: Stress is an unavoidable event in our daily life, and exposure to stress chronically is considered a principal cause for psychosomatic disorders. Stressor could trigger a series of physiological responses, including over-activation of automatic nervous system (ANS)and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Social support might relieve the effect of stress on ANS and HPA axis by buffering or attenuating the activity of stress-related neural regions and therefore reinstate homeostasis rapidly, which prevents the organism from stress-related damage.


This writing aims to give the understanding training method to increase speed. Sprinting speed can be improved although improvement of the very limited speed, because limited by talent. Improvement of sprinting speed can be enlarged by increasing speed support components i .e ; power, anaerobic (speed endurance),flexibility, coordination and skill of run technique.
Training of speed better be addressed at improvement of motion frequency by exceeding ability of motion frequency before all. Steps that need to be followed to develop speed consisted of: (1) Basic training to develop all qualities of movement to a level that will provide a solid base on which to build each successive step, (2) Weight training to develop functional strength and explosive movements against medium to heavy resistance. (3) Flexibility and ballistics training. Ballistics to develop high-speed sending and receiving movements, (4) Plyometrics to develop explosive hopping, jumping, bounding, hitting, and kicking, (5) Sprinting form and speed endurance to develop sprinting technique and improving the length of time you are able to maintain speed (6) Sport loading to develop specific speed. The intensity is 85 to 100% of maximum speed, (7) Over speed training. This involves systematic application of sporting speed that exceeds maximum speed by 5 to 10% through the use of various over speed training techniques.


Discovering new requirements and requirements knowledge continues throughout the lifetime of many high-integrity embedded systems. Understanding the mechanisms for how we discover and resolve requirements identifies guidelines to help prevent anomalies found during testing from recurring during operations. We can improve our systems' quality by means of a better understanding of the mechanisms by which we discover requirements and manage them in testing and operations. We analyzed anomaly reports from testing and operations for eight spacecraft projects at the California Institute of Technology's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, showing that many of the anomalies during these phases involve software requirements discovery. As a result, several patterns of requirements discovery emerged. In turn, identifying these patterns leads to six guidelines for managing the ongoing requirements discovery.


V-belt type Continuously Variable Transmissions (CVT) are applied in an increasing number of vehicles as a result of their unparalleled shift comfort. Large ratio coverage allows for reduced engine speed, improved highway driving comfort and reduced fuel consumption. With the advent of the competing automatic transmissions with 6 or even 7 steps, it becomes increasingly important to further improve the performance in terms of efficiency, robustness and torque capacity of the CVT. Improvements on the efficiency of the push-belt CVT by reducing variator clamping forces to minimum values are well established. By reducing clamping such that the variator operates in its most efficient point, the mechanical load on this variator is minimized and hydraulic actuation losses are reduced. The control technique allows for best possible transmission efficiency, combined with improved robustness for slip damage. In earlier studies, the relation between variator slip and functional transmission properties has been described. Conditions for optimum performance regarding efficiency and robustness were identified and validated for steady state conditions. However, stability robustness during ratio changes proved to be insufficient during tests in an experimental vehicle. To deal with CVT slip dynamics during transient behaviour, a theoretical model is necessary. In this paper, a novel CVT shifting model, recently proposed by Carbone, is tested experimentally and compared to the model of Ide. The relationship between the clamping forces acting on the moving pulley sheave, the rate of change of speed ratio, the loading conditions and the belt velocity, are investigated both from a theoretical and an experimental point of view.


This thesis presents an improved sampling-based motion planning algorithm, Robust RRT, that is designed specifically for large robotic vehicles and uncertain, dynamic environments. Five main extensions have been made to the original RRT algorithm to improve performance in this type of applications. The closed-loop system is used for state propagation, enabling easy handling of complex, nonlinear, and unstable dynamics. The environment structure is exploited during the sampling process, increasing the probability that a given sample will be reachable. Efficient heuristics are employed in the expansion of the tree and a risk penalty is incorporated to capture uncertainty in the environment and keep the vehicle a safe distance away from hazards. The safety of the vehicle is guaranteed with the assumption of no unexpected changes in the environment, which is achieved by requiring that every trajectory sent for execution ends in a state with the vehicle stopped. Finally, risk evaluation follows a lazy evaluation strategy, allowing the algorithm to spend most of the computation time in the expansion step. The effectiveness of the Robust RRT algorithm for planning in an urban environment is demonstrated through numerous simulated scenarios and real data corresponding to its implementation in MIT's robotic vehicle that competed in the DARPA Urban Challenge. Thesis Supervisor: Jonathan P. How Title: Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics Thesis Supervisor: Emilio Frazzoli Title: Associate Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics


Migration is a universal phenomenon that has presence since human existed on earth. People move from one place to another having a variety of purposes, where the most common and dominant reasons are compulsions and inadequacy of resources to fulfill life needs at the country of origin. The current study is an attempt to understand the phenomenon of migration especially Afghan refugees residing for more than three decades in the KP province of Pakistan. The research work is part of a PhD study on migration and criminality which asserts on the associated parameters with migration that lead to unhealthy activities in the host society. The study is framed under qualitative research design utilizing the qualitative tools for data collection and thematic analysis in three major Divisions i.e. Peshawar, Mardan and Malakand of the province. The central and district jails were selected for identification of respondents and conduction of interviews to dig out the actual facts. The study concludes that unstable socio-political structure of the society diminishes the provision of basic rights to the Afghan refugees where the local masses consider them a threat to their socioeconomic, cultural and political existence. On the contrary, the Afghan refugees become expressive and reactionary and develop feelings of inferiority and deprivation when not given with the expected demands that lead to their mal-integration and mal-social-practices for their survival, integration and settlement.


Crop growth and productivity are determined by a large number of weather, soil and management variables, which vary significantly across space. Remote Sensing (RS) data, acquired repetitively over agricultural land help in identification and mapping of crops and also in assessing crop vigour. As RS data and techniques have improved, the initial efforts that directly related RS-derived vegetation indices (VI) to crop yield have been replaced by approaches that involve retrieved biophysical quantities from RS data. Thus, crop simulation models (CSM) that have been successful in field-scale applications are being adapted in a GIS framework to model and monitor crop growth with remote sensing inputs making assessments sensitive to seasonal weather factors, local variability and crop management signals. The RS data can provide information of crop environment, crop distribution, leaf area index (LAI), and crop phenology. This information is integrated in CSM, in a number of ways such as use as direct forcing variable, use for re-calibrating specific parameters, or use simulation-observation differences in a variable to correct yield prediction. A number of case studies that demonstrated such use of RS data and demonstrated applications of CSM-RS linkage are presented.


Social influence is the behavioral change of a person because of the perceived relationship with other people, organizations and society in general. Social influence has been a widely accepted phenomenon in social networks for decades. Many applications have been built based around the implicit notation of social influence between people, such as marketing, advertisement and recommendations. With the exponential growth of online social network services such as Facebook and Twitter, social influence can for the first time be measured over a large population. In this tutorial, we survey the research on social influence analysis with a focus on the computational aspects. First, we introduce how to verify the existence of social influence in various social networks. Second, we present computational models for quantifying social influence. Third, we describe how social influence can help real applications. In particular, we will focus on opinion leader finding and influence maximization for viral marketing. Finally, we apply the selected algorithms of social influence analysis on different social network data, such as twitter, arnetminer data, weibo, and slashdot forum.


In this research, we address the issue of outsourcing the clearance operation to a third party, in the context of multi-partner and multi-product. The outsourcing operation is a widespread industrial practice and requires a well-defined process to follow to be successful. Indeed, to choose the best partners (or retailers) from a potential set of candidates, a company must define its selection criteria, as well as the selection method that should be applied. This paper aims to develop a framework for the clearance partner selection process. Using multi-objective optimization and based on the suppliers' evaluation according to the established criteria, appropriate partners are selected, and optimal allocation of unsold quantity is determined


Summary

Decreasing effects of fluoride contents in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) as affected by chemical treatments with and without heating were investigated. The used chemicals were NaOH, Na2CO3, Na2SO3, citric acid, acetic acid, phosphoric acid, HCl, ethanol, lysine, aminoguanidine, arginine, carnitine, betaine, and creatine. Fluoride contents per dry weight were 788 ± 10 mg kg−1 in the whole body of krill (WBK) and 294 ± 4 mg kg−1 in the peeled krill meat (PKM) respectively. When WBK was treated with chemicals with and without heating or thawed, fluoride was not decreased. On the other hand, when the PKM was treated with chemicals without heating was remarkably decreased to less than 100 mg kg−1, which is the criteria recommended by FDA. Particularly, the treatment of betaine without heating showed the best reduction effect of 30 ± 6 mg kg−1, followed by carnitine (38 ± 17 mg kg−1), acetic acid (52 ± 1 mg kg−1), phosphoric acid (67 ± 2 mg kg−1) and hydrochloric acid (68 ± 1 mg kg−1).


DNA polymerases are enzymes used for DNA replication during cell division and can be specialized for DNA repair. DNA Polymerase Theta (Pol θ) is the predominant polymerase involved in alternative double-stranded break repair and is upregulated in breast cancer. It is errorprone as it does not accurately match the nucleotide on a DNA template with the correct complementary base. This inaccuracy affects the overall fidelity of the enzyme, a biochemical process that looks at the ability of a polymerase to "read" the template DNA and select the right nucleotide before polymerization. Polymerization for most DNA polymerases involves a global conformational change, specifically of the fingers domain, during insertion of a nucleotide after selecting it into the DNA strand in the active site. If this selection step is compromised, it could lead to the insertion of a non-complementary nucleotide, which could lead to mutations. The fingers domain is hypothesized to move closer to the active site during this process before release of the extended product, where the fingers domain returns to its original conformation. These results have been previously observed in high-fidelity polymerases β and Klenow. Pol β is involved in BER, and the Klenow fragment synthesizes DNA in E.coli. In both studies, the enzyme adopts a closed conformation with correct nucleotide. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism of Pol θ during DNA repair, and how the global movements of this enzyme affects fidelity. Using Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), we internally fluorescently labeled the fingers domain of Pol θ to observe its interaction with DNA and an incoming nucleotide. Preliminary results suggest that only in the presence of correct nucleotide does Pol θ experience a global conformational change during polymerization to ensure correct matching, suggesting nucleotide selection by Pol θ is monitored in an open conformation and only when the correct pair is formed does polymerization proceed. Our FRET system can be used to further understand the fidelity of Pol θ and how it can lead to cancer. Table of


Adrenaline (A) and noradrenaline (N) release from the caudal mesenteric ganglion (CMG) during preganglionic nerve stimulation is due to acetylcholine action on N--and M-cholinoreceptors of ganglion's adrenergic structures (GAS) and probably, primarily on SIF--cells, whereas during peripheral reflexes of CMG it is related to the excitation of noncholinergic afferent neurons which affect the corresponding receptors of GAS. A and N release is inhibited via M-receptors. There is a complex relationship between receptor fields of GAS. Hemicholinium as well as N--cholinoblocking agents, during first minutes of their application to the ganglion elicit A and N release both before and after preganglionic fiber degeneration, which indicates their postsynaptic effect on the cholinoreceptors. Changes in A and N in the ganglion during peripheral reflexes are increased after prolonged action of hemicholinium and chronic decentralisation of CMG.


The increasing knowledge of marine mineral resources, such as: recognition methods for remote location and exploitation is a strategic point. This fact can be justified by the growing demand for mineral resources and reserves and by the expected shortage of the land resources. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the acoustic behavior of artificially simulated signal for three distinct geological models indicating the more appropriate frequency spectrum (0.5 - 2.7 kHz, 0.4 - 4.0 kHz, 0.5 - 4.5 kHz e 1.0 - 6.0 kHz) for identification of marine polymetallic crusts. The attribute considered in the analysis was the maximum amplitude. To create the models, samples of polymetallic crusts collected in Vitoria-Trindade chain were used. The samples were profiled in the Multi-Sensor Core-Logger (MSCL) for determining Pwave velocity and density of gamma crusts. From the data analyzes it was concluded that: the application of acoustic methods with high resolution seismic source presents qualitative information that can be used in the localization of marine polymetallic crusts. The length of the echo showed lower values in the models where we had no crust and an increase with the crust thickness. This result may be related to the sum of the source characteristics of the interaction with the response to the way of propagation. Other relevants characteristics were the differences observed between the substrates. This may be related to the lower density and lower propagation velocity of the waves in sands and muds compared to basalts which showed an inverse trends as the crust becomes thicker. Regarding frequency, the moldel that presented the best result was 1.0 - 6.0 kHz, since the difference between the models with and without crust crust of 20 cm was more evident.


The texture and microstructure of thin silver films in Ag/Ti bilayer structures have been characterized as a function of vacuum annealing temperature and time with the use of x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. A strong preexisting (111) texture in Ag films was further improved upon annealing as evidenced by an increased intensity and narrower distribution of the texture along the film normal. A new (200) texture component was generated after 600 °C annealing; it however had a relatively low intensity when compared to the dominant (111) texture. No abnormal grain growth was observed in annealed Ag films. The texture evolution in all films appeared to complete within the first 15 min annealing, while the microstructure continued to change with additional annealing time. The roles of both surface energy and strain energy in the grain growth were evaluated. A model of the grain growth and texture evolution has been proposed to explain these observations.


During early pregnancy, the uterine endometrium responds to an implanting blastocyst with the extensive growth and differentiation of decidualization. This transformation of endometrial stromal cells begins in the antimesometrial side of the uterus to form a primary decidual zone, expands to form a secondary zone in the antimesometrium, and eventually transforms stromal cells in the mesometrial region. During pregnancy, both decidual zones regress by apoptosis, leaving decidual cells in the mesometrial region to form decidua basalis and the mature placenta. Molecular mechanisms controlling cell death during blastocyst implantation and decidualization are unknown. We examined the hypothesis that progesterone and estrogen control of endometrial differentiation and eventual apoptosis involves control of bcl-2 gene family expression. Ovariectomized rats were primed with estradiol and treated with progestin (medroxyprogesterone acetate, 3.5 mg) and estradiol (200 ng) before an intrauterine stimulus to initiate decidualization. Expression of the two bax messenger RNA transcripts, 1.0 and 1.5 kilobases, was examined by Northern blot analysis after hormone treatment and decidualization, and only the 1.0-kilobase transcript was induced. After the same treatments, the expression of bcl-2, a suppressor of apoptosis, decreased. In situ analysis revealed a cell type-specific increase in bax expression after the hormonal treatment and decidualization. This increase was first seen in luminal and glandular epithelial cells and then in the periluminal stroma 24 h after intrauterine stimulation, with eventual progressive expression throughout the stroma. Expression of bcl-2 decreased after hormone treatment and decidualization. Immunohistochemical studies of Bax showed that expression of Bax protein accompanied decidualization of the stroma. Bcl-2 protein was only seen in the luminal and glandular epithelia, and its level decreased as decidualization progressed. These data indicate that the balance between bax and bcl-2 expression is altered during stromal cell differentiation. Increased expression of bax precedes nucleosomal DNA fragmentation and eventual apoptosis, which plays a significant role in placental development.


This document reviews the entrepreneurship uprising as theoretical category and its relation to the entrepreneurship made by women. For such effect, 26 national and international articles that incorporating categories entrepreneurship and women were reviewed. The literature shows that studies about female entrepreneurship are grouped together in four differentiated sets according to their study objects. Being gender social construction and roles played by women in communities, the main obstacles for women entrepreneurship.


Intrathecal baclofen (ITB) is a well-established method of treating spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. In our series, eight children with primary or dystonia secondary to cerebral palsy have benefited from ITB. The observations in this paper are subjective and based on the carer's impressions, but have confirmed the role of ITB in dystonia. Children with dystonia secondary to cerebral palsy benefited most and ITB can be used in these as a single treatment modality. The approach is different in dystonia secondary to cerebral palsy, where ITB can be used to palliate the spastic component, but other methods are necessary to treat the primary disease. We currently have three children in our series, where ITB in conjunction with deep brain stimulation (DBS) was used with satisfactory results.


BRAF and MEK inhibitors induce striking tumor regressions in BRAF V600E melanoma patients. However, relapse occurs in the majority of patients within several months. Reported resistance mechanisms include acquisition of NRAS mutations, PDGFR or IGF1R activation, Cot amplification, or truncated BRAF upregulation. We report here that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), neuregulin-1 (NRG1), and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) cause robust resistance in vitro to BRAF or MEK inhibitors in BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines. NRAS mutant lines were similarly resistant to MEK inhibition in the presence of these growth factors. By contrast other mitogenic factors such as PDGF, EGF, NGF, BDNF, MSP, MDK, GRO, and IGF1 did not maintain cell viability or growth. HGF, NRG1 and FGF2 prevented growth arrest and cell death and in some cell lines maintained cells in progressive growth. In addition, HGF and NRG1 could prevent growth arrest after dual treatment with BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Western analysis revealed that HGF and NRG1 reactivated Erk signaling and activated S6RP and AKT phosphorylation. Combined pharmacological inhibition mTor signaling and Akt signaling was required to fully block growth factor-mediated proliferation. In addition, small molecule Met inhibitors and an anti-HGF antibody blocked HGF-mediated resistance, while lapatinib and an anti-NRG1 antibody blocked NRG1-mediated resistance. While combined Akt and mTor inhibition potently inhibited cell line growth independent of BRAF or MEK inhibition, lapatinib and Met inhibitors had minimal effect on growth, suggesting potential for less adverse events with receptor inhibitors. In vitro co-culture experiments revealed that primary cells present in normal skin can cause resistance, and we have identified growth factors produced by these cells that contribute to resistance. We are analyzing receptor activation (Met and Erbb3) and FGF2 expression in wildtype, NRAS, and BRAF mutant primary melanoma samples. In future experiments we plan to test clinical samples from patients treated with BRAF/MEK inhibitors, and we hypothesize that HGF, NRG1, and FGF2 signaling is elevated in patients with poor initial responses or relapse to BRAF or MEK inhibitors. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1065. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1065


This chapter focused on cultivating mobile activism mobile journalism with middle and high schoolers of a town in Long Island. The youth film production effort was in response to a hate crime. An immigrant was attacked and killed by a group of young males after a suspected spree of other attacks that same night. After the murderous incident, immigrant parent and students of the local schools feared for their lives. Working towards the goals, the organizers set out to teach students how to use mobile and computer technologies for filmmaking. Using themes of human rights, they also focused on responding to hate crimes and immigration issues. This chapter offers key discoveries and lessons. The short intensive program provided academic and workforce development skills as well as how to use computer technology for digitizing personal narratives. The program also offered informal academic purposes, along with observations, opportunities, and recommendations from the findings for other K-12 digital video filmmaking endeavors.


ABSTRACT The genus Paracoccidioides includes the thermodimorphic species Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and P. lutzii, both of which are etiologic agents of paracoccidioidomycosis, a systemic mycosis that affects humans in Latin America. Despite the common occurrence of a sexual stage among closely related fungi, this has not been observed with Paracoccidioides species, which have thus been considered asexual. Molecular evolutionary studies revealed recombination events within isolated populations of the genus Paracoccidioides, suggesting the possible existence of a sexual cycle. Comparative genomic analysis of all dimorphic fungi and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated the presence of conserved genes involved in sexual reproduction, including those encoding mating regulators such as MAT, pheromone receptors, pheromone-processing enzymes, and mating signaling regulators. The expression of sex-related genes in the yeast and mycelial phases of both Paracoccidioides species was also detected by real-time PCR, with nearly all of these genes being expressed preferentially in the filamentous form of the pathogens. In addition, the expression of sex-related genes was responsive to the putative presence of pheromone in the supernatants obtained from previous cocultures of strains of two different mating types. In vitro crossing of isolates of different mating types, discriminated by phylogenetic analysis of the α-box (MAT1-1) and the high-mobility-group (HMG) domain (MAT1-2), led to the identification of the formation of young ascocarps with constricted coiled hyphae related to the initial stage of mating. These genomic and morphological analyses strongly support the existence of a sexual cycle in species of the genus Paracoccidioides.


Today some clinics and hospitals in the country are looking for cost reduction and optimization of resources in response to new trends in administration, for that reason is not possible to have specialists in each hospital or health center. This project proposes a solution through the use of the technology to the current problems and suggests the development of a system that allows a general doctor to take examinations relevant to the patient and send them to a specialist for a medical interpretation and this way can do a quick and efficient diagnostic. For the analysis of patients is suggested to send diagnostic images through a transmission network using UMTS technology. UMTS has an excellent transmission speed and besides the network already exists at the site of deployment with a good coverage which reduces costs. It is also used a wireless GSM modem, which serves as an interface between the network and the PC, besides of a management softwar.


Our high-fidelity simulation model provides a realistic example for health-care professionals to experience cannulation, initiation, and hemodynamic stabilization during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) therapy. This educational experience brings a variety of critical care specialties together, in a controlled simulation setting, to develop, master, and maintain clinical skills. This may include perfusionists, ECMO specialists, surgical technicians, registered nurses, physicians, and students. The simulation component includes a unique vascular access pad that is attached to either a static fluid model or to the Califia perfusion simulator system (Biomed Simulation, Inc., San Diego, CA). This collective high-fidelity simulation model can be surgically cannulated via a cutdown technique using an appropriately sized cannula and connected to an in situ ECMO circuit. This article explains the educational strategy, how the surgical pad is made, and the simulator connections so that any hospital can re-create this experience.


In the field of enumeration of walks in cones, it is known how to compute asymptotically the number of excursions (finite paths in the cone with fixed length, starting and ending points, using jumps from a given step set). As it turns out, the associated critical exponent is related to the eigenvalues of a certain Dirichlet problem on a spherical domain. An important underlying question is to decide whether this asymptotic exponent is a (non-)rational number, as this has important consequences on the algebraic nature of the associated generating function. In this paper, we ask whether such an excursion sequence might admit an asymptotic expansion with a first rational exponent and a second non-rational exponent. While the current state of the art does not give any access to such many-term expansions, we look at the associated continuous problem, involving Brownian motion in cones. Our main result is to prove that in dimension three, there exists a cone such that the heat kernel (the continuous analogue of the excursion sequence) has the desired rational/non-rational asymptotic property. Our techniques come from spectral theory and perturbation theory. More specifically, our main tool is a new Hadamard formula, which has an independent interest and allows us to compute the derivative of eigenvalues of spherical triangles along infinitesimal variations of the angles.


Estrogen formation in brain and pituitary mediates certain androgen actions in central targets. Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) have been advantageous for studying the role of locally formed estrogen in autoregulating aromatization and in controlling estrogen receptor occupancy, androgen receptor levels, and behavioral expression. Data from these two experimental models reveal a molecular basis for androgen-estrogen synergism in neuroendocrine tissues and for alterations in androgen sensitivity/responsiveness. These mechanisms are essential components of seasonal reproduction in the test species and may have wider relevance for cyclicity in other vertebrates, including mammals.


Fluoride uptake on and in enamel during topical application of acidulated solutions was studied. The variables were different time intervals and different pH levels of the treatment solutions. The experiment was carried out with human enamel exposed to 2% NaF solutions, pH 3.5 and 5.5, for 30 sec, 60 sec, 5 min, and 60 min. The amounts of fluoride formed on (as calcium fluoride) and in (as fluorapatite) enamel were determined by chemical assessments, and scanning electron microscopy provided the visualization of the deposits on the surface. It could be demonstrated that the two pH levels caused deposition of large amounts of calcium fluoride and that almost twice as much was deposited at pH 3.5 as at 5.5. The amount of deposit increased rapidly with time of exposure in both situations compared with similar experiments with neutral fluoride solutions. Firmly bound fluoride was incorporated in the enamel only during the 60-min incubation.


The present work has been undertaken for predicting evolutionary relationship of marine mammals employing 16s rRNA mitochondrial genes of 63 species of Marine mammals of three Orders viz. Cetaceae (38 species), Carnivora (23 Species) and Sirenia (2 Species), downloaded from NCBI Genbank database revealed interesting results.  To accomplish the task, numerous bioinformatics tools were employed. The results depicted that the Order Cetacea was recently evolved among other Orders under investigation. The phylogenetic tree also revealed that, among all the species of the Order Cetacea, Family Delphinidae to which marine dolphins belong, were recently evolved. Similarly, among the species of Order Carnivora, Family Phocidae to which seals belong, were recently evolved. The terrestrial animals such as Hippopotamus amphibious , Ursus arctos and Elephas maximus showed close relationships with these marine mammals, which was also validated by the previous investigators.


We consider the extension of two variable logic with quantifiers that state that the number of elements where a formula holds should belong to a given ultimately periodic set. We show that both satisfiability and finite satisfiability of the logic are decidable. We also show that the spectrum of any sentence is definable in Presburger arithmetic. In the process we present several refinements to the ``biregular graph method''. In this method, decidability issues concerning two-variable logics are reduced to questions about Presburger definability of integer vectors associated with partitioned graphs, where nodes in a partition satisfy certain constraints on their in- and out-degrees.


The effect of boiling on ten edible mushroom varieties was analyzed for antioxidant activities by three different assays (ORAC, FRAP and DPPH) and polyphenol content. The results indicated that the boiling process significantly decreased both antioxidant activities and polyphenol content in all mushroom varieties. Antioxidant activities and the polyphenol content of boiled mushrooms can be ranked from high to low as A. hygrometricus > A. Cylindracea > V. volvacea > L. edodes > P. eryngii. Percent true retention of ORAC, FRAP, DPPH and polyphenol content in cooked tissue of all mushrooms ranged from 21-75%, 17- 68%, 23-66% and 21-70%, respectively with the highest value in A. hygrometricus. Antioxidant activities and polyphenol contents were released into the cooking water was approximately 9-31%, 9-50%, 10-48% and 10-39% for ORAC, FRAP, DPPH and polyphenol, respectively. Percent loss of ORAC, FRAP, DPPH values and polyphenol content caused by thermal effect were about 9-64%, 8-60, 5-57% and 13-59%, respectively. Significantly positive correlations were observed between polyphenol and antioxidant activities in both raw and cooked mushrooms. The difference of characteristi c structure and shape of each mushroom variety could affect the different loss of antioxidant activities and the polyphenol during the cooking process. Since mushrooms have been used as food and food flavoring material in soups for many years, consuming boiled mushroom tissues as well as their broths to recover some polyphenol and antioxidant activity is recommended.


Recently, two Late Neolithic skeletons belonging to the Single Grave Culture (ca. 4500 BP) were discovered in the province of North-Holland. It is the first time that such complete and well-preserved skeletons of this age have been found in The Netherlands. Both skeletons were subjected to an extensive and close examination in order to gain more information about these two individuals and their way of life. Application of different methods resulted in the determination of the sex (a male and a female), the age at death and the stature of the skeletons. Pathological features could be established in the female skeleton by means of radiography. The male skeleton was incomplete owing to animal scavenging. The tooth marks on the bones were studied in an attempt to discover the circumstances of death. In order to obtain information about the diet of the two individuals, the dental microwear and the remains of plaque and calculus were investigated. This investigation demonstrates the importance of physical anthropological studies with regard to the reconstruction of life in the past.


Economic theory in the household production literature  suggests that the division of labor within households is based on the comparative advantage of specific investments and intrinsic biological differences between males and females. Males are typically regarded as breadwinners, whereas females are believed to be responsible for raising children and performing domestic work. Moreover, domestic tasks performed by housewives are not accorded enough economic significance; these tasks are also not included in the calculation of Gross Domestic Product and Gross National Product. This study aims to estimate the monetary value of the domestic tasks performed by housewives in urban Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia. To this end, this study employs the general replacement cost approach. A primary survey of 385 respondents was conducted to collect information from housewives in Surakarta. The purposive  sampling technique was used to generate a representative  sample covering all five districts of Surakarta. The findings show that the average monthly monetary value of housewives in Surakarta is close to 2.5 million Rupiah. The monetary value varies according to the following parameters: age group, educational qualifications, age of children, and housewives' roles—that is, those who perform only domestic work and those who take up jobs in the public sphere in addition to performing domestic work .


This study uses propensity score matching (PSM) and data from Eastern and Western Zambia to estimate the impact of participation in village savings and loan associations (VSLAs) on consumption expenditure among rural households. As a proxy for welfare, consumption expenditure is often argued to be more reliable and less prone to under-reporting errors than income. The results indicate large positive and statistically significant consumption effects of participation in VSLAs. As much as 38% and 17% of total and per capita weekly household expenditure respectively can be attributed to participation in VSLA interventions. This is consistent with most prior studies and seems to suggest that, if properly designed and implemented, informal savings and lending initiatives equally have the capacity to contribute to rural poverty alleviation by facilitating access to affordable credit through savings.


We present several techniques for user-centric viewing of the virtual objects or datasets under haptic exploration and manipulation. Depending on the type of tasks performed by the user, our algorithms compute automatic placement of the user viewpoint to navigate through the scene, to display the near-optimal views, and to reposition the viewpoint for haptic visualization. This is accomplished by conjecturing the user's intent based on the user's actions, the object geometry, and intra- and inter-object occlusion relationships. These algorithms have been implemented and interfaced with both a 3-DOF and a 6-DOF PHANToM arms. We demonstrate their application on haptic exploration and visualization of a complex structure, as well as multiresolution modeling and 3D painting with a haptic interface.


Prescription drug costs are increasing at a rate of 15% to 17% a year and a look into the future does not bring much better news. Employers can expect to see more numbers like these as doctors more aggressively treat diseases using drug therapy, the population continues to age and pharmaceutical companies continue to spend billions of dollars on direct-to-consumer advertising aimed at consumers who are desensitized to the true costs of their prescriptions. In this environment, it is unlikely that companies can realistically expect to reverse costs of even to avoid cost increases. However, this article provides employers with a prudent approach to managing both the supply and demand sides of the prescription drug equation in order to reduce their level of increase. Supply-side management focuses on negotiations with vendors, while the demand side focuses on managing employee utilization.


Pachydermoperiostosis (PDP) is a rare disorder characterized by skin thickening, acropachia, and periostosis. Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome is also an orphan disease featured by different dermatological and osteoarthritic manifestations. Herein, we report the first case of an adolescent male diagnosed with both PDP and SAPHO syndrome, presenting with digital clubbing, polyarthralgia, ostealgia, pachydermia and acne on his face, chest and back. Furthermore, we distinguish the characteristics of both diseases and explore the potential pathological mechanism for this coexistence in one patient. Further investigations are needed to establish the detailed pathophysiological association of these 2 diseases.


While a considerable number of scientists still today disbelieve in the feasibility of a single generic concept of information, there are several attempts to hypothesize or theorize information in a unifying manner carried out by a strong minority of scientists. However, the camp of the "unifiers" itself is heterogeneous. The 'Unified Theory of Information', as Wolfgang Hofkirchner came to term his own approach, links information to self-organization. It elaborates on arguments of dialectical philosophy in order to avoid both the pitfalls of reductionism and dualism and seeks to reconcile the 'hard' and 'soft' science perspectives of information. Among the scholars who influenced his sciences of complexity approach are- Edgar Morin, Ervin Laszlo, Werner Ebeling, Klaus Fuchs-Kittowski, Klaus Kornwachs, Klaus Haefner, Tom Stonier, John Collier, Alicia Juarrero, Edwina Taborsky, Sren Brier, Claus Emmeche, Robert Logan.


The photoisomerization effect of new bent-shaped azo dyes in the presence of aliphatic and aromatic spacers is reported for the first time. The synthesized compounds with n-hexane and benzene as central moieties were characterized by different spectral analytical techniques such as 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, FTIR and UV-Vis. They revealed the photoisomerization effect in solution and on the solid cells as well. In solution, the E–Z and Z–E isomerization occurred in around 17–18 seconds and 7–13 hours, respectively. The dramatic variation in back relaxation is speculated to take place due to the nature of the spacers involved in the system. The synthesized materials are expected to be more useful in optical storage devices.


Squamosa promoter binding protein-like (SPL) family is a group of important transcription factors involved in the regulation of plant growth and development and the response to environmental stress, but there are few studies in perennial fruit trees such as citrus. In this study, Ziyang Xiangcheng (Citrus junos Sib.ex Tanaka), an important rootstock of Citrus, was used as the material for analysis. Based on plantTFDB transcription factor database and sweet orange genome database, 15 SPL family members were genome-widely identified and cloned from Ziyang Xiangcheng, and named CjSPL1-CjSPL15. Sequence analysis showed that the open reading frame (ORF) length of CjSPLs ranged from 393 bp to 2 865 bp, encoding 130-954 amino acids. Phylogenetic tree divided 15 CjSPLs into 9 subfamilies. Gene structure and conserved domain analysis predicted 20 different conserved motifs and SBP basic domains. Analysis of cis-acting promoter elements predicted 20 different promoter elements, including those related to plant growth and development, abiotic stress and secondary metabolites. The expression patterns of CjSPLs under drought, salt and low temperature stresses were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR), and many CjSPLs were significantly up-regulated after stress treatment. This study provides a reference for further study on the function of SPL family transcription factors in citrus and other fruit trees.


Incarceration provides an opportunity for public health interventions, but communication and the delivery of services are complicated by considerable variability even within this generally high-needs population. Public health practitioners have relied heavily on social determinants of health data in their work, but this does not fully explain key patterns in responses and success. Psychometric work related to the "big five" or "five-factor" personality domains may provide important additional guidance to health communications and interventions. The Contraceptive Awareness and Reproductive Education clinical trial provided health risk factor and personality data on 257 incarcerated women aged 18–35. Of the study population, 85.9% reported at least one of the five forms of childhood trauma. Three of the five personality domains were associated with multiple health risk factors and four of the five were associated with fair or poor general health. Personality data provide important guidance in understanding variability in responses to public health interventions in the correctional setting.


We propose a definite search for sterile neutrinos at the J-PARC Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF). With the 3 GeV Rapid Cycling Synchrotron (RCS) and spallation neutron target, an intense neutrino beam from muon decay at rest (DAR) is available. Neutrinos come from \mu+ decay, and the oscillation to be searched for is (anti \nu \mu -> anti \nu e) which is detected by the inverse \beta decay interaction (anti \nu e + p -> e+ + n), followed by a gamma from neutron capture. The unique features of the proposed experiment, compared with the LSND and experiments using horn focused beams, are; (1) The pulsed beam with about 600 ns spill width from J-PARC RCS and muon long lifetime allow us to select neutrinos from \mu DAR only. (2) Due to nuclear absorption of \pi- and \mu-, neutrinos from \mu- decay are suppressed to about the $10^{-3}$ level. (3) Neutrino cross sections are well known. The inverse \beta decay cross section is known to be a few percent accuracy. (4) The neutrino energy can be calculated from positron energy by adding ~1.8 MeV. (5) The anti \nu \mu and \nu e fluxes have different and well defined spectra. This allows us to separate oscillated signals from those due to \mu- decay contamination. We propose to proceed with the oscillation search in steps since the region of \Delta m^2 to be searched can be anywhere between sub-eV^2 to several tens of eV^2. We start to examine the large \Delta m^2 region, which can be done with short baseline at first. At close distance to the MLF target gives a high neutrino flux, and allows us to use relatively small detector. If no definitive positive signal is found, a future option exists to cover small \Delta m^2 region. This needs a relatively long baseline and requires a large detector to compensate for the reduced neutrino flux.


We appreciate the comment by Sampietro et al. on our article.1 We did not collect specific information on statin use in the current study. We, thus, cannot examine whether statin use was associated with altered risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Further studies are warranted to understand a relationship between lipid-lowering medication use and risk of ICH. We agree with you that it is important to "obtain an optimal balance between cardiovascular risk reduction, hemorrhagic risk avoidance, and mitigation of side effects related to lipid-lowering therapy."


Background Occupational stress is one of the major occupational health hazards globally. This study investigated the current situation of and factors influencing the occupational stress of physicians and nurses in emergency departments (EDs) after contracting coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Methods An online questionnaire survey was conducted among physicians and nurses in EDs in China between January 5 and 8, 2023. A general descriptive analysis of variables was conducted, the differences in the occupational stress of physicians and nurses in EDs with different characteristics were analyzed using the chi-square test, and factors influencing occupational stress were investigated using generalized ordinal logistic regression. Results Of the 1924 physicians and nurses in EDs who contracted COVID-19, 64.71% considered their occupational stress high or very high, with overly intense work as the primary stressor. Those with ≥ 10 years of work tenure, working in tertiary hospitals and with higher professional titles were more stressed, while females, nurses, those with a master's degree or higher, and those who continued to work after contracting COVID-19 were less stressed. There were differences in the predictors of occupational stress between physicians and nurses. Conclusion China's physicians and nurses in EDs had high occupational stress after contracting COVID-19. Attention should be given to the occupational mental health of physicians and nurses in EDs, and training on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection should be strengthened.


Refining Computerized Physician Order Entry Initiatives in an Adult Intensive Care Unit by Chevita Fuller MSN, Walden University, 2010 BSN, Macon State College, 2005 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University September 2014 Abstract Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is used in healthcare organizations to improve workflow processes and transcription, as well as to prevent prescribing errors. Previous research has indicated challenges associated with CPOE for end-users that predispose patients to unsafe practices. Unsafe CPOE practices can be detrimental within the intensive care unit (ICU) setting due to the complexity of nursing care. Consequently,Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) is used in healthcare organizations to improve workflow processes and transcription, as well as to prevent prescribing errors. Previous research has indicated challenges associated with CPOE for end-users that predispose patients to unsafe practices. Unsafe CPOE practices can be detrimental within the intensive care unit (ICU) setting due to the complexity of nursing care. Consequently, end-user satisfaction and understanding of CPOE and electronic health record (EHR) functionality are vital to avoid error omissions. CPOE initiatives should be refined post system implementation to improve clinical workflow, medication processes, and end-user satisfaction. The purpose of this quality improvement project was to refine CPOE system initiatives and develop an e-learning educational module to facilitate end-user understanding of and satisfaction with CPOE. The Iowa model of evidence-based practice, Lean methodology, and Provider Order Entry User Satisfaction and Usage Survey (POESUS) were used to guide the study. An e-learning module was implemented to increase staff understanding of the newly implemented CPOE system, and a plan was provided for ongoing data collection and investigation of end-user satisfaction and medication inadequacies with the CPOE system. A mixed-method design was recommended to key stakeholders to identify the impact of the e-learning course and refined CPOE initiatives on both end-user satisfaction and patient outcomes in the medical-surgical ICU. Findings from the study informed the impact of e-learning educational modules with CPOE system implementation. Those in organizations implementing advanced technology such as CPOE and EHR systems in critical care settings will find this paper of interest. Refining Computerized Physician Order Entry Initiatives in an Adult Intensive Care Unit by Chevita Fuller MSN, Walden University, 2010 BSN, Macon State College, 2005 Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Nursing Practice Walden University August 2014 Dedication This project is dedicated to my earthly confidant and high-school sweetheart, Keat Fuller. Thank you for being a devoted husband and father, and most importantly, a genuine friend. You have been there during the most challenging and defying moments in my life, and your continued words of encouragement and adoration does not go unnoticed. Words cannot express my gratitude for your unwavering support and listening ear during the many callings placed upon my life. I could not have asked for anyone greater to share my life with ... the saga continues! Acknowledgments To my children, Darius, K'vian, and Keona, your existence, love, and admiration has been the foundation of my future ... you all are a true blessing from God, and without each of you providing your own unique petitions, I would not have the drive and ambition to press forward or pursue my dreams. Your existence has granted favor in my life. I love you! To my mother, Arma, thank you for instilling prayer and the word of God ... my spiritual faith and guidance have served me well. I would like to express my appreciation and heartfelt thanks to my mentor, Dr. Hartley. Thank you for guiding my research and allowing me to grow as a doctorial professional under your leadership and guidance, which are built upon a foundation of excellence. Your commitment and dedication to excellence do not go unnoticed. You definitely have a true calling, and I commend your perseverance and leadership. I would also like to thank my project chair, Dr. Mercy Popoola, and my committee members, Dr. Mary Verklan and Dr. Andrea Jennings, for your support, time, and guidance with the DNP project. To Walden's entire DNP staff, thank you for leading a DNP program that is dedicated to social change and a culture of excellence. Above all, I would like to give thanks to my Heavenly Father for leading, guiding, and directing my path when I thought the possible was impossible. My spiritual guidance and "mustard seed" faith have kept me grounded and gave me a reason to press forward during the many oppositions of life ... He saw the best in me!


Jewish Thornhill, located in Vaughan, York Region, was intentionally designed and planned as a walkable Jewish suburb. Though it is an auto-oriented suburb, Thornhill is also a walkable neighbourhood that caters to the distinct needs of its large Jewish community. Orthodox Jews require ready access to kosher food; they also require synagogues within walking distance as they do not drive cars or take transit on the Sabbath or Jewish holidays. The master planning of Thornhill was made possible by developers who recognized the Jewish community's predictable migration pattern along Bathurst Street and purchased land in Thornhill two decades before the Jewish community had reached Thornhill. Topics that were researched for this paper included walkability, Toronto's Jewish history, the intersection of religion and urban planning, and smart growth.


Background: Choriocarcinoma is a rare form of cancer which commonly occurs in women of reproductive age, rarely in post-menopausal women and in women under 20 years of age. Methods & Results: We report an unsuspected case of uterine choriocarcinoma with lung metastasis in a 27 year-old woman who presented to a medical ward with a history of prominent respiratory, but also genital and gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions: The presented case report emphasizes the need for sophisticated diagnostic technology to enable early diagnosis and correct treatment. Furthermore the case highlights the need for healthcare workers to consider rare causes of respiratory signs and symptoms.


Preoperative preparation in pheochromocytoma is usually performed by alpha-adrenergic blockers. We retrospectively reviewed the efficiency of phenoxybenzamine, prazosin, and doxazosin in preoperative preparation. Phenoxybenzamine was used for preoperative preparation of 21 pheochromocytoma patients, prazosin was used in 11 patients, and doxazosin was used in 17 patients. Intraoperative and early postoperative blood pressure records and postoperative volume replacement records were reviewed. Intraoperative hypertension occurred in 17 patients in the phenoxybenzamine group (81%), eight patients in the prazosin group (73%), and 14 patients in the doxazosin group (82%). There was no statistical difference among the groups (P > 0.05). There was also no significant difference between postoperative blood pressure measurements and the operative and postoperative volume replacements. We have found that there were no significant difference in the operative and postoperative blood pressure and plasma volume control among the three groups. We conclude that pheochromocytoma surgery is safe with any of these preoperative medications.


BACKGROUND
According to the 2014 WHO Global Atlas of Palliative Care, there is insufficient access to palliative care services worldwide, with the majority of unmet need in low- and middle-income countries. In India, there are major disparities in access to palliative care, with the majority of services being offered by non-governmental organizations (NGOs) scattered throughout the country. The barriers to expanding palliative care services in India are common to many lower- and middle-income countries-a lack of financial resources, a paucity of trained staff, and a focus on curative rather than comfort care. In this paper, we describe a model of palliative care being used by CanSupport, a non-governmental organization based in Delhi that was formed in 1996. They offer home-based services provided by multidisciplinary teams consisting of a physician, nurse, and social worker who are trained in palliative care.

METHODS
Data on patient demographics, services provided, and outcomes were collected retrospectively for patients treated by CanSupport for the year 2009-2010. Sources include CanSupport's population data and direct discussions with CanSupport staff.

RESULTS
During the year 2009-2010, CanSupport served 746 patients, with an average of 10 home visits per patient. Only 29% of patients were referred from hospitals or physicians, with the rest being self-referred or referred from CanSupport's help line. Pain scales were administered on each visit and 31% of patients received morphine. Of the 514 patient deaths, 76% occurred at home and a majority of families received bereavement counseling for up to 6 months.

CONCLUSIONS
CanSupport has shown that a home-based care model can be successful in India and is desired by patients at the end of life or with chronic illness. Their model of care saves the patients the cost of a hospital visit while still providing evaluation by staff with training in palliative care. In addition, the multidisciplinary nature of the teams allows for symptom management and emotional counseling for both the patients and their families. CanSupport has developed a way to provide reliable, cost-effective palliative care to patients that can serve as a model for building palliative care capacity in low- and middle-income countries.


We are in an era of uncertainty over whose rules will govern global economic integration. With the growing market share of Chinese firms and the power of the Chinese state it is unclear if Western firms will continue to dominate transnational governance. Exploring these dynamics through a study of contract rules in the global cotton trade, this article conceptualizes commodity chain governance as a contested process of institution-building. To this end, the global commodity chain/global value chain (GCC/GVC) framework must be revised to better account for the broader institutional context of commodity chain governance, institutional variation across space, and strategic action in the construction of legitimate governance arrangements. I provide a more dynamic model of GCC governance that stresses how strategic action, existing institutions, and dominant discourses intersect as firms and states compete for institutional power within a commodity chain. This advances our understandings of how commodity chain governance emerges and changes over time.


Influence of preparation conditions on the electrical conductivity, dissipation factor, and hardness of silicone rubber vulcanized by the condensation reaction using dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst was studied. Thickness of rubber specimens and amounts of catalyst added were varied. Electrical properties were measured at 20–200°C for rubber specimens heat-treated at 200°C for 10 h under various conditions, for example, heat treated in air, but in a sealed state in order to inhibit volatilizaions of the catalyst and vaporization of by-products, or heat treated in a dry nitrogen atmosphere, in order to avoid oxidation and hydrolysis of the catalyst. Furthermore, the catalysts and byproducts were volatilized in air from both surfaces of the specimen in order to accelerate volatilization. Degradation of silicon rubber with heat treatment was elucidated by hardness measurements and hardness dependence of the electrical conductivity of the specimens was analyzed.


Let E be a Frechet space, a fundamental system of seminorms on E and U, for every k . E is called asymptotically normable, if there is a , such that for every , there is a p so that the seminorms and define equivalent topologies on . It is easy to see that in this case , is in fact a norm. This class of spaces appears in investigations about the structure of Frechet spaces and about the behaviour of their operators as a natural counterpart of the class of quasi-normable spaces introduced by Grothendieck [4].While the quasi-normable Frechet spaces E are those which admit an -type condition (see[7]) and for which there exists a nontrivial Frechet space F with (see [8], [9], [13], [14]), the asymptotically normable Frechet spaces E are those which admit a DN-type condition (see [13] and below) and for which there exists a nontrivial Frechet space F with . Nontrivial here could mean: an infinite dimensional nuclear Kothe space. In [7] it is shown that the quasi-normable spaces are the quotient spaces of standard spaces of the form where E is a Banach space and a matrix with for all k and We show that the asymptotically normable spaces are the subspaces of these standard spaces. They are the smallest class of Frechet spaces which contains the nuclear Kothe spaces with continuous norm, the Banach spaces and is closed under -tensor products and subspaces.The main tool for that is Theorem 3.3. For Schwartz spaces asymptotic normability coincides with countable normability in the sense of Gelfand-Shilov. We show by an example that this even for Montel spaces is not the case.


OBJECTIVE
To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and impact factors on hospitalization of Plasmodium vivax (P.vivax) since initiation of national malaria elimination program, so as to facilitate the adjustment of technical guideline in response to the epidemic changing of malaria in China.

METHODS
The data of individual P. vivax case (probable and confirmed) and population during 2011-2014 were collated from China National Notifiable Infectious Disease Reporting Information System, and the data of epidemiological investigation for individual P. vivax case (imported and indigenous) during 2011-2014 were collected from China Parasite Disease Prevention and Control Information System. All of the data didn't include China's Hongkong, Macao, Taiwan and foreign cases. The risk factors on hospitalization were explored by multiple factors variable binary classification unconditioned logistic regression model.

RESULTS
During study period of four years, a total of 5 656 Plasmodium vivax cases were detected. Among them, 69.9% (3 951 cases) were imported cases and 30.1% (1 705 cases) were autochthonous cases. The male cases accounted for 82.7% of all cases. Among the autochthonous cases, 535 cases (31.4%) occurred in the cross-bordering areas, and 577 cases (33.8%) were reported in the junction of difference provinces. The amount of autochthonous cases decreased from 1 363 cases in 2011 to 53 cases in 2014, and the county affected by autochthonous cases was shrunk from 185 counties to 10 counties. The proportion of autochthonous cases introduced by domestic migrants increased constantly, which reached 41.5% in 2014. The imported cases were detected from 614 counties of 30 provinces, who were originated from 57 overseas countries of 4 continents, with Southeast Asia being the leading origins (2 772 cases, 70.2%). There were 1 494 cases hospitalized for treatment, with the male (OR=1.41, 95%CI: 1.16-1.71), 14 years old and younger (OR=2.26, 95%CI: 1.44-3.56), and oversea imported cases (OR=2.73, 95%CI: 2.30-3.25) were the high risk group for hospitalization.

CONCLUSION
The scale and scope of P. vivax occurrence decreased dramatically since initiation of malaria elimination grogram in 2010. However, the risk of P. vivax introduction by the overseas imported cases and domestic migrants should be highlighted.


The country is served by over 66 development banks with a wide network of branches supported by technical consultancy organisations with Industrial Development Bank of India acting as an apex institution for coordinating their diverse financing and promotional activities. These include 18 State Financial Corporations (SFCs). The strategies, policies and industrial promotional efforts of these corporations subserve the larger national objectives of rapid industrial growth, balanced regional development, self-reliance, employment generation and equitable distribution of income and means of production. A fairly long experience of working and performance of SFCs is available. Quite a few attempts have been made to study the performance of SFCs. A vast volume of secondary data on various aspects of performance of SFCs is available. Most important sources of secondary data are IDBI publications, viz. Operational Statistics, Report on development Banking, Performance of SFCs during Sixth Five Year Plan - A Statistical Profile and Annual Reports of SFCs. An attempt has been made in the present study to evaluate the comparative operational and financial performance of the Punjab Financial Corporation (PFC) and the Haryana Financial Corporation (HFC). Both the corporations are guided by identical national objectives, and function under identical rules and regulations. Therefore, one would expect that the factors, which determine the supply side of development finance for two SFCs, are identical, except the management and economic and socio-political environment. Hence, there is a case for a comparison of the performance of two SFCs. The operational performance has been measured over a period of 23 years from 1967-68 to 1989-90 in terms of the following variables: (a) total assistance sanctioned and disbursed; (b) assistance sanctioned and disbursed to small scale industries (SSI); and (c) assistance sanctioned and disbursed to backward areas (BW). Total loans sanctioned and disbursed indicate contribution to industrialization and economic growth. Loans sanctioned and disburse to small scale industries indicate contribution to the objective of industrialization with employment generation and reduction of concentration of economic power. Assistance to backward areas contribute to correction of regional imbalance within each state. Thus, the above indicators are operational performance indicators in terms of the main objectives of the national economic policy. Recovery of loans indicate the managerial performance in terms of, correct choice of projects which perform better, implementation and control. Overdues, likewise, are the inverse measure of managerial effectiveness. Total amounts of loan recovery and overdues reflect managerial effectiveness when taken as ratios of total demand and loans outstanding respectively. Thus, these indicators have been studied along with other financial ratios for financial performance, though these indicators also reflect to some extent operational performance. Often, operational performance of SFCs is studied by measuring variables at current prices. Obviously, this distorts the temporal picture of performance. To make correction for such inflationary distortions, the data have been deflated by the all commodity whole sale price indices, with base 1970-71. The analysis has been done both in terms of current price and at 1970-71 prices. However, the broad conclusions have been by and large drawn only on the basis of constant prices. To capture the trend precisely, best fit models have been chosen for each variable out of the following five models : (1) Y = a + bX; (2) Y = a + bX + cX2 ; (3) lnY = a + bX; (4) lnY= a + blnX; (5) Y= a +lnX, where ln stands for natural logarithm. The criterion for choice has been primarily the value of coefficient of determination, R2. However, in some cases where a quadratic model improved R2 slightly at the cost of significance of b and /or c, a simpler non-quadratic model has been preferred. For computing growth rates, equation (3) has been employed. To test the significance of coefficients, t-test has been applied. IDBI evaluates the financial performance of SFCs in terms of the following seven ratios: (a) debt to equity ratio; (b) debt-service coverage ratio; (c) return on investment; (d) cost of borrowings; (e) administration cost as a percentage of average total assets; (f) recovery as a percentage of total demand; and (g) overdues as a percentage of loan outstanding. It many be mentioned that IDBI may be using these ratios, keeping in view their own organizational objectives. But to have a more comprehensive look, we have used seven additional well-known ratios. These 14 ratios have been classified into two categories: (a) solvency ratios; and (b) profitability ratios. The period of analysis is eleven years from 1978-79 to 1988-89. To assess the solvency position of PFC and HFC, following six ratios have been computed and analyzed: (a) debt to equity ratios; (b) cost of borrowings; (c) debt service coverage ratio; (d) overdues as percentage of loans outstanding; (e) recovery as a percentage of total demand; and (f) share of net refinance in total business of SFCs. To assess profitability of operations of PFC and HFC, following eight ratios have been computed and analyzed: (a) administration cost as a percentage of total income; (b) administration cost as a percentage of average total assets (c) interest on bonds, deposits and borrowings as a percentage of interest on loans and advances; (d) return on investment (ROI); (e) return on owners' investment (ROOI); (f) earnings per share; (g) dividend payout ratio; and (h) plough back to share holders equity. There was a definite policy change regarding the system of accounting in SFCs in the year 1984-85 from accrual basis to cash basis. Therefore, the values of financial ratios, viz. Debt to equity ratio, debt service coverage ratio, administrative cost as a percentage of total income, interest on bonds deposits and borrowings as percentage of interest on loans and advances, ROI, ROOI, EPS, dividend pay out ratio, and plough back to share holders equity became incomparable over the entire period of the study. For these ratios, the computations and comparisons have been separately made for the period 1978-79 to 1983-84 and 1984-85 to 1988-89. To test the significance of the difference between the financial performance of PFC and HFC on different criterion, Mann-Whitney's U-test has been applied. The operational performance of PFC is better than that of HFC. PFC seems to have an edge over HFC with respect to overdues as percentage of loans outstanding and recovery performance. But, profitability of operations of HFC is better than that of PFC. This may be due to comparatively larger portion of PFC's total disbursements going to backward areas, where assistance is given at a concessional rate of interest. This points to the hypothesis that the impact of unfavorable socio-economic environment of Punjab has been more than compensated by comparatively more entrepreneurship, and more effective management of PFC . Obviously, there is a need for a comprehensive study into managerial effectiveness in decision making, implementation and control for various SFC's and differential qualities of entrepreneurship drawing assistance from PFC on one hand and from HFC on the other. The change in accounting system of two SFC's from accrual basis to cash basis from the accounting year 1984-85 is a step in the right direction. It prevents window-dressing in the financial results of SFCs. Prior to 1984-85, interest expense to interest-income ratio was quite low, depicting better profitability of operations, of SFCs, but the cash position of the two SFCs was critical, because of delay in collections of interest-income amount and high default ratios. The results of this study indicates that of a more meaningful picture of the financial performance, SFCs and refinancing institutions like IDBI should calculate the operational performance at constant prices and not at current prices. This will take care of the distortions arising out of inflationary tendencies.


The application of a high-throughput reaction platform for performing parallel microwave synthesis in sealed HPLC/GC vials contained in a strongly microwave-absorbing silicon carbide plate is described. The use of aluminum crimp caps with PTFE coated silicone septa in combination with an appropriate plate sealing mechanism allows processing of reaction volumes from 0.5-1.5 mL at temperatures of approximately 250 degrees C and pressures of up to approximately 20 bar. A library of 39 2-styrylquinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives was prepared in a two-step/one-pot parallel fashion involving the initial three-component condensation of four anthranilic acids with acetic anhydride and ammonium acetate at 250 degrees C for 30 min. This was followed by catalyst-free condensation of the resulting 2-methylquinazolinones with a selection of 15 aromatic aldehydes. Compared to single-mode sequential microwave synthesis, the overall processing times for library synthesis could be significantly reduced.


An effective presentation of components at the workstation can have a significant impact in reducing assembly time. Our goal is to develop optimal presentation plans based on design for assembly theory. The assembly factors recognized as relevant to both parts acquisition and assembly workstation layout are recognition, orientation, weight, and handling distance. This study considers a single manual operator at an assembly station, with the components in rectangular bins of differing sizes and aspect ratios. Ninety degree rotations of the bins are allowed for minimizing potential handling distance. The assembly task is modeled with multiple assembly points representing the final location of the components. Components may or may not be preoriented in the bins, with preorientation removing the recognition and orientation time penalties. The problem formulation employs Mixed Integer NonLinear Programming (M1NLP), and numerical evidence suggests an NP-hard problem. Heuristic methods reduce computational effort to practical levels for realistic assembly tasks. Our results show that numerical optimization of assembly workstation layout can reduce the expected level of difficulty over random or manual workstation design methods.


Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the use of mean platelet volume (MPV) as a marker in the diagnosis of gastric cancer and the prognostic importance of follow-up after treatment. Methods: A total of 296 individuals (148 healthy and 148 patients having gastric cancer) between January 2010 and July 2018 were included the study. The possible importance of MPV elevation in diagnosis and prognosis of this cancer type was evaluated. Results: The mean MPV of the healthy participants was 8.45±0.94 fL, while the mean preoperative MPV value of the patients with gastric cancer was 10.04±0.97 fL (p<0.001). The follow-up of MPV level in the gastric cancer patients revealed a significant change (p<0.001). No crucial difference was observed in MPV level according to tumor characteristics or cancer stage (p>0.05). A significant difference in the MPV level was seen with respect to overall survival, while no significant difference was found for disease free survival (p=0.009 and p=0.353). Conclusion: High MPV level may be warning when evaluated together with the patient's clinical findings for the prognosis and diagnosis of gastric cancer. It is a noninvasive, simple hematology parameter that requires no additional cost and it may have even greater significance when used with other markers for gastric cancer.


A completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart (CAPT-CHA) offers a way for Web service providers to make some conclusions about whether a "user" is human or robot. Process of CAPTCHA recognition is a combination of efforts, approaches, and software that attempts to increase accuracy to an acceptable level. Of course, it's hard to define this level, but we've found that it often starts from 5 percent accuracy. We've covered the most popular CAPTCHA approaches here but not all of them. Most users know how to use the more commonly used graphical CAPTCHAs, so designers must have serious reasons to migrate to other, more difficult-to-break, approaches. After all, CAPTCHAs aim to determine legitimate users, not alienate them.


Pain relief was evaluated in 40 patients with various types of deafferentation pain that were treated with dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions produced with microsurgical lasers. Good long-term pain relief was evident in some paraplegics and in all patients with brachial plexus avulsion. Several other small subgroups of patients benefited from laser DREZ lesions as well. Pain associated with arachnoiditis and peripheral nerve injury or neuropathy did not respond to laser DREZ lesioning. Based upon the smaller lesion dimensions produced with the lasers, it is proposed that interruption of impulses in the tract of Lissauer may be a mechanism of pain control in patients that responded to laser DREZ lesions.


This paper provides synchronization conditions for networks of nonlinear systems. The components of the network (referred to as "compartments" in this paper) are made up of an identical interconnection of subsystems, each represented as an operator in an extended L2 space and referred to as a "species." The compartments are, in turn, coupled through a diffusion-like term among the respective species. The synchronization conditions are provided by combining the input-output properties of the subsystems with information about the structure of the network. The paper also explores results for state-space models, as well as biochemical applications. The work is motivated by cellular networks where signaling occurs both internally, through interactions of species, and externally, through intercellular signaling. The theory is illustrated by providing synchronization conditions for networks of Goodwin oscillators.


Animals, in the age of biotechnology, are the subjects of a myriad of scientific procedures, interventions, and modifications. They are created, altered, and experimented upon--often with highly beneficial outcomes for humans in terms of knowledge gained and applied, yet not without concern also for the effects upon the experimental subjects themselves: consideration of the use of animals in research remains an intensely debated topic. Concerns for animal welfare in scientific research have, however, been primarily directed at harm to and suffering of animal subjects and their prevention. Little attention has been paid to the benefits research might potentially produce for animals themselves and the interests that some animals may therefore have in the furtherance of particular avenues of science.


The frequency of chromosome aberrations per traversal of a nucleus by a charged particle at the low dose limit increases proportionally to the square of the linear energy transfer (LET), peaks at about 100 keV/micron and then decreases with further increase of LET. This has long been interpreted as an excessive energy deposition over the necessary energy required to produce a biologically effective event. Here, we present an alternative interpretation. Cell traversed by a charged particle has certain probability to receive lethal damage leading to direct death. Such events may increase with an increase of LET and the number of charged particles traversing the cell. Assuming that the lethal damage is distributed according to a Poisson distribution, the probability that a cell has no such damage is expressed by e-cLx, where c is a constant, L is LET, and x is the number of charged particles traversing the cell. From these assumptions, the frequency of chromosome aberration in surviving cells can be described by Y = alpha SD + beta S2D2 with the empirical relation Y = alpha D + beta D2 in the low LET region, where S = e-cL, alpha is a value proportional to LET, beta is a constant, and D is the absorbed dose. This model readily explains the empirically established relationship between LET and relative biological effectiveness (RBE). The model can also be applied to clonogenic survival. If cells can survive and they have neither unstable chromosome aberrations nor other lethal damage, the LET-RBE relationship for clonogenic survival forms a humped curve. The relationship between LET and inactivation cross-section becomes proportional to the square of LET in the low LET region when the frequency of a directly lethal events is sufficiently smaller than unity, and the inactivation cross-section saturates to the cell nucleus cross-sectional area with an increase in LET in the high LET region.


A bit heap is a data structure that holds the unevaluated sum of an arbitrary number of bits, each weighted by some power of two. Most advanced arithmetic cores can be viewed as involving one or several bit heaps. We claim here that this point of view leads to better global optimization at the algebraic level, at the circuit level, and in terms of software engineering. To demonstrate it, a generic software framework is introduced for the definition and optimization of bit heaps. This framework, targeting DSP-enabled FPGAs, is developed within the open-source FloPoCo arithmetic core generator. Its versatility is demonstrated on several examples: multipliers, complex multipliers, polynomials, and discrete cosine transform.


Source and Description: Direct genomic sequencing revealed a C to A polymorphism 65 nucleotides in front of exon 19 (nucleotide 3601-65) of the CFTR gene that is causative defective in cystic fibrosis (CF) (1). This polymorphism generates cleavage sites for Hinfl and MboII and is useful as an intragenic marker for the assignment of marker haplotypes of known CF mutations and for carrier screening and prenatal diagnosis in CF families with yet unknown mutations in CFTR.


Inline inspection data from several runs spanning many years is available for individual pipeline segments, but compilation of this data into a comprehensive picture of pipeline integrity necessarily relies on computational tools. A critical advantage of modern data storage, analysis, and visualization techniques is the relative ease of performing statistical assessments of integrity operations. Data from a single user of OneBridge Solution's software may comprise over 1,000 in-line inspections (ILI) runs, hundreds of pipe segments, several million aligned anomalies, and thousands of repair records. Automated alignment of ILI data allows a single physical anomaly to be reliably tracked through many years of growth and repeated measurement and then correlated to repair records.
 We present a study of cases where ILI anomaly measurements warranted a dig operation in which repair actions were either performed or found to be unnecessary. The fraction of dig operations leading to a productive repair varies with the condition triggering the dig and discretionary choices about dig condition parameters. The analysis is done through the exploration of different methods of corrosion growth forecasting in use by operators and how they compare. The measures that have been taken into consideration for the purpose of this study include half-life vs. pit-to-pit where the effectiveness of identifying and mitigating fast-growing anomalies is compared across models. Further exploration of how forecasting and building a dig program based on pit-to-pit alignments and a comprehensive growth model through the advances in data science and machine learning can bring efficiency improvements and an overall reduction in risk.
 We analyze the relationship between these parameters, ILI measurements, repair-to-dig ratios and the impact on operational spend. We examine whether a reduction in overall inspection frequency and expenses is possible through advanced growth modeling. Ultimately this would provide a more accurate view of long-term operating costs and allow for operators to consider scenarios relating to repair and replacement of assets.


Students' cognitive processes while their learning activities strongly influence the effectiveness of education. The indicators of such processes can be determined using an electroencephalogram analysis and, as a consequence, the success of educational process as a whole can be predicted. For this analysis, alpha and beta rhythms are traditionally used. It may be of interest to use complex indicators, characterizing several rhythms, and alternative types of rhythm, for example, theta rhythm, to improve measurement accuracy. To make it possible to use theta rhythm and to assess the level of understanding and interest of the text viewed, the preliminary experiment was carried out. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the maximum value of the dominant frequency of theta rhythm was observed in case of uninteresting or unfamiliar reading. The effect of font size on the performance of cognitive processes was also studied.


In this paper we study germs of holomorphic functions f: (C "+I, 0) + @ with the following two properties: (i) the critical set P off is a l-dimensional isolated complete intersection singularity (icis); (ii) the transversal singularity off in points of P {0} is of type A, We first compute the homology of the Milnor fibre F off in terms of numbers of special points in certain deformations. Next we show that the homotopy type of the Milnor libre F off is a bouquet of spheres. There are two cases: (a) general case S" v . v S", (b) special case S"-' v s" v v S".


Taxing revenue plays important role in budgeting of every country and region. One of regions that depends on its revenue from restaurant taxing sector is regency of West Pasaman. Therefore, regional taxing management becames more crutial and affected by the customer loyalty. Among the broad factors that are able to impact restourant taxing customer namely servise quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this research is to inversigate the intervening role of customer satisfaction on the relationship between service qualiti dimensions and customer loyalty. This research conceptualizes the service quality to have five dimensions namely tangibles, empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance. The research population is all restaurants taxing customer located in regency of West Pasaman which accounted for 98 people and considered as research respondent. In order to conduct hypotheses development, this research performs multiple regression analysis by using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0 . The result of analysis shows that 1) Dimensions of empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance significantly influence restaurant taxing customer loyalty, while dimension of tangible did not have significant effect. 2) Dimensions of tangibles, empathy, reliability, responsiveness and assurance significantly influence restaurant taxing customer satisfaction . 3) Customer satisfaction significantly influences restaurant taxing customer loyalty. 4) Customer satisfaction plays as intervening variable on the relationship between dimensions of empathy, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and restaurant taxing customer loyalty. 5) The results of analysis provide practical contribution and recommendation to enhancing customer satisfaction by implementing better service quality. K eywords : Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction and Restaurant Taxing Customer Loyalty.


ABSTRACT The trajectory of the Kuroshio, the western boundary current in the north Pacific, influences regional climate. It intrudes into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait, resulting in the exchange of water, nutrients, heat, and salt between the Pacific and SCS. It has been reported that the trajectory of the Kuroshio has varied with decadal climate changes. However, there has been no report of an observation-based estimate of the variation in the Luzon Strait transport. Here, a 50-year, high-resolution coral skeletal radiocarbon (Δ14C) dataset from 1946 to 1994 is reported from Currimao, northwest of Luzon Island. Δ14C has been used as a sensitive tracer of seawater, and our data indicates a significant increase in Δ14C from 1946 to 1994 related to atmospheric nuclear bomb testing, with more rapid increase in the SCS than in the Pacific. The unusual, rapid Δ14C increase in the 1950s found in our SCS corals together with seasonal variation in Δ14C will helps constrain physical oceanographic models for the western Pacific, including the SCS.


Tourism and hospitality have been recognized as leading economic sectors globally. Before the outbreak of COVID-19, it was estimated that the tourism and hospitality sector was growing by around 4% each year. Although the economic-efficiency-led hypothesis of the tourism and hospitality sector is strong, there is another perspective related to tourism and hospitality. That is, tourism and hospitality are not as "green" as they were supposed to be. Indeed, this sector is known for its outsized carbon footprint. It is estimated that, if not managed efficiently, the GHG contribution of the tourism sector will grow in the future. Specifically, the hotel business accounts for 1% of total global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), which is huge. Responding to these significant issues, this study investigates the relationship between the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities of a hotel enterprise and employees' pro-environmental behavior (PEB). The mediating role of environmental-specific transformational leadership (ESTFL) and the moderating role of green perceived organizational support (GPOS) were also tested in the above relationship. The data were collected by the employees through a self-administered questionnaire. The hypothesized relations were statistically investigated by using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings revealed that CSR activities of a hotel not only influence employees' PEB directly, but the mediating role of ESTFL was also significant. At the same time, the conditional indirect role of GPOS was also confirmed. This study offers different theoretical and practical insights, which have been discussed in detail.


With the advent of immersion lithography, high numerical aperture (NA) and Hyper-NA (NA > 1.0) exposure tools, comes the task of understanding the impact of polarization and possibly how to master these effects for further resolution enhancements. In the past, the lithographic community has for the most part been able to ignore the polarization incident to mask, polarization induced by the 3D mask effects, and any residual polarization provided by the pupil, but with the combination of these high-NA exposure tools and the use of extreme off-axis illumination techniques, neglecting these polarization effects could be disastrous. Previous works have rigorously accounted for the polarization influences from the illumination source and within a thin film for an immersion and dry process using the Calibre vector-diffraction model 1-2. This paper will expand upon this study to include the mask and pupil polarization effects from the first order perspective and from the higher-order interactions with the four polarizations commonly found within a lithographic exposure system. It will propose possible resolution enhancement techniques by manipulating polarization in the optical path and at the mask in a hyper-NA exposure environment.


Background: The incidence and outcome of pulmonary aspergillosis in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are unknown and have not been fully addressed. We investigated the incidence, risk factors and outcome of pulmonary aspergillosis in COVID-19 ECMO patients. In addition, the diagnostic utility of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and CT scans in this setting were assessed. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study on incidence and outcome of pulmonary aspergillosis in COVID-19 ECMO patients by reviewing clinical, radiological, and mycological evidence. These patients were admitted to a tertiary cardiothoracic centre during the early COVID-19 surge between March 2020 and January 2021. Results and measurements: The study included 88 predominantly male COVID-19 ECMO patients with a median age and a BMI of 48 years and 32 kg/m2, respectively. Pulmonary aspergillosis incidence was 10% and was associated with very high mortality. Patients with an Aspergillus infection were almost eight times more likely to die compared with those without infection in multivariate analysis (OR 7.81, 95% CI: 1.20–50.68). BALF GM correlated well with culture results, with a Kappa value of 0.8 (95% CI: 0.6, 1.0). However, serum galactomannan (GM) and serum (1–3)-β-D-glucan (BDG) lacked sensitivity. Thoracic computed tomography (CT) diagnostic utility was also inconclusive, showing nonspecific ground glass opacities in almost all patients. Conclusions: In COVID-19 ECMO patients, pulmonary aspergillosis incidence was 10% and associated with very high mortality. Our results support the role of BALF in the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis in COVID-19 ECMO patients. However, the diagnostic utility of BDG, serum GM, and CT scans is unclear.


Intradermal nevocelluar nevus is a very common hamartomatous neoplasm of the skin. The author herein reports two tumors of intradermal nevocelluar nevus in the neck occurring in a 55-year-old woman. The tumors were characterized histologically by typical intradermal nevocelluar nevus with significant areas of adenoid or glandular formations. In both tumors, hair follicles were seen in centers of the tumors. The cellular features of the adenoid areas were the same as those of solid areas. In solid areas, vague vacuolated and obvious vacuolated cells were recognized in some areas. In solid areas of the surface and lateral areas of the tumors also showed clear cut adenoid features without vacuolations. The adenoid features showed mild depositions of hemosiderins. There were gradual merges between solid areas and adenoid or glandular areas. Histochemically, the tumor cells including adenoid structures had glycogen, but had no mucins. Immunohistochemically, cells of both tumors were strongly positive for S100 protein, vimentin, NSE, NCAM, and bcl-2, and were weakly positive for synaptophysin and chromogranin. The tumor cells showed low cell proliferative potential; the Ki-67 labeling index was 2%. The tumor cells including adenoid structures were negative for CK AE1/3, CK CAM5.2, desmin, smooth muscle actin, HMB45, p53, p63, CD31, laminin, type 4 collagen, CEA. CD34, CA125, CA19-9, CD45, GFAP, KIT, PDGFRA, CD68, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, EMA, MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6. These histological, histochemical, and immunohistocheimical findings strongly suggested that the present two tumors with adenoid structures belong to intradermal nevocelluar nevus. The formation of the adenoid architectures in the intradermal nevocelluar nevus was discussed. Possible mechanisms appear loss of cell adhesions molecules. The adenoid structures seem not to be degenerative ones. Pathologists should be aware that intradermal nevocelluar nevus may show adenoid structures to avoid diagnostic confusions, for example adenoma and adenocarcinoma of skin appendages. The occurrence of this hitherto undescribed condition in two intradermal nevocelluar nevus in a patient may imply genetic lineage. To elucidate the mechanisms of adenoid structures in intradermal nevocelluar nevus seems future work.


In order to start designing a new hypersonic wind tunnel, it is important to have a pre-view about physical phenomena in a typical Hypersonic Wind Tunnel (HWT). In present research, it is tried to view phenomenologically the aerodynamics of flow in a typical HWT by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The considered HWT consists of a curved nozzle in nominal Mach number 12, free-jet type test section, a test model and a convergent-divergent diffuser. Aerodynamics of flow in the nozzle exit and test section, conical shock wave system in the diffuser and flow over a standard model (HB-2) are investigated. A method is introduced for numerical simulation of capturing the free shear layer in free-jet test section based on the vorticity distribution of flow. The aerodynamics behavior of HB-2 model is investigated in various Mach numbers and flow domains. The results make a better view of some aerodynamic phenomena in a free-jet type test section of wind tunnel that are rarely considered. This research is conducted towards the project of designing and manufacturing the industrial hypersonic wind tunnel for Qadr Aerodynamic research Center.


Objective. To determine the incremental effect of allergic rhinitis on health care resource use in children with asthma. Design. Population-based historical cohort study. Setting. Data in a general practice database in the United Kingdom during 1998 to 2001. Patients. Children 6 to 15 years old with asthma and with ≥1 asthma-related visits to a general practitioner (GP) during a 12-month follow-up period. Main Outcome Measures. Asthma-related hospitalizations, GP visits, and prescription drug costs during the 12-month follow-up period for patients with and without comorbid allergic rhinitis. Results. Of 9522 children with asthma, 1879 (19.7%) had allergic rhinitis recorded in the GP medical records. Compared with children with asthma alone, children with comorbid allergic rhinitis experienced more GP visits (4.4 vs 3.4) and more of them were hospitalized for asthma (1.4% vs 0.5%) during the 12-month follow-up period. In multivariable regression analyses, comorbid allergic rhinitis was an independent predictor of hospitalization for asthma (odds ratio: 2.34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.41–3.91) and was associated with increases in the number of asthma-related GP visits (mean increase: 0.53; 95% CI: 0.52–0.54) and asthma drug costs (mean increase £: 6.7; 95% CI: 6.5–7.0). The association between allergic rhinitis and higher costs of prescriptions for asthma drugs was independent of asthma severity, measured indirectly by the intensity of use of asthma drugs. Conclusions. Children with comorbid allergic rhinitis incurred greater prescription drug costs and experienced more GP visits and hospitalizations for asthma than did children with asthma alone. A unified treatment strategy for asthma and allergic rhinitis, as recommended by the Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma initiative, might reduce the costs of treating these conditions.