PURPOSE
The objective of this study was to compare aspiration pneumonia (AP)-associated microflora, calculus, and oral hygiene/care seeking behaviors in special health care needs children (SC) with gastrostomy (GT) and without.

METHODS
Twenty-seven GT SC, ages 3 to 12 years old and matched for age and gender with 27 non-GT SC, were examined by 2 trained investigators who recorded calculus and gingival inflammation and reconciled differences. Plaque was obtained using preweighed dry paper points and saliva sampled using sterile pipettes and cultured using standard bioassay procedures in a hospital laboratory. Parent/caretakers completed a medical and oral health questionnaire.

RESULTS
No significant differences were noted for age, gender, weight, primary diagnosis, vomiting, constipation, or swallowing disorder, but GT children received 4 medications vs 1 for non-GT and were significantly more likely to have had AP, need special feeding, and drool (P < or = .05). Oral health measures were not significantly different for brushing frequency, dentifrice use, brushing problems, frequency of dental care, or gingival inflammation, but GT patients had significantly more plaque and calculus. GT patients had significantly more Haemophilus influenzae, with trends toward more gram negative enteric rods, pseudomonas, and Streptococcus pneumoniae and higher concentrations in several GT-patients and little or none in non-GT patients. GT SC had significantly less beta-streptococci than non-GT patients (P < or = .05).

CONCLUSIONS
GT SC had significantly more of 1 AP-associated organism than non-GT SC and significantly more calculus and plaque, in spite of similar care seeking and hygiene behaviors.


Tests have been conducted on single carbon fibres, bundles of 1000 carbon fibres impregnated with epoxy resin and on a glass/carbon hybrid composite containing similar bundles interspersed in glass/epoxy resin. The influence of the bundle dispersion on the strength of the carbon bundles is discussed and suggestions for the optimum dispersion are made. The behaviour with respect to the weakest-link hypothesis is also discussed and an explanation is proposed for the observed deviation from the theory for the bundles.


Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a macrophage hyperactivation disorder triggered by disrupted T–cell macrophage cytokine interaction. HPS has been reported in humans, dogs, cats, and cattle, and it is infrequent and poorly characterized in animals. A 16-year-old male rhesus macaque was euthanized because of severe pancytopenia, including nonregenerative anemia (hematocrit = 5.5%), neutropenia (0.29 K/μl), and thrombocytopenia (21 K/μl). Bone marrow was hypocellular with normal maturation, myeloid hypoplasia, and few megakaryocytes. There were numerous morphologically normal macrophages (12% of nucleated cells), with 6% of nucleated cells being hemophagocytic macrophages in the bone marrow. Serology was negative, but polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry were positive for simian retrovirus type 2. Blood and bone marrow findings were consistent with HPS. Cytopenias are common in simian retrovirus–infected macaques, but HPS has not been reported. An association between simian retrovirus infection and HPS is undetermined, but retrovirus-associated HPS has been observed in humans.


Introduction: Climate change in the current era is a very important environmental challenge. Our understanding of the impacts of human activities on the environment, especially those related to global warming caused by increased greenhouse gases indicates that, most probably, a number of hydro-climatic parameters are changing. Based on the scientific reports, the average temperature of the earth has increased about 0.6 degrees centigrade over the 20th century and it is expected that the amount of evaporation continues to rise. In this case, the atmosphere would be able to transport larger amounts of water vapor, influencing the amount of atmospheric precipitations (21). Low precipitation and its severe fluctuations in the daily, seasonal and annual time scales are the intrinsic characteristics of Iran's climates. Based on the research background, it seems that no comprehensive study has been conducted on concentration of winter precipitation in Iran. The aim of this study is to calculate the concentration and Trend of precipitation of Iranian border stations over the last half-century.
Materials and Methods: Iran with an area of over16480000 square kilometers is situated in the northern hemisphere and southwest of Asia. Almost all parts of Iran have four seasons. In general, a year can be divided into two warm and cold seasons. In this study, 18 stations were selected among more than 200 synoptic stations existing in the country, for investigating the concentration and precipitation trend.
PCI Index The PCI index has been proposed as an index of precipitation concentration. The seasonal scales of this index are calculated as equation 1(18):
 (1)
Where Pi is the amount of monthly precipitation in the ith month. Based on the proposed formula, the minimum value of theoretical PCI is 8.3, indicating absolute uniformity in the precipitation concentration (i.e. the same amount of precipitation occurs every month).
Trend analysis The aim of process test is to specify whether an ascending or a descending trend exists in data series. Since parametric tests have some assumptions including normality, stability, and independence of variables, where most of these assumptions do not apply to hydrologic variables, the nonparametric methods are more preferred in meteorological and hydrological studies.
Results and Discussion: The PCI index was calculated using the monthly precipitation of the selected stations at seasonal and winter time scales over a 50-year period. This period was then divided into two 25-year sub-periods for the investigation of changes in average values of PCI (7). In the first 25-year span, the irregular precipitation distribution has been observed in the Bandarabbas station and its surroundings in winter season. In none of the studied stations, highly irregular precipitation occurred. The highest share of PCI was relatedto the precipitation average distribution class, and the northern, northwestern, and northeastern parts of the country have a uniform precipitation distribution. In winter, within the first 25-year period, the country had ideal conditions in terms of precipitation and its concentration in the mentioned regions. Within the second 25-year period, the intensity of irregular precipitation concentration decreased, as the regions that had confronted strong precipitation irregularities wereadded to regions with uniform concentration. At the seasonal scale and in winter, the country's share of uniform distribution diminished in the second 25 years, and overall most parts of Iran have been covered by average precipitation distribution. The uniform precipitation distribution in recent years (second 25 years) has decreased in winter in such a way that no uniform distribution has been observed in the northeast of the country and uniform distribution belongedto the Caspian sea border strip, southern regions of west and east Azerbaijan stations (Urmia, Khoy and Tabriz stations) along with Kermanshah, Sanandaj, and Zanjan stations.
Trend analysis of the PCI In winter the Abadan, Ahwaz, Bandarabbas, Birjand, Kermanshah, Sanandaj, Urmia and Zahedan stations experienced an insignificant decreasing trend in PCI. At other stations, an insignificant increasing trend was observed in the PCI series. Overall, 9 out of 18 considered stations, witnessed increasing PCI trend implying increased irregularities in winter precipitation.
The results of Mann-Kendall trend test for precipitation Based on the results it can be observed that in winter Ahwaz, Gorgan, Khoramabad, Kermanshah, Ramsar, Rasht and Sanandaj experienced an insignificant decreasing trend in precipitation. In Khoy, Sanandaj, Tabriz, Urmia, Zahedan, and Zanjan stations, the decreasing precipitation trend in winter was significant. Overall, 12 out of 18 studied stations have been afflicted with a decreasing precipitation trend in winter.
Conclusion: Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) is an index for determining the precipitation variations in a certain region and PCI analysis can reveal the accessibility to water in an environment. In this study, the PCI was used to analyze the precipitation concentration at two annual and seasonal time scales throughout the Iran (from 1961 to 2010). The PCI zoning results at the seasonal scale demonstrated that precipitation concentration had the same trend within the two 25-year sub-periods. These results also revealed a high PCI in provinces with low precipitation such as Zahedan. These stations, according to Oliver (18) classification, have irregular and sporadic precipitation duringwinter. Overall, the PCI analysis at the seasonal scale indicated that the regions covered by polar-continental, Europe-originated polar-continental and North Atlantic ocean-originated polar-continental have the best precipitation concentration throughout the country. The results of this index provided valuable information for water resources managers in regions with low-precipitation, consistent with research by Gozzini et al (7). The results of modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) test for PCI in Iran revealed a decreasing trend over the last 50 years. Based on the obtained results in winter, the Khoy, Sanandaj, Tabriz, Urmia, Zahedan, and Zanjan stations experienced a significant decreasing trend. The existence of an increasing trend in PCI albeit insignificant reveals changes in Iran's winter precipitations confirmed by Mann-Kendall test for precipitations in 18 studied stations. Overall, it can be concluded that the decreasing trend in Iran's winter precipitation has resulted in increasing PCI and thereby increased irregularities in winter precipitations, especially in winter season.


Colorectal cancer stem cells are considered the source of recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance in colorectal tumors. Therefore, the identification and targeting of cancer stem cells facilitates the elimination of tumors. Although epithelial cell adhesion molecule-high (EpCAMhigh)/cluster of differentiation (CD)44+ cells are thought to act as a marker of colorectal cancer stem cells, the clinical significance of these cells in colorectal cancer remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and clinical significance of colorectal cancer stem cell marker EpCAMhigh/CD44+ in colorectal cancer. Double immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the expression of EpCAM/CD44 in 80 cases of colorectal cancer and their corresponding liver metastases. The expression of EpCAM/CD44 in colorectal cancer was analyzed, and the correlation of EpCAMhigh/CD44+ with the biological behavior of colorectal cancer was explored. In the 80 cases of colorectal cancer studied, the presence of EpCAMhigh/CD44+ cells had no correlation with gender, patient age or the magnitude of the tumor (P>0.05), but was significantly correlated with degree of differentiation, depth of invasion, clinical stage and metastatic status (P<0.05). In addition, EpCAMhigh/CD44+ cells were detected in the corresponding liver metastases. Thus, the results of this study indicate that EpCAMhigh/CD44+, a marker of colorectal cancer stem cells, is significantly correlated with the invasion and metastases of colorectal cancer.


An aryl anion is produced by rapid addition of iodide to the p-benzyne diradical formed by cycloaromatization of an enediyne. The aryl anion is then hydronated (protonated or deuteronated) to form 1-iodotetrahydronaphthalene. Hydrons can be incorporated not only from water but also from such weak acids as dimethyl sulfoxide and acetonitrile. The relative reactivity of each pair of hydron donors is evaluated from competition experiments. A low selectivity is observed and taken as evidence for a high basicity of the aryl anion. Moreover, the same relative reactivities are obtained with Bu4NI as with LiI; therefore the species that undergoes hydronation is not an aryllithium but a naked aryl anion. These studies thus characterize the reactivity of a naked aryl anion in solution and contrast it with the reactivity of an aryllithium or an aryl Grignard.


Causal datasets play a critical role in advancing the field of causality. However, existing datasets often lack the complexity of real-world issues such as selection bias, unfaithful data, and confounding. To address this gap, we propose a new synthetic causal dataset, the Structurally Complex with Additive paRent causalitY (SCARY) dataset, which includes the following features. The dataset comprises 40 scenarios, each generated with three different seeds, allowing researchers to leverage relevant subsets of the dataset. Additionally, we use two different data generation mechanisms for generating the causal relationship between parents and child nodes, including linear and mixed causal mechanisms with multiple sub-types. Our dataset generator is inspired by the Causal Discovery Toolbox and generates only additive models. The dataset has a Varsortability of 0.5. Our SCARY dataset provides a valuable resource for researchers to explore causal discovery under more realistic scenarios. The dataset is available at https://github.com/JayJayc/SCARY.


A case of a giant intracavernous carotid aneurysm, surgically treated by combined procedure of trapping and extra- intra-cranial arterial bypass, is reported. The authors reviewed the literature concerning the risks of immediate, early and late ischaemic complications related to carotid surgical occlusion. In agreement with other authors, the usefulness of extra- intra-cranial anastomosis in preventing cerebral ischaemia, in patients requiring surgical occlusion of main cerebral arteries, is suggested.


The serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (sgk) is a serine and threonine kinase that stimulates amiloride-sensitive sodium transport in Xenopus oocytes. Because aldosterone induces phosphorylation on serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) residues in the carboxyl termini of β and γ subunits of epithelial sodium channels (ENaCs) and causes an increase in thesgk transcript in mammalian and amphibian renal epithelial cells, it seems likely that sgk mediates the action of aldosterone to stimulate sodium transport. Experiments were performed in Xenopus oocytes to determine the mechanism by whichsgk increases sodium conductance by examining its effect on phosphorylation, kinetics, and membrane abundance of ENaC. Our results demonstrate that deletions of the carboxyl termini of the three subunits do not inhibit sgk-induced sodium current, indicating that the effect of sgk is not mediated via phosphorylation within the carboxyl termini of ENaC. They also show no evidence that sgk reduces the removal of ENaC from the plasma membrane because mutations of tyrosine residues in the sequences necessary for endocytosis and degradation did not affect the response to sgk. Further studies performed with the patch-clamp technique indicated that sgk did not increase the open probability or changed the kinetics of ENaC. These studies, however, showed a 3-fold increase in the abundance of ENaC in the plasma membrane in the presence of sgk compared with control. Together, the experiments indicate that sgk stimulates electrogenic sodium transport by increasing the number of ENaCs at the cell surface and suggest that sgk may mediate the early increase in aldosterone-induced sodium current.


SUMMARY 1. Habitat fragmentation and wetland loss due to anthropogenic causes are usually attributed to physical modifications of the environment; however, the loss of key species can compound these impacts and further reduce the connectivity of aquatic ecosystems. 2. Ecosystem engineers can play a critical role in modifying aquatic systems by altering the bed of ponds and streams, increasing water coverage and influencing biogeochemical processes within and adjacent to freshwater habitats. However, there is a paucity of research on how these organisms enhance connectivity among aquatic habitats, especially in otherwise isolated wetland systems. 3. In this study, we collected field data at natural and agriculturally impacted sites to quantify physical alterations to otherwise isolated, morainal wetlands modified by beavers, and to determine how these modifications might enhance connectivity. For finer-scale analysis, we collected and modelled bathymetric data for 16 wetlands, eight of which were occupied by beavers and eight abandoned by beavers. 4. We demonstrated that beavers actively increase the volume-to-surface area ratio of wetlands by almost 50% and that their digging of foraging channels increases average wetland perimeters by over 575%. Some channels were 200–300 m long, which enhanced the interface between the riparian zone and upland forests. A coarse estimate of soil displacement due to the digging of channels by beavers exceeded 22 300 m 3 within the total 13 km 2 natural area. Additional measures of wetland depth, basin complexity and basin circularity revealed other dramatic differences between wetlands with beavers and those without in both natural and agricultural landscapes. 5. Exclusion or removal of beavers could limit ecosystem processes and resilience, especially in areas with otherwise isolated aquatic habitats and limited connectivity. Conversely, reintroduction of such an ecosystem engineer into areas targeted for restoration could result in significant increase in habitat heterogeneity and connectivity.


We have determined the nucleotide sequence of a Hpa II restriction fragment of the phage T7 DNA containing a promoter for the phage-specified RNA polymerase. (Hpa II is a restriction endonuclease from Haemophilus parainfluenzae.) Mapping of the Hpa II restriction fragments on the T7 genome shows this promoter to be the second of tandem promoters separated by approximately 170 base pairs that begin transcription by the T7 RNA polymerase at approximately 15% of the genome. Features of the sequence involved in recognition by the 17 RNA polymerase are discussed and include the following region o hyphenated 2-fold symmetry (boxed regions are related through a 2-fold axis of symmetry at the center of the sequence shown). --A-C-A-T-AC-T-A-T-A-G -A-G-A-A-A-L -T-G-L -T-L -A-TG-A-ATC I-T-E -C--T -TF-T -This sequence includes the initiation site, since the message transcribed from this fragment begins pppG-G-G-A. Combination of our results with work of others as permitted this fragment to be mapped at the junction of ¶7 genes l and 1.1. The RNA transcribed from this fragment begins within gene 1 and contains the RNase III cleavage site that lies between genes 1 and 1.1. This sequence is compared to other processing sites in T7 early message. T7 RNA polymerase (RNA nucleotidyltransferase; nucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase; EC 184.108.40.206), the product of gene 1 of bacteriophage T7, is a single polypeptide chain of molecular weight 107,000 which transcribes the rightmost 85% of the T7 genome (1, 2). At least eight promoters for the T7 enzyme exist within this region of the genome. In vitro transcription of whole T7 DNA by T7 RNA polymerase produces seven discrete transcripts which range in length from approximately 17,000 bases to approximately 700 bases (3). Discrete RNAs corresponding to in vitro transcription from the most leftward part of the genome transcribed by the T7 enzyme have not been documented since this probably results in very large RNAs, which are excluded from the gels. Hybridization to the T7 DNA of the total MRNA produced in vitro and in vivo shows that transcription does occur from at least one T7 promoter located near 15% of the genome (4). We have previously shown (5) that cutting of the T7 genome into approximately 50 double-stranded fragments with the restriction enzyme Hpa II (from Haemophilus parainfluenzae) does not destroy the promoters for T7 RNA polymerase. Transcription of the fragments results in the production of new, much shorter mRNAs. Transcription from the promoters for the T7 enzyme is highly specific; the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase shows no initiation at these sites. Hence determination of the nucleotide sequence of a T7 promoter should reveal significant structural features of promoter-polymerase interaction. In this paper we describe the isolation and sequence determination of a 138The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked "advertisement" in accordance with 18 U. S. C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact. base-pair restriction fragment of the T7 genome which produces in vitro a 54-base mRNA whose 5' sequence corresponds to that found for normal T7 RNA transcripts from the late region. MATERIALS AND METHODS


Background: Reports have concluded that platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an effective and safe biological approach in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (OA). However, no consensus has been established regarding the number of injections required to observe a therapeutic effect. Purpose: To compare the clinical effectiveness reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of single versus multiple PRP injections in the treatment of knee OA. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted for RCTs published between 1970 and 2019 that compared the effect of single versus multiple PRP injections on pain and functionality in patients with knee OA. Searched databases included MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. A data extraction form was designed to obtain bibliographic information of the study as well as patient, intervention, comparison, and outcomes of interest data. A random-effects model was used to pool quantitative data from the primary outcomes. Results: We included 5 clinical trials with a low-moderate risk of bias that reported data for 301 patients. Meta-analysis showed that, at 6 months after the intervention, single and multiple (double or triple) injections had similar pain improvement, with no significant differences (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.61 [95% CI, −1.09 to 2.31]; I 2 = 97%; P = .48). A significant improvement in knee functionality was observed in favor of multiple injections (SMD, 2.29 [95% CI, 0.45-4.12]; I 2 = 97%; P = .01). Subanalysis showed that the significant improvement was only evident for the results of single versus triple injections (SMD, 3.12 [95% CI, 0.64-5.60]; I 2 = 97%; P = .01). Conclusion: According to our results, a single injection was as effective as multiple PRP injections in pain improvement; however, multiple injections seemed more effective in joint functionality than a single injection at 6 months. We consider that the available evidence is still insufficient, and future research on this specific topic is needed to confirm our results.


In Early Transcendentals (The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 104, No 7) Steven Weintraub presents a rigorous justifcation of the "early transcendental" calculus textbook approach to the exponential and logarithmic functions. However, he uses tools such as term-by-term differentiation of infinite series. We present a rigorous treatment of the early transcendental approach suitable for a first course in analysis, using mainly the supremum property of the real numbers.


Background PPAR alpha agonists, or fibrates, are used for the treatment of dyslipidemia. Fibrates are also capable to reduce pain, local and systemic inflammation, and change subchondral bone morphology. Pleiotropic properties of fibrates make them a potential drug class for the use in osteoarthritis. No study to date has evaluated fibrate effects on knee symptoms in persons with knee pain and/or knee OA. Objectives To assess the effects of fibrates on longitudinal changes in knee pain, function and stiffness measures in persons with knee pain having established OA or being at risk for OA development. Methods For the current study we used longitudinal data obtained from both Incidence and Progression Subcohorts of the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI), which is publically available at http://oai.epi-ucsf.org.). The outcome variables studied were Western Ontario McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) pain, function, and stiffness subcategories. We selected patients who had WOMAC pain score >0 at baseline. The use of fibrates was defined as at least one recorded use during first three years of the study, excluding baseline use. To minimize selection bias, participants were matched into fibrate users/non-users pairs using genetic matching based on demographic characteristics, body mass index, prior knee surgery, baseline outcome measures, and Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. The outcomes were assessed at baseline and annually until year 3. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to model the relationship between outcomes and fibrate use by time interaction. Results Thirty five incident fibrate users were matched with 35 participants not receiving PPAR alpha agonists. After matching, all standardized differences of means were less than 0.05 indicating that covariates were well balanced between groups. Fibrate use by time interaction was associated with statistically significant improvement of WOMAC function and WOMAC total scores. There was also a trend towards decrease in WOMAC pain score (table).Table 1. Longitudinal analysis (with treatment*time interaction) of WOMAC subcategories and fibrates use β coefficient 95% CI P value WOMAC Pain −0.28 (−0.6 to 0.03) 0.08 WOMAC Function −1.42 (−2 to −0.5) 0.002 WOMAC Stiffness −0.09 (−0.3 to −0.04) 0.23 WOMAC Total −1.83 (−3.05 to −0.61) 0.004 Conclusions In OA and non-OA persons with knee pain PPAR alpha agonists are associated with longitudinal improvement of knee function and trend towards decrease in knee pain. These observational findings substantiate experimental studies investigating therapeutic potential of fibrates in both early stage and advanced knee OA. Disclosure of Interest None declared


Objectives
To investigate the effect of Brain Gym exercise on preschool children's balance achievement.

Method
The randomised controlled trial was conducted at EL-Moasis kindergarten from May to September 2021, and comprised preschool children of either gender aged 4-6 years who were randomised into intervention group A which received Brain Gym exercise for 15-30 minutes per day, three times a week, for eight consecutive weeks, and control group B which received the usual kindergarten activities. Balance was assessed by One Leg Standing Test and Functional Reach Test. Data was analysed using SPSS 20.

RESULTS
Of the 30 subjects, 15(50%) were in each of the 2 groups. There were 13(43.3%) boys and 17(56.7%) girls with overall mean age 4.99±0.67 years. However, the study completed had 27(90%) subjects. Overall, there were 26(%) right-handed subjects. Post-intervention, there was significant intra-group improvements (p<0.05), but there were no significant inter-group differences (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
No significant benefits were seen in the balance of preschool children exposed to Brain Gym exercise.

RCT registration
The RCT was registered retrospectively at The Pan African Clinical Trials Registry (PACTR) (Trial #: PACTR202208886771106 Date of Approval: 15/08/2022). Link: https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/Search.aspx.


High levels of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) are present in the rat retina (Eskay & Beinfeld, 1982), but the cellular localization and physiological actions of CCK in the rat retina are uncertain. The goals of this study were to characterize the cells containing CCK, identify cell types that interact with CCK cells, and investigate the effects of CCK on rod bipolar cells. Rat retinas were labeled with antibody to gastrin-CCK (gCCK) using standard immunofluorescence techniques. Patch-clamp methods were used to record from dissociated rod bipolar cells from rats and mice. Gastrin-CCK immunoreactive (-IR) axons were evenly distributed throughout the retina in stratum 5 of the inner plexiform layer of the rat retina. However, the gCCK-IR somata were only detected in the ganglion cell layer in the peripheral retina. The gCCK-IR cells contained glutamate decarboxylase, and some of them also contained immunoreactive substance P. Labeled axons contacted PKC-IR rod bipolar cells, and recoverin-IR ON-cone bipolar cells. CCK-octapeptide inhibits GABAC but not GABAA mediated currents in dissociated rod bipolar cells.


A unique chiral three-dimensional magnet with an overall racemic double-interpenetrated (10,3)-a structure of the formula [(S)-(1-PhEt)Me3N]4[Mn4Cu6(Et2pma)12](DMSO)3]·3DMSO·5H2O (1; Et2pma = N-2,6-diethylphenyloxamate) has been synthesized by the self-assembly of a mononuclear copper(II) complex acting as a metalloligand toward Mn(II) ions in the presence of a chiral cationic auxiliary, constituting the first oxamato-based chiral coordination polymer exhibiting long-range magnetic ordering.


Food retailers, manufacturers, and distributors exert powerful influence on our food choices through decisions about stocking, pricing, marketing, and promotional practices [...].


REDUCING CHILD HEALTH INEQUALITY Health inequalities are defined as the gap in outcomes between different groups in society. Hargreaves and colleagues investigate trends in health inequality among children and young people in England using data from health surveys over the last decade. Four outcomes were considered; self/parent reported general health, presence of a longstanding illness, obesity and smoking. Changes in the absolute and relative risks of the four outcomes were considered using occupation of the head of household as a marker of socio-economic status. No indicator showed a reduction in relative or absolute health inequality between 1999 and 2009. All four outcomes showed an increase in inequality at some point during the period. The findings are disappointing and challenging. The challenge of reducing child health inequality is discussed in detail by the authors and in an accompanying editorial by Nick Spencer— Reducing Child Health Inequalities; what's the problem? See pages 850 and 836


This paper describes an objective research method for the evaluation of cities in aesthetic terms. The evaluation in the research is carried out via urban skyline scale. The aesthetic value is brought into numerical quantity by adapting the visual codes of the design elements that compose the urban skyline. The connections and correlations between the visual codes represent the information capability of the urban skyline. The relation and the fictional order of the structure and landscape integrity, composing the urban skyline, define the aesthetic qualities of city. Entropy, according to the information theory, is the quantification of the information amount of the coded data. Skyline coding models connected to the formal aesthetic design criteria with the developed entropy approach are to be discussed in terms of their contributions to urban design researches. In this research, the skylines of Istanbul's various urban areas are evaluated by using entropy as an innovative method in urban design applications. For obtaining measurable quantitative aesthetic values for urban skylines, these values have been compared with each other. In accordance with this, it has been determined that Istanbul's urban identity attributes and skylines that represent its historical structures have more informational aesthetic value than other urban patterns. So, there is proximity between quantitative values of entropy and informational aesthetics. It has been proved that, based on formal aesthetic criteria, aesthetic qualities of cities are measurable with the entropy approach.


An analytic expression describing the stationary two-dimensional axially symmetric temperature distribution in a disk active element (AE) is derived upon pumping the entire disk whose thickness is 0.01 cm ≤ h ≤ 0.3 cm and the diameter-to-thickness ratio is 1 ≤ d/h ≤ 100. Thermomechanical stresses are calculated. It is shown that from the point of view of the disk damage, the tangential stress on the disk side face constitutes the major threat. For different scaling parameters x =d/h, the limiting lasing powers Plas are estimated in multimode approximation, which can be obtained using a disk AE in the case of end and side cooling for different heat exchange coefficients a (by the example of an Nd : YAG crystal). It is found that the side cooling can decrease Plas in some situations. The priority regions are established in the space of the parameters h, x, and a which, while increasing the pump intensity, are accompanied by one of the three events violating the normal operation of the laser: deterioration of spectral and luminescent AE parameters due to heating, malfunctioning of the cooling regime, or thermomechanical damage of the disk. It is shown that an increase in the scaling parameter x smoothes the radial temperature profile and the thermoelastic stress distribution profile.


This review presents current knowledge related to VDAC1 as a multi-functional mitochondrial protein acting on both sides of the coin, regulating cell life and death, and highlighting these functions in relation to disease. It is now recognized that VDAC1 plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic and energetic functions of mitochondria. The location of VDAC1 at the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) allows the control of metabolic cross-talk between mitochondria and the rest of the cell and also enables interaction of VDAC1 with proteins involved in metabolic and survival pathways. Along with regulating cellular energy production and metabolism, VDAC1 is also involved in the process of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by mediating the release of apoptotic proteins and interacting with anti-apoptotic proteins. VDAC1 functions in the release of apoptotic proteins located in the mitochondrial intermembrane space via oligomerization to form a large channel that allows passage of cytochrome c and AIF and their release to the cytosol, subsequently resulting in apoptotic cell death. VDAC1 also regulates apoptosis via interactions with apoptosis regulatory proteins, such as hexokinase, Bcl2 and Bcl-xL, some of which are also highly expressed in many cancers. This review also provides insight into VDAC1 function in Ca2+ homeostasis, oxidative stress, and presents VDAC1 as a hub protein interacting with over 100 proteins. Such interactions enable VDAC1 to mediate and regulate the integration of mitochondrial functions with cellular activities. VDAC1 can thus be considered as standing at the crossroads between mitochondrial metabolite transport and apoptosis and hence represents an emerging cancer drug target.


Two major problems confront teachers and librarians in supplying reading matter to children. The first problem is that of securing suitable materials; the second is that of securing maximum circulation. Not all the workers represented in the present study seemed to be clear as to what constitutes suitable materials. The descriptive term used most frequently is "good." The use of this term raises the question: What is "good" reading? The papers read by some librarians at library meetings would seem to indicate that "good" in 1929 is different from "good" as it was interpreted by librarians several decades ago. The contributors to the study seemed to be agreed that whatever literature is supplied should be attractive and illustrated. They stressed the need of satisfying a variety of interests. The following suggestion is typical: "Special book collections with attractive picture bulletins dealing with subjects of undoubted appeal." This at best is but an incomplete specification. There is much worthless literature currently sold which makes undoubted appeals to children. Clearer and more precise definitions from a large number of teachers and librarians would assist greatly in clarifying the vague ideas that reside in the general term "good" as applied to reading content. Certainly the word cannot be justified merely by reference to the binding, to the paper, to the print, and to the illustrations of a book.


We examined whether reserpine-induced norepinephrine (NE) depletion attenuated the products of adenosine in rat heart. A flexibly mounted microdialysis technique was used to measure the concentration of interstitial adenosine and to assess the activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in rat hearts in situ. The microdialysis probe was implanted in the left ventricular myocardium of anesthetized rats and perfused with Tyrode solution containing adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) at rate of 1.0 microliter/min. The baseline level of dialysate adenosine was 0.51 +/- 0.09 microM. The introduction of AMP (100 microM) through the probe increased markedly the dialysate adenosine to 8.95 +/- 0.86 microM, and this increase was inhibited by ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor, alpha, beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-diphosphate (AOPCP, 100 microM), to 0.66 +/- 0.38 microM. Thus, the level of dialysate adenosine is a measure of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in the tissue in situ. AMP concentration for the half-maximal effect of adenosine release (EC(50)) was 107.3 microM. The maximum attainable concentration of dialysate adenosine (E(max)) by AMP was 21.1 microM. However, the EC(50) and E(max) values with reserpinized animals were 106.9 and 7.1 microM, respectively. Electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion increased significantly dialysate adenosine concentration, from the control level of 8.66 +/- 0.96 microM to 12.38 +/- 1.11 microM. After stimulation, dialysate adenosine returned to near the prestimulation level. When corresponding experiments were performed with reserpinized animals, the effect of electrical stimulation was abolished. Tyramine (endogenous catecholamine trigger) increased the adenosine concentration in a concentration-dependent manner. However, the elevation of adenosine concentration with reserpinized animals was not observed. These results suggest that reserpine attenuates NE-induced adenosine via stimulation of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor and protein kinase C mediated activation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase in rat heart.


It has generally been accepted that moving type IV bursts are generated as synchrotron radiation from energetic electrons high in the solar corona (Boischot and Denisse 1957). At 80 MHz the peak brightness temperature is usually ~ 108 K and the radiation becomes highly circularly polarized as the burst decays. This has led several authors (Kai 1969; Dulk 1970, 1973; Schmahl 1972; Robinson 1974, 1977; Nelson 1977) to the conclusion that the radiation comes from mildly relativistic (~ 100 keV) electrons and occurs at low harmonics of the gyro-frequency (gyro-synchrotron radiation). We present evidence of moving type IV bursts at 43, 80 and 160 MHz with brightness temperatures of ~ 109 K, and one at 43 MHz as high as 1010 K. The number (~ 1033) of energetic (≥ 1 MeV) electrons which is required in order to explain such high brightness temperatures by incoherent gyro-synchrotron emission is very large and near the upper limit for the number of fast electrons accelerated in the second phase of a solar flare. If amplification takes place a smaller number of electrons with energies ~ 100 keV would be required.


Detailed assessment of how the structural properties of T cell receptors affect clonal repertoires of Ag-specific cells is a prerequisite for a better understanding of human antiviral immunity. Herein we examine the α TCR repertoires of CD8 T cells reactive against the influenza A viral epitope M158–66, restricted by HLA-A2.1. Using molecular cloning, we systematically studied the impact of α-chain usage in the formation of T cell memory and revealed that M158–66-specific, clonally diverse VB19 T cells express α-chains encoded by multiple AV genes with different CDR3 sizes. A unique feature of these α TCRs was the presence of CDR3 fitting to an AGA(Gn)GG-like amino acid motif. This pattern was consistent over time and among different individuals. Further molecular assessment of human CD4+CD8− and CD4−CD8+ thymocytes led to the conclusion that the poly-Gly/Ala runs in CDR3α were a property of immune, but not naive, repertoires and could be attributed to influenza exposure. Repertoires of T cell memory are discussed in the context of clonal diversity, where poly-Gly/Ala runs in the CDR3 of α- and β-chains might provide high levels of TCR flexibility during Ag recognition while gene-encoded CDR1 and CDR2 contribute to the fine specificity of the TCR-peptide MHC interaction.


Abstract Objectives : To compare the long term metabolic effects of two diets for treating hyperlipidaemia. Design : Randomised controlled study: after three weeks of normal (control) diet, subjects were randomly allocated to one of two test diets and followed up for six months. Setting : Lipid clinic of tertiary referral centre in Naples. Subjects : 63 subjects with primary type IIa and IIb hyperlipoproteinaemia entered the study, and 44 completed it. Exclusion criteria were taking drugs known to influence lipid metabolism, evidence of cardiovascular disease, homozygous familial hypercholesterolaemia, and body mass index over 30. Interventions : Two test diets with reduced saturated fat (8%) and cholesterol (-200 mg/day): one was also low in total fat and rich in carbohydrate and fibre, and the other was low in carbohydrate and fibre and rich in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats. Main outcome measures : Fasting plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations; blood glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations before and after a test meal. Results : In comparison with the control diet, both test diets induced significant and similar decreases in low density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (by a mean of 0.72 (SE 0.15) mmol/1, P<0.001, for low total fat diet; by 0.49 (0.18) mmol/l, P<0.05, for high unsaturated fat diet) and plasma triglyceride concentrations (by 0.21 (0.09) mmol/l, P<0.05, for low total fat diet; by 0.39 (0.15) mmol/l, P<0.05, for high unsaturated fat diet), while high density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations after fasting and plasma glucose and insulin concentrations during test meals were not modified by either diet. Conclusions : Both test diets are suitable (alone or in combination) for treatment of hypercholesterolaemia.


Multi-label learning concerns learning multiple, overlapping, and correlated classes. In this paper, we adapt a recent structured prediction framework called HC-Search for multi-label prediction problems. One of the main advantages of this framework is that its training is sensitive to the loss function, unlike the other multi-label approaches that either assume a specific loss function or require a manual adaptation to each loss function. We empirically evaluate our instantiation of the HC-Search framework along with many existing multi-label learning algorithms on a variety of benchmarks by employing diverse task loss functions. Our results demonstrate that the performance of existing algorithms tends to be very similar in most cases, and that the HC-Search approach is comparable and often better than all the other algorithms across different loss functions.


This study developed an algorithm to predict the most efficient evacuation protocol in an elementary school that has an irregular type of architectural planning. The assumption of this study takes a stand point that today's elementary schools are designed in unusual and irregular floor type and, therefore, past architect's knowledge regarding efficient evacuation will no longer effective to save lives. In this regard, this study applied an algorithm that is especially designed to find appropriate locations in general in the field of industrial engineering, which has been proven for many decades. Furthermore, this study not only adapted an engineering model but also conversed to examine spatial relationship and added the concept of group evacuation, which will delay the whole evacuation process, in the tested algorithm to make it more architectural. Consequently, this study compared its outcome with an existing elementary school and questioned its effectiveness in evacuation process based on the algorithm.


Introduction Non-communicable diseases are multifactorial including genetic, physiological, environmental behavioral factors. Our research aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with Non-communicable diseases in two administrative units of Khartoum State. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in two administrative units of Khartoum State on a sample of 132 participants selected through multi-stage sampling technique. Firstly, a stratified random sampling technique was used to select Alshohada/Soba out of the six administrative units of Khartoum locality (mode of living was urban). In Jabaal Awliya locality of four administrative units, Al Jabal (with urban and rural mode of living) was selected. At second level, 50 households were selected in each of the two administrative units through the geographical information system to obtain a representative spatial distribution of households in each of the administrative areas. At third level, in each of the household selected participants experiencing at least one NCD were included in the study after obtaining his/her verbal well informed consent. The data collected were computerized through Epi Info 7 and analyzed through SPSS 23. The data were firstly summarized numerically and graphically. Association among variables were determined through chi-square tests and ANOVA. A multi-logistic regression was conducted to estimate the risk factors associated to NCDs. All statistical tests were considered significant when p < 0.05. Results Our findings revealed that NCDs prevailed with an overall prevalence of 24/100,000 population. Of the fifteen risk factors associated to NCDs in the two administrative units, seven were statistically associated (p < 0.05) to NCDs. Discussion In our research the risk factors statistically associated with NCDs were age and gender of the participants, their profession, educational level, physical activities, follow-up visits and having meals outside home. In conclusion NCDs were public health priorities with particular attention to diabetes and hypertension to avoid premature deaths.


Multiliteracy, new media writing, and
multimodality: in some form or another, the kind of
sleek, technological world these terms conjure emerges
as a subject of conversation in current writing center
work. When I began teaching a writing center theory
course at the University of Michigan's Sweetland
Center for Writing, I scheduled about three-days
worth of formal space for the stuff of multiliteracy.
Among other essays, students read David Sheridan's
"Words, Images, Sounds: Writing Centers as
Multiliteracy Centers," a piece about how Sheridan
helped start a "technology-rich" multiliteracy center
staffed by tech- and multimodal-rhetoric-savvy
consultants at the University of Michigan ("Words,
Images, Sounds" 341). I was met with what I soon
learned was a typical response to the essay: "So, where
is it? Where's the multiliteracy center?" "Gone," was
my answer, and in an official sense, it was: it dissipated
after only a few years,1 and, what remains, among
other Sweetland services, is the Peer Tutoring Center,
an apparently far cry from the futuristic spaces that
visions like Sheridan's evoke. With computers too old
and too few in number, our windowless, underground
tutoring space looks like days of writing center past,
not writing center future. And despite an
understanding of our own institutional privilege, our
collective affect resembles that of colleagues at less
privileged institutions: many of us still feel like we are
a long way off from the kind of cutting-edge
multiliteracy center that Sheridan describes.


Textile reinforcement is standard meanwhile since there is large experience with continuous and chopped fibers. However, the prestressing of continuous fibers opens more advantages since the initial strain is anticipated and larger stiffness is obtained. The paper shows that this theoretical prediction has been validated.


Cooperationking is a major factor in increasing survival rates in Hodgkin's disease. Undisciplinary management of Hodgkin's disease is no longer acceptable; the "old style" tumor board where specialists competed for cases is moving toward "staging conferences." The internist, radiation therapist, surgeon, diagnostic radiologist, and pathologist carefully assess the findings and jointly decide upon treatment. The definition of stage of disease is meaningful in determination of the sequence of therapeutic steps and in the reporting of end results. For these reasons, the remainder of this comment will deal with the reclassification of Hodgkin's disease that was developed in Ann Arbor, Mich in 1971 and presented publicly in St. Louis, Mo, from Oct 7 to 9,1971, at an informational symposium on Hodgkin's disease sponsored by the Cancer Clinical Investigation Review Committee of the National Cancer Institute. 74 The old classifications are presented in Fig 1 and Table 8 1, 75-77 ; some considerations


Supply chains are becoming more complex and vulnerable to specific disturbances scenarios, critical to business continuity. Counterfeiting is one of them, especially in markets where counterfeit products affect directly consumers' health, such as food, beverage and medicines. However, few authors have investigated how to analyze this disturbance from a managerial perspective. This study claims that supply chain resilience is a dynamic solution applicable to combat a disturbance in constant growth and innovation: counterfeiting. To bridge this gap, namely the lack of understanding in how to increase resilience to counterfeits, the purpose of this study is to understand how resilience elements influence the combat of counterfeit medicines. To do so, we developed systematic literature review, using the QDA Miner software to support the content analysis. After a careful screening, we selected 84 articles between 2002 and Oct/2016. The systematic review reveals 13 resilience elements and 16 counterfeit antimeasures. Furthermore, reengineering, collaboration, visibility, innovation, SCR culture and trust appeared as six key-elements to combat counterfeit. After a literature review, we conducted an empirical research – case study, to pursue our exploratory purpose. The case study encompasses two medicines supply chains, with two pharmaceuticals (focal companies) and members downstream, and agencies and associations that work across the medicines supply chain to combat counterfeits. The empirical analysis enabled a deeper investigation of the resilience elements and counterfeit anti-measures applied. Our findings show that, in accordance with literature, collaboration, trust and visibility, are crucial elements to strengthen resilience against counterfeiters. Furthermore, different from literature review, information sharing and sensing appeared as elements highly associated in counterfeit combat, leveraged by the existence of a huge amount of data and the possibility of improving the decision-making process. Thus, this study contributes to the field by (i) proposing a framework for increasing resilience to counterfeit in medicines supply chain, which characterizes the dynamics among resilience elements and counterfeit anti-measures and discusses the role of collaboration and information sharing such as barriers to increase resilience. (ii) By suggesting new avenues of research, such as exploring tradeoffs between resilience and anti-counterfeit literature, investigating the effectiveness of implementing each resilience element in counterfeit combat, and analyzing different sectors highly targeted by counterfeiters, such as fashion and food.


Institutions, and their problems, have traditionally dominated learning disability histories. We know far more about what happened in areas where councils established and/or enthusiastically used local institutions than other places. Local authorities less committed to institutional care must have relied more on family and other carers. This may have signalled a more positive, even inclusive, approach to caring for people with learning disabilities. The Halifax case study provides some evidence to support this conclusion, but limited provision and reliance on distant facilities also permitted the neglect, and even abuse, of individuals in ways that resonate with recent scandals in the care sector. Note: for accuracy, this study uses the historically correct terminology with sincere apologies for any distress this may inadvertently cause. Language: en


A well-documented asymmetry in children's acquisition of A-bar movement constructions is that movement of objects is more difficult than movement of subjects. This asymmetry has been most frequently observed with relative clauses (de Villiers et al. 1979, Correa 1995, Friedmann and Novogrodski 2004, Adani 2011, Guasti et al. 2012, a.o), but has also been reported, to a lesser extent, with wh-questions (Tyack and Ingram 1977, Stromswold 1995, Philip et al. 2000) and clefts (Bever 1979, Lempert and Kinsbourne 1980, Hirsch and Wexler 2006). This asymmetry is not straightforwardly predicted by syntactic theories of movement, according to which A-bar dependencies can be established while skipping over elements that do not have properties directly relevant to that particular A-bar operation. For instance, the NP the dog in (1) is taken to be irrelevant for the computation of the wh-dependency, since it is not a wh-phrase and cannot participate in whquestion formation to begin with (see e.g. Rizzi 1990).


CONTENTS I. Introduction 364 II. General features of ternary intermetallic compounds 365 III. Ternary Kurnakov phases 366 IV. Ternary intermetallic compounds of normal valency 367 V. Electronic ternary intermetallic compounds 367 VI. Ternary Laves phases 369 VII. Ternary nickel arsenide phases 369 VIII. Ternary interstitial phases 370 IX. Properties and practical application of ternary metallic compounds 371


The present study examined direct and interactive links between friendships and social, academic, and psychological adjustment problems (i.e., peer rejection as nominated by same-ethnic and cross-ethnic peers, teacher-reported academic engagement, and teacher-reported internalizing symptoms) among school-age children in multiethnic schools (n = 509, age: 9-10). The data, which included 2 time points with a 6-month interval, were drawn from a relatively large-sized, short-term longitudinal study. Results showed that cross-ethnic friendships (not same-ethnic friendships) were associated with greater academic engagement concurrently and predated decreased peer rejection and internalizing symptoms longitudinally, even after controlling for the availability of same-ethnic peers and classroom diversity. Furthermore, cross-ethnic friendships (not same-ethnic friendships) moderated the link between relational victimization and increased peer rejection and greater internalizing symptoms, such that this link was evidenced for children with fewer cross-ethnic friendships. However, the moderation effect was contingent upon the type of outcome variables and the ethnicity of the child. For example, the buffering effect against the negative contribution of relational victimization to internalizing symptoms was found particularly for African American children. The findings are discussed based on theories of normative development, ethnic socialization, and intergroup relations.


Increasing the representation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) is one of our nation's most pressing imperatives. As such, there has been increased lay and scholarly attention given to understanding the causes of women's underrepresentation in such fields. These explanations tend to fall into two main groupings: individual-level (i.e., her) explanations and social-structural (i.e., our) explanations. These two perspectives offer different lenses for illuminating the causes of gender inequity in STEM and point to different mechanisms by which to gain gender parity in STEM fields. In this article, we describe these two lenses and provide three examples of how each lens may differentially explain gender inequity in STEM. We argue that the social-structural lens provides a clearer picture of the causes of gender inequity in STEM, including how gaining gender equity in STEM may best be achieved. We then make a call to industrial/organizational psychologists to take a lead in addressing the societal-level causes of gender inequality in STEM.


Purpose: To assess North Carolina pharmacists' level of support for expanded authority to administer human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to identify concerns/benefits about expanded authority and to understand what factors predict support for expanded authority. Method: A 16-item electronic survey was e-mailed to all the pharmacists registered with the North Carolina Board of Pharmacy (n = 9502) between January and February 2011 (1600 pharmacists responded). The survey assessed HPV knowledge, level of support for expanded authority, and comfort level of HPV vaccine administration. Results: Many (64%) pharmacists were supportive of a rule change/legislation that would authorize pharmacists to administer HPV vaccines. Younger pharmacists were more supportive of expansion when compared to older pharmacists (r = −.138, P < .001). Pharmacists with higher knowledge scores were more supportive of expansion (r = .223, P < .001). Reporting a higher level of comfort in administering HPV vaccines at their pharmacy was significantly and positively correlated with higher level of support for expansion (r = .624, P < .001). In the multivariate analysis, HPV knowledge, comfort level in administering vaccine, patient age, and type of pharmacy were all predictive of higher level of support for expanded authority where employed. Conclusion: A large proportion of pharmacists were supportive of an expanded role in providing HPV vaccines. Exploring alternate delivery mechanisms like this one is advantageous.


It has to take quantitative energy usage of high school education facilities in nations to set goals of their energy reduction. Therefore, The purpose of this study is to present various analysis result of energy consumption that is a statistic alanalysis of high school education facilities in Korea to set the goal of energy saving. This study has enforced analysis and has provided used energy for the year 2008 and general information from 2022 high school education facilities in 16 cities in South Korea by the relevant agency. Used energy sources in high school education facilities are electricity, gas for heating, oil, coal, water, and this study has changed the various used energy sources as unit `kWh` only for comparison and analysis them.


Battery management systems (BMS) in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) should be able to online estimate the present state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack accurately. In this paper, we proposed a SOC estimating method for battery packs based on the well-known extended Kalman filter (EKF). The underlying dynamic behavior of the battey pack was described by a model which was based on an equivalent circuit comprising of two capacitors and three resistors. Measurements of current and voltage in two different tests were applied to validate the proposed method. By comparing the SOC estimated by model based EKF to the SOC estimated by coulomb counting, we got the results showing that the methodologies we proposed were able to perform a good estimation of SOC of the battery pack. Moreover, a corresponding BMS including hardware and software based on our estimating method was designed.


PURPOSE. Although the RGC-5 cell line is widely used in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) research, recent data have raised questions about the nature of these cells. The authors performed a systematic analysis of RGC-5 cells to determine which RGC or neuronal markers are expressed after treatment with known differentiating agents, thus providing further insight into the nature of these cells and assisting in defining their future use. METHODS. RGC-5 cells were treated for 5 days with staurosporine (STSN; 316 nM), trichostatin A (TSA; 500 nM), or succinyl-concanavalin A (sConA; 50 microg/mL), after which they were assayed for specific marker antigen/mRNA expression. Treated cells were also assayed for excitotoxic responsiveness. RESULTS. Neither treated nor untreated RGC-5 cells expressed any specific RGC marker mRNAs or proteins (Brn-3, neurofilaments, Thy-1) or calbindin, calretinin, synaptophysin, PKCalpha, or glial fibrillary acidic protein. However, control RGC-5 cells did express the neuronal markers tau, betaIII-tubulin, microtubule-associated protein (MAP)-1b, MAP2, and PGP9.5. Although treatment with sConA had no effect on the expression of these markers, STSN and (dose dependently) TSA increased their expression and induced excitotoxic responsiveness. All cells, treated or not, expressed high levels of nestin but no other progenitor cell markers. All cells also expressed cone-specific, but not rod-specific, opsin indicative of cone photoreceptor lineage. CONCLUSIONS. RGC-5 cells expressed neuronal, but not RGC-specific, markers that were dose dependently upregulated by TSA. Hence, TSA provided the best tested means to terminally differentiate the cells to a neuronal phenotype from a precursor-like lineage.


OBJECTIVE
To determine the association between Medicaid managed care pediatric behavioral health programs and unmet need for mental health care among children with special health care needs (CSHCN).

DATA SOURCE
The National Survey of CSHCN (2000-2002), using subsets of 4,400 CSHCN with Medicaid and 1,856 CSHCN with Medicaid and emotional problems. Additional state-level sources were used.

STUDY DESIGN
Multilevel models investigated the association between managed care program type (carve-out, integrated) or fee-for-service (FFS) and reported unmet mental health care need.

DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS
The National Survey of CSHCN conducted telephone interviews with a sample representative at both the national and state levels.

PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
In multivariable models, among CSHCN with only Medicaid, living in states with Medicaid managed care (odds ratio [OR]=1.81; 95 percent confidence interval: 1.04-3.15) or carve-out programs (OR=1.93; 1.01-3.69) were associated with greater reported unmet mental health care need compared with FFS programs. Among CSHCN on Medicaid with emotional problems, the association between managed care and unmet need was stronger (OR=2.48; 1.38-4.45).

CONCLUSIONS
State Medicaid pediatric behavioral health managed care programs were associated with greater reported unmet mental health care need than FFS programs among CSHCN insured by Medicaid, particularly for those with emotional problems.


We study both experimentally and theoretically power and spectral characteristics of two types of Raman fiber lasers (RFLs) fully made with highly nonlinear photonic crystal fibers (HNL-PCFs). The first laser cavity is free from wavelength-selective mirrors, yielding a grating-free RFL which simply oscillates within a Fabry-Perot cavity formed by weak broadband Fresnel reflections from the fiber ends. In the second laser, Bragg grating mirrors have been written inside the core of the PCF and we demonstrate the oscillation of a Bragg-grating-based RFL fully made with a PCF. Power characteristics of both lasers are analyzed from simple models dealing with powers of optical waves which are assumed to be coupled through the only stimulated Raman scattering inside the laser cavity. Optical power spectra of both lasers are described and compared with optical power spectra of RFLs made with conventional fibers.


Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence and formal pathogenesis of multi (micro) focal liponecrotic pancreatitis (LnP) caused by systemic secondary AA amyloidosis (AAa) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods A randomized autopsy population of 161 in-patients with RA was studied. RA was confirmed clinically according to the criteria of the ACR. Tissue samples of pancreas were available for histologic evaluation in 111 of 161 patients. Pancreatitis and AAa were diagnosed histologically [1]. The possible role of AAa in the pathogenesis of LnP was analyzed by Pearson's chi-squared (χ2) test. Results: AAa complicated RA in 29 (26.12%) of 111 patients. Amyloid A deposition on different tissue structures of pancreas was detected in 25 (86.2 %) of 29 cases. Marked amyloid A deposition was found in the walls of arterioles, small and medium size arteries, and on different tissue structures of the pancreas. Acute or chronic LnP with or without AAa was present in different stages of the pathological process (necrotic foci with or without inflammatory reaction, and/or consecutive focal accentuated fibrosis) in 15 (13.51%) of 111 patients. Seven (46.66 %) of these 15 were associated with massive AAa. The correlation between LnP and prevalence of AAa was significant (c²=5.7939, p<0.016). Two (33.33%) of 15 LnP showed a special scattered multifocal appearance throughout the pancreas, characterized by necrotic foci of different size and stage of necrobiosis, without or with inflammation, and in association with severe AAa. The pancreatitis was basically not hemorrhagic, differing from hemorrhagic pancreatitis due to arterial erosions. Ductal changes were not present. The histological picture was dominated by more or less pronounced atrophy of pancreatic glands. The link between this special type of LnP and AAa very strong and significant (c²=16.2658, p<0.0005). Conclusions The close relationship between AAa and LnP suggests a relationship between amyloidosis and the prevalence of pancreatitis, that even may lead to a special multi (mico) focal pancreatitis. Amyloid A deposition in the walls of the pancreatic arterioles, small and medium size arteries (branches of splenic artery, upper and lower gastroduodenal arteries) can lead to local ischemia and to regressive changes in the pancreatic gland. This process is more or less widespread and multifocal, depending on the number of involved vessels. The size of necrobiotic areas is determined by the size of involved bood vessels. Multi (micro) focal necrosis of the pancreas caused by diminished blood supply is followed by reactive inflammation, and later fibrosis, depending on the stages of the pathological process. AAa is a progressive cumulative process involving more and more blood vessels of different sizes, thus the regressive changes accumulate in the pancreas with time, and exist in different stages at death. Different size and stage of focal necrosis, and the co-existent marked AAa may identify this type of pancreatitis. The progressive and cumulative process of AAa with multi (micro) focal necrosis in the pancreas may cause recurrent abdominal symptoms. This form of pancreatitis may be regarded a special manifestation of AAa or a new vasculogenic entity caused by AAa in RA. Plausible similar changes of pancreas may be expected in other autoimmune diseases complicated with AAa. Reference: [1] Bély M. Apáthy Ágnes: Clinical pathology of rheumatoid arthritis. 1-440 pp. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2012 Budapest 2012. http://www.akkrt.hu Disclosure of Interest: None declared


To study the effects of canthaxanthin supplementation on the tissue distribution of canthaxanthin, other carotenoids, vitamin A and vitamin E, 26 spayed female ferrets (2 mo of age) were used. Ferrets were assigned to receive a commercial ferret diet and a gavage of canthaxanthin [50 mg/(kg body wt.d)] or a gavage of placebo beadlets (0 mg canthaxanthin) 5 d/wk. Serum canthaxanthin concentrations in the canthaxanthin-fed group increased from 0 at baseline to 37.76 +/- 5.34 nmol/L trans and 77.10 +/- 12.60 nmol/L cis canthaxanthin at 12 mo. Further accumulation of canthaxanthin did not occur with continuous dosing. After 2 y of receiving canthaxanthin beadlets by gavage, the ferrets did not show a detectable concentration of canthaxanthin in the eyes, nor did they have clinical signs of toxicity. Canthaxanthin concentrations were highest in liver, with high concentrations also seen in fat, lung and small intestine. The sum of alpha and beta-carotene concentrations detected in livers was significantly higher in the canthaxanthin-fed group than in the placebo-fed group, but not significantly higher when individual carotenes were compared. However, alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the livers and lungs and lutein/zeaxanthin in the fats of the ferrets fed canthaxanthin were significantly lower than in those fed the placebo. Retinoid concentrations in tissues of the ferrets fed canthaxanthin were not different from those of the placebo-fed group. The effects of canthaxanthin supplementation on other antioxidants and vitamin A nutrients demonstrate either a synergistic or antagonistic relationship, depending on the specific tissue assayed.


Unemployment has become a major problem bedeviling the lives of Nigerian youth, causing increased militancy, violent crimes, kidnappings, restiveness and socially delinquent behaviour. Youth unemployment is devastating to both the individual and the society as a whole both psychologically and economically. The paper examines the issue of youth unemployment and looks at potential interventions such as effective career guidance, technical and vocational education as well entrepreneurship education. A number of recommendations were made which include that youths should be trained to possess skills which are congruent with real labour market demand, developing a special focus on career guidance and counselling support in schools and introduction of entrepreneurship education into the school curriculum. Key words: Youth unemployment, career guidance, panacea, entrepreneurship, technical and vocational education.


Early diagnosis by molecular tests has increasingly catched attention after deciphering the complete human genome sequence in 2001. Meanwhile, complete genome sequencing will soon become available for each individual. Molecular testing is standard of care in certain infectious or malignant diseases. Novel biomarkers are emerging as a result of modern comprehensive procedures (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics etc). However, hype and hope are particularly close in this field and responsible conduct by clinicians will ensure beneficial use of new tests.


Title of Thesis: Bt GENETICS EFFECT ON CORN HYBRID PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON OF TWO NEAR ISOLINE CORN HYBRIDS Louis Andrew Thorne, M.S., 2018 Thesis directed by: Associate Professor Robert Kratochvil, Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture Most corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids planted in the U.S. are the result of genetic modification that gives them a Bt gene or genes obtained from the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt), that express insecticidal proteins and enables these hybrids to be resistant to several insects. European corn borer (ECB) (Ostrinia nubilalis, Hübner) is the main Lepidopteran pest targeted by the Bt corn technology. All Bt events used in current corn hybrids provide 100% control of ECB. This has led to widespread use of Bt hybrids and has resulted in a drastic decrease in the ECB population. This raises the question whether it is still economically feasible to plant Bt hybrids that have higher seed costs in environments where the ECB pest level is low. The objectives of this study were: 1) compare the yield and agronomic performance of a pair of corn near-isoline hybrids with and without the Bt traits; and 2) evaluate the agronomic and economic optimums for yield and nitrogen (N) rate for each near-isoline hybrids. A two-year study at three University of Maryland research farms in 2013-2014 examined each hybrid type for stalk damage due to ECB, yield performance, the optimum N rate for maximizing yield, and the economic returns the two hybrids provided. This study found minimal ECB stalk damage and no consistent agronomic or economic yield difference between the Bt and non-Bt hybrids. Neither hybrid type was determined to have a consistent nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) advantage. The results of this study indicate that producers should not have concerns over hybrid type choice, now that there is significant regional suppression of ECB below economic levels. Bt GENETICS EFFECT ON CORN HYBRID PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON OF TWO NEAR ISOLINE CORN HYBRIDS


Introduction . Currently, it is considered that the sea buckthorn genus includes 15 species and subspecies, but only 4 of them have found wide application in practice: the Chinese subspecies (sinensis), the European (rhamnoides), Central Asian (turkestanica) and Siberian (mongolica). Fruits of sea buckthorn have a complex chemical composition, represented by such groups of biologically active substances (BAS), as flavonoids, amino acids, organic acids, tannins, water- and fat-soluble vitamins, polysaccharides, easily digestible sugars. Most varieties of sea buckthorn bred in the Institute of horticulture Siberia M. A. Lisavenko. However, the biochemical composition of varieties adapted for growing under the conditions of the middle zone of the European part of Russia is little studied. Aim . The work was to study the BAS profile of the sea-buckthorn fruits of various varieties growing in the middle zone of the European part of Russia, by capillary electrophoresis. Materials and methods . The study of the profile of biologically active substances (free organic acids and sugars, as well as free and related amino acids) of sea buckthorn fruits of various varieties was carried out by capillary electrophoresis. The determination of the amount of free organic acids, amino acids, free and related sugars. Results and discussion. Different varieties have their phytochemical features. The sugar-acid index of the sea-buckthorn fruits of the studied varieties varied from 0.9 to 2.01, which indicates that they belong to the acidic group according to the existing gradation. Conclusion . In general, the qualitative composition of the BAS of the studied varieties is similar to each other, but it differs quantitatively. Identified varieties with a maximum and minimum content of the studied groups of biologically active substances.


It is good to know that South Georgia pintails are now breeding in captivity at Slimbridge (Oryx 17, 211, 1983) but I was sorry to see the sensational way this item was reported. The ducks were not airlifted off South Georgia to ensure the species was not 'wiped out' during the Falklands conflict. Their dispatch to Slimbridge was planned long before the first scrap-merchant set foot on the island. Furthermore, even had the hostilities in South Georgia been much more widespread, it is inconceivable that this attractive little duck, which although its population is small, is widely distributed along the whole of South Georgia's extensive coastline, would have been significantly affected by the war.


Abstract In the environmental health literature, errors in interpreting studies or data are not infrequent. Many are of the Type II variety. Common solecisms of this type are: treating the criterion of p < 0.05 as a sacrament; demanding complete confounder control; arguing for the existence of phantom confounders; arguing that the effect size is trivial; building nonveridical models; arguing for no effect from inadequate sample size; demanding causal proof; arguing that causality is reversed; conducting a ballot of published studies. These are examined in this paper.


In 1986, Kenneth Lieberthal observed that the study of China in the United States had had little effect on the evolution of political science. Over twenty years later, its impact on the core debates in comparative politics seems to have been no more significant. Why have some of the most influential books in the study of contemporary Chinese politics not been significant in the discipline of comparative politics? Based on a quantitative overview of forty-two comparative politics syllabi, my argument is twofold. First, China scholarship has isolated the study of Chinese politics by primarily publishing in area journals, building analyses around debates exclusive to Chinese politics, and generating knowledge with limited contemplation of its potential for generalization outside China. Second, comparative politics seems to have been caught in a "democratic prism," which has impeded scholars' ability to adapt some of the debates to empirical changes associated with China's rise and development.


Phospholipase D (PLD) is an enzyme that breaks down phospholipids in the cell membrane. It has been suggested that PLD may play a role during cell proliferation and cell invasion of cancer cells. The objective of this thesis was to define new molecular signaling pathways in which PLD2 might be involved in terms of cell proliferation (first part) and cell invasion (second part). To this, I compared molecular and biochemical aspects between untransformed cell lines with highly invasive, transformed breast cancer cells. In the first part, I investigated the interaction of two tyrosine kinases with PLD2 and the effect of such interaction on cell proliferation in the highly invasive MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. I found that the activities from the two kinases and from PLD2 are all augmented in the cancer cells while the protein levels are only relatively high in these cells. JAK3 upregulates PLD2 activity in MDA-MB-231 cells while inhibits PLD2 in the untransformed breast epithelial MCF10A cells. Fes interacts with PLD2 at distinct binding sites in MDA-MB-231 cells compared to MCF10A cells. I also found that phosphatidic acid (PA), the product of PLD enzymatic activity, enhances Fes activity in MDAMB-231 cells but not in MCF10A cells. Further, I demonstrate that the two tyrosine kinases JAK3 and Fes also interact with each other, with Fes having an inhibitory effect on JAK3 in MCF10A cells but not in cancer cells. The balanced PLD2 activity by JAK3, Fes and PLD2 interactions in the MCF10A cells keeps PLD2 at basal level that lead to normal cell growth. In contrast, in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells, the


A method for detecting the occurrence of an abrupt steplike change in a time sequence of video images is presented. A single-pole recursive high-pass filter cascaded with a moving average filter processes the input data to remove the quiescent background level and accumulate a sustained change in amplitude. The absolute value of the output is compared to a threshold to decide whether a steplike change in signal amplitude has occurred. It is shown that, for a given cutoff frequency of the high-pass filter, an optimal value exists for the number of terms in the moving average. Considerations for implementation of the algorithm on practical image processors are discussed. The results of numerical and laboratory experiments are presented that verify the effectiveness of the method. >


This article is part of a larger project on language politics in the European Union (EU), with an empirical focus on questions concerning identity. Using Wortham's (1996) deictic mapping technique, I examine how EU leaders position themselves with respect to a European identity through the use of pronouns. Using this discourse analytic framework, I show how, in a panel featuring leaders from current and prospective EU member states, a participant from Turkey juxtaposes his various identity positions with those of other panel members. The analysis focuses on short discourse fragments featuring discussions about European identity. The analysis reveals three identities constructed through pronoun use: neutral, non-European, and European. While leaders from current member states emphasize their Europeanness through pronoun use, the Turkish panelist portrays an identity in opposition to this European identity, thus exhibiting how the repetition of pronoun use patterns helps to create, recreate, and make visible certain identities.


The clinical translation of magnetic hyperthermia (MH) needs magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with enhanced heating properties and good biocompatibility. Many studies were devoted lately to the increase in the heating power of iron oxide MNPs by doping the magnetite structure with divalent cations. A series of MNPs with variable Zn/Fe molar ratios (between 1/10 and 1/1) were synthesized by using a high-temperature polyol method, and their physical properties were studied with different techniques (Transmission Electron Microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). At low Zn doping (Zn/Fe ratio 1/10), a significant increase in the saturation magnetization (90 e.m.u./g as compared to 83 e.m.u./g for their undoped counterparts) was obtained. The MNPs' hyperthermia properties were assessed in alternating magnetic fields up to 65 kA/m at a frequency of 355 kHz, revealing specific absorption rates of up to 820 W/g. The Zn ferrite MNPs showed good biocompatibility against two cell lines (A549 cancer cell line and BJ normal cell line) with a drop of only 40% in the viability at the highest dose used (500 μg/cm2). Cellular uptake experiments revealed that the MNPs enter the cells in a dose-dependent manner with an almost 50% higher capacity of cancer cells to accommodate the MNPs. In vitro hyperthermia data performed on both cell lines indicate that the cancer cells are more sensitive to MH treatment with a 90% drop in viability after 30 min of MH treatment at 30 kA/m for a dose of 250 μg/cm2. Overall, our data indicate that Zn doping of iron oxide MNPs could be a reliable method to increase their hyperthermia efficiency in cancer cells.


Abstract Objective To examine the trends in obesity and adiposity measures, including body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and lean mass, by race or ethnicity among adults in the United States from 2011 to 2018. Design Population based study. Setting National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2011-18. Participants A nationally representative sample of US adults aged 20 years or older. Main outcome measures Weight, height, and waist circumference among adults aged 20 years or older were measured by trained technicians using standardized protocols. Obesity was defined as body mass index of 30 or higher for non-Asians and 27.5 or higher for Asians. Abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference of 102 cm or larger for men and 88 cm or larger for women. Body fat percentage and lean mass were measured among adults aged 20-59 years by using dual energy x ray absorptiometry. Results This study included 21 399 adults from NHANES 2011-18. Body mass index was measured for 21 093 adults, waist circumference for 20 080 adults, and body fat percentage for 10 864 adults. For the overall population, age adjusted prevalence of general obesity increased from 35.4% (95% confidence interval 32.5% to 38.3%) in 2011-12 to 43.4% (39.8% to 47.0%) in 2017-18 (P for trend<0.001), and age adjusted prevalence of abdominal obesity increased from 54.5% (51.2% to 57.8%) in 2011-12 to 59.1% (55.6% to 62.7%) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.02). Age adjusted mean body mass index increased from 28.7 (28.2 to 29.1) in 2011-12 to 29.8 (29.2 to 30.4) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.001), and age adjusted mean waist circumference increased from 98.4 cm (97.4 to 99.5 cm) in 2011-12 to 100.5 cm (98.9 to 102.1 cm) in 2017-18 (P for trend=0.01). Significant increases were observed in body mass index and waist circumference among the Hispanic, non-Hispanic white, and non-Hispanic Asian groups (all P for trend<0.05), but not for the non-Hispanic black group. For body fat percentage, a significant increase was observed among non-Hispanic Asians (30.6%, 29.8% to 31.4% in 2011-12; 32.7%, 32.0% to 33.4% in 2017-18; P for trend=0.001), but not among other racial or ethnic groups. The age adjusted mean lean mass decreased in the non-Hispanic black group and increased in the non-Hispanic Asian group, but no statistically significant changes were found in other racial or ethnic groups. Conclusions Among US adults, an increasing trend was found in obesity and adiposity measures from 2011 to 2018, although disparities exist among racial or ethnic groups.


performance across the sectors. Taking economic group of an economy the unit of analysis, this research presents a comparative financial ratios analysis of economic groups composed of listed companies at Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSE). The analysis is based on the profitability, liquidity, efficiency, leverage, growth and trends over a period of time using 5 years data of non-financial listed companies. The results show that profitability ratios for Food, Chemicals, Cement, Motor vehicle, Fuel & energy sector and Coke sectors are performing above the overall average R.O.A and NPM while the Textile, Sugar, Manufacturing, Minerals, Information and Communication, Electric machinery and Other Services economic groups are performing below the overall averages. Sales growth of Manufacturing, Mineral product, Cement and Other services activities economic groups are performing above 50%. While Textile, Sugar, Food, Chemicals products, Motor vehicle, Fuel & energy, Info. & transport services, Coke and refined pet., Paper products and Electric machinery economic groups are performing below 50%. Sugar economic group has liquidity and total asset turnover ratio above overall average but the profitability of this economic group is below overall average. It means that the economic group is not properly utilizing its liquidity for generation of profits. Similarly, Textile sector has profitability, efficiency and liquidity below the overall average of economic groups.


Although the importance of the service sector has been highlighted recently, service innovation remain under-researched by scholars. Innovation research based on manufacturing sector suggests that innovation strategy varies according to the objectives of innovation and has a positive influence on firm performance. To investigate the path that links the objectives of innovation, innovation strategy used and firm performance, this study develops a conceptual model of service innovation from the literature and tests the Structural Equation Model(SEM) using STEPI (Korea's Science and Technology Policy Institute) data. We could identify the causal relationships both between the objectives of innovation and innovation strategy and between innovation strategy and firm performance in service as in manufacturing, but we also found that the results of the empirical study for the service industry, in particular, the empirical results on the relationship between the aims of innovation and innovation strategy used, are quite different from those for manufacturing.


Andrographolide from Andrographis panicultata (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg, oral) has been studied for its analgesic, antipyretic and antiulcerogenic activities. Andrographolide did not show any analgesic activity in hot plate test in mice while it showed significant (P< 0.05) analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and Randall Selitto's test in rats at 300 mg/kg dose. Andrographolide, (100 and 300 mg/kg, oral) produced significant (P < 0.05) antipyretic effect after 3h of administration in Brewer's yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Andrographolide also possessed significant (p < 0.05) anti-ulcerogenic activity at 100 and 300 mg/kg doses, aspirin induced ulceration in rats.


This paper examines portfolio of livelihood strategies that households employ in semi-arid and risky production environment. Results show that there are multiple choices available for pastoral and agropastoral herders to adapt to or cope with the changing conditions. These include herd mobility, relying on traditional early warning, informal asset transfer, livestock fattening (emergence of markets) and in some cases a complete shift from pastoralism. Moreover, the development of institutional arrangements to assist various forms of economic transaction that supported the flow of productive assets from less efficient to more efficient users emerged as herders tend to mix their strategies. The results imply the need to revise development strategies that erroneously perceive herding communities as homogenous groups. Interventions supporting sustainable livelihoods in pastoral areas emphasize supply of diverse packages in order to meet different demands.

 Key words: Mobility, markets, informal insurance, traditional institutions.


The Stirling engine (SEG) that uses waste product and biomass as fuel is a clean energy system with few greenhouse gas discharges. However, improvement of generation efficiency and development of a product are required strongly. In this paper, the energy flow is investigated in experimenting in Test SEG. These results are installed into the energy demand pattern of cold region houses with much heat demand, and the amount of fuel consumption, power generation efficiency, and a greenhouse gas amount of emission are investigated. Operations of the proposed system are SEG base-load operation and SEG power-load-following operation. Moreover, when there is less exhaust heat of the SEG than a heat demand amount, the electric heat pump is operated. From analysis results, the energy cost, the greenhouse gas emission characteristic, the auxiliary heat source, and the operation plan of a heat storage tank due to the conventional method and the proposed system were described. It is thought that greenhouse gas and the energy cost of the SEG cogeneration made to follow power load are advantageous compared with the SEG base load operation. However, it turned out that improvement in the speed of the load response characteristic of the SEG is required as a future subject.


In the Sahel, exacerbated soils degradation is an ecological indicator
of ecosystem vulnerability. This study examines the effects of
restoration of degraded lands on soils physicochemical properties and
adaptability of planted woody species over a period of 4-6 years. It is
based on: 1) Physicochemical analyses of soils (granulometry,
calcimetry, and organic matter) carried out on 102 samples taken in the
upper 10 centimeters of the soil profile of the rehabilitated and
control sites, 2) measures carried out for the dimensioning of
anti-erosion structures, 3) dendrometric measurements on woody species
planting in 20 plots each with a rectangular shape 60 m × 30 m as well
as characterization of the structure of their root systems.
Physicochemical analyses show an improvement in soil quality and
structure thanks to the erosion control measures. The degradation of
anti-erosion structures, inferred from the rate of siltation of
micro-basins, the subsidence of the bulges, the formation, and extension
of the breaches, is strongly influenced by the topography,
precipitation, and sandy texture of the soils. The restoration
activities have led to the reconstitution of vegetation cover on
degraded soils. Based on dendrometric characteristics, height class
structure, and root systems architecture, significant differences were
observed between woody species planted in anti-erosive structures.
Eucalyptus camaldulensis groups of with a tracer root system and high
density, have the highest structural parameters resulting from the
adaptation of this species on Sahelian degraded lands.


This study examines standards and standard-setting for the protection of companion and farm animals. The well-being of companion and farm animals is dependent on the scope of standards applicable to their protection and the ways in which those standards are applied in practice. Despite the seriousness of harms inflicted on companion and, especially, farm animals every year, little scholarly attention has been paid to development of the standards governing their protection.
A case study approach, focussed on Queensland, is used to explore who exercises authority in the arena of animal protection regulation, how standard-setting processes work and how these relate to compliance monitoring and enforcement. This study explores these issues through a series of questions:
1. How are the purposes of the regulation of the protection of companion and farm animals framed?
2. What types of regulatory standards apply to the protection of companion and farm animals in Queensland?
3. What are the processes for development of these standards, and how have these evolved over time?
4. What consequences do the prevailing types of standards have for compliance monitoring and enforcement?
5. How are these standards applied in practice through compliance monitoring and enforcement processes?
6. What are the key differences in the regulatory standards for the protection of companion and farm animals and how might these differences be rationalised?
Insights from regulatory studies are used to interpret and explain regulatory objectives, standard-setting processes and, to the extent allowed by the data obtained in this study, compliance monitoring and enforcement. This study therefore provides a new field of practice – animal protection – for the application of established principles of regulatory analysis. This study makes a significant contribution to the discipline of animal law, still a comparatively new area of legal concern, by extending the predominantly doctrinal underpinnings of this field.


The two-dimensionally incommensurately modulated crystal structures of the compounds RETe1.94(1) (RE = La, Pr, Nd) were investigated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds crystallize in the tetragonal superspace group P4/n(αβ½)00(-βα½)00 (No. 184.108.40.206) with q1 = αa*+βb*+½c* and q2 = -βa*+αb*+½c* and share a common motif of an alternating stacking of a puckered [RETe] layer and a planar [Te] layer. This basic structural motif is observed for all reported compounds with unusually large anisotropic displacement parameters in the planar [Te] layer. Taking the modulation into account, a distortion from this perfect square planar net is noted along with vacancies in the planar [Te] layer. The distortion leads to the formation of different discrete anions, like Te2-, Te22- and Te32-, similar to previously reported structures for REX2-δ compounds (RE = trivalent rare earth metal, X = S, Se, Te). The Te-Te distances in the modulated [Te] layer are found in a narrow range as compared to those in the corresponding sulfides and selenides.


After introducing the status quo of farmers' net income and gross out value of agriculture of Sichuan Province, and the changes of agricultural output structure, the regression analysis was conducted on the impact of the changes in agricultural structure on the farmers' net income per capita on strengthens of the data from Sichuan statistical yearbook and by the way of econometrics. The multiple linear regression analysis was conducted on the impact the changes in crop farming on farmers' net income by using logarithmic demand model. The results show that the agricultural structure has transformed from the dominant crop farming to the all-around developmental trend covering the dominant industry, animal husbandry and forestry, fishery and the other industries; the animal husbandry has greatest impact on famers' income per capita and the impact of crop farming is slightly weaker than animal husbandry; the crop farming and animal husbandry develop fairly rapid simultaneously and the two all have great impact in farmers' income; among animal husbandry, the meat and eggs have relatively great impact on farmers' income, while in crop farming, grain plays the dominant role in affecting farmers' income, followed by cash crop. Hence, the relevant countermeasures applied to increase farmers' income are put forward in terms of optimizing the internal structure of agriculture, adjusting the internal structure of crop farming, adjusting the internal structure of animal husbandry and strengthening the support of farmers.


This paper presents an interactive biomedical image retrieval system based on automatic visual region-of-interest (ROI) extraction and classification into visual concepts. In biomedical articles, authors often use annotation markers such as arrows, letters or symbols overlaid on figures and illustrations in the articles to highlight ROIs. These annotations are then referenced and correlated with concepts in the caption text or figure citations in the article text. This association creates a bridge between the visual characteristics of important regions within an image and their semantic interpretation. Our proposed method at first localizes and recognizes the annotations by utilizing a combination of rule-based and statistical image processing techniques. Identifying these assists in extracting ROIs that are likely to be highly relevant to the discussion in the article text. The image regions are then annotated for classification using biomedical concepts obtained from a glossary of imaging terms. Similar automatic ROI extraction can be applied to query images, or user may interactively mark an ROI. As a result of our method, visual characteristics of the ROIs can be mapped to text concepts and then used to search image captions. In addition, the system can toggle the search process from purely visual to a textual one (cross-modal) or integrate both visual and textual search in a single process (multi-modal) based on utilizing user feedback. The hypothesis, that such approaches would improve biomedical image retrieval, is validated through experiments on a biomedical article dataset of thoracic CT scans from the collection of ImageCLEF'2010 medical retrieval track.