Abstract Stratigraphic evidence and radiocarbon dating of sediments from the Great Bend Sand Prairie in Kansas indicates that significant deposits of aeolian sand have accumulated in the region during the late Holocene. Radiocarbon ages obtained from total humates in buried soils suggest that five periods of late-Holocene stability and soil formation are preserved in dune fields at approximately 2300, 1400, 1000, 700, 500 and 300 years B.P. Reactivation of aeolian sand in the past 1000 years has resulted in a variety of well defined, parabolic dunes. In general, events in the region correspond with established chronologies elsewhere on the Great Plains and in particular correlate well with dune fields in north-eastern Colorado. Overall, results indicate that the threshold of landscape stability on the Great Bend Sand Prairie can easily be crossed in the current climatic regime.


[Objective] The study aimed to assess the pollution of water and sediment in Wuliangsuhai Lake based on multilevel fuzzy theory.[Method] On the basis of measured and survey data,the quality of water and sediment in six representative sites of Wuliangsuhai Lake was evaluated by using multilevel fuzzy theory.[Result] Water quality of Wuliangsuhai Lake was different in space,that is,the water quality close to outfalls was poor,but the water quality became better from north to south with the direction of water flow.Sediment near the water exit was at Grade Ⅳ,while it was at GradeⅤ in other sites.From the evaluation results of water and sediment,we could see that pollution of Wuliangsuhai Lake was very serious,and eutrophication process was aggravating,so it is extremely urgent to control and restore Wuliangsuhai Lake.[Conclusion] The research could provide scientific references for controlling the pollution of Wuliangsuhai Lake.


Generalized with respect to the Stark interaction of atoms with a vacuum field of zero photon density, Dicke's model is used to describe the Raman superradiance of a localized ensemble of identical atoms in a coherent non-resonant light wave. It is shown that at a certain critical number of atoms in the ensemble the stabilization effect of the excited state of the ensemble relative to collective atomic decay is possible, with superradiance of the atomic ensemble being suppressed. When the number of atoms is close to the critical value, superradiance exhibits features that are opposite to the effects of the conventional superradiance in the pulse delay time. The identified features depend on the intensity of an external coherent field as well as make it possible to assess whether the Stark interaction of an ensemble with a photon-free vacuum electromagnetic field is significant or not.


X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is applied to study the local geometry of Co, Ni, and Mn sites in a new high voltage cathode for lithium batteries. The material is a solid solution between Li2MnO3 and Li(x)Mn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2O2. The XAS technique has permitted to check the local atomic structure and charge associated with the metals in a series of electrodes with different lithium concentration x, obtained during the first charge operation, and compared to the first discharge and a successive charge. The ex-situ XAS investigation on the initial activation of the cathode material (first charge) can be described by two separated reaction of LiMO2 (M = Ni and Co) and Li2MnO3. The strength and limitations of the EXAFS approach in these materials is underlined.


A family of copolymers (P(NDIOD-T2Fx)) based on naphthalenediimide (NDI) and 2,2'-bithiophene (T2) units with different amounts of 3,3'-difluoro-2,2'-bithiophene (T2F) decoration was synthesized, characterized, and used in n-type organic field-effect transistors (OFETs). With increasing T2F content in the backbone, we observe increased melting and crystallization transitions, blue-shifted absorptions, and deeper-lying highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels, together with improved hydrophobicity. The highest electron mobility of 4.48 × 10-1 cm2 V-1 s-1 was obtained for P(NDIOD-T2F0) without a T2F unit, which is attributed to the larger domain grains and crystallites, as well as a more tightly packed and oriented crystalline structure, as evidenced from the morphological study. In contrast, P(NDIOD-T2F100) with the highest T2F content has superior air stability, showing greater than 25% electron mobility retention after 30 days in wet conditions of 100% relative humidity without encapsulation. Even, P(NDIOD-T2F100) is able to operate normally after 30 minutes of immersion in water, which is due to the synergistic contributions from the deep HOMO/LUMO levels and improved hydrophobicity. This study advances our fundamental understanding of how the morphology/crystallinity, device performance, and device stability of n-type copolymers are tuned by incorporating different concentrations of T2F in the backbone, shedding light on an important modification for air and water stable n-type materials for future OFET applications.


The extent to which it is possible to cross disciplinary boundaries will be determined in the authors analysis by the way in which the term project work is interpreted. It becomes easier to move from one subject area to another if a definition is based, not upon specific activities such as designing, building, testing, etc., but instead upon the expectations attached to a student's performance. In virtually all disciplines it is possible to find some courses in which students, either singly or in small groups, undertake a task which might broadly be called 'research'. The degree to which they are guided and constrained by the nature of the task and by the actions of their tutor/supervisor may vary, but it will generally be found that there are important common elements in the qualities which are sought and which together produce 'the good project' in any discipline.


The ability to effectively maintain the functions of the ecosystem is closely related to the assessment of land resources within a conservation-utilization balance. Land degradation is one of the most significant environmental treats on arid region ecosystems in terms of the use of these resources. In this chapter, the aim was to attract the attention to land degradation processes in Turkey and analyze the current conditions in the context of policy-science interaction by performing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis and develop the effective strategies for sustainable use of land resources. Thus, anthropogenic effects on sustainability of land resources and its relation with drought and productivity, and insufficient legal regulations were analyzed for developing strategies to enhance sustainability of land resources. Results showed that Turkey is at the point of breaking for sustainability of its natural resources. Insufficient topographic and soil conditions, administrative problems and negatively changing climatic conditions made the condition adverse. Therefore, the significant strategies were defined for sustainable resource management under the integrated approach from ecological, economic, political and sociological perspectives. In this context, assessments have been made in order to prevent weaknesses and possible threats to the sustainable use of this resource.


PURPOSE
Lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma (LPHL) is rare and differs in histologic and clinical presentation from classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (cHL). To shed more light on the prognosis and outcome of LPHL, we reviewed all LPHL patients registered in the German Hodgkin Study Group (GHSG) database, comparing patient characteristics and treatment outcome with cHL patients.

PATIENTS AND METHODS
We analyzed retrospectively 8,298 HL patients treated within the GHSG trials HD4 to HD12, of whom 394 had LPHL and 7,904 had cHL.

RESULTS
Complete remission and unconfirmed complete remission after first-line treatment was achieved in 91.6% v 85.9% of patients in early favorable stages, 85.7% v 83.3% of patients in early unfavorable stages, and 76.8% v 77.8% of patients in advanced stages of LPHL compared with cHL, respectively. Tumor control (freedom from treatment failure [FFTF]) for LPHL and cHL patients at a median observation of 50 months was 88% and 82% (P = .0093) and overall survival (OS) was 96% and 92%, respectively (P = .0166). In LPHL patients, negative prognostic factors were advanced stage (P = .0092), Hb less than 10.5 g/dL (P = .0171), and lymphopenia (P = .010) for FFTF. Age >or= 45 years (P = .0125), advanced stage (P = .0153), and Hb less than 10.5 g/dL (P = .0014) were negative prognostic factors for OS.

CONCLUSION
The better prognosis of LPHL as compared with cHL might allow different treatment strategies, particularly for early-stage LPHL patients.


In recent years, two-dimensional material-based tunneling heterojunctions are emerging as a multi-functional architecture for logic circuits and photodetection owing to the flexible stacking, optical sensitivity, tunable detection band, and highly controllable conductivity behaviors. However, the existing structures are mainly focused on transition or post-transition metal chalcogenides and have been rarely investigated as topological insulator (such as Bi2Se3 or Bi2Te3)-based tunneling heterostructures. Meanwhile, it is challenging to mechanically exfoliate the topological insulator thin nanoflakes because of the strong layer-by-layer interaction with shorter interlayer spacing. Herein, we report Au-assisted exfoliation and non-destructive transfer method to fabricate large-scale Bi2Se3 thin nanosheets. Furthermore, a novel broken-gap tunneling heterostructure is designed by combing 2H-MoTe2 and Bi2Se3via the dry-transfer method. Thanks to the realized band alignment, this ambipolar-n device shows a clear rectifying behavior at Vds of 1 V. A built-in potential exceeding ∼0.7 eV is verified owing to the large band offsets by comparing the numerical solution of Poisson's equation and the experimental data. Carrier transport is governed by the majority carrier including thermionic emission and the tunneling process through the barrier height. At last, the device shows an ultralow dark current of ∼0.2 pA and a superior optoelectrical performance of Ilight/Idark ratio ≈106, a fast response time of 21 ms, and a specific detectivity of 7.2 × 1011 Jones for a visible light of 405 nm under zero-bias. Our work demonstrates a new universal method to fabricate a topological insulator and paves a new strategy for the construction of novel van der Waals tunneling structures.


Copper deficiency is a known cause of anemia and neutropenia that is easily remedied with copper supplementation. Copper is primarily absorbed in the stomach and proximal duodenum, so patients receiving enteral nutrition via methods that bypass this critical region may be at increased risk for copper deficiency. In pediatrics, postpyloric enteral feeding is increasingly utilized to overcome problems related to aspiration, severe reflux, poor gastric motility, and gastric outlet obstruction. However, little is known about the prevalence of copper deficiency in this population. We describe three pediatric patients receiving exclusive jejunal feeds who developed cytopenias secondary to copper deficiency.


BACKGROUND Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare vascular disease, difficult to diagnose and choose a treatment method, especially in young children. There are several limiting factors to the use of enteroscopy for diagnostics and treatment in pediatric patients, in general. The literature on BRBNS cases is limited and presents various therapeutic approaches. CASE SUMMARY We present here a case of BRBNS involving a 4-year-old female, whose intestinal venous lesions were successfully treated by endoscopic sclerotherapy and aethoxysklerol foam. Skin lesions, typical for BRBNS, appeared on the 8th d of the child's life and their number increased over the next several months. The child also experienced episodes of critical decrease in hemoglobin level (by as much as 52 g/L) for several years, requiring iron supplementation and several blood transfusions. Video capsule endoscopy revealed numerous vascular formations in the small bowel. The combined findings of gastrointestinal venous formations and skin lesions prompted BRBNS diagnosis. Single-balloon enteroscopy was used to perform sclerotherapy, with aethoxysklerol foam. A positive effect was observed within 19 mo of follow-up. We continue to monitor the patient's hemoglobin level, every 2 wk, and it has remained satisfactory (> 120 g/L). CONCLUSION Endoscopic sclerotherapy can be effective in the clinical management of gastrointestinal manifestations of BRBNS in young children.


Five metabolites were detected in the plasma and urine of a patient following ingestion of the organophosphate insecticide, phenthoate. Intact phenthoate was detected only in gastric lavage fluid. After methylation of acidic extracts of plasma and urine, phenthoate acid, demethyl phenthoate, demethyl phenthoate oxon acid, demethyl phenthoate S-isomer, and demethyl phenthoate acid S-isomer were identified with synthesized phenthoate analogues by gas chromatography and gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry. The main metabolites were phenthoate acid and demethyl phenthoate oxon acid. Although demethyl phenthoate oxon acid was a significant metabolite, no phenthoate oxon, phenthoate oxon acid or demethyl phenthoate oxon were detected. If the oxon was formed in the patient, it may have been rapidly degraded by carboxylesterase or glutathione transferase to demethyl phenthoate oxon acid.


Coffee shops are rich in experience, even if their explicit functions seems to be the provision of consumables. It has been common to ascribe business model innovation to the international coffee shop chains that have helped spread coffee culture to East Asian countries. This chapter examines coffee shops in two of these countries (Thailand and Taiwan). It finds much innovative effort underway, centred not only on the food and beverages supplied, but also on other elements shaping consumer experience – such as decor, location of activities and arrangement of devices, and the roles assigned to staff. High levels of innovation, of many forms, appear in both large chains and smaller shops; even the most traditional venues are balancing their maintenance of heritage with the introduction of novelty. Since many experience industries are also likely to display substantial innovation, and researchers should look beyond the narrow categories that have been the focus of most innovation studies.


Investigation of the EtOH extract of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa led to the isolation of two new sesquiterpenes, 2-methoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-diene-9-one (1) and 2,8-epoxy-5-hydroxybisabola-3,10-diene-9-one (2), one new monoterpene, 2-(2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohex-3-enyl)propanoic acid (3), together with five known sesquiterpenes (4–8). Among the known compounds, bisacurone A (5) and 4-methylene-5-hydroxybisabola-2,10-diene-9-one (6) were isolated from C. longa and genus Curcuma for the first time, respectively. Their structures were established on the basis of various spectroscopic analyses including HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR, IR spectra, and by comparison of their spectral data with those of related compounds.


In this paper, we construct the discrete rogue wave(RW) solutions for a higher-order or generalized integrable discrete nonlinear Schr¨odinger(NLS) equation. First, based on the modified Lax pair, the discrete version of generalized Darboux transformation are constructed. Second, the dynamical behaviors of first-, second- and third-order RWsolutions are investigated in corresponding to the unique spectral parameter λ, higher-order term coefficient γ, and free constants dk, fk (k = 1, 2, · · · ,N), which exhibit affluent wave structures. The differences between the RW solution of the higher-order discrete NLS equation and that of the Ablowitz-Ladik(AL) equation are illustrated in figures. Moreover, numerical experiments are explored, which demonstrates that strong-interaction RWs are stabler than the weak-interaction RWs. Finally, the modulation instability of continuous waves is studied.


Recently UAV has been used in various fields such as construction and civil engineering, disaster, terrain analysis, transportation, etc. In addition, many companies from all over the world are focusing on developing UAV technology. The market of personal UAV has been growing and attracting people's attention year after year due to the low cost of UAV. Especially, in construction industries where people work on large-scale fields, there are many methods to obtain space information and those methods can be done at low cost. However, the existing studies are mostly about utilization of UAV such as flight plan and acquisition 3d image methods. Therefore, it is necessary to study result values according to use of variable value. This study focuses on the variables which affect the result of 3D reconstruction using 2D image obtained by UAV. First, we fixed values of flight planning of UAV and distortion correction of picture. After that, we took pictures of building and obtained point cloud that allowed us to make 3D model of the building. Second, we analyzed results of the 3D model according to variable of illumination. Then, we found number of point cloud from the previous results. Finally, we identified optimal illumination result to build an effective 3D Modeling. We present about optimal value of illuminance variation to improve current method of developing 3d model. This study can be a more efficient and accurate method to obtain images by UAV.


The environment plays a critical role in the development, dissemination, and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) enter the environment through direct application to the environment and through anthropogenic pollution. Although there is a growing body of evidence defining minimal selective concentrations (MSCs) of antibiotics and the role antibiotics play in horizontal gene transfer (HGT), there is limited evidence on the role of non-antibiotic PPCPs. Existing data show associations with the development of resistance or effects on bacterial growth rather than calculating selective endpoints. Research has focused on laboratory-based systems rather than in situ experiments, although PPCP concentrations found throughout wastewater, natural water, and soil environments are often within the range of laboratory-derived MSCs and at concentrations shown to promote HGT. Increased selection and HGT of AMR by PPCPs will result in an increase in total AMR abundance in the environment, increasing the risk of exposure and potential transmission of environmental AMR to humans. There is some evidence to suggest that humans can acquire resistance from environmental settings, with water environments being the most frequently studied. However, because this is currently limited, we recommend that more evidence be gathered to understand the risk the environment plays in regard to human health. In addition, we recommend that future research efforts focus on MSC-based experiments for non-antibiotic PPCPS, particularly in situ, and investigate the effect of PPCP mixtures on AMR. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;00:1-14. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.


The instantaneous rate of population increase was used to assess the ability of attractive targets coated with permethrin to control stable fly populations on 3 dairy farms in south central Ontario, Canada. Two attractive targets were deployed over 10 wk in 2001 at each of 6 dairy farms. Three farms were outfitted with 2 untreated targets and 3 were outfitted with 2 targets treated with permethrin [Ectiban-impregnated Coroplast (Ectiban: Schering-Plough Canada Inc., Pointe-Claire, Québec, Canada; Coroplast: Great Pacific Enterprises Inc., Granby, Québec, Canada)]. Population growth rate was measured in terms of degree-days above a 10 degrees C developmental threshold (r(DD10)). The r(DD10) at the 3 treated dairy farms were significantly lower than r(DD10) at the 3 neighboring untreated dairy farms (mean r(DD10): treated=0.0088, untreated=0.013), but not in the previous year when targets were not installed (mean r(DD10): treated=0.012, untreated=0.015). This supports a long-term approach to management that lowers population growth rates in those regions where stable fly numbers increase exponentially from spring until winter, by shortening the period of economic impact of this pest.


A personal computer program for analysis of electrostatic boundary value problems, based upon charge simulation, is described. The program provides students in the Electrical Engineering curriculum at Carnegie-Mellon University with color graphics representations of potential field structures for arbitrary boundary geometries, specified with a graphics tablet or input data file. Charge simulation is an attractive numerical analysis tool in an educational context because it is based upon the natural relationships between boundary charge distribution and resultant field structure. A number of examples of specific applications of the program are shown.


This article reports the use of a karaoke technique to drive the visual attention span (VAS) of subjects reading a text while listening to the text spelled aloud by a reading tutor. We tested the impact of computer-assisted synchronous reading (S+) that emphasizes words when they are uttered, vs. non-synchronous reading (S-) in a reading while listening (RWL) task. Thirty-five 6th grade pupils read 12 stories, each involving one pseudoword presented four times, and each displayed in either condition. They were then unexpectedly tested on their memory for the orthography and for their acquired semantic knowledge of the pseudowords. Although no benefit was observed in the orthographic task, the synchronous condition significantly boosted the semantic memory by 10 points compared to the non-synchronous one (28% vs. 17% correct). We also provide some preliminary analysis on the gaze data collected during reading, suggesting differences between both conditions in terms of first fixation duration, fixation position on the word and onset delay relative to the corresponding speech onset.


In the simply typed λ-calculus, a hereditary substitution replaces a free variable in a normal form r by another normal form s of type a, removing freshly created redexes on the fly. It can be defined by lexicographic induction on a and r, thus giving rise to a structurally recursive normalizer for the simply typed λ-calculus. We implement hereditary substitutions in a functional programming language with sized heterogeneous inductive types $\Fhat$ , arriving at an interpreter whose termination can be tracked by the type system of its host programming language.


This paper presents a publicly accessible Bangla offline handwriting dataset, as well as benchmarking with a simple and robust isolated handwritten character recognition scheme. The dataset is named XXX Bangla Handwriting Dataset. The dataset contains 2 pages. The first has a 104 word/364 character essay. The essay uses 49 basic characters, all 11 vowel diacritics and 32 high frequency consonant conjuncts. The second page contains 84 isolated units containing all basic characters, numbers, vowel diacritics and several high frequency conjuncts. The initial release is based on the voluntary contribution of 100 different writers. One of the highlights and unique features of this database is that all of its contents are tagged with the associated ground truth information from different component hierarchies, such as characters, words and lines. It is expected to be useful for research on offline Bangla handwriting recognition, particularly with segmentation-based approaches. Furthermore, a basic character recognition method is presented where the features are extracted based on zonal pixel counts, structural strokes and grid points with U-SURF descriptors modeled with bag of features. The highest classification accuracy obtained with an SVM classifier based on a cubic kernel is 95.4% using the isolated characters from the XXX dataset together with 3 other datasets to ensure the versatility and robustness of this process.


Predicting sonar detection performance is important for the development of sonar systems. The classical sonar equation cannot accurately predict sonar detection performance because it does not incorporate the effect of ocean environmental and source position uncertainty. We propose an analytical receiver operating characteristic (ROC) expression that characterizes the performance of the optimal Bayesian detector in the presence of ocean environmental and source position uncertainty. The approach is based on a statistical model of the environment and a physical model of acoustic propagation, which translates ocean environmental and source position uncertainty to signal wavefront uncertainty. The analytical ROC expression developed in this paper is verified for source position uncertainty due to source motion using both simulated data and real data collected during the Shallow Water Evaluation Cell Experiment (SWellEx-96). The results showed that the primary effect of source position uncertainty on optimal sonar detection performance is captured by the rank that corresponds to the significant eigenvalues of the signal matrix, an ensemble of replica signal wavefronts (normalized acoustic pressure vector) at the receiving array. The results also showed that the proposed ROC expression provides a realistic detection performance prediction for the Bayesian detector for source position uncertainty using real data. The proposed approach to sonar detection performance prediction is much simpler and faster than those using conventional Monte Carlo approaches


Research on risk is built on a complex array of diverse and sometimes inconsistent definitions, constructs, models, and outcomes. This study examines various literatures to formulate an integrated framework for the conceptualization of perceived-risk processing. The framework specifies three phases (framing, assessment, and evaluation) and their accompanying outcomes of risk attention, perceived risk, and risk-taking propensity. Explicit linkages are specified between situational and individual characteristics. Perceived-risk evaluation is identified as concepturally distinct from assessment of perceived risk, and the construct of risk-taking propensity is separated from those of risk affinity and perceived risk. The framework further presents points of intersection between the literatures on perceived risk and the literatures on consumer decision-making, information search, and satisfaction. Finally, it serves as an anchor for framing future research to promote conceptual and methodological consistency, and to guide progress in directions that are consistent with some leading edge paradigms outside of marketing.


OBJECTIVE
To study the modulation in number and function of endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) after trauma in swine, and to investigate its pathogenesis.

METHODS
Forty pigs were divided into sham group and MODS group (each, n=20). The model of MODS of "two-hit" injury, namely hemorrhagic shock and endotoxemia, was reproduced. The peripheral blood was collected before hemorrhage (T1) and endotoxin injection (T2), and 1 hour (T3), 24 hours (T4), 48 hours (T5) after endotoxin injection. Phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38MAPK ) in mononuclear cell was determined by Western Blot, the content of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) was determined with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the number of EPC was determined with flow cytometry.

RESULTS
Model of MODS was successfully reproduced in 17 pigs. In model group, the expression of p-p38MAPK (A value) peaked at T3 (4.83±0.52), and gradually declined at T4 and T5 (4.36±0.43, 1.93±0.33), and the expression of p-p38MAPK at T3-T5 was significantly higher than that at T1 (1.00±0.22, all P<0.01). The plasma concentration of TNF-α (ng/L) at T3 in MODS group was obviously elevated compared with that of sham group (532.43±52.17 vs. 129.03±20.45, t=31.163, P<0.001), and it peaked at T3, it then gradually lowered, and it was significantly higher at T4 and T5 than that in sham group (T4: 398.93±35.75 vs. 131.12±29.53, t=26.562, P<0.001; T5: 287.48±27.26 vs. 126.44±26.96, t=17.861, P<0.001). The number of EPC (×10(7)/L) was apparently increased in MODS group at T3 compared with sham group (4.832±0.624 vs. 3.545±0.363, t=9.542, P<0.001), and it peaked at T3, then gradually decreased, and the number of EPC at T4 and T5 was significantly lower than that in sham group (T4: 2.628±0.627 vs. 3.442±0.325, t=5.043, P<0.001; T5: 2.203±0.711 vs. 3.471±0.323, t=2.972, P<0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Phosphorylation of p38MAPK could increase the plasma concentration of TNF-αand decrease the quantity of EPC in MODS,which may be one of the mechanisms of MODS.


The effects of nanosecond pulsed electric field (ns PEF) on the egg development of the medaka fish are investigated. A pulsed power modulator using a magnetic pulse compression circuit was employed to generate pulses of 0.5-20 kV pulses. Fertilized eggs of strain d-rR medaka were used. The ages of the experimental eggs were new laid, 24-h postfertilization, and 48-h postfertilization. Propidium iodide and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran conjugate, and a fluorescence microscope were used to study the effects of ns PEF on the blastomeres and the extent of egg structure damage. The FITC was injected to experimental eggs by a microinjection system, which can deliver nanoliters of FITC without producing any damage to the egg structure. Each egg was set at the middle of a 2- or 4-mm cuvette, and a single pulse was applied. The control eggs were sham treated. After the pulse application, the eggs were observed under the fluorescence microscope until they hatched or died. By applying low electric field pulses (10 kV/cm), the effects were minimal and temporary. These eggs could recover and grow as fishes. By increasing the electric field (20 kV/cm), embryos showed abnormal growth with deformed body structure or missing organs. For higher electric fields (over 30 kV/cm), immediate extended damage were observed. The research was motivated by its application in regenerative medicine to control embryonic-stem-cell differentiation and proliferation.


Background: The aim was to qualitatively evaluate two new multidisciplinary integrated public health services in Coventry. The first was an Integrated Neighbourhood Team (INT) designed to integrate professionals providing care to high users of health and social care services over 75 year olds. The second was a Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hub (MASH) designed to integrate professionals involved in child safeguarding.
Methods: Interviews were with a range of professionals (n=40) involved in the integration (INT: occupational therapists, community matrons, voluntary sector, psychologists and a lay member involved in the service design; MASH: school nurses, health visitors, social workers and police). We completed thematic analysis for each evaluation, and then synthesised findings together to identify key strengths and potential improvements.
Findings: Participants were often cautious of the service at first but once launched they all had positive experiences and felt invested in its success. Strengths included improved communication, information sharing, quicker decision making and increased understanding of each other's roles. Areas for potential improvement included increase staff capacity, reduce paperwork, improve IT systems for sharing data, and increase time for professional development and reflection as a team.
Discussion: Staff can be the driving force and determining factors behind the success of health services, and these findings highlight the importance of in-depth research with staff. They not only provide information about the strengths and weaknesses of a current service, but also vital insight into their general feeling of whether a service is working, if staff are engaged, and whether expectations are being met.


In a previous paper a method of finding solutions of the Ernst equation was proposed. In the present work some features of these solutions are discussed and a number of such solutions is given explicitly.


Cubic difference prime labeling of a graph is the labeling of the vertices with {0,1, 2---------,p-1} and the edges with absolute difference of the cubes of the labels of the incident vertices. The greatest common incidence number of a vertex (gcin) of degree greater than one is defined as the greatest common divisor of the labels of the incident edges. If the gcin of each vertex of degree greater than one is one, then the graph admits cube difference prime labeling. Here we identify some path related graphs for cubic difference prime labeling.


This paper proposes a model to automatically extract Tibetan hot words. Through analysis the dynamic Tibetan webs 2012, we use a frequency-position weighing algorithm to compute weight of word. Meanwhile, we integrate with entropy, 3s criterion and variance to extract and track the Tibetan network hot words. Finally, the experimental results prove the model is effective.


Highway work zones are susceptible to undue accumulation of motorized vehicles which calls for dynamic work zone warning signs to prevent accidents. The work zone signs are placed according to the location of the end-of-queue of vehicles which usually changes rapidly. The detection of moving objects in video captured by Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) has been extensively researched so far, and is used in a wide array of applications including traffic monitoring. Unlike the fixed traffic cameras, UAVs can be used to monitor the traffic at work zones in real-time and also in a more cost-effective way. This study presents a method as a proof of concept for detecting End-of-Queue (EOQ) of traffic by processing the real-time video footage of a highway work zone captured by UAV. EOQ is detected in the video by image processing which includes background subtraction and blob detection methods. This dynamic localization of EOQ of vehicles will enable faster and more accurate relocation of work zone warning signs for drivers and thus will reduce work zone fatalities. The method can be applied to detect EOQ of vehicles and notify drivers in any other roads or intersections too where vehicles are rapidly accumulating due to special events, traffic jams, construction, or accidents.


Objective: In 26 patients with CT-verified SSCD, to investigate the effect of frequency on the n10 component of the ocular vestibular-evoked myogenic potential (oVEMP n10) evoked by air conducted sound (ACS) and bone conducted vibration (BCV) at the midline forehead at the hairline (Fz). Methods: A handheld Bruel and Kjaer 4810 minishaker provided BCV stimulation was used, using surface EMG electrodes beneath both eyes to record oVEMP n10. The stimulus ACS and BCV at either Fz or at the vertex of the skull (Cz) were tone bursts ranging from 125 Hz to 8000 Hz. Twenty-seven healthy subjects were tested in the same paradigm. Results: In response to ACS and Fz BCV from 125 Hz until 8000 Hz in SSCD patients the oVEMP n10 amplitude beneath the contraSSCD eye was substantially and significantly larger than the oVEMP n10 beneath the ipsiSSCD eye. In normal patients, ACS oVEMPs n10 is present and reproducible until 1000 Hz, while in SSCD ACS oVEMPs n10 is present up to far higher frequencies (8000 Hz). To Fz BCV oVEMPs n10 is present until 8000 Hz in 23 patients but only to 1000 Hz in normal patients. Conclusion: Testing OVEMP frequency tuning with ACS and BCV allows very simple, very fast identification of a probable unilateral SSCD in a manner which is very easy even for senior patients.


Abstract The synthesis, characterisation and properties of several divalent metal complexes (Co, Ni, Pd) containing 2-oxazoline ligands L1–L3, appended with long chain alkyl and/or ester groups, is reported. The X-ray crystal structure aspects of one such complex, trans-PdCl2(rac-2-heptadecyl-4,5-dihydro-5-methyl-2-oxazole)2 (i.e. PdCl2(L1)2: 3), is described. This latter material contains one of the longest alkyl chains to be crystallographically characterised appended to an oxazoline ligand. The complexes reported herein represent the first transition metal derivatives of these high molecular weight, long chain and presumably low polarity monodentate oxazoline ligands. A combination of spectral and theoretical calculations (semi-empirical PM6(tm) level of theory) are used to support the proposed structure in the case of the hydrates of NiCl2 and CoBr2 complexes derived from L1. A trio of PdCl2 complexes of the ligand set are likewise detailed. Complex 3 is shown to be a useful pre-catalyst for the promotion of a Heck coupling reaction between bromobenzene and styrene under typical conditions.


Clinical trial is a kind of research to evaluate the effects of the interventions on health outcomes. Now, there're many clinical trial registries all over the world which provide the registration and search of the clinical trials. Here, we present an architecture of clinical trial knowledge management system using ontology to facilitate the knowledge representation, data integration of the clinical trial. Also, we build a prototype system. In this prototype system, the clinical trial data is retrieved from Clinicaltrial.gov, an ontology includes clinical trial knowledge is developed, and the clinical trial data is annotated as the instances of the ontology. A concept recognition tool is used to recognize the disease concept from the clinical trial data and the relation between the clinical trial and the disease is built. Users can browse the ontology, use disease instances and keywords of some properties to express the structured semantic query in SPARQL to locate the clinical trial instances. Compared with the traditional query, the query conditions meet the user's need more accurately.


The prediction of an adequate amount of claim reserves is of the greatest importance to face the responsibilities assumed by an insurance company. Although many different deterministic and stochastic methods based on statistical analyses are used for claims analysis, presence of many internal and external factors that increase the uncertainty in insurance environment may lead to considerable loss in reliability of statistical methods. Therefore, in a state of uncertainty that exist in the nature of many actuarial and financial problems, when convenient and reliable data is not held, the use of fuzzy set theory becomes very attractive to get more actual results. In this paper, a method for calculating insurance claim reserves using hybrid fuzzy least-squares regression analysis is proposed. The results from classical method and this soft computing approach are compared by using original data in automobile liability insurance. Key Words : Insurance, Claims reserving, Fuzzy numbers, Fuzzy arithmetic, Fuzzy regression.


The present work proposes an electronic waveform generator for transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES). The applied waveform model is generated into a digital processor by means of an adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which output waveform is synthesized from the original one registered using a multi-focal electroretinograph (MF-ERG). The stimulation waveform applied in patients with central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in this procedure, is qualitatively different from the one reported by others like Tano et. al. [1, 2]. Results show that CRAO patients stimulated with the proposed waveform, reported phosphenes associated with variations of the filter coefficients.


A graph G = (V,E), where V is the set of vertices, and E is the set of edges. An edge e ∈ E is an unordered pair (u,v) in undirected graphs, where u,v∈V . In directed graphs, an edge e is an ordered pair. A path from a vertex u to a vertex v is a sequence of vertices (w0,w1, ...wk), where u = w0, v = wk and (wi−1,wi) ∈ E for all 1 ≤ i ≤ k. The path is a cycle if u = v. The length of a path in an unweighted graph is the number of edges on the path. The length of a path in a weighted graph is the sum of the weights of all edges on the path. The distance between two vertices u and v is defined as the length of the shortest path connecting them.


We relate the problem of irreversibility of entanglement with the recently defined measures of quantum correlation--quantum discord and one-way quantum deficit. We show that the entanglement of formation is always strictly larger than the coherent information and the entanglement cost is also larger in most cases. We prove irreversibility of entanglement under local operations and classical communication for a family of entangled states. This family is a generalization of the maximally correlated states for which we also give an analytic expression for the distillable entanglement, the relative entropy of entanglement, the distillable secret key, and the quantum discord.


Bipolar II (BP II) disorder is a common, recurrent, and disabling psychiatric illness. Individuals suffering from this disorder comprise a large segment of the outpatient mental health treatment population, and yet little is known about how best to manage it. Psychotherapy, although untested in this population, represents a potentially important treatment modality for individuals suffering from this disorder. Because BP II disorder is characterized by subsyndromal, non-psychotic, episodes of mania (hypomania), there are no clear contraindications to the use of psychotherapy as monotherapy in BP II disorder (in contrast to BP I disorder where the risk of mania makes medication the sine qua non of treatment). In addition, unlike medication, psychotherapy has the potential to help patients address the multiple psychosocial problems associated with this chronic illness. Thus, an effective psychotherapy for BP II disorder may provide an appealing alternative for patients, especially for those who prefer to avoid the risks and discomfort associated with current pharmacotherapeutic options. Interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT), a treatment combining a behavioral approach to increasing the regularity of daily routines with interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT), has demonstrated efficacy BP I disorder when in combination with medication. The current report gives brief overviews of BP II disorder and IPSRT, describes the process of adapting IPSRT for the treatment of BP II disorder, and then presents a series of vignettes based on our experience using IPSRT as monotherapy for the acute treatment of BP II depression. We argue that IPSRT warrants further systematic study to formally assess its efficacy as a treatment for BP II disorder.


the Decoy Pool farm, whereon some sixty or seventy years ago a decoy existed in the low meadows bordering the stream which flows from Tickenham to Clevedon. These meadows are often flooded during the winter months. The decoy, however, has long been abandoned, not having been worked, it is believed, since 1820. The reader who may ascend Glastonbury Tor, and view the immense tract of wild land extending north-west of Glastonbury towards the sea coast, will readily comprehend how attractive such a country must at one time have been to wildfowl. At the beginning of the century this great fiat was still partially uncultivated, and subject in winter to frequent floods which gave it almost the appearance of a sea. It embraced some fifteen square miles of marsh ann wet reed-grown meadows. The corners of the square might be taken as Wells, Langport, Uphill, and Lilstock, extending from near the foot of the Mendips almost to the Quantock hills. No wonder that wildfowl formerly abounded here, and that the owners of decoys in Somersetshire at one time found them a source of considerable profit.


P53 is a 393 residue protein in humans made up of five proposed domains, with which the central DNA binding domain with 100-300 sequences very important for the direct binding of p53 in the promoters of its target genes to specific response elements. P53 is a tumor suppressor gene with cellular stress like oxygen deficiency, oxidative stress, radiation and carcinogens substances, is stimulated has major roles in translational regulation and feedback processes. A wide variety of damage signals that relate to the stability, post-translational alteration and recruitment of p53 to binding sites in chromatin which activate the p53 pathway. As a transcriptional activation, p53 mediates transcriptional changes which facilitate cell death, senescence or reversing and protective arrest of the cell cycle. P53 is a protein under intense investigation because it is necessary to prevent tumor, in human tumors have been found to deregulation of p53 activity. On this article study focuses the mechanism of suppressive p53 effects in the response to any stress and correlation of the mutation p53 with different tumor.


The paper presents an extended version of the author's Evolutionary Sets of Safe Ship Trajectories method. The method plans safe tracks of all ships involved in an encounter including speed reduction maneuvers, if necessary, and taking into account Rule 10 of COLREGS, which specifies ships' behavior within Traffic Separation Schemes governed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The paper focuses on the evaluation phase of the evolutionary process and shows how fitness function is designed to compare various possible tracks as well as to assess the quality of a final solution. The impact of the fitness function on the method's results is illustrated by examples.


Performance tuning programs for dataflow execution involves tradeoffs and optimizations which may be significantly different than for execution on conventional machines. We examine some tuning techniques for scientific programs with regular control but irregular geometry. We use as an example the core of an ocean modeling code developed in the implicitly parallel language Id for the Monsoon dataflow machine. Dataflow implementations of loops, in particular, require careful examination by the compiler or programmer to attain high performance because of overheads due to fine-grained synchronization, control, and operand distribution.


A tunable two-frequency high-power diode laser system at 850 nm for terahertz (Thz)-wave generation by photomixing in low-temperature-grown GaAs photo-conductors has been developed. The difference frequency is obtained through a three laser system, where two lasers are locked to different orders of a Fabry-Perot cavity and a third is offset-locked to the first, The difference-frequency signal is generated by the offset laser and the other cavity-locked laser. The spectral purity of the beat note is better than 1 MHz. The maximum output power of -500 mW was obtained by using the master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) technique, simultaneous injection of two seed frequencies with a single semiconductor optical amplifier. Here we report the generation of THz waves and spectroscopy of acetonitrile as proof of concept.


In the following index agenda items considered by major organizations are listed by topic rather than under the organ in which they are discussed. Committees and commissions of major organizations have been listed independently except in the case of the seven major committees of the General Assembly which are listed under the heading General Assembly. References to organs of smaller organizations have been listed under the organization. For statements of policy made by national representatives refer to the subheadings under the representative's country. Abbreviations in parentheses following an entry indicate the larger body of which it is an organ or to which it reports. The pagination of Volume XXI is as follows: Number 1, Winter 1967, pp. 1-220; Number 2, Spring 1967, pp. 221-544; Number 3, Summer 1967, pp. 545-750; Number 4, Autumn 1967, pp. 751-888.


An extension of a previous model [2] is proposed of the glycolysis of erythrocytes which includes realistic rat laws for the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system and for the 2,3-P2G phosphatase. Whereas most conclusions previously drawn are reinforced, the mechanism of ATP regulation is different in the present model. The ATP concentration is mainly regulated by the inhibitory action of ATP and the activating effect of AMP on the phosphofructokinase. The role of the 2,3-P2G bypass as a buffer of changes in the ATP demand is of lesser significance than previously thought. Besides the feedback action of the adenine nucleotides on the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system in the quasisteady state the role of 2,3-P2G as an energy source is important since it can yield ATP for a certain period of time. The present version of the model describes qualitatively the experimental data on the modulation of Na+-K+-ATPase.


The demand is a fundamental variable in economic analysis that measures the needs of goods and services of the consumers. This paper presents a new approach for representing the demand by using aggregation systems that consider the attitudinal character of the consumers and their beliefs regarding the degree of importance of the different variables that may affect them. Several developments are introduced by using multiperson systems, different criterion, attributes, and states of nature. These developments are focused on the use of the weighted average, the ordered weighted average, and the ordered weighted averaging weighted average. Further aggregation systems are suggested by using the concept of the demand growth. The paper ends with an application of the new approach in a forecasting process that considers the attitude of the decision maker and its subjective beliefs.


Using cinefluorography, this investigation evaluated how the bilabial and dorsal stop closure postures of 2 hearing and 5 deaf speakers varied with vowel context. The jaw and tongue body postures of the hearing and the 2 most intelligible deaf speakers altered with the identity of the following vowel. This did not occur consistently for the remaining deaf speakers. The results concur with a previous suggestion (Tye, Zimmerman, & Kelso, 1983) that some speakers who learn speech without audition may develop a different articulatory coordination than hearing speakers. Discovering these differences may lead to a general account for many of their intelligibility deficits.


Tip burn has been reported as one of the most serious physiological disorder in Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottl.) cultivated in plastic film house. In this study, a physiography and chemical properties of 132 plastic film house soils were investigated to elucidate factors affecting tip burn symptom. Also influence of soil properties on tip burn was statistically determined by path analysis and association analysis including a chi-square test or logistics analysis. Probability distribution of inorganic aqueous species, such as ammonia (g) was calculated using MINTEQ program. Soil order and chemical properties, especially pH, exchangeable calcium and inorganic nitrogen, showed a significant relationship with tip burn of Chinese chives. Tip burn symptoms occur mainly in an alkaline soil classified as Alfisols. Result of linear regression and path analysis exhibited that formation of ammonia (g) from soil solution depend upon soil pH and were associated with ammonium resulting from soil organic matter or nitrate. These results indicate that tip burn symptom of Chinese chives is directly affected by ammonia gas originated from alkaline soil condition.


Halide perovskite (HP) semiconductors exhibit unique strong coupling between the electronic and structural dynamics. The high-temperature cubic phase of HPs is known to be entropically stabilized, with imaginary frequencies in the calculated phonon dispersion relation. Similar calculations, based on the static average crystal structure, predict a stable tetragonal phase with no imaginary modes. This work shows that in contrast to standard theory predictions, the room-temperature tetragonal phase of CH$_{3} $NH$_{3} $PbI$_{3}$ is strongly anharmonic. We use Raman polarization-orientation (PO) measurements and \textit{ab initio} molecular dynamics (AIMD) to investigate the origin and temperature evolution of the strong structural anharmonicity throughout the tetragonal phase. Raman PO measurements reveal a new spectral feature that resembles a soft mode. This mode shows an unusual continuous increase in damping with temperature which is indicative of an anharmonic potential surface. The analysis of AIMD trajectories identifies two major sources of anharmonicity: the orientational unlocking of the [CH$_{3} $NH$_{3}$]$^+$ ions and large amplitude octahedral tilting that continuously increases with temperature. Our work suggests that the standard phonon picture cannot describe the structural dynamics of tetragonal CH$_{3} $NH$_{3} $PbI$_{3}$.


The predictive utility of emotional distress, social support, and satisfaction with health care for use of particular coping strategies (confrontation, avoidance, acceptance-resignation) was examined in 130 adults with cancer. Analysis indicated that emotional distress was the most salient predictor of adults' use of coping strategies characterized by avoidance and acceptance-resignation, after controlling for the effects of duration of disease and relevant demographic characteristics. Emotional distress, social support, and satisfaction with health care did not account for a significant percentage of the variance in coping strategies characterized by confrontation.


Pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or extrahepatic growth of HCC is an uncommon but not rare pathological form, but its genesis is unknown. Right‐sided adrenal metastases of HCC that were abutting on or about to fuse with the right hepatic lobe were resected in three patients. The masses seemed to have originated in the para‐adrenal tissue, leaving the adrenal gland intact. They were partially supplied by the hepatic artery as well as by the suprarenal artery. Four cases of autopsied pedunculated HCC of the right lobe were also studied. The mass was protruding caudad from the noncancerous parenchyma of the right lobe. Postmortem angiography carried out on one liver showed that only a small portion of the mass toward the liver was supplied from the hepatic artery. These observations suggest that some, perhaps most, of the right‐sided pedunculated HCCs represent fusion of the right lobe and para‐adrenal or adrenal metastatic HCC. This phenomenon may be explained by possible transport of cancer cells toward the right adrenal gland through the so‐called adrenohepatic fusion, a relatively common anatomical change in advanced age.


The article presents the results of the investigations into modelling a blast wave for huge charges of 1kg TNT equivalent. Modelling of huge charges is a very interesting problem due to a scale effect. During numerical analyses a detonation phenomenon was ignored (for the reason of the analysis time). The paper considers the effects of the influence of a pressure wave coming from a huge TNT charge (modelled with energy) on a 6 mm thick steel plate as well as on a protective panel made of foamed aluminium with composite layer. A panel of foamed aluminium was used for the protection of the described plate. The particular elements of a panel, subjected to an experimental analysis, were jointed with the use of a glueing method. In the numerical model the particular component layers were jointed with contact. The ALE (Arbitrary-Lagrange-Euler) function was used for coupling between the Euler domain and the Lagrange domain. The method requires absolute location compatibility of the nodes from both jointed areas. In the results of the conducted investigations, the permanent deformation of the steel plate was obtained.. Additionally, the possibility of the steel plate deformation evaluation was considered on the basis of accessible literature. Due to a huge charge, the analysis was performed with the use of the finite element method with the experimental verification.


This study investigates the value of auditor industry specialization. In the first step, we use a discrete choice model to derive the first-order demand for auditor industry specialization. Our results reveal that clients have a general preference for auditor industry specialization, relating to both audit firm and audit office specialization. Further, we observe that specializations at the audit firm and audit office level are substitutes. We also find that larger and more complex clients have a stronger demand for industry specialization at the audit office level. In the second step, we use the results from the discrete choice model to quantify the value of auditor industry specialist for clients. We find that the overall value of industry specialization aggregated across all clients is 5.2 million USD (0.36% of audit fees) and that industry specialization at the firm (office) level is decisive for auditor choice in 4% (6%) of all cases.


Dmitrij Dobrovol´skij, Ludmila Pöppel: Revoljucija, vosstanie, perevorot : Semantics and Pragmatics The purpose of this paper is to clarify semantic differences between the words революция, восстание and переворот in present-day usage. Being members of the same semantic field, they nevertheless display some intuitively obvious disparate semantic features. However, these features are only partly attested in dictionaries. We study the meaning of the words революция, переворот and восстание in present-day Russian using typical contexts from the Russian National Corpus (RNC) and the Internet. Further, we identify distinctive features that should be included in the definitions of these words and compare our findings with descriptions of their meanings in several well-known dictionaries.. The analysis of the present-day usage of the three words will demonstrate a number of semantic differences between these words that were not characteristic of their usage at the beginning of the the twentieth century. These semantic and pragmatic shifts are not, however, attested in dictionaries. It is therefore important, in the near future, to focus on diachronic shifts in the course of the last hundred years as well as on formulating new definitions that reflect the present-day usage of these words.


Next generation of on-board Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) equipment for secure communications shall adopt robust anti-jamming approaches allowing to cope with jammer-to-signal power ratios higher than 50 dB. However classical Direct Sequence/Spread-Spectrum (DS/SS) techniques, due to their limited processing gain, do not necessarily provide enough jammer rejection to ensure reliable communication. In these cases, use of an adaptive filter to remove some jammer energy prior to correlation can significantly improve system performance. This paper offers a complete overview of adaptive filtering approaches as successfully experimented by Thales Alenia Space - Italy (TAS-I) for the Spread-Spectrum Transponder (SST) line.


Directional antennas widely used in IEEE 802.11 series protocols can offer high gain and low interference to other stations. But they also cause some side effects like the hidden terminal and deafness problems, which will deteriorate the performance of the networks significantly. Therefore, omni-directional antennas have to be used in some cases to avoid these problems. So a station equipped with antennas capable of operating in both omni-directional and directional modes is desired. In this paper, an entropy-based clustering algorithm is proposed to find an improved solution between using omni- and directional antennas, which utilizes the advantage of directional antennas and meanwhile alleviates the effects brought by directional antennas. We compare our proposed algorithms with the traditional ones and the simulation results confirm the effectiveness of our proposed method.


Objective: This commentary reviews current expenditure on psychosis in Australia, identifies discretionary expenditure that could be used more efficiently, discusses the factors influencing resource allocation and intervention selection decisions, and suggests priorities for change. Method: Cost-of-illness findings from the Low Prevalence Disorders Study (LPDS), and related service use and psychosocial data, are used to highlight patterns of expenditure on psychosis and potential resource allocation issues. Arguments are also presented suggesting that mental health resource allocation in Australia should be informed primarily by treatment efficiency, equity and humanitarian considerations, not differences in the global burden of disease. However, our evidence-base about the effectiveness and costs associated with individual treatments, programmes, and organizational structures is also shown to be limited. Conclusions: The patterns of service use and expenditure on psychosis suggest certain imbalances, including an over-reliance on hospitalization, low levels of supported community accommodation, and inadequate provision of evidence-based psychosocial treatments, rehabilitation and supported employment programmes. We need to identify and develop efficient interventions and programmes, re-orientate our services to better utilize those interventions, increase community awareness, improve monitoring of outcomes and costs, and undertake timely evaluations at multiple levels, from the individual to the societal perspective.


To the Editor:— I should like to comment on your answer to an inquiry regarding the usefulness of injections of distilled water (The Journal, Oct. 20, 1945, p. 584). You state that "there appears to be no basis for preference for water over isotonic solution of sodium chloride." I can think of at least three conditions in which this statement would not apply and, indeed, might even lead to danger. First, water is preferable in any condition in which there is deprivation of water alone, e. g., for a patient who is unable to replace water lost as insensible perspiration and from the lungs. This leads to dehydration, which involves some loss of electrolyte, but in general is associated with a retention of salt, or hypertonicity of the body fluids. True replacement therapy in such a case would consist in the injection of water with only a small amount of


In the COVID-19 pandemic scenario, parents need to be familiar with health literacy by applying clean and healthy living habits to their family members, especially those with early childhood. This study aims to explain parents' perceptions of health literacy for a clean and healthy behavior in their children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in this study is a cross-sectional study involving 22 men and 62 female respondents. Respondent requirements were used in data analysis to determine parents' perceptions of health literacy and the efforts they have made to practice clean and healthy lifestyle in their children. The research findings show that knowing the health awareness of parents has an impact on a child's balanced lifestyle. Based on six measures of clean and healthy behavior for children, three indicators were determined in the category of discipline and high discipline: using clean water, using the toilet, and doing physical activity. The act of washing children's hands with soap indicators has a high discipline score and the use of masks in children has low discipline. If the use of masks is not disciplined by parents, exposure to COVID-19 in early childhood can be disrupted.
Keywords: Early Childhood, Parental health literacy, Clean and healthy behaviors
References:
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The subject of the study are the relationships between the Late Triassic A-type granites of the Baga-Gazriin Chuluu pluton in Central Mongolia and the magmatic bodies located either adjacent to or a short distance from this intrusion. We compare new geochemical data from the most representative samples of the Baga-Gazriin Chuluu pluton with published data from the Mesozoic granitoids of the Egiindavaa complex and Tsagduul massif in the Hotont area. The geochemical analyses of all these granitoids are also compared with the geochemical characteristics of trachyandesites of unknown age which neighbour the Baga-Gazriin pluton. The Baga-Gazriin granites, most of the Tsagduul granites and a few samples from Egiindavaa are A-granites with strong crustal affinity. By contrast, most of the Egiindavaa granitoids include considerable mantle-derived material and so seemingly formed in different conditions, with a higher water content in the magma. The trachyandesites adjacent to the Baga-Gazriin Chuluu pluton have been referred to a Permian volcano-sedimentary complex, making them distinctly older than the granitoids. All the A-type granites discussed were emplaced in extensional conditions, which developed after cessation of the compressional regime resulting from the closure of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean. The shallow-lying source for their generation was connected with slab break-off or the presence of a hot spot. The granitoids, in the late stage of crystallisation, were enriched in complex ions that were REE carriers, as shown by a distinct "tetrad effect".


BACKGROUND
There is scarce and conflicting evidence on medium- to long-term effects of prolonged breastfeeding on child behavior.

METHOD
A population-based birth cohort study started in 2004 in the city of Pelotas, Southern Brazil. Children were followed up at 3, 12, 24, and 48 months and 6 years of age. Breastfeeding duration was determined based on information collected around the time of weaning. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA). Children who were never breastfed were excluded from the analysis. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance.

RESULTS
Data on breastfeeding and mental health at the age of 6 years were available for 3377 children. Prevalence of breastfeeding for 24-35 months and ≥36 months was 16.1% (95% CI: 14.8-17.3) and 8.1% (95% CI: 7.2-9.1), respectively. Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among those who were breastfed for <24 months, 24-35 months and ≥36 months was 12.4% (95% CI: 11.1-13.7), 13.1% (95% CI: 10.4-16.2) and 12.3% (95% CI: 8.7-16.8), respectively. No association was found between breastfeeding for 24 months or more and psychiatric disorders among children aged 6 years both in the crude and adjusted analyses.

CONCLUSIONS
In this cohort there was no association between breastfeeding for 24 months or more and an increased prevalence of psychiatric disorders at the age of 6 years. Studies analyzing the medium- and long-term effects of prolonged breastfeeding for 2 years or more are scarce and further research is needed regarding this practice.


Combining cell surface phenotyping with functional analysis, human CD8+ T cells have been divided into several subsets which are being studied extensively in diverse physiological situations, such as viral infection, cancer and ageing. In particular, so‐called terminally differentiated effector cells possess a CD45RA+CCR7–CD27–CD28– phenotype, contain perforin and, in different models, have been shown to exert direct ex vivo killing and to release interleukins upon both antigen‐nonspecific and ‐specific stimulation. Using HLA class I multimers, we have identified a high frequency of peripheral CD8+ T cells that recognize a peptide derived from the self protein cytokeratin 18 presented by the HLA‐A*0201 molecule. These cells can be detected in approximately 15% of the HLA‐A2‐positive healthy donors tested. A detailed analysis revealed that they must have divided extensively in vivo, have an effector cell phenotype and express various natural killer cell‐associated receptors. Interestingly, however, they remained unresponsive to antigen‐specific stimulation in vitro in terms of cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion. Thus, cytokeratin 18‐specific cells constitute a frequently encountered, new CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation without classical effector status and with so far unknown function.


Trichoderma spp. are a rich source of secondary metabolites (SMs). The recent publication of the genome sequences of three Trichoderma spp. has revealed a vast repertoire of genes putatively involved in the biosynthesis of SMs, such as non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, terpenoids and pyrones. Interestingly, the genomes of the mycoparasitic species Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride are enriched in secondary metabolism-related genes compared with the biomass-degrading Trichoderma reesei: 18 and 18 polyketide synthases compared with 11; 28 and 16 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases compared with 10, respectively. All three species produce a special class of non-ribosomally synthesized peptides known as peptaibols, containing non-proteinogenic amino acids (particularly α-aminoisobutyric acid). In common with other filamentous ascomycetes, Trichoderma spp. may require siderophores (also produced by non-ribosomal peptide synthetases) to grow in iron-poor conditions and to compete with their hosts for available iron. Two generalizations can be made about fungal SM genes: they are often found in clusters, and many are not expressed under standard laboratory conditions. This has made it difficult to identify the compounds. Trichoderma, in particular, interacts with other microbes in the soil and with plant roots in the rhizosphere. A detailed metabolomic-genomic study would eventually unravel the roles of many of these SMs in natural ecosystems. Novel genetic tools developed recently, combined with biological understanding of the function of SMs as toxins or signals, should lead to 'awakening' of these 'silent' clusters. Knowledge of the SM repertoire should precede application of Trichoderma strains for biocontrol: some metabolites could be toxic to plants and their consumers, and thus should be avoided. Others could be beneficial, antagonizing pathogens or inducing resistance in crop plants.


Thrombin bound to fibrin is protected from inhibition by mixtures of antithrombin (AT) and heparin (H). Resistance of thrombin to reaction with AT + H when fibrin is present results from the formation of a ternary fibrin:thrombin:H complex. However, recent investigations using an antithrombin-heparin conjugate (ATH) showed that the covalent ATH complex rapidly inhibits fibrin-bound thrombin, with the thrombin-ATH product remaining attached to the fibrin. One intriguing possibility from these findings was that the heparin chain of ATH (or thrombin-ATH) on the fibrin surface might still be available to interact with fluid-phase molecules. We studied the anticoagulant activity of fibrin-bound ATH by determining the ability to catalyze the inhibition of added thrombin + AT. Excess fibrin monomer (polymerization inhibited by GPRP) was mixed with thrombin to form soluble complexes. Fibrin:thrombin was then incubated in the absence or presence of AT, H, AT + H or ATH, at various concentrations relative to the thrombin. Following treatment with anticoagulant, a vast excess of exogenous thrombin + AT was added and the ability of fibrin:thrombin-bound heparin to catalyze inhibition of the exogenous thrombin was assessed by measuring the loss of thrombin activity (chromogenic substrate assay). In the absence of heparin, reaction of exogenous thrombin + AT was essentially unaffected by the presence of soluble fibrin:thrombin. When fibrin:thrombin complex was mixed with AT + H (concentrations equimolar to thrombin), an insignificant ability to catalyze inhibition of excess thrombin by AT was observed (remaining thrombin activity = 49 +/− 4 vs 43 +/− 3 mOD/min for reaction with AT + H vs without AT + H, respectively). However, when similar concentrations of ATH were combined with fibrin:thrombin, a marked catalytic activity was seen (remaining thrombin = 34 +/− 3 mOD/min). Furthermore, the significant catalytic effect of ATH could be demonstrated over a wide range of concentrations relative to fibrin:thrombin. At these same concentrations, AT + H had little effect on exogenous thrombin + AT reactions. We conclude that although AT + H is unable to effectively inhibit fibrin-bound thrombin, covalently linked ATH not only overcomes this defect but can convert the fibrin:thrombin into a new site for anticoagulant activity to catalyze thrombin inhibition by exogenous AT. If clot-based antithrombin activity is demonstrated in vivo, we speculate that ATH may be useful for transforming thrombi from procoagulant to anticoagulant entities.


The voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs) are a family of membrane proteins forming a pore, through which they selectively conduct sodium ions inward and outward cell's plasma membranes in response to variations of membrane potentials, playing a fundamental role in controlling cellular excitability. Growing evidences suggest that abnormal VGSCs are involved in the pathophysiology of both acquired and inherited epilepsy. Approximately two dozen drugs are currently marketed for the treatment of epilepsy and most of them act as sodium channel blockers, preventing the return of the channels to the active state by stabilizing the inactive form. Despite the many drugs on the market, 30% of patients continue to experience seizures even in the presence of optimal doses of AEDs, while others continue to suffer from medication induced side effects. Thus, there is a great need to continue the search for new AEDs that are not only more effective, but also have a better side effects profile. For this reason, many efforts have been made in the recent years to identify new sodium channel blockers for the treatment of epilepsy. These studies have led to different classes of compounds, characterized by a great structural diversity. The aim of this review is to provide an introduction on the structure and function of the sodium channels, followed by a brief historical perspective on the sodium channel blockers in use as anticonvulsant drugs. Moreover, it will focus on the medicinal chemistry of the sodium channel blockers recently published (2008-2011) and the drug design/molecular modeling studies related to the receptor.


INTRODUCTION:
Around the world burns are a major cause of health problems as the problem lies not only with the immediate cause but as the patient survives he has to carry the physical and psychological morbidity associated with it.
95% of deaths due to burns have been reported in middle and low socioeconomic countries.
Ever since man had found out about fire, burn injuries have existed the earliest documentary evidence seen in the Ebers Papyrus.
Since then various people have proposed several different methods to treat burn injuries.
Susrutha of India during ancient times had classified and described Burns into four categories .He also used honey as antiseptic to treat burn wounds.
Dupuytren, the famous French surgeon wrote at the beginning of the 19th century that "burns had been the object of one of the most bizarre treatment methods".
The Egyptian's treated burns by incantations and a mixture of gum, goat's hair and milk from women who had given birth to child.
Chinese and Japanese used extract of tea leaves.
Hippocrates suggested the use of warm vinegar and solution of oak bark.
Celsus described use of honey and Galen prescribed vinegar.
Rhazes used ice cold water. Humans have always depended on fire either to prepare food or for warmth, but fire being a double edged sword is associated with injuries which have been one of the earthly evils. So it is this fire which is both blessing and scourge to mankind. Burns are tissue injuries resulting from direct contact with flames, hot liquids, chemicals, and electricity or radiation .Most commonly skin is injured. Skin loses its function as a barrier to injury and infection and as a regulator of temperature, fluid loss and sensation.
Pathologically burn injury causes coagulative necrosis to tissues.
Rarely, burn injures the deeper tissues and vascular structures.
Heat is transferred to the tissues by conduction from contact with hot liquids and solids and convection of hot gases over the skin.
(Flame, radiation) or from a sudden release of great energy as in electric arc or explosion. Burn injury carried a poor prognosis in the past.
With the understanding of the patho physiology and advances in fluid resuscitation and early excision of the burns wound, survival of the patient improved in recent times.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
The aim of the study is to analyse and compare placental extract and silver sulfadiazine application in 20-40% fresh flame burns and scalds to compare the efficacy of both the drugs in
1. Wound healing.
2. Wound infection
3. Contracture
4. Hypertrophic scar
5. Better patient compliance
6. Cost effectiveness.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Study Population:
The patient attending the emergency services and subsequent admission as in-patient (Age range of 13-70) with 20-40% fresh flame burns and scalds in CMCH.
Study Period:
September 2011 to November 2012.
Study Design: Randomised control prospective study.
• Soon after the patients are admitted in the ward, detailed history taking will be followed in all the cases.
• Patients with disease which delays wound healing like diabetes melitus, tuberculosis, anaemia, organ failure, immuno compromised status, and previous drug intake etc will be noted.
• Thorough clinical examination of the patients will be made and percentage of body surface area involved will be recorded according to the rule of 9. patients admitted with 20 – 40 % burns are randomised into two groups.
• Both the groups were carefully selected to match as closely as possible for age, sex and burns surface area.
CONCLUSION:
In this study of 94 patients with the following conclusions have been arrived: Incidence is higher among females than males. The Peak incidence occurs in the age group of less than 40 years. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus were the most commonly incriminated organisms in burn wound infection. Placental extract has better patient compliance. Placental extract is cheaper and cost effective. Placental extract is effective in burns wound healing. Both silver sulfadiazine and placental extract are not effective against development of hypertrophic scar and contracture. Further studies may be required to know about the effect on preventing late complications in burns using placental extract.


This chapter considers some of the theoretical foundations of teaching and learning in higher education and how these are reflected in practice. We consider how varying conceptions of teaching and learning with technology have an impact upon how teachers design teaching and learning. This chapter reviews why these variations are important and how they can affect the design of the curriculum and ultimately what and how students learn. We conclude that promoting increased use of technology does little, if anything, to improve student learning. It is only by attending to higher education teachers? conceptions of teaching and learning with technology and supporting change in this area that significant progress will be achieved. In this chapter we advocate that informed design in the use of technology is underpinned by beliefs about (conceptions of) teaching and learning with technology. To this end the chapter explores some of the theoretical underpinnings of these conceptions and argues that they are fundamental to driving well-informed practice in the use of technology to support student learning.


5-(2-Aminopropyl)benzofuran (5-APB), a 'research chemical' that was first reported by UK authorities to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) in 2010, is anecdotally reported to produce a combination of stimulant and entactogenic effects. More recently, in 2011, 6-(2-aminopropyl)benzofuran (6-APB) was identified by Hungarian authorities. To confirm positional isomer identity in Internet purchased products, 4- 5- 6- and 7-APBs were synthesized and found to be separable by gas chromatography (as heptafluorobutyramide derivatives) and liquid chromatography. The analyses of products purchased from online vendors of 'research chemicals' identified the presence of 5- or 6-APBs. These findings were further confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. In products containing 6-APB, the 4- positional isomer was also identified and this may have arisen during the manufacturing process.


Background and Aim: Hearing-impaired children make a lot of stress for the parents. Providing the parents of these children with suitable consultation and rehabilitation services results in increased satisfaction and reduced anxiety level. In this study we investigated the relationship between audiology service satisfaction and level of anxiety in parents of hearing-impaired children. Methods: Seventy-five parents of hearing-impaired children, whose problem was diagnosed during the last year, participated in the study. The mothers were interviewed using satisfaction and anxiety questionnaires. Results: There was no association between level of service satisfaction and parental state and trait anxiety level; however, the group with a higher level of satisfaction (score 64-90) recorded a lower anxiety score (0-20). There was also a significant association between parental state and trait anxiety level (p<0.001). Considering the demographic data, only the living place (Tehran compared with other provinces) showed a significant association with satisfaction and anxiety levels; people living in small provinces had a significantly less satisfaction level (p=0.002) and a more anxiety score (p=0.017). Conclusion: Lack of durability of services was the concern of people living in small provinces which resulted in being more anxious and less satisfied.


The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of vaginal group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization in pregnant women from Osijek area, the possible effect of GBS colonization on pregnancy outcome and neonatal complications and the role of intrapartum prophylaxis in this context. This retrospective case-control study took place at the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Osijek University Hospital Center from December 2003 to June 2006. A total of 118 pregnant women was enrolled in study and divided into two groups: 59 women in 35th-37th week of gestation, free from risk factors for infection (control group); and 59 women in 25th-41st week of gestation with risk factors for infection. Low vaginal swab for GBS isolation and identification on selective and enriched medium was obtained from each woman. GBS colonization was recorded in 29 (24.6%) women: 12 (20.3%) control and 17 (28.8%) women at risk of infection, yielding a statistically non-significant difference (Chi2 = 1.480489; p < 0.48). Early neonatal infection was observed in six (20.7%) neonates born to 29 mothers with GBS colonization, pointing to a correlation between vaginal GBS colonization and early neonatal infection (r(s) = 0.99). Early perinatal infection was found in 22 (18.6%) neonates, including 17 (28.8%) pregnancies with risk factors, pointing to a significant correlation between vaginal GBS colonization, risk factors and early perinatal infection (Chi2 = 88.68; p < 0.001); however, gestational age and pregnancy outcome were not influenced by GBS colonization. In eight (36.4%) newborns, early neonatal infection developed in spite of intrapartum administration of antibiotics; three of these children were born to GBS positive mothers, and perinatal GBS infection was demonstrated in one (0.84%) child. Study results revealed a relatively high rate of GBS colonization in the population of pregnant women in Croatia, occasionally leading to early neonatal infection. Large studies are needed to develop national strategy for the prevention of GBS infection in Croatia.


Flux states of an RF SQUID are promising candidates for the implementation of quantum bits (qubits) for quantum computing. Accurate measurements of the flux states, especially in the time domain, require a controllable coupling between a qubit and a readout circuit (e.g., a dc SQUID magnetometer). Since the readout circuit can also be a source of decoherence, such a controllable coupling also allows one to control (minimize) the back action of the magnetometer. For this purpose we suggest a balanced, tunable transformer. This has a gradiometer configuration such that each arm is broken by a small loop containing two Josephson junctions. As a result the inductance of each arm can be adjusted by an applied bias flux. In the symmetrical case there is no coupling between the qubit and the magnetometer while a desired coupling can be achieved by changing the asymmetry of the arms. Similar transformers may be be useful for achieving controllable, lossless coupling that is required between qubits. Theoretical analysis of the noise back action of the transformer as well as preliminary experimental results are presented.


There exists in the law of copyright preemption what some have identified as a paradox: that in certain cases involving claims for voice misappropriation in which a plaintiff's voice has merely been imitated, claims have been allowed to proceed, while other cases that involve actual uses of a plaintiff's voice — that is, samples from sound recordings — have been held to be preempted by the federal Copyright Act. This article argues that this apparent paradox is actually no conflict at all. After a brief background section, this article collects and explains cases, discusses the strengths and weaknesses of one possible harmonization of the case law presented by one of the preeminent copyright scholars in America today, then proposes a new way to think about the cases, and explains why what seems like a conflict at first glance is actually correct, both as a matter of federal preemption law and as a normative matter.


The use of resistant cultivars is the most common practice in managing the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines. Currently, most commercial SCN-resistant soybean cultivars were developed from a single source of resistance, plant introduction (PI) 88788. The effect of crop sequences including rotations of SCN-susceptible soybean 'sturdy' with SCN-resistant soybean 'freeborn' carrying resistance derived from PI 88788, soybean 'Pioneer 9234' carrying resistance derived from PI 548402 (peking), and nonhost corn was studied at two field sites in southern Minnesota, the United States. Parasitic ability of SCN measured as a female index (FI) on PI 88788 and freeborn increased with the number of years freeborn was planted. After more than 5 years of freeborn, either in monoculture or rotation with other soybean cultivars and corn, the SCN population changed from the original race 3 (HG type 0 or 7) to race 1 (HG type 2.7 or 2.5.7). After 10 years of freeborn, the changed nematode population reproduced freely on the once resistant cultivar (FI > 60). There was no selection pressure from the use of PI 88788-resistance on SCN populations that can overcome peking resistance. Planting 3 or fewer years of Pioneer 9234 had no noticeable effect on the virulence phenotype of the SCN population. This study suggests that more cultivars from resistance sources other than PI 88788 are urgently needed for effective management of the nematode in Minnesota and other regions in the world.


But in the process it has gone on to develop two pointsthe restriction of comment to the limited and particular group of the moment, and the independence of the research team-which surely are matters of research tactics, into principles which have guided and confined the entire study within the restricted bounds already described, and without which, its considerable value would have been still more enhanced. It will of course be obvious that these remarks are to be taken in their context-of gratitude that here at last is a serious and indeed pioneering study of some of the least accessible features of human relations in industry. D. H. ALLCORN


The purpose of this study has been to investigate the influence of both a supplementary fish oil diet on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and n6 and n3 fatty acids on intramuscular fat in Mediterranean buffalo meat. Twenty animals were randomly divided into two groups and fed with Brachiaria brizantha, 3Kg rice bran, 500 g corn and 500 g sunflower pellets for 60 days. Group I received this diet only while in group II each animal received additional 100 ml fish oil daily. Results indicated a significant decrease of palmitic fatty acid in group II (232.67 mg/g fat) in relation to group I (254.73 mg/g fat). Among unsaturated acids (AGI), the 9c 11t CLA value of group II (21.23 mg/g fat) showed an increase in relation to group I (15.80 mg/g fat), while the linoleic acid content of group II (28,85 mg/g fat) decreased significantly in relation to group I (47,00 mg/g fat). However, the alpha linolenic acid showed no significant difference between the supplemented diet group and the control group (10.31 and 10.70 mg/g fat, respectively). Group II n6/n3 ratio was narrower (2.69:1) than that of group I (4.55:1). Summing up, group II diet, which included fish oil, increased the CLA content in intramuscular fat and decreased the n6 fatty acids, improving the n6/n3 ratio.


Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei are two highly pathogenic bacteria responsible for melioidosis and glanders, respectively. Our laboratory developed hydrolysis probe-based real-time polymerase chain reaction assays targeting type three secretion system (TTS) and transposase family protein (TFP) of B. pseudomallei and B. malli, respectively. The assays were validated for target specificity, amplification sensitivity, and reproducibility. A bacterial DNA panel, composed of B. pseudomallei (13 strains), B. mallei (11 strains), Burkholderia species close neighbors (5 strains), and other bacterial species (17 strains), was prepared for specificity testing. Reference DNAs from B. pseudomallei and B. mallei bacterial cultures were used as controls for amplification, limit of detection, and reproducibility testing. The two TaqMan assays, Bp-TTS 1 and Bm-TFP, were optimized and applied in a retrospective study of archived cases from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology. We tested 10 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks originally from autopsy specimens of patients who died of melioidosis or glanders during or after overseas tours in 1960s. Polymerase chain reaction results confirmed that DNA samples from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks of eight patients with melioidosis were positive for Bp-TTS 1 target and two patients with glanders were positive for Bm-TFP target.