In the absence of financial information on Australian mohair enterprises we aimed to determine the gross margins (per dry sheep equivalent, DSE) and their relationships with farm inputs, productivity and mohair quality in Australian mohair enterprises. Using established Victorian Farm and Sheep Monitor Project protocols we collected data for the financial years 2004–05, 2005–06 and 2006–07 from farmers in south-eastern Australia and made comparisons with data from wool enterprises of similar farm area. Over 3 years the financial returns from mohair exceeded that from wool in terms of $/DSE ($23.0 v. 11.3) and $/ha ($132 v. $116). This result was achieved despite the mohair enterprises grazing their goats far less intensively compared with the grazing intensity of sheep (5.9 v. 10.3–11.1 DSE/ha) and by using far less phosphate fertiliser than used in the wool enterprises (2.2 v. 4.6–6.1 kg P/ha). These differences were counterbalanced by higher prices for mohair compared with fine wool ($13.15/kg v. $8.35/kg clean fibre). Gross margin for the mohair enterprise did not increase as stocking rate increased. Income from mohair sales declined as the proportion of does in the flock increased. Increasing the proportion of does in the flock was associated with a decline in the average price of mohair ($16/kg greasy at 42% does to $8/kg greasy at 83% does in the flock). This decline was closely associated with the increasing proportion of the total amount of mohair coarser than 34.0 µm (either fine hair or hair) plus stained mohair. The variation in profitability between farms indicates significant scope for many mohair enterprises to increase profit. A focus on producing finer quality mohair will increase mohair profitability.


While commonly referred to in the pejorative register due to its recent links with the far-right, the work of Ernesto Laclau and his followers has sought to re-claim populism for the progressive left. Rather than necessarily the site of an irrational and reactionary politics, Laclau conceived populism as an 'articulatory logic' which can potentially carry any ideology. This paper argues, through a discussion of recent media campaigns of the NZEI teacher union, that populism is a potentially useful strategy for leftist educational activists. Through clearly marking the boundaries between neoliberalism and a progressive educational ethos, the logic brings together teachers, parents and the wider public around shared cultural values. While there are ethical issues associated with a strategy which encourages simplification and the exclusion of an Other, I argue that these concerns can be mitigated against through the grounding of campaigns in widely shared ethical principles and the provision of accessible online spaces. Further, there is no 'who' which is excluded, but a 'what': a globally hegemonic system which itself has inflicted much social harm.


Abstract Investigations into eutrophication of Ngau Mei Hoi Bay, Hong Kong, were carried out in July and December 1996. The results show that Ngau Mei Hoi Bay can be classified as hypereutrophic. During summer phytoplankton blooms (average chlorophyll a = 33.96 μg L−1), high oxygen saturation (up to 145.3%), high pH (7.8–8.4), and nutrient depletion (mean NO3+NO2 = 0.89 μg L−1) at the surface in association with hypoxic (dissolved oxygen concentration was down to 0.9 mg L−1), low pH (down to 4.9), and high nutrient (mean NO3+NO2 = 96.28 μg L−1) conditions at the bottom layer were observed. This typical phenomenon of eutrophication resulted from nutrient enrichment by anthropogenic activities, water column stratification formed by spreading of the Pearl River plume at the surface, and outer shelf water intrusion at the bottom. The perniciousness of the hypereutrophication and future monitoring needs for environmental management are also discussed.


The article represents results of the empirical research, based upon the theoretical analysis of the leader's personality features and student's personality. Factors, which were revealed after computing the data, let divide leadership aspirations into three content groups: active aspirations to leadership, potentially-active aspirations to leadership, passive aspirations leadership. Using the contents of the distinguished factors, the author created the psychological portraits of students with different types of aspirations to leadership.


Introduction: Acute T-cell leukemia cells may express the marker CD33. Gemtuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against CD33, used clinically in combination with ozogamicin, a cytotoxic antibiotic, for treatment of acute leukemias. It has been previously demonstrated that gold nanoparticles delivered intracellularly and exposed to nonionizing radiofrequency (RF) fields induce hyperthermic cytotoxicity. RF fields are not cytotoxic without the presence of nanoparticles. The purpose of this experiment is to investigate cell death in cells treated with gemtuzumab ozogamicin conjugated to gold nanoparticles after RF field exposure. Methods: D1.1 (acute T-cell leukemia) cells were plated in 60mm cell culture dishes. Two groups (n=3 in each group) of plated cells were treated for two hours with gemtuzumab ozogamicin conjugated to 10nm solid gold nanoparticles in media. One group of cells was then exposed to a radiofrequency field for a total generator energy of 1500 W-minutes. The control cells were treated with the same gold conjugate, but were not exposed to an RF field. Two days later, cell viability, apoptosis, and death was determined by flow cytometry. The groups were compared with Student9s t-test. Results: RF fields induced apoptosis in 58.7% ± 3.95% of treated cells, compared with 8.66% ± 0.56% of the controls (p=0.002). The viability after RF exposure was 13.9% ± 6.11% while gemtuzumab ozogamicin gold conjugate alone decreased viability to 74.2% ± 0.85% (p=0.003). The temperature of the media was kept below 40°C to avoid nonspecific cell injury. Conclusions: Multimodality therapy (chemotherapy and nanoparticle-mediated hyperthermia) induced significantly more death in acute T-cell leukemia cells than antibody-chemotherapy alone. Antibodies specific to molecular targets on cells permit targeting of the heat mediator (nanoparticles) while preventing non-specific delivery of both nanoparticles and chemotherapeutic agent. The use of non-invasive RF fields to specifically induce cell death by hyperthermia with nanoparticles may present new options for the treatment of leukemias. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3704.


The selection of odor-active conformers and the construction of a model for a targeted odor type, i.e., for the lily-of-the-valley odor, were examined. The disagreement of the odors of 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-benzoxepin derivative 1 and 3-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-2-methylpropanal (2) is discussed in terms of their stable conformers. The conformer active for the lily-of-the-valley odor was investigated by conformational analyses of several related compounds. Based on the integrated model consisting of the assumed active conformers (Fig. 5), compounds anticipated to possess the lily-of-the-valley odor were designed and synthesized. The odor of synthetic 7-(tert-butyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3H-benzocyclohepten-3-one (8) and 3-[4-(tert-butyl)phenyl]cyclopentanone (13) were evaluated by perfumers to have a floral odor and to recall the lily-of-the-valley and lilac odors, respectively. Our methodology to design new odoriferous compounds, based on conformational analysis, selection of odor-active conformers, and construction of a model, proved to be satisfactory.


Vitamin E has been shown to be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The following research is concerned with assessing vitamin E status in healthy people and those with increased risk of CVD, who may have an altered vitamin E status. To understand the relationship between vitamin E intake, blood concentrations and metabolism healthy subjects were given varying single doses of RRR alpha-tocopheryl acetate (alpha-TA) up to 780 mg (n=20). There was a greater uptake of alpha-tocopherol in plasma and erythrocytes compared with platelets and lymphocytes. No dose-response relationship was observed, however there was a positive correlation between percentage increase in a-tocopherol concentration in plasma and erythrocyte with mg urinary alpha-carboxyethylhydroxychroman (alpha-CEHC) excreted. Less than 1% of alpha-TA was excreted as urinary a-CEHC. Research into the absorption of deuterium labelled (d6) alpha-TA showed a greater uptake into plasma and chylomicrons over 9 h when d6 alpha-TA was ingested with 17.5 g fat compared with 2.7 g fat (n=8). Furthermore, there was a greater uptake into chylomicrons over 9 h when d6 alpha-TA was ingested with toast and butter compared with cereal, cream and milk, both containing 17.5 g fat. This indicates the fat content and physical properties of a meal affect a-tocopherol absorption. The biokinetics of newly absorbed d6 alpha-tocopherol into plasma, lipoproteins and blood cells was investigated in healthy subjects (n=12). d6 alpha-Tocopherol firstly entered the chylomicrons, followed by VLDL, then LDL and HDL. In platelets and lymphocytes there was a gradual increase in d6 alpha-tocopherol concentration. A third of subjects exhibited a biphasic uptake of d6 alpha-tocopherol in platelets, with an initial peak at 6 h. Hypercholesterolemics are at increased risk of CVD and have altered lipoprotein metabolism therefore they may have altered vitamin E biokinetics. To investigate this, hypercholesterolemic and normolipidemic males ingested 150 mg d6 alpha-TA (n=16). The d6 alpha-tocopherol uptake into plasma was similar but there was a lower uptake of d6 alpha-tocopherol in low-density lipoprotein per g protein in hypercholesterolemics compared with normolipidemics. There was also a trend towards a lower uptake of d6 alpha-tocopherol into erythrocytes, platelets and lymphocytes in hypercholesterolemics. A greater percentage of hypercholesterolemics exhibited a biphasic profile in the uptake of d6 alpha-tocopherol into platelets compared with normolipidemics. Cigarette smokers are subjected to increased free radical exposure and therefore may utilise more vitamin E. Steady-state vitamin E status was measured in cigarette smokers and non-smokers (n=30). Plasma and erythrocyte alpha and gamma-tocopherol levels were similar, however cigarette smokers had a lower concentration of alpha-tocopherol in platelets and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol concentrations were lower in lymphocytes. Cigarette smokers excreted similar amounts of urinary alpha-CEHC, but more gamma-CEHC compared with non- smokers.


In the present study, natural convection heat transfer in a partitioned square cavity utilizing nanofluids is studied. The vertical left and right walls are considered cold walls, and the partitions assumed to be hot. The nanoparticules used in this study is Cu with the volume fraction of 10%. The influence of different parameters such as Rayleigh number (Ra=103, 104 and 105), distance from the cold wall of the partition (d=0.3H-0.7H) are studied. According to the results, Rayleigh number and location of the partition are important factors that extremely affect the streamlines and isotherms. In this case we founded that the increase in Rayleigh number, increases the average Nusselt number for all the nanofluid volume fractions. The increment in average Nusselt number is strongly dependent on the location of the partition.


Background: The powerful "graft versus leukemia" effect thought partly responsible for the therapeutic effect of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in reducing relapse of high-risk acute myeloid leukemia (AML) provides the rationale for the investigation of immune-based therapy in those with relapsed or refractory AML. There is considerable pre-clinical evidence for potential synergy between PD-1 checkpoint blockade and hypomethylating agents.
 Aims: To determine the feasibility of a novel combination of pembrolizumab and decitabine in relapsed/refractory adult AML patients.
 Methods: 17-H-0026, (PD-AML, NCT02996474) was an investigator sponsored, single-institution, single-arm open-label ten subject study approved by the NHLBI IRB and conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (FDA IND: 131826). Pembrolizumab 200 milligrams was administered intravenously on day 1 of every three-week cycle, with decitabine 20 milligrams per meter squared administered on days 8-12 and 15-19 (i.e.: total of 10 days) of alternative cycles starting with cycle 1. Up to eight cycles (24 weeks) of therapy were given.
 Results: Ten high-risk patients (median age 62, range 30-81) were enrolled, seven with refractory disease (including two with therapy-related myeloid neoplasm) and three with early relapse (less than 6 months from completion of last therapy).
 This novel combination therapy was well tolerated, with a toxicity profile largely consistent with that expected from decitabine. No grade 5 adverse events occurred. Most grade 4 adverse events were hematological. Non-hematological grade 4 events were seen in only two subjects; febrile neutropenia, hypotension and sepsis in one, and sepsis in the other. Two patients suffered from hypothyroidism as an immune-related adverse event (after 2 and 4 cycles respectively) and a third patient developed central diabetes insipidus thought possibly associated with pembrolizumab.
 In summary, 4 of the 10 patients had stable disease at the end of 8 cycles (24 weeks), 4 progressed prior to cycle 8, 1 patient was taken off study due to grade 4 toxicity (sepsis) in cycle 5 in a morphological leukemic free state (MLFS) and 1 patient achieved an MRD negative complete response at the end of 8 cycles.
 Specifically, a 74 year-old male patient, enrolled at second relapse, achieved a CR3 lasting 337 days (compared with prior CR2 of 185 days) which was MRD negative at the end of eight cycles, and was still alive 14 months from start of treatment. A 81 year old male patient, with refractory treatment related myeloid neoplasm achieved a MRD-negative MLFS but was removed from study early due to grade 4 toxicity. The 4 patients with stable disease at the end of planned eight cycles included a 71 year-old male patient in early first relapse who decreased blasts from 4.4% at enrollment to 0.1% at the end of 8 cycles.
 Median overall survival for patients on this study was 7 months (range 2 to ongoing at 14 months) with a median time of follow-up in survivors of 13 months (range 7-14 months). Updated survival data will be reported at the meeting.
 Additional planned laboratory correlates include assessment of changes in leukemic clonality, T-cell receptor repertoire diversity and bone marrow-resident immune cell profiles during therapy.
 Conclusion/summary: This first proof of principle study demonstrates the feasibility of the combination of pembrolizumab and decitabine in relapsed/refractory adult AML patients.
 .
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 No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.


Abstract Please click here to download the map associated with this article. Much of the world's transport networks are located on cuttings and embankments. In the UK many of these earthwork structures were constructed in the mid-19th Century and are therefore susceptible to slope instability. Instability in transport corridors tends to manifest itself through shallow slope failures. The trigger for such failures is an increase in pore water pressure which is directly affected by an increase in soil moisture. Transport network operators carry out appraisals of their earthworks by making crude observations of soil moisture conditions in the absence of an efficient technique for making in situ measurements. Remote sensing offers the potential to monitor long stretches of transport corridor but currently there is no method for characterising soil moisture that can be considered operational or cost effective. This study explores the use of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to map soil moisture distribution for a transport corridor near Haltwhistle, Northumberland. Terrain analysis calculations, namely potential solar radiation and a topographic wetness index, are applied to a fine scale DEM interpolated from the LiDAR point data using the AnuDEM routine which ensures consideration of hydrological flow. The relationships between soil moisture and the terrain analysis calculations are explored using both global and local (geographically weighted) regression analysis. It was found that a combination of the potential solar radiation calculation and the topographic wetness index, expressed by the natural logarithm, provided the best results (R2 = 0.65).


We conducted a historical cohort study of 2,433 cosmetic contact lens wearers (1,055 conventional [non-disposable] daily wear lens users, 905 disposable extended wear lens users, and 473 conventional extended wear lens users) in order to estimate the rates of occurrence of complications and symptoms among disposable extended wear contact lens users and compare these rates with those for conventional soft daily wear users and conventional soft extended wear users. Data were abstracted from the office records of eight eye care practitioners for the period February 1987 through April 1989. The prevalence of all complications for disposable extended wear lens users was not significantly different from the prevalence for conventional daily wear lens users but was significantly lower than the prevalence for conventional extended wear lens users. The incidence of ulcers among disposable extended wear lens users did not differ significantly from the incidence found with conventional extended wear, but was significantly higher than the rate for conventional daily wear. Disposable extended wear lenses, in contrast to conventional extended wear lenses, may be more strongly associated with benign peripheral infiltrates than with the more serious central ulcers. Disposable extended wear lens users reported symptoms less frequently at routine scheduled visits than both conventional daily wear and conventional extended wear users and had a lower rate of unscheduled visits for complications and symptoms.


Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in the Coronavirus family is a highly contagious enteric pathogen in the swine industry, which has evolved mechanisms to evade host innate immune responses. The PEDV-mediated inhibition of interferons (IFNs) has been linked to the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in virus–host interactions and IFN-I regulation. However, the mechanism by which the PEDV regulates IFN during PEDV infection has not yet been investigated in its natural target cells. We here report a novel mechanism of viral immune escape involving miR-615, which was screened from a high-throughput sequencing library of porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) infected with PEDV. PEDV infection altered the profiles of miRNAs and the activities of several pathways involved in innate immunity. Overexpression of miR-615 increased PEDV replication, inhibited IFN expression, downregulated the NF-κB pathway, and blocked p65 nuclear translocation. In contrast, knockdown of miR-615 enhanced IFN expression, suppressed PEDV replication, and activated the NF-κB pathway. We further determined that IRAK1 is the target gene of miR-615 in IECs. Our findings show that miR-615 suppresses activation of the NF-κB pathway by suppressing the IRAK1 protein and reducing the generation of IFN-IIIs, which in turn facilitates PEDV infection in IECs. Moreover, miR-615 inhibited PEDV replication and NF-κB pathway activation in both IECs and MARC-145 cells. These findings support an important role for miR-615 in the innate immune regulation of PEDV infections and provide a novel perspective for developing new treatments.


Microbial safety is an essential prerequisite of cosmetics, and preservatives are required to prevent product spoilage and damage to consumers' health. Consumer concern about the safety of some cosmetic ingredients and the increasing demand for more natural beauty products has driven cosmetic industries and formulators to find natural alternatives to replace synthetic preservatives currently used. In this study, methylglyoxal (MGO, the main factor responsible for the antimicrobial activity of manuka honey) was tested for antimicrobial activity against a panel of selected bacteria and mycetes by using conventional microbiological techniques (determination of M.I.C., time-kill assay), and its potential preservative in an O/W emulsion was investigated (challenge test). MGO showed a remarkable and fast antibacterial activity (M.I.C. values 0.150–0.310 mg/mL), while the inhibitory activity against fungi was less marked (M.I.C. values 1.25–10 mg/mL); chitosan has proven to be a synergist of antimicrobial effectiveness of MGO. Results of the challenge test showed that the addition of MGO to a cream formulation was efficient against microbial contamination. On the basis of our results, MGO appears to be a good candidate as a cosmetic preservative of natural origin; further studies are needed to confirm its applicability and its safety.


The purpose of the present study was to investigate the sensitivity of compound action potential (CAP) tuning curves to changes of the cochlear status in guinea pigs after explosion and their ability to reflect specific histological variations. The results were as follows: 1. The CAP tuning curves were abnormally broad and the Q 10 dB values were reduced by a factor of 1 after explosion, indicating wider tuning. 2. The degree of broadening of the CAP tuning curves seemed to increase as the hair cell loss increased. 3. After explosion, the tip of the tuning curve shifted to frequencies significantly higher or lower than that of the signal, it might be related to the location of hair cell loss in the cochlea. 4. In animals for which damage was restricted to only three rows of outer hair cells, changes of the CAP tuning curves were observed. It provides further evidence that the tuning properties of cochlear nerve fibers are dependent upon the integrity of the outer hair cells even though the great majority of fibers innervate inner hair cells only.


Work environment stress, a salient health and safety issue for secondary school teachers, school administrators, parents, and students, was examined in 168 teachers from two urban and five suburban high schools. The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between ongoing and episodic stressors and anxiety and depression, as well as the extent to which anxiety and depression may be predicted by stressors and coworker and supervisor support. The Ongoing Stressor Scale (OSS) and the Episodic Stressor Scale (ESS), the Coworker and Supervisor Contents of Communication Scales (COCS), the State Anxiety inventory (S-Anxiety), and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) were used to measure the variables. Ongoing and episodic stressors were significantly and positively associated with anxiety and depression. Ongoing stressors and coworker support were significant in explaining anxiety and depression among secondary school teachers. Coworker support had an inverse relationship to anxiety and depression.


Background and aims: To assess the characteristics, care, treatment response, and outcomes of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) patients recently followed-up by hepato-gastroenterologists in various French and Belgian healthcare settings. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients with PBC who recently visited 79 hepato-gastroenterologists in France and Belgium. Data were collected at the time of diagnosis and at last visit and were compared according to biochemical response (BR) to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (BR), using Paris I–II criteria, and clinical outcomes. Results: A total of 436 patients (mean age at diagnosis 57 years, 88% females, median follow-up 5.2 years) were included. Liver biopsy, transient elastography, or none of these two procedures were performed at baseline in 216 (50%), 194 (45%), and 107 (25%) patients, respectively. Late-stage disease (histological stage III or IV, or transient elastography ≥9.6 kPa, or bilirubin >17 µM and albumin <35 g/L, or platelets <150.000/µl, or unequivocal signs of portal hypertension or cirrhosis) was reported in 37% of patients. UDCA was taken by 95% of patients (27% had suboptimal dosage). Inadequate BR was observed in 37% of patients. Clinicians overestimated disease control. Liver-related complications occurred in 9% of patients. Bilirubin and albumin independently predicted inadequate BR; advanced disease stage and inadequate BR independently predicted complications. Conclusions: Recently followed-up French and Belgian patients with PBC had homogeneous management. Late stage at diagnosis and inadequate BR were reported in around 40% of patients. Disease control was frequently overestimated by clinicians. Disease stage and BR were the main prognostic factors.


An unusual case of a 40-year-old woman seeking treatment for a 10-cm cystic neoplasm of the pancreas is described. Imaging revealed a large proteinaceous, fluid-filled cyst with a mural nodule. Laparotomy was successful with en bloc resection. Pathologic examination revealed a neoplastic mucinous epithelial tumor with an abundance of multinucleated tumor giant cells. This presentation is consistent with literature reports of an osteoclastic-type giant-cell tumor of the pancreas. The natural history, pathologic evaluation, and clinical implications of this rare neoplasm are discussed with reference to published reports.


AIM
To explore the openness about the diagnosis dementia amongst psychologists the following questions were asked. What is their opinion about openness concerning the diagnosis of dementia? What do they actually tell their patients? Why do or don't they mention dementia?

METHOD
A semistructured questionnaire was given to 17 psychologists working in the North of the Netherlands. They were asked to report on their intention to be open about the diagnosis dementia in general and after neuropsychological examination of 90 patients. These answers were compared to what was actually said to the 90 patients. The collected data have been analyzed mainly qualitatively.

RESULTS
Essentially psychologists believe that patients need to be informed openly about the diagnosis of dementia. In practice nearly all psychologists also intended to mention the diagnosis of dementia. However, in about a third of the cases, where the results indicated dementia, this was not mentioned openly. Whether or not the diagnosis dementia is discussed openly and in which way, appears to depend on the context and the clarity of the diagnosis, the wishes and reaction of the carer and whether the patient is judged to be able to cope.

CONCLUSION
Just like physicians, psychologists are not, as a matter of course, open about the diagnosis of dementia to their patients. Circumstances appear to guide them more than their own opinion about what is appropriate.


This study examined Educational Sciences Faculty (ESF) students' time management skills (TMSs) from their perspectives. A questionnaire of 58 items was administered. The sample was 306 students. Results disclosed a medium importance and practice level of TMSs. Domain order in importance level was: awareness, evaluation, planning then implementation. Practice level domain order was: awareness, planning, evaluation, with medium level then implementation with low level. There was a statistically significant and positive correlations between importance and practice levels. There were no significant differences in importance level attributed to gender or residence. however, there were differences attributed to the academic year. Importance level increased in fourth and third years than second and first years. There were also no significant differences in practice level attributed to academic year or residence. however, there were differences attributed to gender in favor of males. There were no statistically significant differences in importance or practice level attributed to interaction among the academic level, gender or residence. Further investigation should be conducted on undergraduate students' actual time management needs.


Since 2007, the College of Pharmacy at the University of Tennessee has conducted a think tank program to study issues of importance to the college that are broader than the purview of any specific college committee. A separate think tank group is appointed for each issue. Each group is charged with


SAOZ (Systeme d'Analyse par Observations Zenithales) is a ground-based UV-Visible zenith-sky spectrometer installed between 1988 and 1995 at a number of NDSC stations at various latitudes on the globe. The instrument is providing ozone and NO2 vertical columns at sunrise and sunset using the Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) technique in the visible spectral range. The ERS-2 GOME Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) in 1995 was the first satellite mission to provide a global picture of atmospheric NO2 with reasonable spatial and temporal resolution. It was then followed by SCanning ImAging spectroMeter for Atmospheric ChartographY (SCIAMACHY) onboard ENVISAT in 2002, and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) onboard EOS-AURA in 2004, with a similar capacity to monitor total NO2. All these instruments are nadir viewing mapping spectrometers, applying the DOAS technique in the visible for deriving the NO2 total column. Here we present the results of NO2 long-term comparisons between GOME and SAOZ for the whole period of GOME operation since 1995 at all latitudes - tropics, mid-latitudes and polar regions - in both hemispheres. Comparisons are also shown with the most recently available SCIAMACHY and OMI data in 2004-2005. Overall, the daytime satellite measurements (around noon) are found consistent with sunrise ground-based data, with an average smaller difference at the tropics and mid-latitudes than in the polar areas in the summer. The agreement is even improved after correcting for the NO2 photochemical change between sunrise and the satellite overpass using a box model. However, some seasonal dependence of the difference between ground-based and satellite total NO2 still remains, related to the accuracy of photochemical simulations and the set of NO2 air mass factors used in the retrievals of both systems.


Deep eutectic mixtures are considered as promising green, cheap and easy-to-prepare solvents for applications in catalysis, extraction or material design. In the present work we focus on the urea:choline chloride system. Our aim was to establish its phase diagram and to quantify the impact of naturally present water on the melting temperature for this highly hygroscopic system. The phase diagram of dried urea:choline chloride was established using three complementary apparatuses: a thermostated bath, an optical microscope and a differential scanning calorimeter. Due to limited thermal stability, only mixtures with urea mole fractions between 0.50 and 0.80 were studied. The eutectic point was found for a urea mole fraction of 0.67 at 25 °C and its enthalpy of melting is 93 J g−1. Water can be easily absorbed from the atmosphere, which decreases the melting temperature of eutectic compositions below room temperature. This is quantified in this paper by a systematic study of the melting temperature of a eutectic mixture containing different quantities of water up to 10 wt%. The presence of water should be taken into account for any physico-chemical characterization as well as for applications of this type of eutectic system.


This research aims to investigate the effects of leadership behaviour of school principals on teachers' organisational commitment in Turkey. The method of meta-analysis is used to calculate the effects size of leadership on teachers' organisational commitment. Besides this, leadership style, publication type and publication year are used as moderators in order to explain variation in effect sizes. The analysis results of the random effect model showed that leadership has a very strong and positive effect on teachers' organisational commitment. Particularly, supporting, democratic and transformational leadership styles affect organisational commitment of teachers more than other leadership approaches. However, except leadership styles, the other moderators chosen for the research are not a powerful determinant of the relationship between school leadership and organisational commitment.
Keywords: Leadership, organisational commitment, meta-analysis.


With first full-field exposure tools for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) materializing, the present paper intends to review the status of the EUV mask infrastructure to assure timely availability of reticles, first for the alpha demo tool (ADT), but also in preparation for future use of EUV lithography in production. First, the major requirements such as low thermal expansion substrates, multilayer reflectivity control, flatness requirements and absorber related requirements are reviewed and motivated. In a second part the status of the infrastructure is reviewed, and it is shown that both for mask blank suppliers and mask shops full-field EUV reticles bring new challenges. Because the mask blank infrastructure is critical to the success of EUV lithography, IMEC has addressed blanks vendors (together with ASML) and mask shops, to get first feedback on the challenges recognized for production tool masks, exploring key parameters that impact overlay and imaging. IMEC has prepared to obtain reticles with an identical layout from multiple mask shops. The present paper gives a snapshot of the available EUV mask infrastructure, with a focus on blank related aspects, in an anonymous way. It is a report of work in progress.


Background: No study in the orthopaedic literature has analyzed the demographic characteristics or surgical training of sports medicine fellowship directors (FDs). Objective determinations as to what makes a physician qualified for this leadership position remain unclear; thus, it is important to identify these qualities as future physicians look to fill these roles. Purpose: To illustrate characteristics common among sports medicine FDs. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The 2020 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Fellowship Directory was used to identify the FDs for all orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship programs in the United States. The characteristics and educational background data for FDs were gathered by 2 independent reviewers from up-to-date curricula vitarum, Web of Science, and institutional biographies and consolidated into 1 database. Data points gathered included age, sex, residency/fellowship training location and graduation year, name of current institution, length of time at current institution, time since training completion until being appointed FD, length of time in current FD role, and personal research H-index. Results: We identified 90 current orthopaedic sports medicine FDs. The mean Scopus H-index was 24.1 (median, 17). The mean age of FDs was 55.4 years; 87 of 90 (96.7%) were male and 3 (3.3%) were female; and 79/90 (87.8%) were White and 3/90 (3.3%) were African-American. The mean time to complete residency was 5.1 years (range, 5.0-6.0 years), and the most attended residency programs were the Hospital for Special Surgery (n = 9), the Harvard Combined Orthopaedic Residency Program (n = 5), and Duke University Medical Center (n = 4). The mean time required to complete a fellowship was 1.1 years (range, 1.0-2.0 years), and the fellowship programs that produced the most future FDs were the American Sports Medicine Institute (n = 11), the Steadman Hawkins Clinic (Vail) (n = 8), the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic (n = 7), and the Hospital for Special Surgery (n = 7). The mean time from completion of fellowship to appointment as a FD was 12.8 years (range, 1-39 years). Conclusion: Women and minority groups are largely underrepresented among leadership positions in the field of orthopaedic sports medicine.


A stand level survival model for unthinned slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations in east Texas was developed that incorporates density of non-planted tree basal area per hectare competition and the incidence of fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum). Survival data on planted slash pine trees were collected on 197 permanent research plots that represent a broad range of site, age, and competitive status combinations. A system of two equations was fit to the survival data using simultaneous nonlinear regression. All model parameters were significant at the 0.05 probability level. The model showed that the number of surviving planted slash pine trees decreased with increasing density (trees per hectare) of non-planted trees as well as increasing site quality (site index). The model further allowed the transition of the slash pine trees from being uninfected to being infected by fusiform rust.


We investigated the effect of magnetic nanoparticles of Fe3O4 (Fe3O4-MNPs) on the mice immune system. Imprinting control region (ICR) mice were assigned randomly into four groups and treated with normal saline or low, medium, or high doses of Fe3O4-MNPs, respectively. After intravenous administration of Fe3O4-MNPs for 72 hours, the peripheral T cells and the induction of primary immune responses in mice were investigated by flow cytometry and determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The results showed that the ratio of spleen to body weight was not different between the experimental groups and control group (P > 0.05). The lymphocyte transformation rates in the suspension of spleen were higher in low-dose group than those in the control group (P < 0.05), while the proliferation of splenocytes was low in the medium and high groups when compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In peripheral blood, both the proportions of subset CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in the low-dose group were higher than those in the control group, whereas there was no difference in the number of CD4+ T cells between the medium- and low-dose groups. Interestingly, the Fe3O4-MNPs enhanced the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ, and IL-10 but did not affect the production of IL-4 in peripheral blood. It is concluded that Fe3O4-MNPs could influence immune functions of normal ICR mice in a dose-dependent manner.


BACKGROUND
The Taq/B, Msp/ and I405V polymorphisms of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), an important regulatory factor of lipid metabolism, have been attracted much more attention by the researchers. In this study, we investigated the associations between these 3 polymorphisms of CETP gene and variations in plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD).

METHODS
Genomic DNA was extracted from leukocytes of 203 CHD patients and 100 control subjects using the salting out method. Genotyping of the CETP gene was performed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) techniques. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 10.0 software package.

RESULTS
The distribution of allele and genotype frequencies of the Taq/B, MspI, and I405V polymorphisms was similar in the CHD patient group and the control group. The B1B1 genotype of the Taq/B polymorphism was associated with significantly higher TC (P=0.039) and LDL-C (P=0.044) levels than the B2B2 genotype in CHD patients, and with significantly higher LDL-C (P=0.034) levels than the B2B2 genotype in controls. Homozygotes of the I405V polymorphism exhibited significantly higher HDL-C levels than VV homozygotes among control subjects (P=0.023). In male CHD patients with unambiguously assigned haplotypes, B2-M2-V/B2-M2-I patients demonstrated significantly higher HDL-C concentrations than B1-M2-V/B1-M2-I (P=0.023) and B1-M2-V/B1-M2-V patients (P=0.047).

CONCLUSIONS
Genetic variations in the CETP gene may account for a significant proportion of the differences in plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations among the general population. The B1B1 genotype of the Taq/B polymorphism is probably a genetic risk factor for CHD in the study population.


Islam is the most important component in shaping and coloring pattern of life of the community. Education is one that gets a significant impact from the spread of Islam. The development of Islamic education in Indonesia, among others, marked by the emergence of various educational institutions in stages, ranging from the very simple to the already uncountable modern and complete. One of the places of learning in the early days of the Islamic position on the Nusatara is a boarding school, though much earlier had there are places of learning that starts from the surau, or musalla meunasah dayah, rangkang, and so on. Until now, the Islamic educational institutions have a pivotal role against the pattern of religion society of Indonesia. Keyword: Institution, Education, Islam, Nusantara


Infection with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and treatment with profound acid suppressive drugs are two unrelated conditions associated with mild hypergastrinemia (HG). During treatment with omeprazole, some patients however develop severe HG (> 400 ng/l) and ECL hyperplasia. The cause of these extreme gastrin levels is unknown. One hypothesis is that they are associated with Hp infection and atrophic gastritis. Other explanations include vagal nerve dysfunction and delayed gastric emptying. We studied 26 GERD patients (pts) treated with maintenance PPI; 13 with severe hypergastrinemia (8 M, mean age: 66 yrs, range 50-75) and 13 controls (10 M, age: 60 yrs, 49-72). Mean baseline serum gastrin ± SEM was 1381 236 vs. 186 ± 32 ngfl (p < 0.001). Pretreatment gastrin levels were normal (< 100 ng/l) in all 26 subjects. Methods: Hp infection was assessed by serology and histology. Delayed gastric emptying was determined by endoscopical scoring of food remnants 12 hours after a standard meal. All subjects underwent a meal-stimulated gastrin test (SGT). Vagal nerve function was assessed by a pancreas polypeptide test (PPT) in HG pts. Results: 9/13 HG pts vs. 2/13 controls were infected with Hp (p < 0.02, Mann Whitney U-test). Atrophy of corpus occurred more often in HG's (8/13) than in controls (2/13; p = 0.05) and was in 9/10 cases associated with Hp infection (p < 0.05). Food retention was observed in 2/12 HG pts (vs. 0/12; p = n.s.) PPT response showed no difference between HG pts (APP: 115 pmol/l (n = 9) vs. controls 140 (n = 8) (p = 0.09). Response on SGT was, although within normal limits in both groups, diminished in HG


Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) regulates the ligand binding of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In asthma patients, heat treatment increased both the GR expression and secretion of extracellular HSP70 (eHSP70) by bronchial epithelial cells (EC). The objective of this study was to assess the effects of eHSP70 on GR expression and the GR-dependent regulation of immune response in human bronchial ECs. Cells were treated with either eHSP70 or transfected with an expression vector for intracellular HSP70 (iHSP70). Ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein levels were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunofluorescence. Interleukin (IL-6 and IL-8) secretion was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The overexpression of iHSP70 decreased, while eHSP70 increased GR expression. In addition, eHSP70 increased the expression of the GR target dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP-1). In doing so, eHSP70 reduced the tumor growth factor (TGF)-β1-dependent activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-1/2 and cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. Blocking the GR or Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) counteracted all eHSP70-induced effects. This study demonstrates a novel anti-inflammatory effect of eHSP70 by the signaling cascade of TLR4-GR-DUSP1, which inhibits TGF-β1-activated pro-inflammatory ERK1/2-CREB signaling and cytokine secretion. The findings suggest that eHSP70 might present a novel non-steroidal therapeutic strategy to control airway inflammation in asthma.


This study was conducted to examine the sense of responsibility of the primary school students in terms of school satisfaction and school attachment. The study group of the research consists of 844 fourth grade students -417 girls and 427 boys- attending a primary school in Sakarya during 2017-2018 academic year. The data of the research carried out using a relational screening model, which is among the quantitative research methods, were collected with "Personal Information Form", "Responsibility Scale", "Children's Overall Satisfaction with Schooling Scale" and "School Attachment Scale for Children and Adolescents". The results of the study presented that there is a positive and a significant relationship between the responsibility levels of the students and the school satisfaction and school attachment and that the responsibilities of the students differ significantly according to the regulation and responsibility perceptions of the students.


The generation of THz pulses from stoichiometric LiNbO3 (sLN) crystal with tilted-pulse-front excitation is studied. In this scheme, THz absorption by sLN is obtained by numerical interpolation based on the measured data. It shows that THz generation can be enhanced by decreasing the temperature of sLN. The refractive indices of the laser from visible to mid-infrared regime are calculated from the Sellmeier dispersion equation. Then the THz generation law pumped by visible and mid-infrared laser pulses is calculated. It is found that the THz amplitude and energy increase in the near-infrared regime and then tread to a constant value when the wavelength of the laser pulses increases.


The superconductor compound (YBa2Cu2.8Zn0.2O7+δ) is prepared by solid state reaction (SSR), Sol-gel (SG) and laser Pulse deposition (PLD) methods. We used the X-ray diffraction technique, which shows an orthorhombic crystalline system for all the samples, and increase in the high-phase (Y-123) and decrease in low-phase and vary in proportion according to the method of preparation with the emergence of some impurities. The behavior of the samples in terms of electrical resistance and critical temperature was investigated all samples showed superconducting behavior. The properties of the dielectric (real dielectric constant, imaginary dielectric constant, loss tangent, alternating electrical conductivity) were studied as a function of frequency and range (50 Hz-1MHz) at room temperature. The results are demonstrate the apparent change in the dielectric properties by using the method of preparation of laser pulse deposition PLD at the expense of other methods, Microscopic images of the samples were examined at very high magnitudes through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition to using the titration method to determine the proportion of oxygen.


The article takes its starting point in Nonaka's (1994) organizational knowledge creation process framework and various tools and mechanisms for sharing best practices. The aim is to increase our understanding for how best practices are shared and used at micro level in order to carry out daily work routines and solve emerging problems. From a participant observation it is illustrated that there is less sharing of best practices and more of knowing in practice, what Orlikowski (2002) refers to as sharing of useful practices. In order to fully understand the Nonaka framework it is suggested that researchers need to incorporate more empirically close research methods such as observation studies and that a macro and a micro perspective should be added to the framework. Key words; best practice, IKEA, Japan, knowledge sharing, SECI, micro, participant observation


Genome-wide transcriptome profiling detected an increased splicing alterations in MM and AML. While these malignancies are derived from different cell linages, their tumor cells acquire similar aberrant splicing (AbSp), mostly intron retentions. To delineate AbSp mechanism in MM/AML, we focused on PTBPs (1/2/3) that play a critical role in intron excision. We have previously reported deregulated expression of splicing factors (SFs) in MM/AML patient and healthy donor (HD) bone marrow (BM). As MM progressed, PTBP1/2 progressively increased, and PTBP3 gradually decreased (ASH 2017). In AML, PTBP2/3 upregulation and PTBP1 downregulation were detected in patient samples in which increased intron retentions were identified by genome-wide splicing analysis (CCR 2015).
 Here, these findings were validated by TaqMan assays for PTBPs in 48 MM and 325 AML patient samples, 16 MM/AML cell lines, and in plasma cells (PCs) and CD34+cells from 14 HDBM. Results were consistent with differential expressions of PTBPs in MM/AML previously analyzed. Upregulation of PTBP1/2 and PTBP2/3 proteins were detected in MM and AML cell lines, respectively. PTBP1/2 upregulation was pronounced when MM cell lines were cocultured with BM stromal cells (MMBMSC) derived from MM patients' BM. Importantly, we detected increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis in MM/AML cell lines overexpressing PTBPs. These effects were most evident after coculturing MM cell lines with MMBMSC as compared to HDBMSC.
 To evaluate PTBP effects on AbSp, we knocked down and/or overexpressed PTBPs in MM/AML cell lines and assessed PDL1 splicing in MM, and NOTCH2 and FLT3 splicing in AML. PDL1 is spliced in ~ 30% of 90 MM patients; while NOTCH2/FLT3/CD13 are spliced in 78%/50% of 387 AML patients, respectively. After PTBP1/2 knockdown in MM cells we detected 4- to 11-fold downregulation of PDL1 splice variants, with proportional upregulation of wild-type PDL1 levels; concurrently, MM cell proliferation was decreased and apoptosis increased. To evaluate MM specific splicing alterations in the context of the MM BM microenvironment, PDL1 splicing, and PTBP1/2 mRNA/protein expressions, were monitored in MM cell lines cocultured with MMBMSC or HDBMSC. We observed time-dependent PDL1 splice variant upregulation, and higher levels of PTBP1/2 in MM cells. We also noted time-dependent PDL1 variant expression switching in association with PTBP1/2 deregulation in the BM microenvironment. RNA-seq analysis and western blotting showed that MMBMSC culture with tumor cells increased intron retention, and altered SF expressions, including PTBPs in BMSC.
 We next monitored PTBP effects on splicing in AML cells by evaluating NOTCH2 and FLT3 splicing in an TF1, an AML cell line that overexpresses PTBP2/3. RT-PCR analysis showed association between PTBP3 overexpression and NOTCH2 and FLT3 AbSp in TF1 cells. For further validation, we developed an ex vivo splicing assay composed of an FLT3/CD13 splicing cassette with a GFP reporter, which allows for evaluation of splicing events by flow cytometry (FACS) and microscopy. In this assay, cells overexpressing PTBP2/3 caused FLT3/CD13 minigene splicing similar to that detected in AML patients. Also, by RT-PCR, we showed that overexpression of PTBPs caused intron retention, that was confirmed by cloning and sequencing of PCR products and consistent with the FACS analysis and microscopy.
 Finally, we have tested effects of PTBPs using in vivo AML models (BMT and xenograft). In the BMT model, animal median survival was 48 days post-BMT for MLL-AF9/PTBP3 and 56 days in the control group. In the xenograft model, animal median survival was 66, 94, & 106 days after injection of TF1-PTBP3, TF1-PTBP2, and TF1 cells in mice, respectively (P>0.0001). These studies suggest that PTBP3 overexpression in partnership with the MLL-AF9 promotes occurrence of AML in mice. Tumor RNA samples harvested from these animals were subjected to RNA-seq analysis, which showed increased AbSp association with PTBP3 overexpression.
 Our studies indicate that deregulated PTBP1/2 expression in MM and of PTBP2/3 in AML drive time-dependent AbSp (intron retention) and splice variant switching, which in MM is induced by culture with BMSC; and conversely, that analogous changes are induced in BMSC cultured with tumor cells. They define role of deregulated expression of the PTBPs in MM/AML pathogenesis, and suggest novel targets for therapeutic intervention.

 Stone: Pfizer: Consultancy; Jazz: Consultancy; Fujifilm: Consultancy; Merck: Consultancy; Cornerstone: Consultancy; Celgene: Consultancy, Other: Data and Safety Monitoring Board, Steering Committee; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Sumitomo: Consultancy; Ono: Consultancy; Orsenix: Consultancy; Otsuka: Consultancy; AbbVie: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy, Research Funding; Amgen: Consultancy; Argenx: Other: Data and Safety Monitoring Board; Arog: Consultancy, Research Funding; Astellas: Consultancy. Griffin:Astellas Pharma: Consultancy; Novartis Pharma: Other: Grant, Patents & Royalties: Royalties ; Analysis Group: Consultancy; Sun Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; RXi Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Lilly Pharmaceuticals: Other: Grant; Myeloproliferative Neoplasia Foundation: Other: Grant . Anderson:C4 Therapeutics: Equity Ownership, Other: Scientific founder; Celgene: Consultancy; OncoPep: Equity Ownership, Other: Scientific founder; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Millennium Takeda: Consultancy.


The threat of terrorism and risks of radicalization pervade modern life. Universities are no exception, especially as young people are vulnerable to recruitment by extremist groups. Nonetheless, the decision of the United Kingdom (UK) government to place universities and other educational institutions under the statutory 'Prevent duty,' requiring them 'to have due regard to the need to prevent people from being drawn into terrorism,' is controversial. This article examines the historical background to this novel development in the complex interplay of hard and soft power security strategies. It asks why universities in the UK have been co-opted as agents of counterterrorism and reflects on the implications of the Prevent duty for fundamental rights, not least freedom of speech and academic freedom. It concludes by considering whether this security obligation is consistent with the larger role of the university in a democratic society.


This work elaborates on the integration of the rudimentary Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), resulting in a new paradigm in the well-explored field of image classification. LSTM is one kind of Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) which has the potential to memorize long-term dependencies. It was observed that LSTMs are able to complement the feature extraction ability of CNN when used in a layered order. LSTMs have the capacity to selectively remember patterns for a long duration of time and CNNs are able to extract the important features out of it. This LSTM-CNN layered structure, when used for image classification, has an edge over conventional CNN classifier. The model which has been proposed is based on the sets of Artificial Neural Network like Recurrent and Convolutional neural network; hence this model is robust and suitable to a wide spectrum of classification tasks. To validate these results, we have tested our model on two standard datasets. The results have been compared with other classifiers to establish the significance of our proposed model.


Re.mo. , Yoruba and Nigerian politics, while insisting on Re.mo. 's pride of place in post-colonial Yoruba history. This is an authoritative and comprehensive study at the intersection of local, ethno-regional and national configurations of power, increasingly at the core of Nigerian politics. Innovative and thought-provoking, Nolte has written one of the most impressive books in Nigerian studies in the last decade.


The impact of procedural volume on outcome results is a widespread topic in surgery, The importance of referral centers and high‐volume hospitals have reached the forefront, particularly in mitral valve surgery, impacting the recommendations of the latest European and American guidelines. In this issue, Wayne et al. presented an interesting analysis of the relationship between surgeon and hospital procedural volume, mitral valve repair rates, and 30‐day mortality for degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) in Australia. Based on the database of the Australian and New Zealand Society of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgeons, they have shown how the surgeon and hospital caseload are significantly associated with repair rates of degenerative MR. This study reaches the same results presented by Chikwe et al. and others and corroborates what guidelines reported about the need for referral centers for mitral valve disease. These results are the reasons why many surgeons, as Adams et al., published papers to highlight the importance of a minimum mitral valve surgery volume threshold to achieve optimum results and discourage at the same time low‐volume centers. The concept of minimum thresholds in mitral surgery suggested by Wayne et al. and previously by Vassileva et al. is fundamental to guarantee periprocedural safety, accuracy, and a high rate of reparation. Moreover, not only hospital volume but also surgeon yearly number of mitral valve interventions are crucial in valve repair rate and the threshold of 20 mitral procedures per year, proposed by Wayne et al., seems absolutely consistent with the literature.


Our country, although the economic growth exceeding 5% was accomplished in 2007, it will stagnate rapidly from around the 4th half year in 2008 by the aftereffect of a U.S. monetary crisis. The business stimulating measures were announced many times after October 2008. As supplementary budget of the record high level of 30 trillion won was composed in March 2009. President Lee Myung Bak announced the promotion policy referred to as being the Green New Deal Policy in January, 2009. Which is a principal axis of business stimulating measures. Which is to carry out investment of 50 trillion won till 2012 during 4 years. As the contents, it invests in the field called 4 major rivers restoration project, a traffic infrastructure, the information infrastructure, and alternative energy. Such business stimulating measures will also tell the economic barometer of our country recently that it has appeared vividly. However, the increase in the recently national debt of our country may be conspicuous. According to the OECD, the degree of financial healthy of our country is 4th place in the OECD member country. Suppose that it has experienced also the IMF economic crisis and after a U.S. monetary crisis, efforts for the continuous improvement in financial health are required. Our country resembles Japan on socioeconomic phenomena, expecially two points. The first point is the low birthrate and aging society phenomena. In Japan, the fund shortage phenomenon occurred by gradual increase of the fiscal expenditure to the social welfare field. Japan government has running a race in efforts to reduce the unnecessary fiscal-expenditure field. The second point is external dependence type export economic structure. Japan has extended the various policies which start domestic demand. Korea has a field similar to Japan even if it is in a financial field. Local public finance is realized with the dependence structure as opposed to the central government. In Japan from the 2005 fiscal year, "Reform of 3 place one" is carried out, it crosses in three years. That is, as soon as it carries out the tax revenue source transfer to a local self-governing body from a state, it is accompanied by abolition and reduction of a subsidy, and reexamination of the local grant tax. Moreover, in Japan, there is one phenomenon which is conspicuous in fiscal policy after a monetary crisis. The fiscal expenditure by a monetary crisis is seeing and advancing the future fiscal-expenditure situation of which it was conceiving from the former if possible, and carrying out beforehand. The fiscal expenditure by the monetary crisis is an indispensable thing. However, it is seeing and advancing the future fiscal-expenditure situation of which it was conceiving from the former, and carrying out beforehand. It is carrying out in the direction which carries out expense expenditure for the so-called environmental affinity-product production and environmental construction. It is striving to minimize the future public financial burden by fiscal expenditure. It is thought that the argument and the phenomenon in Japan which surrounded such fiscal expenditure are offering the desirable alternative for fiscal reform our country.


A novel, non-aqueous organometallic access to colloidal copper and copper/zinc (brass) nanoparticles is described. Hydrogenolysis of the precursor [CpCu(PMe3)] (1) in mesitylene at 150 °C and 3 bar H2 quantitatively gives elemental Cu. Analogously, a solution of [ZnCp*2] (2) reacts with H2 to give elemental Zn in 100% yield. Co-hydrogenolysis of 1 and 2 in exactly equimolar quantities selectively yields the intermetallic phase β-CuZn characterised by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Deep red colloidal solutions of nano-Cu as well as red to violet colloids of nano-brass alloys (α/β-CuZn) are obtained by co-hydrogenolysis of 1 and 2 in the presence of poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) (PPO) as surfactant. All samples of the general formula Cu1−xZnx (0.09 ≤
 x
 ≤ 0.50) were characterised by means of elemental analysis, PXRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM, EDX and SAED) and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The presence and alloying of metallic Cu and Zn in the β-CuZn sample as a representative example of the series was confirmed by extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). The oxidation behaviour of the nanoparticles was investigated by EXAFS, PXRD and UV-Vis spectroscopy indicating, that CuOx@Cu core–shell type particles were formed for pure copper particles, while in the case of brass particles preferential oxidation of the Zn component takes place, which results in core–shell particles of the type (ZnO)δ@Cu1−xZnx−δ.


This paper focuses upon the developmental role of rough and tumble (R&T) play with particular attention to the narratives that children use to underpin such activities. A review of the literature suggests that current early years research and practice pays scant attention to children's outdoor free play activities. A piece of original research is described in which playtime activities were ethnographically observed over an 18‐month period. A biocultural approach was used in the analysis of data, in an attempt to encompass the roles of biology, evolution and culture in human development. Findings indicate that the narratives underpinning R&T play were socially complex and highly gendered, and it is suggested that much developmental learning may occur within such free play activities.


The analysis of the most common mechanisms of pragmatic focusing used by modern English-speaking authors in the reinterpretation of canonical, "roving" plots is proposed. Particular attention is paid to the context as one of the types of foregrounding, possessing ontological salience and realizing text-forming, expressive, evaluative, ludic functions. A comparative structural, compositional, and linguistic-stylistic analysis of eight literary texts intertextually correlated with the classic story of the Blue Beard made it possible to identify such methods of attention distribution in the modeled by A. Carter, D. Bartelmi, J. Updike, J. K. Oates, S. King, M. Atwood, W. Vernon, and F. Block as a ludic mode of formulating narratives, changing narrative perspectives, introducing "text within the text", meta- fictional commentary. Along with focusing mechanisms, the article also pays attention to the defocusing of some traditional narrative elements, which is believed to be an integral part of the interpretation program of the literary texts under consideration. The authors of numerous versions of the story about Bluebeard, foregrounding various language "games of focus", highlight the creative transformations of archetypal images and cross-cutting motives that reflect gender, socioeconomic, cultural changes in modern society.


The dichotomy between the dependent permanent establishment (PE) and the independent subsidiary has shaped international taxation for decades. In an official report dating from December 2006, however, the OECD for the first time proposed to strengthen the independence of PEs, in particular regarding the finance sector. This paper undertakes to demonstrate that this "separate entity approach" brings about substantial problems in the application of international tax rules, as it bases the allocation of profits on the assumption that risks can be attributed separately to individual PEs or to the head office, namely by assigning the economic consequences of defined entrepreneurial risks to the persons responsible. Yet, a special allocation of risks and opportunities following some vague managerial competence to take decisions appears inappropriate and can hardly be reconciled with the benefit principle as the basis for territorial tax apportionment. Instead, the paper argues that it seems more appropriate to establish the risk structure of the company as a whole and then treat the involved PEs by analogy. Finally, the paper addresses the problem of increased opportunities to manipulate international profit attribution by the introduction of fictitious dealings under the new approach.


Receptors play a crucial role in determining the pathogenesis and tissue tropism of virus. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been showed to use four integrins, alphavbeta1, alphavbeta3, alphavbeta6 and alphavbeta8 as receptors to initiate infection. In this study, the porcine integrin alphav gene was cloned by RT-PCR from the lung tissue of healed pig infected experimently with FMDV, and compared its nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with the av gene of other animals. The 3141bp cDNA of bovine integrin alphav encodes a polypeptide of 1046 amino acids consisting of a 30-residue putative signal peptide, a 955-residue ectodomain, a 29-residue transmembrane domain, and a 32-residue cytoplasmic domain. The ectodomain contains 11 potential N-linked glycosylation sites (NXT/NXS), 2 calcium binding domains (DX[D/N] XDGXXD) and 18 cysteine residues. The nucleotide sequence similarities of integrin alphav between pig and cattle, human, rheses monkey, house mouse, chicken, dog are 93.3%, 91.5%, 91.4%, 85.6%, 73.2% and 89.9% respectively; and the amino acid sequence similarities are 96.3%, 94.6%, 94.1%, 90.8%, 81.6% and 93.8%, respectively. The alphav gene of cattle and pig exhibited the highest sequence homology. It is possible that host tropism of FMDV may related to divergence in receptors among different species.


Sodium butyrate (SB) -C-4 saturated fatty acid (short-chain fatty acids) present in the human bowel membrane in the quite high concentration (2 mM) as food metabolites. It was previously reported that SB showed anti-tumor effect as HDAC inhibitor, however, the precise mechanism has not been elucidated yet. Here, we focused on the role of SB on cancer cell growth, motility and invasion. Physiological concentration of SB (0.25-4 mM) induced inhibition of cell growth (2D), colony formation in soft agar, in vitro motility and invasiveness with Boyden chamber and wound healing assay in a dose-dependent fashion using human fibrosarcoma (HT1080), glioblastoma (A172) cells and rat mammary Walker 256 cells. SB also affected the morphology of HT1080, A172 and Walker 256 cells, namely spread out with marked stress fibers bridging focal adhesions. Phosphorylation levels of focal adhesion kinase (Y577 and Y397 sites) were increased but that of myosin light chain (S19 site) was not altered. All of these biological effects of SB were reversible, and recovered after withdrawal. In contrast, HDAC inhibitor trichostatinA inhibited cancer cell growth irreversibly but not affected motility, invasiveness and morphology. In addition, HT1080 and A172 cells treated with SB showed positivity for senescence-associated β-gal (SA-β gal) staining with elevated expression levels of p53 and p21 proteins in a time and dose-dependent manner. In contrast, mRNA level of p21 was sharply declined after the treatment with SB. Knocking down of p21 protein expression by siRNA reversed both the growth inhibition and positivity for SA-β gal staining but not the inhibition of invasiveness. Thus p21 was required for cellular senescence but not for the decrease in motility induced by SB. Further, proteasome inhibitor, MG132 decreased the cellular growth and inhibited motility and invasiveness of the HT1080 and A172 cells, and showed similar all these biological effects of SB. Finally, intrathecal administration of SB effectively inhibited the invasion of Walker256 cells into the brain and elongated the animal (rat) survival in vivo. Collectively, SB inhibited growth with induced cellular senescence, inhibited invasion by distinct mechanism, and thus would be a good candidate for anti-invasive therapy without severe adverse effects. Citation Format: Kazuyuki Itoh, Kiyoko Yoshioka, Hidemitsu Nakagawa. Sodium butyrate induced cellular senescence and inhibited invasion of cancer cells with distinct mechanism. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2624. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2624


SOCIALIZATION VIA PLAY The purpose and definition of play took over as a subject that needs to be investigate and evaluate in so many sciences, and researches about this subject accelerated. According to Huizinga (1995), "Play is older than culture. Culture is born in shape of play and is a game playing all along." Play phenomenon is one of the most important tools in cultural transfer. From this point of view, it can be said that there are strong relationships between play and socialization which "a mechanism of enabling individual's accomodation with society which he/she lives and integration with social culture (Donmezler, 1984)." This paper aimed to examine the literature intended for structure and evaluation in the phenomenons of play and socialization and to summarize within the framework of literature studies on the effect of play on socialization.


Inside of a hyperbolic medium, the principal components of the permittivity tensor have opposite signs causing the medium to exhibit a 'metallicbr' type of response to light wave sin one direction, and a 'dielectric' response in the other. Our study shows that inside hyperbolic media, volume plasmon polaritons (VPPs) propagate along the characteristic planes, forming distinct, directionally dependent optical responses. This is similar to the propagation of conventional surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) along the planar interfaces separating the isotropic dielectrics and metallic slabs. Interestingly, the plasmon polariton propagates along the resonance cone in a volume of hyperbolic metamaterial crossing the interfaces of the constitutive materials. The Young's double‐slit scheme is used to study the spatially‐confined diffraction in a hyperbolic slab, made of many thin planar layers of a metal and dielectric, to obtain the sub‐wavelength interference pattern at the output interface. Proof‐of‐concept systems for producing such patterns applicable to nanolithography and subwavelength probes are demonstrated.


Background: Dental implant is an optional way to replace edentulous area by surgically placing it into soft tissue or jawbone as a root substitute to hold dentures. Placement of the implant, so that the gingival tissue position will restore aesthetics and function properly. Objective: To discuss the importance of prosthetic planning for implant-supported dentures in the aesthetic zone. Case: Sample case of a patient who had previously subjected to dental surgery for implant placement and placement of a crown on tooth 11. The patient reported poor aesthetics due to gingival retraction and changes on the surface of the ceramic material. After proper planning, the prosthesis is reproduced, with the selection of new components and periodontal surgery using modification techniques for handling soft tissue. Nine months postoperatively, patients had better gingival alignment and reported aesthetic and functional satisfaction. Conclusion:Prosthetic planning to implant-supported dentures in the esthetic zone is very important. Several factors have contributed to the success of the treatment, such as implant position, soft tissue morphology, dental aesthetics, and biomechanics of the prosthetic structure. Complications that can occur after implant pla-cement are gingival recession which will primarily interfere with the esthetics of the anterior teeth so that interventional periodontal surgery is required.


The frequentist gene expression index (FGX) was recently developed
to measure expression on Affymetrix oligonucleotide DNA arrays.
In this study, we extend FGX to cover nonnormal log expressions,
specifically long-tailed symmetric densities and call our new index as
robust gene expression index (RGX). In estimation, we implement the
modified maximum likelihood method to unravel the elusive solutions
of likelihood equations and utilize the Fisher information matrix for
covariance terms. From the analysis via the bench-mark datasets and
simulated data, it is shown that RGX has promising results and mostly
outperforms FGX in terms of relative efficiency of the estimated signals,
in particular, when the data are nonnormal.


BACKGROUND
We evaluated the clinical efficacy and the tolerance of Nabumetone (N), in comparison with a pool of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), in a cohort of patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, non-articular rheumatisms and primary fibromyalgic syndrome.

METHODS
One hundred and seventy patients were observed in an open-non randomized study. The patients have been recruited alternatively and subdivided into two groups: 84 patients that received N and 86 patients that received one of the other NSAIDs. All the patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis received a disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (OH-chloroquine, d-penicillamine, auranofin, cyclosporine-A); while benzodiazepines are administered in the patients suffering from primary fibromyalgic syndrome. A follow-up not inferior to 12 consecutive weeks was realized and the following clinical parameters were studied: spontaneous pain, provoked pain, pain on active movement, pain on passive movement, pain at rising, pain at bed time, morning stiffness, limited joint mobility, number of tender points, number of affected joints and number of swollen joints. All the patients were monitored for hematological, biochemical, urinary and clotting tests.

RESULTS
The results revealed an excellent tolerability of nabumetone with a clinical efficacy not inferior to the NSAIDs' pool. Moreover, the number of drop-outs in the N-group were significantly inferior in comparison to the NSAIDs'-pool group.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that N can be considered as effective as other NSAIDs. Moreover it seems to be better tolerated that the other NSAIDs utilized in our study.


Two seemingly simple questions were raised by technical papers about drilling data: What formula did you use? What time did the event occur?
 For anyone using data to analyze drilling performance or automate the process, getting both those things right is becoming increasingly important.
 And as drilling relies more on digital controls and sophisticated analysis, getting those data wrong has become a serious problem.
 One example is the standard measure used for the energy exerted to drill ahead—mechanical specific energy (MSE), for which there are multiple formulas to choose from. And even if the right one is used, its accuracy hangs on whether the needed steps were taken to properly gather the inputs to the formula.
 Time sounds like a straightforward problem—just ensure all the clocks are in sync. The reality is that there are corporate firewalls blocking access to the reference clocks, a wide range of time-stamping practices, and an increasing amount of calculated data in the information stream based on inputs that are lost in calculation.
 The MSE problem is simpler to solve but a lot of effort will be required to change the habits, and computer systems, supporting multiple formulas that can deliver significantly different results.
 Different formulas for MSE and other drilling measures were created over the years for various reasons ranging from the creator's research interests or a desire to limit the inputs needed for calculating MSE.
 Pulldown menus on drilling data records have typically offered a menu of MSE options with names for formulas that vary; so, a user would need to know the formula to ensure the correct one was selected.
 "When the pulldown menu offers a pick list with four types of MSE provided by the vendors, you do not know if you are using the right one now," said Fred Dupriest, a Texas A&M professor who presented a paper on the issue at the IADC/SPE Drilling Conference and Exhibition in March (SPE 208777).
 The paper reported on the work of a committee of 15 industry experts who chose a standard MSE formula which was laid out in the paper. It described how to gather the inputs and assigned names for the two approved versions—one for computing energy at the drill bit, and the other that included the drillstring.
 A second paper presented at the conference described the need to begin a long-term effort to define how to accurately measure, gather, and record time data (IADC/SPE 208732).
 "If data is not aligned correctly, you are not going to get the right result," said Pradeep Annaiyappa, a senior director at Nabors for digital data initiatives at the drilling company, when presenting the time-measurement and recordkeeping paper.


This paper argues that Mezentius, the contemptor divum ("scorner of the gods") in Virgil's Aeneid, can be read as an allegorical Epicurean. His Epicurean element helps to explain his dramatic transformation from a symbol of impietas to one of pietas in Books 7–10, as well as pius Aeneas' reverse transformation into an impious Giant figure. These transformations parallel the inversion of the traditional meanings of pietas and impietas in Lucretius and other Epicurean writers; in addition, the Giant-like Mezentius evokes the subversive Gigantomachy of Lucretius, which celebrates the archetypal scorners of the gods as positive symbols of Epicureanism. The "redeemed" Mezentius allows for an Epicurean reading of the Aeneid, in which impietas is redefined as true piety.


The existence of the QCD critical point at non-zero baryon density is not only of great interest for experimental physics but also a challenge for the theory. Any hint of the existence of the first order phase transition and, particularly, its critical point will be valuable towards a full understanding of the QCD phase diagram. We use lattice simulation based on the canonical ensemble method to explore the finite baryon density and finite temperature region and look for the QCD critical point. As a benchmark, we run simulations for the four degenerate flavor QCD where we observe a clear signal of the expected first order phase transition. In the two flavor case, we do not see any signal for temperatures as low as $0.83 \rm{T_c}$. Although our real world contains two light quarks and one heavier quark, three degenerate flavor case shares a lot of similar phase structures as the QCD. We scan the phase diagram using clover fermions with $m_\pi \approx 700{MeV}$ on $6^3\times4$ lattices. The baryon chemical potential is measured as we increase the baryon number and we see the characteristic"S-shape"that signals the first order phase transition. We determine the phase boundaries by Maxwell construction and report our preliminary results for the location of critical point for the present lattice.


It appears that there are a certain number of complications in the digestive tract that still occur in spite of improvements in techniques of irradiation therapy. They may only appear a few months or even a few years after the treatment, and sometimes they only appear when the initial growth is considered to have been cured. The clinical picture is dominated by the appearance of fistulae, of adhesions and of stenoses which give rise to sub-acute or sometimes acute obstructions. From the anatomical point of view all elements of the digestive tube are affected with a predominance of the fibro-hyaline elements of the muscles and the arteries. The possibilities for surgical treatment are limited. Excision with anastomosis would seem to be more risky than diversion. We have had to operate on ten of our eleven patients, of whom six died and only one of these directly because of recurrence of the initial growth. Only prevention can lessen the mortality of these severe complications.


Objective: Cervical bone fractures describe a predominant trauma in the elderly. With demographic change, prone patient positions might create further stress on personnel resources. Therefore, the aim of this study was to conduct an age-related analysis of pre- and intraoperative process times in patients with cervical fractures. Methods: We reviewed all schedules with cervical spine surgery performed at a tertiary hospital. Two different operative patient positions were specified: prone and supine. We retrospectively analysed three study groups: comparison group (group 1: ≤59 years of age), old patients (group 2: 60–79 years), and very old patients (group 3: ≥80 years). We recorded date and kind of surgery, biometric data, and process times by screening recordings of internal software programs (COPRA® and SAP 710®). Group comparisons were conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test and Bonferroni correction, Pearson's chi-square test, and the Mann-Whitney U test, as required. Results: 330 patients (202 male; 128 female) were analysed. The number of patients in the resulting age-dependent groups 1–3 were n=102, n=123, and n=105, respectively. Patients of increasing age and in supine position showed a continuous increase in the time needed for anaesthesia induction (mean between 4 and 8 minutes (p<0.05). When compared to patients in supine position, this time further increased on average by 6 minutes (p<0.05) in old but prone patients. In old and very old patients, getting a patient into a prone position was associated with a time demand between 10 and 12 minutes (p<0.01), respectively. While time for surgery age-dependently decreased in patients that were supine positioned (p<0.001), surgery time was prolonged between 34 and 104 minutes (p<0.05) in patients that were prone. Conclusion: With prone position both anaesthesia-controlled and surgical-controlled times extended in patients of increasing age. With regard to demographic change, this aspect should be considered for future revenue calculations in flat-rate remuneration systems.


Cannabis is the most frequently used illegal substance in the United States and Europe. There is a dramatic increase in the demand for treatment for cannabis dependence. The majority of marijuana-dependent individuals who enter treatment have difficulty in achieving and maintaining abstinence from cannabis partly due to the cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Onset of most symptoms occurs during the 1st week of abstinence and returns to baseline by the end of the 2nd week of abstinence. In our view, many cannabis users actually self-medicate for anxiety and depressive subclinical syndromes (i.e., anxiety, irritability, negative mood, physical symptoms, and decreased appetite). We now report a treatment study of 26 regular cannabis-dependent users with 12-week cognitive-behavioral therapy weekly sessions for the treatment of marijuana dependence. We also report a cognitive-behavioral relapse prevention group treatment of 12 regular cannabis-dependent users who quit smoking cannabis. Six members of the relapse prevention group were also treated with holistic pulsing relaxation treatment for 3 months to ease physical and emotional pain. Results showed a high rate of 50% dropout from the 12-week treatment program. Secondly, 10 of the 26 participants (38%) have remained abstinent after 2 months of treatment indicated by negative urine samples for cannabis. Thirdly, 5 members of the relapse prevention group (42%) have remained cannabis free after 6 months of treatment. We suggest that weekly sessions of group cognitive-behavioral and motivational enhancement therapy may be useful for treatment of marijuana dependence and relapse prevention for cannabis use. Holistic pulsing may be useful as adjunct treatment for relapse prevention for cannabis dependence.


The range of identified effector CD4+ T cell lineages has been expanded to enclose the Th17 cells whose function in lung tumor has not been investigated yet.
 In this study, we report increased expression of the two newly identified transcription factors of the Th17 lineage, RORA and RORC2, in the lung of patients affected by lung adenocarcinoma.
 Targeting IL-17A in a murine model of lung adenocarcinoma, resulted in local expansion of CD4+ effector T cells producing IFNγ and reduction of CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T cells. In support of a protective role of IFNγ in this model, T-bet (-/-) mice exhibited increased tumor load, decreased survival and increased residual CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells after anti-IL-17A antibodies treatment as compared to wild type littermates.
 Thus, blockade of lung Th17 responses requires T-bet to reduce T-regulatory cells for limiting lung cancer.


This review deals with the early development of the gut. It draws largely on information provided from the study of avian embryos. Evidence that concerns the early determination of the regional fate of the endoderm and mesoderm of the gut is reviewed. Gut endoderm can undergo a limited degree of differentiation from a remarkably early age when cultured in the absence of mesoderm and there is evidence that points to the establishment of a pre‐pattern in the early mesoderm before the genes responsible for patterning in gut are active. Initially, at least at cranial levels, those parts of the mesoderm and endoderm that are in contact are not those parts that will ultimately be in apposition; the consequence of this for any signalling between these layers is considered. In the light of the above information, the probable role of mesenchyme in gut development is re‐examined.


A low power consumption is an essential issue for all of the electrical products, especially for the wearable electrical products, and the liquid crystal displays. This manuscript proposed a single polarized light emitting diode (LED) chip which is used for a direct back light unit for LCD. A wire grid polarizer and a meta‐ surface textures are set on the top and bottom of the LED chip in order to obtain a high polarization and transparency. After optimization the potential parameters, the transmittance of TM and the polarization are 93.71% and 99.3% respectively. It can replace the normal LED of direct back light unit in order to obtain a high efficiency of 20% improvement, by comparing liquid crystal display using the APF polarizer. It can be used for reducing power consumption and supply dependence, as well as the cost of displays.


The "cloud" is considered as a collection of hardware, storage data, multiple applications, interfaces, services, and networks, that provide the way through which users and companies can access the infrastructures remotely via the Internet on-demand from anywhere, at any time, which are independent of locations. Also can be increasing capacity or dynamically incorporating without investment in new facilities, training or licensing new programs to new workers. It extends the IT capabilities currently. Cloud computing is a common option for users and businesses for several benefits including increased productivity, high execution speed, low computer costs, efficiency, improved performance, and data reliability. Because of these benefits, each business holder and organization wish to store their data in the cloud [1]. But as more data and files are being placed in the cloud by people and organizations, worries are beginning about how safe the environment is starting to rise. The ideal safety mechanism for user's data in rest is to encrypt the data and store only the encrypted files into cloud storage, where providers of cloud or any unauthorized party unable to access the encryption key. So we need to use one or more cryptographic algorithms and protocols to encrypt the user's data before transfer to the clouds [2]. The main aim of this particular research is to protect the transmitted data with the help of encryption and decryption techniques. This research paper presents a new model for encrypting the data transmitted through cloud. The algorithms used in this model are: new lightweight hybrid encryption algorithm. We proposed to apply a hybrid of one part from PRESENT algorithm (PA) and another from TWINE algorithm (TA) by using different chaos keys in both encryption and decryption. For making the cloud more secure and to Confidence the data. The algorithm Chaos Keys Generation was used to produce random numbers by using a new chaos system with different initials and parameter values in order to generate 5-D chaos keys.


Post combustion carbon dioxide capture with aqueous polymer solutions is a field of major interest. Via acylation of commercially available polyethylenimine (b-PEI) with butyric anhydride, lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour together with a reversible pH shift was found in water as well as in CO2 containing aqueous solutions. As expected, a low CO2 absorption capability of the acylated thermosensitive b-PEI was measured in a stirred tank reactor. However, the observed improved CO2 release in the desorption process associated with the LCST behaviour of the polymer is a "green" tool to face high efficiency loss in standard CO2 capturing processes.


Mapping of surface rupture associated with the 28 June 1992 Landers earthquake along a portion of the north-central Emerson fault permits us to characterize the fractures and to interpret them in terms of a contractional bend in the fault trace. The main rupture exhibits right-lateral and reverse slip and is localized in a zone about 50-m wide along the present-day trace of the Emerson fault. The surface deformation within its northeastern block, the hanging wall, is accommodated by a dome structure about 2-km long and 0.5-km wide and a complex assemblage of fractures. The complexity of the fracture pattern around the fault bend results in part from (1) interaction between the main rupture and many shorter subparallel faults, (2) the initiation and propagation of fractures at geometric complexities such as fault segment tips and fault bends, and (3) bedding plane faulting. Both geological data and rupture kinematics indicate that uplift and shortening are associated with the fault bend.

The state of stress around the Emerson fault bend is determined for co-seismic conditions (fault slip boundary conditions) and interseismic conditions (the remote applied stress and frictional fault boundary conditions) using both displacement discontinuity boundary element and dislocation methods, respectively. We also investigate a possible fault propagation path at an idealized bend using the maximum distortional strain-energy density criterion. Results of the theoretical analyses provide support for an understanding of the location and the asymmetry of the dome structure and the mechanisms for some of the observed fracture systems in terms of the state of stress and fault propagation paths around the fault bend and other smaller-scale complexities along the fault trace.


Various approaches to the tyrosine-derived fragment of the marine secondary metabolite diazonamide A are described. Initial efforts were focused on the originally proposed structure of the natural product, and a feasibility study established that a model 4-aryltryptamine could be readily prepared. Protected 4-bromotryptamine underwent Pd0-catalyzed coupling with the boronic acid derived from 2-bromophenyl allyl ether by Claisen rearrangement, O-methylation and lithiation-boration. The resulting biaryl was elaborated into an alpha-diazo-beta-ketoester, dirhodium(II)-catalyzed reaction of which with N-Z-valinamide gave the desired tryptamine-oxazole following cyclodehydration of the intermediate ketoamide. A potential precursor to the benzofuran ring of the original structure of diazonamide A was prepared in eight steps from N-Z-tyrosine tert-butyl ester. Iodination, O-protection and Stille coupling gave the cinnamyl alcohol 25, converted via the bromide into the allyl aryl ether 27. Subsequent Claisen rearrangement and oxidative cleavage of the alkene gave the lactol 29, converted into the desired benzofuranone 31. The revision in the structure of diazonamide A to 2 resulted in the targeting of an alternative tyrosine-derived model benzofuranone 41 synthesized in four steps from N-Z-tyrosine methyl ester 36 by a route involving Claisen rearrangement of cinnamyl ether 37. Poor yields in this sequence prompted an investigation into the intramolecular Heck reaction as a route to benzofuranone 50. Coupling of 3-iodotyrosine 44 with 2-phenylbutenoic acid 48 gave ester 49 that readily underwent intramolecular Heck reaction to give benzofuranone 50, albeit with poor stereocontrol.


A comparison has been made between methods of calibrating the pneumotachograph and a study made of the effects of altering the composition and temperature of the gas passing through the instrument. The sources of error in the various methods have been examined. A Fleisch pneumotachograph head was used. As this instrument is a type of viscous flowmeter, variations in the viscosity of the gas passing through the instrument will affect the readings obtained. The Wright Respirometer is flow-sensitive and not suitable for calibrating the more accurate pneumotachograph. A Rotameter or spirometer may be used with an accuracy of approximately 2 per cent. A hand-driven syringe has been found to result in an accuracy of better than 0.5 per cent, and was also simple to use for routine calibration. Alterations in the viscosity of the gas, by change in either composition or temperature, change the response of the instrument in a manner that agrees with theoretical calculations. As the apparatus has an accurate response to gas flow rates, it is suggested that best results may be obtained from measuring respiratory volumes if a computer is supplied with information simultaneously from a mass spectrometer and a temperature-sensing device.


In order to maximize the precise completion of voluntary actions, humans can theoretically utilize both visual and proprioceptive information to plan and amend ongoing limb trajectories. Although vision has been thought to be a more dominant sensory modality, research has shown that sensory feedback may be processed as a function of its relevance and reliability. As well, theoretical models of voluntary action have suggested that both vision and proprioception can be used to prepare online trajectory amendments. However, empirical evidence regarding the use of proprioception for online control has come from indirect manipulations from the sensory feedback (i.e., without directly perturbing the afferent information; e.g., visual-proprioceptive mismatch). In order to directly assess the relative contributions of visual and proprioceptive feedback to the online control of voluntary actions, direct perturbations to both vision (i.e., liquid crystal goggles) and proprioception (i.e., tendon vibration) were implemented in two experiments. The first experiment employed the manipulations while participants simply performed a rapid goal-directed movement (30 cm amplitude). Results from this first experiment yielded no significant evidence that proprioceptive feedback contributed to online control processes. The second experiment employed an imperceptible target jump to elicit online trajectory amendments. Without or with tendon vibration, participants still corrected for the target jumps. The current study provided more evidence of the importance of vision for online control but little support for the importance of proprioception for online limb-target regulation mechanisms.


The proton-translocating NADH-quinone oxidoreductase (NDH-1) of Paracoccus denitrificans is composed of 14 different subunits (Nqo1-Nqo14). Of these, seven subunits (Nqo7, Nqo8, and Nqo10-14) which are equivalent to the mitochondrial DNA-encoded subunits of complex I constitute the membrane segment of the enzyme complex; the remaining subunits make up the peripheral part of the enzyme. We report here on the biochemical characterization and heterologus expression of the Nqo10 subunit. The Nqo10 subunit could not be extracted from the Paracoccus membranes by NaI or alkaline treatment, which is consistent with the presumed membrane localization. By using the maltose-binding protein (MBP) fusion system, the Nqo10 subunit was overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The MBP-fused Nqo10 was expressed in membrane fractions of the host cell and was extractable by Triton X-100. The extracted fusion protein was then isolated by one-step affinity purification through an amylose column. By using immunochemical methods in conjunction with cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and chemical modification techniques, the topology of the Nqo10 subunit expressed in E. coli membranes was determined. The data indicate that the Nqo10 subunit consists of five transmembrane segments with the N- and C-terminal regions facing the periplasmic and cytoplasmic sides of the membrane, respectively. In addition, the data also suggest that the proposed topology of the MBP-fused Nqo10 subunit expressed in E. coli membranes is consistent with that of the Nqo10 subunit in the native Paracoccus membranes. From the experimentally determined topology together with computer prediction programs, a topological model for the Nqo10 subunit is proposed.