The concept of a dynamic and deterministic model (DOCIS) was developed to simulate post harvest development of an inflorescence during vase life based on carbohydrate content at harvest. The model was partly parameterized using lily 'Enchantment'. The inflorescence as a system was defined by the state variables: the carbohydrate pool, structural biomass and development stage of each floret in the inflorescence and the carbohydrate pool in the stem. An additional auxiliary state variable was used to describe whether a floret is alive or dead due to shortage of carbohydrate supply. The model is temperature driven. It is assumed that the available carbohydrates are distributed among the floret(bud)s proportional to their total sink strengths. An osmotic pool of the petal cells is included which is treated as an independent sink. By priority, carbohydrates imported by a floret are used for maintenance respiration. Distribution of available carbohydrates among the osmotic and the non-osmotic (substrate available for structural biomass production) pool was assumed to be proportional to the sink strengths of both pools. Sink strength was defined as the capacity to accumulate carbohydrates under conditions of non-limiting carbohydrate supply. Available carbohydrates did not influence osmotic potential of petal juice (vacuolar solution) at a certain development stage. The resulting concept of constant osmotic potential makes it possible to predict floret fresh weight (size), an important aspect of decorative value.


Anaesthetists in training have access to a bewildering array of journals and textbooks from which to acquire information for the FRCA diploma. From the results of a questionnaire sent to 60 senior registrars, we have produced a core selection of journals and textbooks to guide the trainee preparing for all three parts of the diploma.


The global Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on various sectors including higher education. This study aims to examine the problem of the impact of the pandemic on higher education and the solution strategy, using the literature review method. The conclusion from this literature review is that the problems faced by universities are not only problems of IT facilities and management resources, but there are drastic environmental changes due to the Covid 19 pandemic so that it requires strategic management. Leadership is the main element in strategic change, to provide direction and certainty in the direction of the company, through changing or redefining the mission and vision, as well as strategic re-planning. The implementation of strategies in difficult change situations needs to align with the technical systems, political and cultural values and organizational climate and appropriate control mechanisms.


This simple method of classification may be recommended as being rapid of operation, and free from the difficulties connected with the comparison of separate photographs with one another. It requires the establishment of a scale of relative-intensity-estimates by the observer, but this is a very simple matter when the range employed is small. To some extent the scale will be dependent upon the dispersion of the spectrograph employed since several of the lines used are compound in character. With the single prism spectrograph at Mount Wilson the same reduction curves have been used successfully for photographs on which the linear dispersion varies from 16 to 90 angstrom units to the millimeter at the center of the spectrum. In connection with the classification of stellar spectra a number of photographs have been made with a Koch microphotometer of the intensity curves of some of the pairs of lines employed in the comparison. There are numerous practical difficulties connected with the use of this instrument for lines as narrow and as short as those in stellar spectra, and it is doubtful whether the accuracy obtained is of so high an order as to justify the use of so laborious a method for stellar classification. It is probable, however, that it might be used to advantage in the selection of standard stars of reference in which a knowledge of the absolute intensities of certain spectrum lines would be of great value.


Visualisation of the heart and coronary arteries requires high spatial and temporal resolution. In the past, this has been a tremendous challenge for computed tomography (CT), which is an inherently slow imaging technique because a heavy x-ray tube and detectors needed to rotate around the patient. However, in the past 10 years, CT technology has progressed rapidly and, at present, allows relatively stable visualisation of the coronary artery lumen—so-called 'coronary CT angiography'. Technology progressed from single slice CT to 4-, 16- and 64-slice CT and even beyond. Currently, 64-slice CT with gantry rotation times between 330 and 420 ms constitutes the widely accepted minimum requirement for coronary CT angiography.w1–w3 The limited temporal resolution of these CT systems is one of their main limitations. It has been convincingly shown that low heart rates improve image quality in 64-slice CT.w3–w7 Consequently, it is currently recommended to lower the patient's heart rate to below 60/min in order to achieve optimal image quality when coronary CT angiography is performed with 64-slice CT equipment.w1 w2

Beyond 64-slice CT, manufacturers have chosen different approaches to develop cardiac CT technology further. Two manufacturers have chosen to increase the number of simultaneously acquired slices by creating 256-slice and 320-slice systems. This is meant to allow coverage of the entire volume of the heart in one single rotation,1 w8 w9 requiring only one single heart beat for data acquisition while spatial and temporal resolutions of each individual cross-sectional image remain unchanged. This approach makes cardiac CT imaging less susceptible to arrhythmias, and will potentially reduce radiation dose.

Another manufacturer has designed a CT system which combines two x-ray tubes and detectors in a single gantry, arranged at an angle of 90°. This 'dual source CT' (DSCT) provides a temporal resolution of 83 ms, twice as high as compared …


Objectives: This study investigated the clinical features of patients with complete resection of thymic carcinoma. Patients and Methods: The clinical records from 11 patients who underwent a complete resection of thymic carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed. Results: Twelve of 22 patients underwent a resection (a complete resection in 11 and an incomplete in 1). Six of the 11 patients with complete had confirmed recurrent tumors. The 5-year survival rate was 45.4%, and the median survival time was 50.6 months. The patients who underwent complete resection showed significantly better prognosis than cases with incomplete resection and inoperable cases (p = 0.048). Three of the 6 patients had a recurrence within 1 year. Frequent sites of recurrence were the pleura, pericardium, and lung. Conclusions: A complete resection improved the prognosis of thymic carcinoma. Further prospective studies regarding postoperative adjuvant therapy are necessary to prevent local recurrence after a surgical resection for thymic carcinoma.


The magnitude of nutrient and trace metal release from oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) sediments as well as their fate in the water column is of utmost importance for the pelagic nutrient budget and consequently for the ongoing expansion of OMZs. The major aim of this research cruise that was conducted within the framework of the Kiel collaborative research center SFB 754 (Climate – Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean), was to study the effects of variable environmental conditions on benthic element turnover and exchange with the bottom water under natural conditions of austral fall/winter but also during experiments. This allows the quantitative simulation of benthic-pelagic nutrient- and trace metal budgets over longer time periods. The experimental investigations aimed to specifically resolve the contribution of sulfur bacteria and denitrifying foraminifera controlling benthic N, P and S fluxes. The investigation of mixing processes in the bottom boundary layer (BBL) and quantification of diapycnal and advective fluxes across the BBL and the stratified water column will be used to resolve the fate of these substances.
The multidisciplinary study mainly focused on a depth transect at 12°S and is scientifically
closely linked to the METEOR cruises M135, M136 and M138. In order to achieve the scientific
goals an intense physical, biogeochemical and biological working program was conducted in the
water column and at the seafloor accompanied by shipboard experiments. Studies in the water
column comprised 92 CTD, 65 microstructure CTD, 18 TM-CTD and 14 in situ pump deployments. Sediment samples were obtained during 47 mulitple-corer and 12 Lander deployments. Additionally, lander deployments were performed to obtain time series of physical parameters and the current regime in water depths of 76 and 128m. The deployment of these instruments covered the time period of cruises M136 and M137.
We slightly deviated from the cruise proposal and spent a minor amount of the station time along a zonal transect at 12.3°S in order study the biogeochemistry during eddy formation. Eddy
formation cannot be predicted and hence planned in a cruise proposal, however their study bears a high scientific potential and is a central part of the SFB745 research activities. Due to the good weather conditions all deployments were successful, hence all the data and sample material aimed for has been achieved. It is to expect that as planned all scientific questions can be addressed. Especially, the joined synthesis including the data of the other recent SFB cruises M135, M136 und M138 and their comparison with the earlier SFB-cruises M77, M92 harbor a high scientific potential.


We have numerically investigated transmission properties of four transmission formats. We established that while conventional WDM systems with large channel spacing benefit from shorter RZ and CRZ pulses that help to cope with nonlinearity, the newer generation of DWDM systems with spectral efficiencies greater than 40% will need pulses with narrower spectrum to fight the channel crosstalk. We showed that a good candidate for use in such system is a long duty cycle RZ format. Its spectrum at the receiver is nearly as narrow as the one of NRZ format but the transmission properties are better. We found that by optimizing the pulse width (duty cycle) of RZ pulses we can match the performance of CRZ signal in the system with the large channel spacing (50 GHz) and show better performance than the one of NRZ or CSRZ signal for system with tight channel spacing (25 GHz).


In this third paper of a series describing direction-dependent corrections for polarimetric radio imaging, we present the the A-to-Z solver methodology to model the full Jones antenna aperture illumination pattern (AIP) using Zernike polynomials. In order to achieve accurate, thermal noise-limited imaging with modern radio interferometers, it is necessary to correct for the instrumental effects of the antenna primary beam (PB) as a function of time, frequency, and polarization. The algorithm employs the orthonormal, circular Zernike polynomial basis to model the full Jones AIP response, which is obtained by a Fourier transform of corresponding antenna holography measurements. These full Jones models are then used to reconstruct the full Mueller AIP response of an antenna, in principle accounting for all the off-axis frequency-dependent leakage effects of the PB. The A-to-Z solver is general enough to accommodate any interferometer for which holographic measurements exist, and we have successfully modeled the AIP of the VLA, MeerKAT, and ALMA as a demonstration of its versatility. We show that our models capture the PB morphology to high accuracy within the first two side lobes, and show the viability of full Mueller gridding and deconvolution for any telescope given high-quality holographic measurements.


Background

Socioeconomic inequalities of survival in patients with non–Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) persists, which may be explained by patients' comorbidities. We aimed to assess the association between co/multimorbidity and survival in patients diagnosed with Diffuse Large B-cell (DLBCL) or Follicular lymphoma (FL) in England accounting for other socio-demographic characteristics.
Methods

Population-based cancer registry data was linked to Hospital Episode Statistics. We used a flexible multilevel excess hazard model to estimate 5–year net survival and excess mortality by patient's multimorbidity and comorbidity status adjusted for sociodemographic, economic, healthcare factors, and accounting for the patient's area of residence.
Results

Overall, 15,516 and 29,898 patients were diagnosed with FL and DLBCL in England between 2005–2013, respectively. Respectively, those with comorbidities and multimorbidities had 1.3 (95% Confidence Interval -CI-: 1.20–1.40) and 1.5 (95% CI 1.27–1.87) times higher excess mortality compared to those without comorbidities. Patients in most deprived areas showed 26% (95% CI 1.20–1.32) excess mortality risk compared to those in least deprived areas.
Conclusion

Co/multimorbidities are consistently associated with poorer survival among patients diagnosed with DLBCL or FL. Comorbidities and multimorbidity need to be considered when planning public health interventions targeting haematological malignancies in England.


ABSTRACT Coming out to families is a major milestone event for many lesbian and gay people. Social work intervention can be an important support for gay and lesbian people who are preparing to come out to their families. This article reviews the literature related to coming out to families, and proposes the following ten guidelines for social work intervention with clients who are considering coming out to family members: evaluate the client's social context; assess the client's level of gay/lesbian identity development; develop a client knowledge base related to gay and lesbian issues; develop a social support system; engage practice experiences before coming out to families; determine the availability of supportive family allies; choose language and terminology appropriate for the receiver of the news; select the method of information delivery; structure the timing of coming out; and, prepare the client for upheaval.


The conditions for occurrence of the Efimov effect is briefly described using hyperspherical coordinates. The strength of the effective hyperradial ρ−2 potential appearing for two or three large scattering lengths is computed and discussed as a function of two independent mass ratios of the three constituent particles. The effect is by far most pronounced for asymmetric systems with three very different masses. One Efimov state may by chance appear in nuclei. Many states could be present for systems with one electron and two neutral atoms or molecules. Estimates of the number of states and their sizes and energies are given.


The conventional ordinary and extraordinary modes in the electron cyclotron range of frequencies are not suitable for heating of and/or driving currents in spherical tori (ST) plasmas. However, electron Bernstein waves (EBWs) offer an attractive possibility for heating and current drive in this range of frequencies. In this paper, we summarize our theoretical and numerical results that describe the excitation of EBWs in ST plasmas when the extraordinary mode or the ordinary mode are coupled into the plasma from an external source. In our discussion on the conversion of the ordinary mode to EBWs (via the slow extraordinary mode) we illustrate very important physics, relevant to this conversion process, that has been ignored in previous studies. This particular physics has to do with the conversion of the slow extraordinary mode to the fast extraordinary mode that can then propagate out of the plasma and thus reduce the mode conversion to EBWs. This reduction in the mode conversion can occur even when the wave numbers are such that the ordinary mode cutoff and the slow extraordinary mode cutoff are coincident in space. Furthermore, we also consider the emission of EBWs from a thermal plasma. This emission mode converts to extraordinary and ordinary modes in the vicinity of the upper hybrid resonance. We describe the general relationship between the conversion coefficients when exciting EBWs using either the extraordinary mode or the ordinary mode, and the emission coefficients when thermally emitted EBWs convert to the extraordinary and ordinary modes.


Ion adsorption at solid-water interfaces is commonly described by interactions between specific surface sites and adsorbed ions in classical models. However, energetic contributions from non-site-specific ion-ion interactions have been less well understood. Here, we report non-classical behaviors observed during competitive adsorption between Sr2+ and Na+/Rb+ at the negatively-charged muscovite mica (001)-water interface, revealing apparent controls of adsorbed ion speciation over the interfacial reactivity. In the absence of competing cations, Sr2+ adsorbs in approximately equivalent proportions of inner-sphere and outer-sphere complexes, whereas it adsorbs predominantly as an outer-sphere complex in the presence of Na+/Rb+. This transformation of adsorbed Sr2+ speciation significantly decreases its adsorption strength, as indicated by ~15-fold shift in the Sr2+ adsorption edge concentration, compared to that calculated from a classical Langmuir isotherm model developed based on site-specific interactions. These observations highlight the importance of non-site-specific interactions in controlling the energetics of chemical reactions at the charged interface.


In the last two decades of exploration activities in Kalimantan and Eastern Indonesia areas, the exploration campaign has found several significant discoveries with total hydrocarbon discovered around 12 BBOE. Generally, the play concepts have moved from classical target in the shallow zone to deeper targets and older ages. Unfortunately, most of the exploration activities have concentrated in the producing basins, only one activity conducted in non-producing basin, which is in the southern edge of the Aru Trough Basin-Malita Calder Graben which discovered hydrocarbon. Kalimantan area contains three Tertiary producing basins and four non-producing basins. Exploration activities in Kalimantan region can be grouped into three applied technology phases: (1) traditional exploration, (2) 2D seismic exploration period, and (3) 3D seismic exploration period. The activities also can be grouped into three exploration concepts: (1) traditional play,(2) Mio-Pliocene Deltaic system, and (3) Mio-Pliocene Deepwater system. Since the first 3D seismic run in Kalimantan, more than 370 exploration wells have been drilled; all of the wells were drilled in producing basins with average success ratio of 53%, and have been discovered around 6 BBOE reserves in place. The most promising play concept of the recent exploration in Kalimantan is Mio-Pliocene Deepwater sands of Kutei-North Makassar Basin (West Seno, Gula, etc). Currently , the exploration in this area has applied CSEM technology to answer several pitfalls in interpretation. Eastern Indonesia contains five producing Tertiary basins and 33 non-producing basins. Almost all of the basins, mainly the producing basins, were explored by the seismic activities from 1967-2005. Most of them were triggered the discoveries of hydrocarbon fields. Discoveries in Eastern Indonesia can be grouped into three system: (1) Miocene Carbonate System, (2) Plio-Pleistocene system, and (3) Mesozoic system. There were more than 160 exploration wells drilled in the last two decades with average success ratio of 41% and discovered around 6 BBOE reserves in place. The most attractive and promising play systems are Jurassic Roabiba-Aalenian-Plover Play system (Tangguh & Abadi giant gas field), Jurassic carbonate play system (Oseil), and Miocene carbonate in collision zone play system (Tomori area). There are 57 PSC contract areas in Kalimantan and Eastern Indonesia, 41 of which contract area are still in the exploration phase. Most of the PSC areas are located in producing basins. High trend of the world's crude oil price, high exploration success in Kalimantan & Eastern Indonesia and large new reserves discovered may boast hydrocarbon players to find next remarkable discoveries in both mature and frontier basins in Kalimantan and Eastern Indonesia area.


This paper introduces a graph-oriented model for the conceptual level design of large, complex information systems. This has been shown to be highly effective to the system designer from the perspectives of maintainability and upgradability. Basically due to the flat structure and the lack of holding multidimensional data, the relational model does not provide a structural approach to the system designer. The alternative object oriented model offers the structured approach but also is not able to describe various intermodular relationships spread over the same or different levels within a data model. The graph data model allows dynamic regrouping of related entities at the designers' level. We have proposed an appropriate data structure and the corresponding DDL has been developed. Test runs on a simulated environment further establish its computational efficiency.


Mycoplasma bacteria are virtually ubiquitous in layer chicken flocks, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum is the species of greatest concern to commercial egg producers. Live M. gallisepticum vaccines were initially approved by the USDA for use in commercial layers in 1988 to help control M. gallisepticum outbreaks. In the present study, 2 trials were conducted to determine the effects of 2 currently available live Mycoplasma vaccines (the ts11-and F-strains) when used together. The following 4 inoculation treatments were used: 1) sham inoculation at 10 wk of age, 2) ts11 at 10 wk, 3) ts11 at 10 wk overlaid by the F-strain at 22 wk, and 4) ts11 at 10 wk overlaid by the F-strain at 45 wk. In each trial, at various ages between 18 and 57 wk of age, hen mortality; BW; egg weight; egg production; eggshell breaking strength; incidences of egg blood spots, egg meat spots, and eggshell pimpling; and eggshell weight per unit of surface area were assessed. The effects of inoculation treatment on egg weight at 27, 37, and 38 wk were inconsistent and variable. Eggshell pimpling and egg blood spot incidences at 56 wk were highest in eggs belonging to the ts11 at 10 wk/F-strain at 45 wk group. Despite increases in pimpling and blood spot incidences very late in production because of the ts11 at 10 wk/F-strain at 45 wk treatment, performance in layers was not adversely affected by a 10-wk ts11 inoculation alone or in conjunction with subsequent overlay inoculations of the F-strain during lay. It is therefore suggested that the 10-wk inoculation of commercial layers with ts11 may reduce the negative impacts of a prelay F-strain inoculation on performance, as reported in earlier studies, while providing protection against subsequent field strain M. gallisepticum infections. Furthermore, the ts11- and F-strain M. gallisepticum treatment combinations may overcome some of the inadequacies that prelay ts11- or F-strain M. gallisepticum vaccines may have when given independently.


Background: Unhealthy, jumbled eating habits and irregular eating behavior, often associated with body image and weight concerns, are known as abnormal eating behaviors. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorders are common disordered eating behaviors. Females are more likely than males to experience eating disorders.
Objective: The research was conducted to determine the frequency of eating disorders in women of reproductive age group and identify the factors associated with it.
Methods: It was a cross-sectional study carried out at Central Park Medical College, Lahore. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data from 196 females of the reproductive age group (15-49 years) using the Scoff Questionnaire. Binary logistic regression was applied to observe the association of eating disorders with non-communicable diseases (NCDs). SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis.
Results: About 82.8% of the females belonged to urban areas and out of those 44.5% had an eating disorder. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of developing eating disorders were 85% high for obese women. Approximately 12.6% of the females agreed or strongly agreed that they overeat. Overeating was observed as a statistically significant associated factor with eating disorder (p value=0.048).
Conclusion: Approximately 45.5% of the females were identified as either having anorexia nervosa or bulimia. Females living in cities and nuclear family systems had a higher percentage of eating disorders.


In this article, we present a formative evaluation of an ongoing NSF-sponsored research project in classroom innovation using augmented reality (AR) to enhance STEM education. Exposing students to advances in digital modeling, data visualization and performative software prepares them for new pathways for decision-making in the AEC professions. Recent research shows that Technology Mediated Learning Environments (interacting with computer-based tools) can enhance learning. Augmented Reality (AR) or the ability to augment the real-world environment with computer-generated information is bringing a new dimension to learning and designing using multiple data streams.


Among the latest ionizing radiation detectors, those based on chromium compensated gallium arsenide (GaAs:Cr) are ones of the most competitive for many applications due to their high Z and strong resistance to radiation damage. They have been used in high energy physics research, medical visualization and spatial technologies, geological prospecting, among other advanced fields. The object of this work is a 900 µm GaAs:Cr detector with Timepix readout technology. Some detector characteristics for three experimental conditions were measured and studied by using the X-rays from a synchrotron and an X-ray tube provided with different materials for obtaining the corresponding fluorescence photons. A complex function was used to decompose the differential spectra into the most important contributions involved. As an additional tool for the research, the mathematical modeling of the mobility of charge carriers generated by radiation within the active volume of the detector was used. The results of these charge sharing effect studies showed a noticeable prevalence in the detector of this effect, changing its contribution according to the experiment characteristics. The detector was calibrated for the planned experiments and the energy resolution was determined. From the analysis of all the obtained results and their comparison with those reported in literature, it was confirmed that the detector has a marked charge-sharing effect between neighboring pixels, being its performance more impaired as the energy of incident photons increases.


Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a very common problem with a major impact on quality of life of older people. It is expected that OA will be the fourth leading cause of disability by the year 2020. Patients with OA have a higher risk of developing comorbidities than patients without. Common comorbidities include obesity, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and psychological conditions (e.g. depression and anxiety). The 2008 NICE OA guidelines have made treating comorbidities in OA a research priority. They recommend exercise as a core treatment irrespective of age, comorbidity, pain severity or disability. Beneficial effects of exercise in patients with OA include improvements in pain, disability and physical performance. Exercise may be even more important in older adults with comorbidities where using NSAIDS becomes more problematic. Objectives The overall objective was to develop a protocol and test the feasibility of a group exercise intervention with integrated self-management to help manage comorbidities in community-dwelling older adults with OA. Methods Initial development work included: 1) a literature review identifying effective components of group exercise interventions and behaviour change strategies for older people with OA; 2) design of an intervention based on the results of the review and expert input; 3) a feasibility study to evaluate the intervention including recruitment, programme delivery and outcome assessment; 4) refining the protocol for use in a larger study which would evaluate clinical and cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Results A group self-management package was developed, including: understanding pain and OA; self-managing OA and co-morbidities; health behaviours; personal action plans and goal setting; maintaining exercise behaviours; benefits of exercise and relaxation; coping with pain; pacing; flare ups; challenging negative thoughts. An individualised gym-based exercise programme was designed to increase general strength, aerobic fitness and balance. The combined exercise/self-management sessions lasted ~2 hours and were conducted twice a week for 6 weeks. Participants were encouraged to progressively increase their activity levels outside of the classes. Ten community-dwelling participants (4 M; 6 F) over the age of 75 (mean 82; range 75-92) with comorbidities were recruited. At baseline a physical assessment and questionnaire was completed. Physical testing was repeated at the last session and questionnaires at 3 months. Overall attendance at the 12 sessions was 89%. 70% (7/10) reported some improvement in OA since starting the study, 90% (9/10) reported moderate to substantial benefit and 90% (9/10) reported some level of satisfaction with programme. Of those suffering from obesity, CVD, diabetes, anxiety or depression, 89% (16/18) reported they had felt benefit with these comorbidities and 70% (7/10) reported their overall health as better since attending the programme. There was a 20%, increase in sit-stand performance, 4.5% in number of arm curls, 11.5% in maximum grip strength and 19.4% in 2 minute step test at follow-up assessment. Conclusions A group intervention combining an individualised gym-based exercise programme with a self-management package was developed and tested for acceptability and feasibility in community dwelling older adults. Due to the initial success and favourable response, the protocol has since been manualised and is now ready for further testing of clinical and cost-effectiveness. Disclosure of Interest P. Heine Grant/research support from: BUPA Foundation, S. Patel Grant/research support from: BUPA Foundation, M. Underwood: None Declared


Soil mixture using bentonite as a cutoff material is used a lot for various structures such as landfills, banks and dams as cutoff materials. But seepage water is expected to seep since shear failure of filter layer occurs due to external load, embankment load when constructed. Generally, only coefficient of permeability of Soil Mixture is considered irrespective of the changes of intensity on amount of additives. This research is to study on how the changes of amount of bentonite affects permeability and strength of soil mixture. So successive experiments for measuring permeability and strength were conducted as the amount of bentonite changes from 0 to 4%, mixing with the bed material and then making specimens. Around construction site of B dam. As a result, 2.085E-07 ㎝/sec was shown when the amount of Soil Mixture was 4%. It is proved that unconfined compressive strength and tensile strength increase as the amount of bentonite increases, but saturation shear strength of bentonite soil mixture from the CD experiment is hardly influenced by the amount of bentonite.


One method of proving the existence of solutions for ODEs , where f is continuous, is to approximate f by a sequence of Lipschitz functions for which standard existence results can be applied. This short paper shows conversely that, in a phase space that is not two-dimensional, for each solution of (such solutions may not be unique) there is a sequence of Lipschitz functions which approximate f and which have solutions which converge to the chosen limit.


The Eastern Seaboard (ESB) of Australia is a distinct climate entity, with little relationship between rainfall in this area and the major drivers of rainfall elsewhere in Australia such as the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). One potential cause is the influence of East Coast Lows (ECLs), major coastal weather systems that can produce a significant proportion of rainfall in this region. In this article, a novel approach is used to separate the ECL component of rainfall on the ESB from other sources of rainfall. This method is used to quantify the influence of ECLs on rainfall in this region, with ECLs responsible for 23% of rainfall in the ESB and 40% of widespread heavy rain events. While ECLs are particularly important in the southern ESB and during the cool season (May–October) they can occur in any month, particularly in northern areas of the ESB. ECLs are identified as a significant factor in the weakened relationship between ENSO and rainfall in the ESB, particularly in southern parts; however, these are not the only factor, with local topographic effects also likely to play a role. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society


The multitudes of inverter-based distributed energy resources (DERs) can be envisioned as geographically distributed reactive power (var) devices (mini-SVCs) that can offer enhanced var flexibility to a future grid as an ancillary service. To facilitate this vision, a systematic methodology is proposed to construct an aggregated var capability curve of a distribution system with DERs at the substation level, analogous to a conventional bulk generator. Since such capability curve will be contingent to the operating conditions and network constraints, an optimal power flow (OPF) based approach is proposed that takes curtailment flexibility, unbalanced nature of system and coupling with grid side voltage into account along with changing operating conditions. Further, the influence of several other factors such as revised integration standard 1547 on the capability curve is thoroughly investigated on an IEEE 37 bus distribution test system. Finally, a T-D cosimulation is employed to demonstrate how DER aggregated flexibility can potentially enhance the decision domain for the transmission grid leading to improved performance.


This paper deals with video and image segmentation using region based active contours. We propose to search for an optimal domain with regards tu a criterion based on information measures such as entropy of mutual information. We use a general derivation framework based on the notion of shape gradient. This gcneral derivation is applied to critcria based on information theory, such as mutual information for thc segmentation of sequences of images. Finally, we present experimental results on color video sequences showing the efficiency of the proposed method for face segmentation.


Ethanol exerts its biological actions through multiple receptors, including ion channels. Ion channels that are sensitive to pharmacologically relevant ethanol concentrations constitute a heterogeneous set, including structurally unrelated proteins solely sharing the property that their gating is regulated by a ligand(s). Receptor desensitization is almost universal among these channels, and its modulation by ethanol may be a crucial aspect of alcohol pharmacology and effects in the body. We review the evidence documenting interactions between ethanol and ionotropic receptor desensitization, and the contribution of this interaction to overall ethanol action on channel function. In some cases, such as type 3 serotonin, nicotinic acetylcholine, GABA-A, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionate receptors, ethanol actions on apparent desensitization play a significant role in acute drug action on receptor function. In a few cases, mutagenesis helped to identify different areas within a receptor protein that differentially sense n-alcohols, resulting in differential modulation of receptor desensitization. However, desensitization of a receptor is linked to a variety of biochemical processes that may alter protein conformation, such as the lipid microenvironment, post-translational channel modification, and channel subunit composition, the relative contribution of these processes to ethanol interactions with channel desensitization remains unclear. Understanding interactions between ethanol and ionotropic receptor desensitization may help to explain different ethanol actions 1) when ethanol is evaluated in vitro on cloned channel proteins, 2) under physiological or pathological conditions or in distinct cell domains with modified ligand concentration and/or receptor conformation. Finally, receptor desensitization is likely to participate in molecular and, possibly, behavioral tolerance to ethanol, which is thought to contribute to the risk of alcoholism.


Hepatitis C disease have been a global health threat and affects a significant portion of world population. Hepatitis C have also been a silent health threat for Turkiye, where there are around half million people infected with Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Disease burden and mortality are expected to increase gradually in the next 20 years in Turkiye. Unavailability of enough data on the currently-available drugs in routine clinical practice, their side effects and interactions with other drugs, and their efficacies on the less common genotypes indicates the necessity of alternative treatment options. Natural products from herbal and medicinal plants can indeed provide an alternative as being drug-like dietary supplements. In particular, the carotenoids and apocarotenoids are underexplored in their antiviral potential, including anti-HCV activities. Therefore, we focused on the virtual screening of various carotenoids and apocarotenoids against the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of HCV. Molecular docking experiments showed strong binding affinities of the ligands to both palm and thumb domains of RdRp of HCV. In fact, some of them such as neoxanthin, crocin, canthaxanthin and cryptoflavin bound quite strongly to both domains compared to native ligands and current antiviral drugs. MD simulation for neoxanthin-RdRp complex confirmed the stability of the ligand within the binding cavity of RdRp throughout 100 ns simulation. This clearly indicated the potential of carotenoids, specifically neoxanthin, as RdRp inhibitor in treating HCV. Thus, this study not only discovered anti-HCV drug candidates with the properties of easy-to-access and low cost, but also paved the way for the development of carotenoid or apocarotenoid based dietary supplement candidates for the prevention and treatment of HCV.


The two-dimensional spatial and temporal evolution of a plasma surrounding an electrode whose potential is suddenly decreased is experimentally investigated. The electrode contains a localized convex or a localized concave perturbation. The quasineutral plasma consists of positive ions and various proportions of negative ions and electrons. The results are compared and contrasted with those that are obtained numerically using a particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation and those that had previously been obtained using a fluid-model code.


A 15 month survey was carried out into the distributions of trace metals, trace organics and nitrogen species in particulate and rainwater samples collected from the atmosphere over the southern North Sea. This is the first time a comprehensive and reliable data-set of this kind has been obtained for a coastal region from collections made at sea. Trace metals. There is a south-north decrease in the emission of trace metals to the atmosphere from the land masses surrounding the North Sea. ´End-member` aerosol trace metal concentrations have been identified for the three major source regions; i.e. continental Europe, U.K. and the open-sea, and indicate that, in general, aerosols from air masses which have crossed continental Europe are richer in some trace metals (e.g. Zn and Pb) than those from air masses which have crossed the U.K. There are short-term variations in the concentrations of trace metals in aerosols over the North Sea; however, on an integrated long-term basis the concentrations reflect land-based source emission strengths, and increase towards the south of the region. There is also pronounced short term variability in the concentrations of trace metals in rainwaters collected over the North Sea, but separate contributions from marine, crustal and anthropogenic sources can be identified. Atmospheric fluxes contribute substantially to the total inputs of trace metals to the North Sea, with both wet and 'dry' deposition processes being important. Particulate trace organics. The distributions of three main hydrocarbon classes were studied; i.e. saturated hydrocarbons (n-alkanes), PAH (polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) and UCM (uncharacterized complex material). Carbon preference indices of n-alkanes suggest that terrestrial sources dominate, with marine sources being insignificant. In terms of air mass origins, trace organic concentrations are ranked in the order: continental Europe > U.K. > open sea. In terms of air mass origins, the concentrations of trace organics and some trace metals (e.g. Zn and Pb) are higher in aerosols having a continental European than U.K. source. However, on the basis of predominant air mass trajectories over the survey period, the major source of both trace organics and trace metals to the North Sea atmosphere was air which had recently crossed over the U.K. Nitrogen species. Compared to the North Atlantic sea water inflow, the atmosphere is a minor source of nitrogen species to the North Sea. However, atmospheric nitrogen inputs constitute at least 25% of the terrestrial inputs, and may provide the dominant source of nitrogen in stratified areas of the North Sea remote from riverine inputs. 'Wet' deposition processes dominate the total nitrogen flux to the sea surface, but 'dry' deposition of gaseous and particulate species contributes significantly.


Meriwether Lewis and William Clark wove science and raw adventure together in their journals as they blazed a trail from St. Louis to the Pacific. Now, with fresh information drawn from many fields, Albert Furtwangler mines those journals for valuable insights into western American history as well as the process of discovery. Acts of Discovery argues that Lewis and Clark surpassed the enlightened instructions given to them by President Thomas Jefferson. They made a literal, large-scale experiment, probing the interior of a continent and weighing information that eventually would supersede the science, the politics, and even the artistic ideals of Jefferson and his age. Drawing on a background of interdisciplinary learning, Furtwangler illuminates the achievements of Lewis and Clark as naturalists, navigators, and diplomats who faced ever-new surprises as they worked their way west. He shows that their journals trace two very different patterns at the same time - as records of modern scientific reasoning and as a narrative of epic deeds in an American epic setting. Furtwangler also attempts to define Lewis and Clark's place in American history. He examines some ironic outcomes of westward expansion and conquest and brings out the peculiar courage of explorers who were the first (and almost the last) to cross the continent by pulling their way up the Missouri. He also compares Lewis and Clark's discoveries to those of other generations (from George Washington's early years as a surveyor of the new American interior, to the Apollo moon landings), discussing them in light of questions about progress posed by Francis Bacon, Henry Adams, and modern experimental scientists.


We examined a patient with anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (Ki-1 lymphoma) showing eosinophilic invasion of the tumor tissues. The number of eosinophils in the peripheral blood changed as a function of the stage of the disease. The IL-5 gene was expressed in the tumor tissues, suggesting that the eosinophilic invasion and eosinophilia were caused by IL-5 derived from the lymphoma cells.


Abstract The Aptian to Lower Cenomanian condensed phosphatic beds, deposited in the Helvetic Shelf along the northern Tethyan margin, consist of thin strata (generally <50 cm) of densely packed phosphatized particles and crudely laminated crusts embedded in glauconitic sands, marls, and pelagic micrites. The beds record very low net sediment-accumulation rates (typically 2–20 cm Ma−1). The presences of complex internal and laterally rapidly changing microstratigraphies, multiple phosphate generations, intimate mixtures of fossils from different biostratigraphical zones and ecological habitats, a proximal transition into bioturbated glauconitic sands, and a distal transition into allochthonous sediments deposited in channel and fan systems, indicate that the condensed phosphatic beds formed along the axis of a stable westward-flowing current system contouring the northern Tethyan margin. Repetitive cycles of deposition, phosphogenesis, re-exposure and reworking, and deposition (Baturin Cycles), caused by current-induced lateral migration of sand bodies, shaped the internal stratification and composition of the condensed phosphatic beds. Catastrophic burial of entire benthic communities was crucial to phosphogenesis. The sudden presence of large amounts of organic matter buried in siliciclasts created a reactive environment favourable for the concentration and precipitation of phosphates, probably with the help of physicochemical cycles of the Fe3+-Fe2+ and Mn4+-Mn2+ redox pairs.


The NGN is an IP-based, carrier-grade infrastructure. As such, it is required to provide high reliability, high durability, and high quality of service. This paper describes the requirements that must be met if the NGN is to provide carrier-grade quality while offering features specific to the NGN. The paper also proposes solutions to satisfy these requirements. Specifically, it discusses how to configure a high-quality IP transfer network, how to protect service control servers in the event of a major disaster, and how to implement QoS control in call processing. These solutions are contributing to the stable operation of the NGN that NTT put into commercial service in March 2008.


The objective of this research project was to gather information from young people in relation to the prevalence of drug use in North Wexford, trends in drugs use in this area, attitudes to drug use and to determine young people's views on information on support available in North Wexford. Data were gathered by means of a questionnaire and focus groups. The study found that the majority of those young people who had used drugs (59% of sample) had used cigarettes or alcohol or both and no other drug. The report recommends that the Community Based Drugs Initiative adopt a harm reduction approach to deal with the issue of drug use in North Wexford. The report also recommends the establishment of a drugs education programme in cooperation with schools and youth facilities throughout the area.


Despite significant advances in the treatment of heart failure, patients' quality of life and prognosis are still poor. Hospitalization for decompensated heart failure or due to other causes is frequent in these patients and places a heavy financial burden on the healthcare system. The shortcomings of ambulatory treatment have led to the implementation of disease management programs whose aim is to optimize quality of care and treatment adherence, thereby improving clinical outcome and prognosis, and reducing healthcare costs. The multicenter randomized DIAL study compared treatment administered by means of a centralized telephone intervention by trained nurses with usual care in 1518 ambulatory patients with stable chronic heart failure who were receiving appropriate medical treatment and were being followed up by a cardiologist. This intervention proved effective in increasing treatment adherence, in reducing hospitalization due to heart failure or any cause, in improving quality of life, and in reducing costs. The findings of the DIAL study add to existing evidence that disease management programs have clinical benefits in patients with chronic heart failure and support their use as part of the strategy for ambulatory care in this population.


Current memory testing methods rely on fault models that are inadequate to accurately represent potential defects that occur in modern, often specialized, memories. To remedy this, the authors present a formal framework for modeling and testing special-purpose memories. Their approach uses three models: the transistor circuit, the event-sequence model, and finite-state machines. The methodology is explained using the example of a content-addressable memory (CAM). The fault model they describe comprises input stuck-at, transistor, and bridging faults. The authors show that functional tests can reliably detect all input stuck-at faults, most transistor faults (including all stuck-open faults), and about 50% of bridging faults. The remaining faults are detectable by parametric tests. A test of length 7n+2l+9 that detects all the reliably testable faults in an n-word by l-bit CAM is presented. A CAM test by Giles & Hunter is evaluated with respect to the input stuck-at faults. It is shown that this test fails to detect certain faults; it can be modified to achieve full coverage at the cost of increased length.


Abstract
This paper studies Olivi's account of perceptual representation. It addresses two main questions: (1) how do perceptual representations originate? and (2) how do they represent their objects? Regarding (1), it is well known that Olivi emphasizes the activity of the soul in the production of perceptual representations. Yet it is sometimes argued that he overstresses the activity of the soul in a way that yields a philosophically problematic result. I argue that Olivi was well aware of the problem that could be raised for his theory and that he sought to cope with it. Regarding (2), Pasnau argues that for Olivi, causal relationships with external objects determine the content of perceptual representations. I argue that, rather, perceptual representations are about their objects because they are their similitudes. This makes him an internalist about representational content.


BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
The aim of this prospective randomized trial was to compare the effectiveness and morbidity of surgical vs chemical sphincterotomy in the treatment of chronic anal fissure after a 3-year follow-up period.

PATIENTS AND METHOD
Eighty patients with chronic anal fissure were treated either with close lateral internal sphincterotomy (group 1) or with chemical sphincterotomy with 25 U botulinum toxin injected into the internal sphincter (group 2).

RESULTS
Overall healing was 90% in the close sphincterotomy group and 45% in the toxin botulinum group (p < 0.001). There was a group of patients with clinical factors (duration of disease over 12 months and presence of a sentinel pile before treatment) associated with a higher recurrence of anal fissure. Final percentage of incontinence was 5% in the close sphincterotomy group and 0% in the botulinum toxin group (p > 0.05). All incontinent patients were aged more than 50 years.

CONCLUSIONS
We recommend surgical sphincterotomy as the first therapeutic approach in patients with clinical factors of recurrence. However, we recommend the use of botulinum toxin in patients older than 50 years or with associated risk factors of incontinence, despite the higher rate of recurrence, since it avoids the greater risk of incontinence seen with surgery.


This study examines the contributions of African countries to open digital repositories in the world information space. Two online directories of open digital repositories were used as data sources. The OpenDOAR is an authoritative directory of academic open access repositories listing 3,670 repositories as at 6th January, 2019. The Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR) is a directory of 4,580 institutional repositories and their contents as at 7th January, 2019. Extracted data were analysed using quantitative techniques and presented in tabular and pictorial formats to reveal findings in accordance with desired objectives. The results revealed that Dspace is the most preferred open digital repositories software across the world. The results showed that the contributions of African countries (3.78%) to open digital repositories in the world are low. The results also showed that only 22 African countries contribute to global open digital repositories and that the rate of contribution increased rapidly in the last few years. The study concludes that for Africa to overcome the challenges associated with open digital repositories there is need for more African countries to be involved in the African Open Access Initiative and the need to tap into the experiences of various professionals on the African continent


Aims: Estimated population sizes of key populations are critical for resource allocation as well as for monitoring program performance to prevent HIV infection. In 2018, using official records we recruited and conducted a brief survey among People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) to estimate the population size of People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) in Son La Province, Vietnam. Methods: In Son La, the authorities develop and maintain a master list of individuals who are suspected of using drugs. The list is updated quarterly and is used to monitor the drug use situation in the province. The list, however, does not distinguish injecting from non-injecting drug users. Individual lists from six districts, 24 communes, and 96 hamlets were selected from among those from 12 districts, 204 communes, and 3335 hamlets in the whole province. After reviewing the lists with the hamlet health workers, based on the length of the lists, a minimum of 20% of the total or five drug users in any hamlet with fewer than 25 PWUD were randomly selected for a brief assessment. In addition to basic demographics, the assessment included any drug use in the last 3 months, injection drug use in the last 3 months, and the last time injected. Results: A total of 250 PWUD were interviewed by hamlet health workers. The total number of PWID across all 12 districts in Son La was estimated at 4475 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 3379–5570] and the corresponding proportion of PWID among PWUD was 48.4% (95% CI: 36.6–60.4). Conclusion: The exercise provided an estimated number of PWID in Son La. For planning HIV prevention and care service needs among PWID, additional studies using different methods are needed to validate and improve the population size of PWID in the province of Son La.


In this research project, we aim to build a long-range (LoRa)-based Internet of Things (IoT) secure localization system and application based on multisensor fusion calculation. The LoRa technology is used to design a network security system and immediately address the computing system, where the purpose is to develop a network server host that collects and processes position signals from the multisensing signal collection and analysis processing module, and instantly detects location by network nodes through the sensors cloud, the Arduino UNO high-level development platform, and the multisensor fusion computing workstations, which send the results to the central monitoring system through the wireless devices of the LoRa network. The secure localization computing chip outcome, as developed in this project, can be used in the domains of energy management, environmental management, information management, factory monitoring, and renewable energy management. The system of this project comprises LoRa hosts, which receive signals from various nodes and are connected to a multisensor fusion arithmetic system through a wireless network. To sum up, in this study, we emphasize using multisensor fusion computing technology to implement a secure localization system of a wireless sensor network (WSN), and we consider using the embedded system and LoRa technology to develop a monitoring system for factory fire control, anti-theft, energy, information, and security based on secure localization. In this study, we cross domains and integrate related engineering automation, network security technology, multisensor fusion calculation design, and the LoRa localization technique, and the research findings are expected to contribute to the network security of the defense industry and research on the LoRa IoT localization system.


A new type of THz waveguides, which employs a solid polyethylene rod as the core and polyethylene tubes in a periodic array of square lattice as the cladding, is proposed. Optical properties of this new THz waveguide, especially in dispersion, confinement loss and single mode property, are investigated in detail with the plane wave expansion method and the beam propagation method. Numerical results demonstrate that the new THz waveguide can reach not only low dispersion but also low confinement loss at single mode propagation. Therefore, the square lattice structure is a better candidate as THz waveguides than the triangular ones.


This paper describes the system we submitted to the Task 11 in SemEval 2018, i.e., Machine Comprehension using Commonsense Knowledge. Given a passage and some questions that each have two candidate answers, this task requires the participate system to select out one answer meet the meaning of original text or commonsense knowledge from the candidate answers. For this task, we use a deep learning method to obtain final predict answer by calculating relevance of choices representations and question-aware document representation.


Aquaponics is a system which combines the aquaculture & hydroponics that grows fish and plants together in one system. It uses fish wastes to provide essential nutrients to the plants and in return the plants will purify the water and gives it back to the fishes. The purpose of this paper is to build an efficient system by implementing aquaponics system by using the technology of IoT (Internet of Things). By creating an automated System with the help of sensors interfaced with the Arduino board, it possible to automate fish feeding and water supply to the plants at the regular interval of time. Existing system that combines these technologies must overcome the fundamental issues like cost, food quality control and limited grow. In this paper we intend to propose a kit which contains all these features mentioned above, and that is helpful to provide the basic organic veaetation for the home.


"Rocking My Life Away" represents nearly twenty years of writing by one of the premier critics of popular music in America today. In these pieces from "Rolling Stone", the "New York Times", and other publications, Anthony DeCurtis reveals his ongoing engagement with rock & roll as artistic forum, source of personal inspiration, and compelling site of cultural struggle. Including significant new work-liner notes commissioned for the Phil Spector box set and a spirited discussion with Peter Buck of R.E.M. about rock criticism, for example - DeCurtis also ventures with insight and power beyond the world of rock & roll. A joint profile of the political writers Neil Sheehan and Taylor Branch and provocative looks at the work of novelists Don DeLillo and T. Coraghessan Boyle round out this eclectic collection.


Abstract Traits shared among distantly related lineages are indicators of common evolutionary constraints, at the ecological, physiological, or molecular level. Here, we show that the vertebral stripe, a cryptic color pattern, has evolved hundreds of times in the evolutionary history of anurans (frogs and toads) and is favored in terrestrial habitats. Using a genome-wide association study, we demonstrate that variation near the Agouti signaling protein gene (ASIP) is responsible for the different vertebral stripe phenotypes in the African grass frog Ptychadena robeensis. RNAseq and real-time quantitative PCR revealed that differential expression of the gene and an adjacent long non-coding RNA is linked to patterning in this species. Surprisingly, and although the stripe phenotypes are shared with closely related species, we found that the P. robeensis alleles are private to the species and unlikely to evolve under long-term balancing selection, thus indicating that the vertebral stripe phenotypes result from parallel evolution within the group. Our findings demonstrate that this cryptic color pattern evolved rapidly and recurrently in terrestrial anurans, and therefore constitutes an ideal system to study repeated evolution.


Condolences are a rite of emotion for helping us to overcome sorrow because survives can put the memory of the dead into site of memory and come back to daily life. Condolences can last, not just one-off event, because 'the impossibility of condolences' failed like paradoxical thesis of Jacques Derrida that can assure faithfulness of condolences. It seems that 'the faithfulness of condolences' is well identified by the fall victim to a certain suppressed power and the condolences, which is not natural death. It is because sacrificial death is sized with 'a grudge' that can't be forgotten easily even though time goes by. It makes 'condolences' be an issue that is down to a social group, which a community shall bear, not to personal feeling wounded by the loss. It is because it brings up the necessity to heal sorrow as a group, not personal dimension, as giving trauma to whole communities. Empathy for sorrow and the solidarity that people can feel might be a key point of political experiment for forming 'us', beyond an isolated individual. Condolences come from a human being that can respond as an existence and have responsibility to respond. Here, responsibility refers to an entrance into the relation with others, leaving one's own isolated world. Therefore, condolences make us go our own life into a prospect of our life, not making the victims be an exorcist as making them be a monument. It can be an ethical theme. as asking us to change lifestyle. It is because if a heart that empathizes deeply the pain of others and considers doesn't rise up, condolences may be just a chance of a political battle. According to Kobysashi Hideo, history is 'the greatest grudge of mankind', so what has been supporting it is not 'casual links' but 'our regret'. Seeing the example of it, there are two novels. When 『a boy comes』 by Han-gang tried to reveal the iniquity of state violence based on a detailed historical research of Kwangju, it tried to do an aesthetic test which the people from the outside can share the event of contempt that the victims had. Explorations in human scar which the victims had can't be collected with language such as idea, politics and the main body of history, as inducing somber empathy for human vulnerability. Moreover, 『Legato』, which is a disclosed statement of the generation in Kwangju, has evoked the importance of a sharp sense for violence that is done unconsciously, prior to political knowledge or purity of faith. It seems that the naked violence lead the readers to disillusioned and a cynic for human nature. These works, however, imply that emotion which has been degrading under reason such as humiliation and sense of guilty until now could be a clue that calls ethically mankind and rebuilds justice of community. Especially, condolences make sorrows be a meaning as a political resource for a fine emotion of community, as awakening that we are inextricably linked with others.


The concept of leadership is perhaps the most overused word, which has been harnessed with so many conceptual meanings, stakes and implications. In the various scientific articles, it has been understood as a structural characteristic of the personality, while many times it has been linked to the organizational conditions of the organization. Often, it has been approached as a behavioral characteristic. Given the proven research value of the concept of leadership, a deeper understanding of the nature of leadership can be extremely important. Leadership has been understood as a process of exercising social influence in an organization or group. In the same context, a leading individual (leader) will tend to initiate invisible and overt processes, where other individuals may be supported in starting and completing tasks. According to the above approach, a leader does not simply plan on the safe side, but leads by taking a significant, ongoing risk—of achieving overall goals or approaching total failure. Servant leadership can be an extremely important leadership philosophy to match the complex conditions of the modern environment. This was explored in the current paper, through the analysis of the global success of the Starbucks café chain.


The use of nasopharyngeal electrodes to study EEG activity of the basilar portions of the brain was introduced by Grinker. 1 Gastaut 2 first used this technique to evaluate seizure patients. Despite the ability of nasopharyngeal electrodes to record epileptogenic discharges localized in the uncinate and mesiobasial aspect of the temporal lobe, they have not found wide acceptance, perhaps because of movement artifacts and other technical difficulties. We have been impressed by how easy it is to apply these electrodes and to record excellent tracings during sleep. This article reports the use of this technique in 121 patients suffering from partial seizures with complex symptoms. Methods.— Between 1970 and 1974, a total of 204 patients had nasopharyngeal sleep studies at the University of Wisconsin Center for Health Sciences; 121 were selected for review because of a history of partial epilepsy of complex symptoms (psychomotor). Results.— Of the 204 patients who


In the careful dance of a bacterial cell's life, particular movements, such as cell division or the development of particular cell structures, occur only after previous steps are completed. But scientists haven't been able to find a master choreographer—until now. In an aquatic bacterium, researchers report finding a gene whose product coordinates the formation of a propellerlike flagellum with several other critical events, including DNA replication.


Oscillations in neuronal population activity within the gamma frequency band (>25 Hz) have been correlated with cognition: Gamma oscillations could bind together features of a sensory stimulus by generating synchrony between discrete cortical areas [Eckhorn, R., Bauer, R., Jordan, W., Brosch, M., Kruse, W., Munk, M. & Reitboeck, H. J. (1989) Biol. Cybern. 60, 121-130; Singer, W. & Gray, C. M. (1995) Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 18, 555-556]. Herein we demonstrate that morphine and beta-endorphin disrupt this long-range synchrony of gamma oscillations while leaving the synchrony of local oscillations relatively intact. The effect is caused by a decrease in type A gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-mediated inhibition of both excitatory pyramidal cells and inhibitory interneurons. The effects of morphine on gamma oscillations were blocked by mu-opioid receptor antagonists but not by antagonists of delta or kappa receptors. Morphine also produced burst firing in interneurons, because synaptic excitation from pyramidal cells was no longer balanced by synchronous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The loss of synchrony of gamma oscillations induced by morphine may constitute one mechanism involved in producing the cognitive deficits that this drug causes clinically.


Partial cavitation forming on the vertex of a wedge and on the leading edge of a stationary hydrofoil was experimentally examined. The geometry of these test objects varied in the spanwise direction (i.e. three-dimensional test objects). Closed cavities formed on these test objects. The interface of the closed cavities curved smoothly to form a re-entrant jet at the cavity terminus, and the re-entrant flow was directed spanwise, thus preventing its impingement on the cavity interface. The cavity shape and the pressure gradients near the closure of the closed cavities were qualitatively similar to those predicted with the two-dimensional free-streamline theory. These cavities had a steady, laminar flow reattachment. The flow around the closed cavity was largely irrotational.


A high-performance liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 10 flavonoids in Viscum coloratum obtained from different host species and different sources. Viscum coloratum was extracted with 50% methanol. The extracts were separated on a C(18) column with a gradient of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid and methanol. The flavonoids in the extracts were detected by negative electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode. The calibration curves showed good linearity (r>0.998) within the test ranges (homoeriodictyol: 0.149-8.940 µg/ml, homoeriodictyol-7-O-β-D-glycoside: 0.230-13.80 µg/ml, homoeriodictyol-7-O-β-D-apiose (1→2)-β-D-glycoside: 5.000-300.0 µg/ml, homoeriodictyol-7-O-β-D-apiose (1→5)-β-D-apiose (1→2)-β-D-glycoside: 0.835-125.3 µg/ml, rhamnazin-3-O-β-D-glucoside: 0.064-3.840 µg/ml, rhamnazin-3-O-β-D-(6″-β-hydroxy-β-methyglutaryl)-glucoside: 1.435-86.10 µg/ml, isorhamnetin-3-O-β-D-glucoside: 0.930-55.80 µg/ml, 5-hydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone-4'-O-β-D-glucoside: 0.067-4.020 µg/ml, 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-3,3'-dimethoxyflavone: 0.270-16.20 µg/ml, pachypodol: 0.110-6.600 µg/ml). The limits of quantification were between 0.006-0.720 µg/ml. The assay was reproducible and the overall intra- and inter-day variations were less than 4.6%. The recoveries varied from 93.4 to 103.9% at three different concentration levels. The validation method was used to determine the contents of 10 flavonoids in Viscum coloratum. A one-way analysis of variance was applied to evaluate Viscum coloratum-host-source interactions. Compared with the host species, the sample source had a significant impact on the sample content.


Scientific research and development on the control of autonomous airship have shown a significant growth in recent years. New applications appear in the areas such as freight carrier, advertising, monitoring, surveillance, transportation, military and scientific research. The control of Autonomous airship is a very important problem for the aerial robots research. In this paper, the previous research on the control of autonomous blimp is reviewed, Several popular control methods are categorized and discussed in detail. Then an intelligent navigation control method, reinforcement learning control, is introduced in the autonomous blimp which was used for 2007 UAV Outback Challenge. The future work on intelligent airship control is also outlined.


As a result of judicial and legislative developments, the substantial burden inquiry has become the first step of any free exercise challenge under RFRA, RLUIPA, the respective state legislative version of RFRA, the state constitutional provisions mirroring RFRA, and all federal laws that are not neutral or are not of general applicability. Thus, the substantial burden analysis has far-reaching implications not only in the context of religious practices affected by state action, but also for actions requiring federal permits, grants, or loans and federal land use actions. Despite the importance of the substantial burden inquiry, courts have not agreed on what constitutes a substantial burden short of criminal sanctions on religious exercise or compelled actions contrary to belief. Rather than providing much needed guidance to the lower courts, the Supreme Court recently denied certiorari in Navajo Nation IV, leaving Navajo Nation v. United States Forest Service, (Navajo Nation III) as the most current and most significant guidance on the substantial burden inquiry. Unfortunately, the United States Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in Navajo Nation III seems to have made the substantial burden threshold unduly restrictive, making a successful free exercise challenge virtually impossible. Part I of this Article summarizes the historical development of Supreme Court cases that have guided the substantial burden analysis. Over time, the Court has added a variety of factors that have made it increasingly confusing for lower courts to apply the substantial burden test. The resulting conflict and confusion in the United States Circuit Courts regarding the proper definition of "substantial burden" is presented in Part II. Part III is a close examination of Navajo Nation III in an attempt to clarify how substantial burden should be analyzed. Finally, Part IV places Navajo Nation III in the context of existing substantial burden jurisprudence, recognizing that a Supreme Court decision on this issue may be necessary.


The world is going through a global viral pandemic with devastating effects on human life and socioeconomic activities. This pandemic is the result of a zoonotic coronavirus, Severe Acute Respirsatory Syndrom Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which is believed to have originated in bats and transferred to humans possibly through an intermediate host species (Zhou et al. 2020; Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 2020). The virus attacks host cells by attaching to a cell membrane surface protein receptor called ACE2 (Ge et al. 2013; Zhou et al. 2020). Given the critical role of ACE2 as a binding receptor for a number of coronaviruses, we studied the molecular evolution of ACE2 in a diverse range of mammalian species. Using ACE2 as the target protein, we wanted to specifically test the Red Queen hypothesis (Dawkins and Krebs 1979) where the parasite and host engage in an evolutionary arms race which can result in positive selection of their traits associated to their fitness and survival. Our results clearly show a phylogenetically broad evolutionary response, in the form of positive selection detected at the codon-level in ACE2. We see positive selection occurring at deep branches as well as 13 incidents at the species level. We found the strongest level of positive selection in Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii), donkey (Equus asinus), large flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus), Weddell seal (Leptonychotes weddellii), and dog (Canis lupus familiaris). At the codon-level, we found up to 10% of ACE2 codons are impacted by positive selection in the mammalian lineages studied. This phylogenetically broad evolutionary arms race can contribute to the emergence of new strains of coronaviruses in different mammalian lineages with a potential to transfer between species given the common binding receptor ACE2. Our study provides a molecular evolutionary perspective to the current pandemic and sheds light on its evolutionary mechanisms. "Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution" (Theodosius Dobzhansky)


Abstract Introduction: Hypophosphatasia is a rare metabolic bone disease caused by one of several mutations in the ALPL gene which encodes tissue nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (ALP). It is usually diagnosed in childhood and can have a heterogenous clinical presentation depending on the extent of enzyme deficiency. Here we report the oldest known patient with hypophosphatasia. Clinical Case: A 79-year-old woman with a history of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in remission, was referred to our metabolic bone disease clinic for the evaluation and treatment of osteopenia. She had suffered from numerous musculoskeletal complaints for several years and had received a diagnosis of polymyalgia rheumatica. However, her symptoms persisted despite a six month trial of prednisone. Although she had developed dental caries at a young age, she denied premature tooth loss. Her family history was significant for arthralgias and vertebral disc disorders in multiple family members, including both her children. Her mother carried a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. The only pertinent physical exam finding was short stature (Height -4'6"). A DEXA scan was performed using a Hologic unit and revealed a T Score of -1.0 at the L-spine and -1.9 at the femoral neck. A FRAX score predicted a 14% risk of major osteoporotic fracture and 4% risk of hip fracture. Laboratory data revealed: Serum Calcium 9.3 (8.5-10.5 mg/dL), Albumin 4.3 (3.5-5.0 g/dL), ALP 21 (<130 U/L), Vitamin D 25OH 46.2 (>30 ng/ml), Intact PTH 28.3 (15.0-65.0 pg/ml), Vitamin B6 87.7 (2-21 ng/ml). On review of her medical record, low ALP levels ranging between 20-30 U/L were noted to be present for the last twenty years. Given her history of musculoskeletal complaints, short stature, elevated Vitamin B6 and low ALP, genetic testing for hypophosphatasia was performed. Her results confirmed a known pathogenic mutation in the ALPL gene. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of reviewing ALP levels and relevant patient history to rule out hypophosphatasia prior to initiating therapy for osteoporosis. This condition is often unrecognized. Bisphosphonates, which are often the first line of treatment in osteoporosis, are contraindicated in hypophosphatasia as they can increase the risk of atypical fractures.1 Teriparatide may improve bone density depending on the extent of ALP deficiency. Asfotase alfa is a new agent that is currently available for the management of certain cases of hypophosphatasia. References: 1."Atypical femoral fractures"during bisphosphonate exposure in adult hypophosphatasia; Sutton,RA; Mumm,S;Coburn SP; Ericson,KL; Whyte, MP; Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 2012 May;27(5):987-94.


Near-Earth environments, such as forests, caves, tunnels, and urban structures make reconnaissance, surveillance and search-and-rescue missions dificult and dangerous to accomplish. Micro-Air-Vehicles (MAVs), equipped with wireless cameras, can assist in such missions by providing real-time situational awareness. This paper describes an additional flight modality enabling fixed-wing MAVs to supplement existing endurance superiority with hovering capabilities. This secondary flight mode can also be used to avoid imminent collisions by quickly transitioning from cruise to hover ight. A sensor suite which will allow for autonomous hovering by regulating the aircraft's yaw, pitch and roll angles is also described.Copyright © 2005 by ASME


In this paper, we propose a combined region-based image retrieval system using EHD(Edge Histogram Descriptor) and CLD(Color Layout Descriptor) of MPEG-7 descriptors. The combined descriptor can efficiently describe edge and color features in terms of sub-image regions. That is, the basic unit for the selection of the region-of-interest (ROI) in the image is the sub-image block of the EHD, which corresponds to 16 (i.e., non-overlapping image blocks in the image space. This implies that, to have a one-to-one region correspondence between ELE and CLD, we need to take an inverse DCT (IDCT) for the CLD. Experimental results show that the proposed retrieval scheme can be used for image retrieval with the ROI based image retrieval for MPEG-7 indexed images.


This experiment was one of the first photoproduction experiments performed at Jefferson Lab using the CLAS and the Photon Tagger. The event reconstruction and the photon flux determination procedures have been developed and were proven to work well as we can see from the cross section measurement of the {gamma}p {yields} {pi}{sup +}n reaction. The preliminary results at CLAS for this reaction agree very well with previous world data. The analysis procedure has been developed to analyze the double-pion photoproduction. The differential cross sections for the {gamma}p {yields} P{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup 0}n reaction have been measured with incident photon energies between 1 and 2 GeV. The Chew-Low extrapolation technique was used to extract the associated {gamma}{pi} {yields} {pi}{pi} cross sections from the differential cross sections. The extrapolation procedure of extracting the pole cross section has been explored. F{sup 3{pi}} was obtained from the {gamma}{pi} {yields} {pi}{pi} cross sections. The results show a momentum dependence of the F{sup 3{pi}} amplitude in which they agree with Holstein's calculation. These measurements test fundamental predictions of low energies QCD. Future work on this analysis will help reduce the uncertainty in F{sup 3{pi}}, and extend the measurements to the lower and higher s regions.


EquiX is a search language for XML that combines the power of querying with the simplicity of searching. Requirements for such languages are discussed and it is shown that EquiX meets the necessary criteria. Both a graph-based abstract syntax and a formal concrete syntax are presented for EquiX queries. In addition, the semantics is deened and an evaluation algorithm is presented. The evaluation algorithm is polynomial under combined complexity. EquiX combines pattern matching, quantiication and logical expressions to query both the data and meta-data of XML documents. The result of a query in EquiX is a set of XML documents. A DTD describing the result documents is derived automatically from the query.


ABSTRACT Cyclic voltammetry has been used to study the oxidation and reduction behavior of the tricyclic alkaloid colchicine at a glassy carbon electrode and a hanging drop mercury electrode (HMDE). The reaction was found to be quasi-reversible and irreversible, respectively. Cathodic stripping voltammetry at HMDE was used to determine colchicine in aqueous, biological media, and pharmaceutical formulations. The adsorptive stripping response was evaluated as a function of preconcentration time, preconcentration potential and other variables. The effect of the interfering compounds such as ascorbic acid, urea, amino acids and some metal ions, has also been studied. The limit of detection was 1 nM (0.4 ng/mL).


Objectives. To determine oral hygiene habits of students at the UDLA campus, to quantify through the survey the level of knowledge that students have about oral health. Methods. Observational, descriptive and transversal interventionist project, the sample consisted of young students from the UDLA headquarters Granados who met the inclusion criteria, the level of knowledge about oral health is analyzed through an instrument such as the survey. Results. In different areas of oral health, a good level of knowledge was obtained according to the statistical results obtained. Conclusions. The analysis of the oral health knowledge level of the UDLA granular students is generally relatively good, however there is never more than constant information to the students about Oral Health in order to clarify certain doubts.


Abstract. The International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry (IVS) is currently setting up a network of smaller and thus faster radio telescopes observing at broader bandwidths for improved determination of geodetic parameters.
However, this new VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) network is not yet strongly linked to the legacy S/X network and the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) as only station WESTFORD has ITRF2014 coordinates.
In this work, we calculated VGOS station coordinates based on publicly available VGOS sessions until the end of 2019 while defining the geodetic datum by fixing the Earth orientation parameters and the coordinates of the WESTFORD station in an unconstrained adjustment. This set of new coordinates allows the determination of geodetic parameters from the analysis of VGOS sessions, which would otherwise not be possible.
As it is the concept of VGOS to use smaller, faster slewing antennas in order to increase the number of observations, shorter estimation intervals for the zenith wet delays and the tropospheric gradients along with different relative constraints were tested and the best performing parametrization, judged by the baseline length repeatability, was used for the estimation of the VGOS station coordinates.


An analysis of the filtering of the array modes in a resonant optical waveguide (ROW) array of antiguides by a diffractive spatial filter (a Talbot filter) is presented. A dispersion relation is derived for the array modes, allowing the calculation of the field distribution. The filtering is analyzed by calculating the field propagation of each array mode in an array structure with a Talbot filter by means of the beam-propagation method. It is shown that an ROW array of antiguides with a Talbot filter is an effective means to achieve single in-phase mode operation with a diffraction-limited output. >


We report on development of a cryocooled system prototype for high-throughput single flux quantum (SFQ) digital applications. The system was designed to have 32 I/O links with a bandwidth of 10 Gbps/port. An SFQ multi-chip module (MCM), double mu-metal magnetic shields, a 40-K radiation shield, customized GaAs cryogenic amplifiers, a 32-pin wide-bandwidth cryo-probe, and 32 I/O cables were packaged in a vacuum chamber together with a two-stage 4-K 1-W Gifford-McMahon (G-M) cryocooler. S-parameter measurements showed that the analog bandwidth of the I/O link was 23 GHz. We demonstrated high-speed cryocooled operation of a test module, in which a 5 mm times 5 mm SFQ circuit chip was flip-chip bonded on a 16 mm times 16 mm MCM carrier with phi30 mum InSn bump bonds, at bit rates up to 12.5 Gbps. Measured bit error rate (BER) was less than 10-12 for a 1023 - 1 pseudorandom bit sequence (PRBS) at 10 Gbps.


Recent contributions to this journal have taken various approaches to travelers's accounts as sources of African history. Elizabeth de Veer and Ann O'Hear use the travel accounts of Gerhard Rohlfs to reconstruct nineteenth-century political and economic history of West African groups who have escaped scholarly attention. But essentially they use Rohlfs' work as he intended it to be used. Gary W. Clendennen examines David Livingstone's work to find the history under the propaganda. He argues that, overlooking its obvious problems, the work reveals a wealth of information on nineteenth-century cultures in the Zambezi and Tchiri valleys. Unfortunately, Clendennen does not use this source for these reasons. He uses it instead to shed light on the relationship between Livingstone and his brother. John Hanson registers a basic distrust of European mediated oral histories recorded and written in the African past. He draws attention to the fact that what were thought to be "generally agreed upon accounts" may actually reflect partisan interests. Hanson dramatically demonstrates how chunks of history, often the history of the losers, are lost, as the history of the winners is made to appear universal. Richard Mohun can be seen to represent the winners in turn-of-the-century Central Africa. His account is certainly about himself. I attempt, though, to use his account to recover some of the history of the losers, the Africans, which Mohun may have inadvertently recorded. My question is double; its two parts—one historical, one methodological—are inextricably interdependent. The first concerns the experience of the people from Zanzibar who accompanied, carried, and worked for Richard Dorsey Mohun on a three-year (1898-1901) expedition into Central Africa to lay telegraph wire. The second wonders how and how well the first question can be answered using, primarily, the only sources available to me right now: those written by Mohun himself.


Several factors are known to influence ovarian response to rFSH stimulation such as age, antral follicle count (AFC), and basal FSH level, Mutation of allele Ser680Asn in FSHR gene was responsible to ovarian resistance toward exogenous FSH. The aim of this study is to develop a prediction model of ovarian response to COS in IVF. This study was a prospective cohort study. One hundred and thirteen women undergoing their first cycle of IVF in Yasmin IVF Clinic Jakarta were recruited to this study. Clinical datas included were age, BMI, and AFC. Basal FSH and E2 as well as serum AMH was measured from peripheral blood taken at second day of cycle. Bsr-1 enzyme is used to identify the polymorphism in exon 10 position 680 with RFLP technique. Three genotype polymorphism, Asn/Asn (255 bp ribbon), Asn/Ser (97 bp and 158 bp), and Ser/Ser (97 bp, 158 bp, and 255 bp). AFC has the highest predictor for ovarian response with AUC 0.922 (CI 95% 0.833-1.000). AMH also showed high predicting value (AUC 0.843 CI 95% 0.663-1.000). The multivariate analysis revealed combination of AFC, AMH, age, and basal FSH is a good model for ovarian response prediction (AUC=0.97). No significant relation between Asn/Asn, Asn/Ser, or Ser/Ser genotype FSHR polymorphism with ovarian response (p = 0.866) and total dose of rRSH (p = 0.08). This study showed that model combination of AFC, AMH, patient's age and basal FSH are very good to predict number of mature oocytes.


The aim of this thesis is to investigate and analyse the debate of ideas on gender equality policy during 1998 - 2011. The questions raised in this thesis are; which gender equality policy ideology has prevailed during 1998 - 2011, and which ideological orientation have the different ministers of gender equality expressed during the same period of time? I have conducted the study by analysing government publications and debate articles against a ideological framework consisting of different types of feminist theory. In order to get a result as representative as possible, I have only used the material from each of the ministers during their time in office. The research method that I have used when analyzing the material is qualitative text analysis. The findings of the study discerns three phases characterized by different gender equality policy ideologies. The first phase, between the years 1998 and 2003, is characterized by a radical feminist gender equality policy ideology, and the second phase, between the years 2003 and 2006, by a socialist radical feminist gender equality policy ideology. The third phase, between the years 2006 and 2011, is influenced by a liberal gender equality policy ideology. However, it is uncertain whether or not this phase can be recognized by a ideological framework based on feminist theory, since it is influenced by other ideological grounds as well. The result indicates a clear ideological shift from a more radical gender equality policy to a gender equality policy less influenced by feminist theory.


A comparative study was made between the cardiac action of diethyl 4-(benzothiazol-2-yl)benzylphosphonate (KB-944) and those of nifedipine, diltiazem and verapamil in anesthetized dogs and isolated right atria of guinea pigs. In anesthetized dogs, KB-944 caused a dose-dependent fall in mean blood pressure and dose-dependent increase in coronary sinus outflow. Coronary sinus outflow oxygen pressure was increased with increasing coronary sinus outflow; and consequently, the coronary arterio-venous oxygen difference was decreased. The cardiac output was slightly increased, while the myocardial oxygen consumption and myocardial work were reduced. In the isolated right atria of guinea pigs, KB-944 produced a decrease in spontaneous atria rate, and at the concentration of 10(-6) g/ml atrial standstill was seen in few preparations. The contractile force was decreased by KB-944. Especially, KB-944 exerted the weakest effect on contractile force among the tested drugs. These actions of KB-944 are very similar to those of nifedipine, diltiazem and verapamil.


Little is known about the effects of large-scale breeding range expansions on the ecology of top marine predators. We examined the effects of a recent range expansion on the breeding and foraging ecology of Laysan albatrosses (Phoebastria immutabilis). Laysan albatrosses expanded from historical breeding colonies in the Central Pacific Ocean to the Eastern Pacific Ocean around central Baja California, Mexico, leading to a 4,000-km shift from colonies located adjacent to the productive transition zone in the Central Pacific to colonies embedded within the eastern boundary current upwelling system of the Eastern Pacific California Current. We use electronic tagging and remote sensing data to examine the consequences of this range expansion on at-sea distribution, habitat use, foraging habitat characteristics, and foraging behavior at sea by comparing birds from historic and nascent colonies. We found the expansion resulted in distinct at-sea segregation and differential access to novel oceanographic habitats. Birds from the new Eastern Pacific colony on Guadalupe Island, Mexico have reduced ranges, foraging trip lengths and durations, and spend more time on the water compared to birds breeding in the Central Pacific on Tern Island, United States. Impacts of the range expansion to the post-breeding season were less pronounced where birds maintained some at-sea segregation but utilized similar habitat and environmental variables. These differences have likely benefited the Eastern Pacific colony which has significantly greater reproductive output and population growth rates. Laysan albatrosses have the plasticity to adapt to distinctly different oceanographic habitats and also provide insight on the potential consequences of range shifts to marine organisms.


Association Between Alzheimer Dementia Mortality Rate and Altitude in California Counties Environmental risk factors for Alzheimer dementia are not well understood. Air pollution may have a causative role.1 In light of findings about lower incidence of psychiatric conditions, such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, at higher altitudes,2 we sought to determine whether rates of dementia were associated with average altitude of residence.


Abstract. Although worldwide inventories of glacier area have been coordinated
internationally for several decades, a similar effort for glacier ice
thicknesses was only initiated in 2013. Here, we present the third
version of the Glacier Thickness Database (GlaThiDa v3), which includes
3 854 279 thickness measurements distributed over
roughly 3000 glaciers worldwide. Overall, 14 % of
global glacier area is now within 1 km of a thickness
measurement (located on the same glacier) – a significant improvement
over GlaThiDa v2, which covered only 6 % of global glacier
area and only 1100 glaciers. Improvements in measurement
coverage increase the robustness of numerical interpolations and model
extrapolations, resulting in better estimates of regional to global
glacier volumes and their potential contributions to sea-level rise. In this paper, we summarize the sources and compilation of glacier
thickness data and the spatial and temporal coverage of the resulting
database. In addition, we detail our use of open-source metadata formats
and software tools to describe the data, validate the data format and
content against this metadata description, and track changes to the data
following modern data management best practices. Archived versions of
GlaThiDa are available from the World Glacier Monitoring Service
(e.g., v3.1.0, from which this paper was generated:
https://doi.org/10.5904/wgms-glathida-2020-10;
GlaThiDa Consortium, 2020), while the development version is
available on GitLab (https://gitlab.com/wgms/glathida, last access: 9 November 2020).


His Royal Highness the Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, has graciously accepted the invitation of the British Medical Association and the Canadian Medical Association to be their President for the year 1959-60. The two Associations are holding their annual meetings jointly in Edinburgh in July next year, as they did in Toronto but three years ago. The occasion will be a landmark in the history of the two organizations, for this is the first time that a member of the Royal Family has paid so signal an honour to either. Prince Philip has shown an active and lively interest in the practical arts and applied sciences and in the men and women working in them: for example, at a medical dinner not so long ago he stayed behind after its close and mixed informally with the doctors present in order to know something of them and their work. Our loyal pride in our President for 1959-60 is made all the greater because we may be assured that the acceptance of this office was not a perfunctory fulfilment of an inescapable obligation. It is still one more sign of Prince Philip's determination to enter into the life of the nations over which his wife Queen Elizabeth reigns. Prince Philip accepted honorary membership of the British Medical Association in 1954, thus following the Royal precedent set by Edward VII when Prince of Wales in 1900: it was a Canadian, Sir T. G. Roddick, Professor of Surgery at McGill University, who seconded the formal resolution in favour of this at the Annual Meeting of the B.M.A. at Ipswich. Soon after his accession to the Throne, Edward VII became the Association's first Royal Patron, and since then the reigning Monarch has similarly honoured the Association. Queen Victoria's Prince Consort, as interested in the practical arts as Prince Philip, does not seem to have been so closely interested in medicine as have members of the Royal Family during the past 60 years. But it is of some interest to note that in 1859 Prince Albert gave the inaugural address as President of the British Association at its meeting in Aberdeen. And now in Edinburghl, a hundred years after that event, we will with fervour welcome another Prince Consort, to preside this time over two great professional associations of the British Commonwealth of Nations.


This paper examines trading volume reaction to initiations of open market share repurchases. We observe no change in trading volume for repurchases announced immediately after the October 1987 stock market crash. In contrast, we find astrong announcement period volume reaction for a sample of firms that announced repurchases during "normal" periods. Using variation in analysts' earnings per share as a proxy for quality of information, we document the following: Trading volume is inversely proportional to the quality of preannouncement information. Second, market value is also inversely proportional to the quality of information about the firm.