The FK506-FKBP12 binding-domain of the kinase FRAP (FRB) forms a classic up-down four-helical bundle. The folding pathway of this protein has been investigated using a combination of equilibrium and kinetic studies. The native state of the protein is stable with respect to the unfolded state by some 7 kcal mol(-1) at pH 6.0, 10 degrees C. A kinetic analysis of unfolding and refolding rate constants as a function of chemical denaturant concentration suggests that an intermediate state may be populated during folding at low concentrations of denaturant. The presence of this intermediate state is confirmed by refolding experiments performed in the presence of the hydrophobic dye 8-anilinonaphthalene-1 sulfonate (ANS). ANS binds to the partially folded intermediate state populated during the folding of FRB and undergoes a large change in fluorescence that can be detected using stopped-flow techniques. Analysis of the kinetic data suggests that the intermediate state is compact and it may even be a misfolded species that has to partially unfold before it can reach the transition state. Folding and unfolding rate constants in water are approximately 150-200 s(-1) and 0.005-0.06 s(-1), respectively, at neutral pH and 10 degrees C. The folding of FRB is somewhat slower than for other all-helical proteins, probably as a consequence of the formation of a metastable intermediate state. The folding rate constant in the absence of any populated intermediate can be estimated to be 8800 s(-1). Despite the presence of an intermediate state, which effectively slows folding, the protein still folds rapidly with a half-life of 5 ms at 10 degrees C. The dependence of the rate constants on denaturant concentration indicates that the transition state for folding is compact with some 80% of the surface area exposed in the unfolded state buried in the transition state. Data presented for FRB is compared with kinetic data obtained for other all-helical proteins.


WebAssembly (Wasm) is a safe, portable virtual instruction set that can be hosted in a wide range of environments, such as a Web browser. It is a low-level language whose instructions are intended to compile directly to bare hardware. While the initial version of Wasm focussed on single-threaded computation, a recent proposal extends it with low-level support for multiple threads and atomic instructions for synchronised access to shared memory. To support the correct compilation of concurrent programs, it is necessary to give a suitable specification of its memory model. Wasm's language definition is based on a fully formalised specification that carefully avoids undefined behaviour. We present a substantial extension to this semantics, incorporating a relaxed memory model, along with a few proposed extensions. Wasm's memory model is unique in that its linear address space can be dynamically grown during execution, while all accesses are bounds-checked. This leads to the novel problem of specifying how observations about the size of the memory can propagate between threads. We argue that, considering desirable compilation schemes, we cannot give a sequentially consistent semantics to memory growth. We show that our model provides sequential consistency for data-race-free executions (SC-DRF). However, because Wasm is to run on the Web, we must also consider interoperability of its model with that of JavaScript. We show, by counter-example, that JavaScript's memory model is not SC-DRF, in contrast to what is claimed in its specification. We propose two axiomatic conditions that should be added to the JavaScript model to correct this difference. We also describe a prototype SMT-based litmus tool which acts as an oracle for our axiomatic model, visualising its behaviours, including memory resizing.


The rapidly growing field of spintronics has recently attracted much attention. Spintronics is electronics in which the spin degree of freedom has been added to conventional chargebased electronic devices. A magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) is an example of a spintronic device. MTJs consist of two ferromagnetic layers separated by a thin insulating barrier. The tunnel current that flows through the barrier depends on the relative alignment of the magnetization in the ferromagnetic layers. As a consequence of this dependence, the MTJ exhibits two different resistance values that distinguish a logical '0' and a logical '1', corresponding to anti-parallel and parallel magnetization. Due to these two distinct states, the MTJs can be used as magnetic memory elements, and serve as bits for information storage in magnetic random access memories (MRAMs). MRAMs can lead to instant-on computers and longer battery lifetimes for mobile devices, which gives MRAMs the potential to replace the current RAM technologies. However, for the current RAM technologies to be replaced by MRAMs, the dimensions of the MTJs have to decrease to sub - 100 nm in order to achieve a high enough areal density and to match the semiconductor technology. Therefore, the research in this Thesis aims at fabricating sub - 100 nm MTJs and investigating the influence of the reduced dimensions on the modification of magnetic and electronic properties. The MTJ is incorporated in an engineered multilayer stack to promote stability and reproducibility of the magnetic and electric response of the MTJ. For the structuring of these layers, we have used top-down nanofabrication techniques to produce the sub - 100 nm MTJs. For MTJs with a surface area of less than 0.01 µm2, the Al2O3 barrier has an approximate thickness of a nanometer to ensure an appropriate tunnel current. Therefore, we have concentrated on the plasm oxidation of sub -nm thin Al layers to produce Al2O3 barriers. We have shown that over-oxidation of sub -nm thin Al2O3 barriers of MTJs can be observed in real-time using in situ differential ellipsometry measurements. The change in ellipsometry signal of Al layers grown on CoFe films, is proportional to the amount of oxidized metallic material. As a result, the derivative of this signal is a direct measure of the oxidation rate. Further analysis of this oxidation rate allowed us to determine the onset of the CoFe oxidation. We have found the onset to be proportional to the deposited Al layer thickness. The amount of CoO determined from in situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy data on identical samples is found to be proportional to that obtained from ellipsometry. In short, this means that the point in time on which over-oxidation starts can be precisely determined. This is a critical necessity in producing exact, well-functioning MTJs. We have used electron beam (EB) lithography to pattern the sub - 100 nm features. With EB lithography features of only a few nanometer in size can be defined, hence EB lithography enables the exploration of the fundamental boundaries of magnetic and electric scaling properties. For the structuring of large-area samples with ultra-dense arrays of sub - 100 nm MTJs the throughput is limited because of the sequential writing process. However, with the developed special high-speed EB writing strategy we could pattern a sample area of 16 mm2 with ultra-dense arrays of sub - 100 nm elliptical features in 10 minutes. The strategy is employed to define the pattern of hard Ta masks with sub - 100 nm features. The Ta masks are etched at -50 ?C in a SF6/O2 plasma to an etch depth that can be controlled with nanometer precision. Ar+ ion beam milling is used to transfer the pattern and to produce dense arrays of sub - µm MTJs. Insight in the magnetic switching behavior of nanoscale MTJs as a function of the size, shape and thickness is vital for MRAM application. Especially, the collective properties of high areal density arrays of MTJs are of interest, because magnetostatic coupling mechanisms between elements can be a limiting factor for applications. In order to understand the effects of geometry and coupling mechanisms, the switching of 5 nm thick polycrystalline nanoscale Co dots is examined using SQUID measurements and the switching of sub - µm MTJs is studied with MOKE measurements. An array consists of approximately 108 elements with a width ranging from 50 to 300 nm, and a length to width aspect ratios of 1.5 to 2.5, arranged on a rectangular lattice. The measured switching fields of the Co dots and MTJs were low compared to predictions using the Stoner-Wohlfarth model. The deviations of the Stoner-Wohlfarth behavior could be explained in term of interdot coupling and edge roughness. Comparison with the outcome of OOMMF simulation of the switching of a single dot revealed that the interdot coupling has a major influence on the magnetic switching behavior of arrays of nanoscale magnetic elements. This implies that for the feasibility of ultra-high areal density arrays of nanoscale MTJs for information storage new strategies are needed. For example, a more complex toggle MTJ multilayer stacks can be used for the nanostructuring of sub - µm MTJs. Faceting of the etch mask due to physical sputtering of the mask material is a problem during deep etching of ultra-high bit density arrays of sub - µm MTJs for MRAMs. Besides that, chlorinated etch residues can reduce the magnetization of patterning magnetic materials substantially, and therefore constitutes a considerable concern. To get more insight into the magnetization losses, CoFeB dots were etched in a high ion density Cl2- based plasma with a width ranging from 0.3 to 6.4 µm. The magnetic properties of the CoFeB dots were measured by SQUID magnetometry. The sub-µm CoFeB dots showed significant magnetization reductions, despite H2O rinsing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies revealed that etching in a Cl2-based plasma caused faceting of the masks, leading to sloped sidewalls. SEM pictures were used to determine the geometric volume which was compared to the effective magnetic volume resulting from the magnetometry measurements. The SEM data are in good agreement with the magnetometry data, and a chloride penetration depth of only a few nanometer could be derived, indicating that the postetch rinsing is sufficient to prevent considerable corrosion of the CoFeB dots. This means that the chlorinated etch residues could be removed from the samples, without severely effecting the magnetic properties. The I-V characteristics of nanometer thin AlOx barriers are measured by applying a voltage over a 1×1 µm2 square MTJ pillar located at the cross-point of the bottom and top electrode. The I-V response of the MTJs showed in principle three different characteristics, that is an ohmic like response, a response resembling breakdown, and a tunneling response. Approximately 30 % of the measured 32 MTJs showed a tunneling response and had a resistance-area product between approximately 20 and 50 k µm2. Furthermore, the conductance showed roughly a parabolic behavior implying an asymmetrical barrier. As a consequence, we used the Brinkman formula to fit the experimental data. The fits yielded average barrier heights between 1.2 and 2.3 eV, and an asymmetry parameter ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 eV, which are close to reported observations in literature. Resistance measurements yielded no significant magnetoresistance for the 1 µm2 MTJs. Probably, as a consequence of interface roughnesses, a strong N´eel coupling originates, through which an independent switching of the two magnetic layers of the MTJ is hindered. As an alternative electrical characterization technique, the conductive atomic force microscopy (c-AFM) technique can used to measure the local electrical transport properties of nanoscale MTJs. We have explored this c-AFM technique and performed I-V measurements by applying a constant bias voltage to the bottom electrode and measuring the tunnel current through the barrier. However, due to resist remains no significant bias voltage dependency was observed.


The need for precise characterization of dual-phase xenon detectors has grown as the technology has matured into a state of high efficacy for rare event searches. The Michigan Xenon detector was constructed to study the microphysics of particle interactions in liquid xenon across a large energy range in an effort to probe aspects of radiation detection in liquid xenon. We report the design and performance of a small 3D position sensitive dual-phase liquid xenon time projection chamber with high light yield (Ly122=15.2 pe/keV at zero field), long electron lifetime (τ > 200 μs), and excellent energy resolution (σ/E = 1% for 1,333 keV gamma rays in a drift field of 200 V/cm). Liquid xenon time projection chambers with such high energy resolution may find applications not only in dark matter direct detection searches, but also in neutrinoless double beta decay experiments and other applications.


A compact 4-dimensional manifold is a non-singular graph-manifold if it can be obtained by glueing T 2-bundles over compact surfaces (with boundary) of negative Euler characteristics. If none of glueing diffeomorphisms respect the bundle structures, the graph-structure is called reduced. We prove that any homotopy equivalence of closed oriented 4-manifolds with reduced nonsingular graph-structures is homotopic to a diffeomorphism preserving the structures.


This article uses hydropower development on the Lancang (upper Mekong River) and Nu (upper Salween River) as a lens for exploring institutional change and decision-making processes among governmental units and hydropower companies under the Great Western Development campaign. Scholars of the campaign tend to focus on central government policies and individual provinces' responses, and on the campaign's role as a central-state-strengthening project aimed at curbing regionalist tendencies. Large-scale hydropower development in Yunnan, however, is a complex affair involving national and provincial power companies, regional grids and governmental units at many levels. Conceptualizing Yunnan as the "powershed" of Guangdong, I argue that the Western Development campaign paves the way for increasingly strong interprovincial linkages between Guangdong and Yunnan that are not necessarily central-state-strengthening, and that consideration of such linkages should be fundamental to any attempt to understand the impacts of China's western development.


Adoption is one of the means to protect children who have been deprived of parental care. The United Nation Convention on Rights of Child guaranteed such protection and as in other action concerning children, the principle of best interest of the child must be primarily considered by the State parties when dealing with the process of adoption. In Malaysia, adoption process is governed under two main legislations, i.e. Adoption Act 1952 and Registration of Adoption Act 1952. However, the principle of best interest of the child is not clearly provided under these two legislations. In addition, inter-country adoption is not in practice in Malaysia. This paper seeks to discuss the extent of the current legislation and practice of the Court in Malaysia in ensuring best interest of the child is guaranteed when dealing with adoption procedure and process. Thus, the relevant laws and decided cases will be examined. The paper also briefly addresses the issue of whether inter-country adoption would be an option for Malaysia and can be a factor in upholding the best interest of children. Finally, the paper discusses some possible recommendations that may spur improvement to the present legislation in ensuring the best interest of the child is duly guaranteed in the adoption process.


Introduction : cell-free plasma DNA (cfDNA) is used as a marker refl ecting the level of apoptosis in the human body under stress. Acute psychosis caused by endogenous (schizophrenia) and exogenous (alcohol intoxication) factors in the patient's body is associated with oxidative stress. Presumably, cfDNA concentration in the blood plasma of patients with acute psychoses of endogenous and exogenous etiology is increased. The purpose of the study : comparative analysis of the cfDNA concentration in the blood plasma of treated and untreated patients with paranoid schizophrenia during the disease exacerbation, patients with alcoholic psychosis and healthy volunteers. Patients and methods : the concentration of cfDNA was determined in the blood plasma samples of 476 people: control group (n = 95); patients with schizophrenia in the acute stage of the disease (n = 334); patients with alcoholic psychosis (n = 47). Results : the concentrations of cfDNA in the plasma of patients with schizophrenia (median 931 ng/ml) is 2.2 times higher than in the control group (median 428 ng/ml) and 1.8 times higher than in the patients with alcoholic psychosis (504 ng/ml). For the patients with schizophrenia with high PANSS, we found the highest values of the cfDNA concentration in the blood plasma during psychosis, which indicates a more pronounced systemic process, which is accompanied by the cell death level increase. Conclusions : the concentration of cfDNA in the blood plasma could be used as a biochemical marker that refl ects the severity of the schizophrenia patient' state upon admission to the hospital.


IEEE 802.5 token ring standard has been widely used in integrated service networks. Due to the nature of messages, preferences are usually given to voice packets in most implementations of 802.5 standard. Although such an approach is reasonable, it results in ill network resources utilization and inefficient bandwidth distributions among data and voice stations. The authors present a new protocol based on IEEE 802.5 standard that efficiently distributes the network bandwidth between data and voice stations. The results of simulation show that the new protocol achieves the peak data delay improvement when voice traffic is about half of the full load, and achieve none or little data delay improvement when voice traffic is heavy. In other words, the new protocol exploits a better utilization of network resources.<<ETX>>


The ANTARES Neutrino Telescope [1] is a water Cherenkov detector currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea. It is also designed to serve as a platform for investigations of the deep-sea environment. In this context, the ANTARES group at the University of Erlangen will integrate acoustic sensors within the infrastructure of the experiment. With this dedicated setup, tests of acoustic particle detection methods and deep-sea acoustic background studies shall be performed. The aim of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of a future acoustic neutrino telescope in the deep sea operating in the ultra-high energy regime. In these proceedings, the implementation of the project is described in the context of the premises and challenges set by the physics of acoustic particle detection and the integration into an existing infrastructure.


As the most important molecules, proteins often undergo post-translational modifications (PTM) to carry out their functions. In my study, two methods have been developed for the synthesis of proteins containing PTMs. The first method is chemical ligation at valine residue. The thioacid capture ligation was found to be more efficient to overcome steric hindrance of the tertiary thiol group in penicillamine compared with thioester-mediated ligation. The second method is a direct and easy-to-use approach to introducing site-specific acetylation onto recombinant proteins. The free thiol of cysteine was reacted with N-vinylacetamide (NVA) by radical-mediated thiol-ene coupling to generate acetyl-4-thialysine (sLys (Ac)) which is anacetyl-lysine analog. In the last part of this work, we have also introduced a new strategy for selective disulfide formation directed by PNA pairing. This method can be more useful than the DNA-templated reaction systems.


Abstract In these lectures we first review all of the important properties of the Riemann ζ-function, necessary to understand the importance and nature of the Riemann hypothesis. In particular this first part describes the analytic continuation, the functional equation, trivial zeros, the Euler product formula, Riemann's main result relating the zeros on the critical strip to the distribution of primes, the exact counting formula for the number of zeros on the strip N(T ) and the GUE statistics of the zeros on the critical line. We then turn to presenting some new results obtained in the past year and describe several strategies towards proving the RH. First we describe an electro-static analogy and argue that if the electric potential along the line <(z) = 1 is a regular alternating function, the RH would follow. The main new result is that the zeros on the critical line are in one-to-one correspondence with the zeros of the cosine function, and this leads to a transcendental equation for the n-th zero on the critical line that depends only on n. If there is a unique solution to this equation for every n, then if N0(T ) is the number of zeros on the critical line, then N0(T ) = N(T ), i.e. all zeros are on the critical line. These results are generalized to two infinite classes of functions, Dirichlet L-functions and L-functions based on modular forms. We present extensive numerical analysis of the solutions of these equations. We apply these methods to the Davenport-Heilbronn L-function, which is known to have zeros off of the line, and explain why the RH fails in this case. We also present a new approximation to the ζ-function that is analogous to the Stirling approximation to the Γ-function.


A shortage of nurses continues to be felt in rural areas of the country. In an experimental program conducted by a college department of nursing in a small rural hospital, nurses received training and were retained by the rural hospital. All training was conducted at the hospital, and all graduates received high marks on the RN examination.


Introduction
Cerebrovascular disorders (CVD) are increasing in prevalence and incidence in Indian population. Global burden of disease study shows that of the 9.4 million deaths in India, 619,000 were due to stroke. A matter of concern is that in the last two decades there is a significant increase in prevalence rate of stroke.

Aim
To find the demographic characteristics along with clinico-radiological profile and of patients presenting with stroke in a tertiary care hospital in Rajasthan.

Methodology
This cross sectional study was conducted for a period of 6 months from Aug 2015 to Jan 2016 in a tertiary care hospital .A sample size of 360 patients with aged >18 years were recruited after obtaining written consent from those who attended the medical OPD or were admitted to the government hospital with the newly diagnosed stroke and confirmed by neuroimaging.

Result
The mean age of stroke in present study was 60.46 ± 14.84 years. The stroke in the young age group defined as 40 years or less comprised only 6%. Hypertension as a risk factor was present in 52.5% of our patients followed by Dyslipidaemia (25.8%). 79.4% had ischemic stroke and 19.4 % haemorrhagic stroke. Supratentorial lesions were seen in 86.4% patients, infratentorial lesions in only 10% anterior circulation strokes (MCA>ACA) are more common than posterior circulation strokes. Motor and sensory symptoms are common in acute strokes rather than change in consciousness or speech abnormalities. 70.2% patients had moderate disability at the end of 28 days. Early presentation to hospital (<3hrs) is associated with better outcome and less morbidity in a stroke patient.


Jaspers exerts the same attitude in his philosophical as well as his psychiatric works. Thus, a permanent polarization is to realise: on one of two sides that, which is to be postulated--and on the other side that, which can be comprehended by empathy. Though the extension in the first group is sometimes bold-researchers today, express themselves with much more caution, despite the fact that more data are available today especially biological ones--the approach is similar anyway.


OBJECTIVE
To review the current psychiatry model clerkship objectives for their inclusion of women's health competencies and advise changes in light of recommendations of psychiatric educators and those developed at the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO) Women's Health Education Retreat 2000.

STUDY DESIGN
The clerkship objectives promulgated by the Association of Directors of Medical Student Education in Psychiatry (ADMSEP) were reviewed for their relevance to women's health. ADMSEP members were surveyed at their 1997 annual meeting and again by means of their listserve in 2000 for opinions regarding inclusion of women's health topics in their curricula.

RESULTS
The current objectives imply many women's health competencies. Those pertaining to abuse are particularly comprehensive. Survey data suggest that educators perceive that psychiatric aspects of reproductive functioning, violence, and trauma; gender differences in prevalence, presentation, and treatment of psychiatric disorders; and gender aspects of the doctor-patient relationship merit particular emphasis in the clerkship curriculum.

CONCLUSIONS
Women's health competencies are broadly but implicitly represented in the psychiatry clerkship objectives as currently formulated. Revisions should encompass more explicit appreciation of gender differences and specific additional knowledge, skills, and attitudes.


Galactic stellar halos have long been considered to contain fossil information on the early dynamical and chemical evolution of galaxies. We propose that the surface brightness distributions of old stellar halos contain the influence of reionization on early formation histories of galaxies. By assuming that reionization significantly suppresses star formation in small subgalactic clumps virialized after reionization redshift (zreion), we first numerically investigate how the structural and kinematical properties of stellar halos that formed from the merging of these subgalactic clumps depend on zreion. We then discuss what observable properties of galactic stellar halos offer us; we also discuss the fossil records of reionization influence on hierarchical formation of halos based on the current results of numerical simulations. We specifically suggest that both the half-light radius of stellar halos and the slope of their surface brightness profile contain useful information regarding the times in which star formation in subgalactic clumps were significantly influenced by reionization. By using the simulated surface brightness distributions of galactic stellar halos for models with different zreion, we also discuss how wide-field imaging studies of extragalactic halos will help us to elucidate the epoch of cosmic reionization.


Background A superselective (SS) arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI technique can be used to monitor the revascularization area as a supplementary or alternative modality to digital subtraction angiography (DSA), with the advantage of being noninvasive. Purpose To evaluate whether SS-ASL perfusion MRI could be used to visualize the revascularization area after combined direct and indirect bypass surgery in adults with moyamoya disease compared with DSA. Materials and Methods Patients diagnosed with moyamoya disease who underwent DSA and SS-ASL 6 months after surgery between June 2017 and November 2019 in a single institution were retrospectively evaluated. Subjective grading of the revascularization area and collateral grading in 10 Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) locations were performed. The change in perfusion status in a subgroup that underwent both preoperative and postoperative SS-ASL studies was evaluated. Intermodality agreement was analyzed by using weighted κ statistics. Results Thirty-seven hemispheres from 33 patients (mean age, 39 years ± 12 [standard deviation]; 20 women) were evaluated. The intermodality agreement of the revascularization area grading was substantial (weighted κ = 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.37, 1.00). The overall intermodality agreement of the postoperative collateral grading in the 10 ASPECTS locations for all vessels was substantial (weighted κ = 0.77; 95% CI: 0.74, 0.80). For the presence of postoperative collateral supplied by the ipsilateral external carotid artery in 10 ASPECTS locations (a total of 370 locations) using DSA as a reference test, the SS-ASL showed a sensitivity of 92% (183 of 199 locations; 95% CI: 87%, 95%) and a specificity of 83% (142 of 171 locations; 95% CI: 77%, 88%). The overall intermodality agreement of the changes in perfusion status was moderate (weighted κ = 0.59; 95% CI: 0.54, 0.65). Conclusion Superselective arterial spin labeling imaging precisely depicted the revascularization territory in patients with moyamoya disease who underwent bypass surgery, and it showed the changes in the vascular supplying territories before and after bypass surgery. © RSNA, 2020 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Hendrikse in this issue.


Chen YZ, Busse WW, Pedersen S, Tan W, Lamm CJ, O'Byrne PM. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2006;17:7–13 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. To determine the long-term efficacy of regular inhaled low-dose budesonide in children aged <11 years with recent-onset mild-persistent asthma. STUDY POPULATION. Children aged 5 to 10 years with current symptoms of mild-persistent asthma during the 3 months preceding trial entry. Patients had no symptoms for >2 years before study entry and had received neither inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) for ≥30 days nor depot corticosteroid injection in the previous year. METHODS. Patients were randomly assigned to receive once-daily budesonide 200 μg (1000 children) or placebo (974 children). Patients were followed at weeks 6 and 12 and then subsequently every 3 months for a 3-year period. Patients and their caregivers kept a record of asthma symptoms between visits. At each visit, spirometry was performed, and data were collected on medication compliance and asthma control. The primary end point was the time to the first severe asthma-related event (SARE) or introduction of corticosteroid treatment other than the study medication. RESULTS. There was a 40% relative-risk reduction of SAREs in the treatment group over the 3-year study visit. Fewer children in the budesonide group required treatment with other corticosteroids as compared with those in the placebo group (12.3% vs 22.7%). There was a trend toward decreased β2-agonist use, decreased systemic corticosteroid use, and improved lung function in the children in the treatment arm. CONCLUSIONS. The early addition of once-daily budesonide treatment in young children with mild-persistent asthma improves asthma control and lung function and decreases the risk of SAREs. REVIEWER COMMENTS. Early asthma intervention in children is a topic of much debate, particularly in the very young with mild symptoms. Oftentimes, caregivers are faced with the difficult task of deciding on the right time to initiate an ICS, and the decision may be delayed until a serious event such as hospitalization occurs. This study demonstrates the benefits of using an ICS as early intervention in children <11 years of age to improve lung function and decrease the risks of serious and potentially life-threatening asthma exacerbations. Unlike previous studies in pediatric populations with mild asthma, researchers with this study enrolled patients with relatively newly diagnosed asthma, perhaps before the onset of chronic irreversible inflammatory changes such as basement-membrane thickening. These findings support early intervention to improve lung function and to potentially prevent loss of lung function in hopes of improving long-term outcomes.


Autonomous systems must successfully operate in complex time-varying spatial environments even when dealing with system faults that may occur during a mission. Consequently, evaluating the robustness, or ability to operate correctly under unexpected conditions, of autonomous vehicle control software is an increasingly important issue in software testing. New methods to automatically generate test cases for robustness testing of autonomous vehicle control software in closed-loop simulation are needed. Search-based testing techniques were used to automatically generate test cases, consisting of initial conditions and fault sequences, intended to challenge the control software more than test cases generated using current methods. Two different search-based testing methods, genetic algorithms and surrogate-based optimization, were used to generate test cases for a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle attempting to fly through an entryway. The effectiveness of the search-based methods in generating challenging test cases was compared to both a truth reference (full combinatorial testing) and the method most commonly used today (Monte Carlo testing). The search-based testing techniques demonstrated better performance than Monte Carlo testing for both of the test case generation performance metrics: (1) finding the single most challenging test case and (2) finding the set of fifty test cases with the highest mean degree of challenge.


Advances in microbiology demonstrate the need for manipulating individual biological cells, such as for cell injection which includes pronuclei injection and intracytoplasmic injection. Conventionally, cell injection has been conducted manually. In this paper, we present a microrobotic system capable of performing automatic embryo pronuclei DNA injection autonomously and semi-autonomously through a hybrid visual servoing control scheme. After injection, the DNA injected embryos were transferred into a pseudopregnant foster female mouse to reproduce transgenic mice for cancer studies. Experimental results show that the injection success rate was 100%. The system setup, hybrid control scheme and other important issues in this application, such as automatic focusing, are discussed.


Extraordinary precipitation events have impacted the United States recently, including Hurricanes Harvey (2017) and Florence (2018), with 3-day precipitation totals larger than any others reported in the United States during the past 70 years. The rainfall category (R-CAT) scaling method is used here to document extreme precipitation events and test for trends nationally. The R-CAT scale uses thresholds of 3-day precipitation total in 100-mm increments (starting with 200 mm) that do not vary temporally or geographically, allowing for simple, intuitive comparisons of extremes over space and time. The paper that introduced the scale only required levels 1–4 to represent historical extremes, finding that R-CATs 3–4 strike the conterminous United States about as frequently as EF 4–5 tornadoes or category 3–5 hurricanes. Remarkably, Florence and Harvey require extending the scale to R-CAT 7 and 9, respectively. Trend analyses of annual maximum 3-day totals (1950–2019) here identify significant increases in the eastern United States, along with declines in Northern California and Oregon. Consistent with these results, R-CAT storms have been more frequent in the eastern, and less frequent in western, United States during the past decade compared to 1950–2008. Tropical storms dominate R-CAT events along the southeastern coast and East Coast with surprising contributions from atmospheric rivers, while atmospheric rivers completely dominate along the West Coast.


Observations are an accepted part of teachers' lives, serving both administrative and professional development purposes. From an administrative perspective, observations serve the purpose of evaluating teachers with a view to quality control. For professional development, observations provide opportunities for reflective enquiry into the teaching and learning process. However, in private schools with limited oversight or links to current academic practice, the actual implementation and utilization of observations and feedback are self-determined and therefore worthy of investigation. This study aimed to fnd out how private schools in Cambodia utilize observation and subsequent feedback, and specifcally the purpose ascribed to them by both the school administration and the teachers. Forty English language teachers in Cambodia were surveyed for their experience of, and response to, classroom observations. Further, academic managers at two schools were interviewed about their goals for classroom observations. Findings indicate that both teachers and school managers approach observations as primarily evaluative. Further, the goal of reflection as an outcome in feedback was rejected by managers and ignored by teachers. Possible reasons for the failure of reflectionin feedback are proposed.


OBJECTIVE
To explore the antitumor effect of combined transfer of suicide gene and GM-CSF gene in erythroleukemia-bearing mice.

METHODS
Adenovirus harboring E. coli. cytosine deaminase (CD) gene (Ad-CD) and/or GM-CSF gene (Ad-GM-CSF) were used for the treatment of erythroleukemia-bearing mice. The mice were inoculated with FBL-3 erythroleukemia cells subcutaneously and 3 days later received Ad-CD followed by 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) treatment with or without Ad-GM-CSF.

RESULTS
The mice received Ad-CD/5FC and Ad-GM-CSF developed tumors more slowly and survived much longer than those received Ad-CD/5FC alone, Ad-GM-CSF alone, control virus Ad-LacZ/5FC or PBS. Combined transfer of CD gene and GM-CSF gene induced a higher specific CTL activity than control therapies did. Pathological examination illustrated that there were tumor necrosis and massive lymphocyte infiltration in the mice after the combined therapy.

CONCLUSION
Combined transfer of suicide gene and cytokine gene could synergistically inhibit the growth of erythroleukemia cells in the mice and induce tumor specific immunity of the host.


This study was conducted to characterize the DGAT1 gene in Korean Holstein dairy cattle population and examine the relationship of DGAT1 polymorphisms with milk yield and milk fat yield for the genetic improvement of Korean Holstein dairy cattle. Results indicated that the 411 bp PCR products were successfully amplified by DGAT1 specific primers. Sequence analysis indicated that the DGTA1 Q allele had AUG (Lysine, K) nucleotide sequences in 216-218 bp and q allele had GCG (Alanine, A) sequences in the same position. Nucleotide sequence homology between the DGAT1 sequences generated in this study showed 100% homology with bovine DGAT1 sequences in the NCBI database. The genotype frequencies of DGAT1 QQ, Qq, and qq were 16.43, 36.43, and 47.14%, respectively, in Korean Holstein dairy cattle population. The observed Q and q allele frequencies were 0.35 and 0.65, respectively. Statistically significant (P<0.05) results were identified for milk yield and milk fat yield for the DGAT1 genotypes. The Qq genotype Holsteins have significantly higher milk yield and milk fat yield than those of the QQ and qq genotype Holsteins(P<0.05).


ABSTRACT

                      There is no doubt that wars, conflicts and quarrel in any country or society lead to a disruption of the security situation, which is the basis for the progress and prosperity of society, as security stability leads to the prosperity of the economic situation, which in turn is the basis for the recovery of societies. It has civilization.
Before Islam, Arabs realized this fact, so they resolved that peace and security would prevail in their society, so that they could trade their goods across the desert and desert areas on the one hand, and on the other hand, so that traders could bring their goods to them, safe and secure in their lives, money, and goods. forbidden.
And they chose the pilgrimage season to the Holy Kaaba of Mecca, in which the commercial markets are held, so that the far and near are safe and secure, and they would avoid war and fighting unless someone attacked them, for they would be forced to defend their protection and honor.
On this basis, the Arabs before Islam were a peaceful nation, contrary to what was attached to them of the character of war and conflict, always striving to spread peace among the members of society.


Traditional analyses of budget deficits arising from tax cuts have focused on the size of the deficit and disregarded the underlying tax system. This paper examines the international effects of budget deficits under alternative tax systems. The key finding is that the consequences of tax policies and the characteristics of the international transmission mechanism depend critically on the composition of taxes. Under a value-added tax system, a budget deficit worsens the trade balance and raises the world interest rate; under an income-tax system, the same deficit improves the trade balance and lowers the world interest rate.


Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

4194

Death from cancer is often due to metastases arising from heterogeneous disseminated cancer cells that comprise therapy resistant cell clones. To overcome selection of variant cells by adjuvant therapies it is therefore necessary to search for and target common mutations shared by all disseminated cancer cells. Most likely only early mutations that occur prior to dissemination fulfill this postulate and are transmitted to all cells eventually found throughout the organism. In an attempt to define DNA changes shared among the progenitor cells of metastasis, we isolated and characterized single disseminated cancer cells from the bone marrow of breast cancer patients. To identify genomic regions affected by early DNA damage we therefore developed a protocol for array-based CGH of single cells. The novel technique should enable the detection of numerical imbalances in single cells and thereby increases cellular resolution of array / matrix-CGH at least 1.000 fold. Various methods of array preparation were compared with standard array-CGH. Additionally, oligo-arrays were tested and were not suited for single-cell DNA in our hands. While large amounts of unamplified DNA were suited for all standard arrays, chromosomal aberrations could not be retrieved when single-cell DNA was hybridized. We therefore developed an optimized protocol for BAC preparation, single-cell DNA-labeling, and hybridization and applied it successfully to single cells. We tested single normal cells from healthy donors, single leukocytes from patients with trisomy 21 and single disseminated tumor cells from bone marrow of breast cancer patients. While single normal cells displayed a normal karyotype, copy number ratios of 3:2 for chromosome 21 were readily detected in single leukocytes from a patient with trisomy 21. The novel 3K single cell BAC array with a resolution of 1Mb now enables whole-genome characterization of early progenitor cells of metachronic metastasis.


It is known that miRNA plays an increasingly important role in many physiological processes. Disease-related miRNAs could be potential biomarkers for clinical diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Therefore, accurately inferring potential miRNAs related to diseases has become a hot topic in the bioinformatics community recently. In this study, we proposed a mathematical model based on matrix decomposition, named MFMDA, to identify potential miRNA–disease associations by integrating known miRNA and disease-related data, similarities between miRNAs and between diseases. We also compared MFMDA with some of the latest algorithms in several established miRNA disease databases. MFMDA reached an AUC of 0.9061 in the fivefold cross-validation. The experimental results show that MFMDA effectively infers novel miRNA–disease associations. In addition, we conducted case studies by applying MFMDA to three types of high-risk human cancers. While most predicted miRNAs are confirmed by external databases of experimental literature, we also identified a few novel disease-related miRNAs for further experimental validation.


Abstract Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are naturally and industrially produced organic chemicals that can exist in the air as gases. Most VOCs can easily be deposited in natural water through precipitation and point and non-point sources. Previous research has shown that the natural waters of Columbia County, Arkansas contain the following VOCs: vinyl chloride; bromoform; 1,3-dichlorobenzene; 1,2-dichlorobenzene; chloromethane; bromomethane; chlorobenzene; and dichloromethane. The purpose of this study was to determine if Beech Creek, a major tributary of Lake Columbia, contains these or other VOCs. Water samples were collected from seven bridges that cross Beech Creek. The samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID). Vinyl chloride was found to be the predominant VOC with concentrations from 3.92 to 7.16 mg/L. Trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, and bromoform were also found at concentrations of 4.69, 6.16, and 23.29 mg/L respectively. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated VOCs as being either regulated or unregulated. Regulated VOCs are monitored with proposed Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). Unregulated VOCs are monitored only to determine their presence in drinking water and have not been assigned MCLs. Vinyl chloride, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and chlorobenzene are regulated VOCs with MCLs of 2, 100, and 100 μg/l respectively. Bromoform is an unregulated VOC and does not have a MCL. The results show that Beech Creek has VOCs in its waters and that there is a slight possibility of VOCs contaminating local drinking water at levels higher than EPA standards.


Recent state of investigations concerning the efficacy of breast cancer screening is presented. Opinions expressed in different conferences and symposia supporting the necessity of introducing in adequately organized societies the breast cancer screening on population scale is presented. The problem of screening methods and models is discussed. Some objections concerning the problem of breast cancer screening on national scale are also discussed.


This article presents an ultra-wideband in-band full-duplex antenna system based on a special 3D-printed Vivaldi array. To mitigate grating lobes inherent in such arrays, the single Vivaldi element size is reduced partially at its bottom and its body is exponentially tapered. In the array, this allows bringing the antennas closer together at their bottom parts, reducing the distance between the radiating slots, which translates to grating lobes reduction, especially at higher frequencies. The system can achieve, in simulation, a decade matching bandwidth from 2 to 20 GHz with more than 60 dB of self-interference cancellation and 12.8 dBi of average gain. The grating lobes remain at least 10 dB below the main lobe level throughout the matching bandwidth.


The water channel protein alpha-TIP is a member of the major intrinsic protein (MIP) membrane channel family. This aquaporin is found abundantly in vacuolar membranes of cotyledons (seed storage organs) and is synthesized during seed maturation. The water channel activity of alpha-TIP can be regulated by phosphorylation, and the protein may function in seed desiccation, cytoplasmic osmoregulation, and/or seed rehydration. Alpha-TIP was purified from seed meal of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) by membrane fractionation, solubilization in diheptanoylphosphocholine and anion-exchange chromatography. Upon detergent removal and reconstitution into lipid bilayers, alpha-TIP crystallized as helical tubes. Electron cryo-crystallography of flattened tubes demonstrated that the crystals exhibit plane group p2 symmetry and c222 pseudosymmetry. Since the 2D crystals with p2 symmetry are derived from helical tubes, we infer that the unit of crystallization on the helical lattice is a dimer of tetramers. A projection density map at a resolution of 7.7 A revealed that alpha-TIP assembles as a 60 A x 60 A square tetramer. Each subunit is formed by a heart-shaped ring comprised of density peaks which we interpret as alpha-helices. The similarity of this structure to mammalian plasma membrane MIP-family proteins suggests that the molecular design of functionally analogous and genetically homologous aquaporins is maintained between the plant and animal kingdoms.


The Jordan Valley (Ghor) is characterized by warm humid winters and hot dry summers, with average monthly temperatures of 15-20°C and 25-30 DC, respectively. Tomatoes are grown under irrigation during the September - June period. The root-knot nematode thrives under these conditions and has become a limiting factor in tomato culture. In a preliminary study conducted in the Central Jordan Valley, root-knot nematode larvae were isolated from the soil around tomato roots in relatively low numbers at planting time in September. During the following winter months, larval numbers fell sharply. However, as average temperatures began to rise, starting March through May, the number of larvae isolated increased steadily. (AbuGharbieh and Hammou, 1971). Application of nematicides resulted in better plant growth and a longer fruiting period (Abu-Gharbieh and Hammou, 1972). The purpose of the study reported here was to investigate relationships between prevailing temperatures, root-knot population densities and the effect of the nematode on different plantings of tomato in the Central Jordan Valley.


"A narrative of the events which led to the abandonment of the Oblate Missions among the Yakima Indians and the subsequent opening for settlement of the Okanogan Valley in British Coulmbia in the year 1859."


A 3-month-old Quarter Horse filly presented with corneal ulceration in the right eye with extensive coalescing periocular ulcerations, erosions, and cutaneous crusts. Similar periocular lesions were present around the left eye, on the gingival mucosa, and on the cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of the lips. Based on the severity of the filly's corneal lesions, expense and duration of treatment, euthanasia was elected. Histological post mortem examination revealed numerous hyperplastic and/or dysplastic epithelial cells adjacent to areas of ulceration and erosion with intranuclear viral inclusion bodies. Equine herpesvirus-3 (EHV-3) was identified by polymerase chain reaction from the right cornea and lip. The virus was isolated from the right cornea, right eyelid and lip. The dam presented with multifocal to coalescing perineal vesicles. EHV-3 was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction from the vulvar lesions and the mare recovered spontaneously. This is the first case of EHV-3 corneal infection reported in horses and emphasises that EHV-3 should be included as a differential diagnosis for vesicular lesions involving the equine periocular and oronasal epithelium.


Microwave Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPCVD) method can be used to grow various kinds of diamond films and carbon nanotubes at various temperatures. However, it is usually only the hand-on experience that can be relied on to obtain the nearly satisfactory plasma in the MPCVD system. Therefore, this study set up the reflected power sensor as a reference parameter and used a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) to observe the plasma image. Manufacturing parameters, such as gas flow rate, input microwave power, working distance, deposition time, chamber pressure and substrate temperature, were all fixed to grow MWCNTs. The controlled adjustments, as the independent variables, are the positions of E-H tuner along x-axis and y-axis which directly affect the conditions of the plasma. In order to grow multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) of better quality with a self-assembled MPCVD system, the quality indexes of MWCNTs, which are the aspect ratio of MWCNTs and the ID/IG intensity ratio of the Raman spectrum of MWCNTs, were analyzed. With the established database, it is found that there exist the optimized positions of E-H tuner along x-axis and y-axis for growing MWCNTs of high quality. Moreover, we used PCA (Principle Component Analysis) method to analysis these data, and a relationship between manufacturing parameters was found.


From a development of an original idea due to Schwinger, it is shown that it is possible to recover, from the quantum description of a degree of freedom characterized by a finite number of states (i.e., without classical counterpart) the usual canonical variables of position/momentum and angle/angular momentum , relating, maybe surprisingly, the first as a limit of the later.


Privacy protection and nonconvexity are two challenging problems in decentralized optimization and learning involving sensitive data. Despite some recent advances addressing each of the two problems separately, no results have been reported that have theoretical guarantees on both privacy protection and saddle/maximum avoidance in decentralized nonconvex optimization. We propose a new algorithm for decentralized nonconvex optimization that can enable both rigorous differential privacy and saddle/maximum avoiding performance. The new algorithm allows the incorporation of persistent additive noise to enable rigorous differential privacy for data samples, gradients, and intermediate optimization variables without losing provable convergence, and thus circumventing the dilemma of trading accuracy for privacy in differential privacy design. More interestingly, the algorithm is theoretically proven to be able to efficiently { guarantee accuracy by avoiding} convergence to local maxima and saddle points, which has not been reported before in the literature on decentralized nonconvex optimization. The algorithm is efficient in both communication (it only shares one variable in each iteration) and computation (it is encryption-free), and hence is promising for large-scale nonconvex optimization and learning involving high-dimensional optimization parameters. Numerical experiments for both a decentralized estimation problem and an Independent Component Analysis (ICA) problem confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach.


. The present paper is concerned with the concept of solid topologies in non-archimedean and classical analysis. We introduce the notion of solid and H − solid topologies in sequence groups over a topological group; then we give characterizations of such topologies.


The present study was aimed at developing colloidal formulations like solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanosuspension (NS) for improving bioavailability of adefovir dipivoxil (AD), a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor which displays poor oral bioavailability. SLNs were prepared by solvent injection method while NS was prepared by pearl milling method. The prepared formulations were characterized for physicochemical parameters such as particle size, ζ potential, drug content, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Pharmacokinetic and biodistribution studies were performed in mice to evaluate in vivo fate of the formulations. The SLNs showed particle size of 267 ± 18 nm and entrapment efficiency of 73.5 ± 2.12%. The particle size obtained for NS was 393 ± 13 nm against 710 ± 70 μm for bulk drug, which led to significant improvement in saturation solubility. DSC and XRD studies of NS and SLN showed reduction in crystallinity while in vitro studies showed improved dissolution rate in both cases. Pharmacokinetics studies of orally administered formulations in mice exhibited higher plasma concentration compared to plain drug. Biodistribution studies showed higher accumulation of drug in liver, kidneys, intestine and stomach. The higher concentration of AD in liver after 24 hr highlights its potential advantage for effective treatment of chronic hepatitis infection. The relative bioavailability for adefovir NS and SLN were 52.46% and 78.23% respectively compared to 34.34% bioavailability obtained after administration of adefovir micro suspension (AMS), indicating suitability of both nanoparticulate formulations for improving bioavailability. SLNs were found to performed better as compared to NS for improving the bioavailability of AD.


A concern has been identified regarding the viability of redesigning and requalifying existing glovebox lines for use as glovebox lines integral to future mission activities in the 773-A laboratory building at the Savannah River Site (SRS). The Bechtel Savannah River Inc. (BSRI) design engineering team has been requested to perform an evaluation which would investigate the reuse of these existing gloveboxes versus the procurement of completely new glovebox systems. The existing glovebox lines were manufactured for the Plutonium (Pu) Metallograph Facility, Project 3253, located in building 235-F at SRS. These gloveboxes were designed as independent, fully functional Pu `metal` and Pu `oxide` processing glovebox systems for this facility. These gloveboxes, although fully installed, have never processed radioactive material. The proposed use for these gloveboxes are: (1) to utilize the Pu `metal` glovebox system for the primary containment associated with the Pre-Processing/Re-Processing Laboratory for obtaining radioactive glass compound viscometer analysis and (2) to utilize the Pu `oxide` glovebox system for primary containment associated with the Pu `Can in Can` Demonstration for proof of principle testing specific to long term Pu immobilization and storage technology. This report presents objective evidence that supports the engineering judgment indicating the existing gloveboxes can be requalified for the proposed uses indicated above. SRS has the ability to duplicate the test parameters, with site forces, that will meet or exceed the identical acceptance criteria established to qualify the existing gloveboxes. The qualification effort will be a documented procedure using the leak test criteria characteristic of the original glovebox purchase. Two equivalent tests will be performed, one for post modification leak test acceptance and one for post installation leak test acceptance. (Abstract Truncated).


Until recently, the only insight that the research community had into published papers that might be suspect, and thus candidates for retraction, was through the formal investigations by institutions or funders and the official announcements made by journals. Today, online communities such as PubPeer and Retraction Watch could be the first to raise an alert that a paper may require additional scrutiny. The involvement of such online entities has made the standardization of processes to address allegations more complex and has led to less patience from the scientific community and the public with what are often long timelines in institutional misconduct investigations. Editors are caught in the middle: They want to correct the literature as quickly as possible to avoid misleading readers with flawed information, but they also want to ensure that authors have received due process, even as rumors of scientific misconduct may be amplified through social media. Last month, a Journals Summit convened by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences tackled this topic in the larger context of research integrity, and several solutions emerged.


An experiment was done in crop year 2011, in Tonekabon city, in the form of factorial and in the frame of randomized complete block design, with four replication to study the effects of some micro- nutritive elements on yield and yield components of rice grain, the variety of Oriza sative.l. There were two micro- nutritive elements of zinc and manganese that zinc sulphates included three leaves without consumption, with consumption of 20 and 40 kg. hectare and manganese in two levels that included: without consumption, and with consumption of 30Kgm.hectar. The obtained results showed that straw yield with consuming zinc sulphates to the amount of 20kgm.hectar is 14% more than the time when it is not consumed, but straw yield increased 9.2% when manganese sulphates were used to the among of 30kgm.hectar. The most grain yield obtained under double interaction effects for the treatment of consuming 20kgm zinc sulphates and 30 kgm manganese sulphates per hectar (329.6gm per square meter), that it was because of the increase in total triller number, fertilized triller in pile, total number in cluster and being more full in cluster. The most amount of grain manganese (30.2mgm.kgm of grain) will consumption of 20 kgm zinc sulphate per hectar, obtained. The most amount of grain manganese obtained under interaction of two elements (32.25 mgm. kgm of grain) for plot with consumption of 20 kgm zinc sulphate and 30kgm manganese sulphate.hectare. As a whole, the consumption of both 20kgm zinc sulphate and 30kgm manganese sulphate.hectare is recommended through increasing grain yield and absorbing more manganese. Key words:


The widely discussed `discursive dilemma' shows that majority voting in a group of individuals on logically connected propositions may produce irrational collective judgments. We generalize majority voting by considering quota rules, which accept each proposition if and only if the number of individuals accepting it exceeds a given threshold, where different thresholds may be used for different propositions. After characterizing quota rules, we prove necessary and sufficient conditions on the required thresholds for various collective rationality requirements. We also consider sequential quota rules, which ensure collective rationality by adjudicating propositions sequentially and letting earlier judgments constrain later ones. Sequential rules may be path dependent and strategically manipulable. We characterize path independence and prove its essential equivalence to strategy proofness. Our results shed light on the rationality of simple-, super-, and sub-majoritarian decision making.


AcPhe-tRNAPhe from yeast can be photocross-linked to poly(U) on Escherichia coli ribosomes. The photoreaction occurs at the wybutine base situated next to the 3' side of the anticodon. The kinetics and efficiency of crosslinking of AcPhe-Phe-tRNA are the same at both the acceptor site and the peptidyl site. Therefore, the orientation of wybutine with respect to the mRNA is similar in both the pretranslocational and posttranslocational states. AcPhe-Phe-tRNA crosslinked at the acceptor site can still be translocated to the peptidyl site, demonstrating that tRNA and mRNA are transported together. The experiments support a model of translocation in which the conformation of the anticodon loop of tRNA is similar in both the peptidyl site and the acceptor site.


Uniaxial stress along [111] has been used to vary the different mechanisms contributing to resonance Raman scattering from allowed TO phonons in the region of the ${E}_{1}$ gap in InAs. The significant stress-induced splittings and changes in the resonance Raman line shape of the spectral distribution that have been observed are accounted for by a recent model based on phonon modulation of both the energy gap and wave functions. These results provide a strong confirmation of this model.


Developed economies have historically been a model for emerging market economies, particularly in the development and enforcement of competition laws. Modifications to competition law rules in developed economies, however, may not always be practical for emerging market economies to adopt. Insufficient knowledge, experience, and power of competition law authorities in emerging markets require a structure with greater legal certainty rather than one that provides a wide berth for interpretation. This article provides an overview of some of the significant developments in the 2010 U.S. Horizontal Merger Guidelines from an emerging market perspective. While taking into consideration the general characteristics of emerging market countries, the treatment of four specific topics under the new Guidelines will be scrutinized from a law and economics perspective: market definition, market shares and market concentration, market entry, and coordinated effects. This article also delves into discussions of Turkish competition law matters, as an example of emerging merger regime models, with respect to each of the four areas of discussion.


The authors report a case of naevoxanthoendothelioma in a 58-year-old woman. 24 cases of naevoxanthoendothelioma in adults have already been reported in the literature. If the age of the patient is considered, nosologic problems may arise, especially with the strictly cutaneous reticulohistiocytosis of Senear and Caro. Biological and ultrastructural features allow the authors to develop some hypotheses about pathogenesis of the disease.


Bivariate Poisson models are appropriate for modeling paired count data exhibiting correlation. This study aims to estimates the parameters and test hypothesis of bivariate Poisson regression on modeling the number of infant mortality and maternal mortality in Central Java 2015. The parameters of the bivariate regression model are estimated by using the maximum likelihood method. Results show that the percentage of births by health personnel, the percentage of pregnant women administered the K4 program, the percentage of pregnant women receiving Fe3 tablets, percentage of exclusively breastfed infants, and percentage of households behaved in a clean and healthy life are significant for the number of infant mortality in Central Java. The variables that have significant effect on maternal mortality are percentage of births by health personnel, percentage of maternal women receiving postpartum health services, and percentage of pregnant women receiving Fe3 tablets. Keywords: Bivariate Poisson Regression, Infant Mortality, Maternal Mortality, Maximum Likelihood Estimation


The hybrid methods (HMs) for the residual stress (RS) analysis, such as the well-known hole-drilling method (HDM) and the ring-core method (RCM), have been widely developed since 80'. They are mechanical methods based on the partial relaxation of the RSs that occur when a proper geometry variation of the analysed component is introduced by drilling a hole (HDM) or a proper annular groove (RCM). The RS computation is performed by measuring the strains relaxed on surface and then by combine properly such measured strains with the influence coefficients previously computed accurately by using a numerical codes that consider the geometry of the particular component to be examined. In such a manner, the HMs can be potentially applied to any RS distribution independently from the cause that have caused them. In more detail, the HMs can be used for the analysis of the RS on welded joint by using both classical welding methods, as MIG or TIG processes, or modern methods as friction stir welding, etc. In the present chapter, after a brief presentation of the theory of the HMs, their application to various cases of welding joints are treated, and the possible limitation are discussed.


Food culture has always been a definitive marker of identity throughout the ages, reflecting transformations social orders have undergone over time. Consumerism finds its most potent manifestation in food cultures, especially in terms of the type of food consumed (imported, ready-to-eat, frozen etc.) and the modes in which it is consumed (at restaurants, dine-ins, online ordering). The Covid-19 pandemic situation saw drastic transformations in the way Indians perceived and consumed food and drinks, with the gig economy and home-made food industry flourishing. The lockdown and associated restrictions led to a sharp decline in the number of people eating out at restaurants, hotels and cafes. Besides, the work-at-home culture made leisure possible for a significant section of the middle-class, propelling the subjects to cook at home, often leading to the emergence of local food-based start-ups. Domestic servitude declined due to the upper-class suspicion of maids and "lowly" domestic employees who came from "unclean" locales. As such, homemakers and working subjects, especially women, began cooking on their own, leading to innovative food cultures and novel modes of gastronomic consumerism. The paper attempts to explore the multifaceted modes in which the Covid-19 situation propels transformations in gastronomic consumer culture and the "culture industry" in India, as revealed through surveys, published reports and social media pages. The study would also engage with the modes in which gender, class and caste intersect with pandemic consumerism in the gastronomic arena, thereby developing a holistic perspective on how it affects consumer and food cultures across social groups in India.


One-dimensional, sparse-crop interaction theory is reformulated to allow calculation of the canopy resistance from measurements of foliage temperature. A submodel is introduced to describe eddy diffusion within the canopy which provides a simple, empirical simulation of the reported behaviour obtained from a second-order closure model. the sensitivity of the calculated canopy resistance to the parameters and formulae assumed in the model is investigated. the calculation is shown to exhibit a significant but acceptable sensitivity to extreme changes in canopy aerodynamics, and to changes in the surface resistance of the substrate beneath the canopy at high and intermediate values of leaf area index. In very sparse crops changes in the surface resistance of the substrate are shown to contaminate the calculated canopy resistance, tending to amplify the apparent response to changes in water availability. the theory is developed to allow the use of a measurement of substrate temperature as an option to mitigate this contamination.


We consider the p-Laplacian operator on a domain equipped with a Finsler metric. We recall relevant properties of its first eigenfunction for finite p and investigate the limit problem as p ! 1.


To the Editor.— Recently we observed a case of neonatal lupus erythematosus (NLE) that has prompted us to reemphasize the need for testing for anti-SSA/Ro antibody in all cases of annular skin eruptions in infancy. We suspect that several previous reports of annular skin eruptions in infants were actually cases of NLE, but at the time they were reported, the specific marker for this disorder, the anti-SSA/Ro antibody, had not yet been elucidated. Report of a Case.— A 4-week-old male infant who was a product of a normal pregnancy and delivery presented with a two-week history of symmetric annular 2-cm lesions on the soles of his feet. The lesions had erythematous raised borders, but no signs of central atrophy (Figure). He also had a 2-mm red papule over the right temple (which subsequently enlarged to an annular lesion) and a 5-mm annular lesion on the right thigh. The remainder of


PurposeIconic buildings, especially museums, are often enrolled in creating an identity for cities, yet cities and museums have been sometimes uneasy partners in using architecture to shape city identity. This paper examines the negotiations of place identity amid the conflicting influences of global design trends and local cultural nostalgia through the case of a single development in Aspen, Colorado.Design/methodology/approachIn this case study, using discourse analysis and grounded theory methods, the authors analyzed interviews, planning documents and critical opinions in the press to reveal the ways in which complex identities and contradictory planning directives shape a single building in a hyper-glocal Western town.FindingsThis analysis presents a place with complex and at times conflicting identities: residents have intense local concerns in parallel with global allegiances. The Aspen Art Museum building by Shigeru Ban similarly reflects a complex and contradictory identity with its bold design which confronted notions of local identity expressed in the built environment. Despite engaged citizenry and carefully crafted planning directives, the resulting design did not reflect locally produced culture but instead revealed the influence of international capital in the urban fabric.Originality/valueThis study examines the tension between hyper-local concerns and international status enacted on a single site in a small yet metropolitan place in the American West offering insights regarding the emplacement of buildings and the subsequent impacts on a place. As cities and institutions move beyond placeless iconic architecture, architecture and urban planning practice will need to adapt to the new paradigm where buildings can be at once global yet also local, drawing on innovative design practices and local culture in the construction of place.


Authored by a sex therapist who regularly works with clients wanting to improve their relationships, this book explains how technology can create conflict or additional anxiety and discloses techniques to help individuals gain confidence or strengthen their personal relationships.
 The statistics are telling: 85 percent of all adults use the Internet; 88 percent use email; 91 percent own cell phones; 56 percent own smartphones; 73 percent send and receive text messages; and 67 percent use social networking sites. The advent of personal communication devices and ubiquitous connectivity has dramatically shifted the way we communicate, and as a result, the way we date and pursue relationships has changed. The share of 18- to 24-year-olds who use online dating has roughly tripled from 10 percent in 2013 to 27 percent today. Modern dating techniques and technology-enabled interpersonal communication have resulted in very distinct emotional side effects.
 Dating and Mating in a Techno-Driven World explores dating in our 21st-century world with a unique approach, providing understandable information for anyone who is dating or seeking a long-term relationship while also serving as a clinical guide for therapists who want to learn how to treat individuals and especially couples presenting with some sort of issue related to technology. Instead of simply offering an analysis of the trends that are occurring, author Rachel Hoffman addresses the interpersonal problems and conflicts that result from digital or remote communication and "courting" and explains how to treat them. The topics addressed include utilizing dating apps, the effects of social media on relationships, and how technology can be distracting in relationships. Each chapter of the book supplies a case study or vignette, an analysis of the situation, research findings related to the topic, and clinical information that identifies the implications for therapists working with individuals or couples with a similar experience.


Interleave-division multiple-access (IDMA) has recently been proposed as a multiuser scheme that uses low complexity turbo-like iterative receivers and can outperform coded CDMA. Power allocation has been shown as an effective means for improving the performance of iterative receivers, and can be readily applied to multiuser systems including IDMA and CDMA. Power allocation allows the decoder to operate in a successive cancellation (or onion peeling) mode where the higher-power layers converge first, decreasing their contribution to the residual noise, and then the lower-power layers converge. In this paper, we propose an alternative optimisation approach where users are allocated different FEC codes in order to achieve onion peeling operation at the receiver and thereby improve system performance. We derive a numerical method for optimising performance based on FEC code allocation, and simulation results are presented. For small multiuser systems, results demonstrate that the performance of the proposed system approaches the theoretical single user bound.


Introduction: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection in children. The management of UTI is usually straight forward, but in the community setting, the general practitioners (GPs) face difficult decision once UTI is suspected. The aim of this study was to examine the management of paediatric UTI among the GPs working in West Ireland. Materials and Methods: A postal questionnaire based on a case scenario of simple or uncomplicated paediatric UTI was sent to the 198 GPs in the rural regions in the West of Ireland who commonly refer cases to the Portiuncula Hospital, Ballinasloe. The questionnaire consisted of a standardised set of questions covering diagnosis, urine processing, result interpretation, treatment instituted, hospital referral and advice on UTI's management. A letter explaining the purpose of the questionnaire with a stamped return envelope was attached. Participating GPs were asked to return the questionnaire within one month period of receiving the questionnaire. Results: The response rate in this study is 38%. Majority of the GPs (52.7%) used urine bag as method of collection and a single urine sample (56.8%) was used to diagnose UTI. Half of the samples taken (50%) were sent straight to the hospital for investigations. In the case of simple UTI, 67.6% of the GPs will commence the patient on oral antibiotic, usually amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (co-amoxiclav) (59.4%) for 5-7 days (79.7%). The referral rate for tertiary care was 59.5% of the cases. Conclusion: UTI can be challenging diagnosis especially in primary care setting. Implementation of UTI management according to local guideline is essential to prevent development of resistant organism.


Abstracts selected through the 999 EMS Research Forum peer review process and presented orally and by poster at the 'Making it Happen: Delivering Research in Pre-hospital Care' Conference 2016. Background There is evidence that systematic cardiac arrest care after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) improves chances of survival with a good quality of life. Post cardiac arrest care is a critical component of advanced life support. It is postulated that exposing ischaemic brain tissue to significant hyperoxaemia during this period increases the possibility of oxidative injury and cellular death. This study was designed to demonstrate the feasibility of completing a cluster-randomised clinical trial to determine if oxygen therapy titrated to oxygen saturation as measured by a pulse oximeter (target SpO2 94–98%) for 1 hour after a sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) is superior in improving outcome following non traumatic out of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in adults, compared with the use of non-titrated, 100% oxygen. Methods Paramedics were randomly allocated to one of two trial arms (100% oxygen or titrated oxygen to a target SpO2 of 94–98%). The intervention was initiated in adult non-traumatic OHCA once the patient achieved a sustained (>2 minutes) ROSC. Interventions were either the administration of 100% oxygen or oxygen titrated to a target SpO2 of 94–98% for 60 minutes, continued in the receiving Emergency Department if necessary. Results In the intervention arm of the study, paramedics were able to titrate the inspired oxygen concentration in 72% of patients and obtain a reliable reading of oxygen saturation immediately after ROSC in 61% of patients. The assigned oxygen therapy was continued for 60 minutes after ROSC in 74% of patients for whom the intervention was initiated. Legitimate reasons for discontinuation (e.g. death) occurred in a further 11%. Conclusion This study indicates that a future full scale trial to determine if titrated oxygen therapy is superior to 100% oxygen in improving patient outcome after non traumatic OHCA is feasible.


We report that the density profiles of globular cluster (GC) systems in a sample of 17 early-type galaxies (ETGs) show breaks at the radii where the gravitational acceleration exerted by the stars equals the galactic acceleration scale a0 known from the radial acceleration relation or the modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). The match with the other characteristic radii in the galaxy is not that close. We propose possible explanations in the frameworks of the Lambda cold dark matter (ΛCDM) model and MOND. We find tentative evidence that in the ΛCDM context, GCs reveal not only the masses of the dark halos through the richness of the GC systems but also the concentrations through the break radii of the GC systems.


A trajectory planning method of a mobile manipulator is presented. We derive the dynamics of the mobile manipulator considering it as the combined system of the manipulator and the mobile platform. The planning problem is formulated as an optimal control problem. To solve the problem, we use the concept of the order of priority. A gradient-based iterative algorithm which synthesize the gradient function in a hierarchical manner based on the order of priority is used. The simulation results of the 2-link planar nonholonomic mobile manipulator are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.


We recommend that physicians distinguish shoulder arthritis from periarticular disorders. A specific diagnosis should be made in the former, if possible. A number of arthritides have frequent shoulder involvement, and they should be kept in mind. Septic arthritis should always be suspected when there is acute pain and swelling. Joint fluid aspiration should almost always be performed when fluid is present. The diagnosis of gout or CPPD deposition disease usually requires crystal identification from joint fluid for diagnosis. Treatment of shoulder arthritis with oral anti-inflammatory medication is usually indicated; appropriate treatment of the underlying disorder, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, is necessary. Physical therapy started early, often combined with IA corticosteroids, helps to maintain or improve shoulder motion.


Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with a high mortality rate, especially in those that are diagnosed in late stages of the disease. The current screening blood-based markers, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), have low sensitivity and specificity. Meanwhile, other modalities are either expensive or invasive. Therefore, recent research has shifted towards a minimally invasive test, namely, liquid biopsy. Exosomes are favorable molecules sought in blood samples, since they are abundant, stable in circulation, and harbor genetic information and other biomolecules that could serve as biomarkers or even therapeutic targets. Furthermore, exosomal noncoding RNAs, such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs, have demonstrated the diagnostic potential to detect CRC at an early stage with a higher sensitivity and specificity than CEA and CA19-9 alone. Moreover, they have prognostic potential that is TNM stage specific and could serve as predictive biomarkers for the most common chemotherapeutic drug and combination regimen in CRC, which are 5-FU and FOLFOX, respectively. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the role of these exosomal noncoding RNAs as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers. In addition, we discuss the advantages and challenges of exosomes as a liquid biopsy target.


In an effort to understand how academic scientists seek information relevant to their research in today's environment of ubiquitous electronic access, a correlation framework is built and regression analysis is applied to the survey results from 2,063 academic researchers in natural science, engineering, and medical science at five research universities in the United States. Previous work has reported descriptive statistics about these scientists' information-seeking behavior. This study extends that work to examine relationships between scientists' information-seeking behaviors and their personal and environmental factors. Several regression models, including the Poisson model, the logit model, and the ordered logit model, are built to interpret the correlation among scientists' behaviors. In addition, exploratory factor analysis is used for data reduction. Overall, many factors were found to affect the specific information-seeking behaviors of scientists, including demographic, psychological, role-related, and environmental factors. Of the factors having an effect, academic position was the most important determinant of information behavior. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


To provide an improved understanding of the behavior of screw piles in disturbed soil, as a series of companion papers, laboratory tests with full scale tapered jacking piles were performed in the current study. The designated tapered pile has the similar dimensions, material properties and cone-shaped bottom, with the exception of threads eliminated.
The main objectives of this paper are to: (1) establish the robust and efficient simple high strain dynamic testing (HSDT) requirements for validating displacement tapered piles capacities while exploring the installation effect; (2) determine a correlation between static and dynamic bearing capacity in compression for steel tapered piles installed by jacking in sand with various relative densities.
Out of nine large-scale laboratory expriments at Aalborg University Offshore Geotechnics Laboratory [1-3] with the tank filled with Aalborg University Sand No.1, this research exclusively presents some lessons learned from an exemplar tapered jacking pile installation (Test 4) in dry sand (relative density  and its response to monotonic and impact loadings. The selected piles have diameter of D=76 mm and 89 mm with length of 2.07 m. The layout of the miniature CPTs carried out to measure soil state is shown in Fig. 1, with four CPTs performed following each jacking installation campaign to study the soil state after the installation of the piles (Fig. 1). In order to fulfill the objectives, the piles are installed by a static compression load that includes an unloading/reloading step, followed by dynamic testing in order to facilitate the determination of the bearing capacity (Fig. 2). The hammer test was carried out on both piles, by a hammer from increasing drop heights of 218, 418, 618, 818 and 1018 mm (Fig.3). The hammer consists of a sleigh with multiple attached steel plates weighting 19.31 kg on average and the sleigh itself weighs 18.55 kg. Tapered pile jacking resulted in dilation extending to a depth of 2.8when diameter exceeds from 76 mm to 89 mm. By contrast, in the region around pile P76, the soil was entirely densified. The tendency to densify the soil near tip area due to jacking installation is observed in both tests, where the initial viod ratio varied from 0.67 to  0.59  and from 0.63 to 0.57 corresponding to piles P76 and P89, respectively (Fig.4).
Subseuqntluy, Danish Pile Driving Formulas (DDR) introduced by [4] was ustilised which is according to the required potential energy from a hammer stroke to exceed the pile penetration resistance. The mass of the hammer G is defined by:
where elastic settlement =, A is cross-sectional area, E is the Young's modulus, l is the installed length of pile which is approximately 1.9 m,  and   is the maximum static force required to install the pile. The efficiency factor  is set as 1. During the impact loading tests, the settlement of the pile is measured with a 1 mm accuracy for each hammer stroke, and the limiting settlement, s was set to yield a certain level (0.1D) when the drop height is 618 mm. Thus, the dynamic bearing capacity =  ,  and ratio= are shown in Table 1.


The groundwater has been a major source of water supply throughout the ages. Around 50% of the rural as well as urban population in the developing countries like India depends on groundwater for drinking. The groundwater is also an important source in the agriculture and industrial sector. In many parts of the world, groundwater resources are under increasing threat from growing demands, wasteful use and contamination. A good planning and management practices are needed to face this challenge. A key to the management of groundwater is the ability to model the movement of fluids and contaminants in the subsurface environment. It is obvious that the contaminant source activities cannot be completely eliminated and perhaps our water bodies will continue to serve as receptors of vast quantities of waste. In such a scenario, the goal of water quality protection efforts must necessarily be the control and management of these sources to ensure that released pollutants will be sufficiently attenuated within the region of interest and the quality of water at points of withdrawal is not impaired. In order to understand the behaviour of contaminant transport through different types of media, several researchers are carrying out experimental investigations through laboratory and field studies. Many of them are working on the analytical and numerical studies to simulate the movement of contaminants in soil and groundwater of the contaminant transport. With the advent of high power computers especially, a numerical modelling has gained popularity and is indeed of particular relevance in this regard. This paper provides the state of the art of contaminant transport and reviews the allied research works carried out through experimental investigation or using the analytical solution and numerical method. The review involves the investigation in respect of both, saturated and unsaturated, porous media.


In this article, an algorithm is proposed and used to study the influence of harmonics on the behavior of medium‐voltage underground cables in flat formation. The proposed algorithm is a thermal model based on the heat equilibrium of the thermal circuit nodes of the medium‐voltage cable system. The impact of harmonics on the temperature rise of the cable elements and the cable capacity is evaluated in this article. Also, the impact of harmonics on the derating factors of cable for different soil types is presented. Finally, the measurement of temperatures of cable cores is carried out experimentally and compared with the calculated results to validate the proposed algorithm. One of the algorithm merits is that several harmonic percentages can be taken into account for each cable phase individually, and the heat exchange between the cable phases and their sheath is also taken into consideration. From the obtained results, it is illustrated that the presence of harmonics has a remarkable influence on the cable core temperature; mainly, harmonics of the third and fifth orders may lead to dry zone formation around the cable. It is also observed that the presence of harmonics has an important influence on the cable current, especially when it is buried in soil that has high thermal resistivity during the summer season (suction tension = ∞). In summer, the cable core temperature reached 152.162°C, 139.053°C, and 133.375°C when lime, sand, and silty sand, respectively, are used as backfill materials, rather than 90°C in the normal operating condition of the 11 kV three‐phase single‐core cable. It is observed also that with the increase of the soil thermal resistivity, the ratio of ( θ H $({\theta }_{{\rm{H}}}$ / θwithout   harmonics ${\theta }_{\mathrm{without} \mathrm{harmonics}}$ ) reached about 1.2 times at 2.5 K m/W soil thermal resistivity. In addition, it is also observed that the impact of harmonics leads to a percentage reduction in the derating factor of the cable center phase by 11.88%–12.37% depending on the composition of the backfill materials.


Mihai Ralea was a university professor and prominent representative of the Romanian interwar literary intelligentsia. M. Ralea taught psychology, sociology and aesthetics, and was at the same time the director of a reputed literary magazine (Viaţa românească-Romanian Life). Ralea was also a politician, initially an important member of the National Peasant Party, representing its centre left wing. In his case, one may notice the contradiction between his moral arguments in public and his deeds after he reached positions of power (Minister of Labour under the royal dictatorship, Minister of Arts under the pro-communist Petru Groza government, etc.). Ralea was also called "the moralist without morals", and the compromises he made – manifested through his adherence to anti-democratic regimes – can be documented by numerous archival documents. Due to strong political connections, Ralea survived in the high ranks of cultural bureaucracy even during cultural Stalinism. He maintained important positions both at the University of Bucharest and with humanities research institutes of the post-1948 Soviet-style Romanian Academy of Sciences. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, he also gained posi-tions of international cultural representation with the Romanian branch of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNES-CO) and the Romanian Institute for the Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries (IRRCS, the Romanian VOKS). His survival (as a professor of psychology after 1948) had a significant price – Ralea's collaboration with the Stalinist regime. Using open sources and also newly declassified archival documents, the article is an attempt to approach M. Ralea's case of survival in the high cultural bureaucracy in the East European context.


The phase relationships in the CaHfTi 2 O 7 Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 (zirconolite-pyrochlore) pseudobinary system were investigated, after heating at 1500°C, because of their importance in the design of pyrochlore-rich titanate ceramics for immobilization of impure surplus plutonium. Up to 15 mol% of MgTi 2 O 5 and Al 2 TiO 5 were added to CaHfTi 2 O 7 Gd 2 Ti 2 O 7 compositions to elucidate the effects of divalent and trivalent impurities on the phase stability within these systems. From X-ray diffractometry analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, phase formation and compositional stability limits were evaluated. The main phases observed in these systems were pyrochlore, perovskite, and polytypes of zirconolite. The formation of the 2M-, 4M-, and 30-zirconolite polytypes was dependent on the amount of aluminum or magnesium present. In the magnesium system, a large area of pyrochlore-only was observed, which indicated that divalent impurities of appropriate ionic size could be readily incorporated in the eightfold site of the pyrochlore. The locations of the tentative phase boundaries are discussed with respect to the chemical composition.


Abstract Reintroductions of large carnivore species present unique opportunities to model population dynamics as populations can be monitored from the beginning of a reintroduction. However, analysis of the population dynamics of such reintroduced populations is rare and may be limited in incorporating the complex movements and environmental interactions of large carnivores. Starting in 2004, Asiatic black bears Ursus thibetanus were reintroduced and tracked in the Republic of Korea, along with their descendants, using radio telemetry, yielding 33,924 tracking points over 12 years. Along with information about habitat use, landscape, and resource availability, we estimated the population equilibrium and dispersal capability of the reintroduced population. We used a mixed modelling approach to determine suitable habitat areas, population equilibria for three different resources-based scenarios, and least-cost pathways (i.e. corridors) for dispersal. Our population simulations provided a mean population equilibrium of 64 individuals at the original reintroduction site and a potential maximum of 1,438 individuals in the country. The simulation showed that the bear population will disperse to nearby mountainous areas, but a second reintroduction will be required to fully restore U. thibetanus. Northern suitable habitats are currently disconnected and natural re-population is unlikely to happen unless supported. Our methodologies and findings are also relevant for determining the outcome and trajectories of reintroduced populations of other large carnivores.


The present study was carried out Coriandrum sativum has Antioxidant potential; Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial potential were also assessed. In DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical using scavenging methods, a dose dependent scavenging of DPPH radical was observed with all three extractions; ethanolic extraction (ETCS), water extraction (AQCS) and petroleum ether extraction (PECS) of the plant with IC50 values of 380.56μg/ml, 591.81μg/ml and 751.05μg/ml respectively. However, in reducing power and CUPRAC assays, the extractions were found to have weak to moderate Cu2+ ion reducing capacity compared to ascorbic acid. Moreover, total phenolic content of ethanolic extraction (ETCS), water extraction (AQCS) and petroleum ether extraction (PECS) equivalent to gallic acid were found 63.22 ± 3.59 mg/g, 62.86 ± 12.81 mg/g and 54.17 ± 6.15 mg/g respectively indicating presence of phenolic content. The total flavonoid contents equivalent to quercetin were found highest in PECS extract 42.76 ± 3.25 mg/g, then 31.84 ± 1.44 mg/g and 22.09 ± 0.43 mg/g ethanolic extraction (ETCS) and water extraction (AQCS) respectively. Cytotoxicity test through Brine shrimp method showed moderate to less toxicity compared to standard (Vincristine sulphate).


The migration of a bullet fired from a weapon from the jugular vein to the heart is a very rare condition in clinical practice and the management of such condition is not always straightforward. The authors report the case of a 49-year old female patient shot in the right temporal region with subsequent migration of the pellet through the venous system to the right ventricle. Surgical removal of the pellet was successfully accomplished using extracorporeal circulation and cardiac arrest.


Defect diagnosis in random logic is currently done using the stuck-at fault model, while most defects seen in manufacturing result in bridging faults. In this work we use physical design and test failure information combined with bridging and stuck-at fault models to localize defects in random logic. We term this approach computer-aided fault to defect mapping (CAFDM). We build on top of the existing mature stuck-at diagnosis infrastructure. The performance of the CAFDM software was tested by injecting bridging faults into samples of a Streaming audio controller chip and comparing the predicted defect locations and layers with the actual values. The correct defect location and layer was predicted in all 9 samples for which scan-based diagnosis could be performed. The experiment was repeated on production samples that failed scan test, with promising results.


The selective harmonic elimination PWM (SHEPWM) method is systematically applied for the first time to multilevel series-connected voltage source PWM inverters. The method is implemented based on optimization techniques. The optimization starting point is obtained using a phase-shift harmonic suppression approach. Another less computationally demanding harmonic suppression technique, called a mirror surplus harmonic method, is proposed for five-level (double-cell) inverters. Theoretical results of both methods are verified by experiments and simulations for a double-cell inverter. Simulation results for a five-cell (11-level) inverter are also presented for the multilevel SHEPWM method.