Several studies that attempt to identify the genetic basis of quantitative traits ignore the presence of epistatic effects and theirs role in plant genetic adaptability. Epistasis has been detected in the inheritance of many quantitative traits on crop. Moreover, generation means analysis of several traits assessed in diverse environmental conditions revealed that the mode of inheritance of each trait varied with the biotic or abiotic stress level. With less stress level, only additive and dominance effects was found significant. In contrast with moderate and higher stress level, epistatic effect was induced. Thus, a relationship was found between the complexity of model of inheritance and stress level. When the biotic or abiotic stress increases, epistasis effect was solicited and the more the stress increase, the amplitude of epistasis was more important and the model of inheritance was more complicated. This result was showed for resistance to 15 isolates of Septoria tritici in durum wheat with different levels of aggressiveness; for resistance to six isolates of Phytophthora nicotianae in pepper and for resistance to five salt concentrations at germination stage in durum wheat. Indeed, the generic effects of environment on genetic model of inheritance complicate the procedure of amelioration of quantitative traits. Hence, it is becoming evident that plant genetically expressed differences when operated in wide range of environments, and epistasis play a crucial role in genetic adeptness. The best way of crop breeding must therefore be investigated in each special environment. Key words : Epistasis, quantitative traits, genetic adaptation, environment.


Abstract Backgrounds: HER-2 positive breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer with poor clinical outcome. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for HER-2 positive breast cancer and elucidate the potential interactions among them. Material and methods: Three gene expression profiles (GSE29431, GSE45827, and GSE65194) were derived from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. GEO2R tool was applied to obtain DEGs between HER-2 positive breast cancer and normal breast tissues. Gene ontology (GO) annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis was performed by the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (David) online tool. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, hub gene identification and module analysis was conducted by Cytoscape software. Online Kaplan–Meier plotter survival analysis tool was also used to investigate the prognostic values of hub genes in HER-2 positive breast cancer patients. Results: A total of 54 upregulated DEGs and 269 downregulated DEGs were identified. Among them, 10 hub genes including CCNB1, RAC1, TOP2A, KIF20A, RRM2, ASPM, NUSAP1, BIRC5, BUB1B, and CEP55 demonstrated by connectivity degree in the PPI network were screened out. In Kaplan–Meier plotter survival analysis, the overexpression of RAC1 and RRM2 were shown to be associated with an unfavorable prognosis in HER-2 positive breast cancer patients. Conclusions: This present study identified a number of potential target genes and pathways which might impact the oncogenesis and progression of HER-2 positive breast cancer. These findings could provide new insights into the detection of novel diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for this disease.


Abstract Maddigan, ME, Peach, AA, and Behm, DG. A comparison of assisted and unassisted proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation techniques and static stretching. J Strength Cond Res 26(5): 1238–1244, 2012—Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching often requires a partner. Straps are available allowing an individual to perform PNF stretching alone. It is not known if a strap provides similar improvements in the range of motion (ROM) as partner-assisted PNF or static stretching. The purpose of this study was to compare assisted and unassisted (with a strap) PNF stretching and static stretching. Hip joint ROM, reaction time (RT), and movement time (MT) were measured prestretching and poststretching. Thirteen recreationally active adults participated in this study. The participants were subjected to 5 different stretch interventions in a random order on separate days. Stretch conditions included unassisted PNF stretching using (a) isometric, (b) concentric, and (c) eccentric contractions with a stretch strap, (d) partner-assisted isometric PNF, and (e) static stretching. The RT, MT, dynamic, active, passive hip flexion angle, and angular velocity with dynamic hip flexion were measured before and after the intervention. The ROM improved (p < 0.05) 2.6, 2.7, and 5.4%, respectively, with dynamic, active static, and passive static ROM, but there was no significant difference between the stretching protocols. There was a main effect for time (p < 0.05) with all stretching conditions negatively impacting dynamic angular velocity (9.2%). Although there was no significant effect on RT, MT showed a negative main effect for time (p < 0.05) slowing 3.4%. In conclusion, it was found that all 3 forms of active stretching provided similar improvements in the ROM and poststretching performance decrements in MT and angular velocity. Thus, individuals can implement PNF stretching techniques with a partner or alone with a strap to improve ROM, but athletes should not use these techniques before important competitions or training because of the impairment of limb velocity and MT.


The splicing pattern during an adenovirus infection is shifted at the late phase towards using weaker splice sites, splicing out larger introns. Splicing of weak 3´ splice sites usually requires recognition of the 3´AG dinucleotide before the first catalytic step of splicing. Such splicing events are said to be AG-dependent and requires an interaction of both subunits of the cellular splicing factor U2AF with the 3´ splice site. We show that splicing of transcripts that are AG-dependent in uninfected nuclear extracts (NE) becomes AG-independent in nuclear extracts prepared form adenovirus late-infected HeLa cells (Ad-NE). Further we demonstrate that the first step in splicing of a model transcript, IgM, becomes completely U2AF-independent in Ad-NE. This finding supports our working model that 3´ splice site recognition in Ad-NE is altered, and in fact might be U2AF-independent. We further show that the adenovirus late protein L4-33K acts as a virus encoded alternative splicing factor. L4-33K activates splicing of both cellular and viral transcripts containing weak 3´ splice sites. This supports the hypothesis that adenovirus alter splicing during the infection to favour usage of weak, suboptimal 3´ splice sites. However, we were unable to find an alternative U2AF-related factor that could stimulate L4-33K splicing enhancer activity. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the serine residues in the C-terminal part of L4-33K are important for the splicing enhancer activity but also for its nuclear localisation. The adenovirus major late promoter is highly activated after the onset of viral genome replication. Protein complexes binding to downstream elements of the promoter are required for full enhancement of this promoter. We show that an L4-33K-related protein, L4-22K, stimulates transcription from the major late promoter. This stimulation is mainly via the downstream elements and does not require the viral IVa2 protein, which is a transcription factor of the major late promoter.


AIM
To assess to what extent intra-urban variations and time trends of mortality in ischaemic heart disease are related to incidence of disease.

METHODS AND RESULTS
Incidence and mortality data were retrieved from the myocardial infarction register in Malmö. Age- and sex-adjusted incidence varied between the 17 city areas from 469 to 681/10(5) (P=0.003), and mortality from 286 to 446/10(5) (P=0.017). Socio-demographic risk factors for ischaemic heart disease were more prevalent in high rate areas. About 70% of the variance in mortality was explained by the variance in incidence. From 1986 to 1992, incidence declined by 3.6%/year in men (P=0.004) and by 0.9%/year in women (P=0.31). Mortality decreased by 4.1%/year in men (P=0.01) and by 1.9%/year in women (P=0.15). Incidence and mortality changes were statistically significant only in men>65. In younger age groups, incidence and mortality decreased in men but increased in women.

CONCLUSIONS
In this urban population, there were large intra-city differences in mortality from ischaemic heart disease. During the period 1986 1992 there was a parallel decline in mortality and incidence. There were, however, substantial variations both in terms of residence and subject.


Background: Three-dimensional transvaginal ultrasonography (3D TVS) represents a new technique of imaging and provides a unique diagnostic tool for non-invasive examination of the uterine morphology and diagnosis of congenital uterine anomalies. In this study the clinical value of 3D TVS in diagnosis of uterine cavity abnormalities were evaluated. Methods: A prospective of diagnostic accuracy study included 226 patients with various clinical presentations; infertility, recurrent pregnancy loss, menstrual disorders and post-menopausal bleeding with suspected uterine cavity lesions or abnormality on two-dimensional (2D) TVS or hysterosalpingography (HSG). After taking consent, all patients were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, 3D TVS evaluation, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and finally endoscopic examination. Results: The 3D has 98% accuracy in infertile women in comparison to 87% for MRI. While with recurrent pregnancy loss, Concordance was 96% correct for 3D and 78% for MRI. The women with abnormal uterine bleeding, the accuracy of 3D was 100%, while with MRI was 74%. The sensitivity of 3D TVS was 97.8% and 100% specificity, positive and negative predictive value. While the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for MRI were 89.3%, 64%, 70.4% and 86.3% respectively. Conclusions: 3D TVS appears to be extremely accurate, less expensive and a rapid examination for the diagnosis and classification of uterine anomalies, more than MRI. Thus it may become the only mandatory step in the assessment of the uterine cavity.


Data, now more than ever before, are continuously being generated in huge volumes, andat rapid speed. Data may originate from various sources, for instance: sensor readings,financial transactions, social networks, etc.. A data stream is a continuous sequence ofdata arriving in almost real-time and often at a high speed.

In this thesis, we are interested in benefiting from the availability of such data anddeveloping methods for detecting the occurrence of events from data streams, such as atext stream and a price time-series stream. Hence, we have explored event identificationfrom structured and unstructured data streams in the domain of finance.

We employ the Directional Change (DC) approach to high frequency time-seriesstreams to identify significant price transitions (i.e. events). DC is an event-basedapproach for summarizing price movements based on a fixed, a-priori threshold. Wepropose a dynamic threshold definition method, which replaces the fixed threshold andis appropriate for markets that operate over specific opening and closing times. Adynamic threshold provides more flexibility and extends the DC approach allowing theidentification of price changes in continuously changing environments.

With the proliferation of social media data reporting on all aspects of human activ-ity, being able to automatically identify events is becoming increasingly important. Wepresent a framework for detecting the occurring events on a daily basis, via social net-work streams. We develop and extend a Frequent Pattern Mining method by proposinga dynamic support definition method to replace the fixed support. As the number oftext posts streamed each day is not fixed, a dynamic support, can adapt to the natureof data streams and can improve the identification of events.

Finally, we explore whether we can bring together the insights from the time-seriesstream and the social network stream to understand if events as identified from bothstreams can be correlated.


Rural communities in Africa, Chamwino district in Tanzania inclusive, are facing discouraging challenges of sustainable supply of their energy needs and low soil fertility. Improving energy and soil nutrients accessibility in rural areas will essentially require strategies which will facilitate the utilisation of the locally available cheap and low value materials and resources, e.g. animal wastes (biomass), solar radiation and wind energy. It is argued that a hybrid system utilising of renewable energy resources (biomass, wind and solar) is suitable for energy generation in under-privileged rural areas where electricity grid connection has not reached. The optimally hybrid system provides a supplement of energy for cooking (biogas), electricity for lighting and bio-slurry/digestate for improving soil fertility. The focus of this study is to investigate the anaerobic digestion backed by solar-wind system for production of clean energies (biogas and renewable electricity) in rural areas, specifically in Chamwino district, Dodoma-Tanzania. The approach will involve a feasibility of the cheap and low cost materials and resources; then optimising, designing, and testing, modelling and conduct techno-economic analysis of intended hybrid energy system. The information collected from literature shows that semi-arid rural areas such as Chamwino have abundant wind and solar energy, estimated at 6 m s−1 and 4.7 kWh/m2/day, respectively annually. These areas also face a decreasing rate of fuel wood sources, which was estimated at 0.68% per year since 2007 exceeding that of 0.23 % per year from 2001 to 2007. The expected outcome and results of this study will be to have in place an optimised hybrid anaerobic digestion-solar-wind system for producing affordable, sustainable, and clean energies for rural areas. Model for sizing in the intended hybrid anaerobic digestionsolar-wind system based on geographical location and feedstocks as well as the technoeconomic analysis results of that system will also be presented .


Aesthetics are gaining increasing recognition as an important topic in auditory display. This article looks to embodied cognition to provide an aesthetic framework for auditory display design. It calls for a serious rethinking of the relationship between aesthetics and meaning-making in order to tackle the mapping problem which has resulted from historically positivistic and disembodied approaches within the field. Arguments for an embodied aesthetic framework are presented. An early example is considered and suggestions for further research on the road to an embodied aesthetics are proposed. Finally a closing discussion considers the merits of this approach to solving the mapping problem and designing more intuitively meaningful auditory displays.


This paper is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of a solution to a fault tolerant control problem. It explains, through a numerical example, the design and the operation of a novel scheme for fault tolerant control. The fundamental principle of the scheme is based on the notion of normalized nonspecificity. The novelty lies with the use of a reliability criterion for redundancy management, and therefore leads to a high overall system reliability.


Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) is a physiologically significant regulator of mammary gland development, stimulating growth and branching morphogenesis of mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and modulating functional differentiation. The present studies were performed to determine the mechanism by which TNF modulated functional differentiation. In rat MEC in primary culture, TNF inhibited accumulation of whey acidic protein and beta-casein messenger RNAs in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In contrast, levels of transferrin messenger RNA, the product of another milk protein gene, were not inhibited by TNF, suggesting selectivity. Using a nuclear run-on assay in the immortalized HC11 mammary epithelial cell line and the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D in MEC in primary culture, the effects of TNF were shown to be mediated by both a decrease in transcription and a decrease in the stability of the whey acidic protein and beta-casein transcripts. Additionally, TNF stimulated the binding of nuclear factor-kappaB to a consensus kappaB-oligonucleotide, increased the stability of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) transcripts, and increased MMP-9 activity. Together, these data suggest that TNF may exert its effects on milk protein gene expression either directly via nuclear factor-kappaB modulation of transcription, or indirectly via MMP-9-induced remodeling of the architectural or hormonal environment surrounding the MEC.


A robust circadian timekeeping system is important for human health and well-being. Inappropriately timed light exposure can cause circadian and sleep disruption, which has been shown to have negative health consequences. Lighting in medical care facilities, such as the NICU, ICU, and nursing homes, is not typically controlled and may be associated with circadian disruption observed in such settings. Cycled lighting and increased exposure to sunlight in medical care facilities have been shown to have positive effects on patient recovery and well-being, and expedite hospital discharge. Additional clinical research is needed to determine the optimal light exposure timing, duration, intensity, and spectrum to best promote recovery, health and well-being in the context of medical care.


The epithelial-mesenchymal transition is involved in several physiological processes. However, it is also believed to contribute to cancer progression. Conversely, cellular senescence constitutes a failsafe program against cancer progression. Interestingly, EMT and senescence seem to cross paths, with several factors playing dominant roles in both settings. Here, we describe recent observations that link these important cellular processes.


Abstract Milutinović, A, Jakovljević, V, Dabović, M, Faude, O, Radovanović, D, and Stojanović, E. Isokinetic muscle strength in elite soccer players 3 months and 6 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): e297–e304, 2023—The aim of this study was to evaluate interlimb symmetry in quadriceps and hamstring peak torque of elite soccer players at 3 months (stage 1) and 6 months (stage 2) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Eight male professional soccer players competing at the highest level across different European countries, who had undergone ACL reconstruction, participated in this study. All patients underwent a supervised physiotherapy program after surgery. Data analyses included the use of separate two-way repeated-measures analyses of variance and effect sizes. Although knee extensor and flexor strength of the non-injured limb was found to be relatively unaltered (g = −0.10 to 0.00) between stage 1 and stage 2, comparisons across time points revealed moderate improvements in quadriceps peak torque (p = 0.01, g = 0.52), hamstring peak torque (p = 0.07, g = 0.51), and hamstring:quadriceps (H/Q) ratio (p = 0.03, g = −0.68) of the injured leg, as well as small-large improvements in the quadriceps (p = 0.004, g = 1.24) and hamstring limb symmetry index (LSI) (p = 0.056, g = 0.41). A time-dependent moderate-large asymmetry observed at stage 1 between the injured and noninjured leg in quadriceps peak torque (p < 0.001, g = −1.83), hamstring peak torque (p = 0.157, g = −0.67), and the H:Q ratio (p = 0.06, g = 1.01), as well as between the hamstring and quadriceps LSI (p = 0.03, g = −0.74) was eliminated at stage 2 (g = −0.31 to 0.42). Our findings indicate the importance of supervised and comprehensive therapy, as well as strength screening to assist in recovery aimed at optimizing identified strength deficits following ACL reconstruction.


The physical and chemical stabilities of several formulations of cyclophosphamide-loaded polybutylcyanoacrylate (PBCA) nanospheres developed for an ophthalmic application as an immunosuppressive agent were studied over 6 months of storage at 4, 25 and 40°C in different experimental conditions. The physical stability of nanospheres was followed by the study of morphological (visual appearance) and morphometrical properties (mean particle size and polydispersity). The pH and tonicity of the suspensions and the association efficiency of the drug to polymeric system were also analysed to evaluate their chemical stability. The behaviour of colloidal suspensions with storage conditions was also followed by differential scanning calorimetry. The degradation of PBCA was affected by temperature and pH. The average particle size of all nanospheres remained practically unchanged throughout the study, with the polydispersity index being less than 0.1, corresponding to a monodisperse system. At 40°C, a loss of 25.9% of the initial association efficiency, especially in non-buffered pH 7.2 medium, was observed. The type of polymer degradation (surface erosion) was also determined by photon correlation spectroscopy. The results obtained from in vivo study of ocular tolerance indicate a good ocular tolerance for drug loaded to nanospheres.


The most important issue of modern pharmacotherapy is not only efficacy, but also the safety of medicines. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is one of the main methods of treating acute and chronic pain in a wide range of diseases and pathological conditions. However, the prescription of this group of drugs requires consideration of the potential risks of complications, including from the side of the cardiovascular system. The purpose of the review was to assess the adverse reactions of the cardiovascular system when taking NSAIDs and approaches to their reduction. The article presents data on the mutual potential impact of cardiovascular diseases and musculoskeletal system, presents the results of large-scale studies of Russian and foreign authors and meta-analyzes of the NSAIDs effect on blood pressure profile, development of myocardial infarction, stroke and heart failure. The possible pathogenetic mechanisms of the side effects of NSAIDs are reviewed; the complexity of managing comorbid patients is demonstrated; it is shown that symptomatic treatment of pain and inflammatory syndrome should be carried out considering a personalized approach to the patient and rational choice of drugs.Before the NSAIDs prescription, it is necessary to consider all cardiovascular risk factors with the determination of the total risk of cardiovascular complications. In patients with a very high cardiovascular risk, the use of any NSAIDs should be avoided; with high and moderate risk, the use of NSAIDs with the most favorable cardiovascular safety profile is possible. If the patient belongs to the category of low total coronary risk, the doctor can choose any NSAIDs.


Feeding experiments using (36)Cl showed that Menispermum dauricum root culture produces four alkaloids containing chlorine. They included the novel alkaloids dauricumine and dauricumidine as well as the known alkaloids acutumine and acutumidine. The structures of novel alkaloids were established by spectroscopic, crystallographic, and chemical methods. These four alkaloids were labeled with (36)Cl, isolated, and fed independently to root cultures. Mutual conversion between acutumine and acutumidine, and between dauricumine and dauricumidine by N-methylation and N-demethylation, was demonstrated. Moreover, dauricumine was converted to acutumine and acutumidine. Epimerization of acutumidine to dauricumidine or vice versa was not observed. These results suggest that dauricumine is the first chlorinated alkaloid formed in cultured M. dauricum roots. Skewed distribution of radioactivity derived from labeled dauricumine is proof that epimerization at C-1 proceeds at a lower rate than N-demethylation.


Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients are at a high risk of developing sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBD) such as obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to determine the risk of developing OSA among DMD patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from February 2022 to July 2022 in a tertiary healthcare facility. As a screening tool for OSA, we used the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Results Subjects included 60 boys with DMD, mean age 10.15 ± 3.54 years. The mean BMI for all subjects was 18.9 ± 4.08 kg/m2. Of these, 22 (36.7%) children were at high risk of OSA. Children who were overweight, and on steroids tended to be at higher risk of developing OSA (P < 0.043) and (P < 0.029) respectively. Conclusion Our study shows a significant risk of OSA in DMD patients. Therefore, Sleep studies should be part of the standard of care for DMD patients.


Objective To construct small-sized tissue-engineered blood vessels with hBMSCs(human Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells)in our improved bioreactor system.Methods A set of bioreactor system was designed with the application of Finite Element Methods as an analysis method to construct tissue engineered blood vessels with the diameter of 2mm.hBMSCs were first collected and further cultivated.The third passage of the cultivated cells were then seeded on the polyglycolic acid(PGA)to fabricate the cell-scaffold compound.This compound was subsequently subjected to dynamical culturing in the blood vessel bioreactor.Results Tissue-engineered blood vessels can be constructed by culturing the hBMSCs-PGA compound under a dynamic condition.After 4 weeks,the tissues were removed from the bioreactor and subjected to analysis by visual observation,HE,SEM(scanning electron microscope) and immunohistochemistry for smooth muscleα-Actin.It was observed that the tissue-engineered blood vessel appeared bright color and has certain elasticity.The secreted collagen matrix arrayed orderly around the cells and smooth muscle elastic actin can also be detected in the formed tissues.Conclusion The in vivo biological conditions of blood vessels can be simulated using the current blood vessel bioreactor system.Using hBMSCs,the construction of the tissue engineered small-sized blood vessels can be successfully achieved in our bioreactor system.


Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is an MRI technique that measures the diffusion of water in tissue such as white matter and muscle. From a DTI dataset, tracts representing fibers in the data can be reconstructed. Because of the vast amounts of fibers that can be reconstructed from a dataset, the visualization of these fibers is a challenging problem. In order to give the user a better understanding of the structure of the data, it is necessary to convey both the shapes of fibers, and the mutual coherency among multiple fibers and groups of fibers. Besides the fibers that were reconstructed, the local tensor properties, such as the second and third eigendirections and eigenvalues, are also of importance. We propose to use line illumination and shadowing of fibers in order to improve the perception of their structure. We also present a new method, inspired by the modeling of curled hair, for showing extra tensor properties along the fibers. This is done by showing curves that spirally wind around the actual fiber location, where the local tensor determines the parameters of that curve. We implemented the illumination, shadowing, and spiral curves, in such a way that the user can interact with the data and interactively change all parameters. The presented methods help in gaining more insight in DTI data of the brain and the heart. It is now possible to visualize more dense fiber structures using lighting and shadowing. The spiral curves help in evaluating the data where the extra tensor properties are of importance.


This study tested hyperbaric storage (25–150 MPa, for 30 days) at room-temperature (HS/RT, 18–23 °C) in order to control the development of Byssochlamys nivea ascospores in apple juice. In order to mimic commercially pasteurized juice contaminated with ascospores, thermal pasteurization (70 and 80 °C for 30 s) and nonthermal high pressure pasteurization (600 MPa for 3 min at 17 °C, HPP) took place, and the juice was afterwards placed under HS/RT conditions. Control samples were also placed in atmospheric pressure (AP) conditions at RT and were refrigerated (4 °C). The results showed that HS/RT, in samples without a pasteurization step and those pasteurized at 70 °C/30 s, was able to inhibit ascospore development, contrarily to samples at AP/RT and refrigeration. HS/RT for samples pasteurized at 80 °C/30 s evidenced ascospore inactivation, especially at 150 MPa, wherein an overall reduction of at least 4.73 log units of ascospores was observed to below detection limits (1.00 Log CFU/mL); meanwhile, for HPP samples, especially at 75 and 150 MPa, an overall reduction of 3 log units (to below quantification limits, 2.00 Log CFU/mL) was observed. Phase-contrast microscopy revealed that the ascospores do not complete the germination process under HS/RT, hence avoiding hyphae formation, which is important for food safety since mycotoxin development occurs only after hyphae formation. These findings suggest that HS/RT is a safe food preservation methodology, as it prevents ascospore development and inactivates them following commercial-like thermal or nonthermal HPP pasteurization, preventing mycotoxin production and enhancing ascospore inactivation.


Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are versatile enzymes with high potential for biocatalysis. The number of newly annotated P450 genes has been increasing constantly, and these thus represent a rich resource for new biocatalysts. However, the substrate scopes of newly identified P450s are often not known, and thus their exploitation is difficult. Herein we describe an approach, named "cluster screening", and its application for the primary characterization of two P450s: CYP154E1 and CYP154A8. A library comprising 51 compounds was designed and organized into nine groups according to their chemical properties. The activities of both P450s in vitro were maintained with suitable nonphysiological redox partners, and the cluster library was screened with these enzymes for product formation. From this library, 30 compounds tested positive for CYP154E1 and 23 were positive for CYP154A8. Cluster screening distinguishes subtle differences in activity and selectivity of enzymes as closely related as those of the same P450 family. For example, the alkaloid pergolide mesylate was converted by CYP154E1 (4 %) but not by CYP154A8. A building block of vitamin D3, Grundmann's ketone, was converted by both enzymes, although conversion was higher with CYP154E1 (100 vs 53 %).


Causal source codes are defined. These include quantizers, delta modulators, differential pulse code modulators, and adaptive versions of these. Several types of causal codes are identified. For memoryless sources it is shown that the optimum performance attainable by causal codes can be achieved by memoryless codes or by time-sharing memoryless codes. This optimal performance can be evaluated straightforwardly.


Chemokines and their receptors have been proposed to play important roles in tumor progression and metastasis. To investigate their roles in the progression of primary and metastatic malignant liver tumors and their prognosis, we compared expression profiles of CXCL12/CXCR4, CCL20/CCR6, and CCL21/CCR7 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colorectal liver metastases (CRLM). Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze the expression levels of the chemokine/chemokine receptor pairs in 29 HCC and 11 CRLM specimens and adjacent non-cancerous tissues, and correlations with clinicopathological variables and overall survival were determined. CCL20/CCR6 expression was higher in HCC than in adjacent non-cancerous tissues. High CCR6 expression in HCC was negatively associated with 5-year survival rate and was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of HCC patients, whereas differences were not observed between CRLM and adjacent tissues. Furthermore, significantly higher expression of CCL21/CCR7 was found in CRLM than in HCC. In summary, the CCL20/CCR6 axis was elevated in HCC but not in CRLM, whereas the CCL21/CCR7 axis was elevated in CRLM but not in HCC.


It is intended in this study to present initial reliability and validity data for the Russian adaptation of the Multidimensional Inventory of Religious/Spiritual Well-being (MI-RSWB-R), as being related to personality factors and psychopathology. Therefore, the first version of the MI-RSWB-R was applied to a sample of 192 (147 females) non-clinical subjects, together with the NEO Five Factor Inventory and the Symptom-Check-List (SCL-90-R). The original six-factor structure of the scale could be replicated for the MI-RSWB-R, which also provides satisfying psychometric properties. In accordance with previous research the RSWB total score was linked to more favorable personality traits such as Extraversion (r = .45), Openness to Experience (r = .39), and Agreeableness (r = .38), which was paralleled by substantial negative correlations with increased psychopathology. Our findings support the reliability and structural validity of the MI-RSWB-R as a standardized instrument for addressing the spiritual dimension in Russian populations. Further research in clinical surroundings is now recommended.


In the excellent analysis of six commercially available multigene assays for breast cancer management appearing in this issue of the Journal, Hyams and his colleagues provide critical reviews and analyses of the current literature assessing the role of each assay in the clinical management of appropriate sub-sets of breast cancer. They highlight the critical role that these assays play as both prognostic and predictive factors in modern therapy. Their analysis concludes that only Oncotype DX and MammaPrint assays have reached significance levels that warrant unqualified use in patient management. What are notmentioned in this critical analysis are the implications of these gene signatures for staging of breast cancer. It is noteworthy to remember that the Tumor (T), Node (N), Metastasis (M) system was first proposed for stratification of breast cancer by Pierre Denoix, a surgeon working in Paris in the 1940's and 50's. The TNM system, initially based on anatomical and morphological criteria, hasmetamorphosed over six decades into a prognostic tool using biological and molecular criteria to build on a traditional anatomical framework. Particularly in the staging of breast cancer, a concern by experts working in the field has been when and how to incorporate new criteria into traditional TNM staging. Biomarkers such as histologic grade, estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2), although critical in determining clinical management, have previously not been incorporated into breast cancer staging. With the publication of the Eighth Edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual in 2017, that has changed. Over the past decade, there have been fundamental changes to our understanding of the biology of breast cancer. In addition to the above noted markers, genomic prognostic panels such as Oncotype DX, MammaPrint, Endopredict, PAM 50(Prosigna), Breast Cancer Index and potential future multigene panels should be considered as adjuncts along with traditional clinical and pathological criteria. These models of gene expression profiling should be combined with immunohistochemistry, proteomics and other molecular techniques in order to give a more universal basis that assures that traditional staging will not become irrelevant. Organizations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) have supported and endorsed the use of Oncotype DX and MammaPrint in breast cancer management and have given further credence that these gene expression assays may provide additional prognostic and predictive information beyond anatomical staging and determination of ER, PR and HER2 status. The challenge for breast cancer staging experts was to decide if the inclusion of any of these multigene panels was ready for TNM prime time. Should these be used as prognostic factors that are secondary modifiers to traditional TNM? Should these be components of multifactorial prognostic models that calculate individual risk of recurrence and individual sensitivity to therapy? Should these be components of simple prognostic scoring systems that add to, but do not alter the traditional anatomical TNM staging structure? In short, should these multigene panels be included in staging especially in an era whenmany treatment decisions for patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer are not based on anatomical TNM stage and certainly not on stage alone. Such treatment decisions are currently based on biologic characteristics of the primary tumor rather than merely the extent of disease. The conclusion reached for the current iteration of TNM staging that will be used for breast cancer patients beginning January 1, 2018 is that certain currently recognized multigene panels should be used in TNM staging strategies—but with caveats. Along with the incorporation of multigene panels, traditional ER, PR and HER2 must be assessed since the use of predictive gene models should only be used in patients with specific breast cancer sub-types (hormone receptor– positive, HER2 negative). In addition the multigene panel should only be included in the staging of certain breast cancer sub-sets (hormone receptor −positive, HER2 negative, node negative, TNMStage I/II) and should not be included in the staging of triple negative tumors. In addition, to effectively measure outcomes of individual patients and population groups, appropriate registry coding must be created and utilized to capture both the application and data acquired from assessment of gene signatures in breast cancer. The well-done and critical assessment of six multigene panels by Hyams et al. reviews the current biology and trial information supportive of these gene expression models. Based on this background, it has been concluded that the Oncotype DX score supported by Level I evidence (large −scale prospective clinical trial data) should be included into traditional TNM staging for the appropriate sub-group of patients and should be staged according to the AJCC Prognostic Stage Groups grid outlined in the newly released AJCC Cancer Staging Manual, Eighth Edition. It is likely that other panels reviewed by Hyams, et al. may provide similar information, but available data at the time of publication of the latest AJCC Cancer Staging Manual does not support assignment of the prognostic stage at this time. There is no doubt that future editions of TNM will include more robust examples of gene signatures in the staging and treatment of Contact address: 128 Altondale Ave, Charlotte, NC 28207.


A new method of forming low-resistance, ultra-shallow p+ junctions for improved PMOSFET short-channel performance is presented. Ultra-shallow Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2//Si heterojunctions self-aligned to the gate electrode are formed by Ge ion implantation. Afterwards, sidewall spacers are formed and a deep B implant is performed to form the deep source/drain (S/D) contact regions. Upon post-implant annealing, B diffuses rapidly in the ultra-shallow Si/sub 0.8/Ge/sub 0.2/ regions to form low resistivity extensions to the channel. As compared to a conventional LDD process, this new process provides significantly lower S/D-extension sheet resistance and superior PMOSFET short-channel behavior (drive current, threshold voltage roll-off, drain-induced barrier lowering). It eliminates the need for ultra-shallow B implantation as well as specialized rapid thermal annealing processes designed to minimize transient enhanced diffusion.


This study aimed at determining the effect of learning models on the learning achievement in Mathematics viewed from the students' Learning Style. The learning models compared were learning model Pairs Check (PC), Think Pair Share (TPS) and Problem Based Learning (PBL). This research was a quasi-experimental research with 3×3 factorial design. The population of research was all grade VIII students of Junior High School (SMP) in Surakarta. The samples were chosen by using stratified cluster random sampling. The instruments used were achievement test and questionnaire of learning styles. The technique of analyzing the data was two-ways ANOVA with unbalanced cells. The results of research showed as follows. (1) The PC resulted better learning achievement than the TPS and PBL. TPS resulted learning achievement as good as PBL, (2) The students having visual learning style resulted better learning achievement than did those having auditorial learning style. The students having visual learning style resulted better learning achievement than those having kinesthetic learning style. The students having auditorial learning style resulted better learning achievement than those having kinesthetic learning style. (3) At the students having visual learning style, PC resulted better learning achievement than that TPS and PBL, TPS and PBL resulted the same learning achievement. At the students having auditorial learning style, PC and TPS resulted the same learning achievement, PC resulted better learning achievement than that PBL, TPS resulted better learning achievement than that PBL. At the students having auditorial learning style, PC, TPS and PBL resulted the same learning achievement, (4) In PC, the students having visual learning style resulted learning achievement as good as those having auditorial learning style, the students having visual learning style resulted better learning achievement than did those having auditorial learning style, The students having auditorial learning style resulted learning achievement as good as those having kinestetik learning style. In TPS and PBL, The students having visual learning style resulted learning achievement as good as those having auditorial and kinestetik learning style.

Keywords : Pairs Check (PC), Think Pair Share (TPS), Problem Based Learning (PBL), Learning Style


We introduce a 3D morphing method which generates a merged model given a series of triangle meshes. Our morphing, based on a set of parameters between the source and target shapes, can show the process of the transformation from the source to the target smoothly. We choose a model as our reference mesh, and obtain corresponding unified models from other models which may have different number of vertices or facets. Given these unified models, parameters between any two meshes can be computed integrally or separately for each rigid part. Different forms of combination of the parameters can generate different merged models. To address the collapsed situation happened occasionally, shape and pose morphing are separated for some parts in our work. By merging different parts of different models, we can get a merged shape, e.g. an animal with the horse head and the cat body. As an application of our 3D morphing method, quantifying the difference between any two models can be done efficiently, represented by the distance between any two sets of low-dimensional parameters reduced from the initial parameters using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Character replacement and model driven are another two applications. Characters in 2D images are used to guide our morphing work and depth image sequence is used to drive our merged model to show the same pose as the character in the sequence respectively.


Medical therapy for reflux esophagitis is designed to provide symptom relief and esophageal healing, and to prevent complications. Life-style modifications serve as an adjunct to drug therapy. Histamine-H2-receptor antagonists and prokinetic agents promote symptom relief and esophageal healing in mild esophagitis, but are less effective in the treatment of moderate to severe esophagitis. For patients with moderate to severe esophagitis, rapid symptom relief and esophageal healing have been achieved with proton pump inhibitors. These patients usually require maintenance therapy with proton pump inhibitors.


Ammonia can be stored as a liquid under relatively easy conditions (Ambient temperature by applying 10 bar or Ambient pressure with the temperature of 239 K). At the same time, liquid ammonia has a high hydrogen storage density and is, therefore, a particularly promising carrier for hydrogen storage. At the same time, the current large-scale industrial synthesis of ammonia has long been mature, and in the future, it will be possible to achieve a zero-emission ammonia regeneration cycle system by replacing existing energy sources with renewable ones. Ammonia does not contain carbon, and its use in fuel cells can avoid NOx production during energy release. high temperature solid oxide fuel cells can be directly fueled by ammonia and obtain good output characteristics, but the challenges inherent in high temperature solid oxide fuel cells greatly limit the implementation of this option. Whereas PEMFC has gained initial commercial use, however, for PEMFC, ammonia is a toxic gas, so the general practice is to convert ammonia to pure hydrogen. Ammonia to hydrogen requires decomposition under high temperature and purification, which increases the complexity of the fuel system. In contrast, PEMFC that can use ammonia decomposition gas directly can simplify the fuel system, and this option has already obtained preliminary experimental validation studies. The energy efficiency of the system obtained from the preliminary validation experiments is only 34–36%, which is much lower than expected. Therefore, this paper establishes a simulation model of PEMFC directly using ammonia decomposition gas as fuel to study the maximum efficiency of the system and the effect of the change of system parameters on the efficiency, and the results show that the system efficiency can reach up to 45% under the condition of considering certain heat loss. Increasing the ammonia decomposition reaction temperature decreases the system efficiency, but the effect is small, and the system efficiency can reach 44% even at a temperature of 850°C. The results of the study can provide a reference for a more scientific and quantitative assessment of the potential value of direct ammonia decomposition gas-fueled PEMFC.


Based on the author, data on the content of alpha-fetoprotein, trophoblastic beta-1-glycoprotein, and nonconjugated estriol in the blood serum of 278 somatically healthy women in various periods of normal gestation, the author proposes an approach to the definition of normal range of values. Using mathematical simulation methods, the values of normal concentrations of the fetoplacental complex products were calculated for every week of gestation, this permitting a different representation of laboratory findings and a dynamic follow-up of the course of gestation.


In 1988 a survey was made of the River Murray between Locks 2 and 4 (153 river-km) to determine whether the distributions and relative abundances of littoral plants are influenced by water-level variations associated with weir operations. Of 20 recorded plant species, some, including Cyperus sp, and Myriophyllum verrucosue, occurred in regions downstream of each weir and hence were exposed to maximal variation in river levels. Others, notably Typha spp., favoured the regions above each weir, where levels are comparatively stable. The influences of physical channel characteristics such as bank slope, bank erosion and sediment composition and of other environmental factors were not clear. These effects may have been obscured by differences in the natures of the two pools and by a tendency for factors correlated with the water-level gradients to be 'reset' at each weir. Changes in the flow behaviour of the river since 1990 suggest that these survey data may later prove useful in evaluating the effects of high turbidities associated with regulated flows from the Darling River.


There is increased interest in developing advanced wastewater treatment technologies for the management of otherwise difficult-to-treat (recalcitrant) wastewaters such as Mining Influenced Waters (MIWs, e.g., acid rock drainage) from metal mine sites, industrial process waters from industrial facilities such as those associated with artisanal mining operations, landfill leachates, and contaminated runoff and percolates from phytoremediation sites. While the management of such waters can be achieved using conventional wastewater treatment methods, such methods are costly, labour-intensive, often generate byproducts which in turn must be managed, and their practicality for very long term treatment is questionable. The Mining Industry has been active in defining much more passive bioreactor-based methods to treat MIWs using aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors such as aerated sub-surface flow engineered wetlands (EWs) for removing contaminants amenable to aerobic degradation or conversion (Higgins et al., 2010), and anaerobic sulphate-reducing biochemical reactors (BCRs) for removing dissolved metals and metalloids (Mattes et al., 2010).
Engineered Bioreactor Systems (EB Systems) have now been developed which allow the very effective treatment of many sorts of otherwise recalcitrant wastewaters in more economic treatment systems; ones which require little operator attention or maintenance; and which can easily and consistently meet stringent discharge criteria over extended periods. Semi-passive EB Systems can involve in-ground aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors which may be insulated, buried or located under deep water to allow them to operate efficiently even under the severest environmental conditions.
This paper will review the classification of passive and semi-passive in-ground wetlands and bioreactors and the conditions needed for their long-term successful operations. In particular, the applicability of integrating water treatment with phytomining to sustainably manage mine waste at artisanal and small-scale gold mines will be explored. The potential of phytomining residual gold from ASGM tailings was proposed by Krisnayanti et al. (2012). However, the potential discharge of leachate from phytomines is problematic. EB Systems to treat recalcitrant wastewaters at ASGM could address this problem. The paper will summarize the results of bench, pilot- and field-scale projects using them. The paper also will present the results of test programs which have allowed the updating of the designs of engineered bioreactors from their earlier empirical bases to those based on advanced reaction kinetics.


Abstract— Indonesia which lays on Nusantara archipelago
has vary of culture as well as architecture. The Famous
Indonesian coastal traditional architecture called Omah
Pencu Kudus is still exist, but getting change and will be
lost in the near future. This research is aim to understand
the change and heritage in the Architecture of Omah Pencu
Kudus, Kota Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia. The research
is done using descriptive analisys among several samples of
Omah Pencu Kudus taken from around traditional
'kampong' area of Kota Kudus. The findings are : 1) the
change occurred on the floor plan because of most of the
residents has developed their "Omah Pencu Kudus" since
the family size of household increased. So that, the floor
plan was changing in order to fulfill the needs of room,
especially bedrooms; 2) the development was still remains
the main concept of traditional housing spatial hierarchy on
floor plan arrangement of "jogosatru(public)-
gedongan(private)-pawon(service)"; 3)the before-after
performance of "facade" is quit similar, because the
residents conserved the traditional structural system. The
conclusions is the change in the Architecture of "Omah
Pencu Kudus" occurred due to the pressure of needs
(increasing household), but the change is still remains the
heritage, these are traditional-philosophical concept,
structural system concept and performance of 'facade'.
Keywords : development, traditional kampong, spatial
hierarchy, family size, facade
I - INTRODUCTION
A. BACKGROUND
The Indonesian people who have a diversity of traditions,
culture and architecture of each region, especially in the
coastal areas.
One of the traditional architecture has the characteristic of a
very interesting architecture and unique in the Kudus City,
Central Java.
One of the prominent works in the traditional architectural
displays, self-image is unique and great is the Kudus
Traditional Architecture, which is one of the cultural
building Pesisiran area.
1st Indriastjario, Ir.,M.Eng, Jurusan Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, Jl. Prof Soedarto Tembalang
Semarang, Telp. 024-7470690, Fax. 024 76480836, email :
firstname.lastname@example.com
Traditional architecture, especially in the Kudus City
"Pencu Omah Kudus" is a well-known architecture and still
encountered. Along with the development then the
Architecture "Omah Pencu Kudus" also undergone
dramatic changes.
For the few thoughts about the maintenance of the
application form and decoration of traditional sacred
houses, especially the cultural environment of traditional
regional architecture of the house Kudus, is expected to
assist in preventing the extinction of the traditional home to
face the swift currents of change.
B. PURPOSE
to understand the ways to analyze and expose the concept
of form and decoration, traditional houses Kudus and the
changes that occur in the present, in connection with the
design aspects of architecture such as functional aspects,
aspects of power / construction and aesthetic aspects, so
they can get donations thought to be used in order to adjust
the use of architecture so that the Kudus Pencu Omah
maintained its sustainability.
C. METHOD
Method to be used of this research is descriptive-analysis
method, namely by making the field data, literature and the
resource person, then conducted analyzing the findings that
have to be used to take and get a conclusion
II - REVIEW OF PESISIRAN TRADITIONAL
ARCHITECTURE IN CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE
Geographically, Central Java is not very large, but it is
factual in this area are spread out some work of national
cultural heritage, including heritage in which traditional
architecture.
Traditional architecture described in this paper that
traditional architecture is located in Central Java Province,
particularly in the area pesisiran. Description of the
architecture or the art building located in Central Java
Province, can be classified into two types namely: Coastal
Architecture and Architecture Negarigung. Culture that is
on the cities north coast of Java island they call the northern
coastal culture, this culture includes areas cirebon
Indramayu-west, and the Kudus is located on the East coast
or Wetan.
Residents of this coastal area is generally Puritan religion of
Islam (unlike Negarigung culture, which is a mixture of
Hindu, Buddhist and Islamic movements, including
kebatinannya).
Social culture is strongly influenced by the Islamic religion,


Resilience is an essential and highly desired characteristic of a social-ecological system's ability to adapt and adjust to various stresses and shocks that cause disruption. As social and ecological systems are intertwined and continually experiencing changes and disturbances, a major challenge appears revolving around the ways in which this resilience can be built and investigated. Social-ecological resilience can be defined as the amount of stress or disturbance that a particular system can tolerate, while still maintaining the same functions and identity. This paper uses social-ecological resilience concepts as a research framework, and examines three main themes that allow for the building of water management resilience to occur. These themes include learning to live with change, nurturing the ability to adapt/adjust to changes, and also on creating opportunities for self-organization. Two ethnic minority villages in Northern Thailand were chosen as research sites, in which the village water management practices were studied within a specific time period. Varying degrees of quantity and quality water issues within both villages have brought about stress and disturbances within their water management practices and increased the need to deal with these problems. Research was conducted at a community scale and resilience analysis pertains only to this specific level. Through the utilization of focus groups and interviews, qualitative data was collected and analyzed within a SE resilience context. This paper sets out to explore how social-ecological resilience has been built or not, and to what degree this has occurred within these two villages water management practices. The analysis indicates how complex and interconnected the social and ecological systems are and how the water management practices of these two communities play a role in this complex, dynamic process. Conclusions drawn are not limited to these two communities, but can be applied to the wider Northern Thailand region.


The article relates to how common international position of Islamic Umma is formulated by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). Some problems of the OIC key decision-making bodies functioning are considered. Political contradictions impeding the process of formulating the concerted Umma position are analyzed. Decisions of the Islamic summits and of the OIC Councils of Foreign Ministers are explored. Much attention is paid to the issue of the Russian Federation and OIC cooperation to settle diffi cult international problems.


ObjectivesTo determine the efficacy and safety of different opioids used in doses proportional to the basal opioid regimen for the management of breakthrough pain (BP). MethodsIn 66 patients consecutive patients admitted to a pain relief and palliative care unit, the efficacy and safety of different opioids used in doses proportional to the basal opioid regimen for the management of breakthrough pain (BP) were assessed. The choice of the opioid to be administered as rescue medication was based on the characteristics of patients, clinical stability, compliance, preference, and so on. For each episode, nurses were instructed to routinely collect changes in pain intensity and emerging problems when pain became severe (T0), and to re-assess the patient 15 minutes after the opioid given as a rescue medication (T15). ResultsSix hundred twenty four episodes of BP were recorded during admission. Intravenous morphine (IV-MO) and oral transmucosal fentanyl (OTFC) were most frequently administered. Of 503 events available, 427 episodes were defined as successfully treated, while 76 episodes required a further administration of opioids. Pain intensity significantly decreased at T15 in all the groups (P<0.001). In 97.2% and 90.7% of cases treated with IV-MO, BP events had a reduction in pain intensity of more than 33% and 50%, respectively. In 99.2% and 97.6% patients receiving OTFC, BP events had a reduction in pain intensity of more than 33% and 50%, respectively. DiscussionThis survey suggests that doses of opioids for BP proportional to the basal opioid regimen, are very effective and safe in clinical practice, regardless the opioid and modality used.


Rapid industrialization has been a major cause of land degradation and other environmental problems globally. Most energy inputs in industries depend on coal-burning power stations which release various pollutants into the environment. Among these pollutants, fly ash is a concerning pollutant for soil quality, as it occupies a voluminous area of land in India and renders it unproductive. Therefore, this work attempts to evaluate the organic amendment-facilitated bioremediation/phytoremediation of fly ash-degraded land through bamboo plantations under field conditions. Three species of bamboo, Bambusa balcooa, B. tulda, and B. bambos, were planted on fly ash dumpsite soil amended with a combined dose of pressmud and farmyard manure. Results demonstrate that after two years of plantation, all the physicochemical attributes of the degraded land were improved considerably compared to the initial observations. Although all the bamboo species exhibited promising phytoremediation potential, variations were observed in their phytoremediation mechanisms: B. balcooa was the most ideal phytostabilizer species for Cu, Zn, and Ni. B. bambos was found as an ideal phytostabilizer of Pb and Zn while B. tulda was found as a phytoextractor of Cr and Zn. Additionally, all the bamboo species sequestrated atmospheric CO2 considerably, resulting in overall environmental restoration of the degraded area; B. balcooa was the most ideal species. Moreover, B. balcooa exhibited the highest air pollution tolerance index compared to other species. This study, therefore, recommends that a comprehensive analysis of organic matter-mediated phytoremediation would assist environmental managers to formulate sustainable eco-restoration strategies, ensuring a sustainable solution to land degradation.


Regressed (burnt-out) testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) are rare clinical situations that are clinically difficult to recognize. This 43-year-old patient was admitted because of a suspicion of prostatic carcinoma, which eventually was followed by transrectal ultrasonography and a CT scan, both of which revealed a large retroperitoneal mass. Surgery showed extensive ureteral and vas deferens infiltration. Pathology was consistent with a classical seminoma. Eventually, testes were normal on palpation but ultrasonography only revealed areas of fibrosis and microcalcifications in the left testis, which was followed by a left orchidectomy. Microscopically, there were extensive areas of fibrosis and only a 2 mm area of seminoma was demonstrated. The few areas of uninvolved testicular tissue lacked lesions of intratubular germ cell neoplasia (IGCNU). Retroperitoneal germ cell tumors are rare in the male and consequently, an origin from an occult testicular tumor should always be discarded by image analysis and eventually a biopsy. Immunologic response may be responsible for tumor involution.


We report 345 GHz continuum observations of the host galaxies of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) 021004 and 080607 at z > 2 using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Cycle 0. Of the two bursts, GRB 021004 is one of the few GRBs that originate in a Lyman limit host, while GRB 080607 is classified as a 'dark burst' and its host galaxy is a candidate of dusty star-forming galaxy at z {approx} 3. With an order of magnitude improvement in the sensitivities of the new imaging searches, we detect the host galaxy of GRB 080607 with a flux of S{sub 345} = 0.31 {+-} 0.09 mJy and a corresponding infrared luminosity of L{sub IR} = (2.4-4.5) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 11} L{sub Sun }. However, the host galaxy of GRB 021004 remains undetected and the ALMA observations allow us to place a 3{sigma} upper limit of L{sub IR} < 3.1 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 11} L{sub Sun} for the host galaxy. The continuum imaging observations show that the two galaxies are not ultraluminous infrared galaxies, but are at the faintest end of the dusty galaxy population that gives rise to the submillimeter extragalactic background light. The derived star formation rates of the twomore » GRB host galaxies are less than 100 M{sub Sun} yr{sup -1}, which are broadly consistent with optical measurements. The result suggests that the large extinction (A{sub V} {approx} 3) in the afterglow of GRB 080607 is confined along its particularly dusty sight line, and not representative of the global properties of the host galaxy.« less


Radial keratotomy (RK) in 1980s had.been considered to be a reasonable treatment for low to moderate degrees of myopia. The main complication of RK over the ensuing postoperative years has been refractive instability and progressive hyperopia. In our case report, we describe the technique of intrastromal purse string suturing using 9-0 poplypropylene suture in a case of post RK high hyperopia 20 years after the initial surgery. The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA) improved from 1.1 LogMAR preoperatively to 0.3 LogMAR within one month with a significant and stable steepening on the corneal topographyfour months post suturing.


Purpose

This work aims to provide a report on adopting a consortial model of collaboration toward understanding digital preservation practice.

Design/methodology/approach

This work provides a case study detailing the work and outcomes of a digital preservation pilot project undertaken by the Five College Libraries between 2014 and 2015.

Findings

Digital preservation is a broad endeavor and rapidly developing facet of digital collections and institutional repositories; yet, it is often an area that is not fully understood or implemented by many libraries and archives, largely because institutions lack the necessary resources to do it alone. Working across institutional lines provides a possible solution to overcoming resource limitations and general challenges for pursuing robust digital preservation programs.

Research limitations/implications

Findings reported in this work are based on a limited-scope pilot project. Several questions laid out during the pilot remain unanswered at its close.

Originality/value

This paper provides insight into an experimental process rarely reported in library and information science literature. The goal of the paper is to provide a reference point for institutions pursuing a consortial approach to the challenges of applied digital preservation practice.


Oxidative stress plays a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the abnormally high Cu(2+) ion concentrations present in senile plaques has provoked a substantial interest in the relationship between the amyloid beta peptide (Abeta) found within plaques and redox-active copper ions. There have been a number of studies monitoring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by copper and ascorbate that suggest that Abeta acts as a prooxidant producing H2O2. However, others have indicated Abeta acts as an antioxidant, but to date most cell-free studies directly monitoring ROS have not supported this hypothesis. We therefore chose to look again at ROS generation by both monomeric and fibrillar forms of Abeta under aerobic conditions in the presence of Cu(2+) with/without the biological reductant ascorbate in a cell-free system. We used a variety of fluorescence and absorption based assays to monitor the production of ROS, as well as Cu(2+) reduction. In contrast to previous studies, we show here that Abeta does not generate any more ROS than controls of Cu(2+) and ascorbate. Abeta does not silence the redox activity of Cu(2+/+) via chelation, but rather hydroxyl radicals produced as a result of Fenton-Haber Weiss reactions of ascorbate and Cu(2+) rapidly react with Abeta; thus the potentially harmful radicals are quenched. In support of this, chemical modification of the Abeta peptide was examined using (1)H NMR, and specific oxidation sites within the peptide were identified at the histidine and methionine residues. Our studies add significant weight to a modified amyloid cascade hypothesis in which sporadic AD is the result of Abeta being upregulated as a response to oxidative stress. However, our results do not preclude the possibility that Abeta in an oligomeric form may concentrate the redox-active copper at neuronal membranes and so cause lipid peroxidation.


Do domestic institutions affect how dictators respond to their political opposition? In this paper, I argue that institutionalization is key to understanding whether dictators respond to domestic opposition groups with concessions. I present a nominal typology of dictatorial opposition movements, arguing that the manner in which the opposition is incorporated into the regime reveals important information about the types of concessions dictators will likely provide. Using a system of endogenous equations, I show that dictators buy off some types of domestic opposition with material concessions and liberalize when they face other types of opposition. Because dictators often make decisions facing environmental constraints, however, I also argue that financial conditions can limit a dictator's ability to respond beneficently to the opposition.


Ruin probability is an important scale of measurement for insurance company, for it can know own compensation ability well, so it is important to research ruin probability's advancing expansion for its stable manage. In this paper, we consider the classical risk model, assuming that the tail of claim-size is second-order regular variation. First we prove the closeness of second-order regular variation, we obtain advancing gradually expansion of equation, then using Beekman's convolution formula, finally get the advancing gradually expansion of ruin probability.


Abstract Evaluation is a very complex process, which involves a continuous effort to reduce subjectivity from the evaluation procedure in giving grades, scores, marks, percentages etc. The assessment of the instructional process is a controversial topic due to the human factor involved in this process of valorization of learning outcomes. The issue in question breeds discussions on morality, since the future of the testees depends on the facts of examination and of the factually proved objectivity. Evaluation is therefore a pedagogical concept that transcends the definition of measure and the appreciation of the students' performance. It refers to the process of determining and assessing learning outcomes by revealing the contribution of each resource in the teaching-learning process. The purpose of this paper is to point out some of the major elements of the evaluation process in the context of enhancing the quality of the educational act.


Dried pollen grains of three date palm (male) cultivars grown in Oman were stored either in a freezer (-18°C), a refrigerator (4 to 5°C), or at room temperature (23 to 25°C) for 6 or 12 months. The three cultivars include Khori, Medjahdil, and Bahlani. Germination percentage was determined after 6 hours incubation in aerated and non- aerated liquid media. The results showed that date palm pollen was better adapted to refrigerator storage than freezing for all three cultivars, while room temperature storage significantly reduced pollen germination. Aeration was found to enhance germination of refrigerator- and freezer-stored pollen, but decreased that of pollen stored at room temperature for 6 months. The results also indicated that refrigeration might have caused the inactivation of pollen germination. The latter could either be overcome by aeration or reversed if pollen is refrigerated for a longer period. Room temperature storage directly reduced viability and did not induce temporary inactivation of pollen.


Sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation therapy is a critical determinant of outcome in the treatment of many cancers. Recent advances in the field of signal transduction have suggested a key role for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in radiation sensitivity. It is a widely accepted principle in radiation biology that there is phase-specific variability in radiation sensitivity; since both EGFR inhibitors and radiation can induce cell cycle arrest, cell cycle status deserves careful consideration in the optimization of combined treatment with EGFR inhibitors with radiation. Furthermore, it is known that even within a single tumor there are areas of proliferating cells as well as resting cells, and their respective responses to EGFR inhibition combined with radiation is unknown. We sought to determine the effects of radiation on resting and logarithmically proliferating cultured cells and found that resting cells are significantly more sensitive to ionizing radiation than logarithmically proliferating cells in culture. We performed cell cycle analysis before and after irradiation in both culture conditions and found that a significantly greater number of G1 cells in confluence-arrested culture progressed through the cell cycle after irradiation than proliferating cells. Because EGFR-ERK signaling has been implicated in G1\#8594;S transition, we analyzed the role of EGFR and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) in radiation-induced activation of cell cycle progression in confluence-arrested cells. We found that in confluence-arrested cells, EGFR and ERK activation resulted in progression to S-phase. Inhibition of this activation blocked S-phase progression and protected cells from radiation-induced death, the effects being especially pronounced for EGFR inhibition. In a control system using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which lack endogenous EGFR expression, exogenously expressed EGFR also became activated in confluence-arrested cells, which led to radiation-induced cell death. Collectively, our data demonstrate a novel phenomenon of radiation-induced increase in cell death in confluence-arrested cells involving the EGFR and ERK pathways. This work may have important implications for the rational design of clinical trials optimizing treatment schedule in the combination of EGFR inhibitors with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr 3958.


Accurate timing for diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis (LTB) is important to reduce morbidity and mortality for both mother and child.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence rate of LTB and its associated factors during pregnancy
using gamma interferon (IFN- γ) release assay (IGRA).

A cross-sectional facility-based study carried out in Kassala hospital, Eastern Sudan between
January and March 2015.

Two hundred and forty-nine women were enrolled in this study and 18.1% (45/249) had
confirmed positive for M. tuberculosis infection using IGRA. The mean age, parity and gestational
age of the LTB patients were 29.6 (4.4), 2.2 (1.2) and 21.9 (8.8), respectively. The vast majority of
these patients was of rural residence (72.7%), housewives (91.1%) and illiterate (73.3%). More than
half (25, 55.6%) gave a history of contact with tuberculosis patients, 26.7% (12/45) were vaccinated
and 11.1% (5/45) had a medical history of diabetes mellitus. In logistic regression model, while age,
parity, education, occupation, size of family members, smoking, BCG status and medical history of
diabetes mellitus were not associated with latent tuberculosis during pregnancy, history of contact
with TB patients (OR=13.5; CI=5.6 to 32.5; P<0.001) and rural residence (OR=0.3; CI=0.1 to 0.7;
P=0.006) was significantly correlated to LTB in pregnancy.

Thus, screening of all pregnant women living in high burden setting of tuberculosis is
recommended even in the absence of overt clinical signs of the disease.


Abstract Costa, MJ, Bragada, JA, Marinho, DA, Silva, AJ, and Barbosa, TM. Longitudinal interventions in elite swimming: A systematic review based on energetics, biomechanics, and performance. J Strength Cond Res 26(7): 2006–2016, 2012—Longitudinal information requires the notion of repeated measurements throughout time. Such data is important because it allows the determination of the effectiveness of an intervention program. Research in competitive swimming has given special emphasis to energetics and biomechanics as determinant domains to improve performance. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize longitudinal evidences on the energetic, biomechanical, and performance status of elite swimmers. A computerized search was made in 6 databases, conference proceedings, and department files. The 28 studies that satisfied the inclusion criteria were selected for analysis. Studies' qualitative evaluation was made by 2 independent reviewers using the Quality Index. These studies were then gathered into 3 main categories according to their reported data: energetics (n = 18), biomechanics (n = 9), and performance (n = 8). The conclusions were as follows: (a) elite swimmers are able to demonstrate from slight to substantial changes in their performance and energetic and biomechanical profiles within and between seasons; (b) the magnitude of change is dependent on the characteristics of the training programs, the duration of the intervention, and subject's gender; and (c) future research should emphasize the use of more complex procedures to improve the quality of the interventions.


In order to assess the potential risk of anti-HBc-positive blood donors for post-transfusional hepatitis and to investigate whether other HBV serological markers are capable of identifying the presence of the virus, 1000 first-time blood donors were enrolled between June and July 1997. These donors were screened using routine Brazilian blood center tests (HIV 1 and 2, HTLV 1 and 2, Chagas disease, Syphilis, HCV, HBsAg, anti-HBc and ALT ). The 120 (12%) found to be anti-HBc-positive underwent further tests: HBe, anti-HBe, anti-HBs and HBV-DNA by PCR. Ten cases were HBsAg positive and all were HBV-DNA positive by PCR. Three HBsAg-negative donors were HBV-DNA-positive. Two HBV-DNA-positive donors were also anti-HBs-positive. All the HBV-positive donors had at least one HBV marker other than anti-HBc. Anti-HBc is an important cause of blood rejection. Testing for HBsAg alone is not fully protective and anti-HBc remains necessary as a screening test. The presence of anti-HBs is not always indicative of absence of the virus. The addition of other HBV serological markers could represent an alternative in predicting the presence of the virus when compared with PCR. It is recommended that other studies should be carried out to confirm this finding.


Edge detection is basic operation of image in digital image processing and it is to be detected edges of an image. Various methods are used for image edge detection like Sobel, Log Operator, Laplacian, prewitt, Canny etc. However other edge detection methods perform poor as compared to the Canny edge detection algorithm. This edge detection can be used to detect the disease like Tonsilities. Therefore in this paper we have proposed a canny edge detection algorithm which is based on VHDL. Generally images are affected by various types of noise; to reduce the effect of such noise we have used Gaussian filtering. It also performs image smoothing. The aim of this paper is to develop a Canny Edge Detection by using XILINX System Generator (XSG) which automatically detects edges of digital image. By using this architecture we can detect the disease and can comment that weather the patient is affected by disease or not. The complete architecture is to be designed by using Xilinx Blocksets. The complete architecture design combines MATLAB, Simulink and XSG. The VHDL code is to be generated by using Xilinx system generator (XSG) and this generated VHDL code is to be synthesized in Xilinx ISE Design Suit 13.1.


Two techniques for incorporating bonded porcelain facings within metal partial dentures are described. In the first technique, porcelain is bonded to a metal framework constructed of bonding alloy. In the second technique, separate components are combined in a cast-on procedure to incorporate the mechanical properties of both bonding and framework alloys in one prosthesis. These techniques have enabled the successful treatment of patients in whom limited interocclusal space or parafunctional activity had led to failure of previous prostheses.


OBJECTIVE
The main aim of this study was to compare ultrasonography (US) with conventional radiography for the assessment of joint damage in knee OA.

METHODS
A total of 166 knees of 84 patients (59 women and 25 men) with primary knee OA were included in this study. The femoral hyaline cartilage of the medial para-patellar aspect and the osteophytes of both the medial and lateral femoral condyle were assessed. The cartilage and osteophytes were both quantitatively and qualitatively assessed. The US assessment was feature-specifically compared with conventional radiography.

RESULTS
There was a strong correlation between the radiographic medial tibiofemoral narrowing grade and the US medial cartilage grade (rs = 0.7144, 95% CI: 0.6218, 0.7873, P < 0.0001). In the detailed analysis, US could assess cartilage damage more correctly by using the direct visualization technique. A strong correlation was also found between the radiographic and the US medial femoral osteophyte grade (rs = 0.7515, 95% CI: 0.6659, 0.8176, P < 0.0001) and between the radiographic and the US lateral femoral osteophyte grade (rs = 0.6947, 95% CI: 0.5941, 0.7739, P < 0.0001). US detected osteophytes in 46 sites at which conventional radiography did not detect any osteophytes.

CONCLUSION
The present feature-specific comparison study provides evidence supporting the concurrent validity of US in the assessment of knee joint damage due to OA through its agreement with conventional radiography. Moreover, US was found to be a sensitive imaging technique for revealing cartilage damage and even minimal osteophytes, especially in the early radiographic stages of knee OA.


Macroeconomic conditions are known to affect risks factors and thereby influence asset returns within a given economy. We explore this link in a global setting. Given the dominant role the U.S. economy plays in the global economic environment, U.S. Macro economic shocks are expected to affect asset returns in other countries. The impact should be more pronounced in the developed economies where the U.S. is a large trading and capital-flows partner. Our results shows that residual returns and conditional volatilities in major developed economies are significantly impacted by US macroeconomic surprises. We identify U.S. macro economic shocks that have spillover impact on global asset returns over and above those transmitted through equity market returns. While return levels are significantly influenced by productivity and retail sales surprises, return conditional volatilities are mainly influenced by inflation, personal income, industrial production, leading indicators, and gross domestic product surprises.


BACKGROUND
Preclinical studies have shown that lithium modifies pathological cascades implicated in certain neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntigton`s disease (HD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A critical question is whether these pharmacodynamic properties of lithium translate into neurodegenerative diseases modifying effects in human subjects.

METHODS
We reviewed all English controlled clinical trials published in PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, SCOPUS, ISI-Web with the use of lithium for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders between July 2004 and July 2014.

RESULTS
Lithium showed evidence for positive effects on cognitive functions and biomarkers in amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI, 1 study) and AD (2 studies), even with doses lower than those used for mood stabilisation. Studies of Li in HD, MSA and CSI did not show benefits of lithium. However, due to methodological limitations and small sample size, these studies may be inconclusive. Studies in ALS showed consistently negative results and presented evidence against the use of lithium for the treatment of this disease.

CONCLUSION
In absence of disease modifying treatments for any neurodegenerative disorders, the fact that at least 3 studies supported the effect of lithium in aMCI/AD is noteworthy. Future studies should focus on defining the dose range necessary for neuroprotective effects to occur.


Literary works have a relation to human life. Through deeper analysis, the readers can get more knowledge about human life of which the positive aspects can be
applied in the real life. The writer chooses a poetic drama as her study object since it can broaden and stimulate her mind in the human sympathy and problems and also a
poetic drama is beautiful, pleasant and interesting to be analyzed and read. The author of this play is William Butler Yeats. The writer chooses him because his lyrics are
among the most beautiful and the most powerful ever written. His greatness lies in his ability to communicate the power and the significance of his symbols. He elaborated a symbolic system of his own based on the variety of sources, which enabled him to strengthen the pattern and coherence of his poetic imagery. The idea of this play was about death, punishment, and internal repetition This drama arouses 'pity' for the misfortune and the tragedy and 'fear' that we may be overcome by the same evils.
This study is a literary research and it is considered a qualitative and analytic research. The writer discusses poetic drama, characters, setting and symbols and
related study as review on the related literature.
The characters were only an old man and a boy - a father and a son. The old man hated his father very much and he killed him during the burning of their house.
He considered his father as evil and also a curse that could be inherited by the descendants. Several years later, the old man had a son, and his son was almost identical with his grandfather- the old man's father. The old man remembered his hatred and then he killed his only son using the same knife he was used to kill his father. For all this time the old man was haunted by his mother's ghost, he wanted to bring his mother's soul into light because she was in the purgatory and being purified by the fire for her sin, which was choosing the wrong man to become her husband. The old man thought by killing his only son he had erased all the consequences and could bring her soul into light In the end, he realized that everything he had done was useless and the only one who could release his misery and save his mother's soul was God so he uttered a pleading prayer to God to ask His mercy to release his misery and
also his mother's soul. A symbol points beyond itself to greater and more complex meaning and it might also be regarded as a substitute for the elements being signified. A symbol possesses its own meaning and is trying to represent another thing through the continued used and common understanding. The symbols convey a deeper meaning of
the author's point of view and sometimes the symbols make a literary work more mystic.


Dynamical refinement with electron-diffraction data reveals hydrogen atom positions The humble hydrogen atom, with just a single proton and a single electron, is the key to many chemical and biological processes, but precisely because of its low number of electrons, it is difficult to detect even in a single-crystal x-ray diffraction (XRD) experiment. If the material is polycrystalline (crystal volume <100 µm3) and only powder-diffraction techniques can be applied, detection becomes almost hopeless unless sophisticated neutron-diffraction experiments are performed on completely deuterated material. On page 166 of this issue, Palatinus et al. (1) report on a method that locates hydrogen atom positions directly in submicrometer-sized crystals. They used three-dimensional (3D) electron-diffraction (ED) data and a structure-refinement algorithm that takes into account the rather complicated dynamical scattering effects inherent to such data (2).


The early efforts to detect nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) when reviewed, carries a valuable message on how to go about making discoveries of phenomena on the basis of what is known already. Particularly the instrumentation is an effort which has an outlook on enterprises that provide various laboratory equipments and assembling these units in a way that brings out precisely what is being looked for is a creative preoccupation in scientific research. The kind of home-built spectrometers which have been used by every researcher for the achievements in the NMR spectroscopic technique  is an example of the material manipulation to improve stage by stage thoughtfully knowing what went on before. Thus the review would have educative value while revealing the lessons on scientific matter studied. NMR of the current days is aplenty with commercial spectrometers which have unimaginable features built in and produce high quality spectra automatically without the user having to know much about the settings. Essentially black-box approach to the use of the spectrometers makes possible strides in leaps and jumps in a wide variety of disciplines of study. On the other hand the early efforts have been more educative on the equipments and instrumentation aspects. The researchers themselves had a hand on laboratory exercise to make the equipment for what they have to research on. In this contrasting situation a review of the early days NMR instrumentation is provided in this article for the benefit of student community to find an occupation while innovating their learning methods. Descriptions in this article are oriented towards school and college standards so as  to inspire the readers to look for more on instrumental methods and grasp the recent advances quickly and confidently in these days of conveniently automated and much simplified 'black-box' approach to use of  instruments. An important point to mention is that the circuit diagrams given in this articles are the author's original version of block diagrams or schemes similar to concept diagrams (pedagogically speaking) to introduce  newly certain topics. Hence the students should not expect to plug in working circuits to see the functions. Note carefully that no specific component value is given nor any model numbers to commercially available components – even the circuit elements are not copied ones but drawn by the author with MS WORD drawing tools.


ABSTRACT Pere Roca-Cusachs received his doctorate in cellular biophysics from the University of Barcelona, Spain, in 2007, having worked with Daniel Navajas on mechanical properties of cells using atomic force microscopy. He then joined the laboratory of Michael Sheetz at Columbia University, USA, to study integrin-mediated mechanotransduction. In 2012, Pere established his own research group with a joint position between the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) and the University of Barcelona. His research focuses on the mechanisms cells employ to detect and respond to mechanical signals. Pere is the recipient of an EMBO young investigator award and has received numerous national awards.


Given a Lie algebra with a scalar product, one may consider the latter as a symplectic structure on a $dg$-scheme, which is the spectrum of the Chevalley--Eilenberg algebra. In the first section we explicitly calculate the first order deformation of the differential on the Hochschild complex of the Chevalley--Eilenberg algebra. The answer contains the Duflo character. This calculation is used in the last section. There we sketch the definition of the Wilson loop invariant of knots, which is hopefully equal to the Kontsevich integral, and show that for unknot they coincide. As a byproduct we get a new proof of the Duflo isomorphism for a Lie algebra with a scalar product.


Introduction Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is increasingly used in breast cancer to enable less extensive surgery and monitor the response to systemic therapy. Little is known about local recurrence (LR) in patients who received NAC. However, this information is important when deciding on optimal local treatment in these patients, especially since NAC is increasingly being offered to patients with smaller tumors. The aim of this study is to assess the contemporary rates of local breast cancer recurrence in patients that received NAC. Methods All women treated with NAC for primary invasive breast cancer in the years 2003-2008 were selected from the Netherlands Cancer Registry. The first event within five years after NAC was included for analyses. The 5-year local (LR) recurrence rate was calculated using Kaplan Meier estimates and the prognostic value of various clinicopathological and treatment factors was evaluated. Results A total of 2,457 patients were identified of whom 43% had cT1-2, 25% cT3 and 29% cT4 tumors. Two-thirds of the patients had metastatic lymph node involvement and 85% received adjuvant radiotherapy. The overall 5-year risk of LR was 6.7% and decreased from 2003-2008. The LR-rate was lower in hormone receptor positive (HR+) than HR-negative (HR-) tumors (3.3% vs. 12.9%) and increased with larger residual tumor size (from 1.2% in ypT0 to 13.0% in ypT3 and 16.1% in ypT4 tumors). The LR-rate also increased with the ypN-stage (4.1% in ypN0, 5.7% in ypN1 and 11.3% in ypN>1 patients) and was lower following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) than after mastectomy (4.8% vs. 7.2%). Currently, we are working on the multivariate analyses, which will be available at the San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium. Conclusions The rate of LR in patients treated with NAC has decreased over time. This will most likely be caused by enhanced imaging and radiotherapy techniques, as well as by increased insight in tumor biology resulting in improvements in both the development and application of systemic treatment modalities. Multivariate analyses will have to provide further insight into the risk of developing LR in patients treated with NAC, as well as into the prognostic value of different clinicopathological factors. Citation Format: Aalders KC, Sonke GS, van der Heiden-van der Loo M, Boersma LJ, van Diest PJ, Siesling S, van Dalen T. Contemporary risk of local breast cancer recurrence after neo-adjuvant chemotherapy: Results of a population-based cohort study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-08-36.


usefulness as far as books and scholarly and professional journals are concerned.) Thus the advantages of the Arno Press edition. cloth binding and less drasticaliy cropped illustrations. must be balanced against the lower price. fuller captions and biographical notes and expanded (albeit confusingly so) bibliography of the other edition. Some readers may bypass this choice and seek out copies of one of the out-of-print U.S.A. editions or the British edition (George Allen & Unwin, London, 1939). or, if they prefer a German language edition, choose one ofthe two which appeared in 1955 and 1968. Of course Bairhuus 1 Y l Y ~ I928 now faces a lot of competition that did not exist in 193X or 1952. To mention only brief general treatments there are Gillian Naylor's I59 page Bauhaus (Studio Vista Picturebacks. London, 1968; E. P. Dutton. New York, 1968) and, in German, Hans M. Wingler's 80 page Klrinc, Bauhaus-Fihe/(Bauhaus-Archiv, Berlin, 1974). In the recent past there were the well illustrated. reasonably priced catalogs issued in a number of languages to accompany an exhibition that marked the S0rh anniversary of the opening of the Bauhaus. This exhibition opened in Stuttgart and was subsequently shown in cities in a number of countries. but there was no effort to make the catalogs available on a continuing basis. But. one suspects, if the Bauhaus bibliography were to be multiplied ten-fold. new editions of Bauhuus l91Y -1928 would continue to appear. The limitations noted by many reviewers in 1938 and 1939. and even privately admitted by Alfred Barr. director of the Museum of Modern Art. centering around its diffuse and confusing character. no longer seem to matter. When the latest two incarnations are out-of-print, continued requests for copies and pride in its past achievements will no doubt prompt the Museum to bring out still another edition. Considering its resources, i t is reasonable to insist that the next time around the Museum should go back to actual photographs of the original illustrations whenever possible (which should be the case in all but a few instances) so that these can be used as a source of plates rather than the mindless rescreening oC the readily available along with the rare photograph. The confusions of amateurish revisions should be eliminated. and picture captions and credits should be as full as possible. Why not. for example, acknowledge such important contributions as Lucia Moholy's classic photographs of the Dessau Bauhaus buildings that appear on page 105 of the Arno Press edition and on page 103 of the edition distributed by the New York Graphic Society? And why not a new, scholarly introduction, and. as a bonus. why not include a reprint of the eight page Bulletin ( J / /hi> Mir.seun~ o/ Moderri Ar/ Ihr December, 1938? This issue contains attractive pictures that tie together the book and the exhibition because actual installation shots are included, along with such gems as a photograph of Frank Lloyd Wright greeting Ise and Walter Gropius at the opening reception. (This issue has even been reprinted by the Arno Press as part of a reprint of a complete run of the Birllc~riri.) I n brief. any further edition should document a legendary event and forego any amateurish attempts to make it again what it once was in the days when i t was the only general source of information about the Bauhaus.