private and public elementary (ES) and junior high schools (JHS) from 2015. A questionnaire (Q) survey was conducted before and after the class. The effects of education and future challenges were discussed. Qs were distributed to 727 students, consisting of 4th to 6th graders in 5 public ES and 3rd graders in JHS. The Qs were collected from 727 students before class and 715 students after class. 7submitted responses both before and after the class. A paired analysis was performed on these responses. Those who answered "I don't eat breakfast" was less than 5% in both ES and JHS, while those who answered "sweet bread (including cakes) " was about 30% in both ES and JHS. Those who were able to accurately list the three major nutrients carbohydrate, protein and fat, essential in larger amounts for growth and body's basic function, improved from 5% (before class) to 71.2% (after class) in ES students and to 86.4% in JHS students. Logistic multivariate regression analysis showed no significant difference in improvement of the correct answers from pre- to post-class between 4th-grade students and 6th-grade students, nor between ES students and JHS. There were significant differences between different ES. Significantly more JHS than ES students (P<0.01) and more female than male students (P<0.01) answered that they had questions. There were many erroneous answers regarding calcium and vitamins. There were students even in the 3rd grade of JHS who lacked a proper understanding of the three major nutrients. They confused them with others. A better understanding of diseases and the three major nutrients can be gained from the 4th grade of ES by conducting classes related to the human body and diseases. Repeated health classes starting in ES may foster health literacy concerning lifestyle-related diseases.

 S.Kaneko: None. K.Kamiya: None.


Mechanized tunnelling by TBMs has been extensively adopted for last two decades. Nevertheless, only few case histories have been reported. Unlike NATM tunnels, the case histories of the weak zone have been seldom reported for the mechanized tunnelling, even in the other countries. In this study, a collapse of TBM tunnel occurred in the severely altered weak rock zones between volcaniclastic rocks and granitic rocks was briefly described. A systematic geotechnical investigation, which was performed to examine the cause of the collapse, was carried out at the site and then characteristics of the rocks in the zones were evaluated. Moreover, This study propose a guide line of estimateing the possibility of collapse in TBM tunnels through comparing experimental results with surveying results of general rocks.


Understanding the factors affecting learning at disabled people offers instructors an insight into the way in which water can devise effective programs and how they can be presented to this people. Through the design of aquatic exercise programs to help in the initial phase including children with disabilities in the aquatic environment can be established thereafter for each disability in particular adaptations required for each procedure and individual. Acute needs of of some participants with disabilities requires for the instructor to develop unique learning strategies and examine learning, both established for adjustment traditional teaching programs. Athletes with disabilities are often deprived of opportunities of swimming skills due to lack in preparation of the coaches, of understanding their special needs or lack of compassion.