We report a case of total upper eyelid reconstruction by a new technique after excision of an eyelid tumour. The eyelid was reconstructed by a horizontal, laterally based flap from just under the lower eyelid combined with a chondro-mucosal graft from the nasal septum. Surgical outcome was an excellent aesthetically reconstructed eyelid, which was mobile and properly gliding on the globe to achieve complete eye closure.


Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic organ regulating various processes in the body. As such, loss of skeletal muscle underlies the increased morbidity and mortality risk that is associated with numerous conditions. However, no therapies are available to combat the loss of muscle mass during atrophic conditions, which is due in part to the incomplete understanding of the molecular networks altered by anabolic and catabolic stimuli. Thus, the current objective was to identify novel gene networks modulated by such stimuli. For this, total RNA from the tibialis anterior muscle of mice that were fasted overnight or fasted overnight and refed the next morning was subjected to microarray analysis. The refeeding stimulus altered the expression of genes associated with signal transduction. Specifically, expression of alpha arrestin domain containing 2 (Arrdc2) and alpha arrestin domain containing 3 (Arrdc3) was significantly lowered 70-85% by refeeding. Subsequent analysis showed that expression of these genes was also lowered 50-75% by mechanical overload, with the combination of nutrients and mechanical overload acting synergistically to lower Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression. On the converse, stimuli that suppress growth such as testosterone depletion or acute aerobic exercise increased Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 expression in skeletal muscle. While Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 exhibited divergent changes in expression following anabolic or catabolic stimuli, no other member of the Arrdc family of genes exhibited the consistent change in expression across the analyzed conditions. Thus, Arrdc2 and Arrdc3 are a novel set of genes that may be implicated in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass.


This study examines the effects of the foreign direct investment (FDI) on economic growth in Vietnam by using the panel data model across Vietnam's sixty-one provinces in 1995–2006. The study shows that there is a strong and positive effect of FDI on economic growth in Vietnam as a channel of increasing the stock of capital. Human capital and trade in Vietnam are not yet the channels that give access to advance technology and knowledge transfers from FDI inflows to increase Vietnam's economic growth.


Natural resource management intertwines with cultural practices and health outcomes for Indigenous peoples. Indigenous communities have managed and contributed to knowledge on ecosystems and sustainability since time immemorial. However, Indigenous communities in California face significant institutional constraints when implementing practices such as cultural burning. Indigenous-led research projects, programs, and political action are crucial to overcoming such constraints. It is important for non-Indigenous researchers to support Indigenous research agendas. This article helps to meet this need by identifying research procedures that respect Indigenous sovereignty and by using methods informed by Indigenous knowledge systems. The authors, representing the Southwest Climate Adaptation Science Center and the Karuk Tribe Department of Natural Resources, present a collaborative approach that integrates Native American and Indigenous Studies scholarship, participatory research methods, and engagement in the sovereign research protocols established by the Karuk Tribe. We share a process of effective collaborative research that respects Karuk research sovereignty. This process resulted in the Intentional Fire podcast series, a co-produced data set that documents Karuk stories on fire suppression, social impacts of fire exclusion, and Karuk determinants of healthy, resilient homeland ecosystems. The authors did not analyze the data further because Indigenous people do not need outside academics to speak on their behalf. The process also developed relationships, amplified knowledge, and strengthened capacities. We share our process and lessons learned to provide a model that can inform other collaborations that aim to support Indigenous research sovereignty.


The effect of the intravenous injection of cholinergic drugs on perilymphatic oxygen tension (Po2) was measured using the polarographic method in 20 cats. Acetylcholine, pilocarpine and neostigmine produced minimal but statistically significant changes in perilymphatic Po2. Atropine and scopolamine did not influence the Po2 of the perilymphatic space. The reported results show that under normal conditions the cholinergic receptors of the vestibular vessels have little effect on the permeability of arterial Po2.


News in social media, such as Twitter, has been generated in high volume and speed. However, very few of them are labeled (as fake or true news) by professionals in near real time. In order to achieve timely detection of fake news in social media, a novel framework of two-path deep semisupervised learning (SSL) is proposed where one path is for supervised learning and the other is for unsupervised learning. The supervised learning path learns on the limited amount of labeled data, while the unsupervised learning path is able to learn on a huge amount of unlabeled data. Furthermore, these two paths implemented with convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are jointly optimized to complete SSL. In addition, we build a shared CNN to extract the low-level features on both labeled data and unlabeled data to feed them into these two paths. To verify this framework, we implement a Word CNN-based SSL model and test it on two data sets: LIAR and PHEME. Experimental results demonstrate that the model built on the proposed framework can recognize fake news effectively with very few labeled data.


Introduction: Case based teaching (CBT) has been accepted as an effective interactive learning strategy. Digital portals allow the students to learn the content at their own pace, explore various resources and finally enable them to discuss within group and build team work approach, which is a prime focus in the health care professional field. The aim of this study was to assess the perception and learning outcome of first year medical students towards CBT using e-learning approach. Method: This is a non-randomized, interventional study on first year undergraduate medical students from 2017-18 batch (43) and 2018-19 batch (41) of Sumandeep Vidyapeeth University. They were divided into a group of 8-10 members, who attended six sessions of case-based teaching via Google group. Learning outcome was analyzed by comparing the students who participated in the sessions and those who did not. Feedback survey questionnaire was analyzed by Mann Whitney ranking test and focus group discussion by thematic analysis for qualitative analysis manually. Result: A p value <0.01 was considered statistically significant for post-test by e-learning tool for CBT. Participants agreed that CBT is a good way to conceptualize applied aspect of basic science, enhance critical thinking, and explore varied resources. Thus, they confirmed that team building approach and leadership qualities for managing the group contributed to better understanding of the course and would be useful to them in near future. Conclusion: Usage of Google group technology for CBT allowed medical students to explore clinical application of basic sciences course from the first year of the program, going beyond the classroom, thus developing self-directed learning and team building approach.


In this study the tensile properties of additively manufactured Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Silicon Carbide (SiC) particulate filled PLA composites were assessed after aging for 4.5 months at 50°C in distilled water. The maximum moisture gain in PLA was about 16% by weight, and ABS gained 0.65%. In PLA/SiC composites, the weight gain due to moisture absorption was inversely proportional to the weight percentage of SiC loading. The PLA specimens degraded completely during aging without measurable residual strength. While the addition of SiC to PLA increased the room temperature tensile strength at lower volume fractions of SiC, the degradation of aged strength was similar to that of the pure PLA. The PLA/SiC composites had no measurable strength after aging. The ABS specimens retained their strength and failure strain after aging.


Background: Early detection of pregnancies at risk of complications, such as intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and preeclampsia (PE), is critical for improved monitoring and preventative treatment to optimize health outcomes. We predict that levels of placental-derived proteins circulating in maternal blood reflect placental gene expression, which is associated with placental DNA methylation (DNAm) profiles. As such, placental DNAm profiling may be useful to distinguish pregnancies at risk of developing complications and correlation between DNAm and protein levels in maternal blood may give further evidence for a protein's use as a biomarker. However, few studies investigate all clinical parameters that may influence DNAm and/or protein expression, which can significantly affect the relationship between these measures. Results: Candidate genes were chosen based on i) reported alterations of protein levels in maternal blood and ii) observed changes in placental DNAm (Δβ > 0.05 and False Discovery Rate (FDR) <0.05) in pregnancies complicated by PE/IUGR. Fibronectin (FN1) enhancer DNAm and placental gene expression were inversely correlated (r = −0.88 p < 0.01). The same trend was observed between promoter DNAm and gene expression for INHBA and PAPPA, though not significant. INHBA and FN1 DNAm was associated with gestational–age corrected birth weight, while INHA levels were associated with fetal: placental weight ratio and FN1 level was associated with maternal body mass index (BMI). DNAm at the INHBA promoter in the term placenta was negatively correlated with second trimester maternal serum levels (r = −0.50 p = 0.01) and DNAm at the FN1 enhancer was negatively associated with third trimester maternal serum levels (r = −0.38, p = 0.009). However, a similar correlation was not found for PAPPA. Conclusions: These results show that establishing a correlation between altered DNAm in the term placenta and altered maternal serum levels of the corresponding protein, is affected by a number of factors. Nonetheless, the correlation between placental DNAm of INHBA/FN1 and maternal serum INHA/FN1 levels indicate that DNAm may be a useful tool to identify novel biomarkers for adverse pregnancy outcomes in some cases.


This article describes the effects of three seeding unit designs on plant residue clearance along the central line of direct corn (Zea Mays L.) seeding and the subsequent influence on crop emergence. The equipment assemblies tested were three different combinations of the implements turbo coulter blade (TCB), double disc opener with a seed press wheel and covering/packing wheels (DDO), notched disc row cleaner with a track wheel or floating star cleaner (RC) as follows: (1) TCB+DDO, (2) RC+TCB+DDO and (3) TCB+RC+DDO. Under the field conditions tested, residue clearance before the cutting action of the turbo coulter blade (combination 2) gave rise to the best crop stand and crop uniformity. The seeding assembly that moves soil and clears away plant debris along the seeding furrow shows a direct effect on seed emergence.


A fast method for the screening of a large number of immobilized dyes for the purification or binding of proteins called dye-ligand centrifugal affinity chromatography, is described. The ease and speed of this method is demonstrated by screening 65 immobilized dyes for the binding of purified goat IgG. Two immobilized dyes (Drimarene Blue K-R and Drimarene Rubine R/K-5BL) with a high affinity for goat IgG were found to bind specifically the Fc-fragment of the IgG.


Arabic gum (AG) is a dietary additive widely used in food manufacture and drugs; it has also gained popularity as herbal tea that can cure diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. Studies showed its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. In a retrospective study design, we included CKD patients taking AG for at least three months. Data were collected over one year for each patient: age, co-morbidities, duration, amount of AG used, serum creatinine, inflammatory markers, lipid profile, blood sugar, hemoglobin A1C, and blood pressure readings. For the changes in values and trends, we compared the values individually for each patient separately. A total of 30 patients consisted of 20 males (66.7%) and 10 females (33.3%), with a mean age of 63.2 years. The mean (M) eGFR pre-enrollment in the study was 23.5 ml/min (standard deviation [SD]=15.8), and the mean eGFR at the end of the study was 26.1 ml/min (SD=18.9, p=0.56). There was a significant difference in the eGFR after using AG between diabetics (M=31.3 ml/min, SD=18.5) and non-diabetics (M=20.5 ml/min, SD=18.2, p=0.03). With a history of catheterization, there was a significant difference in eGFR between patients who had catheterization (M=31.76, SD=20.86) and patients without catheterization (M=18.36, SD=13.08, p=0.04). No significant effect on lipid profile, or CRP, yet significant effect on blood sugar control (fasting blood sugar 0.0001, and HBAa1c 0.01). In conclusion, AG is a promising natural material that affects decreasing eGFR in CKD diabetics patients.


Integrate is an easy read guide for people in business about the new way of thinking in running a company today. Businesses, large and small, have the same issues to contend with: greater expectations of their stakeholders, rising consumer power in the digital information age, environmental constraints, economic uncertainty in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, and social uncertainty on rising income inequality. Doing business today is quite different from the past. Different corporate tools are needed. One of the four corporate tools for today's business is integrated thinking. This extends strategy and daily management beyond the pure financial to encompass the social and environmental factors that deeply affect a company's future viability in the 21st century. Integrated thinking leads to another tool - the integrated report. This tells the company's story of how it creates value and how it can create value in the future. The global financial crisis showed that a more understandable and holistic form of company reporting is crucially needed. This book offers practical guidance on integrated thinking and the integrated report.


OBJECTIVE
To describe the perspectives of Canadian women living with ovarian cancer regarding their experiences with the disease.

DESIGN
A cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of Canadian women with ovarian cancer.

SETTING
Survey questionnaires were sent to physicians in 26 cancer programs that treat women with ovarian cancer and to ovarian cancer self-help groups for subsequent distribution to women.

PARTICIPANTS
Women diagnosed with ovarian cancer and able to read English or French.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
A variety of individual items in the survey related to information received, communication, physical and psychosocial symptoms, impact of illness and quality of life.

RESULTS
A total of 315 women returned the survey. The average age of the respondents is 59 years. Each province and territory is represented in the sample. Over one-half of the women received a diagnosis of ovarian cancer within a month of seeking help for a concern and 85% had multiple treatment modalities. The majority of the women felt adequately informed (80%) and were satisfied with communication with their physicians (mean of 4.1 to 4.5 on a 5-point scale). A majority (62%) said that their lifestyle had changed as a result of their disease. Problems were experienced most frequently regarding side effects (58%), fear of recurrence (54%), sleeping difficulties (46%), bowel difficulties (44%), fear of dying (36%) and difficulty concentrating (32%). Many who experienced problems reported receiving inadequate help for them (16% to 49%). Quality of life was reported as significantly lower following the diagnosis and treatment of ovarian cancer (p = 0.0001).

CONCLUSION
This study provides an important foundation for further investigation. There is a pressing need for research regarding the early identification of ovarian cancer and issues of support and coping. Care for women with ovarian cancer requires the expertise of a range of disciplines and community-based agencies working collaboratively as a team.


The purpose of the work is to study the chamber-vocal works by N. Myaskovsky created on poems of symbolist poets in the line with cultural and aesthetic trends of the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The methodology of the research is dictated by the nature of the problem being studied – the analysis of chamber-vocal works in the context of the culture of the Silver Age. Since the genre of romance traditionally includes two components – musical and poetic, the methodology of the research is based on an integrated approach. In the analysis of romances methods of analysis of vocal compositions, studied in the works of E. Durandin, L. Karklins and A. Saduova, are used. The methods of contextual analysis are also used, in which the subject of study is considered outside of the separation from the environment that generated it. The specificity of the research topic required the transition to the field of interdisciplinary knowledge (philosophy, aesthetics, culturology, art history, musicology criticism) beyond the boundaries of art history and the involvement of theoretical works of poets and ideologists of symbolism. In the process of studying poetic texts, Yu. Lotman's research was of great importance. The scientific novelty of this study is determined by its material and foreshortening. The research has made an attempt to comprehensively study the romances by N. Myaskovsky created on poems of Symbolist poets as a holistic system reflecting the general styles of musical art of the early 20th century. The conclusion is made about the specifics of Nikolai Myaskovsky's stylistics in romances to poems by different poets: the composer's deep understanding of symbolist poetry was embodied in music that reflected the contradictory spirit of the Silver Age era. From the analysis of romances, it becomes clear: the theme of religion and faith occupies a significant place in the chamber-vocal creativity of the composer and the system of his moral and ethical views. Conclusions. The early romances by N. Myaskovsky show the general trends in the development of chamber vocal music of the beginning of the 20th century – the complication of all elements of musical tissue, the gradual movement towards atonality, the music of "total chromaticism," the predominance of the melodic recitative type, often approximate to the spoken pronunciation of the verse, strengthening the role of the piano part. The stylistics of the works under study attests to their direct affiliation with the culture of the Silver Age: subtlety, sometimes fanciful fragility, "refined" harmonies, the complexity of textural techniques and ways of combining piano and vocal parts.


AIM
To strengthen the theoretical understanding of illness acceptance in adolescents and to inform healthcare strategies geared toward supporting adolescents with chronic illness.

BACKGROUND
Illness acceptance is associated with positive health outcomes. Though well understood in adults with chronic illness, less is known about how this phenomenon ensues in adolescents. Adolescents may have a difficult time accepting an illness due to their unique developmental needs. Consequently, they are vulnerable to poor health outcomes.

DESIGN
Concept analysis.

DATA SOURCES
A literature search through 2 databases (PubMed and PsycINFO) and a hand-search through Google were conducted to identify uses of the concept.

REVIEW METHODS
The Walker and Avant method of concept analysis.

RESULTS
Four attributes of illness acceptance were identified: understanding of illness, overcoming limitations, normalization, and readiness for responsibility. Antecedents that predisposed illness acceptance included peer and family support, disease management education, and developmental readiness. Positive consequences of illness acceptance included high self-esteem, improved quality of life, resilience, identity formation, and better disease control.

CONCLUSIONS
Establishing a standardized conceptual understanding of how illness acceptance ensues in adolescents can enable nurses and other health professionals to tailor developmentally appropriate care strategies and optimize the overall quality of life for this unique patient population.


The basic stress pathway above the acetabular dome is important for the maintenance of implant stability in acetabular reconstruction of total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this study was to describe the basic stress pathway to provide evidence for clinical acetabular reconstruction guidance of THA. A subject-specific finite element (FE) model was developed from CT data to generate 3 normal hip models and a convergence study was conducted to determine the number of pelvic trabecular bone material properties using 5 material assignment plans. In addition, in the range of 0 to 20 mm above the acetabular dome, the models were sectioned and the stress pathway was defined as two parts, i.e., 3D, trabecular bone stress distribution and quantified cortical bone stress level. The results showed that using 100 materials to define the material property of pelvic trabecular bone could assure both the accuracy and efficiency of the FE model. Under the same body weight condition, the 3D trabecular bone stress distributions above the acetabular dome were consistent, and especially the quantified cortical bone stress levels were all above 20 MPa and showed no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Therefore, defining the basic stress pathway above the acetabular dome under certain body weight condition contributes to design accurate preoperative plan for acetabular reconstruction, thus helping restore the normal hip biomechanics and preserve the stability of the implants.


In this research wok, three different techniques of change detection were used to detect changes in forest areas. One of the techniques used a local similarity measure approach to detect changes. This new approach of change detection technique, which used mutual information to measure the similarity between two multi-temporal images, was developed based on correspondence of the pixel values, rather than the difference in their intensity. Pixels suffering any changes will be maximally dissimilar. The study was conducted using multi-temporal SPOT 5 satellite images, with the resolution of 10 m x10 m on 5th August 2005 and 13th June 2007. The experimental results show that local mutual information provides more reliable results in detecting changes of the multi-temporal images containing different lighting condition compared to the image differencing and NDVI technique, specifically in areas with less plant growth. In addition, it can also overcome the problem on selecting the threshold value. Besides, the findings of this study have also shown that band 3, which is sensitive to vegetation biomass, gave the best result in detecting area of changes compared to the others.


Human cells face many dangers, including chemicals, viruses and ionizing radiation. If cells
are damaged in sensitive places by these attackers the effect can be disastrous. Highly
regulated processes become deregulated due to genetic alterations that lead to cellular
transformation. Guardians of genomes (Tumour suppressor genes) play a crucial role in the
protection of our cells. Tumour suppressor genes are involved in a diversity of cellular
processes such as cell cycle control, replication, recombination, signal transduction, repair,
differentiation and aging. One of our guardian genes is p53 Tumour suppressor gene; restrict
cell cycle progression, p53 lost its function by genetic alteration (mutation) or some external
factors. TP53 gene contribute to about half of the cases of human cancer. Most of the
mutations that cause mutant p53 protein production are missense mutations, mutant p53
unable to stop multiplication in the damaged cell. The function of p53 protein can also be
blocked by indirect factors. Some viral proteins form complexes with p53 protein thereby
functionally inactivating it, accumulation of wild type p53 in the cytoplasm, over expression
of mdm2 protein are also inactivate p53 protein, PTEN mutation leads to an increase of AKT
activity, an increase of nuclear mdm2 and impairs p53 response
Keywords: TP53 gene, p53 inactivation, mutation, PTEN mutation, mdm2 protein.


We present NLO QCD results for Wbb̄ andZbb̄ production at the Tevatron including full bottomquark mass effects. We study the impact of QCD corrections on both total cross-section and invariant mass distribution of the bottom-quark pair. Incl uding NLO QCD corrections greatly reduces the dependence of the tree-level cross-section on t he renormalization and factorization scales. We also compare our calculation to a calculation tha t considers massless bottom quarks and find that the bottom-quark mass effects amount to about 810% of the total NLO QCD crosssection and can impact the shape of the bottom-quark pair inv a iant mass distribution, in particular in the low invariant mass region.


Makers participate in remixing culture by drawing inspiration from, combining, and adapting designs for physical objects. To examine how makers remix each others' designs on a community scale, we analyzed metadata from over 175,000 digital designs from Thingiverse, the largest online design community for digital fabrication. Remixed designs on Thingiverse are predominantly generated designs from Customizer a built-in web app for adjusting parametric designs. However, we find that these designs do not elicit subsequent user activity and the authors who generate them tend not to contribute additional content to Thingiverse. Outside of Customizer, influential sources of remixing include complex assemblies and design primitives, as well as non-physical resources posing as physical designs. Building on our findings, we discuss ways in which online maker communities could become more than just design repositories and better support collaborative remixing.


A preliminary study has been undertaken on wood anatomy of 15 woody species in northeast mexico. There exists large variation among species in wood anatomical traits such as porosity, vessel diameter, its distribution, parenchyma, compactness of ground tissues and fibre cell characteristics. Most of the species are ring to semiring porous viz. Acacia amentacea, Acacia berlandieri, Acacia shaffneri, Acacia wrightii, and only few of them are diffuse porous viz. Diospyros palmeri, Diospyros texana. Fibre cell characteristics also showed large variations in morphology, size, lumen breadth and in compactness. Most of the species have narrow vessels, viz., Acacia berlandieri, Acacia shaffneri, Acacia wrightii, Helietta parviflora, and others, while Celtis laevigata and Caesalpinia mexicana possessed big sized vessels. Many of the species having narrow vessels are expected to protect the vessels against cavitation during drought and freezing as reported in the literature. Narrow vessels are adaptive traits in xeric habitats. All these wood anatomical traits could be utilized to distinguish species as well as quality determinations of species. The variation in hydraulic systems determine the capacity of water transport among species.


While the field of MIMO transmission has been explored over the past decade mainly theoretically, relatively few results exist on how these transmissions perform over realistic, imperfect channels. The reason for this is that measurement equipment is expensive, difficult to obtain, and often inflexible when a multitude of transmission parameters are of interest. This paper presents a flexible testbed developed to examine MIMO algorithms and channel models described in literature by transmitting data at through real, physical channels, supporting simultaneously four transmit and four receive antennas. Operation is performed directly from Matlab allowing for a cornucopia of real-world experiments with minimum effort. Examples measuring bit error rates on space-time block codes are provided in the paper.


We describe a unique mass determination for a microlensing event from the second phase of the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. The event, sc26_2218, which is very bright (baseline magnitude I = 15.10), appears to exhibit both parallax and finite-source effects. The parallax effect allows us to determine the projected Einstein radius on the observer plane (E ≈ 3.8 AU), while the finite-source effect allows us to determine the ratio of the angular source size and the angular Einstein radius. As the angular size of the star can be estimated using its color and magnitude, we can hence determine the angular Einstein radius θE ≈ 0.1 mas. By combining E and θE, we can determine the lens mass M ≈ 0.050M☉, independent of the source distance. The lens is therefore a brown dwarf candidate, located at a distance of ~6.5 kpc. However, the "parallax" signature is weak, and so we cannot completely discount the possibility that these signatures originate from binary rotation of the source (which would prevent any estimate of the lens mass) rather than parallax. However, this can be tested by future spectroscopic observations. This event highlights the scientific returns for intense monitoring of bright microlensing events, since the parallax and finite-source effects can be more easily identified because of their high signal-to-noise ratios.


As the application of the MEMS parts increases, the structural safety of MEMS appears importantly. A lot of MEMS parts are made by a multi-grain silicon wafer, which is an orthotropic material. Moreover directions of the materials on each grain are distributed randomly. The stress analysis for the multi-grain is important factor in order to apply the MEMS parts to industrial applications. The finite element method (FEM) is commonly used by a stress analysis method but the boundary element method (BEM) is known as the result of the BEM is more accurate than that of the FEM since the fundamental solution are used. In this study, we derived the boundary integration equation for the orthotropic material by applying fundamental solutions with complex variables. The multi-region analysis procedure for the BEM and the multi-grain generation procedure by a random process technique are developed in order to apply the analysis of the multi-grain orthotropic material. The discontinuous element is used in order to remove the comer problem in the BEM. The results of the present method are compared with those of the finite element method in order to verify the present procedure.


We have tested two new vitamin D3 derivatives, 22-oxa-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (OCT) and 2 beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (ED-71), for their effects on bone metabolism compared with 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) in two organ-culture systems. In a previous study (Abe et al. 1987), it was reported that OCT had weak activity in stimulating bone resorption in vitro. In the present study, however, OCT stimulated bone resorption in cultured fetal rat long bones and inhibited collagen synthesis in cultured neonatal mouse calvariae in a dose-dependent manner with significant effects at 10(-10) M and maximal responses at 10(-8) M. Its potency and effectiveness were identical to 1,25(OH)2D3. On the other hand, ED-71, which has been found to prevent bone loss in vivo (Okano et al. 1989b), was less active in vitro. The activity of ED-71 at 10(-8) M on bone resorption was similar to 1,25(OH)2D3, but it did not stimulate resorption at 10(-10) M. Its inhibitory effect on collagen synthesis was weaker than for OCT of 1,25(OH)2D3. The activity of all three compounds on bone resorption was not inhibited by indomethacin or cortisol. 1,25(OH)2D3 and OCT significantly inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation into mouse calvariae at 10(-9) M, while ED-71 inhibited [3H]-thymidine incorporation only at 10(-8) M. These results indicate that OCT and 1,25(OH)2D3 have similar effects on bone in organ culture. Pharmacokinetic differences may explain the marked difference in response to those two agents in vivo. ED-71 is less potent, particularly in inhibiting bone formation. Such differences may have importance in the development of vitamin D analogs for clinical use.