The approval of Directive 2000/60/EC, better known as the Water Framework Directive (WFD), resulted from efforts to create a coherent approach to water policy at the European scale. It requires surface waters (rivers, lakes, wetlands and transitional and coastal waters) to attain good ecological and chemical status and establishes quantitative and chemical standards for groundwater. The WFD required a significant shift in priorities, goals and operational procedures by placing the emphasis on ecosystem protection and ecological health as a means to guarantee the availability of sufficient good quality water to meet sustainable needs. By establishing the river basin as the pre-eminent geographical scale for water management, it also explicitly recognized that any policy aiming at protecting European waters necessarily had to deal with the policies that guided activities in the surrounding watershed. The discussion and approval of the WFD coincided with a growing debate about, and advocacy for, a paradigm shift in water management. The shift was the expression, in the field of water resources management, of a transformation in the way we understand the relationship between society and nature, reflecting changes in other realms of our socioeconomic environment. The new approach results from the need to acknowledge the hybrid nature of water, emphasizing the complexity of the ecological, socioeconomic, technological, cultural and institutional processes that are intertwined in discourses and understandings of water. Claims about the legitimacy of intervention no longer reside exclusively in the realms of authority and privileged knowledge. Rather, legitimacy now depends on shared definitions of both problem and potential solutions. The evolving water management paradigm thus results from the fact that we are dealing with complex and reflexive socioecological systems and there are diverse incommensurable and equally valid interpretations of our physical environments. In the context of uncertainty, complexity, differing world views and high stakes that characterize water management challenges, new governance approaches have been offered as panaceas to effectively handle them. Most significant among them is the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), which promotes the principles of integration, participatory management approaches, and the use of economic instruments to achieve water policy goals. The WFD is perhaps the most comprehensive and far reaching attempt to align water management policy and practice along these principles. An evaluation of its implementation can therefore throw some light on the potential for these management prescriptions to successfully deal with the challenges that are inherent to problems of complex socio-ecological systems This dissertation contributes to a significant body of scholarly work that has studied the European experience with the WFD by critically analyzing the experience of its implementation from three complementary theoretical perspectives that refer three of the four pillars of the WFD: the scalar choices that derive from the application of the IWRM approach to water resources management that the WFD embodies; the use of economic instruments to achieve water policy goals; and the emphasis on public information, consultation and participation to legitimize water planning and management decisions and improve the effectiveness of the Directive. Through the analysis of the geographically specific case of Spain, it questions the underlying assumptions that justify this approach to European water governance and tries to discern whether the policy goals have been met. The analysis is presented through three articles that have been published in peer reviewed academic journals and a fourth publication, of a more normative nature, that reviews the evolution of water policy in Spain with a particular focus on the post-WFD implementation period. The first article (Chapter 4) summarizes the state of the art of the current debate on scalar politics and water governance. In this context, the paper reviews the territorial and organizational evolution of river basin authorities in Spain, since their origins in 1926 as Confederaciones Sindicales Hidrograficas, to their situation in 2015, in light of the current critical approach to the river basin as the unquestionable scale for water governance. It analyzes the complex process of adjustment of the river basin management approach to the politicaladministrative division of the state into increasingly powerful Autonomous regions that emerged with the advent of democracy in the 1970s, and the ensuing reconfiguration of areas of influence, division of authority, and emergence of power conflicts that are still unresolved. The paper argues that when discussing 'spatial fit' issues dealing with natural resources management, special attention should be given to ensuing changes in social relationships and power structures that each option entails, within their specific historical and geographical context. The second article (Chapter 5) discusses the way economic instruments are being promoted as a desirable alternative to public sector action in the allocation and management of natural resources. The case of water is at the vanguard of these processes and is proving to be particularly contentious. In the European Union water policies are increasingly emphasizing the application of economic instruments to improve the allocative equity and economic efficiency in the use of scarce resources. However, there are few analyses of how these instruments are really working on the ground and whether they are meeting their objectives. The paper aims to contribute to this debate by critically analyzing the experience with water markets in Spain, the only country in the European Union where they are operative. It looks at water permit sales during the 2005-2008drought period using the Tajo-Segura transfer infrastructure. The paper describes how the institutional process of mercantilizacion of water works in practice in Spain. It shows that the use of markets requires an intense process of institutional development to facilitate and encourage their operation. Additionally it argues that these institutions tend to favor the interests of clearly identifiable elites, instead of the public interest they supposedly promote. The third article (Chapter 6) looks at the shift from hierarchical-administrative water management toward more transparent, multi-level and participated governance approaches that has brought about a shifting geography of players, scales of action, and means of influencing decisions and outcomes. In Spain, where the hydraulic paradigm has dominated since the early 1920s, participation in decisions over water was traditionally limited to a closed water policy community, made up of economic water users, primarily irrigator associations and hydropower generators, civil engineering corps and large public works companies. The river basin planning process under the WFD presented a promise of transformation, giving access to non-economic water users, environmental concerns and the wider public to water-related information on planning and decision-making. This process coincided with the consolidation of the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by the water administration, with the associated potential for information and data generation and dissemination. ICTs are also increasingly used by citizen groups and other interested parties as a way to communicate, network and challenge existing paradigms and official discourses over water, in the broader context of the emergence of 'technopolitics'. The paper investigates if and in what way ICTs may be providing new avenues for participated water resources management and contributing to alter the dominating power balance. We critically analyze several examples where networking possibilities provided by ICTs have enabled the articulation of interest groups and social agents (what we call citizen water networks - CWN) that have, with different degrees of success, questioned the existing hegemonic view over water. The critical review of these cases sheds light on the opportunities and limitations of ICTs, and their relation with traditional modes of social mobilization in creating new means of societal involvement in water governance. It also shows that the low democratic profile of current water management institutions in Spain clearly hinders ICTs' potential to democratize decision-making processes. Without a real willingness to open up true spaces of deliberation where all actors can participate in conditions of equality, the role of ICTs will remain one of strengthening CWNs' organizational capabilities and ability to obtain and generate information, but will not alter the basic framework for water policy-making. The final article (Chapter 7) complements the more theoretical focus of the previous chapters and from a normative perspective analyzes the evolution of Spanish water policy since the approval of the 1985 Water act. It focuses on the post-WFD implementation period (from 2003 onwards) and on the role economic water users, environmental interests and engaged citizens have played in the achievement of some key WFD-related water policy goals: environmental objectives; public and user participation in water planning and management; and use of economic instruments to achieve water policy goals. Relying on a review of different examples and experiences, the paper concludes that the necessary transformation in water policy goals, operations and procedures required by the implementation of the WFD has not taken place. The traditional water policy community has resisted this transformation and largely continues to dominate water policy decision-making. At the same time, in the context of the WFD a variety of citizen water networks that defend the patrimonial values of water have develop


OBJECTIVE
Family health history is important to clinical care and precision medicine. Prior studies show gaps in data collected from patient surveys and electronic health records (EHRs). The All of Us Research Program collects family history from participants via surveys and EHRs. This Demonstration Project aims to evaluate availability of family health history information within the publicly available data from All of Us and to characterize the data from both sources.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Surveys were completed by participants on an electronic portal. EHR data was mapped to the Observational Medical Outcomes Partnership data model. We used descriptive statistics to perform exploratory analysis of the data, including evaluating a list of medically actionable genetic disorders. We performed a subanalysis on participants who had both survey and EHR data.

RESULTS
There were 54 872 participants with family history data. Of those, 26% had EHR data only, 63% had survey only, and 10.5% had data from both sources. There were 35 217 participants with reported family history of a medically actionable genetic disorder (9% from EHR only, 89% from surveys, and 2% from both). In the subanalysis, we found inconsistencies between the surveys and EHRs. More details came from surveys. When both mentioned a similar disease, the source of truth was unclear.

CONCLUSIONS
Compiling data from both surveys and EHR can provide a more comprehensive source for family health history, but informatics challenges and opportunities exist. Access to more complete understanding of a person's family health history may provide opportunities for precision medicine.


Our previous study demonstrated that sepsis may decrease the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) of the diaphragm at 24 h, and thus improve the antagonistic action of neostigmine on rocuronium. The present study aimed to determine the effects of sepsis on AChE activity over 2 weeks, which is a more clinically relevant time period. Furthermore, the present study aimed to elucidate the association between AChE activity and its expression at the NMJ during sepsis. Male adult Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham or sepsis groups. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture. On days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after surgery, AChE activity at the NMJ of the diaphragm was detected using a modified Karnovsky and Roots method. Furthermore, AChE expression levels at the NMJ, and in the whole muscle fibers of the diaphragm, were detected by immunohistofluorescence staining and western blot analysis, respectively. AChE activity was significantly decreased in the sepsis group, with its lowest level detected on day 7; however, its activity had partially recovered on day 14 (P<0.01). AChE activity was positively correlated (r=0.975, P=0.025) with its expression at the NMJ, which showed a similar trend over 2 weeks of sepsis. The protein expression levels of AChE in the whole muscle fibers of the diaphragm were significantly decreased on days 1, 3 and 7 in the sepsis group (P<0.01), with the lowest level observed on day 3. In conclusion, sepsis decreased AChE activity by reducing its expression at the NMJ over 14 days; the reduced expression of AChE at the NMJ might be as a result of its reduced muscular production.


The term "microbial insecticides" is defined here in the broad sense to include microbial metabolites or entomopoisons produced by micro-organisms. Examples include Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin which is very active against many lepidopterous and dipterous larvae, beauvericin, a toxic metabolite of the fungus, Beauveria bassiana, and other entomopathogens which might not produce any toxic metabolite at all but arc mass-produced, formulated, and ' applied as conventional insecticides. As of now, microbial insecticides are not in operational use in Nigeria. However, there is a basis for the detection, isolation, and subsequent development of naturally occur in entomopathogens. Different commercial products have also been tested if only on a small scale in the laboratory or field. This paper reviews the beginnings of insect pathology/microbial control in Nigeria. It also discusses the, advantages, prospects and problems of microbial insecticides as a component of integrated pest management in agriculture and public health in this part of the world.


The majority of colon cancers occur sporadically. They are thougth to be caused by non-inherited factors such as a combination of diet and environmental factors, which result in somatic mutations of specific genes. Among dietary factors butyrate which is derived from fermentable fibers may have important role as chemoprotector against colorectal cancer. The source of butyrate in daily diet mostly come from wheat products especially wheat bran. At molecular level, butyrate causes hystone acetylation, favours differentiation, induces apoptosis and regulates the expressions of various oncogens. These effects suggest that butyrate may be protective against colorectal cancers . (Med J Indones 2003; 12: 127-31) Keywords: colon cancer, dietary fiber, apoptosis


ABSTRACT A compelling body of international research demonstrates that a positive, supportive teacher-student relationship is essential for students' development, especially for at-risk students. In this article, the educator's ability to build such relationships is discussed in terms of 'relational competence'. Special educators' relational competence is a largely unexplored topic. This article contributes by reporting on an interview study with 21 experienced special educators. The study focuses on the educators' perceptions of their relationships and relational competence. Two research questions (RQs) are explored: (1) What is the role of social relationships in (successful) work as a special educator? and (2) How is the relational competence of special educators realised in practice? The results are presented in themes and subthemes, and are supported by significant quotes. Regarding RQ 1, the study shows that the informants perceive positive social relationships as fundamental in their work and relational competence as particularly important in their profession. The results for RQ 2 show that relational competence is realised by an accepting attitude in the 'here and now'; by finding a personal connection to the student; and by building trusting relationships over a longer period of time. Comments on implications for special education teacher preparation are provided.


The unprecedented growth, eventual take-over of half the mortgage market and ultimate failure of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac stems from the decision-making strategies of the companies' managers. Using a three-period backwards-induction analysis, this article first explores the history and unilateral benefits the government conferred upon the two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs), and then explains, through the lens of opportunistic managers, why and how Fannie and Freddie engaged in systemically risky activity that ensured their bailouts. I show that although both the decisions and methods of the GSEs' expansions were fraught with moral hazard problems and created a giant burden on taxpayers, the managers acted in a logical manner to maximize shareholder wealth while simultaneously mitigating risk. Thus, the blame for the GSEs rests on the United States' economic policies covering homeownership, which lacked the appropriate mechanisms to monitor and measure the potential harm of Fannie and Freddie. The article concludes with an overview of the Dodd-Frank Act and its ability to prevent future managers from engaging in this type of opportunistic behavior.


Chronic wasting disease (CWD) causes damage to portions of the brain and nervous systems in deer and elk and eventually results in death. The disease has been spreading rapidly throughout the Rocky Mountain Region and its economic and biological impacts have made this problem both scientifically and socially important. Previous efforts for modeling the spread of the disease have focused on simulating stochastic individual interactions between deer using standard epidemic models. We propose a hierarchical Bayesian model that captures the spatial and temporal components of the disease spread and incorporates multiple data types. Critical to our model are differential equations used to represent disease dynamics, the hierarchy which aggregates the individual interactions in both space and time, and the Bayesian formulation which naturally incorporates available data to estimate parameters in the model. The Bayesian formulation makes prediction into the future possible, which is a useful addition to disease management efforts.


We consider a metric of the Kerr - Schild family which gives the geometry of spacetime in the presence of a charged particle undergoing arbitrarily accelerated motion with the anisotropic emission of null fluid. An interpretation in terms of the flow of energy and momentum in the background flat spacetime shows that the null fluid provides the input of energy and momentum necessary to accelerate the particle with the emission of electromagnetic radiation. The classical electromagnetic radiation reaction term arises naturally in the analysis. There is no gravitational radiation.


Abstract : Looking at past offsets - gaining an advantage over an adversary - might provide insight to the institutional Army on how to develop and implement a Third Offset. Although an examination of history may not point to the answer for the Third Offset, it may bring to light the factors that made past offsets successful and offer a model that leaders can use as they wade through the options. Coming out of the Vietnam War, the Chief of Staff of the Army and the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) commanders recognized that the Army needed to change, used the 1970s to develop that change, and then was able to integrate its technology investments/acquisitions to complement new doctrine. Although there was a Department of Defense effort to use technology as a force multiplier to offset the Soviets, senior leaders had already realized this need by the time Secretary Harold Brown and Undersecretary Perry undertook technology investments in the late 1970s. The Army was able to complement Brown and Perry's effort due to doctrinal changes and investments already made. TRADOC worked to understand how its technology/acquisition investments complemented its operational concepts and doctrine and to ensure that these investments would prove successful in meeting the threat. There was a role to play both for concepts (devised to meet the strategic environment) and technology/acquisition innovation in the Second Offset.


To the Editor:— InThe Journal, July 25, pages 267-269, in an article entitled "Hyperventilation in Abdominal Surgery," Dr. T. J. Ryan concludes that "carbon dioxide is of no value in the prevention of postoperative pneumonia." This conclusion is drawn from a group of 135 cases in which, at the close of abdominal operations, carbon dioxide was administered only once, for about three minutes, and a control group of 276 in which carbon dioxide was not administered. The morbidity is reported as 2.2 per cent for those who received the inhalation and 1.4 per cent for those who did not, and the mortality as 0.74 per cent for those treated and 0.36 per cent for those who were not. Obviously, if these figures are significant they indicate, not merely that carbon dioxide is without value in the prevention of postoperative pneumonia, but rather that this treatment tends to increase the


A sexually dimorphic nucleus exists in the dorsal region of the ferret preoptic/anterior hypothalamic area (POA/AH), and is called the male nucleus of the POA/AH (MN-POA/AH) because it is found only in males. Development of the MN-POA/AH was studied in male ferrets, and for comparison a sexually nondimorphic ventral POA/AH nucleus was studied in both sexes. The MN-POA/AH was conspicuous in males as early as embryonic day 37 (E37) of a 41-day gestation, and its volume increased until postnatal day 56 (P56). No nucleus was present in the dorsal POA/AH of females at any age. The densities and average somal areas of cells in the dorsal POA/AH were similar in males and females at E33, before the MN-POA/AH could be visualized. However, at E37 and E41 dorsal cells were greater in density and/or somal area in males than in females, accounting for the appearance of a nucleus in males at these ages. To insure that the dorsal POA/AH nucleus seen in males at E37 and E41 was the presumptive MN-POA/AH present in adult males, pregnant ferrets were given progesterone and either implanted subcutaneously (s.c.) with testosterone (T) or ovariectomized and implanted s.c. with the aromatase inhibitor, 1,4,6-androstatriene-3,17-dione (ATD), on day 30 of gestation. As predicted from previous studies in which subjects were sacrificed in adulthood, formation of a dorsal POA/AH nucleus was promoted in female ferrets by T, and blocked in males by maternal ovariectomy and ATD treatment for animals sacrificed at E41. Much evidence suggests that behavioral sexual differentiation is accomplished in the male ferret between age E28 and P20. The MN-POA/AH is present and potentially functional in males during a considerable portion of this perinatal period.


Polymer solar cells have been shown to degrade under X‐rays. Here, in situ polymer photovoltaic performance and recombination lifetimes are measured and it is found that charge accumulation is the primary reason for degradation of solar cells. This is affected by the mixing ratio of donor and acceptor in the bulk heterojunction. Both a quantitative understanding and the physical model of the degradation mechanism are presented. Understanding of the degradation mechanism is extended in polymer donor–acceptor bulk heterojunction systems to propose a material combination for making radiation hard diodes that can find important application in fields ranging from memory arrays to organic X‐ray detectors for medical imaging.


Span-based models are one of the most straightforward methods for named entity recognition (NER). Existing span-based NER systems shallowly aggregate the token representations to span representations. However, this typically results in significant ineffectiveness for long-span entities, a coupling between the representations of overlapping spans, and ultimately a performance degradation. In this study, we propose DSpERT (Deep Span Encoder Representations from Transformers), which comprises a standard Transformer and a span Transformer. The latter uses low-layered span representations as queries, and aggregates the token representations as keys and values, layer by layer from bottom to top. Thus, DSpERT produces span representations of deep semantics. With weight initialization from pretrained language models, DSpERT achieves performance higher than or competitive with recent state-of-the-art systems on eight NER benchmarks. Experimental results verify the importance of the depth for span representations, and show that DSpERT performs particularly well on long-span entities and nested structures. Further, the deep span representations are well structured and easily separable in the feature space.


Hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative because it can be derived from a renewable energy sources and used in fuel cells with high efficiency and thus appears as the most promising alternative to fossil fuels. Among the various biological processes known to produce biohydrogen, dark fermentation offers an excellent potential for practical application such as treatment of organic wastes. However, commercialization of the process depends on advances in bioprocess design and optimization along with an understanding of the structure of biohydrogen producing communities and their improvement. The present paper highlights the major factors affecting biohydrogen production as well as the importance of consortium development and molecular understanding of the microorganisms involved in the process toward the realization of a stable hydrogen economy. Further, technological advancements based on improved bioreactor designs and integrated systems based on process economy have been discussed. Based on the recent research on dark fermentative hydrogen production, several new findings and achievements in the field have been highlighted.


Neuronal plasticity is considered to be the neurophysiological correlate of learning and memory and changes in corticospinal excitability play a key role in the normal development of the central nervous system as well as in developmental disorders. In a previous study, it was shown that quadri-pulse theta burst stimulation (qTBS) can induce bidirectional changes in corticospinal excitability (1). There, a quadruple burst consisted of four single-sine-wave (SSW) pulses with a duration of 160 μs and inter-pulse intervals of 1.5 ms to match I-wave periodicity (666 Hz). In the present study, the pulse shape was modified applying double-sine-waves (DSW) rather than SSW pulses, while keeping the pulse duration at 160 μs. In two separate sessions, we reversed the current direction of the DSW pulse, so that its second component elicited either a mainly posterior-to-anterior (DSW PA-qTBS) or anterior-to-posterior (DSW AP-qTBS) directed current in the precentral gyrus. The after-effects of DSW qTBS on corticospinal excitability were examined in healthy individuals (n = 10) with single SSW TMS pulses. For single-pulse SSW TMS, the second component produced the same preferential current direction as DSW qTBS but had a suprathreshold intensity, thus eliciting motor evoked potentials (PA-MEP or AP-MEP). Single-pulse SSW TMS revealed bidirectional changes in corticospinal excitability after DSW qTBS, which depended on the preferentially induced current direction. DSW PA-qTBS at 666 Hz caused a stable increase in PA-MEP, whereas AP-qTBS at 666 Hz induced a transient decrease in AP-MEP. The sign of excitability following DSW qTBS at I-wave periodicity was opposite to the bidirectional changes after SSW qTBS. The results show that the pulse configuration and induced current direction determine the plasticity-effects of ultra-high frequency SSW and DSW qTBS at I-wave periodicity. These findings may offer new opportunities for short non-invasive brain stimulation protocols that are especially suited for stimulation in children and patients with neurological or neurodevelopmental disorders.


A detailed, genetic stratigraphic framework for paleoceanographic studies can be derived by describing, correlating, interpreting, and predicting stratigraphic sequences relative to a hierarchy of their constituent time-stratigraphic transgressive-regressive units ("T-R units"). T-R unit hierarchies are defined and correlated using lithostratigraphic and paleoecologic data, but correlations can be enhanced or "checked" (tested to confirm or deny) with objective biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, or chemostratigraphic data. Such chronostratigraphies can then be bracketed by radiometric ages, so that average periodicities for T-R units can be calculated and a hierarchal geochronology derived. T-R units are inferred to be the net depositional result of eustatic cycles of sea level change and can be differentiated from autocyclic deepening-shallowing units because the latter are noncorrelative intrabasinally. Boundaries between T-R units are conformable or unconformable "genetic surfaces" of two types: transgressive surfaces and "climate change surfaces". The latter are useful for correlating minor transgressive phases through nonmarine intervals, thereby deriving information linking paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic processes. Permo-Carboniferous sequences can be analyzed relative to a hierarchy of six scales of genetic T-R units having periodicities of 225–300 m.y. (first order), 20–90 m.y. (second order), 7–13 m.y. (third-order), 0.6–3.6 m.y. (fourth order), 300–500 × 10³ years (fifth order), and 50–130 × 10³ years or less (sixth-order). Paleogeographic maps for the time of maximum transgression ("transgressive apex") of successive fifth-order T-R units (5–25 m thick) in the Glenshaw Formation (Upper Pennsylvanian, Northern Appalachian Basin) delineate delta lobes, embayments, islands, and linear seaways. Relative extent of marine inundation on the fifth-order maps was used to delineate fourth-order T-R units, and the fourth-order T-R units constitute the transgressive half of a third-order T-R unit. This third-, fourth-, and fifth-order hierarchy is correlated more than 1200 km (750 miles) to the Western Interior "Basin," and is confirmed with limited objective biostratigraphy.


Soil fertility depletion in smallholder farms is one of the fundamental biophysical causes for declining use per capita food production in Ethiopia. In the present study, resource flow analysis was made at catchment scale in northern Ethiopia, analyzing nutrient balances. JMP 5, a computer program for statistics and used in applications such as design experiment and scientific research was used to process and to analyze the data of different resources flow into and out of the watershed. Nutrient balances for N, P and K from four nutrient fluxes entering and four nutrient fluxes leaving the watershed were calculated. Some of the fluxes (e.g. wet deposition and gaseous losses) were estimated using transfer functions. At the catchment level, full nutrient balance results indicate a depletion rate of  -42.5 to 13.1 kg N ha-1year-1 (for the rich) and -32.7 kg N ha-1 year-1, -11.8 kg K ha-1year-1 (for the medium) in the upper landscape, -49 kg N ha-1 year-1, -14.3 kg K ha-1 year-1 ( for  the rich) and -28.5 kg N ha-1 year-1, -11.8 kg K ha-1 year-1 (for the medium) in the middle landscape, -57 kg N ha-1 year-1, -16.1 kg K ha-1 year-1 (for the rich) and  -33.5 kg N ha-1 year-1, -12.1 kg K ha-1 year-1 (for the medium) in the lower landscapes. Less negative value of nutrient balances of the poor socio-economic groups across the three landscapes shows N depletion in the poor socio-economic groups with -17.7kg N ha-1 year-1 and -5.59 kg K ha-1 year-1,  -21 kg N ha-1 year-1 and  -12.8 kg K ha-1 year-1 and -19.7 kg N ha-1 year-1, and -7.52 kg K ha-1 year-1 in the upper, middle and lower landscapes respectively. Soil nutrient stocks in all the landscapes were decreasing with the exception of phosphorus which is positive in all the landscapes. In the analysis, harvested crops (OUT1) and crop residues (OUT2) were the major cause for nutrients depletion.  It was calculated that the contribution of harvested crops (OUT1) and crop residues (OUT2) to N losses was 80.5%, and its contribution to K losses was 65.8%, therefore, application of organic and inorganic inputs, proper management of crop residues and sustaining soil conservation measures are very crucial.

 Key words: Resources flow, nutrient balances, soil fertility, landscapes, wealth status.


Tyrosine (Tyr) phosphorylation plays an essential role in signaling in animal systems. However, a few studies have also reported Tyr phosphorylation in plants, but the relative contribution of tyrosine phosphorylation to plant signal transduction has remained an open question. We present an approach to selectively measure and quantify Tyr phosphorylation in plant cells, which can also be applied to whole plants. We combined a (15)N stable isotope metabolic labeling strategy with an immuno-affinity purification using phospho-tyrosine (pY) specific antibodies. This single enrichment strategy was sufficient to reproducibly identify and quantify pY containing peptides from total plant cell extract in a single LC-MS/MS run. We succeeded in identifying 149 unique pY peptides originating from 135 proteins, including a large set of different protein kinases and several receptor-like kinases. We used flagellin perception by Arabidopsis cells, a model system for pathogen triggered immune (PTI) signaling, to test our approach. We reproducibly quantified 23 pY peptides in 2 inversely labeled biological replicates identifying 11 differentially phosphorylated proteins. These include a set of 3 well-characterized flagellin responsive MAP kinases and 4 novel MAP kinases. With this targeted approach, we elucidate a new level of complexity in flagellin-induced MAP kinase activation.


Theme: Accidents Health problems caused by the inadequacy of road safety measures have increased significantly and represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality among young people. A quantitative, descriptive and transversal study was performed contributing with information on safety and violence behaviours of adolescents from a school community in Vila Nova de Famalicao. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to 1,614 adolescents attending secondary and higher education in the academic year 2013/2014, aged between 14-21 years. From total participants, 56.9% were female and 86.5% attended secondary school. RESULTS showed that 34.5% travelled by motorcycle and 65.8% by bicycle, without a safety helmet. The young drivers (3.6%) did not always used the safety belt and 4.8% were driving after alcohol intake. Data shows a significant percentage of young people having road risk behaviours, highlighting the need for intervention in this area. Language: en


We completely solve the symplectic packing problem with equally sized balls for any rational, ruled, symplectic four-manifolds. We give explicit formulae for the packing numbers, the generalized Gromov widths, the stability numbers, and the corresponding obstructing exceptional classes. As a corollary, we give explicit values for when an ellipsoid of type E(a, b), with b a ∈ N, embeds in a polydisc P (s, t). Under this integrality assumption, we also give an alternative proof of a recent result of M. Hutchings showing that the embedded contact homology capacities give sharp inequalities for embedding ellipsoids into polydisks.


At a time of resource consumption, it is important to study the chemical composition of mining and metallurgical wastes to prevent the dissipative loss of metals and metalloids from the mining value chain. In particular, the recovery of critical elements from wastes is an option to increase the resources of such materials that are economically significant and have an overall supply risk. In this paper we report on the chemical composition, in particular the critical element content, of granulated slag originating from historical smelting activities in the Tsumeb area, Namibia. Laboratory-based inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses as well as portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) demonstrate that the slags are on average enriched in base metals (Cu 0.7 wt%, Pb 2.7 wt%, Zn 4.7 wt%), trace metals and metalloids (Cd approx. 50 mg/kg, Mo approx. 910 mg/kg) as well as critical elements (As approx. 6300 mg/kg, Bi approx. 3 mg/kg, Co approx. 200 mg/kg, Ga approx. 100 mg/kg, In approx. 9 mg/kg, Sb approx. 470 mg/kg). While metals and metalloids such as As, Mo and Pb can be determined reliably using pXRF instruments, the technique has inherent limitations in evaluating the contents of certain critical elements (Ga, Sb). However, there are positive correlations between the As, Mo, and Pb contents determined by pXRF and the Ga and Sb contents obtained through ICP-MS and XRF. Thus, quantitative pXRF analysis for As, Mo, and Pb allows calculation of Ga and Sb abundances in the slags. This work demonstrates that pXRF analysers are a valuable tool to screen smelting slags for their chemical composition and to predict the likely contents of critical elements.


Abstract The genus Orthopsyllus Brady & Robertson, 1873 (Harpacticoida, Orthopsyllidae) presently includes six species, as well as six subspecies considered within its type species. Orthopsyllus koprii, new species, is described from Barton Peninsula, Maxwell Bay, King George Island, Antarctica and can be distinguished from its congeners by the presence of an inner seta on the middle exopodal segments of P2 and P3. Orthopsyllus spinicaudatus Krishnaswamy, 1957 also carries an inner seta on these segments but differs in the presence of a single apical seta on the endopod of P2.


The arterial baroreflex is a fundamental reflex that buffers rapid changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) via regulation of the heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity to the vasculature. In adults a sigmoidal relationship between BP and both heart rate and sympathetic nerve activity is well documented. Its role in blood pressure control before birth is unclear. Preterm babies have a high incidence of low BP, especially in the first few days of life, which could be related, in part, to immaturity of the baroreflex. In the present study, we investigated the baroreflex control of fetal heart rate and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) in preterm fetal sheep in utero (102 +/- 1 days of gestation; term 140 days). Phenylephrine was associated with a significant increase in BP from 38 +/- 2 to 58 +/- 3 mmHg and a decrease in heart rate (HR) from 177 +/- 4 to 116 +/- 8 beats per minute (bpm). Sodium nitroprusside was associated with a significant fall in BP from 38 +/- 2 to 26 +/- 1 mmHg and an increase in HR from 182 +/- 4 to 274 +/- 8 bpm. However, the time between the 50% changes in BP and HR was significantly greater after hypotension than hypertension (31 +/- 8 s vs. 14 +/- 5 s, P < 0.05). No significant changes in RSNA occurred with either stimulus. This suggests that there are different maturational tempos for the components of the central autonomic response to altered blood pressure.


As our experience regarding the practice of deliberation grows, the position from which we evaluate it, and the criteria of this evaluation, change. This book presents a synthesis of recent research that has brought detailed and robust results. Its first section concerns contemporary challenges and new approaches to the public sphere. The second focuses on the Deliberative Poll as a specific deliberative technique and compares findings emanating from this practice in various political and cultural contexts. The third section addresses the challenge of determining what constitutes deliberative quality. Finally, the last section discusses democratic deliberation and deliberative democracy as they relate to the complex challenges of contemporary politics.


Recently, grapevines showing symptoms suggesting the 'bois noir' phytoplasma disease were observed in vineyards located in several central provinces of Iran. Polymerase chain reaction assays using phytoplasma universal primer pair P1A/P7A followed by primer pair R16F2n/R16R2 in nested PCR, confirmed the association of phytoplasmas with symptomatic grapevines. The results of RFLP analyses using HpaII, HinfI, MseI, RsaI, and TaqI restriction enzymes, indicated that grapevine phytoplasma isolates in these regions could be related to the 16SrXII group. Sequence analyses of the partial 16S rRNA gene confirmed that Iranian grapevine phytoplasmas are associated with 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani'. This is the first report of the 'bois noir' disease outbreak in Iran.


ABSTRACT Revitalization of post-industrial sites is a challenge. Holistic approaches based on integrated regional environmental management are necessary to prevent sites from becoming restricted-use liabilities. Maintaining site attractiveness and preventing ongoing environmental degradation are important aspects of sustainability in urban areas. This article describes methods for and examples of integrated regional environmental management systems. The incorporation of information on risk drivers, spatial and temporal components of exposure to various risks, and establishment of remediation and restoration priorities, allows such integrated regional management systems to provide best practices for decision-making in the context of multiple risk influences and a range of site end-uses. Methods allowing pre-evaluation of responses that correct site degradation and maximize the range of possible end uses are valuable tools for sustainable development. Evaluation of potential impacts, costs, and benefits of responses and end-use alternatives is important for achieving sustainable environmental, economic, social, and land-use objectives. Criteria for pre-evaluation of energy commitment, material requirements, and emissions to soil, water and air are considered for method development. The sample technologies were selected from databases collected from a framework of international projects.


Sarah Kane's Blasted deals with sensitive issues that generate a lot of controversy. She demonstrates anti-feminism in the play because of the way she has shifted the audience attention away from the sexual turpitude committed against the only female character (Cate) in the play; and how she places emphasis on the sexual abuse inflicted on Ian the male character. Questions that would possibly arise are: what is her insinuation? Is she trying to defend sexual violence against women? Does it mean that men have the right to rape? Why has she not taken sexual violence against the female character serious? Why is attention drawn to the male rape than the female rape? Does Kane try to portray a new view of rape? All these questions and many more could have been streaming through the viewers' mind. Notwithstanding, this paper attempts to examine the pedigree and degree of sexual misconduct in the Blasted and the reasons that make the writer draw the attention of the audience to the sexual abuse that men undergo rather than the common and popular one against the women. Thus, at the end of the play, the critical eye can make one realize that, Sarah Kane isn't an anti-feminist person but deep down in her, she cleverly defends women, presenting them as a figure with perseverance, love and strength despite all men's demonization about them; and this she reflects in Cate's character.


We point out a natural mechanism for quenching of star formation in early-type galaxies (ETGs). It automatically links the color of a galaxy with its morphology and does not require gas consumption, removal or termination of gas supply. Given that star formation takes place in gravitationally unstable gas disks, it can be quenched when a disk becomes stable against fragmentation to bound clumps. This can result from the growth of a stellar spheroid, for instance by mergers. We present the concept of morphological quenching (MQ) using standard disk instability analysis, and demonstrate its natural occurrence in a cosmological simulation using an efficient zoom-in technique. We show that the transition from a stellar disk to a spheroid can be sufficient to stabilize the gas disk, quench star formation, and turn an ETG red and dead while gas accretion continues. The turbulence necessary for disk stability can be stirred up by sheared perturbations within the disk in the absence of bound star-forming clumps. While other quenching mechanisms, such as gas stripping, active galactic nucleus feedback, virial shock heating, and gravitational heating are limited to massive halos, MQ can explain the appearance of red ETGs also in halos less massive than ∼1012  M ☉. The dense gas disks observed in some of today's red ellipticals may be the relics of this mechanism, whereas red galaxies with quenched gas disks could be more frequent at high redshift.


What does Heidegger mean by 'Dasein'? What does he say in Being and Time? How does his phenomenology differ to that of his teacher, Husserl?
 Answering these questions and more, The Heidegger Dictionary provides students with all the tools they need to better understand one of the most influential yet complex philosophers of the 20th century. Easy to use and navigate, this book is divided into four main parts, covering Heidegger's life, ideas and innovative terminology, related thinkers, and published and unpublished works.
 Updated with significant new material throughout, the 2nd edition has been expanded to engage with the latest Heidegger scholarship, and features:
 • A new A-Z section on Heidegger's influences, contemporaries, and commentators, from Martin Luther to Hannah Arendt and Jean-Paul Sartre
 • Summaries of Heidegger's entire 102-volume Collected Works, including the Black Notebooks
 • Expanded coverage of Heidegger's thought, with straightforward explanations of his views on modernity, science and more
 • An updated glossary of Heidegger's key terms, listing all the major translation alternatives alongside his original German
 Providing a road-map to how Heidegger's ideas developed over his long philosophical career, this is an essential research companion for all students of Heidegger, from beginners to the advanced.


The use of big data analytics for forecasting business trends is gaining momentum among professionals. At the same time, supply chain risk management is important for practitioners to consider because it outlines ways through which firms can allay internal and external threats. Predicting and addressing the risks that social issues cause in the supply chain is of paramount importance to the sustainable enterprise. The aim of this research is to explore the application of big data analytics in mitigating supply chain social risk and to demonstrate how such mitigation can help in achieving environmental, economic, and social sustainability. The method involves an expert panel and survey identifying and validating social issues in the supply chain. A case study was used to illustrate the application of big data analytics in identifying and mitigating social issues in the supply chain. Our results show that companies can predict various social problems including workforce safety, fuel consumptions monitoring, workforce health, security, physical condition of vehicles, unethical behavior, theft, speeding and traffic violations through big data analytics, thereby demonstrating how information management actions can mitigate social risks. This paper contributes to the literature by integrating big data analytics with sustainability to explain how to mitigate supply chain risk.


Objective: To analyze, using a literature review, Pulmonary Rehabilitation (RP) Programs in lung transplant. Methods: A literature review in July 2014 in Ebsco Host, Periodicos Capes, BVS and Science Direct data bases using descriptors in English ("lung transplantation", "lung transplant" AND/OR "rehabilitation") and Portuguese ("reabilitacao" AND/OR "transplante pulmonar"). The eligibility criterions were interventional studies of PR before and/or after lung transplant; participants who were candidates to lung transplant or lung transplant recipients; studies that applied any kind of PR program (hospital-based, homebased or outpatient) and articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese. Literature reviews, guidelines and case reports were excluded. The search process yielded 46 articles of which two were duplicated. After title and abstract screening 13 articles remained for full text reading. Six studies met the inclusion eligibility and were included in the review. Results: The studies involved patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Cystic Fibrosis, Pulmonary Hypertension, Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Pulmonary function, exercise capacity, quality of life (QoL) and quadriceps force were evaluated. Most interventions were outpatient programs with three months duration, three times a week and session with at least one hour. Protocols included physical training, educational approach and just one included nutritional, psychiatric and social assistant follow-up. The studies presented significant change in the six-minute walking distance, QoL and quadriceps force after PR programs. Conclusion: This review showed the benefits of the PR in the QoL and exercise capacity contributing to the Health Promotion of the patients.


Gypsum block soil water sensors were cast and the calibration for a sandy loam alfisol was carried out using an ordinary multimeter (VOM Multimeter, Model MT 120). A temperature correction chart was also developed for the sensors. The observed stable resistances at corresponding water contents were considerably higher than the resistances that have been reported elsewhere for soils in identical textural class using a special type of meter. The approach adopted in this study however yielded consistent results as demonstrated by the similarity of the shape of the calibration curve to that of the water retention curve of the experimental soil. This suggests that the approach may be useful in at least qualitative monitoring of soil water status JARD Vol. 2 2003: pp. 87-92


The environmental load of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced pavement was compared with that of steel reinforced pavement. Replacing steel rebars with FRP rebars can lead to changes in the concrete mix and pavement structure at the erection stage, to a reduced need for maintenance activities related to steel corrosion, and to different recycling opportunities at the disposal stage. The current study examined all of these variables. The environmental load of FRP reinforced pavement was found to be significantly lower than that of steel reinforced pavement. This results mainly from the fact that FRP reinforced pavement requires less maintenance, its cement content and concrete cover over reinforcement can be reduced, and the reinforcement itself generates a smaller environmental load.


Medicalization of human behavioral diversity is a recurrent theme in the history of psychiatry, and the problem of defining what is a genuine mental disorder is an unresolved question since the origins of clinical psychopathology. Darwinian psychiatry can formulate a definition of mental disorder that is value free and based on factual criteria. From an evolutionary perspective, genuine mental disorders are maladaptive conditions. The ultimate function of an adaptation is gene propagation via maximization of survival and reproduction. It follows that a distressing and/or disabling psychological or behavioral syndrome is a psychiatric disorder only if it impacts negatively on the individual's inclusive fitness. However, in many cases, an evolutionary definition of disorder cannot be reconciled with current social values. Thus, clinicians adopting the evolutionary approach should conform to the prevailing trend of contemporary medicine and accept that their task is to be healers of the distressed, not watchdogs of biological adaptation. These pragmatic considerations do not minimize the scientific validity of the Darwinian definition of mental disorders. Probably, its major contribution to psychiatric theory is the elimination of the necessity to find a brain lesion or dysfunctional mechanism to validate the distinction between disorders and non-disorders.


The industrial adoption of low-carbon technologies and renewable electricity requires novel tools for electrifying unitary steps and efficient energy storage, such as the catalytic synthesis of valuable chemical carriers. The recently-discovered use of microwaves as an effective reducing agent of solid materials provides a novel framework to improve this chemical-conversion route, thanks to promoting oxygen-vacancy formation and O2-surface exchange at low temperatures. However, many efforts are still required to boost the redox properties and process efficiency. Here, we scrutinise the dynamics and the physicochemical dependencies governing microwave-induced redox transformations on solid-state ion-conducting materials. The reduction is triggered upon a material-dependent induction temperature, leading to a characteristically abrupt rise in electric conductivity. This work reveals that the released O2 yield strongly depends on the material's composition and can be tuned by controlling the gas-environment composition and the intensity of the microwave power. The reduction effect prevails at the grain surface level and, thus, amplifies for fine-grained materials, and this is ascribed to limitations in oxygen-vacancy diffusion across the grain compared to a microwave-enhanced surface evacuation. The precise cyclability and stability of the redox process will enable multiple applications like gas depuration, energy storage, or hydrogen generation in several industrial applications.


The classical adage "Know Thyself" applies as much to individuals as to societies. Here a well-known philosopher and theorist of global society grapples with several recent global developments, and offers a new, seven-part theory of social and cultural change by way of a self-inquiry.


Transaction processing is a key constituent of the IT workload of commercial enterprises (e.g., banks, insurance companies). Even today, in many large enterprises, transaction processing is done by legacy "batch" applications, which run offline and process accumulated transactions. Developers acknowledge the presence of multiple loosely coupled pieces of functionality within individual applications. Identifying such pieces of functionality (which we call "services") is desirable for the maintenance and evolution of these legacy applications. This is a hard problem, which enterprises grapple with, and one without satisfactory automated solutions.
 In this paper, we propose a novel static-analysis-based solution to the problem of identifying services within transaction-processing programs. We provide a formal characterization of services in terms of control-flow and data-flow properties, which is well-suited to the idioms commonly exhibited by business applications. Our technique combines program slicing with the detection of conditional code regions to identify services in accordance with our characterization. A preliminary evaluation, based on a manual analysis of three real business programs, indicates that our approach can be effective in identifying useful services from batch applications.


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Owing to design limitations, heat exchangers are frequently forced to operate in the transitional flow regime, however, there exists no accurate measurements for both heat transfer and pressure drop in this region. In order to optimize a heat exchanger for maximum efficiency and minimum pressure losses, it is required to design it for the transitional flow regime. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to obtain accurate Nusselt numbers and pressure drop coefficients for water flowing through a horizontal smooth tube with a constant wall temperature. Heat transfer and pressure drop measurements were conducted on a 5.33 mm tube at Reynolds numbers ranging from 1 000 to 5 000.Copyright © 2010 by ASME


Nanocarriers generally made of natural or artificial polymers ranging in size from about 10-1 000 nm, possess versatile properties suitable for drug delivery, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability, potential capability of targeted delivery and controlled release of incorporated drugs, and have been extensively used in the development of new drug delivery systems (DDS). These types of nano-DDS have considerable potential to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and recently have attracted increasing efforts on the TCM research and development. In this review, the recently published literature worldwide is covered to describe the latest advances in the applications as TCM delivery carriers, and to highlight the characteristics and preparation methods of some selected examples of promising nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanomicelles and nanoliposomes.


IN 1990, MARIANNA TORGOVNICK wrote an essay on "Experimental Critical Writing that impressed my youngish mind with her eloquently expressed desire to write in a new voice outside of the safe armour of academic prose, "writing as a person with feelings, histories, and desires--as well as information and knowledge" (10). Torgovnick wanted to do more than simply write for a "fairly narrow circle of critics": she wanted to be read by a larger audience. To court her readers, she would risk a "writerly writing " that would "take more chances than the standard scholarly style allows;' a "more direct and personal" writing (10). Such a combination of the personal and the critical always existed in the lyric poetics of certain writers that I clung to both inside and outside the classroom as an undergraduate and graduate student--those essays by William Carlos Williams, Ezra Pound, Robert Creeley, Charles Olson, Robert Duncan, Denise Levertov, Hugh Kenner, and Guy Davenport that I fancied as a greenhorn poet-disciple of the American projectivist writers. But here was Marianna Torgovnick, a freshly tenured professor leading by example, resisting the deadening effects of prof-speak and the constraints of institutional discourse. And Torgovnick's most recent book, one of her five to date, is The War Complex: World War II in Our Time, and it combines intimate eyewitness accounts of the aftermath of the attack on the New York World Trade Center towers, personal photographs, historical analysis, explorations of films and novels, and visits to European cities to research the profoundly persistent influence of World War II on contemporary life. I begin with Torgovnick's exemplary essay and book because these demonstrate the readerly and writerly dexterity that can be achieved by an English Department scholar who has resisted conventional disciplinary constraints on how we read and write. There are many ways to wiggle out of the disciplinary straitjackets that we weave for ourselves, and I understand that the consistent complaint of many of the respondents on the previous 2007 ACCUTE panel on "Why Should I Write Like That?" (especially Heather Murray, Kit Dobson, Len Findlay, and Julia Creet) was the problem of disciplinary constraints on writing. Most of us read and write well beyond the conventions of the old-fashioned literary-critical essay (however indefinable this Chimera might be), and most of us will concede that reading practices are as various as writing practices. I want to take this occasion, nevertheless, to engage in some shameless self-promotion of how I compel my students to read both closely and outside the boundaries of conventional literary texts and criticism, and to write outside the norms of conventional scholarship. Like Torgovnick, I want to foster forms of writing that are not merely vehicles for information but songs of experiential grappling with the personal and the everyday. I attempt to do this in various English courses but perhaps most pointedly and recently with fifty-six students in a senior undergraduate course at use titled "Reading and Writing 'Vancouver." This is a course (I flatter myself to think) that required a more proprioceptive and extratextual engagement with urban cultural life than simply reading the same old literature and doing the same old close analysis. What does "reading" Vancouver entail in this course? It means more than just deciphering the structural play of text and image in Doug Coupland's City of Glass, more than analyzing the elegant prose style of Madeleine Thien's Simple Recipes, or excavating the regional history and culinary protocols of Timothy Taylor's Stanley Park. Reading here includes looking at the commercial signage on Granville Street and scrutinizing the clothing styles of the urban flaneurs. Reading includes smelling the produce and baked goods on Keefer Street, listening to the prattle of gossip on a bus meandering down Hastings, scuffing the salt-scurfed planking with your heels on a Steveston waterfront pier. …


The analysis of the ESD protection devices supported by the advanced 2-D and 3-D mixed mode electro-thermal device and circuit simulation is presented. The influence of structure geometry on the electrical properties of ESD devices is studied. The optimization of the structure geometry allows down-shrink of the ESD protection device dimensions with further improvement of its main electrical parameters.


The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of methanolic extracts of the brown seaweed Sargassum swartzii (Turner) C. Agardh (Phaeophyta) and green seaweed Ulva reticulata Forsskal (Chlorophyta) were examined. S. swartzii and U. reticulata extracts at the dose of 500 mg/kg body weight showed analgesic effects in both acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain models. S. swartzii extract showed acute anti-inflammatory effect in both edemas in hind paw induced by carrageenan and peritonitis models, while U. reticulata extract only showed this effect on peritonitis. This only S. swartzii extract showed chronic anti-inflammatory effects (at the dose of 175 and 350 mg/kg body weight). Effects of these seaweed extracts were similar to those commonly used as analgesic and antiinflammatory reference drugs as aspirin (100 mg/kg), morphine (100 mg/kg), indomethacin (25 mg/kg) and prednisolon (5 mg/kg). No acute toxicity was observed after oral administration of each extract (up to 66 g/kg body weight of tested extracts). These results are in agreement with the claims of the health care industry and indigenous medicine that the stated seaweeds could be used as an effective remedy for inflammation-related symptoms and they can be good criteria for reducing effect of inflammation as well as inducing analgesic effect. Key words : Analgesic, anti-inflammatory, methanol extract, Sargassum swartzii, Ulva reticulata.


In this contribution we derive and analyze a new numerical method for kinetic equations based on a variable transformation of the moment approximation. Classical minimum-entropy moment closures are a class of reduced models for kinetic equations that conserve many of the fundamental physical properties of solutions. However, their practical use is limited by their high computational cost, as an optimization problem has to be solved for every cell in the space-time grid. In addition, implementation of numerical solvers for these models is hampered by the fact that the optimization problems are only well-defined if the moment vectors stay within the realizable set. For the same reason, further reducing these models by, e.g., reduced-basis methods is not a simple task. Our new method overcomes these disadvantages of classical approaches. The transformation is performed on the semi-discretized level which makes them applicable to a wide range of kinetic schemes and replaces the nonlinear optimization problems by inversion of the positive-definite Hessian matrix. As a result, the new scheme gets rid of the realizability-related problems. Moreover, a discrete entropy law can be enforced by modifying the time stepping scheme. Our numerical experiments demonstrate that our new method is often several times faster than the standard optimization-based scheme.


Objectives Recently, the role of night-shift work in breast cancer development has been intensively discussed. Common variants in genes that regulate the circadian system may modify the observed risks of shift work. Here, we hypothesised that circadian genes influence breast cancer risk and may modify the risk of night shift work to develop breast cancer. Material and Methods The population based case-control study Gene-Environment Interaction and Breast Cancer (GENICA) was conducted in the Greater Region of Bonn, Germany. Shift work and detailed shift work characteristics were assessed in subsequent telephone interviews. Thirteen polymorphisms in circadian genes AANAT, ARNTL, CLOCK, CRY2, MTNR1B, NPAS2, PER2, UGT1A, UGT1A6, UGT2B7, and UGT2B15 were genotyped. Associations between polymorphisms, shift work and breast cancer could be investigated for 1022 controls and 1014 cases. Risk estimates were calculated as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) conditional on age and adjusted for hormone replacement therapy, number of mammograms and familial breast cancer. Test for interactions as well as methods for Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction will be presented. Results First results indicate elevated risk estimates for polymorphism rs8150 of gene AANAT (GC + CC vs. GG: OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.01–1.36). In women that ever worked in shift for at least one year we found an elevated risk estimate for polymorphism rs10462028 in CLOCK gene (OR 3.53; 95% CI 1.09–11.42). Discussion Our study suggests that polymorphisms in circadian genes may be associated with breast cancer and may also modify the risks of shift work for breast cancer. However, the results are limited by low prevalence of night work and variant genotypes. Therefore a pooling of studies would improve the statistical power to analyse the influence of circadian genes in breast cancer development.


Abstract The endemic, Critically Endangered greater Bermuda land snail Poecilozonites bermudensis is known from only two relict subpopulations. Little is known of its habitat preferences in the wild. Observations of released zoo-reared P. bermudensis suggested an affinity for limestone, which we investigated on Port's Island. Previous qualitative observations on Port's Island suggested an aversion to the litter of the invasive tree Casuarina equisetifolia, which we examined. Additionally, we hypothesized that snail abundance would increase with elevation, distance from the sea, and with increased plant species diversity. During 2 May–14 June 2018, we found 558 live P. bermudensis at 70 sites across Port's Island. We found no correlation between the number of live snails at a site and either the number of plant species, elevation or distance from the shoreline, but snails were significantly less abundant at sites dominated by C. equisetifolia. Significantly more snails were found around limestone features, indicating future reintroductions and searches for any undiscovered subpopulations should focus on limestone features where C. equisetifolia is absent.


ABSTRACT Objectives This up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to examine the predictive validity of the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15) for screening depression in older adults aged over 65 years. Methods Electronic searches were performed on the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO database using the following keywords: depression, depressive disorder, major, geriatric depression scale, and geriatric depression scale short. The Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2 was applied to assess the risk of bias in diagnostic studies. Results Thirty-one studies that included 8,897 older adults were analyzed. The pooled sensitivity of the GDS-15 was 0.80 (95% CI:0.78 to 0.82), its pooled specificity was 0.79 (95% CI:0.78 to 0.80), the area under the curve (AUC) was 0.89 (SE = 0.01) and the Q* value was 0.82 (SE = 0.01). The subgroup analysis revealed that the pooled sensitivity and specificity of the GDS-15 were higher in older adults with normal cognitive function than in those with cognitive impairment. Conclusions These finding suggest that the GDS-15 may be more accurate for screening depression in older adults with normal cognitive function. Clinical implications The utility the GDS-15 may be restricted because its diagnostic accuracy is slightly lower among older adults with cognitive impairment.


Multi-jointed mechanical systems typically possess excess degrees-of-freedom, which often are neither required nor used in performing typical manipulation tasks. These excessive degrees of freedom then need to be reduced by application of constraints, either actively by suitable control or passively in hardware, prior to task performance. Our interest is in creating articulated manipulation assistive aids, which combine the motion flexibility due to the multiple articulations with the simplicity of reduced degree-offreedom control and actuation due to the presence of hardware mechanical constraints. Specifically we investigate the process of design and prototyping of such reduced-degree-of-freedom manipulators to closely approximate desired planar paths. We then examine design enhancements to permit easy reconfiguration for different sets of paths. Finally, special attention is paid to the creation of a prototype with the ability to be reconfigured for multiple sets of paths, by a controlled variation of the principal structural parameters.


The purpose of the present study was to perform a systematic review of the literature to investigate how and with what modifications or adaptations constraint-induced movement therapy has been employed in clinical practice for therapeutic interventions in children with cerebral palsy. Searches were conducted of the CAPES (Brazilian fostering agency) periodical portal, Pubmed, Bireme, Science Direct, Scielo and PEDro databases for relevant articles published between January 2010 and May 2016. The articles retrieved were evaluated, scored and qualified by two blinded reviewers using the Physical therapy Evidence Database Scale. The searches led to the retrieval of 102 articles, 12 of which were included in the present systematic review. A table was created containing information on the study groups, inclusion criteria, intervention, intervention frequency, difficulties encountered, evaluations and outcomes. Considerable variety was found in the therapeutic intervention models. The findings of the present review demonstrate that constraint-induced movement therapy in pediatric clinical practice is not employed in its original form. Although the studies analyzed did not have a common methodology regarding the use of this type of therapy, the method has been adapted with considerable flexibility, providing promising, positive results regarding the therapeutic intervention of the paretic upper limb in children with cerebral palsy.


The aim of this descriptive study, qualitative and quantitative in nature, was to analyze whether the content is broken down on the dance Political Pedagogical Project (PPP) in the Schools; presents itself as teaching dance classes in Physical Education and Art, which the teachers' knowledge of content in dance recommended National Curriculum, where importance is given to teaching dance at school and what are its limits. It was used a questionnaire with open and closed issues for sixty-four effective teachers of art and physical education of the public State and municipal network of a city in the State of Sao Paulo in Brazil. In summary, it was found that these teachers do not have an effective and collective participation during the process of construction of the PPP education; they know, but apply very little and with restrictions on the contents of dance suggested by PCN's of their respective disciplines, are basically relegated to the festivities school and dance are the difficulties faced by many teachers in the school dance. We conclude as necessary to unite and integrate these educators in favor of contents school dance, so she effectively occupy its space in Physical Education classes and Art.


One of the usage of soft steel sheet at human life among others as boat sheet. Existence of electrochemical reaction between metal and environment can cause the corrosion. Corrosion represent an situation having the destroying nature at most of all metal. Trial of rate of corrosion at soft steel sheet to sea water can be conducted by using overvoltage. Heavy change (losing of weight) of specimen will be progressively increase by increasing its test time.


Selection for manual tripping (MT) was effective in improving self-fertility (SF) in all populations and generations over original parents. Selection for MT was accompanied by improving fertility of open pollinated (OP) populations. Self-seed set (ST) was very poor. Some individual selections set seeds up to 88% in MT materials. The enigma of fertility, sterility and absence of inbreeding depressions in berseem was discussed. This was explained as inbreeding tolerance, due to selection for good vigor accompanying inbreeding. The results indicated that selection for high MT seed set could be accompanied by selection for good forage yield. An approach was suggested to develop new composite varieties characterized by high seed fertility and high forage yield. Improved selections for seed production was mainly due to profuse flowering and more flowers/ inflorescence, whereas improved forage yield was mainly due to more tillers / plant and to less degree of plant height. An approach was outlined to produce new composites with high seed setting and good forage. T. alexandrinum is self-compatible, but needs tripping to stimulate self seeds. This is mainly due to the relative position of male and female organs and the presence of bubbles on stigma. Molecular characterization revealed polymorphic differences between Io and selected inbred.


Wireless sensor networks are collections of autonomous devices with computational, sensing and wireless communication capabilities. Research in this area has been growing in the past few years given the wide range of applications that can benefit from such a technology. This paper reports on a joint project between The Tyndall National Institute and the Computer Science Department at University College Cork, Ireland in developing a novel miniaturised modular platform for wireless sensor networks. The system architecture, hardware and software are discussed as well as details of the deployment scenario chosen for the project - a car park management system. Results and problems encountered during deployment are presented


Rhinoviruses are classified among the ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses on the basis of the lack of inhibition of their infectivity by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Infectious RNA has been extracted with.,phenol from rhinovirus type 7 (5) and type 2 (3) and has been assayed on monolayers of diploid cells. In this study, infectious rhinovirus RNA was assayed on M-HeLa cells by a plaque test described previously (4). In this assay, diethyl; aminoethyl (DEAE) dextran was found to have a


OBJECTIVE
To determine the ocular hypotensive efficacy and safety of dorzolamide when added to brimonidine or timolol in patients with uncontrolled primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

PATIENTS AND METHODS
This is a 1-year prospective open-label clinical trial of 48 consecutive POAG patients with inadequate intraocular pressure (IOP) control while using brimonidine 0.2% (23 patients) and timolol 0.5% (25 patients), 2 times daily. Patients were assigned to receive dorzolamide 2% as adjunctive therapy, added 3 times daily to brimonidine or timolol. IOP was measured on week 2, and months 3, 6, 9, and 12.

RESULTS
A significant reduction in IOP from the baseline was observed after dorzolamide use in both groups at visits during that year (P < 0.001). Overall, mean IOP reduction was 5.6 +/- 1.9 mmHg with the brimonidine-dorzolamide combination, and 6.8 +/- 1.7 mmHg with timolol-dorzolamide after 1 year of treatment; the difference was significant (P = 0.029). No statistical differences existed between the groups for adverse events (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION
The addition of dorzolamide to brimonidine or timolol has significant IOP-lowering efficacy during 1 year in patients with POAG whose IOPs were inadequately controlled with brimonidine or timolol alone. The IOP-lowering effect of the timolol-dorzolamide combination at 1 year was more pronounced than brimonidine-dorzolamide. Both combinations were well-tolerated by the patients.


Billions of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices such as sensors, actuators, computing units, etc., are connected to form IoT platforms. However, it is observed that such hardware platforms today spend a significant proportion of their energy in communication between the CPU and the sensors (which are controlled by micro-controller unit (MCU)). Motivated by this observation, two simple, yet effective, optimizations are proposed to minimize the energy consumption. The first optimization, called Batching, interrupts the CPU after collecting multiple sensor data points at the MCU (instead of only 1), and thus, minimizes the interrupt overheads. The second optimization, called Computation Offloading to MCU (COM), offloads app-specific computations to the MCU to minimize data transfer overheads, and makes use of the relatively low energy footprint, and low-compute capabilities of the MCU in place of the CPU in the hub. However, questions such as why these two schemes are needed, where the energy benefit comes from, which IoT apps are suitable for these optimizations, etc., remain unclear. To better understand the Batching and COM approaches towards energy efficiency in IoT app executions, we characterize ten representative workloads on a Raspberry Pi and ESP8266 MCU platform, and evaluate the energy savings using these two optimizations and illustrate that for light-weight workloads (where COM is applicable), Batching and COM reduce the energy consumption by 52% and 85%, respectively when compared to the baseline. And for heavy-weight apps (where COM is not possible due to limited capacity of MCU), by offloading the light-weight apps and batching for the heavy-weight, Batching + COM (BCOM) benefits 10% energy savings compared to the baseline.


Atomic structure data and effective collision strengths for 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 and 54 fine-structure levels contained in the configurations 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4l (l = s, p, d, f ) for the nickel-like La ion have been investigated. These data are used in the determination of the reduced population for the 55 fine structure levels over a wide range of electron densities (from 1020 to 1022) and at various electron plasma temperatures. The gain coefficients for those transitions with positive population inversion factor are determined and plotted against the electron density.


We describe refinements to hierarchical translation search procedures intended to reduce both search errors and memory usage through modifications to hypothesis expansion in cube pruning and reductions in the size of the rule sets used in translation. Rules are put into syntactic classes based on the number of non-terminals and the pattern, and various filtering strategies are then applied to assess the impact on translation speed and quality. Results are reported on the 2008 NIST Arabic-to-English evaluation task.


with LPS and analyzed by flow cytometry for theexpression of surface markers such as CD14(monocytes) and TF. The group concluded that agewas not the major factor altering TF expression inmonocytes from healthy individuals. They alsosuggest that further studies are needed to compa-re TF expression in monocytes from healthyindividuals and patients in order to determine therole of TF in both physiologic and pathophysiologicconditions.Tissue factor (TF), a 47-kDa transmembraneglycoprotein, is the cellular receptor for coagulationfactor VII/VIIa. TF is the main initiator of thecoagulation cascade and also plays an importantrole in angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. TF isexpressed by a diversity of cells such as smoothmuscle cells and fibroblasts (constitutively),monocytes, lymphocytes, granulocytes, plateletsand endothelial cells (induced).


Objectives As personalized medicine (PM) is expected to greatly improve health outcomes, efforts have recently been made for its clinical implementation in Korea. We aimed to evaluate public awareness and attitude regarding PM. Methods We performed a self-administered questionnaire survey to 703 adults, who participated in the survey on a voluntary basis. The primary outcome measures included public knowledge, attitude, and acceptance of PM. We conducted multinomial multivariate logistic analysis for outcome variables with three response categories and performed multivariate logistic regression analyses for dichotomous outcome variables. Results Only 28% of participants had knowledge that genetic factors can contribute to inter-individual variations in drug response and the definition of PM (199 out of 702). Higher family income was correlated with greater knowledge concerning PM (OR = 3.76, p = 0.034). A majority of respondents preferred integrated pharmacogenomic testing over drug-specific testing and agreed to inclusion of pharmacogenomic testing in the national health examination (64% and 77%, respectively), but only 51% were willing to pay for it. Discussion Our results identify the urgent need for public education as well as the potential health disparities in access to PM. This study helps to frame policies for implementing PM in clinical practice.


One of the most surprising aspects of the exoplanet population is the existence
of Jupiter sized planets orbiting close to their parent stars. It is currently
uncertain how these planets reached such small separations, and they are thought
to be markers for the dominant migration mechanism. The Wide Angle Search for
Planets (WASP) project is ideally suited for studying these planets, as it has detected
the largest number of hot Jupiters to date. I have inverted the observed sample
of WASP planets to calculate the underlying population of hot Jupiters through
a quantitative study of the selection biases in the WASP project. To achieve this, I
synthesised transiting systems and inserted them into WASP data to calculate the
probability of detection. The observed population ofWASP planets is then corrected
through application of this probability to determine the underlying population. I
find a clear pile up in the underlying population at orbital periods between 3 to
5 days, and apply a joint constraint with the underlying population measurement
from the Kepler project to propose a new model for the underlying population of
giant planets. I propose a model consisting of a rising power law win period with
index 1:0 - 0:3, with a Gaussian excess at 3:7 - 0:1 days to model the period pile
up. The observed period pile up places crucial constraints on models of hot Jupiter
migration.
The Next Generation Transit Survey (NGTS) is a new transiting exoplanet
survey designed to find Neptunes and super Earths around nearby stars. These stars
will be bright, allowing the characterisation of the bulk densities and atmospheric
compositions by current and next generation instruments. These planets are numerous
but they cause shallow transits, so we must achieve a higher level of precision
than has been previously achieved by a wide angle ground based survey. To test
the design characteristics and that the required high levels of precision would be
achieved, prototype instruments were constructed on La Palma and Geneva. We
found that we were able to reach < 0:1% precision on an ensemble of bright stars
on the typical transit timescales, indicating that the instrument will be capable
of detecting smaller planets. We use Monte Carlo simulations coupled with a detectability
analysis to predict that NGTS will detect 200 Neptunes and 30 super
Earths with the next generation instrument ESPRESSO.


A 17-year-old young man visited our hospital because of severe upper abdominal pain and was diagnosed with acute peritonitis caused by gastrointestinal perforation. Emergent surgical treatment was performed, and the perforated lesion of the stomach was repaired. He recovered and was discharged without any complication at 14 days postoperatively. However, he had intermittent fever 2 days after discharge and visited our hospital again. He was diagnosed with infectious mononucleosis (IM), derived from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) initial infection, on biochemical examination that was positive for anti-EBV VCA-IgG and negative for EBV nuclear antigen, although he was ameliorated conservatively. This pathophysiology raised a possibility that EBV infection had induced acute gastritis or gastric ulcer leading to the penetration of the stomach. Six weeks postoperatively, esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed a gastric ulcer in the vestibular part of the stomach. Pathologic examination of the stomach revealed mucosal erosion with B-cell infiltration into the lamina propria;however, Epstein-Barr viral infection was unclear by EBV-encoded small RNA in situ hybridization. Here, we report a rare case of gastric perforation that occurred during the incubation period of IM with a review of the relevant literature.


The audit of allergy services undertaken by clinical immunologists1 is a welcome reminder of the important role that clinical immunologists have in the delivery of allergy care in the UK. It usefully informs the present Department of Health review that represents a once-in-a-generation opportunity to get important new investment in NHS allergy services. This review care about as a result of a sustained lobbying campaign by the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) in concert with the patient groups represented by Allergy UK and Anaphylaxis Campaign. The clinical immunology audit complements and adds further detail to the analysis of all the allergy …


Abstract Background and objective: Image segmentation is a preliminary and fundamental step in computer aided magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images analysis. But the performance of most current image segmentation methods is easily depreciated by noise in MRI images. A precise and anti-noise segmentation of MRI images is desired in modern medical image diagnosis. Methods: This paper presents a segmentation of MRI images which combines fuzzy clustering and Markov random field (MRF). In order to utilize gray level information sufficiently and alleviate noise disturbance, fuzzy clustering is carried out on the original image and the coarse scale image of multi-scale decomposition. The spatial constraints between neighboring pixels are modeled by a defined potential function in the MRF to reduce the effect of noise and increase the integrity of segmented regions. Spatial constraints and the gray level information refined by Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) algorithm are integrated by maximum a posteriori Markov random field (MAP-MRF). In the proposed method, the fuzzy clustering membership obtained from the original image and the coarse scale image is integrated into the single-site clique potential functions by MAP-MRF. The defined potential functions and the distance weight are introduced to model the neighborhood constraint with MRF. Results: The experiments are carried out on noised synthetic images, simulated brain MR images and real MR images. The experimental results show that the proposed method has strong robustness and satisfying performance. Meanwhile the method is compared with FCM, FGFCM and FLICM algorithms visually and statistically in the experiments. In the comparison, the proposed method has achieved the best results. In the statistical comparison, the proposed method has an average similarity index of 36.8%, 33.7%, 2.75% increase against FCM, FGFCM and FLICM. Conclusions: This paper proposes a MRI segmentation method combining fuzzy clustering and Markov random field. The method is tested in the noised image databases and comparison experiments, which shows that it is a precise and robust MRI segmentation method.


A vast amount of real world physical infrastructures comprising converged media, mobile, sensor-empowered environments, and social, contextbased and information Internet services are being addressed with the use of Smart Data service enablers for interoperation and human participation and behavior change. I demonstrate such approach in general and for selected application domains going beyond the current state of the art of ontology-based service interfacing, integration and user involvement. Most results have been evaluated within real industrial products, with real life data and services, as well as with real end users.


Nowadays, due to continuous changes in the environment of organizations, the performance evaluation of productive or non-productive companies is not as simple as the past. In spite of the high sale and income of existing companies in the game industry, there are always unsuccessful game products and failed companies. So the digital game industry needs an appropriate performance evaluation system. In this paper, a model for performance assessment of companies in the digital game industry is proposed using integrated Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Balanced Scorecard (BSC) approach. In order to design the evaluation system, the strategies and visions of the game companies are extracted as the initial step. The next step is to extract corresponding attributes and measures based on the four dimensions of the Balanced Scorecard. In the following, the weights of each measure, attributes and dimensions are obtained based on the expert's opinion. Finally, the results of the implementation of the proposed model of the digital game company are calculated and the efficiency of the model for performance evaluation of the digital game industry is shown.


Large curvilinear enclosures are now established as a principal instrument of human activity in Central Europe from the Neolithic into the Bronze Age (Antiquity, passim). Here the authors introduce us to examples from southern Iberia and make the case that they should be regarded as part of the same continent-wide phenomenon.


Meningiomas account for ~30% of primary intracranial tumors, making them the second most common type of brain tumor. Most meningiomas are benign, and surgical resection is curative. By utilizing 3-dimensional slicer technology for multimodal image fusion, a wealth of 3-dimensional anatomic information can be obtained, enabling more effective treatment of meningiomas with complex tumor locations and surrounding structures. Guided by the 3-dimensional structural models, we conducted detailed preoperative planning for 1 case of highly vascularized meningioma and utilized combined surgery for complete tumor removal, effectively avoiding intraoperative bleeding and postoperative complications.


Using integrated genome-wide and phenotypic methods this study investigates four different mutant RUNX1 oncoproteins and reveals how they differentially contribute to aberrant haematopoiesis. Mutations of the haematopoietic master regulator RUNX1 are associated with acute myeloid leukaemia, familial platelet disorder and other haematological malignancies whose phenotypes and prognoses depend upon the class of the RUNX1 mutation. The biochemical behaviour of these oncoproteins and their ability to cause unique diseases has been well studied, but the genomic basis of their differential action is unknown. To address this question we compared integrated phenotypic, transcriptomic, and genomic data from cells expressing four types of RUNX1 oncoproteins in an inducible fashion during blood development from embryonic stem cells. We show that each class of mutant RUNX1 deregulates endogenous RUNX1 function by a different mechanism, leading to specific alterations in developmentally controlled transcription factor binding and chromatin programming. The result is distinct perturbations in the trajectories of gene regulatory network changes underlying blood cell development which are consistent with the nature of the final disease phenotype. The development of novel treatments for RUNX1-driven diseases will therefore require individual consideration.


Objective: Sleep disorders are one of the most common problems in patients with malignancy and they severely decrease the quality of life. We ougt to investigate the frequency of sleep disturbances, its quantity, quality and possible correlation with related factors such as depression and anxiety. Methods:150 patients participate and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to evaluate the sleep quality. It is a self-administered questionnaire and standardized measure of sleep quality. Total score of ≥5 showes that quality of sleep is remarkably bad. Also a self-report measure of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory(BDI); and a self-report measure of anxiety, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) were used. Results: Of the 150 patients 74.0% has bad sleep quality (score >5 ). Mean PSQI total score was 7.34 (min 0-max 20). No difference was found between PSQI mean scores in terms of gender, radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy (CHT), having chronic disease or having metastatic disease. NSAIDs and opioids were significantly correleted with PSQI (P<0.001). PSQI total scores are strongly associated with BDI score (r=.424 P<0.001) and BAI score (r=.417, P<0.001). Conclusion: We found a high prevalence rate of bad sleep quality at 74%. Effective sleep treatment and psychological support should be provided in oncology clinics. Sonuc: Sonuc olarak % 74 oraninda yuksek bir kotu uyku kalitesi prevalans orani bulduk. Bu da onkoloji kliniklerinde etkili uyku tedavisi ve psikolojik destek saglanmasi gerektigini ortaya koymaktadir.


Pyrithione (PT) is used as an active agent in some shampoos and other household products, and consequently may enter freshwaters following use. Dissolved metal (copper, zinc) salts of pyrithione are toxic to freshwater organisms, with toxicity dependent upon the metal. For this reason, the chemical speciation of pyrithione may be important in controlling its environmental toxicity. The objective of this work was to gather and assess data on the binding equilibria of pyrithione that could be used to assess its environmental speciation. Binding constants for the proton and a small number of metals were found in the literature.
They were supplemented by binding constants for other metals estimated from constants for a ligand with an analogous structure to pyrithione. Using these tentative binding constants demonstration calculations of pyrithione speciation in a circumneutral freshwater were done.
Pyrithione speciation was dominated by the binding of iron(III) with smaller contributions from aluminium, copper and zinc. Speciation was highly dependent upon water pH and the
concentration of natural organic matter. These calculations demonstrate the feasibility of modelling to elucidate the speciation of pyrithione in freshwaters; for more robust
calculations, experimental determination of more binding constants is needed. Knowledge of pyrithione speciation may be useful in other aspects of its risk assessment, specifically in understanding and predicting the rate at which it degrades in the natural environment.


INTRODUCTION
Carcinoma of the breast is common in Singapore and many patients may present with just a suspicious breast lump.

AIM
To determine the accuracy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and trucut biopsy in the diagnosis of suspicious breast lumps in an outpatient setting.

METHODS
A total of 39 women, from May 1995 to November 1995, who had a suspicious breast lump were subjected to concurrent FNAC and trucut biopsy.

RESULTS
The accuracy of FNAC is 90% whereas trucut biopsy is 67%, the difference being statistically significant with a p < 0.02.

CONCLUSION
FNAC is recommended for the diagnosis of suspicious breast lumps.


In this paper, we discuss the phenomena that link particle recycling from the vessel walls in the L-mode during discharge start-up and the core confinement in the H-mode during the subsequent main heating phase. We consider available data of JET experiments that aimed at approaching fully non-inductive ITER-relevant steady-state conditions and show that the high electron temperature produced at the edge by a low recycling during start-up tends to favour the build-up of high normalized β(βN) regimes in the H-mode, the confinement being improved in a large plasma volume. To provide an insight into this complex phenomenon we have modelled the relation between particle recycling in the scrape-off layer and the evolution of plasma transport, plasma current density and shear as well as the stability properties for such experimental conditions. The results confirm the existence of a link between the confinement in the H-mode phase and the values at the edge of electron temperature, bootstrap current density and local magnetic shear during start-up. Such a link could favour these regimes to be self-sustained in time.